text:
VIEWS: 17 PAGES: 27 CATEGORY: Travel POSTED ON: 8/10/2010
Combat of Trafficking in Women for the Purpose of Forced Prostitution Czech Republic Country Report Vienna, 1999 funded by the Constitutional & Legislative Policy Institute/OSI, Budapest published by the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights, Vienna Imprint: Editor and Publisher Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights A-1010 Vienna, Hessgasse 1 tel. +43 1 4277 27420 e-mail. email@example.com fax. +43 1 4277 27429 internet. http://www.univie.ac.at/bim The Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights (BIM), founded in 1992, is a private research centre affiliated with the Faculty of Law at the University of Vienna. The institute's tasks include interdisciplinary research in the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms in Austria, Europe and other parts of the world. BIM services a broad concept of human rights and presently focuses on the implementation of various international human rights treaties in Austrian national law, on the analysis of solutions for specific human rights problems, on research projects in Eastern European countries, in Bhutan, in Ethiopia and in Uganda, on empirical and jurisprudential research as well as on training in the field of human rights. In the course of this research, country reports on trafficking in women in Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia as well as a study on international standards were developed. Further reports on Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine will follow. Vienna, September 1999 Legal Study on the Combat of Trafficking in Women for the Purpose of Forced Prostitution in the Czech Republic Stanislava Hýbnerová and Harald Scheu Charles University Prague Prague, September 1999 CZECH REPUBLIC. Country Report 4 Table of Contents 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Definition of Trafficking in Human Beings........................................................................... 5 1.2 Reasons for Trafficking........................................................................................................... 5 1.3 The Status of Women in the Czech Republic - Equality de iure, Inequality de facto ....... 6 2 International Law.............................................................................................................. 9 2.1 International Legal Documents .............................................................................................. 9 2.2 The Activities of CEDAW and its Relevance for the Czech Republic .............................. 10 3 National Regulations....................................................................................................... 13 3.1 Constitution ............................................................................................................................ 13 3.2 Alien Law ................................................................................................................................ 14 3.3 Illegal Migration..................................................................................................................... 15 3.4 Criminal Law.......................................................................................................................... 16 3.5 Women as Victims of Trafficking......................................................................................... 18 3.6 Trafficking in Girls and Sexual Exploitation of Children ................................................. 21 3.7 Governmental Initiatives to Combat Trafficking ............................................................... 23 4 NGO Initiatives to Combat Trafficking.......................................................................... 25 5 Recommendations and Conclusions............................................................................... 26 CZECH REPUBLIC. Country Report 5 1 Introduction 1.1 Definition of Trafficking in Human Beings The study deals with the problem of trafficking in women in the Czech Republic. It describes aspects of the legal, social and political background to the problem and recommends concrete legal and political measures for combating violations of human rights and human dignity. For the purpose of the study a definition given by the European Union can be used. According to the definition of the Council of the European Union "traffic in human beings" means subjection of a person to the real and illegal sway of other persons by using violence or menaces or by abuse of authority or intrigue, especially with a view to the exploitation of prostitution, forms of sexual exploitation and assault of minors or trade in abandoned children. These forms of exploitation also include the production, sale or distribution of child- pornography material.1 In other words, trafficking in women means the transport of women to a country (of the European Union) for the purpose of sexual exploitation, during which women are intimidated and subjected to violence.2 Whereas member countries of the European Union can be seen as destination countries for trafficking in women, the situation of the Czech Republic is a specific one. On the one hand it is a destination country especially for women from Eastern Europe, on the other hand it is also a country of origin and transit. A particular reason for trafficking in women – which offers high profits – is the geographic situation of the Czech Republic.3 1.2 Reasons for Trafficking Trafficking in women is a phenomenon which has been dealt with by several international governmental and non-governmental organisations. The reasons for the increase in trafficking of women from Eastern European countries after 1990 are very similar in all countries concerned. A study presented by the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) in 19954 states that the transition to a market economy in Central and Eastern Europe has resulted in huge job losses and an increase in poverty. Women are particularly affected by the change, as in most countries unemployment is higher among women than among men. Therefore, women from Eastern European countries try to find employment in countries where salaries and living standards are higher than in their home countries. Although the Czech Republic has been struck by economic recession, the country is still attractive to women from countries such as Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Russia, etc. Prostitution is a field in which traffickers can make huge profits. Since EU member countries have restricted the number of legal migrants being allowed to enter their territories, there is a certain migration pressure on the Czech Republic that, until now, has had less restrictive regulations concerning migration. 1 Article 1 of the Council Decision of 3 December 1998 supplementing the definition of the form of crime "traffic in human beings" in the Annex to the Treaty of the European Union on the Establishment of a European Police Office (Europol Convention), doc. 1999/C 26/05. 2 See Voňková, Jiřina: Trafficking in Women as Seen from the Czech Republic, in: Traffic in Women in Postcommunist Countries of Central and Eastern Europe, La Strada Czech Republic (ed.), Prague 1998, 91-96, 91. 3 Voňková, Jiřina, ibidem, 92. 4 Online: http://www.iom.int:9798/doc/MIP_TRAFWMN.htm CZECH REPUBLIC. Country Report 6 1.3 The Status of Women in the Czech Republic - Equality de iure, Inequality de facto As it is stressed in a report of the Czech Union of Women, "... women with small children have the most difficult situation and it is even worse in the case of single women with children and women over fifty. When looking for a job, it is usual that women are asked the following discriminatory questions: How many children do you have, how often are they ill, how old are you?" Experience proves that for this category of women it is extremely difficult to find a job. Employers require from women with children, especially from single mothers, the confirmation or declaration that they would not use their legal right to holiday if their children are ill. Under the new social circumstances of the market economy, a discrepancy between equality de iure and de facto inequality does exist and in many ways it has become even broader. Some practical problems appear due to limited knowledge and little available information on women in the fields of property rights, labour law and social security system. It is partly due to the social and paternalistic role of the state in the totalitarian period. In the new social, political and economic reality, women themselves must pay more attention to enforce their rights and claims. Society should help them, not in a paternalistic way, but through mechanisms of human communication available in a modern democratic milieu. These mechanisms have to be not only introduced but also effectively exercised. As already mentioned, a very important sphere of daily life of Czech women is their working conditions, since 49 per cent of the labour force are women. The Labour Code regulates working conditions of women as far as two essential factors are concerned, biological and social. Both components are relevant particularly for pregnant women and those looking after children. Therefore, the legislation regulating working conditions differentiates between women in general and those pregnant or looking after young children, who are given higher protection in working relations. The legislation in force related to the position of women working in production is mainly in accordance with legal standards of the ILO Conventions, but it is too protective.5 Such understanding of protection of women as it is contained and guaranteed in the Labour Code was only possible in the period of over-employment when the involvement of women in the labour market did not cause serious problems. In the new situation, however, the existing legal protection of a woman may become an obstacle to her employment, or it can lead to hiring women for financially unattractive jobs. It can be a reason for the unwillingness of employers to hire at all. Under the changing conditions of labour it is unavoidable to change some provisions of the Labour Code concerning women only, and to strengthen the contractual principle in this field. The Labour Code should contain a minimum guarantee for women in accordance with the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms and the ILO Conventions. It is extremely important to establish an effective control mechanism which would reveal and sanction against apparent and hidden forms of discrimination against women. Due to the absence of the systematic control of compliance with legal regulations in society – especially with the Labour Code – many cases of discrimination of women remain without any recourse. It still applies that women have disadvantageous labour contracts, they often do not even get the minimum wage, the employer does not pay the insurance, etc. In practice, especially private businessmen have minimal knowledge of the Labour Code. In many cases women are not 5 Věra Štangová: Postavení ženy v pracovním procesu, in: Právní postavení žen v České republice. Acta Universitatis Carolinae Iuridicae 3-4/1996, 46-71. CZECH REPUBLIC. Country Report 7 allowed to apply their knowledge and experience based on their education. They are often forced, due to a lack of job opportunities at the place of residence, to accept any job even if it does not correspond to their qualifications. Age discrimination is often a part of the offer of vacant jobs at labour authorities and it is obvious from advertisements in mass media that either men or women under 35 years old are preferred. In contradiction to the Labour Code it very often happens that women are hired for a job for a three month period only and then the employer invents reasons why the contract cannot be extended. In case of termination of the labour contract, women do not have the right to severance pay and the potential allowances are reduced. It appears that women want to solve their unemployment by opening a small business. But Czech banks are more willing to lend millions than several tens of thousand crowns. Consequently people point to difficulties of women having their small business if they want to get a loan and this is considered to be a discrimination of women in the approach to small businesses. Women usually do not oppose because they are afraid that they would lose the job. They are afraid that the employer may warn - especially in small cities - the new employer not to recruit a "rebel". This is only one reason why it is so difficult to present many concrete cases to relevant official bodies. For the same reason women refuse to get involved in court disputes. In the past women did not fight for their rights and therefore now they easily give up their rights or they are not able to defend them. Regardless of which problems women are facing in the Czech Republic, the most likely objects for sexual exploitation and trafficking in women are migrants in the Czech Republic from other post-communist countries where the economic and political situation is less stable. Concerning Czech women, mostly young girls become objects of trafficking in women on the basis of naive ideas about easy earnings abroad. Expectations are fed by advertisements for jobs abroad. These ads have become common in Czech mass media. The majority of such proposals contains nothing more than work in the sex business. The most frequent victims are girls from incomplete or broken families and girls educated in juvenile institutions that have not prepared them sufficiently for practical life. However, trafficking in women for the purpose of sexual exploitation has more reasons than just economic ones. The epidemic of sexomania which is spreading all over the world and the drawing of Czech girls and young women into the sex industry is done by an international organised criminal network generating high profits with low risk for traffickers. It is very difficult to estimate the real scale of trafficking in women in the Czech Republic. The underground character of this "industry" does not allow accurate statistics on the number of women being trafficked. From information gathered by NGOs it follows that most estimations in this field are arbitrary. Not all girls who succeeded to escape are willing to share or publish their negative experiences. Besides, their fear of the revenge of traffickers and social barriers play a great role. Trafficking in women and forced prostitution are put under taboo in the Czech Republic and women fear - very often justifiably - social condemnation will follow. CZECH REPUBLIC. Country Report 8 The territory of the Czech Republic is above all controlled by criminal groups involved in the international prostitution market. In most cases they are parts of the Ukrainian or Bulgarian mafia coming from the countries of the former Yugoslavia. In the period 1998-1999 a Bulgarian mafioso and his large gang who had trafficked dozens of Bulgarian women into the Czech Republic and brutally forced them into prostitution were sentenced to many years in prison. One of his victims was tortured and brutally killed in one of his brothels. In the year 1993 an Italian-Czech gang had forced a very young girl into prostitution and then killed her in Italy. She was lured to Italy by promises of a job as a waitress. The case of this young woman was solved only after a long and difficult co-operation between Czech and Italian police. Recruitment of women from the Czech Republic is often informal, mainly through newspaper and magazine advertisements, usually placed by agencies offering lucrative jobs for models, dancers, waitresses. Such advertisements are more effective in small provincial towns and villages where women and teenagers are inexperienced in evaluating the legitimacy of these advertisements. The same is true in other post-communist countries. Foreign women forced to work as prostitutes in the Czech Republic are mostly from provinces. Most of them are under the age of 25, and many are only 15 to 18 years old. Upon arrival in the country many of them find themselves in heavy debt to the trafficker. Generally, the traffickers require great sums of money for getting travel documents and for transportation. Traffickers also collect further money for documents for teenagers to travel abroad or false passports for women from the countries of the former Soviet Union, Bulgaria and from the Balkan region. In these cases the Czech Republic is a country of destination or a transit country. Once a woman has signed a contract and reached her destination, the trafficker or employer keeps her wages allegedly to pay the costs of her travel. Intimidation or violence is used to force these women and girls into prostitution and other illicit activities and to place them in unsafe or illegal living and working conditions. Women working as prostitutes are under constant threat of being violated or even murdered. Foreign women are afraid of being punished and arrested by local officials and at the same time they are afraid of reprisals by traffickers against their families. Language barriers and a lack of knowledge of their legal rights increase their fears. It is typical for the Czech post-communist society that it is totally indifferent to the destiny of these victims. Our investigation found, as a part of the study confirms, that the brothels operating in small towns and villages in the frontier zones are considered as a "tax for capitalism" by local inhabitants. Practically nobody is interested in the living conditions of most Ukrainian, Russian and Bulgarian women. This commonplace attitude is nourished even by the media which present prostitution mostly as a highly "profitable profession". Many similar examples can be cited. For instance, the second largest newspaper in the country, Právo, stressed in its report of 25 September 1999 on the sex-business in the capital Prague, that the main aspect of prostitution is extremely high earnings for prostitutes. This is true only for a very narrow group – while the majority are victims of very cruel exploitation. NGOs, which deal with the problems of trafficking in women and their slavery status, are considered to be "too feministic" which is reflected in the fact that the space given to them in media is extremely small. CZECH REPUBLIC. Country Report 9 2 International Law 2.1 International Legal Documents In the context of trafficking in women the Czech Republic is legally and politically bound by documents of international law and "soft law". Treaties on the protection of human rights in general: - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ratified in 1976)6 - International Covenant on Economic, Cultural and Social Rights (ratified in 1976) - Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment - Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (ratified in 1982)7 - Convention on the Rights of the Child (ratified in 1991)8 - European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ratified in 1992)9 Specific conventions against trafficking in women: - Slavery Convention (ratified in 1930)10 - Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery (ratified in 1958) - International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women of Full Age (ratified in 1936)11 - Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others (ratified in 1958, not published) - International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No. 29 Concerning Forced Labour (ratified in 1958)12 - ILO Convention No. 105 Concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour (ratified in 1997) Politically binding documents: - UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women (adopted 1994) - The Hague Ministerial Declaration on European Guidelines for Effective Measures to Prevent and Combat Trafficking in Women for the Purpose of Sexual Exploitation (adopted in April 1997) 6 No. 120/1976 Coll. 7 No. 62/1987 Coll. 8 No. 104/1991 Coll. 9 No. 209/1992 Coll. 10 No. 165/1930 Coll. 11 No. 32/1936 Coll. 12 No. 506/1990 Coll. CZECH REPUBLIC. Country Report 10 2.2 The Activities of CEDAW and its Relevance for the Czech Republic Standards drawn from these international human rights instruments aim to protect and promote respect for the human rights of individuals who have been victims of trafficking, including those who have been subjected to involuntary servitude, forced labour and/or slavery-like practices. Victims of trafficking are treated as objects or commodities by traffickers who use coercion, deception or debt bondage to deprive victims of their fundamental freedoms, such as their ability to control their own body. Relevant international instruments protect the rights of trafficked persons by providing them with an effective legal remedy, legal protection, non-discriminatory treatment, compensation and rehabilitation. These instruments impose the duty to prevent and investigate violations, to take appropriate action against violators and afford remedies and reparation to those who have been injured as a consequence of such violations. Trafficking in persons overwhelmingly appears to affect women and relevant gender-specific mechanisms can be used in response. In this respect, the procedure of the Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) for monitoring rights of women, is highly endorsed to control and interpret the obligation of states parties. CEDAW guarantees an interpretation of the Convention in favour of women who have been victims of trafficking in persons. Its General Recommendation No. 19 has a particular importance for the implementation of binding international standards concerning the protection of trafficked persons. 13 CEDAW stresses that 13. States parties are required by article 6 to take measures to suppress all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of the prostitution of women. 14. Poverty and unemployment increase opportunities for trafficking in women... 15. Poverty and unemployment force many women including young girls into prostitution. Prostitutes are especially vulnerable to violence, because their status, which may be unlawful, tends to marginalize. They need the equal protection of laws against rape and other forms of violence. 16. Wars, armed conflicts and the occupation of territories often lead to increased prostitution, trafficking in women and sexual assault of women, which require specific protective and punitive measures In paragraph 24 the Committee therefore recommends that States parties should take appropriate and effective measures: (g) Specific preventive and punitive measures are necessary to overcome trafficking and sexual exploitation. (h) States parties in their reports should describe the extent of all problems and the measures including penal provisions, preventive and rehabilitation measures that have been taken to protect women engaged in prostitution or subject to trafficking and other forms of sexual exploitation. The effectiveness of these measures should also be described. (i) Effective complaints procedure and remedies, including compensation should also be provided. 13 General Recommendation No. 19 (Eleventh session, 1992), A/47/38 (General Comments). CZECH REPUBLIC. Country Report 11 The initial report of the Czech Republic regarding the implementation of the Convention (1993-1994) confirms that the problems of trafficking in women in the Czech Republic are dealt with only in the Penal Code. This means that the legal measures are limited to the punishment of the offender. The report does not at all mention the protection of women who have become victims of the relevant crimes. It follows from the report that there is no state programme of aid for the victims despite the following facts: - the extent of organized prostitution is steadily rising, - prostitution belongs to so-called overt activities of criminal gangs, - these activities have been registered on the entire territory of the Czech Republic, - women are often forcibly imported from several Eastern European countries, such as Ukraine and Belarus, - women are enticed by advertisements offering jobs (waitresses, hostesses, models), then they are abducted and intimidated. At the time of the report, the Czech Republic had not yet introduced a corresponding comprehensive programme which would eliminate the greatest shortcomings in this field, such as the lack of asylum, accommodation or the absence of the possibility to claim social benefits outside the place of permanent residence and for women from foreign countries. The only institution responsible for the problem of organized prostitution is the Department for Illegal Traffic in People which is part of the Authority for the Disclosure of Organized Crime. The comment of CEDAW from its 18th session – in consideration of the report of the Czech Republic – noted that in the Czech Republic prostitution and trafficking in women are approached exclusively in the context of combating organized crime. According to CEDAW these crimes are closely related to economic transition and socio-political changes. The Committee acknowledged the adverse effect of such development such as rising unemployment and increased poverty as factors contributing to prostitution and trafficking in women. CEDAW noted with particular concern the absence of special legislation on violence against women and was alarmed by the Government's perception that there was no need for such legislation. The Committee considered the absence of data on the extent and prevalence of such violence in the Czech Republic to be a critical deficiency. It also expressed concern at the lack of information of any preventive measures and/or programmes to support victims of violence, to raise public awareness of the issue and to sensitise health professionals and law- enforcement personnel to the topic. CEDAW strongly recommends the formulation and implementation of effective policies to combat prostitution and trafficking of women. The Committee suggests that measures to combat these crimes require not only services to victims and sanctions against perpetrators, but also the design and the implementation of comprehensive national social and economic policies to create new opportunities for women. It therefore recommends that the Government should take effective action to combat the feminization of poverty and to improve the economic situation of women in order to prevent trafficking and prostitution. CEDAW also urges the enactment of a special law and the introduction of policies to combat all forms of violence against women, together with the promotion of education and media programmes sensitizing the public to this issue. In addition, it recommends the introduction of training for the judiciary, law enforcement officers, lawyers, health professionals and others whose work is relevant in the context of violence against women. The Committee strongly CZECH REPUBLIC. Country Report 12 recommends that the Czech Republic initiates a comprehensive research to assess the extent and nature of violence against women. Furthermore, a comprehensive study and analysis of the effects on women of the economic and socio-political transition of the country should be carried out. According to CEDAW, it is necessary to carry out such a study from the gender perspective in order to determine the differential impact of transition on women and men and to determine the policies that are required. CZECH REPUBLIC. Country Report 13 3 National Regulations 3.1 Constitution Trafficking in women has to be seen as a problem of human rights protection. Constitutional law is the highest authority in the legal order of the Czech Republic. Art 10 of the Constitution of the Czech Republic14 stipulates that "all ratified and promulgated international treaties on human rights and fundamental freedoms, whereby the Czech Republic is obligated, shall be directly binding and shall have precedence over the law." Article 10 of the Constitution relates only to international treaties on human rights and fundamental freedoms and incorporates them into the legal order of the Czech Republic, e.g. the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Framework Convention on the Protection of National Minorities, etc. No special act of transformation by the Czech Parliamentary Assembly is needed for the direct effect of such treaties. Czech authorities (administrative and judicial bodies) have to apply them directly and interpret them in conformity with the rules of international law.15 Notwithstanding the problem that the Constitution of the Czech Republic, which is the legal force of treaties other than treaties on human rights and fundamental freedoms, does not solve the question, it can be said that the provision of Article 10 of the Constitution is a very progressive one. It was meant as a measure to prevent a reaction of totalitarian power which denies the generally valid principles of a state recognizing democracy and the rule of law. Jurisprudence has, however, defined some serious theoretical problems concerning the interpretation of Article 10 of the Constitution of the Czech Republic. It seems that Article 10 does not automatically give direct effect to the whole text of a given treaty, but only to the self-executing provisions contained in such treaties.16 This means that provisions have to be sufficiently precise in defining the subjects of domestic law who are addressed by the treaty. Provisions addressed only to the Contracting States Parties cannot be regarded as self- executing. The second open question concerns the rank of international treaties on human rights and fundamental freedoms in the hierarchy of the Czech legal order. This problem has been discussed various times by experts on Czech Constitutional Law and Public International Law. Article 10 of the Constitution explicitly stipulates that international treaties on human rights and fundamental freedoms shall have precedence over the law. Given the fact that the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic which cannot rule on the conformity of international treaties on human rights and fundamental freedoms with a statutory rule (constitutional rule), we can come to the conclusion that there is no superiority of constitutional rules over international treaties within the meaning of Article 10.17 Thus international treaties on human rights have the rank of a constitutional rule in the hierarchy of the Czech legal order. The 'Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms' of 9 January 199118 is an integral part of the constitutional system according to Article 112 of the Constitution of the Czech Republic. 14 Constitution of the Czech Republic of the 16th of December, 1992. 15 The rules of interpretation of international treaties are laid down in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969. 16 Malenovský, Jiří: Human Rights Treaties and the Czechoslovak Constitutional Order, in: Austrian Journal of Public and International Law 45 (1993), 21-32, 25. 17 Malenovský, ibidem, 28-29. 18 Act No. 23/1991 Coll. CZECH REPUBLIC. Country Report 14 Some provisions of the Charter are relevant in the context of trafficking in women. Article 7 of the Charter guarantees the inviolability of the person and his or her privacy. It can be limited only in cases defined by law. No one must be tortured or subjected to cruel, inhuman, or humiliating treatment or punishment. Article 9 paragraph 1 of the Charter stipulates that no one must be subjected to forced labour or services. According to Article 10 everyone has the right to the preservation of his human dignity and personal honour, and the protection of his good name. Everyone has the right to protection against unwarranted interference in his private and family life. In history, women, according to the Czech municipal law, possessed an almost equal legal status to men. A woman could reach her full independence which differed from Roman and German law. Much later, in the period of industrial revolution in the Czech lands, the General Civil Code made distinctions between men and women concerning family rights and duties and some issues relating to the legal position of mothers. Full and unconditional equality of women was reached by the Czechoslovak legislation in the second half of the 20th century. The issue ceased to be a "problem" which needed legislative changes. It does not mean that equality de iure and de facto correspond to each other. As it is stressed in the report of the Czech Union of Women, as far as a distinction is concerned "... there is a clear view that even though the legislation guarantees equality, practice and concrete experience differ." Women face discrimination in the family (also by their own fault), at work (by the boss) and in public life.19 Inequality has a structural character and is connected with biological as well as social factors. The gender-neutral legal concept, prevailing in the Czech legal system, is not able to face this problem effectively. Another aspect is linked to the fact that during a woman's life - from her childhood through to old age - legal questions of a different kind are present. The category of women of productive working age has been affected by very serious and numerous difficulties. The problems range from legal issues connected with the chosen way of married life and de facto relationships of both spouses, to issues covering motherhood in combination with professional career and working conditions. Families with double incomes are to preserve a certain standard of living. The legal status of single mothers bears serious social as well as legal problems, as it has been proved in practice. 3.2 Alien Law The entry and residence of aliens are regulated by Act No. 123/1992 Coll., Act No. 190/1994 Coll. and Act No. 150/1996 Coll. Czech law distinguishes between three types of residence on the territory of the Czech Republic: 1) short-term, 2) long-term, and 3) permanent. This regulation is supplemented by the Act No. 498/1990 Coll., which applies to persons who have been granted the status of refugees or the status of temporary refugees. ad 1) Short term residence means a stay on the territory of the Czech Republic for no longer than 180 days. This kind of residence allows unlimited movement for the purpose of tourism. On the basis of bilateral agreements, citizens of certain states are relieved from the obligation to have a visa for entry. 19 Application of the Rights of Women, in: Report on the State of Human Rights in the Czech Republic 1998, Czech Helsinki Committee, 1999. CZECH REPUBLIC. Country Report 15 ad 2) Long-term residence is granted to aliens for the specific purpose of their stay in the Czech Republic (employment, business, study, medical treatment, exchange program, etc.). This kind of residence is granted for the period needed to fulfil the purpose. The maximum period is one year, however the alien can repeatedly apply for the extension of the permission. ad 3) Permanent residence is granted to an alien for the purposes of family reunification, for humanitarian reasons or in the interest of the foreign policy of the Czech Republic. Considering applications for long-term or permanent residence in the Czech Republic there is a possibility for aliens to submit them to Embassies and Consulates of the Czech Republic abroad. However statistics show that in almost 100 percent of cases the application is submitted while the alien is in the Czech Republic (i.e. to the Czech Ministry of the Interior).20 Long-term residence is mainly granted for the purpose of employment and business. In the first half of 1997, 70 per cent of long-term stay permissions were given for reasons of employment and 21 per cent for the purpose of carrying out business. The largest group of applicants in the first half of 1997 came from Slovakia (50.255 persons), followed by Ukraine (44.216 persons), Poland (24.921 persons), Vietnam and Russia. Twenty three per cent of those who applied for a long-term stay permission were women.21 3.3 Illegal Migration Illegal migration is a relevant political and social problem in the Czech Republic. According to statistics from 1997, between 1 January 1993 and 31 October 1997 131,000 persons were detected trying to illegally cross Czech state borders. In 1993, the majority of them tried to enter the Czech Republic from Slovakia. In 1997, approximately 70 per cent of all persons detected were crossing the Czech border into Germany. Year 1993 1994 1995 1996 Jan.-Oct.1997 NP SH Cz. Rep. discovered 43,302 20,480 19,172 23,705 23,883 % of which are children under 15 9.1 9.2 8.1 10.3 % of which are women 16.7 16.9 17.1 17.7 18.0 Source: NP SH Cz. Rep.: illegal crossing of state borders of the Czech Republic; in: Traffic in Women, La Strada Czech Republic, 1998, p. 99 In 1997, 23,883 persons crossing the border illegally were detected. 3,133 persons were Romanian nationals, 2,593 persons came from Yugoslavia, 1,921 from Iraq, 1,661 from Afghanistan, 1,659 from Bulgaria and 1,552 from Macedonia.22 Of course, it is rather complicated to find the link between trafficking in women and illegal migration in the statistics. According to information from the Foreign Police of the Czech Republic, the Czech Republic remains a transit state for trafficking organisations. The traffickers recruit illegal migrants in their country of origin and arrange the transport across one or more transit countries to the destination country.23 20 Danišová, Zdenka: Information on Migration in the Territory of the Czech Republic until October 1997, in: Traffic in Women in Postcommunist Countries of Central and Eastern Europe (footnote 3), 97-109, 98. 21 Ibidem, 99. 22 Ibidem, 102. 23 Ibidem, 106. CZECH REPUBLIC. Country Report 16 3.4 Criminal Law The Czech Republic has been inter alia a party to the United Nations Convention on the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others. The States parties agreed to punish the exploitation of the prostitution of all persons unconditionally, even if exploitation is exercised with the consent of these persons. Prostitution itself is not criminalized by the Convention, but all activities surrounding it are, such as procuring, trafficking, etc. The Convention represents the most comprehensive instrument of the UN on this issue. By 31 December 1995, the Convention had been ratified by 21 European states. On the other hand, the Convention contains a number of contradictions. The measures recommended are based on the consideration formulated in the preamble: Whereas prostitution and accompanying evil of the traffic in persons for the purpose of prostitution are incompatible with the dignity and worth of the human person and endanger the welfare of the individual, the family and the community. In this sense, prostitution is not prohibited de iure. Prostitutes are considered as victims who have to be protected from exploitation by others. At the same time, prostitution is viewed as a scourge of society. The Convention is not condemning the victims, but those who exploit them, however by doing so it necessarily marginalizes the prostitute who should not have been exploiting herself. As a consequence of this conception, it is very difficult in practice to protect prostitutes from exploitation, since all those who aid and abet prostitution are criminalized. Since they are paying no taxes, prostitutes are forced to go about their work without being provided social security. This has not proved to be a very effective way to combat either trafficking in women or prostitution in general. The Czech criminal law's approach fully reflects this dilemma and contradiction of the Convention. Prostitution in the Czech Republic is not prohibited de iure. However, due to moral ballast, which has not yet been removed either by legal measures or by the social conscience, it is prohibited de facto. In the above mentioned report to the CEDAW, the authors note that "prostitution is not regarded as a crime, it may be punished pursuant to Article 47 of Law No. 200/1990 Coll. on offences, as amended by subsequent provisions on condition that it causes public nuisance or is carried out in a place accessible to the public or that the services connected with it are organized." Sometimes the reason for the spread of prostitution in the Czech Republic is seen in the sudden abolition of totalitarian prohibitions and restrictions.24 It is the primary idea expressed in the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, that "everyone can do anything that is not forbidden by the law, and no one can be forced to do anything which the law does not require."25 The question of a concrete regulation dealing with the problem of prostitution has not been solved yet. In the Czech Penal Code26 there are some provisions which take into consideration certain phenomena that are linked to trafficking in persons. According to Article 233 the abduction of a person abroad is prohibited: 24 Voňková, footnote 2, 94. 25 Article 2 paragraph 3 of the Charter. 26 Act No. 140/1962 Coll., as amended by later provisions. CZECH REPUBLIC. Country Report 17 (1) A person who abducts another person abroad will be punished by three to eight years of imprisonment. (2) The perpetrator will be punished by five to twelve years of imprisonment a) if he/she commits the crime defined in paragraph 1 as a member of an organized group, b) if he/she commits the act against a person younger than eighteen years of age or a person suffering of a mental disease or a person mentally retarded, or c) if the act results in a severe damage of health, death or another very severe consequence. Article 233 of the Czech Penal Code regulates a severe case of restriction of personal freedom. The acting of the perpetrator means the transport of a person to another country against her will. The way in which the transport and its preparation are organized is not relevant.27 Article 233 refers to all cases when a person is abducted abroad, i.e. to a territory which from the point of view of international law is not under the control of the Czech Republic.28 The trafficking of women is prohibited under the provision of Article 246 of the Penal Code. (1) A person who tempts, hires or transports a woman with the aim to use her in the place of destination for a sexual intercourse with another person will be punished by one to five years of imprisonment. (2) The perpetrator will be punished by three to eight years of imprisonment a) if he/she commits the crime defined in paragraph 1 as a member of an organized group, b) if he/she commits the act against a woman younger than eighteen years of age, c) if he/she commits the crime with the aim to use the woman for prostitution. From the commentary to Article 246 we learn that the provision implements the United Nations Convention for the Suppression of Traffic in Persons and of Exploitation of Others (1949), which was signed in 1958 by the former Czechoslovakia. In Article 246 we can see moral principles which are in a clear contradiction to trafficking in women. Security measures, therefore, have to be taken in order to protect a woman's free choice in sexual matters and her personal freedom. A draft to be presented by the Czech government in 1999 inserts paragraph 3 to Article 246. According to the draft, a perpetrator should be punished by three to twelve years, if his act results in a severe damage of health, death or another very severe consequence.29 Article 246 refers to cases in which the victim is trafficked across the border to another country. This means that the trafficking of a woman to the Czech Republic (e.g. from Ukraine or from Bulgaria) is not punishable under this provision. In light of Article 246 it is not relevant whether the person who is transported abroad for the purpose of being used as a prostitute, consents or not. 27 Jelínek, Jiří/Sovák, Zdeněk: Trestní zákon a trestní řád, 11. aktualizované vydání, Linde Praha, 1999, 236. 28 See commentary to Article 17 of the Czech Penal Code (Novotný, František, et alii: Trestní kodexy. Trestní zakon. Trestní řád (komentář), Eurounion Praha, 1998, 48. 29 Inofficial information. CZECH REPUBLIC. Country Report 18 Trafficking in women according to Article 246 has to be seen as lex specialis in relation to Article 204 ("procuring").30 Article 204 of the Czech Penal Code reads as follows: "(1) A person who negotiates, forces or lures anyone else into prostitution, or who profits from prostitution carried out by someone else, will be punished by up to three years of imprisonment. (2) The imprisonment of two to eight years will be served to a person for a crime defined in paragraph 1 if it is committed with the use of violence or threat of another severe damage or if the person abuses the privation or dependence of another person. (3) Two to eight years of imprisonment will be served to a person a) who will gain a substantial profit through acts defined in paragraph 1 or 2, b) who commits the act as a member of an organized group, or c) who commits the act against a person younger than eighteen. (4) The imprisonment of five to twelve years will be served to a perpetrator who commits the act defined in paragraph 2 against a person younger than fifteen years of age." According to official statistics, 239 acts of procuring were committed in the Czech Republic in 1995 and 226 of them were clarified (94,2 per cent).31 However, it can be suggested that many victims do not report such cases, since they are afraid of the reaction of the procurers. Sometimes they also feel uncomfortable with the forthcoming investigation and lawsuit. 3.5 Women as Victims of Trafficking The great extent of the organization and internationalization of criminal sexual activities connected with trafficking in women, forced prostitution and other sexual services, increases the risk of victimization of women. In the conditions of the Czech Republic, this criminal activity is often undertaken entirely against the will of the woman, in most cases, due to her social naivety. However, even in cases when this form of organized crime is carried out with a certain consent of the woman, this consent does not include an agreement with working conditions and relations. Most victims are young girls who come to the capital or other towns to find work, for pleasure's sake or to experience some "adventure". However, they always come with naive expectations and mostly without any financial backing. Thus they become easy prey for pimps who, under various pretexts, take away all of their documents and then use drugs, alcohol, hunger, beating and sexual misuse to deprive them of their will to self-defence, to change their personality totally and to force them to unlimited obedience. In cases of foreigners on the territory of the Czech Republic, or Czech girls being trafficked abroad, they are further isolated by their ignorance of the language and the local conditions. Women suffering from such a brutal victimization are therefore in all cases subject to serious attacks on their physical integrity, accompanied by a psychological, moral and social harm whose extent can hardly be assessed. In investigating this criminal activity, police often face a lack of evidence. The victims are scared of giving testimony, since they are threatened by physical violence. If they agree to become witnesses, they frequently change their testimonies during the investigation or before the Court. Nevertheless, in general, procuring, forced 30 Jelínek/Sovak, footnote 28, 252. 31 Report of the Czech Republic on Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (Background Information for the World Congress Against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children), paragraph 17. CZECH REPUBLIC. Country Report 19 prostitution as well as trafficking in women belongs, from the point of criminalization and victimization, to the most neglected areas.32 Also prevailing is the lack of interest in prostituting persons, especially in the case of women from the Balkan countries or from the areas of the former Soviet Union. The situation, in which they badly suffer from maltreatment by the procurers, is often marginalized in connection with the fact that the victims are partly responsible for their fate and that they had decided on their own to become prostitutes. The unsustainable situation in this sphere is criticized by non-governmental organizations. They require that the victims of trafficking in women should be adjudged such position which belongs to them as announcers and important witnesses of criminal activities. They stress the necessity to yield them wide protection and care (legal, financial, health and therapeutic), which they need, as well as to help them in re-socialization and in obtaining the damage compensation. This requirement concerns persons who have been damaged by criminal activities of other persons. Therefore, at least the same attention should be paid to them as to the offenders. These basic duties have to be fulfilled above all by the state as the representative of the state power and as a guarantor of human rights and freedoms. NGOs as well as the legal public criticize the fact that neither in the past nor in the present violations against women in general, and traffic in women as a special case, have been discussed in public in the Czech Republic. The insufficient attention paid to these problems in the Czech Republic is connected to the contemporary social transformation. There are several new phenomena which cause more complications than improvements in the field of the protection of victims. It is, above all, the great increase of the crime rate that has led to the growth in the number of victimized women. At the same time the brutality of the offenders also grew. The increase of criminal activities, though it became slower after the first shock in the years 1990-1993, led to a significant concentration of police organs and justice in catching and convicting the offenders and in clarifying the crimes. A main priority of the police is organized crime with the participation of foreigners. However, the existing heavy overload of the police and justice leads to the marginalization of the victims of crimes (including those connected with trafficking in women) and to the neglect of their needs and claims. This undesirable situation persists also due to the fact that the Czech legislation does not implement the required legal standards for protecting the rights of victims. Before Court, the victim acts as the injured party. His or her legal status is insufficient and very distant from European standards.33 There is especially a lack of laws regulating the rights of victims and witnesses as well as the compensation of victims, which are common in democratic legal systems. Also, state institutions or organizations supported by the state, which try to help women who have become victims of crimes, are missing. Moreover, the whole social network is undergoing transformation. In some cases institutions which would be able to assist the victims even cease to exist. The care for the victims of violence, including trafficking in women, is entirely left to NGOs. The newly born crisis centres face grave material and personal problems. 32 The marginalization of the problem of victimizatin of women is reflected also in the academic sphere and is characterized by the fact that so far in the Czech Republic the question of violence against women in general and traffic in women and forced prostitution especially has not been either dicussed or solved as an independent topic. It was only deeply dealt with in the study "Žena - oběť trestného činu" (Koubová, Eva, in: Právní postavení žen v České republice, Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Juridica 3-4/1996, Praha, 99-116). 33 Válková, J.: Řešení kompenzace obětí trestných činů ve vybraných zemích, in: K problematice obětí trestných činů, Praha, Bílý kruh bezpeči, 1995, 34. CZECH REPUBLIC. Country Report 20 In most cases, even the activities of mass media have a negative influence. Media present forced prostitution and trafficking in women as a pathological phenomena of the consumer society which is caused by a small group of persons (prostitutes, pimps) who make "big money", spread sexual diseases, morally devastate towns and villages in the border region and threaten the moral education of the youth. Only very rarely are traffic in women and forced prostitution understood as serious violations of women's human rights, where women often do not have a chance to make a choice or have an opportunity to influence the situation in which they find themselves.34 From the point of view of women injured by sexual criminal activities, including forced prostitution, the following important human rights of the victims are ignored: a) Right to receive information and legal help The basic condition enabling the victim to claim her rights before Court is to yield her the necessary introductory information as well as current information on the state of her case. In fact, this information is given to her in a very abridged way, using formal legal language, which is often incomprehensible to her, irrespective of the concrete case and of the psychical situation of the victim. The announcer has the right to be informed about the carried out measures only if she explicitly asks for that. Unlike the accused who has the right to have a defendant, in some cases even ex offo, the victim has no such right and can be left without information about the termination of the investigation. Only in case she decides to pay a lawyer, can an authorized attorney represent her (Article 50 of the Penal Code). However, his authority is very limited. In the Czech Republic, specialized NGOs that could protect such women's rights do not exist, in comparison to the situation in France and in several other Western European countries for instance. At the same time, this situation is in contradiction to the right to have a fair trial, which comprises the principle of equality of the parties, as it has been interpreted by case-law of the European Convention of Human Rights. Therefore, the right of the victims to be provided legal help by the state should be anchored especially for the case of sexual crimes. b) Right to actively participate in police investigation and criminal proceedings The victim of a criminal act is one of the most important subjects of a criminal proceeding, and in the case of trafficking in women the victim is usually the principal witness. In this respect, Article 44 of the Penal Code seems to be discriminatory. According to Article 44, for the most severe criminal acts, belonging to the competence of the Higher Court, the presence of the victim before Court is not automatic, but has to be decided by the Court, even though there can be no doubt that especially in these cases the rights should be very carefully protected. c) Right to receive compensation of the suffered injury and damage The victim which has suffered material damage due to a criminal act, may under certain conditions propose that the court prescribes to the offender the duty to compensate the damage. As to the compensation of pain and of the deteriorated social position, this question is regulated by an entirely insufficient rule which is thirty years old.35 The amount of the 34 See Traffic in Women in the Czech Republic as Violation of Human Rights, in: Czech Helsinki Committee Report on the Situation of Human Rights in the Czech Republic 1998, Prague 1999. 35 No. 32/1956 Coll. CZECH REPUBLIC. Country Report 21 compensation is very low. Nowadays, the establishment of a special fund for granting financial help to the victims has been proposed, similar to other member states of the European Union. d) Right for the protection of personal data, health and life of the victims and members of their family The victim, who is usually also an important witness, has the duty, unlike the offender, to give a testimony. The law, however, does not assure adequately the protection of the victim against being influenced or threatened by the offender. A positive change was brought by the institute of anonymous witness (Article 55 of the Penal Code), which in the most important cases enables the victims to act under a false name and to conceal her/his appearance. If it may be expected that the victim, in the presence of the offender, will not tell the truth, or if her testimony may endanger health or cause death or other severe danger to herself or to members of her family, there is a possibility to remove the offender from the court (Article 209 of the Penal Code). The rights of the victim are extended by the possibility to exclude the public from the trial if the public hearing would endanger the safety or other important interests of the witnesses (Article 200 of the Penal Code). All these new provisions have been introduced in connection with the growth of organized crime. Compared to other EU countries, the Czech Republic does not provide for the possibility that victims testify in the absence of the offender and there is no duty of the judicial organ to ensure that the victim would not meet the offender. Also the duty to inform the victim about the release of the offender from prison or hospital is not contained in the regulations. These rights are extremely important for victims of forced prostitution or of trafficking in women. In practise, there is no legal measure which would reflect the fact that the victims are often foreigners without documents and in many cases without a legal residence permit. In this respect the significant problems still remain to be solved, for instance the question of asylum and accommodation, the absence of social allowance and the absence of a comprehensive assistance programme. 3.6 Trafficking in Girls and Sexual Exploitation of Children During the last years sexual exploitation of children has become a problem that cannot be overlooked. Since children are the weakest social group, they are victims to trafficking in persons more often than adults. For each state it is therefore necessary to take certain measures to protect children from exploitation. The report of the UN Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography from the year 1997 clearly states that the Czech Republic has to deal with the problem of child prostitution and trafficking in children.36 According to the report, sexual freedom is considered one of the new attractions which the market economy can offer, as against the Puritanism of the communist era. Thus, girls and boys become more easily involved in prostitution and/or pornography, most of the time without really knowing what it is all about. In this context it must be recalled that the Czech Republic is a state party to the UN- Convention on the rights of the child.37 According to Article 1 of the Convention a child 36 Document E/CN.4/1997/95/Add.1. CZECH REPUBLIC. Country Report 22 means every human being below the age of 18 years unless, under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier. However, with regard to sexual consent and sexual relations, Czech law considers a person under 15 to be a child. Persons from 15 to 18 years of age are considered as minors. This leads to a contradiction with the Convention, since protection is removed from minors.38 The problem of child prostitution seriously affects the Gypsy community. Many persons belonging to the Gypsy community did not acquire Czech citizenship after 1993, because the Czech Republic in 1992 adopted a Law on the Acquisition and Loss of Citizenship39 which was considered to be discriminatory by International Organisations.40 The law contained the provision that Czech citizenship could only be acquired if the person had not been convicted during the previous five years of an intentional criminal offence. Thousands of Gypsies who came to the Czech Republic from Slovakia could not meet this criteria and remained de facto without citizenship. According to the report of the UN Special Rapporteur, Gypsy children are often forced by their own parents to earn money by prostitution, especially street prostitution. The second group of children working in street prostitution are female minors of children's homes who have become runaways. Among them are, again, many Gypsy girls. The report of the Czech Republic on commercial sexual exploitation of children, which was presented as background information for the World Congress Against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, notes that the police organised a raid in Prague which resulted in a substantial drop in prostitution of girls under 15 years of age. Another reason for the drop could be the fact that procurers get a severe punishment for this offence. Therefore prostitution of girls younger than 15 implies a greater risk than the prostitution of older girls. The problem of sale of children and child prostitution has also been mentioned in the Concluding Observations of the UN-Committee on the Rights of the Child concerning the State Report presented by the Czech Republic41. The Committee expressed its concern that measures combating the sale and trafficking of children were insufficient. The Committee had the opinion that the Czech Republic could be considered as a transit country for trafficking in children. It encourages the State party to take into consideration the recommendations of the 1996 Stockholm Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, as well as those of the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. 37 No. 104/1991 Coll. 38 Children under 15 years are protected by the provision of Article 242 of the Czech Penal Code: "(1) A person who engages in a sexual intercourse with a person younger than 15 years of age or who sexually abuses such a person in another way will be punished by one to eight years of imprisonment. (2) The perpetrator will be punished by two to ten years of imprisonment if he/she commits the crime defined under paragraph 1 on a person in his/her custody while taking advantage of the abused person´s dependence. (3) The perpetrator will be punished by five to twelve years of imprisonment if he/she causes a severe damage to health by the offence defined in paragraph 1. (4) The perpetrator will be punished by ten to fifteen years of imprisonment if he/she causes death by the offence defined in paragraph 1." 39 Act No. 40/1993 Coll. 40 See Introductory Memorandum of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights (10 April 1997), Council of Europe, Doc. 7898, Addendum 2. 41 Document CRC/C/15/Add.81. CZECH REPUBLIC. Country Report 23 Trafficking in children is a special offence under the provision of Article 216a of the Penal Code. According to this provision, any person (especially parents or persons who are obliged to take care of the child or who have the children under their control) will be prosecuted, if she puts a child, for payment, under the control of another person for the purpose of adoption, child labour or another purpose. Such perpetrators will be punished by up to three years of imprisonment or by a financial penalty. The sanction according to Article 216a is weaker than the sanctions according to Article 246 (Trafficking in Women) which must therefore be considered as lex specialis in relation to Article 216a. 3.7 Governmental Initiatives to Combat Trafficking Prostitution is not prohibited in the Czech Republic. In the years after the "Velvet Revolution" the phenomenon has become widespread and there were attempts to regulate prostitution in 1994. The Minister of Justice at the time, Jiří Novák, presented a draft which tried to define prostitution and to prescribe certain conditions for the carrying out of prostitution. The government, however, refused the argument, since it was considered within the responsibility of the municipalities to deal with the problem. This has not happened in practice. During the years since the refusal of the draft, the situation has worsened. This is the reason why a new draft will be presented which, according to the actual legislative plan of the Government, should be adopted in the year 2000 and should be in force from 2001. The idea of the new law will be that prostitution exists and will exist, but that it is necessary to have it under control and to regulate it. In its resolution No. 331 of 14 April 1999, the Czech government expresses its will to analyse the problems linked to prostitution and to define the conditions for a systematic solution.42 An important impetus to this resolution has come from the inhabitants of the town Dubí who, in the year 1997, sent a petition to the Deputies and Senators of the Parliament of the Czech Republic. They asked for the adoption of a new law which should limit prostitution. The petition was analysed by the competent Committees of the Parliament in 1998. In the course of the discussion the Minister of the Interior promised to work out a Study on Prostitution in the Czech Republic and a Concept for the Solution of the Problems in Connection to Prostitution. The Study of the Ministry of Interior came to the following conclusions: 1. During the last years, prostitution in the Czech Republic has been growing enormously. 2. Simultaneously with street prostitution, hundreds of "clubs" and "bars" have appeared in which sexual services are carried out. Prostitution in apartments is also widespread. However, the Ministry does not have reliable data on the last issue. 3. Public prostitution paralyses normal life of citizens in some towns, it has negative influence on public order and on the education of children. 4. Prostitution is accompanied by many social and health problems, apart from the moral devastation of certain social groups, for which prostitution is an accepted way of earning one's living. 42 Usnesení vlády České republiky ze dne 14. dubna 1999, č. 331, k Rozboru problémů souvisejících s prostitucí a vymezení podmínek jejich systémového řešení. CZECH REPUBLIC. Country Report 24 5. Prostitution is linked to other forms of criminality (theft, violence, drugs) and to organized crime. 6. Prostitution produces a large amount of money, i.e. an income on which no taxes are paid. This money remains in the sphere of the hidden economy. 7. Prostitution in the Czech Republic is carried out especially by women from Slovakia, Ukraine, Bulgaria and Thailand. Those persons have officially come to the country for tourism or on the basis of faked letters of invitation. 8. The Czech legal order deals with the problem from the point of view of abolitionism. There is no positive approach. Most state officials keep their distance from the problem. They are aware that the situation is not desirable, but they try to avoid confrontations. The cautious approach to the problem has also damaged the international reputation of the Czech Republic. It has to be mentioned that the USA and the European Union initiated a campaign against trafficking in women in 1997 (which is being financed by the International Organization for Migration). The addresses of the campaign were Ukraine and the Czech Republic. So the Czech Republic was considered to be on the same level as the Ukraine concerning the problem of trafficking in women. According to unofficial information given by the Ministry of Interior, the new Law on Prostitution should resolve the following issues: · a definition of prostitution, · persons who will not be allowed to carry out prostitution, especially persons younger than 18 years, · places where prostitution must not be carried out, especially public places. Local conditions have to be established by municipalities, · conditions for registration of persons who intend to carry out prostitution, · control mechanisms (taxes, insurance, health care), · concrete authorities to control the observance of the Law, · sanctions, · relation to other laws. Regarding trafficking in women, it is relevant that street prostitution will not be allowed. Currently most street prostitutes are children younger than 18 years (sometimes even younger than 15 years), mentally retarded and also women who reside illegally on the territory of the Czech Republic. They are subject to specific risks, of which, in particular, they are very often victims of violence. Furthermore, on 7 April 1999, the Czech government presented a report on human rights in the Czech Republic in 1998.43 The report, which is the basis for the conception used by the Czech government in the field of human rights protection, contains a chapter on the suppression of violence committed against women. It is said that, in 1999, an information campaign will be launched in co-operation with the International Organization for Migration in the field of preventing trade in women and the violence involved. The government is aware of the fact that, until today, a comprehensive legal regulation of the protection of witnesses is still missing. 43 Resolution No. 278/99. CZECH REPUBLIC. Country Report 25 4 NGO Initiatives to Combat Trafficking The non-governmental organization which is most involved in the problem of trafficking in women is La Strada Czech Republic. In 1998 La Strada presented a concept for an amendment of legislation in the field of trafficking in women. The draft is based on international documents such as the CEDAW, the UN-Commission on the Status of Women Recommendation of 1993, the Vienna Declaration of 1993, the Beijing Platform of 1995, the European Parliament Resolution of 1996 and the Hague Ministerial Declaration of 1997. Trafficking in women is seen as a specific form of violence against women, a problem which has found insufficient solutions in the social and legislative systems. La Strada identifies two main factors that complicate the development of effective programmes against trafficking in women: · The Czech Republic is, simultaneously, a country of origin, a country of destination and a country of transit for the victims of trafficking. · Therefore, a strategy against trafficking in women has to solve the situation not only of Czech citizens, but also the protection of foreigners on the territory of the Czech Republic. La Strada proposes the amendment of existing legislation, concerning the Law on the Police,44 the Law on Social Benefits45 and the Law on the Residence of Foreigners on the Territory of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic.46 The Law on the police should be complemented by a new provision stipulating that, if there is the suspicion that a woman who is investigated has been a victim of trafficking in women or procurement, the police officer should be obliged to inform her about the possibility to contact non-governmental organisations which are engaged in granting help to such women and about the possibility to apply for social help. This draft presumes an effective co-operation between the investigating authorities and specialized non-governmental organizations. It is necessary that the victim gain confidence in the state authorities to encourage her to co-operate with the investigating officer. If such amendment to the law cannot be adopted, a similar effect can be given by an internal order by the Minister of the Interior.47 In the social field, the competent authorities should be obliged to help victims of trafficking in women. According to La Strada there should be homes for women who have become victims of violence. Such homes should give housing, advise and other social services to victims of trafficking in women and procurement. Certain social benefits should not be granted only to citizens of the Czech Republic, but also to victims who have only a residence permit in the country. The basis for such residence permit would be an amendment to the Law on the Residence of Foreigners in the Czech Republic stipulating that foreigners cannot be expelled if there is suspicion that they have become victims of trafficking in women. Under the existing law, many victims of trafficking in women which are in the Czech Republic illegally, are very soon expelled to their country of origin. This creates a risk for the women concerned, since in their country there are well-organised criminal groups waiting for them. Moreover, if they are expelled, they cannot testify against the perpetrators of trafficking in women before Court. 44 Act No. 283/1991 Coll. 45 Act No. 117/1995 Coll. 46 Act. No. 123/1992 Coll. 47 Such order would be inspired by the Austrian model. CZECH REPUBLIC. Country Report 26 5 Recommendations and Conclusions The European Union defines trafficking in women as the transport of women to the member states of the EU for the purpose of sexual exploitation, in the course of which women are intimidated and subjected to violence. Some women are caught up in a whole chain of trafficking situations where they know in advance that they will be working as prostitutes, but are subsequently stripped of their basic rights under conditions which approach slavery. Some women are lured by work as waitresses, bartenders or dancers, which can be a cover up for prostitution. In this context it is important which method - legal or illegal - is used to get these women to the destination countries. This brings up a complex array of issues around entry visas, temporary and long-term residence permits and work permits. In the Czech Republic neither the existing relevant regulations, nor the practice of responsible administrative organs, are adequate to prevent trafficking in women. A comprehensive political, as well as legal and administrative strategy is the ultimate combination for effective control of migration and elimination of trafficking in human beings. According to the EU documents, since 1989 the number of women coming from Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, i.e. especially from Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, has been comparable to the number of women from developing countries. Nevertheless, this simple division into the countries of the EU, Third World countries and Central and Eastern Europe is not entirely adequate for describing the current circumstances. The Czech Republic is in a specific situation, being not only a country of origin, but also a country of transit and destination. The geographic position of the country and the high profits from trafficking in women, especially in big cities and in the border area, are the most important factors which have caused this state of affairs. These factors have to be taken into account for an effective analysis and the development of relevant regional regulations. According to the main document of the UN Fourth World Conference on Women, the exploitation of women in international prostitution and trafficking networks have been among the main activities of organized crime. The problem of trafficking in women is dealt with by the Czech Criminal Code, in particular in Article 246 (Trafficking in Women) and Article No. 204 (Procurement). It is necessary to add that prostitution itself is not de iure prohibited., though in certain cases it can be assessed as an offence. The dynamism behind the spread of prostitution was established by the sudden abolition of the totalitarian prohibitions and restrictions concerning prostitution. The main principles of the draft Act on Prostitution seem to be an adequate basis for a regulation which may effectively help to gradually solve the most acute problems (social, health, criminal). In this respect several measures are to be implemented: a) The need to recognize and support the role of NGOs much more than is currently done. These organizations have much closer contacts to the victims than any government worker can have. Without this kind of co-operation, the Czech Republic will not be able to fulfil the requirements that the international community will demand and that are part of their international legal obligations. b) It is urgent to concentrate on prevention and use all the instruments which are available, i.e. judicial, legal and administrative measures. CZECH REPUBLIC. Country Report 27 c) Domestic instruments have to be compared to those of the countries of origin in Central and Eastern Europe. An effective combat against traffickers in women calls for a close co- operation between the country of origin and the country of destination. d) The public shall be informed about these issues. Using mass media much more extensively than it has been so far, the public shall be informed about human rights aspects of trafficking in women. As long as the question of human rights is marginalized in public discussion, the public will fail to recognize how closely gender issues are related to trafficking in women. The prevailing attitude in the public is characterized by statements such as, "I don't want to have any erotic salon next to my house, because it is dangerous and has a bad influence on my children - they should move to another street or another town". e) Organization of inter-disciplinary education and training for everyone who comes in contact with this negative phenomenon, starting from judges to police officers and social workers. f) All appropriate measures have to be undertaken in order to create the conditions for victims to inform the police and other relevant institutions about cases of trafficking in women. They shall no longer be afraid to do so. g) It is a principle task of state policy to create conditions for victims to be re-integrated into society, to receive health care, psychological help and social as well as administrative assistance. From the standpoint of international protection of human rights and especially women's rights, the recommendations of the CEDAW are also very relevant. For example, to formulate an effective policy to combat prostitution, to combat feminization of poverty and to improve the economic situation of women, to take effective measures against all forms of violence against women and to carry out a study on the impact of transition on women.48 48 More detailed in chapter 2.2 of this report (The activities of CEDAW and its relevance for the Czech Republic).


text:
OS X - Apps and Games Discussion of applications and games available for Mac OS X. |
Post Reply | New Thread | Subscribe |
Thread Tools |
Member Since: Nov 14, 2013
Posts: 2
Hello everybody,
I work in the film industry and I usually shoot with a SONY EX1 and edit with Final Cut Pro 7. I have all the XDCAM transfer, SxS driver, etc. A few days ago, after updating various files in my laptop - including Quick Time -, my XDCAM files (already converted as I have been doing for the past 2 years) didn't play out in FCP. They just played as a constant GREEN frame, but I can hear the sound. There is a sign saying "Codec not found. You may be using a compression type without the corresponding hardware card." I have tried to reinstall everything again but no luck. I tried to play my Canon 7D files (after converting them in MPEG streamcilp to Apple Pros Res 422) and they do work in FCP. Someone told me it might be the GFX CARD, but why would it play some files and not the EX1 files? Waiting list at Apple stores is over a week, so not sure I can wait that long. Any suggestions? THANKS A LOT in advance, x |
QUOTE Thanks |
Member Since: Nov 20, 2013
Posts: 1
had the same trouble here, with my xdcam files they all went green an no previews all after proapps update. the problem seems to be on quicktime codecs.
After reading lots o posts about same problem, the solution I found was to replace files in Library/quicktime for an older version of quicktime files. You can install MAC OS X 10.6.8 on an External HD. Then install QuickTime 7.6.6 , I replaced the Library/QuickTime files from QuickTime v. 7.6.6, onto the old internal HD install. I also downloaded the latest xdcam log and transfer update, and everything is running again! Hope this is usefull |
QUOTE Thanks |
Post Reply | New Thread | Subscribe |
Thread Tools | |
Currently Active Users Viewing This Thread: 1 (0 members and 1 guests)
Thread |
Thread Starter |
Forum |
Replies |
Last Post |
Updated To iTunes 11 and Now I Have Missing Files | derekeverett | OS X - Apps and Games | 1 | 12-05-2012 11:36 AM |
Files missing in Finder from External HD yet still physically there?/ | alliznelle | OS X - Operating System | 8 | 05-20-2012 01:53 AM |
missing files in Parallels after archive reinstall of mac os x | hazel764 | OS X - Apps and Games | 5 | 08-27-2009 06:13 PM |
Missing files | Moji | Running Windows (or anything else) on your Mac | 1 | 10-09-2007 01:09 AM |
Mac files missing extensions | leite1 | Running Windows (or anything else) on your Mac | 1 | 07-28-2006 10:25 PM |
All times are GMT -4. The time now is 10:49 AM.
Powered by vBulletin

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Senior Services at Hurley Medical Center
At Hurley Medical Center, our goal is to keep older adults healthy, active and independent. For your well-being, or that of an older adult loved one, our team of dedicated Hurley professionals and geriatricians provide the highest level of quality health care.
Hurley Senior Services is staffed by a specially-trained team consisting of a registered nurse, medical assistant, medical secretary, medical social worker, x-ray technician, and two geriatric physicians.
To ensure that every older adult patient receives the most appropriate and timely care possible, our team uses an interdisciplinary approach to planning care, focusing not only on the physical well-being of the patient but also on the psychosocial, cognitive, emotional, family and social service needs. Our program features health promotion, disease prevention, chronic disease management, and patient and caregiver education. Our services are beneficial to a broad array of older adults, ranging from the very active to the extremely frail, including those in hospice care, assisted living, senior housing and home-bound. Patients who wish to remain under the care of their existing primary care physicians are offered a geriatric consultation, which includes a full assessment by the team, follow-up visits as needed, and recommendations reported to the primary care physician for ongoing care.
Convenient Parking at Hurley Medical Center
Convening parking at Hurley Medical Center is also made available to seniors, including free handicapped lots adjacent to the hospital entrance, a visitor lot with free shuttle service, and a senior discount for valet parking. The Hurley Lobby Shop also offers a 5-pack of valet parking booklets at discount.
5-pack valet parking booklets at deeper discounts (available for purchase in Hurley Lobby Shop)
Alzheimer's Association - Greater Michigan Chapter
Elder Abuse - Office of Genesee County
Genesee County Commission on Aging
Genesee County Senior
Geriatric Education Center of Michigan-Flint
The Disability Network
Valley Area Agency on Aging
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
National Council on Aging
Social Security Administration


text:
About the contractor
Paradise Coastal Builders Llc operates out of Destin, FL and holds Certified Building Contractor, Construction Business, Fingerprint Construction Industry Licensing Board, Fingerprint (Construction Industry Licensing Board) licenses according to the Florida contractors license board.
Paradise Coastal Builders Llc has a BuildZoom score of 95 and is rated in the top 20% of 191,428 contractors in Florida.
Contact Info
Where they work
Key License Information
- License #: FLCBC1253861
- Status: Active
- State: Florida
- Type: Certified Building Contractor, Construction Business, Fingerprint Construction Industry Licensing Board, Fingerprint (Construction Industry Licensing Board)
- Date Issued: 2006-01-31
Click here to compare Paradise Coastal Builders Llc to the highest rated general contractors in Destin.
Click here to look up the license status of Paradise Coastal Builders Llc at the Florida Department of Business & Professional Regulation.
- BuildZoom Score
- What the BuildZoom Score means
Request more info
(We respect your privacy and will never share your email).
Employees of Paradise Coastal Builders Llc
How BuildZoom's Bid Tool Works
About BuildZoom
BuildZoom has one simple purpose: To help you find the perfect contractor.
How we do this is more complicated. BuildZoom is a database of every licensed contractor in the United States. We work hard to figure out who the great contractors are, and who the bad contractors are.
BuildZoom combines license information on 3.5 million contractors with 75 million building permits, and over 80,000 reviews from homeowners and the Better Business Bureau.
If you are looking for a specific contractor and you can't find them on BuildZoom, it's likely that they do not have a license - please contact us and we'll try to help!
Finding a Contractor through BuildZoom
The best way to use BuildZoom is to let us recommend contractors for your remodeling projects.
Homeowners who hire through BuildZoom's free bidding system report high rates of satisfaction, and homeowners who research contractors online are twice as likely to be happy at the end of their project.
If you hire a contractor through BuildZoom, that contractor is accountable to us. We can enforce standards of behavior, mediate disputes, and guarantee satisfaction.
Read more about why hiring through BuildZoom is so effective.
Why should I trust BuildZoom
We built this site to help people find great contractors, and to help people avoid bad contractors. We take this incredibly seriously, and we have a zero tolerance policy for contractors who don't adhere to our standards.
1 million people use BuildZoom every month. Our business depends on their trust.
If a contractor does poor work, they will no longer receive leads from BuildZoom, and a negative review will be posted on their profile.


text:
Browsing Theses/Dissertations - Religion by Subject "New Testament."
Now showing items 1-5 of 5
A canonical exegesis of the eighth Psalm : YHWH's maintenance of the created order through divine reversal.
(2010-10-08)This dissertation presents a canonical exegesis of Psalm 8. The dissertation seeks to contribute to two areas of scholarship: 1) literature on the canonical approach to exegesis carrying forward the emphases first articulated ... -
The characterization of the Christ as ideal king in Ephesians.
(2010-06-23)Lack of consensus regarding an historical situation that occasioned the writing of Ephesians has led to a recent trend in research, which seeks to read the letter as addressing more broadly the related issues of identity ... -
Figuring Jesus : the power of rhetorical figures of speech in the Gospel of Luke.
(2010-06-23)This dissertation examines Luke's use of rhetorical figures of speech on the lips of Jesus as a means of persuading his audience to accept a role-reversing message that challenged the social, religious, economic and political ... -
Reading the parable of the rich man and Lazarus (Luke 16:19-31) as the authorial audience.
(, 2012-08-08)Since the late 19th and early 20th centuries, interpretation of the parable of the Rich Man and Lazarus has tended to revolve around two primary issues: (1) the structure and unity of the parable; and (2) the search for ... -
The Topography of utopia : Revelation 21-22 in light of ancient Jewish and Greco-Roman utopianism.
(, 2012-08-08)In this dissertation, I set out to achieve two primary goals: first, to construct a detailed description of ancient utopian expectations according to Greco-Roman and Jewish literature, and second, to read Revelation 21–22 ...


text:
Thanks for redeeming.
{{else}}Success! Thanks for repurchasing.
{{/if}} {{else}} {{#if Expired}}Increase my visibility!
{{else}} {{#if IsMultiPack}}{{#if HasMultiPack}} You have {{MultiPackCount}} top spot(s) left. Now loading you into the search listings... {{else}} You have used all top spots. Now loading you into the search listings... {{/if}}
{{else}}We are loading you into the search listing pages...
{{/if}} {{/if}} {{/if}} {{/if}}{{Current}} just saw you!
{{/if}} {{#if LastTopSpotPurchaseIsMulti }} {{#if HasAnyTopSpot}}{{#if HasFreeTopSpot }} {{ UnclaimedTopSpotFree }} Free {{/if}} {{#if HasPaidTopSpot }} {{#if HasFreeTopSpot }} & {{/if}} {{ MultiPackCount }} {{/if}} Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left
{{else}}0 Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left
{{/if}} {{else}} {{#if HasFreeTopSpot }}{{ UnclaimedTopSpotFree }} Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left
{{/if}} {{/if}} {{else}} {{#if HasResults}}{{Current}} see you now!
{{else}} {{/if}} {{/if}}You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
35 year old woman | Phoenix, AZ, USA | Seeking men 29-42 within 200 miles
Active within 24 hours
The XX or Cage the Elephant.....
I'm looking for that physical and mental/emotional connection....you can't have one without the other. If you think we'll make sense give me a shout.
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Playing cards , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Video games , Volunteering , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Aerobics, Baseball, Basketball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Dancing, Football, Golf, Other types of exercise, Running, Skiing, Soccer, Swimming, Tennis / Racquet sports, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
I like Dogs
Kash is my 2.5 yr old Vizsla pup. Hunter is my 11 month old Vizsla puppy.
Middle of the Road
The Vig, Kelly's, Mabels, The Lodge, The W, Culinary Drop Out/The Yard, Kaz Bar, Wasted Grain, Whiskey Row, Bottled Blonde
My puppies "Kash and Hunter", Hiking, Sailing, traveling, concerts, sports, Sushi and chewy runts:)
I will try anything once! I am an outdoors kinda girl! I love to ski, snowboard, snowshoe,camp, hike, play soccer, basketbal,football (as long as I get to be the quarter back :), work out, sail, water ski, video games, shop, travel,bars/clubs(DANCE)
Medical Articles and papers published in GIE, 60 Hikes within 60 miles: Phoenix
Her | What she is looking for | |
Appearance | ||
Height: | 5'1" (154cms) | 5'10" (177cms) to 6'3" (190cms) |
Body type: | Athletic and toned | About average, Athletic and toned |
Eyes: | Brown | No preference |
Hair: | Dark brown | Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Dark blonde |
Lifestyle | ||
Smoke: | No Way | No Way |
Drink: | Social Drinker | No preference |
Occupation: | Sales / Marketing | Financial / Accounting / Real Estate, Legal, Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness, Sales / Marketing, Education / Teacher / Professor, Technical / Science / Computers / Engineering |
I am definitely a mover and a shaker committed to being successful! |
Income: | I'll tell you later | No preference |
Relationship: | Never Married | Never Married, Divorced |
Have kids: | No | No preference |
Wants kids: | Someday | Someday |
Background | ||
Ethnicity: | White / Caucasian | No preference |
I am Italian,Irish, and Lebanese. My friends call me a lil' "FIRECRACKER" |
Faith: | Christian / Catholic | No preference |
I am a spiritual person, but I do not feel that you have to go to a building to have a relationship with God. |
Languages: | English | English |
Education: | Bachelors degree | Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral |
I feel that an education is as important as life experience when you are trying to relate to someone. |


text:
Canada Considers Shipping Tar Sands Oil Across Arctic Ocean
Canada is considering bypassing the beleaguered Keystone XL pipeline—which would carry oil from tar sands deposits in Alberta to the US and the Gulf of Mexico—by shipping across the Arctic Ocean instead. The proposal is in its infancy, reports the Alaska Dispatch, but is developing as Keystone XL and other proposed pipelines to British Columbia and Quebec remain in limbo.
The Arctic Ocean scenarios would also include a pipeline—north from Alberta's tar sands through (sparsely settled, presumably uncontested) regions along the Mackenzie River Valley and on to the Arctic coastal town of Tuktoyaktuk, from there to be shipped on tankers to Asia or Europe. From the Alaska Dispatch:
Alaska could find itself helplessly watching large tankers loaded with oil and gas pass by its shores. With little spill-response infrastructure in Alaska's Arctic—no deepwater port exists, for instance—the state is sitting vulnerable, [says Alaska Lt. Gov. Mead] Treadwell, a former chairman of the U.S. Arctic Research Commission. "If somebody is seriously talking about building an oil pipeline that would put oil on the water to go through Alaska waters," he said, "I believe we would have the time through diplomatic negotiation to be able to meet the challenge."
Not to mention which does Canada really think they'll escape the wrath of Greenpeace—plus a major redirect of anti-Keystone energies—on an Arctic Ocean oil shipping plan?
MoJo Troll Patrol encourages readers to sign in with Facebook, Twitter, Google, Yahoo, Disqus, or OpenID to comment. Please read our comment policy before posting.


text:
Register | FAQ | Blowout Cards Shop | My iTrader | Forum Rules | Members List | Search | Today's Posts | Mark Forums Read |
NON-SPORTS SINGLES BUY/SELL/TRADE Post your NON-SPORTS Singles Buy/Sell/Trade needs here. |
LinkBack | Thread Tools | Display Modes |
08-26-2012, 01:25 PM | #1 (permalink) |
Join Date: Aug 2008
Posts: 592
FS/FT - Eliza Dushku, Kristen Bell & Others
I'm looking to trade or sell these. Some of the things that I'm looking for is: Michelle Yeoh Auto (Specifically #A30), Ryan Reynolds Auto.I would also be open to other non-sports. All prices are delivered. PMs work best.
Erica Durance and Malcolm McDowell has already been sold. Eliza Dushku Auto $100 (There is some light chipping on the top edge, LISTED ON COMC) Kristen Bell Season 1 Auto LISTED ON COMC Kristen Bell Season 2 Auto SOLD Last edited by JohnfromtheBay; 04-06-2013 at 04:04 PM. |
08-26-2012, 05:45 PM | #2 (permalink) |
cmb for the Dushku please.
Always Collecting MIA Dolphins, SF Giants (*Posey), Penguins, and SA Spurs. Collecting Star Wars & Other Sketch Cards & Other Non-Sport. Check out my Photobucket http://s421.photobucket.com/albums/pp297/Koppper/Sports%20Card%20Collection/ |
08-27-2012, 05:48 AM | #3 (permalink) |
Approved Group Break Host
Join Date: Sep 2010
Location: Cali
Posts: 7,568
please CMB for the dushku and Bell PM ME either way
Bucket:http://s137.photobucket.com/albums/q229/Pejarox7620s_Collection/ Bio: http://www.blowoutcards.com/forums/get-know-your-group-break-hosts/730763-pejarox7620.html Houdini's 100 caser: Alex Reyes Auto, Rafael Devers chrome Collecting: Raimel Tapia, Drew Brees |
03-23-2013, 07:16 PM | #10 (permalink) |
Join Date: Apr 2011
Location: Greenwood, IN
Posts: 635
Please pm meif I have some things for one of the Kristen Bell's on my trade page
Welcome to Jim's Cards and More - Home
Go to "For Trade Section" at top: http://jimscards.weebly.com/ |
Bookmarks |
Thread Tools | |
Display Modes | |