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Illinois Leases and Rental Agreements Laws
Maybe you're a landlord in Evanston with some unruly Northwestern students on your hands. Or maybe you're renting a place in Chicago and can't get your heat fixed. Either way, knowing your rights and responsibilities under Illinois's landlord and tenant laws can keep you out of trouble. Here is a brief summary of lease and rental agreement law in Illinois.
Rental Agreements Laws
Lease and rental agreements are governed by state laws, which define limits on security deposits, time limits for the return of deposits, and other provisions. State leases and rental agreement laws also limit discrimination by landlords. Illinois laws place no limits on the amount of security deposits, but prohibit discrimination on the basis of having children (in addition to the usual prohibitions on discrimination).
Lease and Rental Agreement Laws in Illinois
The main provisions of Illinois leases and rental agreement laws are listed in the table below.
Code Section |
Terms of Leases |
Tenant holds over and landlord receives rent, presumed that new year-to-year tenancy created, absent express intent otherwise. (Demerath v. Schennum, 59 N.E.2d 348) |
Deposits |
No limits on deposit; interest required on deposit at minimum deposit passbook savings account interest rate paid by largest commercial bank in the state if held for over 6 months and if lessor owns 25 units or more in one building or complex of buildings |
Discrimination |
No discrimination on basis of race, color, religion, sex, creed, ancestry, national origin, physical/mental handicap; statute repealed prohibiting discrimination against children; provisions for senior citizen housing |
Uniform Residential Landlord & Tenant Act Adopted? |
No |
Because Illinois has not adopted the Uniform Residential Landlord & Tenant Act (URLTA), your rights as a tenant or your responsibilities as a landlord may depend on your particular lease or rental agreement. Be sure to thoroughly review your lease before signing it, whether you're a tenant or a landlord. Generally, landlords are required to comply with local building and housing codes, make repairs in a timely fashion, keep the premises in a habitable condition, and supply running water and electricity. On their end, tenants must keep their part of the premises as clean and safe as possible, dispose of garbage and other waste in a responsible manner, and may not deliberately or negligently destroy, damage, or remove any part of the premises. Many leases also prohibit tenants from disturbing their neighbors' peaceful enjoyment of the premises.
Illinois Leases and Rental Agreements Laws: Related Resources
It can be difficult to sort out landlord and tenant disputes on your own. You can contact an Illinois landlord-tenant attorney if you would like legal assistance with your case. You can also visit FindLaw's landlord tenant law section for additional articles and resources.


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Former RHOC Star Alexis Bellino Teases Her Return to TV! (PHOTO)
We were pretty sad when Bravo decided not to ask Alexis Bellino to return for Season 9 of The Real Housewives of Orange County. We'd gotten to know our favorite blonde bombshell for four seasons and saying goodbye is always hard. But what's this we hear about a return to television for Alexis? Read on to learn more! "After a looooong day of filming, we deserved this dinner last night @gnsforever! You look gorgeous, but exhausted! Lol!! #backtowork #funday #la #cabtwaittoshare," Alexis captioned a photo of her and pal Shawn Bowman having a few drinks. Of course Alexis looks fierce in her black-and-white dress while her friend is rocking a fuschia top. Homegirl always looked stylish on RHOC, so it's not surprising that she's still dressed to the nines. But what could she and her bestie be filming? It looks like we might have to wait to hear it straight from Alexis herself, because she hasn't yet revealed what she is working on. We'd imagine there's no return to RHOC in the cards for her, and since she doesn't have any non-reality credits on her IMDb page, it would probably be a non-scripted show. That being said, perhaps she's following in former co-star Heather Dubrow's footsteps and scooping up some awesome guest roles on network TV. Either way, we seriously hope to see Alexis on our TV screens in the near future. It's barely been a season since she's been gone and we miss her already! What do you think Alexis is filming? Do you think there's any chance she'd return to The Real Housewives of Orange County? Hit the comments! Source: Alexis Bellino on Instagram

subset: commoncrawl


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Posts Tagged 'buddy'
Young Adult: Gary Unmarried
A bitter hot mess gives this comedy its zip.KRISTIAN LIN
Everyone connected with Young Adult seems to have something to prove. Director Jason Reitman, typecast as a purveyor of crowd-pleasing entertainment that's mature and intelligent enough to win awards, wants to show that he ca...
Young Love
Even good chemistry can't save Baby Mama.COLE WILLIAMS
There's a scene early in Baby Mama where two women – a white-trashy vamp and an upscale VP – watch a dad play baseball with his son on America's Funniest Home Videos.
Buddy Guy
Listen UpAs one of the masters of the blues, Buddy Guy has honored, enlivened, and extended the genre during his 50-year career. The three-c.d., one-DVD box set Can't Quit the Blues spans most of Guy's career, from the early straigh...


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Wood ear is widely used in Chinese cuisine as it helps to reduce blood pressure, clear away cholesterol, thus improve blood circulation. Chinese people also name it as "blood vessel cleaner". Wood ear contains rich protein and vitamin B, but low in calories.
As for cooking, I love its smooth and crisp texture. When it's cooked longer, it will turn to be soft and slippery. The price of wood ear is not expensive. You can easily get it from any Asian grocers. When it comes to cooking wood ear, it's downright easy. Simply soak it until it becomes soft, then you can cook it with other ingredients. I often put some wood ears with water in a container, and keep it in fridge for whenever I need it.
This wood ear and red date soup is suitable for women in the first month after childbirth, served as confinement food. Nevertheless, it's good for anyone, female or male adults in the family for its nutrients.
Wood Ear and Red Date Soup (Printable recipe)
Prep time: 10 mins
Cook time: 30 mins
Yield: 2 to 3 serves
Prep time: 10 mins
Cook time: 30 mins
Yield: 2 to 3 serves
Left: dried wood ears. Right: soaked wood ears. |
- 10 gm wood ear, soaked and softened
- 10 gm red dates, soaked and deseeded
- 750 ml water
- 3 to 4 slices ginger
- 80 gm lean pork, shredded
- 1 tsp light soy sauce
- ½ tsp corn flour / corn starch
- ½ tsp sugar
- oil, a few drops
- Blanch the wood ear in boiling water for about 3 minutes. Drain well. Remove the hard stem and shred into strips. Mix the pork with marinade. Set aside.
- Use a large pot to bring the water to a boil over high heat. Add wood ear, red dates, ginger. Cook with cover. When it boils again, reduce the heat to medium-low. Continue to cook for about 20 to 25 minutes.
- Add the pork and stir to combine. Bring it to a boil again. Season with salt if necessary. Enjoy !
- The wood ear I used looks white on one side, called "白背木耳", literally means "white back wood ears". Chinese people believe this kind of wood ear is more nutritious, also available at Asian grocers.
- For convenience, you can get some deseeded red dates from Asian grocers.
- In Chinese herbal medicine, ginger can help expel cold and wind from our body, thus fortify a balance if our body is weak.


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Resize Business Card
Closed - This job posting has been filled and work has been completed.
Job Description
I would like to print new business cards but the file I have (both .pdf & .eps) does not meeting the dimensions required by the printer. The current business card is 3.24 x 2.16 with the image extending to the business card's edge. I would like everything to remain the same but I need the business card dimensions to be 3.54 x 2.28. I do not want the image resized as I don't want any image distortion. I would like the logo (a blue circle) extended to the new business card dimensions.
The exact specifications can be found at the following website for "plastic business cards": http://www.morningprint.com/resour
A quick check list of requires will be:
Check the document size for each product.
Check whether color mode is CMYK.
Check whether the text is located at the safe zone (inner space of 0.2" from the four corners of a document).
Check whether Converting Fonts to Outlines was executed.
Check whether all the effects were subjected to Rasterizing.


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As a Vietnam Online Authorized Retailer of Face à Face, ic! berlin, Gold & Wood, MATSUDA, MYKITA, Bevel, Kirk & Kirk, TAG Heuer, Starck Eyes and La LOOP Necklaces we ship to all areas and cities in Vietnam using FedEx for no charge!
We Love You Vietnam! We ship out eyewear to our friends in Vietnam multiple times on a DAILY basis and in return we have had many repeat customer. We strive to be there at our every waking hour to accomodate our Vietnamese friends. We know the American Dollar is down right now so why not take advantage of buying your high-end eyewear at a fraction of the price you would locally! We can make your prescription lenses as well! If you have any questions about the glasses you desire and/or adding prescription lenses please do not hesitate to ask us anything!
Vietnam occupies the eastern and southern part of the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia, with the South China Sea along its entire coast. China is to the north and Laos and Cambodia are to the west. Long and narrow on a north-south axis, Vietnam is about twice the size of Arizona. The Mekong River delta lies in the south.
Major Cities in Vietnam: Biên Hòa, Nha Trang, Buôn Ma Thuột, Huế, Thái Nguyên, Quy Nhơn, Vinh, Đà Lạt, Vũng Tàu, Rạch Giá, Long Xuyên, Mỹ Tho


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The Motley Fool Discussion Boards
Previous Page | |
Real-Money Stock Picks / Messed-Up Expectations Portfolio |
Subject: An excellent read -- and it fits right in | Date: 3/19/2013 4:58 PM | |
Author: TMFGebinr | Number: 887 of 1268 | |
Hi everyone, This paper by Howard Marks of Oaktree Capital fits the MUE investment philosophy to a tee. Currently, he feels we're likely in the first half of the second stage (of three) of a bull market. "No one should say the likelihood of improvement is entirely unrecognized today, as would have to be the case for this to still be stage one. I think the existence of improvement is generally accepted, but that acceptance is neither extremely widespread nor terribly overdone. Thus I'd say we're somewhere in the first half of stage two. Pessimists no longer control market prices, but certainly neither have carefree optimists taken over." advisorperspectives.com/commentaries/oaktree_031513.php Cheers, Jim |
Copyright 1996-2015 trademark and the "Fool" logo is a trademark of The Motley Fool, Inc. Contact Us |


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My gait makes skirts + summer a possibly painful combination. Loose-leg knickers seem to help this, but I am not sure which silk I need - habotai, crepe de chine, charmeuse? I've made these of cotton voile and cotton lawn, but I have some skirts that need silk's slip. Any suggestions?
I have made harem pants, tap pants, slips, and panties of silk charmeuse. It comes in different weights, so I suggest you either get a sample of it in advance from the internet seller, or go to the store in person. Habotai would be too flimsy and would not hold up. And crepe de chine has a pebbly surface, which may not be slippery enough. In my opinion, it's only a little more slippery than cotton lawn.
I second the recommendation for silk charmeuse since it is about the most slippery fabric you can buy and very comfortable to wear in both the summer and winter.
-------- Anne clothingengineer.com
Charmeuse, please!
------I heart Woo (HimmyCat). Until we meet again, my beautiful little boy. I love you.
What the heck are french knickers? Are they like the pantalettes that Scarlett O'Hara wore underneath the giant hoop skirt?
French knickers is another term for tap pants.
------"Once abolish the God, and the government becomes the God." (G. K. Chesterton)
I've used a stretch silk satin to good effect for french knickers. I still need to review the pattern actually. If you're interested, I can see if I can take a photo of them tomorrow. They are very comfy, but be warned, they do crease!
* Advertising and soliciting is strictly prohibited on PatternReview.com. If you find a post which is not in agreement with our Terms and Conditions, please click on the Report Post button to report it.
Class Details
by: A Beginner...
Pattern Details
by: ak21


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Dwywane Wade
Report: NBA stars exhibition tour a go, starts in Puerto Rico Saturday
Oct 25, 2011, 5:06 PM EDT
It's on. Eighteen NBA stars — led by Kobe Bryant, LeBron James, Kevin Durant and Dwight Howard — will be on a two-week exhibition tour of the world. It will start this Saturday in Puerto Rico, a stop that was in doubt 48 hours ago but now everything seems to be a go. That is…
Ray Allen can still shoot the rock. Remember Game 2 of the NBA finals? A record 8 three pointers? That stroke is still pure. But the man can no longer really carry a team for long. He is a piece of the puzzle, a sharp-shooting role player on a contender now. That has value for…


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Art Description
New Media: Photography
Size: 24 H x 24 W x 0 in
Hubris Maximus is a digital collage assembled during the dark days of the George W. Bush administration when the decision was made to invade Iraq. It seemed obvious to me that the bright expectations for the war's outcome were woefully unrealistic. As always, the ancient Greeks should be appreciated for their deep understanding of the frailties and follies of humanity. Hubris is as common a mistake today as it was thousands of years ago.
Keywords: political, surrealism, fantasy, humor


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(tasted from tank) Exotic aromas of apricot and honey. Strong, generous, slightly aggressive fruit given shape by harmonious acids and solid minerality. Lafon says he will fine this wine with casein to soften its slightly phenolic finish.
Author: Stephen TanzerProfessional content appears courtesy of Vinfolio
Since its founding in 2003, Vinfolio has brought the rarest and highest-quality wines to the the collector market. Located in San Francisco and Napa, we are a company of wine experts who understand and value the importance of wine provenance. Our premium supplier relationships and first-in-class technology help us protect your wine from sourcing through shipping with extraordinary care that only we can provide. Don't trust your fine wine with anything less!
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LG Vortex
Does anyone know if the phone's camera has a flash option? If so, how do I use it or even find it. Also wanted to know how to set it to notify when a text has been received.
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Articles on this page are available in 1 other language: Spanish (1) (learn more)
Brief Summary
Zea mays, corn or maize, is a annual grass in the Poaceae (grass family) that originated in Central America and is one of the top three cereal crops grown in the world, along with rice (Oryza sativa) and wheat (Triticum spp.), with 2010 global commercial production of dried corn totaling 844.4 million metric tons, harvested from 161.9 million hectares.
Corn was domesticated in Mexico and Central America more than 7,000 years ago from teosinthe or wild maize (Z. mays subsp. mexicana). The corn plant may grow 1–4 m (3 to 13 ft) tall, with leaf blades 50 to 90 cm (19 to 35 in) long. The monoecious plant forms a terminal raceme (branched inflorescence) of male flowers—the tassel"--,while the axillary female inflorescences form cylindrical "cobs," each with 16–30 rows of spikelets (which develop into "kernels" when the seeds mature) and long protruding styles (the corn silks). Mature kernels are typically white or yellow, but may also range in color from red to purple.
Corn is used fresh ("green") for human consumption, or may be dried and ground into flour or meal, important in Central American dishes, or popped and eaten as a snack. Corn oil, obtained from the grain, is used in cooking as well as many industrial uses, and cornstarch from processed grain is used as a thickener in sauces and puddings. Cornstarch can be further processed enzymatically to make high-fructose corn syrup, which has become widely used to replace sugar (sucrose) as an inexpensive sweetener in processed food and beverage products. In recent years, this use has become controversial, with critics charging that the sweetener is linked to obesity, but the American Medical Association has reported that additional research is needed to assess these claims.
In addition to use as a human food, the seed head and whole plant are used forage and silage, an important source of feed for livestock. Corn has become an increasingly important biofuel, both in the form of corn oil (used as bio-diesel) and ethanol (an alcohol fermented and distilled from the processed kernels), which is blended with petroleum-based gasoline in various proportions for use as fuel.
With Although grown in temperate and tropical countries worldwide, the U.S. alone produces more than one third of the global total of dried corn (316.2 metric tons), with China, Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina also producing significant amounts. Corn production increased by 42% worldwide over the past decade, associated with the increased demand and prices for corn as biofuel.
(AMA 2008, FAOSTAT 2012, Flora of China 2012, van Wyk 2005, Wikipedia 2012.)
- AMA (American Medical Association). 2008. REPORT 3 OF THE COUNCIL ON SCIENCE AND PUBLIC HEALTH (A-08). The Health Effects of High Fructose Syrup. Retrieved online 7 March 2012 from http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/csaph/csaph3a08-summary.pdf.
- FAOSTAT. 2012. Searchable online statistical database from Food and Agriculture Division of the United Nations. Retrieved 7 March 2012 from http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor.
- Flora of China. 2012. Zea mays Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 971. 1753. Flora of China 22: 650. Accessed 2012 Mar 13 from http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200026507.
- Wikipedia. 2012. Corn ethanol [Internet]. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Accessed 2012 May 26, 20:43 UTC from: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corn_ethanol&oldid=494515040.
- Wikipedia. 2012. Corn oil [Internet]. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Accessed 2012 Mar 12, 07:12 UTC from: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corn_oil&oldid=497185824.
- Wikipedia. 2012. High-fructose corn syrup [Internet]. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Accessed 2012 Mar 13, 09:51 UTC from: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-fructose_corn_syrup&oldid=497371538.
- van Wyk, B.-E. 2005. "Zea mays." Food Plants of the World: An Illustrated Guide. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 388.
National Distribution
Origin: Exotic
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Unknown/Undetermined
Confidence: Confident
United States
Origin: Exotic
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Unknown/Undetermined
Confidence: Confident
Global Distribution
Originally from central America, now cultivated throughout the tropics and subtropics, also grown for fodder in temperate regions.
Physical Description
Physical Description
Habitat & Distribution
Flower-Visiting Insects of Corn in Illinois
(honeybees collect pollen & are non-pollinating; corn is wind-pollinated; this observation is from Robertson)
Bees (long-tongued)
Apidae (Apinae): Apis mellifera cp np
Hilty, J. Editor. 2015. Insect Visitors of Illinois Wildflowers. World Wide Web electronic publication. illinoiswildflowers.info, version (03/2015)
See: Abbreviations for Insect Activities, Abbreviations for Scientific Observers, References for behavioral observations
immersed pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph of Ascochyta straminea causes spots on live leaf of Zea mays
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / saprobe
Chytriomyces nodulatus is saprobic on submerged leaf of Zea mays
Remarks: captive: in captivity, culture, or experimentally induced
Foodplant / feeds on
adult of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera feeds on live leaf of Zea mays
Foodplant / saprobe
internal Diplophlyctis intestina is saprobic on stem of Zea mays
Remarks: captive: in captivity, culture, or experimentally induced
Foodplant / saprobe
Entophlyctis aurea is saprobic on submerged leaf of Zea mays
Foodplant / saprobe
Alternaria dematiaceous anamorph of Lewia infectoria is saprobic on dead, fungus infected leaf of Zea mays
Foodplant / open feeder
caterpillar of Mamestra brassicae grazes on live leaf of Zea mays
Foodplant / miner
larva of Oscinella frit mines live leaf of Zea mays
Foodplant / miner
caterpillar of Ostrinia nubilalis mines live stem of Zea mays
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / feeds on
adult of Oulema melanopus/rufocyanea agg. feeds on leaf of Zea mays
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / parasite
black, open telium of Puccinia sorghi parasitises live sheath of Zea mays
Foodplant / pathogen
erumpent sorus of Ustilago maydis infects and damages live stem of Zea mays
Other: sole host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
Volutella anamorph of Volutella colletotrichoides is saprobic on Zea mays
Life History and Behavior
Life Expectancy
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Zea mays
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Zea mays
Public Records: 3
Specimens with Barcodes: 5
Species With Barcodes: 1
Conservation Status
National NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable
United States
Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable
- Aeschimann, D. & C. Heitz. 2005. Synonymie-Index der Schweizer Flora und der angrenzenden Gebiete (SISF). 2te Auflage. Documenta Floristicae Helvetiae N° 2. Genève. http://www.crsf.ch/
Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Fruit: Infusion drunk for diarrhoea. Half-ripe fruit in an infusion for a male aphrodisiac. Flower: Stigmas plucked from corncob are cooked in water as a treatment for rheumatism, urinary complaints, bladder cramps, and to prevent urinary stones. Green corncob is cooked in water, which is drunk for dietary slimming, to reduce fat. Young corncob is used in a decoction for albuminuria.
- Heyde, H. 1987. Surinaamse Medicijnplanten. Ed. 2. 112 pp. Paramaribo, Surinam: Westfort. (Followed by: Heyde, H. 1990. Medecijn Planten in Suriname (Den Dresi Wiwiri foe Sranan). 157 pp. Paramaribo, Surinam: Stichting Gezondheidsplanten Informatie).
- May, A.F. 1982. Surinaams Kruidenboek (Sranan Oso Dresi). 80 pp. Paramaribo, Surinam: Vaco; and Zutphen, The Netherlands: De Walburg Pers.
A cultigen (from the Latin cultus - cultivated, and gens - kind) is a plant that has been deliberately altered or selected by humans; it is the result of artificial selection. These "man-made" or anthropogenic plants are, for the most part, plants of commerce that are used in horticulture, agriculture and forestry. Because cultigens are defined by their mode of origin and not by where they are growing, plants meeting this definition remain cultigens whether they are naturalised in the wild, deliberately planted in the wild, or growing in cultivation. Cultigens arise in the following ways: selections of variants from the wild or cultivation including vegetative sports (aberrant growth that can be reproduced reliably in cultivation); plants that are the result of plant breeding and selection programs; genetically modified plants (plants modified by the deliberate implantation of genetic material); and graft-chimaeras (plants grafted to produce mixed tissue, the graft material possibly from wild plants, special selections, or hybrids).
Cultigens may be named in any of a number of ways. The traditional method of scientific naming is under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, and many of the most important cultigens, like maize (Zea mays) and banana (Musa acuminata), are so named. Although it is perfectly in order to give a cultigen a botanical name, in any rank desired, now or at any other time,[1] these days it is more common for cultigens to be given names in accordance with the principles, rules and recommendations laid down in the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) which provides for the names of cultigens in three classification categories, the cultivar, the Group (formerly Cultivar-group), and the grex.[nb 1] From that viewpoint it may be said that there is a separate discipline of cultivated plant taxonomy, which forms one of the ways to look at cultigens. The ICNCP does not recognize the use of trade designations and other marketing devices as scientifically acceptable names, but does provide advice on how they should be presented.[2]
Not all cultigens have been given names according to the Cultivated Plant Code. Apart from ancient cultigens like those mentioned above there may be occasional anthropogenic plants such as those that are the result of breeding, selection, and tissue grafting that are of no commercial value and have therefore not been given names according to the ICNCP.
Formal definition[edit]
A cultigen is a plant whose origin or selection is primarily due to intentional human activity.[3]
The distinction "wild" and "cultivated"[edit]
Interest in the distinction between wild and cultivated plants dates back to antiquity. Botanical historian Alan Morton notes that wild and cultivated plants (cultigens) were of intense interest to the ancient Greek botanists (partly for religious reasons) and that the distinction was discussed in some detail by Theophrastus (370–285 BCE) the "Father of Botany". Theophrastus was a pupil of both Plato and Aristotle and succeeded the latter as head of the Peripatetic School of Philosophy at the Lyceum in Athens. Theophrastus accepted the view that it was human action not divine intervention that produced cultivated plants (cultigens) from wild plants and he also "had an inkling of the limits of culturally induced (phenotypic) changes and of the importance of genetic constitution" (Historia Plantarum III, 2,2 and Causa Plantarum I, 9,3). He also noted that cultivated varieties of fruit trees would degenerate if cultivated from seed.[4]
Origin of term[edit]
The word cultigen was coined in 1918[5] by Liberty Hyde Bailey (1858–1954) an American horticulturist, botanist and cofounder of the American Society for Horticultural Science. He was aware of the need for special categories for those cultivated plants that had arisen by intentional human activity and which would not fit neatly into the Linnaean hierarchical classification of ranks used by the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature (which later became the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants).
In his 1918 paper Bailey noted that for anyone preparing a descriptive account of the cultivated plants of a country (he was at that time preparing such an account for North America) it would be clear that there are two gentes or kinds (Latin singular, gens; plural, gentes) of plants. Firstly, those that are of known origin or nativity "of known habitat". These he referred to as indigens. The other kind was:
" ... a domesticated group of which the origin may be unknown or indefinite, which has such characters as to separate it from known indigens, and which is probably not represented by any type specimen or exact description, having therefore no clear taxonomic beginning."
He called this second kind of plant a cultigen, the word derived from the conflation of the Latin cultus - cultivated, and gens - kind.
In 1923[6] Bailey extended his original discussion emphasising that he was dealing with plants at the rank of species and he referred to indigens as:
"those that are discovered in the wild"
and cultigens as plants that:
"arise in some way under the hand of man"
He then defined a cultigen as:
"a species, or its equivalent, that has appeared under domestication"
Bailey's definitions[edit]
Bailey soon altered his 1923 definition of cultigen when, in 1924, he gave a new definition in the Glossary of his Manual of Cultivated Plants[7] as:
" Plant or group known only in cultivation; presumably originating under domestication; contrast with indigen "
This, in essence, is the definition given at the head of this piece. This definition of the cultigen permits the recognition of cultivars, unlike the 1923 definition which restricts the idea of the cultigen to plants at the rank of species.
In later publications of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium, Cornell, the idea of the cultigen having the rank of species returned (e.g. Hortus Second in 1941 and Hortus Third in 1976):[8][9] both of these publications indicate that the terms cultigen and cultivar are not synonymous and that cultigens exist at the rank of species only.
"A cultigen is a plant or group of apparent specific rank, known only in cultivation, with no determined nativity, presumably having originated, in the form in which we know it, under domestication. Compare indigen. Examples are Cucurbita maxima, Phaseolus vulgaris, Zea mays'".
Recent usage in horticulture has, however, maintained a distinction between cultigen and cultivar while nevertheless allowing the inclusion of cultivars within the definition (see "Usage in horticulture" below).
Cultigens and cultivars[edit]
Cultigen and cultivar may be confused with one another. Cultigen is a general-purpose term encompassing not only plants with cultivar names but others as well (see introductory text above), while cultivar is a formal classification category (in the ICNCP).
Although in his 1923 paper Bailey used only the rank of species for the cultigen, it was clear to him that many domesticated plants were more like botanical varieties than species and so he established a new classification category for these, the cultivar, generally assumed to be a contraction of the words "cultivated" and "variety". Bailey was never explicit about the etymology of the word cultivar and it has been suggested that it is a contraction of the words "cultigen" and "variety".[10] He defined cultivar in his 1923 paper as:
... " a race subordinate to species, that has originated and persisted under cultivation; it is not necessarily, however, referable to a recognised botanical species. It is essentially the equivalent of the botanical variety except in respect to its origin ".
This definition and understanding of cultivar has changed over time (see current definition in cultivar).
Usage in botany[edit]
In botanical literature the word cultigen is generally used to denote a plant which, like the wheat (Triticum aestivum) is of unknown origin, but presumed to be an ancient human selection. Plants like these have been given binomials according to the Botanical Code and therefore have names that have the same form as those of plants that occur naturally in the wild. As these cultigens are the result of deliberate human selection there is no difference, in principle, between them and modern plants with additional names under the Cultivated Plant Code. The use of binomials for cultigens occurs for the most part because they were following the accepted nomenclatural conventions that pre-dated the Cultivated Plant Code. In theory cultigens can be named under either Code or both, although in practice almost all have cultivar names governed by the Cultivated Plant Code.
Usage in horticulture[edit]
The year 1953 was an important one for cultivated plant taxonomy because this was the date of publication of the first International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants in which Bailey's term cultivar was introduced. It was also the year that the eponymous journal commemorating the work of Bailey (who died in 1954), Baileya, was published. In the first volume of Baileya taxonomist and colleague of Bailey, George Lawrence, wrote a short article clarifying the distinction between the new term cultivar and the variety. In the same article he also tried to clarify the critical term taxon which had been introduced by German biologist Meyer in the 1920s but had only just been introduced and accepted in botanical circles. This brief article by Lawrence is useful for its insight into the understanding of the meaning of the word cultigen at this time. He opens the article:
In 1918, L.H. Bailey distinguished those plants originating in cultivation from the native plants by designating the former as cultigens and the latter as indigens (indigenous or native to the region). At the same time he proposed the term cultivar to distinguish varieties originating in cultivation from botanical varieties known first in the wild.[11]
In horticulture the definition and use of the term cultigen has varied but generally, unlike usage in botany, it encompasses cultivars. One example is the definition given in the Botanical Glossary of The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening[12] which defines cultigen as:
" A plant found only in cultivation or in the wild having escaped from cultivation; included here are many hybrids and cultivars, "...
The use of cultigen in this sense is essentially the same as the definition of the cultigen published by Bailey in 1924.
Other usage[edit]
The term cultigen is occasionally applied in a very general sense to any organisms that do not have a wild or uncultivated counterpart, see for example.[13] Animal breeds raised in captivity would be included here. It might seem that the word "domesticate" could serve the same purpose as cultigen. However, the widely held view that domesticated plants and animals are simply wild plants and animals used in domestic situations (often as tamed wild animals, or plants introduced directly from the wild, rather than being specially selected for particular desirable characteristics) would not support this view. However there is debate about what constitutes domestication and some authors maintain that to be termed domesticated or a "domesticate" a plant or animal must have been genetically "changed" in some way from its wild counterparts, either by conscious or unconscious selection.[14] Regardless of this debate, it is clear that the term cultigen originated within horticulture and botany and that these areas are where it has mostly been applied.
Recommended usage[edit]
Wider use of the term cultigen as defined here has been proposed [3] for the following reasons:
- supports current usage in horticulture
- assists clarity in non-technical discussions about "wild" and "cultivated" plants (for example, cultivated plants as commonly understood (plants in cultivation) are not the same as the "cultivated plants" of the Cultivated Plant Code, and the distinction between "wild" and "cultivated" habitats is becoming progressively blurred)
- has the potential to simplify the language and definitions used in the Articles and Recommendations of the Cultivated Plant Code
- gives greater precision and clarity to the definition of the respective scope, terminology and concepts of the Botanical Code and the Cultivated Plant Code
- avoids the potential for confusion within the Cultivated Plant Code over its scope, that is, whether it is concerned with:
- where plants are growing (in the wild or in cultivation)
- how they originated (whether they are the result of intentional human activity or not)
- whether it simply provides a mechanism for regulating the names of those cultigens requiring special classification categories that are not part of the Linnaean hierarchy of the Botanical Code i.e. cultivar and Group names [3][15]
Critique of definition[edit]
Potential misunderstandings and questions arising from the definition of cultigen given here have been discussed in the literature[15] and are summarised below.
- Natural and artificial selection
- The selection process is termed "artificial" when human preferences or influences have a significant effect on the evolution of a particular population or species (see artificial selection). Note: artificial selection is a part of the overall selection process - it does not imply that humans are not part of nature, it is simply useful sometimes to distinguish when there has been human influence on selection (as with cultigens).
- What exactly does altered mean?
- There are cases that do not seem to comply with the definition. For example, we can presume that the entire global flora is changing as a result of human-induced climate change. Does this mean that all plants are cultigens?
- In cases like this the definition refers to "deliberate" selection and this would be of particular plant characteristics that are not exhibited by a plant's wild counterparts (but see Selections from the wild).
- What exactly does deliberately selected mean?
- From the moment a plant is taken from the wild it is subject to human selection pressure - from the selection of the original propagation material to the purchase of the plant in a nursery. Surely this form of selection is not deliberate? Again, the early human selection of crops 7,000-10,000 years ago is thought to have occurred quite unintentionally. Variants useful to horticulture often arise spontaneously, they are not deliberate products. Are these cases of unintentional, accidental, or unconscious selection?
- There certainly appear to be cases where origin or selection of a plant is not "deliberate". However, the long term propagation of plants that have some utility, usually economic or ornamental, can hardly be regarded as unintentional and these plants will, almost without exception, have characteristic(s) that distinguish them from their wild counterparts.
- What about plants selected from the wild?
- Plants like Quercus robur, Pedunculate or English Oak, Liquidambar styraciflua, Sweetgum and Eucalyptus globulus, Blue Gum grown in parks and gardens are essentially the same as their wild counterparts and are therefore not cultigens. However, occasionally within natural plant variation there occur characters that are of value to horticulture but of little interest to botany. For example a plant might have flowers of several different colours but these may not have been given formal botanical names. It is customary in horticulture to introduce such variants to commerce and to give them cultivar names. Technically these plants have not been deliberately altered in any way from plants growing (or once growing) in the wild but as they are deliberately selected and named it seems permissible to refer to them as cultigens. These occurrences are very few. The definition could be (clumsily) extended by mentioning that selection can be for "desirable variation that is not recognised in botanical nomenclature".
- What about gene flow between populations?
- Occasionally cultigens escape from cultivation into the wild where they breed with indigenous plants. Selections may be made from the progeny in the wild and brought back into cultivation where they are used for breeding and the results of the breeding again escape into the wild to breed with indigenous plants. Lantana has behaved much like this. The genetic material of a cultigen may become part of the gene pool of a population where, over time, it may be largely or completely swamped. In cases like this what plants are to be called cultigens?
- Whether a plant is a cultigen or not does not depend on where it is growing. If it complies with the definition then it is a cultigen. Cases like this have always been difficult for botanical nomenclature. Unnamed progeny in the wild might be given a name like Lantana aff. camara (aff. = having affinities with) or may remain unnamed. Its cultigenic origin may or may not be recognised by the allocation of a cultivar name.
- Plants of unknown origin
- Occasionally plants will occur whose origin is unknown. Plants growing in cultivation that are unknown in the wild may be determined as cultigenic as a result of scientific investigation, but may remain a mystery.
- Difficult cases
- It may happen that a hybrid cross that has occurred in nature is also performed deliberately in cultivation and that the progeny appear identical. How do we know which plants are cultigens?
- If the cross in cultivation is followed by deliberate selection and naming then this will indicate a cultigen. However in a case like this it may not be possible to tell.
See also[edit]
- ^ McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2012). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG. ISBN 978-3-87429-425-6. Art. 28 "Note 3. Nothing precludes the use, for cultivated plants, of names published in accordance with the requirements of this Code."
- ^ Brickell, C.D.; Alexander, C.; David, J.C.; Hetterscheid, W.L.A.; Leslie, A.C.; Malecot, V.; Jin, X.; Editorial committee; Cubey, J.J. (2009). International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP or Cultivated Plant Code) incorporating the Rules and Recommendations for naming plants in cultivation, Eighth Edition, Adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences International Commission for the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants. International Association for Plant Taxonomy and International Society for Horticultural Science. Article 10 and Appendix 10.
- ^ a b c Spencer, R.D. and Cross, R.G. 2007. The cultigen. Taxon 56(3):938-940
- ^ Morton, A.G. 1981. History of Botanical Science. London: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-508382-3.
- ^ Bailey, L.H. 1918. The indigen and cultigen. Science ser. 2, 47:306-308
- ^ Bailey, L.H. 1923. Various cultigens, and transfers in nomenclature. Gentes Herb. 1:113--136
- ^ Bailey, L.H. 1924. Manual of cultivated plants. Macmillan, New York
- ^ Bailey, L.H. 1941. Hortus second : a concise dictionary of gardening, general horticulture and cultivated plants in North America. The Macmillan Company, New York.
- ^ Bailey, L.H. 1976. Hortus third : a concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. Macmillan Collier Macmillan, New York.
- ^ Trehane, P. 2004. 50 years of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants. Acta Horticulturae 634: 17-27.
- ^ Lawrence, George H. M. 1953. "Cultivar, Distinguished from Variety." Baileya 1: 19–20.
- ^ Huxley, A., Griffiths, M., and Levy, M. (eds.) 1992. The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan, London
- ^ "Definition of cultigen from Online Medical Dictionary". Retrieved 2008-06-25.
- ^ see, for example, Goudie, A. 2006. The human impact on the natural environment. Blackwell, Oxford.
- ^ a b Spencer, R.D. 1999. Cultivated plants and the codes of nomenclature – towards the resolution of a demarcation dispute. pp.171—181 in: S. Andrews, A.C. Leslie and C. Alexander (eds). Taxonomy of Cultivated Plants: Third Symposium. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-900347-89-X
- ^ The category grex was added in the 2009 Cultivated Plant Code and applies only to orchids (Article 4).
Further reading[edit]
- Spencer, R.D. and Cross, R.G. 2007. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN), the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP), and the cultigen. Taxon 56(3):938-940
- Spencer, R, Cross, R & Lumley, P. 2007. (3rd edn) Plant names: a guide to botanical nomenclature. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia. (Also CABI International Wallingford, UK.) The definition of cultigen given in the Glossary of this reference does not include deliberately selected plants that are identical to plants growing (or once growing) in the wild. ISBN 978-0-643-09440-6 (pbk.).
Common Names
French Guiana and Surinam: mais. Surinam: karoe-barba, karu-barba, maiskolf-baard (stigma); malata karoe (half-ripe maize); karoe, karu.
- Heyde, H. 1987. Surinaamse Medicijnplanten. Ed. 2. 112 pp. Paramaribo, Surinam: Westfort. (Followed by: Heyde, H. 1990. Medecijn Planten in Suriname (Den Dresi Wiwiri foe Sranan). 157 pp. Paramaribo, Surinam: Stichting Gezondheidsplanten Informatie).
- May, A.F. 1982. Surinaams Kruidenboek (Sranan Oso Dresi). 80 pp. Paramaribo, Surinam: Vaco; and Zutphen, The Netherlands: De Walburg Pers.
Names and Taxonomy
Comments: Cultivated corn is treated by Kartesz (Synthesis of the North American Flora, 1999) as Zea mays ssp. mays, in contrast to Z. mays ssp. parviglumis, one of the species of teosinte. (Another teosinte is Z. mexicana, sometimes treated as Z. mays ssp. mexicana.). However, in many floristic and agricultural works, corn/maize is treated as a distinct species, Zea mays, separate from the teosintes.
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Perigueux, France
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... a cafe we'd been to before. Had two pain au chocolat and a crabstick baguette. Took the tram to the train station. Went to Perigueux after we realised the maisons in Cignac would be closed. Caught a late morning train, arrived early afternoon. Saw lots of ...
Day 7 : Perigueux - Sunday 29.6.14.
... today was bought from a p�tisserie chain as not many shops were open, and we ate on a bench seat on the footpath. Perigueux is a very large city. It has a very old town centre as well as relics from Roman days. The newer part of this ...
Day 10 : Perigueux - Wednesday 2.7.14
... morning, there were a number of police cars at the next intersection, but we couldn't see what was happening. We arrived back in Perigueux about 5.30pm, so Brad decided to do a load of washing in the washing machine in our apartment. Brad saves his ...
Day two... focussed on Riberac for old times' sake
It's dry if a bit cool and the Raven flies along in decent order. The roads are quite empty to start with but then get a lot busier at the start of the afternoon. Guy decides to leave the peage and get to Riberac via the national roads. His memory ...
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Investors love stocks that consistently beat the Street without getting ahead of their fundamentals and risking a meltdown. The best stocks offer sustainable market-beating gains, with robust and improving financial metrics that support strong price growth. Does Pfizer (NYSE: PFE ) fit the bill? Let's take a look at what its recent results tell us about its potential for future gains.
What we're looking for
The graphs you're about to see tell Pfizer's story, and we'll be grading the quality of that story in several ways:
- Growth: Are profits, margins, and free cash flow all increasing?
- Valuation: Is share price growing in line with earnings per share?
- Opportunities: Is return on equity increasing while debt to equity declines?
- Dividends: Are dividends consistently growing in a sustainable way?
What the numbers tell you
Now, let's take a look at Pfizer's key statistics:
Passing Criteria |
3-Year* Change |
Grade |
Revenue growth > 30% |
3.4% |
Fail |
Improving profit margin |
89.3% |
Pass |
Free cash flow growth > Net income growth |
161.8% vs. 95.7% |
Pass |
Improving EPS |
94% |
Pass |
Stock growth (+ 15%) < EPS growth |
88.9% vs. 94% |
Pass |
Passing Criteria |
3-Year* Change |
Grade |
Improving return on equity |
86.1% |
Pass |
Declining debt to equity |
(4.4%) |
Pass |
Dividend growth > 25% |
33.3% |
Pass |
Free cash flow payout ratio < 50% |
43.4% |
Pass |
How we got here and where we're going
Pfizer comes through with flying colors, missing out on a perfect score only because its revenue hasn't held onto its late 2010 highs. However, net income has boomed over the last two years and has been outpaced by free cash flow, a performance that's contributed to two passing grades today. But how might Pfizer increases its revenue in the coming years? Let's dig a little deeper to find out.
Earlier this week, Pfizer announced that tofacitinib (marketed as XELJANZ), a rheumatoid arthritis treatment, has been approved for patients who had an inadequate response to existing therapies in several countries around the world, including Switzerland, Argentina, Kuwait, the UAE, and Russia. Up to a third of RA patients don't adequately respond to available treatments, and about half stop responding to any particular DMARD treatment within five years, according to a Pfizer press release. And with millions of patients at stake, XELJANZ could become a blockbuster, despite having a rather awful name.
Palboclib, a treatment for breast cancer, which Pfizer licenses from Onyx Pharmaceuticals (UNKNOWN: ONXX.DL ) recently received breakthrough therapy designation status from the Food and Drug Administration this year. On the other hand, Pfizer's new chronic myeloid leukemia drug Bosulif has been rejected by the U.K.'s cost agency National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. You win some, you lose some.
Pfizer's most notable recent move was the spinoff of Zoetis (NYSE: ZTS ) , its former animal-health subsidiary, earlier this year. Zoetis has lost a bit of steam since it hit the market earlier this year, underperforming its former corporate parent since February. However, interest was high enough in a recent exchange of Pfizer shares for Zoetis shares that the program was oversubscribed, and only about a quarter of the nearly 1.7 billion shares tendered were accepted for the transfer. That indicates a bit less excitement in Pfizer's future than its recent share performance might suggest -- roughly a quarter of Pfizer's entire float was tendered for the exchange.
Pfizer's board also authorized a new $10 billion share-repurchase program this past week. This new buyback, plus the remaining $3.9 billion from the existing buyback plan, adds up to nearly 7% of the company's current market cap. Over the past few years, Pfizer has embarked upon four different repurchase programs worth roughly $39 billion, including the latest authorization. Pfizer also plans to retire around $11.4 billion in shares with its Zoetis spinoff. That adds up to a pretty hefty nudge on EPS, but with shares moving toward all-time highs last reached during the dot-com bubble, investors should wonder if all these buybacks are really the best use of Pfizer's hoard.
Putting the pieces together
Today, Pfizer has many of the qualities that make up a great stock, but no stock is truly perfect. Digging deeper can help you uncover the answers you need to make a great buy -- or to stay away from a stock that's going nowhere.
One of the best parts of owning big pharma stocks is their attractive dividends, but smart investors know the importance of diversifying -- seeking high-yielding stocks from multiple industries. The Motley Fool's special free report "Secure Your Future With 9 Rock-Solid Dividend Stocks" outlines the Fool's favorite dependable dividend-paying stocks across all sectors. Grab your free copy by clicking here.


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from £29 /night help Price for guests, Nights
Availability Your dates are available
B&B / 2 bedrooms / sleeps 4
Key Info |
HANQORIAS was inspired by the pleasure for receiving travel loving guest in a confortable and refined 14th century abode. Located at the very heart of an ancient Messapian site and immersed in art, culture, history and popular traditions..
The rooms have been skillfully restored and discretely fitted out with much attention to detail. Individually they form a harmonious marriage of old and new.
HANQORIAS is formed by PSEMA and ALITHIA:
PSEMA is an open plan apartment with a fireplace and three settings which can comfortably accomodate up to two, with the doudle bedroom space on a reised platform of old timber forming a cozy nest, an effect further accentuated by the arched stone roof.
ALITHIA a charmirng one room apartment set beneath stone arches, is a perfect refuge for any couple wanting to snuggle up and get away from it all.
Both living quarters come fully furnished and supplied with all comfort and conveniences:
bathrooms with shower, airdryer, air conditioning, cooking corner, fridges, TV lcd, safe deposit boxes.
When needs ALITHIA and PSEMA can also be combined with easy forming one and only apartment.
Size | Sleeps up to 4, 2 bedrooms |
Access | Car essential |
Nearest travel links | Nearest airport: BRINDISI 80 km, Nearest railway: MURO LECCESE 1 km |
Family friendly | Great for children of all ages |
Notes | No pets allowed, Yes, smoking allowed |
Features and Facilities
Luxuries | Log fire |
General | Central heating, Air conditioning, TV, Safe |
Standard | Kettle, Toaster |
Utilities | Cooker, Fridge, Freezer |
Rooms | 2 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms of which 2 Family bathrooms |
Furniture | 2 Sofa beds, Double beds (2), Dining seats for 1, Lounge seats for 1 |
Other | Linen provided, Towels provided |
Outdoors | Shared garden, Bicycles available, Swing set |
Access | Parking |
The Puglia region
Muro Leccese
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Write a review16 Aug 2013
"Di pietra e calore"
Prenoti in Salento pensando al mare e poi scopri che c'é molto di piú. Quando parti, giá vorresti tornare per la sensazione di poter scoprire ancora molte cose. HONQURIAS: fuori dalla ressa de… More
This advert is created and maintained by the advertiser; we can only publish adverts in good faith as we don't own, manage or inspect any of the properties. We advise you to familiarise yourself with our terms of use.
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Adriana C.
95% Response rate
Calendar last updated:06 Aug 2014
Based in Italy
- English
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Find records of Pauline Favello
Find records of PaulineBiography & Family History Add details
Pauline Favello (1909 - 1977) was born on January 24, 1909. She was born into the Favello family.
She died in June 1977 at 68 years old.
Pauline Favello's last known residence is at Boston, Suffolk County, Massachusetts.
The data on this page comes from the official record for Pauline Favello in the SSDI (United States Social Security Master Death Index). What is the SSDI?
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The average lifespan in our database of 20 Favellos is 67.4 years old. Pauline Favello lived 0.6 years longer than this.
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News Bulletins Contact Us Register Sitemap Home Report a Web Problem
Water Billing
Water bills are issued by the Village bimonthly and include the cost of garbage pickup, water and sewer service and user charge. The Village requires that all renters pay an escrow of $100. This escrow is credited back to the renter on their final utility bill. If there is a credit balance after final charges are applied, a refund check will be mailed to the renter at their forwarding address.
Water bills are due 21 days after the billing date. Payments not received by the due date will incur a 10 percent penalty fee for the water and sewer portion. Accounts which are unpaid after 40 days from the billing date are subject to disconnection.
Bills can be mailed in the return envelope provided with your bill to the Village's Collection Office – please allow 5 - 7 days for mail processing. In addition, it may be dropped in the white Village drop box in front of Village Hall at One Friendship Plaza, or may be paid in person at the Collection Window during the following hours: Monday 8 a.m. - 5:30 p.m.; Tuesdays - Fridays 8 a.m. - 5 p.m. Visa and MasterCard are accepted.
The Village currently enforces Red Flag Rules for all utility accounts. The Federal Trade Commission issued these regulations for all municipalitiesas a way to detect, prevent and mitigate identity theft.
Any resident requesting setup of a water account is now required to come into Village Hall, present a valid Driver's License or Government Issued State I.D., and an additional for of identification (usually a credit card,) and complete an application.
When calling regarding an existing water account, the resident should have the account number, and the date and amount of last payment.
For water billing questions, please call 630/693-7570.
The Finance Director is Roseanne Benson.
Senior citizens may receive a 50 percent discount on their garbage bill. Residents age 65 or older should come to the Collection Office at Village Hall with their current real estate tax bill, showing that they receive the senior homestead exemption, or they must apply for said exemption at their local township office.
In addition, to receive the senior citizen discount the individual must be the legal owner of the residence and reside at that address.
See also:


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Your cat loves a clean toilet -- don't we all? Catster's singing Cat Lady, Sarah Donner, explains why.
33Apr 3, 2012 — This may look a little silly, but it's an effective (and adorable) way to help a scared feral kitten adjust to human contact.
Our Most-Commented Stories
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Upstream / Downstream
Explore pathways related to this product.
To Purchase # 12483S
12483S | 100 µl (10 western blots) | $239.00 |
$ 0. 00 |
To get local purchase information on this product, click here
SMARCA1 (D4Q7V) Rabbit mAb #12483
Western Blot anaylsis of extracts from various cell lines using SMARCA1 (D4Q7V) Rabbit mAb.
Learn more about how we get our images
Immunoprecipitation of SMARCA1 from PANC-1 cell extracts using Rabbit (DA1E) IgG XP® Isotype Control #3900 (lane 2) or SMARCA1 (D4Q7V) Rabbit mAb (lane 3). Lane 1 is 10% input. Western blot analysis was performed using SMARCA1 (D4Q7V) Rabbit mAb.
Learn more about how we get our imagesProtocol
Product Usage Information
Application | Dilutions |
Western Blotting | 1:1000 |
Immunoprecipitation | 1:100 |
Specificity / Sensitivity
SMARCA1 (D4Q7V) Rabbit mAb recognizes endogenous levels of total SMARCA1 protein.
Species Reactivity: Human, MonkeySource / Purification
Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues surrounding Pro73 of human SMARCA1 protein.
SMARCA1 (SNF2L) is one of the two orthologs of the ISWI (imitation switch) ATPases encoded by the mammalian genome (1). The ISWI chromatin remodeling complexes were first identified in Drosophila and have been shown to remodel and alter nucleosome spacing in vitro (2). SMARCA1 is the catalytic subunit of the nucleosome remodeling factor (NURF) and CECR2-containing remodeling factor (CERF) complexes (3-5). The NURF complex plays an important role in neuronal physiology by promoting neurite outgrowth and regulation of Engrailed homeotic genes that are involved in neuronal development in the mid-hindbrain (3). NURF is also thought to be involved in the maturation of T cells from thymocytes by regulating chromatin structure and expression of genes important for T cell development (6). The largest subunit of the NURF complex, BPTF, is required for proper development of mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm tissue lineages, suggesting a role for SMARCA1 in the development of the germ layers in mouse embryo (7). Disruption of the CERF complex by deletion of CECR2, an interacting partner of SMARCA1, is associated with the neural tube defect exencephaly, linking the CERF complex with regulation of neurulation (4).
1. Lazzaro, M.A. and Picketts, D.J. (2001) J Neurochem 77, 1145-56.
2. Ho, L. and Crabtree, G.R. (2010) Nature 463, 474-84.
3. Erdel, F. and Rippe, K. (2011) FEBS J 278, 3608-18.
4. Barak, O. et al. (2003) EMBO J 22, 6089-100.
5. Banting, G.S. et al. (2005) Hum Mol Genet 14, 513-24.
6. Landry, J.W. et al. (2011) Genes Dev 25, 275-86.
7. Landry, J. et al. (2008) PLoS Genet 4, e1000241.
Data Sheets & Documentation
For Research Use Only. Not For Use In Diagnostic Procedures. Cell Signaling Technology is a trademark of Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.


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Partyka Chevrolet Sales Reviews
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Partyka Chevrolet
- 200 Skiff St
- Hamden, CT 06517 (map)
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Partyka Chevrolet
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Pleased with dealership
Written by kennept on 03/12/11 02:51:46 PM PST
Recommend this dealer? Yes Purchased a vehicle from this dealer? Yes
Recommend this dealer? Yes Purchased a vehicle from this dealer? Yes
Partyka Chevrolet
I called the dealership about trading in my 2004 Tahoe Z71.
I asked for the salesman who I purchased it from in 2004.
He was still there and had been promoted to manager.
He remembered me from first purchase and suggested a 2011 Equinox as a replacement.
Surprised & pleased he remembered me.
He set ...
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We´re from Sweden. We are two cousins with our children, not so small any more, and we all love music. Two of us are proffessionel musicians. This trip to NY is our 50ths aniversary gift.
Ola has completed online and offline ID verification.
Ola's family were great guests! I can't recommend them highly enough. They totally respected my apartment, left it clean and in great shape. Ola and Inga had excellent communication and I'm glad you enjoyed everything. Surely, you're all welcome back and hope to see you again!


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Euro-Area Exports Increased in August Led by Germany, Italy
Oct. 16 (Bloomberg) -- Euro-area exports increased in August, led by Germany and Italy, as the currency bloc's economic recovery gained momentum.
Exports from the 17-nation euro zone rose a seasonally adjusted 1 percent from July, when they fell 1.5 percent, the European Union's statistics office in Luxembourg said today. Shipments from Germany, Europe's biggest economy, increased 1.1 percent. The euro-area trade surplus widened to 12.3 billion euros ($16.7 billion).
The European Central Bank forecasts that the euro-area economy will contract 0.4 percent this year and return to 1 percent growth in 2014. ECB President Mario Draghi on Oct. 2 reaffirmed his pledge to keep key interest rates "at present or lower levels for an extended period of time," based in part on "the broad-based weakness in the economy."
Shipments from Italy and Spain increased 0.8 percent and 0.7 percent in August, respectively, while French exports dipped 0.1 percent. Exports from the 28-nation European Union rose 0.3 percent in August after a 0.8 percent decline a month earlier, today's report showed.
To contact the reporter on this story: Patrick Henry in Brussels at firstname.lastname@example.com
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Craig Stirling at firstname.lastname@example.com


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- Exclusive discounts on our most popular trying-to-conceive products
- Helpful tips to get pregnant
As the customer service representative at Early Pregnancy Tests, I sometimes receive email inquiries about fertility charting, using a basal thermometer, and monitoring natural fertility signs to predict ovulation. And while bbt charting will be the cornerstone of your fertility chart, monitoring changes in cervical mucus (cervical fluids, CM) is very important - particularly because method of charting allows you to anticipate when you will ovulate each month. This week, I received an email inquiry about the difference in appearance and texture between fertile and non-fertile cervical fluids - a great opportunity to clarify how cervical mucus can be used to determine when you are most fertile each month. As a brief review, changes in cervical mucus (CM) are not only a key signal of fertility, but are also a big part of successfully achieving pregnancy. Cervical mucus is produced by glands within the cervix, and specifically within your cervical canal. During your menstrual cycle, both the quantity and the quality (texture, appearance) of cervical fluids undergo a number of changes. In human reproduction, fertile-quality cervical mucus supports conception by providing a fluid, healthy medium in which sperm can survive and propel themselves. CM protects sperm from the naturally-acidic environment of the vagina and helps sperm to move through the cervix into the uterus. And because cervical fluids insulate and nourish sperm, the presence of fertile cervical mucus can also extend the life-span of sperm, in turn increasing the odds of conceiving by helping sperm "hang out" and wait for the egg to appear following ovulation. (FertileCM is a natural product that can be used to increase the quality and quantity of cervical mucus you produce.) So, that's the mechanics of cervical mucus - but how can I use this information as part of my fertility charting? As one customer recently asks... Question: "Dear Pat, I have been using your basal thermometer now for an entire cycle now and I was able to draw a coverline this month! While on the topic of bbt charting, do you have a picture of fertile cervical mucus and can you describe for me the differences between non-fertile and fertile cervical mucus? Also, when can I expect to see changes in cervical mucus during my cycle - e.g., on which cycle days will the cervical mucus become fertile?" Answer: Of course, variations in individual mucus patterns will differ among women due to unique variables like cycle length, age, hormonal balance, use of fertility drugs, etc. However, the appearance of "fertile quality" cervical fluids typically arrives directly prior to ovulation, meaning that women can use CM as a very reliable means of ovulation prediction. Let's take a look at the changes in look and feel of CM as you move through your menstrual cycle... The appearance and texture of cervical fluids will change as you move through your menstrual cycle. Also, the quantity of cervical mucus present is also a key sign: When you are most fertile, CM should be quite abundant. Texture: During your cycle, cervical mucus may be absent or profuse, dryish or wet, thick or thin, sticky or slippery. It may "hold its shape" or it may stretch between your fingers like raw egg-white. Appearance: The look of cervical fluids will also change during your cycle and CM may be white, creamy, yellowish, translucent, or transparent. When It Happens: During the first part of your menstrual cycle, CM may not be present or it will be dry and thickish. The color may appear white. As you enter the follicular (pre-ovulatory) phase of your cycle, estrogen increases and you may experience "transitional" cervical mucus, marked by increased moisture, increased volume, a more stretchy texture, and a thinner feel. Transitional mucus will still be a bit tacky and hold its form to some degree. The color of transitional cervical mucus may be white, creamy, or yellowish, though it will still be mostly opaque. Directly prior to ovulation, cervical mucus should be abundant. Fertile cervical mucus is characterized by a transparent appearance - and it may look and feel like raw egg white and stretch between your fingers without breaking (see fig 1). This stretchiness is called Spinnbarkeit and indicates that ovulation is likely imminent. Fertile CM will be thin, slippery (like lubricant), stretchy and translucent. Typically, fertile-quality cervical fluids will appear a few days prior to and during ovulation. Following ovulation, the quality of CM will change again due to sudden decrease in estrogen and increase of progesterone. You may experience transitional mucus, followed abruptly by an increasing dryness (non-fertile CM) through the rest of your luteal phase. Below is a table that provides an overview describing CM changes, what the changes mean, and when they occur.
As noted above, there are many variables that can affect how cervical mucus is produced - and women may have different experiences charting changes in CM. Notably, popular fertility drugs like clomid can cause dryness or a decrease in CM. In addressing the problem of dryness, Pre-Seed is a great product - the only intimate moisturizer of its kind to not act as a barrier to sperm. Pre-Seed was formulated to provide a fertility-friendly medium for sperm and Pre-Seed may actually increase the odds of conceiving for many women. A new dietary supplement called, appropriately enough, FertileCM is designed to actually help women produce cervical fluids during the ovulatory phase of their cycle. FertileCM works by facilitating blood flow and circulation to the reproductive organs, and research studies indicate that key ingredients in FertileCM support the production of endocervical secretions during the time a woman is most fertile. Back to Articles
Index Predicting Ovulation
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ProductsPregnancy Tests Ovulation Tests Pre-Seed Lubricant Fertility Supplements Fertility Monitors Basal Thermometers More Fertility Aids Male Fertility Products Books, DVDs, Software Pregnancy and NursingAssistanceHelp Contact Us Shipping & Returns Test Instructions Testing FAQs TTC Newsletters TTC Articles Ovulation-Calculator.com Create Your TTC TickerCorporateAbout Us Why Shop With Us? What's New at Early-Pregnancy-Tests? Institutional Orders Affiliate Program Privacy Policy Site MapVisit PregnancyStore.com for all your pregnancy and nursing needs! Call 360-255-0129 or Contact Us
* These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
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Will Lindsay Take a Vacation?
by Celebrity
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Lindsay Lohan has been working hard and partying even harder. Could it be time for the tabloid favorite to take a break? Supposedly Lindsay has said she is ready for a year off. She said: "I might take a vacation — take a year off... I want to travel and learn more about other cultures. The more I've grown up, the more I want to do that." This may be the best thing for her career and we bet a lot of you would welcome her idea. We'd personally miss her. What fun would this site be without LL and her many men, outfits and car accidents?
Lots more pics of LL and her new BFF at the George Clooney event so
Read More Lindsay Lohan
8 years
News flash LL and Paris Hilton have been BFF for the longest. There was a little riff when Paris and Nicole split up but other than that what are you talking about? That' why the whole firecrotch thing was such a huge deal cause Paris was laughing
8 years
oh wow, ugly and uglier* I heard she's goin' to planet freckle, is that just a rumor?
8 years
I mean respectable as in Demi Moore, Keanu Reeves, Bruce Willis, etc. And Kate Moss is respectable enough (minus the whole coke scandal) at least Kate is grown-up for the most part..not like Paris Hilton (who Lindsay DOES NOT chill wit), Jessica/Ashlee Simpson, Kelly Osbourne, Nicole and all those other dumb whores..Lindsay seems to hang around with older, more mature people so I def. give her props for that.
8 years
There are so many things wrong with this quote where do I start?
1) Take a vacation...from what staying out all night and showing up late for work. So what does that mean she'll actually be on time for her calls
2) learn about other cultures? Vodka's from around the world is not learning about other cultures Lindsay
3) "the more I've grown up" Lindsay you make physically be aging but you've not grown up at all
8 years
Guy, I doubt that her parents will make her stop hanging out with LL and the rest of them. Especially since they have all partied together, parents included, haha!
8 years
Yes!!! Take a long, long "vacation" Please!!!!!!!
Rumer is Fugly as hell and this is a crazy pair.
8 years
oh please, she loves the attention too much. she'll never do it. all another part of her plan to get even more attention. and that girl will never be worldly.
8 years
I like the dress, but her face has this moon-shape to it. I'm not sure if it's from alcohol or other nasty substances.
8 years
Wow..she totally looks gorgeous here!! It's crazy wat a diff. a few years can make..I remember I used to think this girl was pretty unfortunate looking..back in her "Freajy Friday" days..but I must say..with the black hair..and the makeup covering up her freckles (at least a bit) she looks stunning! And despite all the negative publicity this girl gets, I personally think she's smart and she's making right choices. I mean, she has access to all these parties and free stuff..and gets to hang out late with amazing stars..who WOULDNT take that chance if they could? ESPICALLy at her age. She's so young! But despite that, she has her whole career in front of her. And considering that she has a dysfunctional family and no real role models in her life..she is making the best decisions from that. And she hangs out with mature, respectable stars not Paris Hilton, Jessica Simpson, etc. PLUS..she's totally talented. So..I think ppl don't give her enough credit. I'm sure she's gonna make good movies in the future.
8 years
I'm so sick of LL. I hope she has a nice L-O-N-G vacation and that the paparrazi leave her alone. That probably won't happen though - remember how the paparrazi just got worse when Britney announced she was taking time off?
Wouldn't it be smarter if celebs DIDN'T announce their "extended time-off" plans (especially the ones who are faves of the paparrazi)? Then again, we're dealing with Britney and LL here ;-)
8 years
Why on Earth would Demi & Bruce allow their daugher to associate with a skank like LL? They must not know about this outing....I'm confident that as soon as they see these pictures, they will pull the plug on this little friendship....
8 years
I wish I could randomly take a year's worth of vacation and not worry about money, or making money!!!
God that must be nice.
8 years
i think she just turned 18. Remeber those sketchy photos of LL & Demi? I haven't seen LL look good in awhilw. Her face is alot rounder now & she has lost whatever fashion sence she had...
What will Dine do if LL goes "on vaction" (from what? her wicked hard life? whatever)
8 years
Now, now everyone lets be nice...we can't talk about the kids! Lol! How old is Demi's kid like 17 or something?
Link Love
- See what Hilary Duff did to herself this time — Us Weekly
- Listen to Britney Spears cover a '90s classic — HuffPost Celebrity
- Get more details about Patrick Dempsey's huge departure — Lainey Gossip
- Even more drama brews for the Avengers cast — Dlisted
- Is Harry Styles leaving One Direction too?! — ET
- Elton John shows his support for Bruce Jenner's alleged transition — JustJared
- Megan Fox gets ready to jet-set out of LA — Hollywood Tuna
- This David Letterman joke seriously fell flat — Pink Is the New Blog
- 3 more alleged Bill Cosby victims come forward — The Superficial
- A Hillary Clinton musical might be on the way — Popbytes


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Back to Home > Events > Media Events > InnoPack India 2013 |
InnoPack India 2013
Jun 27, 2013 to Jun 28, 2013
Location | Sahar Airport Road, Maharashtra, 400059 Mumbai, India |
Cost | free |
Details | Summary: InnoPack India creates a conference culture that breeds innovation and learning through provocative and actionable content, exciting learning formats and by stimulating engagement throughout the event. Description: 5 REASONS TO ATTEND INNOPACK INDIA 2013 Speakers: Host of international and Indian experts will collaborate to deliver you innovative strategies and practical solutions and attendees will learn how to streamline and overcome the multiple challenges into a cohesive innovation process. Content: Learn how to innovate with our fresh content designed by our advisory board for you. Patient Compliance Packaging, Packaging Sustainability, Cold-chain Simulation, Packaging for Differentiation all taking centre stage at InnoPack India 2013. Connect: Networking opportunities will introduce you to colleagues throughout the packaging space. Interactive sessions such as leadership conclave, round table discussions and i3 centre will keep you motivated and engaged throughout the two-day summit. Discover: Best practices will be presented by a cross-section of both thought leaders and expert case studies across multiple companies. Implementable solutions will be discussed for you to take back to your organisation. Focus: Two informational days Innovations Day and Regulatory and Safety Day will give you the opportunity to focus on your core area of expertise, hone your skills and knowledge base and learn strategies for successful integration and innovation in your corporation. URLs: Website: http://atnd.it/16tYafY Keywords: speed geeking, confex, packing, pack, innovative, i3 centre, innopack, regulatory, packaging, ubm, pharma, development. |
Venue | The Lalit |
Website | http://www.thelalit.com/the-lalit-mumbai/overview |
RSVP | http://atnd.it/12tEAuU |