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US 4162534 A Abstract An alignment network having N parallel data inputs includes log2 N rounded up to the nearest integer of levels, each level therein including N selection gates for providing selectively direct through data flow and incrementally shifted or transposed data flow. The selectable shift amount in each level is equal to k2.spsp.(L-1) modulo N wherein k is relatively prime to N and is a primitive root of the rank number N, and L is the number of the level. A control signal provided to each level directs whether data flow therethrough is to be direct or transposed.
Claims(5) 1. A parallel data access alignment network for aligning data between N input ports and N output ports wherein N is an integer greater than one, said data comprising d-ordered vector data elements spaced d modulo N input ports apart, said network comprising:
a plurality of log2 N rounded up to the nearest integer of ordered levels serially connected between said N input and N output ports, each said ordered level including; a plurality of N input channels for receiving in parallel data from the preceding ordered level in said plurality of ordered levels with said plurality of N input channels of the lowest ordered level receiving in parallel data from said N input ports, a plurality of N output channels for sending in parallel data to the succeeding level in said plurality of ordered levels with said plurality of N output channels of the highest ordered level sending in parallel data to said N output ports, means for providing direct data flow between one input channel in said N input channels and one output channel to said N output channels, and means responsive to a transposition control signal for providing selectively direct data flow and transposed data flow between all other channels in said N input and N output channels, said transposed data flow provided being equal in number of channels transposed to k raised to the power 2 raised to the power (L-1) wherein k is relatively prime to N and is a primitive root of N and L is the order of the level in said plurality of ordered levels; and transposition selection means for selecting levels in said plurality of ordered levels for transposed data flow, said transposition selection means providing said transposition control signal therefor generated from the relationship d=km modulo N wherein di is said d-ordered vector data element input port spacing, k is said prime relative to N, N is said integer greater than one, and m is said transposition control signal expressed in binary form with said least significant bit of m provided to said lowest ordered level in said plurality of ordered levels, said increasingly significant bits of m provided individually and respectively to said increasing order of levels in said plurality thereof and said most significant bit of m provided to said highest ordered level in said plurality of ordered levels. 2. The parallel data access alignment network according to claim 1 wherein said means for providing selectively direct data flow and transposed data flow includes:
a plurality of N-1 two-input selection gates, each selection gate thereof individually outputted to an individual output channel in said plurality of N output channels. 3. The parallel data access alignment network according to claim 2 wherein each selection gate in said plurality thereof includes:
means responsive to binary control signals for controlling between which of the two inputs thereof and the output thereof data flow is selected. 4. The parallel data access alignment network according to claim 1 wherein said transposition selection means includes:
a memory addressed by said d and outputting said m in accord with said relationship d=km modulo N. 5. The parallel data access alignment network according to claim 4 within said memory is a read-only memory.
Description The invention described herein was made in the performance of work under NASA Contract Number NAS 2-9456 and is subject to the provisions of Section 305 of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 (72 Stat. 435, 42 U.S.C. 2457). In copending application, Ser. No. 682,526, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,051,551 for a "Multidimensional Parallel Access Computer", filed in the name of D. H. Lawrie et al, and assigned to the assignee of present invention, there is described and claimed a parallel data processing system for storing and fetching d-ordered vectors. Although not limited thereto, the present alignment network invention may be used with or in such a system. The present invention relates to an alignment network for use in a parallel data processing environment. More particularly, the present invention finds application in unscrambling a d-ordered vector having its elements stored a distance d apart from each other in the parallel memory modules of a parallel data processor. In the prior art, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. application, Ser. No. 682,526, filed May 3, 1976, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,051,551 in the names of D. H. Lawrie and C. R. Vora and assigned to the assignee of the present invention, there is described a cross-bar network for transferring and alignment data between a set of parallel memory modules and a set of parallel processors. The cross-bar network so disclosed is relatively easy to program or control; however, it is also relatively costly in components requiring N2 elementary elements to transmit data through wherein N is the number of parallel memory modules storing data to be aligned. Other prior art networks require fewer components but present difficult control problems. Typical of this type of alignment network is the Benes network requiring only 2N log N elements, see Benes, V. E., "Optimal Rearrangeable Multi-stage Connecting Networks, Part 2," Bell System Technical Journal Vol. 43, 1964, p. 1641. Still other prior art alignment networks which require fewer components than the cross-bar network and are not too difficult to control or program require multiple data flow transitions cycling through a single alignment layer thereby increasing the time required for data to pass through the network, see Roger C. Swanson, "Interconnecting for Parallel Memories to Unscramble p-Ordered Vectors", IEEE Trans. Computers, Nov. 1974. Swanson's "p-Ordered Vector" corresponds to the "d-ordered vector" terminology used herein. Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide an alignment network for d-Ordered Vectors requiring fewer components than a cross-bar network and yet being easy to control. It is yet another object of the invention to provide alignment for d-Ordered Vectors while requiring only a single pass through any of the elements used for alignment. The above and other objects of the inventions are realized through an alignment network for use with a parallel data system having N parallel modules, the alignment network having log2 N (rounded up to the nearest integer) levels wherein each level includes N selection elements for providing selectively direct through data flow and incrementally shifted or transposed data flow. The amount of shifting a transposition in each level is equal to k2.spsp.(L-1) modulo N wherein k is relatively prime to N and is a primitive root of N and L is the number (or rank) of the level. A control signal provided to each level directs whether data flow therethrough is to be direct or transposed. The above objects and advantages and features of the present invention will become more readily apparent from a review of the following specification in relation with the drawings wherein: FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a typical operating environment of the present alignment network invention; FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an arrangement of the alignment network of the present invention suitable for use in the environment of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a logic diagram of a two-input selection gate used in the alignment network of FIG. 2; FIG. 4 is a return flow alignment network to complement the alignment network of FIG. 2; FIG. 5 is an illustration of a read-only memory (ROM) programmed to provide a control word for the alignment networks of FIG. 2 and FIG. 4; and FIG. 6 comprising FIGS. 6A, 6B and 6C, is a presentation in tabular format of the generation of control words for an alignment network operating with 521 parallel memory modules. With reference to FIG. 1, the alignment network of the present invention interfaces between a plurality of memory modules M0-M6 and a plurality of processing elements P0-P6. Data stored in the memory modules M0-M6 may be accessed in parallel through Memory Ports MP-MP1, aligned in the Alignment Network 11 as directed by control word m, and fed through Processing Ports PP0-PP6 for parallel processing by the Processing Elements P0-P6. Although seven Memory Modules M0-M6 and seven Processing Elements P0-P6 are shown in FIG. 1, in alternate embodiments, other system arrangements having differing numbers of Memory Modules and Processing Elements may be used, see U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 682,526 filed May 3, 1976, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,051,551, issued Sept. 27, 1977 by D. H. Lawrie et al for a "Multidimensional Parallel Access Computer Memory System.", assigned to the assignee of the present invention. For purposes of illustration, a 5�5 two-dimensional matrix comprising Data Elements a11 through a55 is shown loaded into Memory Modules M0-M6. To process in parallel Data Elements a11, a12, a13, a14, and a15 the Alignment Network need merely establish a direct data flow path between Memory Ports MP0, MP1, MP2, MP3 and MP4 and Processing Ports MP0, PP1, PP2, PP3 and PP4, respectively. However, to process in parallel data elements a11, a21, a31, a41 and a51 the alignment network must perform in essence a shifting operation to direct the data elements a11, a21, a31, a41 and a51 to processors PO, P1, P2, P3 and P4, respectively. As can be seen, each data element in the set a11, a21, a31, a41 and a51 is shifted five Memory Modules (modulo 7) from the preceding data element. The shift occurs modulo 7 since there are seven memory modules (MO-M6). In general, the required shift would occur modulo N where N equals the number of memory modules. For illustrative purposes, a specific example of how the alignment network 11 of the present invention functions will be examined, followed by a more general approach to extend the application of the present invention to more universal situations. With reference to FIG. 2, the alignment network 11 having seven (7) Memory ports MP0-MP6 and seven (7) Processing Ports PP0-PP6 is partitioned into a first level 13, a second level 15 and a third level 17. Each level 13, 15 and 17 includes seven (7) two-input selection gates 19, each having a first input 21, a second input 23, an output 25 and two selection control inputs EO and ES, see FIG. 3. For purposes of discussion, the control inputs of the selection gates 19 in the first level 13 are designated EO" and ES" while the control inputs of the selection gates 19 in the second level 15 are designated EO' and ES'. When a logical one or true level is present on the EO (or EO', EO") control input, a data communications path is provided between the first input 21 and the output 25. With a logical one or true level present on the ES (or ES', ES") control input, a data communications path is provided between the second input 23 and the output 25. All control inputs EO and ES are fashioned to receive complementary binary levels, so that a true or logical one level at EO implies a false or logical zero level at ES and vice-versa. The preferred embodiment fabrication of the simple two-input selection gate 19 will be detailed hereinafter. All selection gates 19 in a given level 13, 15 or 17 have their control inputs EO and ES connected in parallel. Thus, three bits of a control word m determines the data flow or shifting between the memory ports MP0-MP6 and the processing ports PP0--PP6. The most significant bit of m controls level 17, the second most significant bit controls level 15, and the least significant bit controls level 13. In essence the control word m provides control to the ES input of the selection gates 19 while a binary complement of m feeds the EO input of the gates 19. With continued reference to FIG. 2, it can be seen that a control word m of 000 would introduce no shifting and thus direct data flow would occur between memory ports MP0-MP6 and processing ports PP0-PP6, respectively. For a control word m of 100, a shift of 4 (modulo 7) would occur in level 17 with no shift in levels 13 and 15. Likewise, a control word m of 010 would introduce a shift of 2 (modulo 7) in level 15 and a control word m of 001 would introduce a shift of 3 (modulo 7) in level 13. Shifts may occur, of course, in more than one level. For example, a control word m of 111 would generate a shift in all three levels 13, 15 and 17. However, in practice, for the alignment network 11 as shown in FIG. 2, controls words 110 and 111 are not required since the same shift amount occurs using 000 and 001 respectively. The selection gate 19 is readily fashioned from a first AND gate 27, a second AND gate 29 and an OR gate 37, see FIG. 3. The AND gate 27 is fed by EO and by direct input 21. The AND gate 29 is fed by ES and shift input 23. The OR gate 37 is fed by both AND gates 27 and 29 and provides output 25. In some logic families the OR gate 37 may be fabricated as a "wired-OR" rather than as an actual physical gate. The selection gate 19 fabrication as above described is unidirectional in that it provides data flow only from the memory ports MP0-MP6 to the processing ports PP0-PP6. Therefore, a reverse path must be provided to permit data to flow from the processing ports PP0-PP6 to the memory ports. Such reverse flow is easily provided for, see FIG. 4, by providing a first level 13', a second level 15' and a third level 17'. Each level 13', 15' and 17' includes seven (7) two-input selection gates 19, each for transferring data back to the memory ports MP0-MP6 in the same manner in which the data was transferred to the processing ports PP0-PP6, see FIG. 2. By comparing FIG. 2 with FIG. 4, one can see that under the control of a single control word m, data can be pulled from the memory ports MP0-MP6, sent to the desired processing ports PP0-PP6 and returned back to the memory ports MP0-MP6 from whence it came. Each level 13', 15' and 17' of FIG. 4 corresponds to the levels 13, 15 and 17 respectively of FIG. 2 in that the reversed data flow is channeled back to the memory ports MP0-MP6 in the same manner in which it is flowed to the processing ports PP0-PP6. The alignment network 11 above described for a system having seven (7) memory ports may be extended to the general case wherein the number of memory ports equals N. In the general case, the alignment network 11 includes a plurality of levels, each level including N number of two-input selection gates 19. The number of levels is equal to log2 (N) rounded up to the nearest integer. In the above example, N equalled 7 and log2 (N) rounded up to the nearest integer equalled 3. The total number of gates 19 required in the general case is then N multiplied by log2 N rounded up to the nearest integer. Each level of the alignment network 11 either allows data to flow directly through or provides a data shift depending upon the control word m and more particularly upon the voltage levels applied to the ES and EO of each selection gate 19. The amount of shift in each level is equal to k2.spsp.(L-1) modulo N, where k is relatively prime to N and is a primitive root of N, N is the number of memory modules, and L is the alignment network 11 level ranking. For example, referring to FIG. 2, wherein k=3, the shift occuring in the first level 13 is 32.spsp.(1-1) =3. In the second level 15, the shift is 32.spsp.(2-1) modulo 7=2. The third level 17 shift is 32.spsp.(3-1) modulo 7=4. In operation, the distance d (which is the distance between elements sought to be accessed) is known and the value m must be generated. For example, in FIG. 1, to access the elements a11, a12, a13, a14 and a15 the distance d is unity and no shifting is required through the alignment network. Hence, it is clear in this case that m must equal zero. However, to access the data elements a11, a21, a31, a41 and a51, the distance d is equal to five (5) and the control word m must be calculated to generate the proper shift through the alignment network 11. The calculation of m is derived from the relationship d=km modulo N, see FIG. 5, which illustrates the generation of m for the system of FIG. 2. In the preferred embodiment the value d is used to address a ROM which has been programmed to the equation d=km modulo N to produce the value m at address d. FIG. 5 illustrates the generation of m for values of d in a system having k=3 and N=7. Alternatively, of course, m could be generated by software given the values of d, k, and N. However, hardware generation of m is preferred since in parallel processors, speed is nearly always of the essence. The alignment network 11 shown in FIG. 2 was developed for a system of seven (7) memory modules and a k of 3. Other arrangements may, of course, be developed. For example, in a system having seventeen (17) memory modules, a k of 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12 or 14 may be used. FIG. 6 illustrates in tabular format the generation of m for a system having k=3 and the number (N) of memory modules equal to 521. Other arrangements of the present invention may be fabricated. As an illustrative example, referring to FIG. 2, levels may be combined in parallel rather than serial. If two levels were combined, for example, level 13 and level 15, each selection gate 19 would require four inputs instead of two to provide for the shift required in level 13, the shift of level 15, the combined shift of levels 13 and 15, and direct through data flow. Hence, the design trade-off is the complexity of gates 19 versus an increased number of gates 19 and an increased number of levels. Parallelism may be carried even further by combining all levels 13, 15 and 17 and by using eight-input selection gates 19. Further, in certain applications it may be desirable to insert data storing, shifting or processing apparatus between the alignment network of the present invention and the parallel memory modules storing the data to be aligned. For example, one such apparatus would be an Electronic Barrel Switch For Data Shifting of the type disclosed by R. A. Stokes et al in U.S. Pat. No. 3,610,903. The disclosed Barrel Switch comprises a matrix of gates arranged in rectangular configuration and adapted to shift in a single clock time a multibit parallel input a preselected number of places to the left or right, either end-off or end-around. The Barrel Switch insertion permits d-ordered vectors stored in memory at various starting or base locations to be shifted to a left-most memory starting location for processing through the alignment network. Other obvious modifications are apparent. For example, with reference to FIGS. 2 and 4, it can be appreciated that the furthest left-most selection gate 19 in all levels 13, 15 and 17 provides only direct through data flow regardless of control word m. Hence, in many applications, the left-most selection gate 19 may be deleted. Thus, while particular embodiments of the present invention have been described and illustrated, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made therein without departure from the spirit and scope of the invention. Patent Citations
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733 Park Avenue #PH
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4,250 ft²$4,941 per ft²9 rooms3 beds3.5 baths
in Lenox Hill
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Maintenance: $14,420Description
The most sensational and unique PENTHOUSE on Park Avenue -- a duplex comprising the entire 30th and 31st floors of the elegant co-op, 733 Park Avenue, at 71st Street. Renovated to absolute perfection, the 4,250 square feet of exquisite interior space is completed by three beautifully landscaped terraces totaling 1,250 square feet. There are glorious, sunny, unobstructed views everywhere, including... [more]
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733 Park Avenue New York, NY 10021
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09/04/2012 | Listed by Fox Residential Group | $21,000,000 |
09/25/2012 | Listing entered contract | $21,000,000 |
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In Out Madrid
Madrid, SpainNot that nice smell because it's on basement of one building. There was no wall socket to recharge my mobile near to b and the breakfast was only 1 piece of bread and one more thing and coffee
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B&B Rome In Art
Rome, ItalyIt was very good hostel. Located near from Victorio Emanuele (or something like this) is very easy find coming by metro. The woman who talked to us was very kind and tried to help. One key was not working to open the main door, but it was no problem with this.
- Novice Nomad
- Brazil
- Male, 25-30
- (3 reviews)


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Lee Hyun Woo 'To The Beautiful You' Artiste Tour - Malaysia & Singapore 2012
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ONE had an exclusive challenge for Lee Hyun Woo when he was in town recently. Did he manage to do it?
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Key things you need to know aboutDr. Engelken:
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Questions: Bottom paint prep work for trailer boat
Ok..now since you all have convinced me to paint the bottom on my boat I am looking for some opinions and constructive criticism on my methods. I have a Capri 18 that's never had bottom paint. Its a 1989 model. I am using VC17 paint. I have 2 quarts of Interlux 202 solvent to wash the hull. I am going to sand the hull with 150 grit sandpaper since Lowes doesnt seem to have 180 grit. Does it matter if you wet sand or dry sand the boat? To get the area under the bunks on the trailer I bought these jack stands. Torin Double Lock Jack Stands 3-Ton Capacity, Model# T43002A | Jack Stands | Northern Tool + Equipment
I am going to use concrete blocks under them to add about 18 inches or so to the stands. I am going to lift the stern and bow one at a time by using the trailer jack and placing the stands under the stern and bow. Should I use a 2x4x10 doubled on top of the jack stands to support the boat or maybe a 1" round iron pipe? The reason I ask about the pipe is because of the curvature of the tops on the jack stands. It seems like it would be more secure than the wood. I checked Interlux's website on the amount of paint and it suggested 2.5 quarts for my boat so I will get 3 quarts for good measure. How does everything sound so far? I will be posting pictures of my progress to help out other people that may have the same dilemma. Mike |
This months Practical sailor has a good review of bottom paints and how well which paint worked. Where are you located ?
Use 80 grit paper, dry is fine, see the interlux instructions. You need 80 for the paint to bite to the hull.
Mike |
You'll find my description of how I did my 21' Cal in this thread:http://www.sailnet.com/forums/gear-m...-sailboat.html If you're looking for those finer grades of sandpaper you need to look for wet-dry paper. Lowes should have it. It's black. As SailingFool says though, for the bottom paint you're going to want a course grit to etch the hull and give the paint something to adhere to. Use the Interlux 202 before sanding. Get two quarts of the VC-17 in one color and another in the color you want for the finish coat. That will make your application more uniform and will also allow you to see wear more easily. I didn't do that but wish I had-another lesson learned. (g) I don't think you're going to find those automobile jack stands of much aid. What might work quite well though is a bottle jack for the lifting and then a couple of 4x4's at bow and stern supported by those concrete blocks. You'll jack each end sequentially until you can get the trailer out from under. Within reason, the higher you get the boat the easier it will be to work on. Read the thread I've posted here and if you have any questions feel free to send me a private message. You CAN do this cheap. (!) |
Ok I cleaned the hull with Interlux 202 solvent and now have started the sanding. I am using 150 grit sandpaper and everything seems to be going well. I should be able to finish with the sanding tomorrow. Here are some pics of the progress.
http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3049/...9faf29dc_b.jpg http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2251/...421bb087_b.jpg http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3090/...7a19824d_b.jpg http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2122/...be182634_b.jpg http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3035/...0404a89f_b.jpg http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3087/...5782cbf3_b.jpg http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2074/...c9b38b35_b.jpg How long should I sand? Until there are no more shiny spots? This is the distance from the bottom of the hull to the ground at the stern. I am going to use concrete blocks and a 4x4 on top. Then I am going to use the trailer jack to get the stern of the bunks then do the same thing at the bow. http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2308/...32fdd1c5_b.jpg Any suggestions, comments, or criticisms? Thanks... Mike A shot of my boat in the water last year.. http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1031/...469e6aff_o.jpg |
An easy way to get the boat off the trailer is to use the trailer as a "see-saw". First lower the trailer tongue as much as possible and block the stern, then raise the tongue as much as possible to raise the bow up and then block the bow. Should work fairly well for a boat as small as yours.
You want the whole area to be painted to be uniformly dull. If there are any shiny spots, you've missed something. The hull has to be sanded for the paint to adhere well to it. Wash the hull really well before sanding, as you don't want any oils, grease, waxes or other contaminants on the hull when you sand it. Sanding it without thoroughly cleaning the hull will embed those contaminants in the fiberglass and may interfere with the paint sticking. |
Catalina started barrier coating their boats at the factory in about 1989, so your boat probably has a barrier coat on it to protect it from blisters. If you sand off too much, you'll lose that protection. I'd sand it the bare minimum necessary to scuff the bottom so that the paint will adhere.
Bare minimum - using a finer grit - the 320 as recommended.
It's too late now, but less is best. You really don't need a big toothly ripple for the paint to get a mechanical bond. On the other hand, ignore all advice here and believe and follow the directions of the manufacture. PS. some of that doesn't look like bare fiberglass to me. |
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Yashamaru is the care taker and only friend of Gaara. He was ordered by Kazekage to look after Gaara and to protect him as well (as if Gaara needs any protection). Yashamaru gets hurt when defending little kid's from Gaara. Yashamaru's sister was the mother of Gaara, and because of the curse Gaara has embedded in him, Yashmaru's sisters' life had to be sacrificed for the curse to work.
This protector of Gaara also explains that flesh wounds may hurt but they are easy to heal and medicine will speed up the process of healing. The other kinds of wounds are wounds inside your heart. Some may heal over time, some of them will last a lifetime. The only thing that can heal the wound of the heart is love. The caretaker tells Gaara that he has received this love from his (Yashamaru's) sister. He thinks that the sand protecting Gaara is the love of the mother.
Yashamaru is later ordered by Kazekage to kill Gaara as he is getting out of hand. He shows up in a face cover and attacks Gaara in the back. Of course the sand protects Gaara and he defeats Yashamaru with minimal effort. Gaara removes the face cover to realize his attacker was his only friend, Yashamaru.
The ninja of the sand explains that although on the surface he tried to like Gaara, but deep down he has always hated him. Yashamaru opens his jacket to reveal about 20 burn notes on his chest which catch on fire. His finals words are: "This is it. Please die."
shareef13 Comments: 12823 |
Quote by lilsig_14 yo read ur messages bitch
i agree 2 |
shareef13 Comments: 12823 |
Quote by worshipthebugboy i agree
yeah. Gaara has a sad past. who else agrees? |
worshipthebugboy Comments: 1680 |
Quote by orochimarufan he was he alive now but he a pinsie.
he also has a sad present. i mean i think he's dead. but he might not be. |
CaraHakto Comments: 344 |
Quote by worshipthebugboy I agree.
yeah. Gaara has a sad past. who else agrees? |
KisameMXLK Comments: 196 |
Poor gaara its sad watching his childhood:'( |
saskueuchiha Comments: 17 |
ill kill him easy! |
lilsig_14 Comments: 328 |
shareef ur such a click and i do read my messages ya fag |
Sugarfizz Comments: 46 |
Quote by RedSerpent55 Don't blame him, Gaara killed his sister.
If only he didn't try to kill Gaara... |
Akira1Inuzuka Comments: 163 |
I HATE YOU !!!!!! but I like you.............:now orry |
hinita314 Comments: 146 |
Quote by saskueuchiha whatever!!!
ill kill him easy! |
anthony511 Comments: 4 |
who think gaara is cool i do because his b-day is on my b-day |
Hakurulz Comments: 195 |
lol, garaa is cool! I don't like yashamaru much... HE BLEW UP TRING TO KILL A CHILD IN SPITE!!! OMFG! wat the HE11 Is WRONG WITH HIM?!?!?! |
5ofSound Comments: 259 |
Dude...this guys a ninja? He blew himself up! |
5ofSound Comments: 259 |
...anyone that read my angry messages on Tayuya's(my) bio, ignore them...had a sugar rush at the time.:tounge |
Hidan1995 Comments: 5 |
why would he kill gaara |


text:
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text:
All together again!
Trip Start
Mar 04, 2005
Trip End
Dec 31, 2014
Where I stayed
Matanuska River Park
We spent our second day in and around the Palmer area. The weather actually cooperated and I think a few of us got a bit of a sunburn at the 7pm baseball game we went to....when was the last time you went to a night game that was a sunny as as day game?? It is definately something that is unique to Alaska!


text:
Steinhoff raises R7.8bn to fund expansion
Comment on this storyLondon - Steinhoff International, South Africa's biggest furniture chain, will raise about R7.8 billion in a share offering to strengthen its financial position in its home market ahead of a secondary listing in Frankfurt.
The sale of about 150 million new shares to international investors and an additional rights issue for existing shareholders will raise about 17.8 billion rand after transaction costs, the Johannesburg-based company said in a statement today.
The new shares were sold at 52 rand cents each, a 12 percent discount to the 59.04 rand price at yesterday's market close.
The retailer said last week it's seeking a secondary listing on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange to increase its exposure to investors in Europe, its biggest market.
Steinhoff gets about half its revenue from continental Europe, where it owns French retailer Conforama.
The proceeds "will be repatriated to South Africa and used to strengthen the balance sheet and will give the company greater flexibility to continue the growth of its retail operations," the company said.
The South African Reserve Bank made the transfer of cash to Steinhoff's home market a condition when it approved the German listing.
The company said last week it will reduce its stake in KAP Industrial to about 45 percent from 62 percent through a sale of shares in the manufacturing unit. - Bloomberg News
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text:
Thread: Becoming a Firefighter
- Join Date
- May 2009
- Posts
- 5
Becoming a Firefighter
I am wondering what process one should take when switching careers and starting from scratch to become a firefighter. I am planning on going through a fire academy at my local community college as well as an emt-b course from an ambulance provider. Is this the right course of action? Should I be trying to volunteer at a fire department? I am 26 years old, have a bachelor's degree in teaching, and a very clean background and driving record. What are my chances of actually making it to a full-time paid firefighter. I want to thank anyone who would be willing to give me some advice or tips through this process.
- Join Date
- Feb 2009
- Location
- Alaska
- Posts
- 6
As for courses there are so very open courses that I have seen offerred that are set up to be followed by one from a fire house/service. Look into what curriculam sets forth for each course NFPA or IFSTA. Also start now in taking the extra time to pay detail to your physical health and fitness.
- Join Date
- Mar 2009
- Posts
- 37
Take as many tests as you can get to. Even if you dont want to work for the dept just take the test for practice. Having the degree is a good start. It would also look good on a resume if you were a volunteer. The dept should pay for your classes. Take as many as you can, it will help in the long run. As a firefighter you never stop learning.
The most important thing is too keep your self out of trouble. Dont do anything or say anything to decrease your chances of getting on the job.
And if you were became a volunteer and started running on calls you knows you may not like it. If that happens you say thanks guys no harm no faul.
Any quesitons jsut ask, firefighter's are a great bunch of people, good luck and welcome to the fire service.
- Join Date
- May 2009
- Posts
- 5
About volunteering
How easy is it to get into a volunteer position? I am located in the Wayne/Washtenaw county area. Do you know of any good departments to look into. Also, how do you find out when departments are testing? Are they always testing and taking applications? Thanks again.
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text:
I Want To Have Sex with Seth Rogen. But Why?
Categories: Pop Rocks
But why?
First up, let me say that Miss Pop Rocks is happily married, and she wouldn't cheat on her man even if Mr. Rogen showed up at her house with a box of Godivas and a bottle of Bombay Sapphire. But in theory -- in a purely theoretical way -- I want to have sex with him.
And this makes no sense to me.
Biology seems to suggest that as a woman, I should be attracted to a man with a lot of lean muscle mass and broad shoulders. A man whose swagger implies that he will be able to provide me with viable sperm and go out and work in the fields and use a hammer and shit like that.
Pudgy Seth Rogen is not that man.
Yet I am attracted to Seth Rogen.
It seems there are two kinds of women in the world. The women who are attracted to the Jake Ryan, captain of the football team, regional manager types, and the women who are attracted to the Lloyd Dobler, captain of the potheads, Monty Python types.
I am the latter, I suppose, which is where the Seth Rogen thing comes into play. (And Mr. Pop Rocks, too, for that matter.) I am not and have never been interested in big muscle men with thick necks who can change tires and spit and grab themselves, despite the fact that this kind of man -- in a purely evolutionary sense -- would be the better bet in terms of my long term survival. What I have always sought out is a man who can crack dirty jokes and toss off clever one-liners. If I were a cavewoman, I would be hungry, but I would be laughing a lot, I suppose.
Do you think women like me are not supposed to breed? Are we are destined to exist only to serve as an audience for our out-of-shape, slightly buzzed partners? Or did Darwin have a special plan for those of us who are motivated by more than just body type?
At any rate, Seth Rogen's a doll, and I can't wait to see Observe and Report. And if any biologists out there could answer my question about why I want to have sex with him, I would certainly appreciate it. Thanks.
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text:
Julio Cesar enjoying new chance with Brazil - 0 Comments
BELO HORIZONTE, Brazil — Julio Cesar's career went spiraling down after a mistake led to Brazil's elimination from the 2010 World Cup.
The Brazil goalkeeper even thought about quitting football because of the blunder that disappointed an entire nation.
But three years later, he is back with the national team, rejoicing about his chance to return to the big stage and try to help Brazil win the title that slipped away in part because of him.


text:
#15969 closed Bug (needsinfo)
upgraded 1.1 -> 1.3. Now NULL in ContentType.name causes error in admin
Reported by: | Scott Chapman <scott@…> | Owned by: | nobody |
Component: | contrib.contenttypes | Version: | 1.3 |
Severity: | Normal | Keywords: | |
Cc: | Triage Stage: | Unreviewed | |
Has patch: | no | Needs documentation: | no |
Needs tests: | no | Patch needs improvement: | no |
Easy pickings: | no | UI/UX: |
We are upgrading 1.1 to 1.3.
Oracle back end.
There are NULLS in DJANGO_CONTENT_TYPE.Name and DJANGO_CONTENT_TYPE.Model.
When I go to the Admin interface and try to change the user, an error comes up:
TemplateSyntaxError at /admin/auth/user/82/ Caught TypeError while rendering: coercing to Unicode: need string or buffer, NoneType found Request Method: GET Request URL: http://..../admin/auth/user/82/ Django Version: 1.3 Exception Type: TemplateSyntaxError Exception Value: Caught TypeError while rendering: coercing to Unicode: need string or buffer, NoneType found Exception Location: ..../django/contrib/auth/models.py in __unicode__, line 89 Python Executable: /usr/bin/python Python Version: 2.4.3
The new version of Django has None for the value in the ContenetType.Name. In version 1.1, it was an empty string, which would Unicode() correctly.
Change History (2)
comment:1 Changed 4 years ago by aaugustin
- Needs documentation unset
- Needs tests unset
- Patch needs improvement unset
- Resolution set to needsinfo
- Status changed from new to closed
ContentType is defined like this:
class ContentType(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=100) app_label = models.CharField(max_length=100) model = models.CharField(_('python model class name'), max_length=100)
It does not allow null or empty values in name and model, and this has not changed between 1.1 and 1.3.
So the columns should be NOT NULL in the database and blank values shouldn't be allowed.
NB: it seems that empty strings will be stored as NULL on Oracle (http://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/models/fields/#null), but that is not relevant here: neither NULL nor "" are allowed.
I really don't know how you ended up with NULL values in this table. Can you investigate to see how this happened? Did you modify the table manually? What is the current schema?
At this point, there isn't enough information to reproduce the problem.
comment:2 Changed 4 years ago by mischko
The NULL was inserted manually, bypassing the model framework. Sorry for the line noise here. Kindly disregard.


text:
Fabulous Duplex in the Heart of Park Slope
From $225 / night
Hide Property Details
Description from the owner
- 2 bedrooms
- 2 bathrooms
- Sleeps 4
- House
Bedrooms: 2
Bathrooms: 2
Sleeps: 4
Type: House
Fabulous Duplex in the Heart of Park SlopeDescription from the owner
Beautiful historic brick and brownstone in the heart of Brooklyn's Park Slope.
Near everything you want to do and just minutes to Manhattan.
Beautifully renovated, clean, light and modern.
2 large bedrooms one with a queen sized sleigh bed and one with a trundle bed - two twins.
Full bathroom upstairs and guest room downstairs.
Full sunny dining area, TV family area and eat in kitchen.
There is also a deck that leads down to a shady landscaped garden.
Sit on your own brownstone stoop and watch the lively Brooklyn action.
This is a very safe and family friendly block steps from 5th ave's best restaurants and shopping.
The house is well equipped ...Read more
About the owner
About the owner
Amanda M.
Amanda M.
Response rate 85%
Response time Within a day
Calendar updated 3 months ago
Overall rating5.0 / 5.0 based on 3 reviews and 2 properties
Fabulous Duplex in the Heart of Park Slope
Brooklyn, New York
Additional Location Information
Central Park Slope
R train to manhattan is around the corner
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text:
What was it about Diana, Princess of Wales, that brought such huge numbers of people from all walks of life literally to their knees after her death in 1997? What was her special appeal, not just to British subjects but also to people the world over? A late spasm of royalism hardly explains it, even in Britain, for many true British monarchists despised her for cheapening the royal institution by behaving more like a movie star or a pop diva than a princess. To many others, however, that was precisely her attraction.
Diana was beautiful, in a fresh-faced, English, outdoors-girl kind...
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text: Happy Monster - Washington Parks feat. Ed Harcourt by Ed Harcourt published on 2011/02/12 23:09:10 +0000 This is a beautiful song written by one Robert Manning (Happy Monster) who has MS. He contacted me about recording a cover version of it in order to help raise awareness for Multiple Sclerosis. Firstly for the more and more Multiple Sclerosis sufferers who are first diagnosed in their 20's without ever really understanding the disease or receiving support & secondly to help raise money for the MS Society in the UK. I had a listen to his version and I went into my studio last night and finished it this morning! There will also be other artists hopefully in the near future committing to this project and recording their own covers. So please buy when available from Robert's blog if you can: bobertmanning.blogspot.com


text:
Sumidero Canyon
Cañón del Sumidero National Park | |
IUCN category II (national park)
View of canyon which is represented on the Chiapas state seal
Location | Chiapas, Mexico |
Nearest city | Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas |
Coordinates | 16°49′54″N 93°05′38″W / 16.83167°N 93.09389°WCoordinates: 16°49′54″N 93°05′38″W / 16.83167°N 93.09389°W |
Area | 21,789 hectares (53,840 acres) |
Established | December 8, 1980[1] |
Governing body | Comisión Nacional de Areas Naturales Protegidas and Secretaría de Educación Pública |
Official name | Parque Nacional Cañón del Sumidero |
Designated | February 2, 2004 [2] |
Sumidero Canyon (Spanish: Cañón del Sumidero) is a narrow and deep canyon surrounded by a national park located just north of the city of Chiapa de Corzo in the Mexican state of Chiapas. The canyon's creation began around the same time as the Grand Canyon in the U.S. state of Arizona, by a crack in the area's crust and erosion by the Grijalva River, which still runs through it. The canyon has vertical walls which reach as high as 1000 meters, with the river turning up to ninety degrees during the thirteen kilometers that the narrow passage runs. At the north end of the canyon is the Chicoasén Dam, one of several on the Grijalva River and important for water storage and the generation of hydroelectricity. Surrounding the canyon is the Sumidero Canyon National Park, which extends for 21,789 hectares over four municipalities of the state of Chiapas. This park is administered by the Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (Conanp). Most of the vegetation of this park is low to medium height deciduous rainforest, with small areas of pine/oak trees and grassland.
The canyon/park is the second most important tourist site in Chiapas, drawing mostly Mexican visitors who see the canyon by boats which leave from Chiapa de Corzo. The park borders Tuxtla Gutiérrez, the state's largest city, which has caused problems with human encroachment and settlement on park land. More importantly, the urban areas and logging areas upstream from the canyon have caused serious pollution problems, with up to 5000 tons of solid waste extracted from the Grijalva River each year. This waste tend to build up in the canyon because of its narrowness, the convergence of water flows and the presence of the Chicoasén Dam.
The canyon and the Grijalva River[edit]
The Sumidero Canyon was formed by cracks in the earth's crust along with erosion by the Grijalva River, which still flows through it.[3][4] The process of its formation began about 35 million years ago, making the Sumidero contemporary with the Grand Canyon on the Colorado River .[3] The Grijalva is the main water system in the area, beginning in the Cuchumatanes in Guatemala. The river then flows through Chiapas, including the thirteen km length of the canyon from south to north then onto Tabasco before it empties into the Usumacinta River.[3][4] This river basin is one of the two most important in Chiapas, and one of the most important in Mexico with a total river length of 766 km, draining an area of 7,940km2, with an average flow of about forty million cubic meters.[4][5]
In addition to the Grijalva, there are other flows of water in the area in and around the canyon, many of which are seasonal. These consists of streams, some of which form waterfalls on the canyon's sides and underground movements which have created caves and karst formations.[3][4] The last important water formation in the area is the reservoir of the Chicoasén Dam, which is manmade.[4]
The canyon proper is deep and narrow, characterized by vertical walls. As the gap changes direction as much as 90 degrees in places, it separates the Meseta de las Animas mesa in the west from the Meseta de Ixtapa mesa in the east.[4] The width of the canyon varies from one to two kilometers. Most of the canyon's walls are between 200 and 700 meters high reaching 1000 meters at its highest point.[6][7] These walls expose a long process of disturbances in the Earth's crust here with layers of limestone from the Upper Mesozoic, which have fossils of marine creatures. During the Mesocretac Period, there was an elevation of ocean floor which formed much of the mountains of the area.[4]
The interior of the canyon has thirty rapids, five waterfalls, three beaches, two freshwater springs and a cofferdam three meters wide.[6] The canyon contains endangered and threatened species such as the Central American river turtle[8] and the American crocodile, which can be seen on the riverbanks.[7] The walls of the canyon contain small caves, rock formations and other notable features. The best known of the area's caves is the Cueva de Colores (Cave of Colors). This cave gets its name from the filtration of magnesium, potassium and other minerals which form colors on the walls, especially shades of pink. It contains an image of the Virgin of Guadalupe inside usually surrounded by fresh flowers and burning candles left by visitors. The Cueva de Silencio (Cave of Silence) is named such because of a lack of echo or any other kind of resonance in its interior.[4][9] In another small cave, there is a stalactite called the Caballito de Mar or Seahorse after its shape.[3] Of the various seasonal waterfalls, the best known is the Árbol de Navidad (Christmas Tree). The "branches" of the Árbol are made by deposits from the waterfall which have are then covered in moss. During the rainy season, when the waterfall is active, the water and the light changes the colors of the "branches" and makes the formation stand out more.[9] The park was a candidate in 2009 as one of the Seven New Natural Wonders of the World .[3][10]
Pollution problems[edit]
Via the Grijalva River, the wastewater of about 552,000 people in seventeen municipalities finds its way through the canyon according to park director Edda González del Castilla, with most coming from Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapa de Corzo, Berriozábal and Chicoasén .[11][12] Much of the sewerage comes into the Grijalva via the Sabinal River, which carries most of the waste water of the city of Tuxtla Gutiérrez.[13] In addition, trash and raw sewerage makes its way into the river from the various tributary streams.[12] Agricultural waste comes from the farms that line the river and its tributaries.[14]
The most obvious pollution is garbage, especially plastic containers, which mostly comes from area homes and businesses tossed onto the ground or in streams, especially from Chiapa de Corzo and Tuxtla Gutiérrez due to the lack of environmental awareness according to Conanp.[14][15] The quantity of this trash reaches its height during the rainy season, when runoff and swollen streams can carry more of it into the Grijalva.[6] While bottles and other plastic are what the casual visitor generally notices, other indicators include the overgrowth of water lilies (due to high levels of fecal matter) and dead animals.[12][15] However, this accounts for only about five percent of the total tonnage of waste that comes into the river each year.[11][16] Somewhere between 80 and 90% of the waste solids found in the river is branches, wood, rocks, sediment and other debris from legal and illegal logging, which cause deforestation .[11][14][16][17] These mostly come into the river during the rainy season, especially from the Villa Flores and Villa Corzo municipalities.[13] Only a small part of the solid waste is visible on the surface of the water, most is hidden underneath.[16][18]
As the solids flow along the Grijalva, they are constricted by the narrow channel of the canyon and then by the presence of the Chicoasén Dam.[12] This is particularly true at a point called "El Tapón" (The Plug), where two currents of water meet just before the reservoir back up of water from the Dam.[17]
It is estimated that about 5000 tons of trash accumulate each year,[5][11] and the river is considered to be one of the five most polluted in Mexico.[12] 3700 tons of solids were extracted from the canyon area in 2010 alone.[5] Many fish have died off or have developed abnormally due to contamination by fertilizers, pesticides and other chemicals.[13] This threatens the native American crocodiles as the agrochemicals kill off and poison the fish they need to eat.[18] In May 2011, the Fédération Internationale de Natation decided cancel its annual swim marathon in the canyon as they claimed that pollution levels in the river posed a risk to swimmers' health. The Comisión Nacional del Agua and the government of Chiapas disputed this, presenting their own test results stating that levels were below such levels.[5][11][16][19][20]
There are year-round and seasonal efforts to clean the river within the canyon and the area just upstream from it.[6][21] Much of the daily effort is undertaken by workers with the Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (Conanp) and the Secretariat of Tourism in Chiapas, which extract twelve tons of garbage from the Grijalva river each day.[21] Most of the season cleanup coincides with the rainy season, especially in September and October, when rains are heaviest.[6] This seasonal effort has included local police, civil protections agencies, social organization, the army and individual volunteers.[13][22] Efforts can involve up to 600 people at a time using 32 boats from four of the tourist cooperatives.[6] During the annual campaign to clean the canyon in 2005 more than 60,000 tons of trash was removed. Generally, about forty tons of garbage is collected each day during these campaigns.[12][13]
While the cleanup efforts have improved the situation in the canyon,[6] the garbage reaccumulates especially during the rainy season.[12] Part of the price that tourists pay for boat rides into the canyon pays for cleanup efforts, but the boat operators state that the canyon remains filled with trash.[15] Conanp also states that cleanup efforts are insufficient.[13] Mexico's federal environmental agency, the Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (Semarnat) states that it cannot get involved in the situation as it is the municipalities that have the responsibility for disposing of trash appropriately. However, many of these local governments do not have landfills or the separation of recyclables.[21]
Chicoasén Dam[edit]
At the northern end of the Sumidero Canyon is the Chicoasén Dam, formally called the Manuel M. Torres Dam, is one of a number of dams which have been built along the Grijalva River for water storage and the generation of hydroelectric power. This dam and its reservoir is considered to be part of the Sumidero Canyon system.[4] The Sumidero Canyon National Park is defined on the north end of the river by this dam and the Belisario Domínguez Bridge on the south.[3] The dam was constructed between 1974 and 1980. The reservoir covers an average of 2,193 hectares, and the complex employs about 600 workers.[9]
The Chicoasén Dam produces electricity and manages the flow of the Grijalva river along with the Hondo River and the Muñiz, El Jardín and El Cacao streams, which converge to form the Osumacinta River. This reservoir is one of the most important in the country. The hydroelectric station is also one of the most important in the country with thirty generators with the potential to generate 3,928.48 megawatts, with an average of 5,749.99 gigawatts per hour. This is just over thirty percent of all hydroelectric energy produced in Mexico.[4]
National park[edit]
Establishment of the park[edit]
The Sumidero Canyon National Park has its origins in a Chiapas state decree issued in 1972, which made the area around the canyon an ecological reserve to preserve its geology, history and wildlife and to allow for scientific study.[4][9] For similar reasons, the park was taken over and enlarged to 21,789 hectares by the federal government in 1980.[4][7] Most private landholders in the area were compensated for their lands, but not all resident persons or businesses were evicted.[4] Since that time, the park has been under the administration of various agencies such as SAHOP, SEDUE and SEMARNAP, with the current managers, the Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas and the Secretaría de Educación Pública.[4] In 2004, the park came under the protection of the Ramsar Convention due to the importance of its ecology and water systems. It was also named a Región Prioritaria Terrestre and an Área de Importancia para la Conservación de las Aves by the Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (Conabio) in 2000.[4] In 2005 and 2006, this agency enlarged the park again with the expropriation of lands in the municipality of San Fernando and municipality of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, adding a total of 1660 hectares.[4] It remains, however, smaller than most other national parks in Mexico.[23]
The center of the park is the Sumidero Canyon and the Grijalva River that runs from south to north through it. The parks borders on this river are marked by the Belisario Domínguez Bridge, over which the Pan American Highway runs, in the south and the Chicoasén Dam, 35 km to the north.[3][9] The rest of the park's borders extend into the municipalities of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapa de Corzo, Osumacinta and San Fernando.[14] This territory is mostly located in the Central Valley region of the state.[4] The park is open 365 days a year.[24] The park is divided into four sections by direction. The northwest includes medium height, somewhat deciduous rainforest as well as some lowland rainforest and grassland, found in the municipalities of Osumacinta and San Fernando. The west portion has similar vegetation, and is located entirely in San Fernando. The east portion has forests of pine as well as medium height semi deciduous rainforest and grasslands. This is found in Chiapa de Corzo. The southeast has most of the sides of the canyon itself, a navigable section of the Grijalva River but with only remnants of medium height rainforest and pachycaulous vegetation.The main land access into the park is from Tuxtla Gutiérrez north through Osumacinta then past the Chicoasén Dam. Another access is from Chiapa de Corzo by boat from the Cahuaré Docks.[4] As the main attraction of the park is the canyon, several lookout points have been constructed in various parts of the rim. La Ceiba is closest to the city of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, only eight km away. The Los Chiapas point is near where the canyon's walls rise highest from the river below, where according to legend, a number of Chiapa people preferred to commit suicide by jumping rather than submit to Spanish domination. This lookout also has a restaurant.[9]
Climate and vegetation[edit]
Despite its biological, ecological and cultural diversity, there have been few studies performed within the park area. For this reason, there is a lack of information about species, habitats and water flow. There is also relatively little information about how human activities affect the park.[4]
As the park is located in the Central Valley of Chiapas and borders the Northern Mountains region, altitudes vary from 600 meters above sea level in the municipality of Chiapa de Corzo to 1200 masl at the El Roblar lookout point. This geography produces a channel for air flow from northwest to southeast as well as three main climates based on the Köeppen system as modified for Mexico. These are hot and dry (where airflow is blocked); semi hot and humid and hot and humid. The average rainfall for the park is about 1,000 mm during the rainy season from May to October and 200 mm during the dry season from November to April.[4] Average annual temperature is 26C.[24] The rugged terrain also makes of a number of microclimates.[7]
Climate data for 2007 in Central Chiapas | |||||||||||||
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Average high °C (°F) | 29.3 (84.7) |
31.5 (88.7) |
33.1 (91.6) |
34.8 (94.6) |
34.6 (94.3) |
32.7 (90.9) |
32.6 (90.7) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.1 (88) |
29.6 (85.3) |
30.0 (86) |
29.6 (85.3) |
31.7 (89.1) |
Average low °C (°F) | 17.0 (62.6) |
17.2 (63) |
18.3 (64.9) |
20.3 (68.5) |
21.3 (70.3) |
20.7 (69.3) |
20.3 (68.5) |
20.4 (68.7) |
20.3 (68.5) |
19.7 (67.5) |
17.9 (64.2) |
16.7 (62.1) |
19.2 (66.6) |
Average precipitation cm (inches) | 12.68 (4.992) |
3.36 (1.323) |
3.82 (1.504) |
5.82 (2.291) |
16.35 (6.437) |
28.75 (11.319) |
26.94 (10.606) |
41.65 (16.398) |
34.82 (13.709) |
39.82 (15.677) |
4.75 (1.87) |
2.44 (0.961) |
221.2 (87.09) |
Source: CONAGUA |
Most of the park's vegetation, especially around the canyon is rainforest.[7] Most species found in the park include those of the Fabaceae family with 59 species and the Asteraceae family with 25 species, which reflect the abundance of these families statewide. Another important family is the Orchidaceae and Euphorbiaceae, each with 22 species, the Canvolvulaceae family with seventeen species and the Cactaceae with eleven species. 122 species are considered valuable as ornamental plants with 46 having medicinal use and 31 species can be logged. These mostly come from the rainforest areas. Most rainforst vegetation is mostly deciduous, shedding leaves in the dry season. However, there are perrenial rainforests, forests of pine and oak, grassland (mostly induced) and areas with secondary vegetation.[4]
The three main vegetation classifications are low height rainforest, medium height rainforest (as per the size of the trees), oak-pine forest and meadows.[7] Medium height deciduous rainforest is mostly located on either side of the canyon, in the north and east of the part towards San Fernando and in the Cañada Muñiz at altitudes of between 150 and 1250 masl. It is mostly found in areas with basalt or granite rock and where there are lime deposits, covering an area of 11,382 hectares in total. While many plants here loose leaves in the dry season, there are some that retain them year round. Maximum height of trees varies between twenty five and thirty meters. The density of the tree cover in these areas is enough to lower temperatures on the ground in the summer rainy season due to the maximum foliage which occurs at this time. The tree cover is composed of the following species, breadnut ([[Brosimum alicastrum]]), guanacaste (Enterolobium cyclocarpum), totoposte (Licania arbórea), jocotillo (Astronium graveolens), cedar (Cedrela odorata), cuaulote blanco (Luehea candida), hormiguillo (Platymiscium dimorphandrum), chicozapote (Manilkara achras), tempisque(Mastichodendron capiri) and various types of amate fig trees (Ficus spp.). Under the tree cover, there is significant plant diversity including palms and araceas. Epiphytes (air plants) are abundant as well, along with orchids, bromeliaceae and cactus. Cactus are primarily found on the vertical walls of the canyon and belong to the Ancanthocereus family. In the 1970s, tree area in a good state of conservation amounted to 3,818 hectares or 17.72% of the total land area. From 1988 to 1993, this amount was reduced to 1107 hectares or 5.35%. From 1990 to 2000, it is estimated that eight percent of the remaining forests and 38% of the rainforests were damaged. Many of the areas in good condition are broken up by disturbed areas. Most of the damage is due to illegal logging and the clearing of land for pasture or agriculture.[4]
Medium height perennial rainforest (also known as evergreen cloud forest) exists only in small dispersed patches, mostly on the sides of the canyon in contact with the Grijalva River. Many of these patches are under a hectare in size as they are located on small areas of flat land at an altitude of between 1000 and 2,500 masl. The soils are rich in un-decomposed plant matter which hold in moisture.[4]
Low height deciduous rainforest is mostly found around the La Ceiba and La Coyota lookout points in the south and southeast sections of the park, with some in the east towards the La Chacona Cañada. These occupy a territory of 4,404 hectares in the park. Tree heights extend from four to ten meters with some as high as fifteen meters. Non tree species are not as common and mostly consist of succulent species such as Agave, Opuntia, Stenocereus and Cephalocereus. Other important species include Alvaradoa amorphoides, Bursera simaruba, Ceiba acuminate, Bursera bipinnata, Bursera excels, Cochlospermum vitifolium, Haematoxylon brasiletto, Piscidia piscipula, Swietenia humilis, Acacia collinsii and Pseudobombax ellipticum .[4]
Pine/oak forests exist in the northwest of the park in the highest altitudes, covering about 87 hectares. They are part of the same type of forest found in the Soyaló region it is adjacent to. They are found at an altitude of 1,200 masl and above in areas that receive precipitation of about 1500 mm per year. The most common species is the oak called Quercus conspersa, often found mixed with the two kinds of rainforest found in the park. Air plants are common here as well as bromeliads, orchids and plants from the Maxillaria, Lycaste, Cattleya and Laelia families.[4]
Grassland is not naturally occurring but rather exists due to human activities such as farming and livestock raising. It is seen on the north and south sides of the canyon and associated with secondary vegetation such as Tecoma stans, Gliricidia sepium, Plumeria rubra and Acacia collinsii, occupying an area of 6539 hectares in the park.[4]
Over the history of the area, especially since it was definitively explored in the 1960s, the area's wildlife diversity has been severely negatively impacted by human encroachment in the form of settlements, agriculture and hunting. However, since the federal park was established in the 1980s, wildlife diversity has increased. In 1986, the federal Secretaría de Agricultura y Recursos Hidráulicos (SARH) reported a total of ninety species of vertebrates divided into four species of fish, one amphibian, fourteen reptiles, 26 birds and forty mammals. A 2005 study indicates 308 species with four species of fish, fifteen amphibians, 195 birds, and fifty three mammals. Between these two, there have been a number of other studies which also show the growth of the number of wildlife species in the park.[4]
Information about fish species is scarce but at least four protected species have been detected. According to a CONANP study in 2007, there are twelve species of reptile here under protection, including the river crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) and one threatened species, the Coleonyx elegans. Birds are the most common type of animal in the park with about 195 species documented. Six of these species are threatened and seventeen are subject to special protection.[4] One threatened bird species in the park if the great Curassow (Crax rubra) .[3] Relatively abundant species include Actitus macularia, Dendrocygna autumnalis, Egretta caerulea, Egretta thula, Tachybaptus dominicus and Coragyps atratus, all of which are associated with bodies of water. There have been fifty three species of mammals detected recently in the park, of which two are considered to be threatened, two in danger and two subject to special protection.[4] Endangered and threatened species include the spider monkey(Ateles geoffroyi), jaguarondi, the ocelot, the lowland paca, the white-tailed deer, the anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) and the buzzard (Sarcoramphus papa) .[3] The most abundant species include the bat Artibeus jamaicensis and the rat peromyscus mexicanus .[4]
Conservation issues[edit]
The most important conservation issue in the park is the contamination of the Grijalva River, which passes through the Sumidero Canyon proper.[12][13] However, other threats to the park include human encroachment and other human activities. An estimated 1500 to 2000 hectares, or about six percent of the park total, have been encroached upon, mostly by illegal human settlements next to the city of Tuxtla Gutiérrez since the park was established. It is estimated that about 15,000 people live within the park's borders.[10][25][26] Most of these illegal constructions belong to the very poor who have migrated to the city from elsewhere. The demand for living space has created an industry of illegal subdivisions which are then sold without the proper title to victims. Three of the main neighborhoods to develop in this way are the Patria Nueva Alta, Arroyo Blanco, La Esperanza and Las Granjas. The encroachment is a result of the fast population growth of Tuxtla Gutiérrez and Chiapa de Corzo. The growth of these areas has led to land ownership disputes, loss of wild habitat and deforestation. In 2002, the federal and state government signed an accord to remove illegal human settlements and work to prevent further encroachment.[4] Operations to evict illegal settlers have been carried out such as a 2005 operation which evicted about one hundred people and others that have prevented new settlements from getting established.[25] However, the encroachment of human settlements into the park from the city of Tuxtla Gutiérrez has been so damaging that a 2007 report states that there is no other alternative than to deregulate this section of the park and work to prevent further incursion. However, the situation has not been helped by the fact that there are disputes over the boundaries of the park as decreed in 1980.[4] Since 2009, there have been further efforts by park management to stop the advancement of these illegal settlements as well.[10]
Despite this, a number of areas in the park are well-conserved mostly due to the very rugged terrain.[4]
In addition to the illegal settlements, there are legal settlements and operations which affect the park. There are eight ejidos which border the parks and whose activities directly affect it: San Antonio Zaragoza, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco Sarabia, Gabriel Esquinca, Benito Juárez, Osumacinta, El Palmar, 16 de Septiembre and Nuevo Bochil. Established before the park, there are still five ejidos and three human settlements established within, Libertad Campesina (population 495), Nueva Esperanza (139), La Unión (329), El Paraíso (134), Tierra Colorada (199), La Candelaria / Triunfo Agrarista (631). As of 2005, the total population within the park's borders was 1927.[4] Because of human activity, this park is one of the most susceptible to wildfires, and the most damaged by such in Mexico from 2009 to 2011. Many of these were started by human activity in or near the park such as one fire set on a nearby farm in May 2011.[23]
In addition to this, there are lime and other extraction operations within the park's borders. They exist legally because they had been there well before the park was established.[26] However, these operations have destroyed about 2,600 hectares.[5] These operations produce noise, smoke, dust and small tremblers from explosions used to extract the minerals. Much of the environment damage come from runoff from mining waste which winds up in the Grijalva River. However the dust and smoke have produced a distinct white coating on surrounding flora.[26]
The scenery of the canyon has become a major tourist attraction for the state, with developments for eco tourism and extreme sports. The navigable part of the Grijalva River is mostly used to ferry visitors into the canyon area. The park has six lookout points accessible by land called La Ceiba, La Coyota, El Roblar, Tepehuaje, Los Chiapas and Manos. In the rainy season, tourism is enhanced by the activity of waterfalls such as the Árbol de Navidad, Cueva del Hombre, Cueva del Silencio, Cueva de Colón, Cueva de Colores and Cueva del Suspiro. A lesser known attraction is the archeological site called the Ruins of Berlin. The most important economic activity in the canyon is ecotourism. Most of the visitors are Mexicans. Weekends are busiest with local and regional visitors to bike, swim, hike, camp and picnic.[4]
The canyon is the second most visited site in Chiapas, after Palenque .[6][22] The park is visited annually by 300,000 people about 80% are from Mexico and the rest from abroad.[17] During vacation times, the park may be visited by anywhere from 1,000 to 7,000 people per day, who either enter by car to go to the lookout points or enter by water by boat from Chiapa de Corzo. Entrance and boating fees can generate about 70,000 pesos per day for cleanup efforts.[6][15] The number of visitors to the park hit a peak in 2003 with about 196,500.[4]
Commercial activity in the park is limited to those which serve tourists, sales of food and Mexican handcrafts and folk art. Tour operators are organized into cooperatives, with food and craft vendors working independently. These merchants must receive an annual permit in order to operate within the park's borders. The most important of these businesses are the boats which ferry people through the canyon along the Grijalva River.[4] Most of these boat tours operate out of Chiapa de Corzo and run along the river to the Chicoasén Dam for a distance of about thirty km.[7] Chiapa de Corzo has two main docks for this activity. The largest and oldest is called Cahuare, with paved areas and a restaurant. The second smaller one also has restaurants but it also has a swimming area as well.[9] These two docks host six tour cooperatives, with about 120 boats that can hold between ten and forty passengers each.[4][27] As they take visitors from Chiapa de Corzo or Tuxtla Gutierrez through the canyon and to the dam, providing environmental, historical and cultural information. These are the most organized tourist activity in the park.[4]
A spate of accidents involving these boats occurred from late 2009 to early 2010, claiming the lives of six tourists and hurt sixty two others. The accidents occurred on decrepit boats, many of which were operating without permission with underage or unlicensed crew members. There were no ambulance boats and no first aid services on shore. Two of the cooperatives, Ángel Albino Corzo and Nandiume were suspended and fined for the accidents, taking about sixty boats out of operation.[27] These boating accidents caused significant problems for the tourism industry.[28]
For those who choose to see the canyon from the lookout points above, there are restaurants and other food service places as well as camping and picnicking facilities.[7]
The other two attractions of the park are general ecotourism and extreme sports. The park has hiking paths and sports fishing is allowed sporadically by permit.[4][9] There are some locations that rent kayaks and other boats.[24] The Amikúu Ecological Park is located within the canyon area, which is accessible by boat from Chiapa de Corzo. The park is divided into three parts; Discover the Canyon, Colors of Chiapas, and Area of Adventure. The first is located in the dock area, with a demonstration of the history of the canyon and a video of its geological formation. There is also a souvenir shop here. The interior of the park contains a 300 meter long zip line. Colors of Chiapas is a small museum which exhibits the traditional dress and native musical instruments of the state's indigenous peoples. The Area of Adventure takes visitors on a tour of the rainforest area, which include a suspension bridge. It also has a herpetarium, an aviary and enclosure for jaguars and one for crocodiles. The park was opened in 2009 at an initial cost of 120 million pesos.[29]
Extreme sports include mountain biking, rappelling, spelunking and more. Rappelling allows for access to many of the canyon's small caves which are not accessible any other way.[24] The dam area has recreational fishing with an annual tournament. One major annual event is the Copa Mundo Fino swimming marathon.[4] An Australian base jumper plunged to his death in 2006 after jumping off an 800 meter cliff in the canyon. The accident occurred during a sanctioned event sponsored by an energy drink maker with jumpers from Australia, the U.S., Europe and Mexico.[30]
History and archeology of the area[edit]
The history of the area is connected to the Chiapa people, who occupied the Central Valley area before the arrival of the Spanish. The origin of these people is not known, but theories have them migrating north from Nicaragua or even Paraguay. Their main settlement was in Chiapa de Corzo near the canyon, with a fortified area in the higher areas in the canyon for protection from invasions. The Chiapa fiercely resisted Spanish conquest and were not subdued until the arrival of Diego de Mazariegos in 1528. Their last refuge was in the fortified area, now known as the archeological site of the Ruins of Berlin. Here the last of the Chiapa held out from 1528 to 1535 after the Spanish took over the main city. Legend states that when this last fortification fell, the remaining Chiapa committed collective suicide by jumping into the canyon. Since then, the canyon has served as a boundary marker between the Zoque and Tzotzil peoples.[4]
Until the 20th century, the canyon area was relatively unexplored.[4] In 1895, three Frenchmen attempted to explore the canyon but were drowned in the river. An American came in 1932 but also perished. This gave rise to legends about witchcraft in the areas as well as the ferocity of the area's crocodiles. In 1960, an expedition of soldiers from the Mexican army, nicknamed the "red handkerchiefs" succeeded into crossing through the canyon by boat over twenty km. This opened up the canyon to local exploration and exploitation, including rudimentary tourism and the hunting of crocodiles and other native fauna.[9]
There has been little archeological work done in the area. The main site is called the Ruins of Berlin, named after German explorer Heinrich Berlin, who visited the area in 1946 and named the area "Sumidero.[4][9] This site is located seven km from the Belisario Domínguez Bridge in Tuxtla on the edge of the river. It covers an area of 467 by 60 meters, bounded by small mounds surrounding patios. The original description of the site was undertaken in 1923 and 1932 by Becerra, who called it Chiapa Viejo, and stated it was the capital of the Chiapa people. However, Remesal in 1966 determined it was a secondary site. The last major survey was done in 1976 by Alejandro Martínez, discovering that there are twenty four individual sites of which nine are mounds and fifteen of which are in caves. One of these contains cave paintings which indicate that the area has been occupied since at least the very early Pre Classic period.[4]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cañón del Sumidero. |
- ^ Comision Nacional de Areas Naturales Protegidas. "SISTEMA DE INFORMACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA". Retrieved March 10, 2010.
- ^ "Ramsar List". Ramsar.org. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Cañón del Sumidero quiere ser Maravilla Natural del Mundo" [Sumidero Canyon wants to be a Natural Wonder of the World]. Terra (in Spanish) (Mexico City). April 17, 2009. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as Conanp (November 2007). Estudio previo justificativo para modificar el decreto del area natural protegida Parque Nacional "Cañon del Sumidero" Chiapas, México (PDF) (Report). Conanp/Semarnat. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Martin Morita (April 29, 2011). "Cobra la basura factura al Sumidero" [Garbage takes its toll in the Sumidero]. Reforma (in Spanish) (Mexico City). p. 18.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i María Teresa del Riego (September 28, 2008). "Limpian Sumidero en Chiapas" [Cleaning the Sumidero in Chiapas]. Reforma (in Spanish) (Mexico City). p. 23.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Explora el Parque Nacional Cañón del Sumidero (Chiapas)" [Explore the Sumidero Canyon National Park (Chiapas)] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ Mariana Morales (May 16, 2011). "Rescatan tortugas blancas del Cañón del Sumidero en Chiapas" [Rescue white turtles in the Sumidero Canyon in Chiapas]. El Heraldo de Chiapas (in Spanish) (Tuxtla Gutiérrez). Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Luis Enrique Pacheco (August 31, 1997). "Un paraiso chiapaneco" [A Chiapas paradise]. Reforma (in Spanish) (Mexico City). p. 8.
- ^ a b c Mariana Morales (May 2, 2011). "Cañón del Sumidero en Chiapas afectadas por asentamientos urbanos" [Sumidero Canyon in Chiapas affected by urban settlements]. El Heraldo de Chiapas (in Spanish) (Tuxtla Gutierrez: Organización Editorial Mexicana). Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Martín Morita (March 24, 2010). "Descargan 17 municipios al Cañón del Sumidero" [17 municipalities discharge into the Sumidero Canyon]. Reforma (in Spanish) (Mexico City). p. 12.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Susana Solís (August 15, 2005). "Cañón del Sumidero, basurero de Chiapas" [Sumidero Canyon, trash heap of Chiapas]. Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish) (Mexico City). Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g Susana Solís (August 24, 2005). "El Ejército al rescate del Cañón del Sumidero" [The Army to the rescue in the Sumidero Canyon]. Televisa Espectáculos (in Spanish) (Mexico City). Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Mariana Morales (May 28, 2011). "Inicia campaña de limpieza en Cañón del Sumidero, Chiapas" [Cleaning campaign begins in the Sumidero Canyon, Chiapas]. El Heraldo de Chiapas (in Spanish) (Tuxtla Gutierrez). Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Susan Solís (August 12, 2005). "Agoniza el Cañón del Sumidero" [Sumidero Canyon agonizes]. Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish) (Mexico City). Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Martin Morita (May 1, 2011). "Ordenan otro monitoreo del agua del Sumidero" [Order another test of the water at Sumidero]. Reforma (in Spanish) (Mexico City). p. 16.
- ^ a b c Natalia Gómez Quintero (September 10, 2007). "Desolador panorama en cañón del Sumidero" [Desolate panorama en the Sumidero Canyon]. El Universal (in Spanish) (Mexico City).
- ^ a b Daniel Pensamiento (June 5, 1999). "Viven desastre ecologico: Amenazan cazadores a cocodrilos" [Experiencing a ecological disaster:Hunters threatening crocodiles]. El Norte (in Spanish) (Monterrey, Mexico). p. 9.
- ^ Martín Morita (April 30, 2010). "Rechazan contaminación en el Sumidero" [Reject contamination in the Sumidero]. Reforma (in Spanish) (Mexico City). p. 16.
- ^ Martin Morita (May 5, 2011). "Presumen limpieza del Sumidero" [Showing off the cleanliness of the Sumidero]. Reforma (in Spanish) (Mexico City). p. 21.
- ^ a b c Luis Enrique Pacheco (August 13, 2005). "Culpan a Municipios por basura en Canon" [Blame municipalities for garbage in the Canyon]. Palabra (in Spanish) (Saltillo, Mexico). p. 12.
- ^ a b Martín Morita (September 28, 2008). "Otra limpia al Sumidero" [Another cleaning of the Sumidero]. Reforma (in Spanish) (Mexico City). p. 2.
- ^ a b Mariana Morales (March 29, 2011). "Incendio amenaza reserva Cañón del Sumidero en Chiapas" [Fire threatens the Sumidero Canyon reserve in Chiapas]. El Heraldo de Chiapas (in Spanish) (Tuxtla Gutiérrez: Organización Editorial Mexicana). Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d "P. E. Cañón del Sumidero" [Sumidero Canyon Ecological Park] (in Spanish). Chiapas, Mexico: Secretaría de Turismo Chiapas. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ a b Maria Teresa del Riego (September 21, 2005). "Sacan a 100 paracaidistas de Sumidero" [Evict one hundred squatters from the Sumidero]. Reforma (in Spanish) (Mexico City). p. 23.
- ^ a b c Martín Morita (March 7, 2010). "Daña calera al Sumidero" [Lime operations damage the Sumidero]. Reforma (in Spanish) (Mexico City). p. 14.
- ^ a b Martín Morita (March 2, 2010). "Tiene paseos mortales el Cañón del Sumidero" [Deadly trips in the Sumidero Canyon]. El Norte (in Spanish) (Monterrey, Mexico). p. 11.
- ^ Laura Embriz (July 18, 2010). "El Cañón del Sumidero, es el lugar más atractivo" [Sumidero Canyon, the most attractive place]. Diario de Chiapas (in Spanish) (Tuxtla Gutiérrez). Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ Laura Llerena (May 22, 2011). "Chiapas 2 en 1, ofrece ecoturismo y adrenalina" [Chiapas 2 for 1, offers ecotourism and adrenaline]. El Excélsior (in Spanish) (Mexico City). Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ "NSW: Dead BASE jumper liked to push to the extreme". AAP General News Wire (Sydney). September 14, 2006. p. 1.


text:
Hoopla Fish
on ESB
on ESB
Unofficial Name
This page contains information on a subject that does not yet have an official name. Once an official name is given to the subject or character, this template can be removed. |
Hoopla Fish | |
| |
Physical appearance | |
Gender: | Male |
Color: | Green |
Eye color: | Black |
Classification: | Clam |
First appearance: | "Krusty Krab Training Video" |
Latest appearance: | "Krusty Krab Training Video" |
Portrayer: | Dee Bradley Baker |
List of characters |
The Hoopla Fish is a character that only appears in the episode "Krusty Krab Training Video."
The Hoopla Fish is a very small, green fish that wears a purple shirt and indigo pants. He opened his mouth widely when he yelled "Hoopla."
The Hoopla Fish continually interrupted the narrator every time he was going to say, "Sounds like a lot of hoopla to make over a little Krabby Patty, right?" After the Hoopla Fish shouted and cut off the narrator too many times, he got hit with a brick.
- In the Spanish version, he says "Hurra!" which means "Hooray!"
- In one airing of "Krusty Krab Training Video," the Hoopla fish says nothing and gets hit by a brick.
- In the German version, he says "Hoppla!," which translates to "Oops!"
- He is very popular on YouTube for memes and YouTube Poops.


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Subject: | [TowerTalk] Times Fiber T10 Drop Cable - Again |
From: | email@example.com (Chris VE3FU / VO2AC) |
Date: | Tue, 31 Aug 1999 21:17:03 -0400 |
Hi, My last message about this cable never got any responses so I figured I'd try again with a little more information. I'm trying to find out if Times Fiber T10 Series 11 Drop Cable is suitable for HF use. For those who may be more familiar with Belden or Commscope Cables, the T10 Series 11 Drop Cable = Belden 1524A = Commscope F1160BVM. I hope these numbers will be more familiar to someone and will get a response. Please see http://www.contesting.com/_towertalk/9908/0505.html for my original post. 73, Chris VE3FU / VO2AC firstname.lastname@example.com firstname.lastname@example.com email@example.com -- FAQ on WWW: http://www.contesting.com/towertalkfaq.html Submissions: email@example.com Administrative requests: firstname.lastname@example.com Problems: email@example.com Search: http://www.contesting.com/km9p/search.htm |
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