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Office of Scientific and Technical Information
Scroll compressor modelling for heat pumps using hydrocarbons as refrigerants
E-Print Network [OSTI]
1 Scroll compressor modelling for heat pumps using hydrocarbons as refrigerants Paul BYRNE and to install heat pumps in unoccupied spaces. Nevertheless manufacturers keep working on components for hydrocarbons. In the frame of a research project on heat pumps for simultaneous heating and cooling, an R407C
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
Heating hydrocarbon containing formations in a line drive staged process
DOE Patents [OSTI]
Method for treating a hydrocarbon containing formation are described herein. Methods may include providing heat to a first section of the formation with one or more first heaters in the first section. First hydrocarbons may be heated in the first section such that at least some of the first hydrocarbons are mobilized. At least some of the mobilized first hydrocarbons may be produced through a production well located in a second section of the formation. The second section may be located substantially adjacent to the first section. A portion of the second section may be provided some heat from the mobilized first hydrocarbons, but is not conductively heated by heat from the first heaters. Heat may be provided to the second section with one or more second heaters in the second section to further heat the second section.
Miller, David Scott (Katy, TX)
Science Journals Connector (OSTI)
THE HEATS OF COMBUSTION OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AND HEXAMETHYLENE. ... Citation data is made available by participants in CrossRef's Cited-by Linking service. ... Experimental methods included adiabatic heat-capacity calorimetry (5 K to 420 K), comparative ... ...
Theodore W. Richards; Frederick Barry
Contemplation on the heats of combustion of isomeric hydrocarbons
Within the H�ckel molecular orbital theory, the heats of combustion of isomeric hydrocarbons are related to some topological factors. The standard heats of combustion values of alternant hydrocarbons, expressed as kcal/g, seem to be related to a4 coefficient of their secular polynomials.
Lemi T�rker
Irregular spacing of heat sources for treating hydrocarbon containing formations
A method for treating a hydrocarbon containing formation includes providing heat input to a first section of the formation from one or more heat sources located in the first section. Fluids are produced from the first section through a production well located at or near the center of the first section. The heat sources are configured such that the average heat input per volume of formation in the first section increases with distance from the production well.
Miller, David Scott (Katy, TX); Uwechue, Uzo Philip (Houston, TX)
ARM - Measurement - Radiative heating rate
Broader source: All U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office Webpages (Extended Search)
govMeasurementsRadiative heating rate govMeasurementsRadiative heating rate ARM Data Discovery Browse Data Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Measurement : Radiative heating rate The heating rate due to the divergence of long and shortwave radiative flux. Categories Radiometric, Atmospheric State Instruments The above measurement is considered scientifically relevant for the following instruments. Refer to the datastream (netcdf) file headers of each instrument for a list of all available measurements, including those recorded for diagnostic or quality assurance purposes. External Instruments MOLTS : Model Output Location Time Series Datastreams MOLTS : Model Output Location Time Series Datastreams MOLTSEDASSNDCLASS1 : Model Output Loc. Time Ser. (MOLTS): EDAS
Combined Retrieval, Microphysical Retrievals and Heating Rates
DOE Data Explorer [Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)]
Microphysical retrievals and heating rates from the AMIE/Gan deployment using the PNNL Combined Retrieval.
Feng, Zhe
Calculation of the heats of combustion of aromatic hydrocarbons contained in power-generating fuel
The additive method of group contributions is used for the calculation of the heats of combustion of aromatic hydrocarbons of different structures.
E. V. Sagadeev; V. V. Sagadeev
Calculation of the Heats of Combustion of Saturated Hydrocarbons Contained in Power-Generating Fuels
An empirical method is suggested for the calculation of the heats of combustion of saturated hydrocarbons by the additive scheme proceeding from their...
Calculation of the Heat of Combustion of Hydrocarbon Components of Fuels
Development is continued of the empirical method for the calculation of the heat of combustion of organic compounds and, in particular, of hydrocarbons of different structures by the additive scheme...
Burning of Hydrocarbon Fuels Directly in a Water-Based Heat Carrier
A principal possibility of burning hydrocarbon fuels directly in a water-based heat carrier is demonstrated. The first experimental results are presented by an example of burning acetylene in water with initia...
V. S. Teslenko; V. I. Manzhalei; R. N. Medvedev�
Time sequenced heating of multiple layers in a hydrocarbon containing formation
A method for treating a hydrocarbon containing formation may include providing heat to a first hydrocarbon layer in the formation from a first heater located in an opening in the formation. The opening and the first heater may have a horizontal or inclined portion located in the first hydrocarbon layer and at least one connecting portion extending between the horizontal or inclined portion and the surface. Isolation material is placed in the opening such that the isolation material partially isolates the layer in which the horizontal or inclined portion of the first heater is located. An additional horizontal or inclined opening portion that extends from at least one of the connecting portions of the opening is formed in a second hydrocarbon layer. A second heater to provide heat the second hydrocarbon formation is placed in the additional substantially horizontal opening portion.
Goldberg, Bernard (Houston, TX); Hale, Arthur Herman (Houston, TX); Miller, David Scott (Katy, TX); Vinegar, Harold J. (Bellaire, TX)
Hygienic rating of hydrocarbons in bottom deposits of water ecosystems
The authors of this article draw the reader�s attention to the topical problem of the contamination of bottom deposits of water ecosystems by hydrocarbons, such as oil and gas condensate,...
Rauf Valievich Galiulin�
In situ recovery from residually heated sections in a hydrocarbon containing formation
Methods of treating a tar sands formation is described herein. The methods may include providing heat to a first section of a hydrocarbon layer in the formation from a plurality of heaters located in the first section of the formation. Heat is transferred from the heaters so that at least a first section of the formation reaches a selected temperature. At least a portion of residual heat from the first section transfers from the first section to a second section of the formation. At least a portion of hydrocarbons in the second section are mobilized by providing a solvation fluid and/or a pressurizing fluid to the second section of the formation.
Vinegar, Harold J. (Bellaire, TX); Karanikas, John Michael (Houston, TX); Ryan, Robert Charles (Houston, TX)
Method for predicting the standard net heat of combustion for pure hydrocarbons from their molecular structure
Abstract A group contribution method is used to predict the standard net heat of combustion of pure hydrocarbons from their molecular structures. A multivariable nonlinear regression based on the least square method was used to arrive at a set of 32 atom-type structural groups that can best represent the standard net heat of combustion for about 452 pure hydrocarbon substances. The proposed method is very simple, requires no experimental data, and can predict the standard net heat of combustion from the knowledge of the molecular structure alone with an average absolute error of 0.71% and a correlation coefficient of 0.9982. The method can predict the standard net heat of combustion of hydrocarbon isomers as well.
Tareq A. Albahri
Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Terpenes. II. The Heats of Combustion of Some Terpene Hydrocarbons
The Heats of Combustion of Some Terpene Hydrocarbons ... Citation data is made available by participants in CrossRef's Cited-by Linking service. ... The heat capacities of a crystallized sample have been measured between 5 K and 250 K in an adiabatic calorimeter. ...
J. Erskine Hawkins; Warren T. Eriksen
Calculation of the Heat of Combustion of Components of Unsaturated Hydrocarbon-Based Power-Generating Fuel
Development is continued of the additive method of group contributions in application to the calculation of the heat of combustion of hydrocarbons of different chemical structures.
Heat loss reduction and hydrocarbon combustion in ultra-micro combustors for ultra-micro gas turbines
For the development of ultra-micro combustors for Ultra-Micro Gas Turbines (UMGT), heat loss reduction and hydrocarbon fuel use are the key issues. An approach for reducing the effect of heat loss in ultra-micro combustors was proposed. The heat loss ratio (HLR), which was defined as the ratio of heat loss rate from a combustor to heat release rate in the combustor, was related to the space heating rate (SHR), and experiments using some flat-flame ultra-micro combustors with hydrogen/air premixture exhibited the relation of HLR�?�SHR?0.92/? (?, characteristic length of combustor). From the viewpoint of heat loss reduction, burning at high SHR in compact ultra-micro combustors is essential for a practical UMGT combustor. As for hydrocarbon combustion, the flat-flame burning method with and without catalyst was applied to propane fuel. The flat-flame combustor, having an inner diameter of 18.5�mm, a height of 3.5�mm, and a volume of 0.806�cm3, could form a propane flame successfully in the chamber without a catalyst and achieved an extremely high SHR of 3370�MW/(MPa�m3). Flame stable region was wide enough, and the combustion efficiency achieved was more than 99.4% between the equivalence ratios of 0.5 and 0.7 at m ? a = 0.06 g / s . The flat-flame combustor using a Pt-impregnated porous plate showed catalytic combustion, but did not improve the combustion characteristic. On the other hand, the flat-flame combustor using a nozzle whose surface was covered with Pt showed a combination of catalytic and gas-phase combustion with improved combustion efficiency for a wider range of equivalence ratios, due to CO oxidation in the burned gas after gas-phase combustion in the chamber.
Takashi Sakurai; Saburo Yuasa; Taku Honda; Shoko Shimotori
Heating Rate Profiles in Galaxy Clusters
In recent years evidence has accumulated suggesting that the gas in galaxy clusters is heated by non-gravitational processes. Here we calculate the heating rates required to maintain a physically motived mass flow rate, in a sample of seven galaxy clusters. We employ the spectroscopic mass deposition rates as an observational input along with temperature and density data for each cluster. On energetic grounds we find that thermal conduction could provide the necessary heating for A2199, Perseus, A1795 and A478. However, the suppression factor, of the clasical Spitzer value, is a different function of radius for each cluster. Based on the observations of plasma bubbles we also calculate the duty cycles for each AGN, in the absence of thermal conduction, which can provide the required energy input. With the exception of Hydra-A it appears that each of the other AGNs in our sample require duty cycles of roughly $10^{6}-10^{7}$ yrs to provide their steady-state heating requirements. If these duty cycles are unrealistic, this may imply that many galaxy clusters must be heated by very powerful Hydra-A type events interspersed between more frequent smaller-scale outbursts. The suppression factors for the thermal conductivity required for combined heating by AGN and thermal conduction are generally acceptable. However, these suppression factors still require `fine-tuning` of the thermal conductivity as a function of radius. As a consequence of this work we present the AGN duty cycle as a cooling flow diagnostic.
Edward C. D. Pope; Georgi Pavlovski; Christian R. Kaiser; Hans Fangohr
Varying heating in dawsonite zones in hydrocarbon containing formations
SciTech Connect (OSTI)
A method for treating an oil shale formation comprising dawsonite includes assessing a dawsonite composition of one or more zones in the formation. Heat from one or more heaters is provided to the formation such that different amounts of heat are provided to zones with different dawsonite compositions. The provided heat is allowed to transfer from the heaters to the formation. Fluids are produced from the formation.
Vinegar, Harold J. (Bellaire, TX); Xie, Xueying (Houston, TX); Miller, David Scott (Katy, TX)
Property:HeatRate | Open Energy Information
Open Energy Info (EERE)
HeatRate HeatRate Jump to: navigation, search This is a property of type Number. Pages using the property "HeatRate" Showing 25 pages using this property. (previous 25) (next 25) A AES Mendota Biomass Facility + 17,873.6 + APS Biomass I Biomass Facility + 8,911 + Acme Landfill Biomass Facility + 12,916.67 + Adrian Energy Associates LLC Biomass Facility + 13,170.6 + Agrilectric Power Partners Ltd Biomass Facility + 17,327.1 + Al Turi Biomass Facility + 15,600.2 + Alabama Pine Pulp Biomass Facility + 15,826.23 + Albany Landfill Gas Utilization Project Biomass Facility + 11,913.9 + Altamont Gas Recovery Biomass Facility + 10,500 + American Canyon Power Plant Biomass Facility + 10,886.8 + American Ref-Fuel of Delaware Valley Biomass Facility + 18,674.9 +
Heating hydrocarbon containing formations in a spiral startup staged sequence
Methods for treating a hydrocarbon containing formation are described herein. Methods may include treating a first zone of the formation. Treatment of a plurality of zones of the formation may be begun at selected times after the treatment of the first zone begins. The treatment of at least two successively treated zones may begin at a selected time after treatment of the previous zone begins. At least two of the successively treated zones may be adjacent to the zone treated previously. The successive treatment of the zones proceeds in an outward, substantially spiral sequence from the first zone so that the treatment of the zones may move substantially spirally outwards towards a boundary of the treatment area.
Vinegar, Harold J. (Bellaire, TX); Miller, David Scott (Katy, TX)
Increased combustion rate of chlorobenzene on Pt/?-Al2O3 in binary mixtures with hydrocarbons and with carbon monoxide
The catalytic combustion of chlorobenzene on a 2�wt.% Pt/?-Al2O3 catalyst in binary mixtures with various hydrocarbons (toluene, benzene, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, 1,4-cyclohexadiene, 2-butene, and ethene) and with carbon monoxide has been explored. For all binary mixtures used the (excess of) added hydrocarbon increased the rate of conversion of chlorobenzene. With 2-butene, T50% and T100% for chlorobenzene were reduced by 100 and 200�C, respectively. Toluene and ethene were almost equally efficient as 2-butene. Co-feeding benzene or carbon monoxide resulted in a much smaller decrease of the T50%. The additional heat and water production in hydrocarbon combustion may contribute to some extent to the observed rate acceleration, but removal of Cl from the surface due to the hydrocarbon appears to be the major factor. The co-feeding of hydrocarbons invariably reduced the output of polychlorinated benzenes, which are formed as byproducts in the combustion of chlorobenzene on Pt/?-Al2O3. Again, especially toluene, ethene, and 2-butene were very efficient. Benzene � as well as cyclohexane, cyclohexene, and 1,4-cyclohexadiene, which were converted in situ into benzene � was much less effective, due to chlorination of the aromatic nucleus. In chlorobenzene�CO mixtures the levels of polychlorinated benzenes were almost as high as with chlorobenzene per se. Removal of Cl from the surface (mainly in the form of HCl) by (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons is responsible for reducing the formation of byproducts.
R.W. van den Brink; R. Louw; P. Mulder
Modeling of heat and mass transfer in a hydrocarbon fluid under inductive heating
Results of numerical simulations of the thermal action on a high-viscosity hydrocarbon fluid with temperature-dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity are presented. A system of equations of thermal convec...
L. A. Kovaleva; V. N. Kireev; A. A. Musin
Numerical analysis of convective heat transfer characteristics of supercritical hydrocarbon fuel in cooling panel with local flow blockage structure
Abstract The convection heat transfer of hydrocarbon fuel at supercritical pressure has a great influence on the regenerative cooling technology of a scramjet engine. A three-dimensional numerical simulation was conducted for the convection transfer of hydrocarbon fuel in the cooling panel of a combustion chamber wall. And the flow field around the local flow blockage structure and the outlet flow rate distribution characteristics of fuel in the cooling channels were analyzed in detail. The results of analyses indicate that with the optimized local flow blockage structure, the outlet flow rate distribution of fuel among the cooling channels become more uniform, as the area of local flow dead zone decreases. However, as the fuel temperature increases, the dramatic variation of thermodynamic physical properties of fuel has a strong influence on the flow field around the local flow blockage structure. Especially, a local flow dead zone can be easily formed in the supercritical temperature region. Meanwhile, transverse pressure gradient around the throat region of blockage structure and additional loss, which is caused by turbulence fluctuation and energy exchange of fluid in the downstream area, affect the outlet flow rate distribution of fuel among the coolant passages seriously. It can therefore be concluded that the local flow blockage structure is more suitably designed in the subcritical temperature region by taking above-mentioned factors into consideration.
Yu Feng; Jiang Qin; Wen Bao; Qinchun Yang; Hongyan Huang; Zhongqi Wang
Indoor Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Homes with or without Wood Burning for Heating
Indoor Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Homes with or without Wood Burning for Heating ... One wood-burning home had a boiler located in a shelter outside the house and was excluded from the study. ... The concentrations of BaP in the wood-burning homes (0.52 ng/m3) were within the range reported for an American home during operation of different airtight wood stoves (20) and for seven homes during wood burning in airtight wood stoves (21). ...
Pernilla Gustafson; Conny �stman; Gerd S�llsten
Strain Energies in Hydrocarbons from Heats of Combustion. III. 3,4,5,6- and 2,4,5,7-Tetramethylphenanthrenes1a
Strain Energies in Hydrocarbons from Heats of Combustion. ... Citation data is made available by participants in CrossRef's Cited-by Linking service. ...
Harold A. Karnes; Brian D. Kybett; Mary H. Wilson; John L. Margrave; Melvin S. Newman
Microbase Cloud Products and Associated Heating Rates in the...
Microbase Cloud Products and Associated Heating Rates in the Tropical Western Pacific J. H. Mather and S. A. McFarlane Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington...
Method of calculation of heat generation rates for DWPF glass
The Waste Acceptance Preliminary Specifications (WAPS) require estimates of the heat generation rate of DWPF waste glasses. Estimates of the heat generation rates of projected glass compositions are to be reported in the Waste Form Qualification Report. Similar estimates for actual production glasses are to be reported in the Production Records. In this report, a method of calculating the heat generation rate from the radionuclide inventory is provided. Application of the method to the DWPF Design-Basis glass indicates that the heat generation rate can be accurately estimated from the Sr-90, Y-90, Cs-137, Ba-137m, and Pu-238 contents alone.
Plodinec, M.J.
Tables for solution of the heat-conduction equation with a time-dependent heating rate
Tables are presented for the solution of the transient onedimensional heat flow in a solid body of constant material properties with the heating rate at one boundary dependent on time. These tables allow convenient and ...
Bergles A. E.
Influence of Heat Transmission Mode on Heating Rates and on the Selection of Patches for Heating in a Mediterranean Lizard
369 Influence of Heat Transmission Mode on Heating Rates and on the Selection of Patches for Heating in a Mediterranean Lizard Josabel Belliure* Luis M. Carrascal Department of Evolutionary Ecology´ Gutie´rrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain Accepted 6/6/02 ABSTRACT Heliothermy (heat gain by radiation
Carrascal, Luis M.
Standard test method for heat of combustion of hydrocarbon fuels by bomb calorimeter (high-precision method)
This method covers the determination of the heat of combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. It is designed specifically for use with aviation turbine fuels when the permissible difference between duplicate determinations is of the order of 0.1%. It can be used for a wide range of volatile and nonvolatile materials where slightly greater differences in precision can be tolerated. The heat of combustion is determined by burning a weighed sample in an oxygen-bomb calorimeter under controlled conditions. The temperature is measured by means of a platinum resistance thermometer. The heat of combustion is calculated from temperature observations before, during, and after combustion, with proper allowance for thermochemical and heat-transfer corrections. Either isothermal or adiabatic calorimeters may be used. The heat of combustion is a measure of the energy available from a fuel. A knowledge of this value is essential when considering the thermal efficiency of equipment for producing either power or heat.
Not Available
ARM - Evaluation Product - Broadband Heating Rate Profile Project (BBHRP)
ProductsBroadband Heating Rate Profile Project ProductsBroadband Heating Rate Profile Project (BBHRP) Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Evaluation Product : Broadband Heating Rate Profile Project (BBHRP) 2000.03.01 - 2006.02.28 Site(s) SGP General Description The objective of the ARM Broadband Heating Rate Profile (BBHRP) Project is to provide a structure for the comprehensive assessment of our ability to model atmospheric radiative transfer for all conditions. Required inputs to BBHRP include surface albedo and profiles of atmospheric state (temperature, humidity), gas concentrations, aerosol properties, and cloud properties. In the past year, the Radiatively Important Parameters Best Estimate (RIPBE) VAP was developed to combine all of the input properties
Solar Heating Rates: The Importance of Spherical Geometry
A crucial component of any GCM is a scheme for calculating atmospheric heating rates. Since a detailed treatment of all processes involved is time consuming, many approximations are usually made. An approximation used in virtually all GCM ...
D. J. Lary; M. Balluch
Sorption-enhanced steam reforming of hydrocarbons with autothermal sorbent regeneration in a moving heat wave of a catalytic combustion reaction
A novel technological concept of sorption-enhanced steam reforming of hydrocarbons is suggested. The peculiarity of the concept ... carbon dioxide scavenger in the moving super-adiabatic heat wave of an exothermi...
Andrey N. Zagoruiko; Alexey G. Okunev
Inverse bremsstrahlung heating rate for dense plasmas in laser fields
We report a theoretical analysis of inverse bremsstrahlung heating rate in the eikonal approximation. The present analysis is performed for a dense plasma using the screened electron-ion interaction potential for the ion charge state Z{sub i} = 1 and for both the weak and strong plasma screening cases. We have also compared the eikonal results with the first Born approximation (FBA) [M. Moll et al., New J. Phys. 14, 065010 (2012)] calculation. We find that the magnitudes of inverse bremsstrahlung heating rate within the eikonal approximation (EA) are larger than the FBA values in the weak screening case (? = 0.03 a.u.) in a wide range of field strength for three different initial electron momenta (2, 3, and 4 a.u.). But for strong screening case (? = 0.3 a.u.), the heating rates predicted by the two approximations do not differ much after reaching their maximum values. Furthermore, the individual contribution of photoemission and photoabsorption processes to heating rate is analysed for both the weak and strong screening cases. We find that the single photoemission and photoabsorption rates are the same throughout the field strength while the multiphoton absorption process dominates over the multiphoton emission process beyond the field strength ? 4�10{sup 8} V/cm. The present study of the dependence of heating rate on the screening parameter ranging from 0.01 to 20 shows that whereas the heating rate predicted by the EA is greater than the FBA up to the screening parameter ? = 0.3 a.u., the two approximation methods yield results which are nearly identical beyond the above value.
Dey, R. [D-203, Samruddhi Residency, Motera, Ahmedabad-380009, Gujarat (India)] [D-203, Samruddhi Residency, Motera, Ahmedabad-380009, Gujarat (India); Roy, A. C. [School of Mathematical Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Belur Math 711202, West Bengal (India)] [School of Mathematical Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Belur Math 711202, West Bengal (India)
Status of the Broadband Heating Rate Profile (BBHRP) VAP
Status of the Broadband Heating Rate Profile (BBHRP) VAP Status of the Broadband Heating Rate Profile (BBHRP) VAP Mlawer, Eli Atmospheric & Environmental Research, Inc. Clough, Shepard Atmospheric and Environmental Research Delamere, Jennifer Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. Miller, Mark Brookhaven National Laboratory Johnson, Karen Brookhaven National Laboratory Troyan, David Brookhaven National Laboratory Jensen, Michael Brookhaven National Laboratory Shippert, Timothy Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Long, Chuck Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Flynn, Connor Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Sivaraman, Chitra Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Turner, David University of Wisconsin-Madison Heck, Patrick University of Wisconsin Rutan, David Analytical Services & Materials, Inc.
In-Cylinder Mechanisms of PCI Heat-Release Rate Control by Fuel...
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
Mechanisms of PCI Heat-Release Rate Control by Fuel Reactivity Stratification In-Cylinder Mechanisms of PCI Heat-Release Rate Control by Fuel Reactivity Stratification Explores...
Prediction of the heat release rate of wood
A model for the heat release rate of wood during flaming combustion was developed during this research. It includes the effects of char shrinkage, multiple chemical components, adsorbed moisture, internal convective cooling and the variation of the thermophysical and thermochemical properties with temperature and the mass retention fraction of the char. It does not include char oxidation or diffusion of moisture and volatile pyrolysis products toward the rear surface. It calculates the time to ignition, mass burning rate, heat release rate, heat of combustion, heat of gasification and depth of char. An important part of this research was the determination of the thermochemical and thermophysical properties required by the model. An apparatus was developed for determining the kinetic parameters and the heat of combustion of the volatiles under conditions similar to those in the interior of a flaming slab of wood. Data were obtained on each of the four major chemical components present in Douglas fir. Thermal diffusivity measurements on Douglas fir and its char yielded an average value of 2.1 {times} 10{sup {minus}7} s{sup 2}/s which was nearly independent of temperature and mass retention fraction of the char for temperature sup to 500{degree}C and for mass-retention fractions above 0.30.
Parker, W.J.
Sensitivity of Radiative Fluxes and Heating Rates to Cloud Microphysics
Sensitivity of Radiative Fluxes and Heating Sensitivity of Radiative Fluxes and Heating Rates to Cloud Microphysics S. F. Iacobellis and R. C. J. Somerville Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California G. M. McFarquhar University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois D. L. Mitchell Desert Research Institute Reno, Nevada Introduction A single-column model (SCM) is used to examine the sensitivity of basic quantities such as atmospheric radiative heating rates and surface and top of atmosphere (TOA) radiative fluxes to various parameter- izations of clouds and cloud microphysics. The SCM was run at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program's Southern Great Plains (SGP), Tropical Western Pacific (TWP), and North Slope of Alaska (NSA) sites using forcing data derived from forecast products. The forecast
Standby Rates for Combined Heat and Power Systems
Improvements in technology, low natural gas prices, and more flexible and positive attitudes in government and utilities are making distributed generation more viable. With more distributed generation, notably combined heat and power, comes an increase in the importance of standby rates, the cost of services utilities provide when customer generation is not operating or is insufficient to meet full load. This work looks at existing utility standby tariffs in five states. It uses these existing rates and terms to showcase practices that demonstrate a sound application of regulatory principles and ones that do not. The paper also addresses areas for improvement in standby rates.
Sedano, Richard [Regulatory Assistance Partnership; Selecky, James [Brubaker & Associates, Inc.; Iverson, Kathryn [Brubaker & Associates, Inc.; Al-Jabir, Ali [Brubaker & Associates, Inc.
Atmospheric emissions from the Deepwater Horizon spill constrain airwater partitioning, hydrocarbon fate, and leak rate
releases of gas and oil mixtures is initially determined by solubility and volatility of individual bioavailability of different fractions of the gasoil mixture, and to develop a comprehensive picture of the fate of leaked hydrocarbons in the marine environ- ment. Analysis of airborne atmospheric data shows massive
Toohey, Darin W.
Cloud Properties and Radiative Heating Rates for TWP
A cloud properties and radiative heating rates dataset is presented where cloud properties retrieved using lidar and radar observations are input into a radiative transfer model to compute radiative fluxes and heating rates at three ARM sites located in the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) region. The cloud properties retrieval is a conditional retrieval that applies various retrieval techniques depending on the available data, that is if lidar, radar or both instruments detect cloud. This Combined Remote Sensor Retrieval Algorithm (CombRet) produces vertical profiles of liquid or ice water content (LWC or IWC), droplet effective radius (re), ice crystal generalized effective size (Dge), cloud phase, and cloud boundaries. The algorithm was compared with 3 other independent algorithms to help estimate the uncertainty in the cloud properties, fluxes, and heating rates (Comstock et al. 2013). The dataset is provided at 2 min temporal and 90 m vertical resolution. The current dataset is applied to time periods when the MMCR (Millimeter Cloud Radar) version of the ARSCL (Active Remotely-Sensed Cloud Locations) Value Added Product (VAP) is available. The MERGESONDE VAP is utilized where temperature and humidity profiles are required. Future additions to this dataset will utilize the new KAZR instrument and its associated VAPs.
Comstock, Jennifer
Property:Heat Recovery Rating | Open Energy Information
Rating Rating Jump to: navigation, search This is a property of type Number. Pages using the property "Heat Recovery Rating" Showing 22 pages using this property. D Distributed Generation Study/10 West 66th Street Corp + 300,000 + Distributed Generation Study/615 kW Waukesha Packaged System + 2,500,000 + Distributed Generation Study/Aisin Seiki G60 at Hooligans Bar and Grille + 46,105 + Distributed Generation Study/Arrow Linen + 3,000,000 + Distributed Generation Study/Dakota Station (Minnegasco) + 290,000 + Distributed Generation Study/Elgin Community College + 11,200,000 + Distributed Generation Study/Emerling Farm + 2,000,000 + Distributed Generation Study/Floyd Bennett + 230,000 + Distributed Generation Study/Harbec Plastics + 3,750,000 + Distributed Generation Study/Hudson Valley Community College + 32,500,000 +
Natural attenuation of fuel hydrocarbon contaminants: Hydraulic conductivity dependency of biodegradation rates in a field case study
Two biodegradation models are developed to represent natural attenuation of fuel-hydrocarbon contaminants as observed in a comprehensive natural-gradient tracer test in a heterogeneous aquifer on the Columbus Air Force Base in Mississippi. The first, a first-order mass loss model, describes the irreversible losses of BTEX and its individual components, i.e., benzene (B), toluene (T), ethyl benzene (E), and xylene (X). The second, a reactive pathway model, describes sequential degradation pathways for BTEX utilizing multiple electron acceptors, including oxygen, nitrate, iron and sulfate, and via methanogenesis. The heterogeneous aquifer is represented by multiple hydraulic conductivity (K) zones delineated on the basis of numerous flowmeter K measurements. A direct propagation artificial neural network (DPN) is used as an inverse modeling tool to estimate the biodegradation rate constants associated with each of the K zones. In both the mass loss model and the reactive pathway model, the biodegradation rate constants show an increasing trend with the hydraulic conductivity. The finding of correlation between biodegradation kinetics and hydraulic conductivity distributions is of general interest and relevance to characterization and modeling of natural attenuation of hydrocarbons in other petroleum-product contaminated sites.
Lu, Guoping; Zheng, Chunmiao
Broadband Heating Rate Profile Project (BBHRP) - SGP ripbe1mcfarlane
The objective of the ARM Broadband Heating Rate Profile (BBHRP) Project is to provide a structure for the comprehensive assessment of our ability to model atmospheric radiative transfer for all conditions. Required inputs to BBHRP include surface albedo and profiles of atmospheric state (temperature, humidity), gas concentrations, aerosol properties, and cloud properties. In the past year, the Radiatively Important Parameters Best Estimate (RIPBE) VAP was developed to combine all of the input properties needed for BBHRP into a single gridded input file. Additionally, an interface between the RIPBE input file and the RRTM was developed using the new ARM integrated software development environment (ISDE) and effort was put into developing quality control (qc) flags and provenance information on the BBHRP output files so that analysis of the output would be more straightforward. This new version of BBHRP, sgp1bbhrpripbeC1.c1, uses the RIPBE files as input to RRTM, and calculates broadband SW and LW fluxes and heating rates at 1-min resolution using the independent column approximation. The vertical resolution is 45 m in the lower and middle troposphere to match the input cloud properties, but is at coarser resolution in the upper atmosphere. Unlike previous versions, the vertical grid is the same for both clear-sky and cloudy-sky calculations.
Riihimaki, Laura; Shippert, Timothy
Broadband Heating Rate Profile Project (BBHRP) - SGP ripbe370mcfarlane
The Utilization of Certain Hydrocarbons by Microorganisms
...UTILIZATION OF CERTAIN HYDROCARBONS BY MICROORGANISMS...1940 INTRODUCTION Hydrocarbons, as a class, represent...obtained by comparing the heat of combustion of some six carbon...biological utilization of hydrocarbons as sources of energy...
L. D. Bushnell; H. F. Haas
A comparison of the rates of hydrocarbon generation from Lodgepole, False Bakken, and Bakken formation petroleum source rocks, Williston Basin, USA
Recent successes in the Lodgepole Waulsortian Mound play have resulted in the reevaluation of the Williston Basin petroleum systems. It has been postulated that hydrocarbons were generated from organic-rich Bakken Formation source rocks in the Williston Basin. However, Canadian geoscientists have indicated that the Lodgepole Formation is responsible for oil entrapped in Lodgepole Formation and other Madison traps in portions of the Canadian Williston Basin. Furthermore, geoscientists in the U.S. have recently shown oils from mid-Madison conventional reservoirs in the U.S. Williston Basin were not derived from Bakken Formation source rocks. Kinetic data showing the rate of hydrocarbon formation from petroleum source rocks were measured on source rocks from the Lodgepole, False Bakken, and Bakken Formations. These results show a wide range of values in the rate of hydrocarbon generation. Oil prone facies within the Lodgepole Formation tend to generate hydrocarbons earlier than the oil prone facies in the Bakken Formation and mixed oil/gas prone and gas prone facies in the Lodgepole Formation. A comparison of these source rocks using a geological model of hydrocarbon generation reveals differences in the timing of generation and the required level of maturity to generate significant amounts of hydrocarbons.
Jarvie, D.M.; Elsinger, R.J. [Humble Geochemical Services Division, TX (United States); Inden, R.F. [Lithologic & Stratigraphic Solutions, Denver, CO (United States); Palacas, J.G. [Lakewood, CO (United States)
Rate-controlled constrained-equilibrium (RCCE) modelling of C1-hydrocarbon fuels.
??This dissertation is focused on an important problem faced in chemical kinetic modelling, that is, model order reduction. The method of Rate-Controlled Constrained-Equilibrium (RCCE) firmly� (more)
Janbozorgi, Mohammad
Measurements of Film Flow Rate in Heated Tubes with Various Axial Power Distributions
Measurements of Film Flow Rate in Heated Tubes with Various Axial Power Distributions by Carl, Measurements of Film Flow Rate in Heated Tubes with Various Axial Power Distributions KTH Nuclear Reactor power is limited by a phenomenon called critical heat flux (CHF). It appears as a sudden detoriation
Haviland, David
High rate heating driven decomposition of energetic materials: Diagnostics evaluation
Combustion of energetic materials involves processes in both gas and condensed phases and is governed by coupled thermal, physical, and chemical phenomena. Development of reliable models for design, performance, stability, and hazard analyses requires detailed understanding of three general chemical reaction regimes: (1) initial condensed-phase decomposition, (2) subsequent interaction of decomposition products with the remaining condensed phase, and (3) gas-phase reaction of decomposition products to form the ultimate combustion products. The first two regimes are the least understood and most difficult to study, particularly the initial condensed-phase decomposition. The basic difficulty in studying condensed phase phenomena has been the inability to probe directly chemistry in the condensed phase under isothermal condition and with the spatial and temporal resolution needed at higher temperatures and reaction rates. Thin-film samples provide a means to study condensed-phase chemistry at isothermal conditions and with microsecond temporal resolution. We are developing an experiment system that employs rapidly heated thin- film samples and multiple diagnostics to examine condensed-phase chemistry and monitor evolved gas species. Results from our initial work have been encouraging. Thin-film samples of several energetic materials have been prepared and appear to be representative of bulk materials. Furthermore, preliminary experiments indicate that all the use of these samples with two chemical diagnostic techniques, time-of- flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) and time-resolved infrared spectral photography (TRISP), is viable. 5 refs., 8 figs.
Trott, W.M.; Renlund, A.M.; Erickson, K.L.; Skocypec, R.D.
Heat resistance and outgrowth of clostridium perfringens spores as affected by the type of heating medium, and heating and cooling rates in ground pork
) and cured ground pork (CGP) at 75�C. The effect of the heating rate on HR, germination and outgrowth of C. perfringens spores in CGP was determined by increasing the temperature from 20 to 75�C at a rate of 4, 8, and 12�C/h prior to heating and holding at 75...
Marquez Gonzalez, Mayra
Method of calculation of heat generation rates for DWPF glass. Revision 1
Method of calculation of heat generation rates for DWPF glass. Revision 2
Heat transfer rate of a closed-loop oscillating heat pipe with check valves using silver nanofluid as working fluid
This research investigated the effect of aspect ratios (evaporator length to inner diameter of capillary tube), inclination angles, and concentrations of silver nanofluid on the heat transfer rate of a closed-loo...
S. Wannapakhe; S. Rittidech; B. Bubphachot�
Fabrication and heating rate study of microscopic surface electrode ion traps
We report heating rate measurements in a microfabricated gold-on-sapphire surface electrode ion trap with trapping height of approximately 240 micron. Using the Doppler recooling method, we characterize the trap heating rates over an extended region of the trap. The noise spectral density of the trap falls in the range of noise spectra reported in ion traps at room temperature. We find that during the first months of operation the heating rates increase by approximately one order of magnitude. The increase in heating rates is largest in the ion loading region of the trap, providing a strong hint that surface contamination plays a major role for excessive heating rates. We discuss data found in the literature and possible relation of anomalous heating to sources of noise and dissipation in other systems, namely impurity atoms adsorbed on metal surfaces and amorphous dielectrics.
N. Daniilidis; S. Narayanan; S. A. M�ller; R. Clark; T. E. Lee; P. J. Leek; A. Wallraff; St. Schulz; F. Schmidt-Kaler; H. H�ffner
Journal of Thermal Biology 33 (2008) 711 Physiological and behavioral control of heating and cooling rates
; Cooling rate; Heating rate; Physiological thermoregulation; Rubber boa; Temperature 1. Introduction Body temperature greatly impacts the ecology, behavior, and physiology of reptiles (Huey, 1982; Peterson, 1987; Peterson et al., 1993). Consequently, many species of reptiles thermoregulate to maintain body temperatures
Dorcas, Michael E.
Effect of Turbulence Fluctuations on Surface Heating Rate in Hypersonic Turbulent
Effect of Turbulence Fluctuations on Surface Heating Rate in Hypersonic Turbulent Boundary Layers) of reacting hypersonic turbulent boundary layers at conditions typical of reen- try vehicles. Surface heat in designing hypersonic vehicles is to predict aerothermo- dynamic heating. When the boundary layer
Martín, Pino
Evidence for thermalization of surface-desorbed molecules at heating rates of 108
Evidence for thermalization of surface-desorbed molecules at heating rates of 108 K/s C. R of aniline-d7 from a single-crystal surface 0001 of sapphire Al2O3 at a heating rate on the order of 108 K.e., pulsed heating of the sapphire surface on the nanosecond time scale leads to thermal desorption and rapid
Zare, Richard N.
ARM - PI Product - Cloud Properties and Radiative Heating Rates for TWP
ProductsCloud Properties and Radiative Heating Rates for ProductsCloud Properties and Radiative Heating Rates for TWP Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send PI Product : Cloud Properties and Radiative Heating Rates for TWP 2002.01.01 - 2012.02.08 Site(s) TWP General Description A cloud properties and radiative heating rates dataset is presented where cloud properties retrieved using lidar and radar observations are input into a radiative transfer model to compute radiative fluxes and heating rates at three ARM sites located in the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) region. The cloud properties retrieval is a conditional retrieval that applies various retrieval techniques depending on the available data, that is if lidar, radar or both instruments detect cloud. This Combined Remote
Generalized constructal optimization for solidification heat transfer process of slab continuous casting based on heat loss rate
Abstract Based on constructal theory, generalized constructal optimization of a solidification heat transfer process of slab continuous casting is carried out by taking a complex function as optimization objective. The complex function is composed of the functions of the heat loss rate and surface temperature gradient of the slab subjected to the constraints of shell thickness, surface temperature and liquid core length of the slab. For the specified total water flow rate, the �optimal construct� of the water distribution in the secondary cooling zone is obtained. Comparing the optimal results with the initial ones, it is shown that the complex function, the functions of the heat loss rate and the surface temperature gradient after optimization are decreased by 35.04%, 2.14% and 59.48%, respectively. Therefore, the scheme of the �optimal construct� of the water distribution reduces the heat loss rate and surface temperature gradient of the slab simultaneously, that is, improves its energy retention and quality simultaneously. The optimization results obtained in this paper can provide some guidelines for parameter designs and dynamic operations of the solidification heat transfer process of slab continuous casting.
Huijun Feng; Lingen Chen; Zhihui Xie; Zemin Ding; Fengrui Sun
Biodegradation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in an Extremely Acidic Environment
...biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons can occur in environments...Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) occur as common...formed by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels...enrichments with aromatic hydrocarbons, mineralization assays...lysis was initiated by heat and sodium dodecyl...
Raymond D. Stapleton; Dwayne C. Savage; Gary S. Sayler; Gary Stacey
High Levels of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mate Drinks
...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons| Introduction Esophageal...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content. PAHs...usually exposed to combustion products from burning...SRM 2260a Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Toluene, SRM 2269...dichloromethane; heat: preheat cell at 100C...
Farin Kamangar; Michele M. Schantz; Christian C. Abnet; Renato B. Fagundes; and Sanford M. Dawsey
...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), including...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons| Introduction...mechanism. However, data on the association...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content...usually exposed to combustion products from burning...dichloromethane; heat: preheat cell...
Association of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions and Smoking with Lung Cancer Mortality Rates on a Global Scale
(2, 4) For most populations, approximately 80% of all lung cancer cases are associated with tobacco smoking and the remaining 20% have been attributed to exposure to secondhand smoke, radon (and its decay products), asbestos, some metals (including arsenic, beryllium, cadmium), organic compounds (including carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)), radiation, and genetic susceptibility. ...
Oleksii Motorykin; Melissa M. Matzke; Katrina M. Waters; Staci L. Massey Simonich
In-Cylinder Mechanisms of PCI Heat-Release Rate Control by Fuel Reactivity Stratification
Broader source: Energy.gov [DOE]
Explores in-cylinder mechanisms by which fuel reactivity stratification via a two fuel system affects premixed charge compression ignition heat release rate to achieve diesel-like efficiency
Investigation of the effects of heating rate on coking of shale during retorting
The retorting of oil shale distributes organic carbon among three possible products: the liquid product, the noncondensible product, and the residual carbon (coke). The production of coke is detrimental because of the economic effects caused by the loss of organic carbon to this relatively intractable carbon form. Two reference oil shales, a Mahogany zone, Parachute Creek Member, Green River Formation oil shale from Colorado and a Clegg Creek Member, New Albany oil shale from Kentucky, were studied to evaluate the conditions that affect coke production during retorting. The variable that was studied in these experiments was the heating rate during retorting because heating rate has been indicated to have a direct effect on coke production (Burnham and Clarkson 1980). The six heating rates investigated covered the range from 1 to 650/degree/C/h (1.8 to 1169/degree/F/h). The data collected during these experiments were evaluated statistically in order to identify trends. The data for the eastern reference oil shale indicated a decrease in coke formation with increases in the heating rate. The liquid and noncondensible product yields both increased with increasing heating rate. The distribution of products in relation to retort heating rate follows the model suggested by Burnham and Clarkson (1980). Coke production during the retorting of western reference oil shale was found to be constant in relation to heating rate. The liquid product yield increased with increasing heating rate but the trend could not be verified at the 95% confidence level. The coke production observed in these experiments does not follow the prediction of the model. This may indicate that coke formation occurs early in the retorting process and may be limited by the availability of organic materials that form coke. 6 refs., 10 tabs.
Guffey, F.D.; Hunter, D.E.
Gas temperature profiles at different flow rates and heating rates suffice to estimate kinetic parameters for fluidised bed combustion
Experimental work on estimation kinetic parameters for combustion was conducted in a bench-scale fluidised bed (FB: 105x200mm). Combustion medium was obtained by using an electrical heater immersed into the bed. The ratio of heating rate (kJ/s) to molar flow rate of air (mol/s) regulated by a rheostat so that the heat of combustion (kJ/mol) can be synthetically obtained by an electrical power supply for relevant O{sub 2}-feedstock concentration (C{sub 0}). O{sub 2}-restriction ratio ({beta}) was defined by the ratio of O{sub 2}-feedstock concentration to O{sub 2}-air concentration (C{sub O{sub 2}-AIR}) at prevailing heating rates. Compressed air at further atmospheric pressure ({approx_equal}102.7kPa) entered the bed that was alumina particles (250{mu}m). Experiments were carried out at different gas flow rates and heating rates. FB was operated with a single charge of (1300g) particles for obtaining the T/T{sub 0} curves, and than C/C{sub 0} curves. The mathematical relationships between temperature (T) and conversion ratio (X) were expressed by combining total energy balance and mass balance in FB. Observed surface reaction rate constants (k{sub S}) was obtained from the combined balances and proposed model was also tested for these kinetic parameters (frequency factor: k{sub 0}, activation energy: E{sub A}, and reaction order: n) obtained from air temperature measurements. It was found that the model curves allow a good description of the experimental data. Thus, reaction rate for combustion was sufficiently expressed. (author)
Suyadal, Y. [Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ankara University, 06100-Tandogan, Ankara (Turkey)
Carbonization of Coal Effects of Variation of Rate of Heating during the Carbonization of a Typical Coking Coal
Carbonization of Coal Effects of Variation of Rate of Heating during the Carbonization of a Typical Coking Coal ...
William B. Warren
Carbonization of Coal Evaluation of Effects of Rate of Heating and of Maximum Temperature on Pyrolysis of a Coking Coal
Carbonization of Coal Evaluation of Effects of Rate of Heating and of Maximum Temperature on Pyrolysis of a Coking Coal ...
Geographical Coincidence of High Heat Flow, High Seismicity, and Upwelling, with Hydrocarbon Deposits, Phosphorites, Evaporites, and Uranium Ores
...sea and seismicity and geothermal heat flux. We suggest...upwelling caused by the geothermal heat (2), which brings...sedimentary rocks. High geothermal heat fluxes correlate...Lawrence River, as well as a fourth line along...Arizona, Montana, New Mexico, and Utah. Lignites...
L. M. Libby; W. F. Libby
The Effect of Heat Treatments and Coatings on the Outgassing Rate of Stainless Steel Chambers
The outgassing rates of four nominally identical 304L stainless steel vacuum chambers were measured to determine the effect of chamber coatings and heat treatments. One chamber was coated with titanium nitride (TiN) and one with amorphous silicon (a-Si) immediately following fabrication. One chamber remained uncoated throughout, and the last chamber was first tested without any coating, and then coated with a-Si following a series of heat treatments. The outgassing rate of each chamber was measured at room temperatures between 15 and 30 deg C following bakes at temperatures between 90 and 400 deg C. Measurements for bare steel showed a significant reduction in the outgassing rate by more than a factor of 20 after a 400 deg C heat treatment (3.5 x 10{sup 12} TorrL s{sup -1}cm{sup -2} prior to heat treatment, reduced to 1.7 x 10{ sup -13} TorrL s{sup -1}cm{sup -2} following heat treatment). The chambers that were coated with a-Si showed minimal change in outgassing rates with heat treatment, though an outgassing rate reduced by heat treatments prior to a-Si coating was successfully preserved throughout a series of bakes. The TiN coated chamber exhibited remarkably low outgassing rates, up to four orders of magnitude lower than the uncoated stainless steel. An evaluation of coating composition suggests the presence of elemental titanium which could provide pumping and lead to an artificially low outgassing rate. The outgassing results are discussed in terms of diffusion-limited versus recombination-limited processes.
Mamum, Md Abdullah A. [Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA (United States); Elmustafa, Abdelmageed A, [Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA (United States); Stutzman, Marcy L. [JLAB, Newport News, VA (United States); Adderley, Philip A. [JLAB, Newport News, VA (United States); Poelker, Matthew [JLAB, Newport News, VA (United States)
Heating rates in collisionally opaque alkali-metal atom traps: Role of secondary collisions
Grazing collisions with background gas are the major cause of trap loss and trap heating in atom traps. To first order, these effects do not depend on the trap density. In collisionally opaque trapped atom clouds, however, scattered atoms with an energy E larger than the effective trap depth Eeff, which are destined to escape from the atom cloud, will have a finite probability for a secondary collision. This results in a contribution to the heating rate that depends on the column density ?nl? of the trapped atoms, i.e., the product of density and characteristic size of the trap. For alkali-metal atom traps, secondary collisions are quite important due to the strong long-range interaction with like atoms. We derive a simple analytical expression for the secondary heating rate, showing a dependency proportional to ?nl??Eeff1/2. When extrapolating to a vanishing column density, only primary collisions with the background gas will contribute to the heating rate. This contribution is rather small, due to the weak long-range interaction of the usual background gas species in an ultrahigh-vacuum system�He, Ne, or Ar�with the trapped alkali-metal atoms. We conclude that the transition between trap-loss collisions and heating collisions is determined by a cutoff energy 200??K<~Eeff<~400??K, much smaller than the actual trap depth E in most magnetic traps. Atoms with an energy Eeffheating rates for the alkali-metal atoms Li through Cs as a function of the effective trap depth, the column density of the trap, and the species in the background gas. The predictions of our model are in good agreement with the experimental data of Myatt for heating rates in high-density 87Rb-atom magnetic traps at JILA, including the effect of the rf shield and the composition of the background gas. It is shown that collisions with atoms from the Oort cloud also contribute to the heating rate. For 85Rb the calculated heating rate is below the experimentally observed value at JILA, supporting the idea that inelastic collisions in the trap are the major source of heating.
H. C. W. Beijerinck
Photo-heating and supernova feedback amplify each other's effect on the cosmic star formation rate
Photo-heating associated with reionisation and kinetic feedback from core-collapse supernovae have previously been shown to suppress the high-redshift cosmic star formation rate. Here we investigate the interplay between photo-heating and supernova feedback using a set of cosmological, smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations. We show that photo-heating and supernova feedback mutually amplify each other's ability to suppress the star formation rate. Our results demonstrate the importance of the simultaneous, non-independent inclusion of these two processes in models of galaxy formation to estimate the strength of the total negative feedback they exert. They may therefore be of particular relevance to semi-analytic models in which the effects of photo-heating and supernova feedback are implicitly assumed to act independently of each other.
Andreas H. Pawlik; Joop Schaye
Biological Conversion of Sugars to Hydrocarbons Technology Pathway
Enzymes Acid + Caustic Wastewater Treatment Process Heat and Power Integration Biogas + Sludge Fuel Finishing (hydroprocessing, as needed) Electricity Hydrogen Hydrocarbon...
Inverse bremsstrahlung heating rate in xenon clusters in the eikonal approximation
We report inverse bremsstrahlung (IB) heating rates in the eikonal approximation (EA). The present analysis is performed using the plasma-screened Rogers and Debye potentials for Xe clusters with two different charge states (6 and 10). We compare the eikonal results with the first Born approximation (FBA) and classical-simulation (CL-sim) (Moll et al., Phys. Plasmas 19, 033303 (2012)) calculations for clusters in infrared light. Calculations have been performed for the field strength of 2.6 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 8} V/cm. We find that compared to the FBA and CL-sim methods, the IB heating rate in the EA is less sensitive to the choice of the two potentials considered here. The present EA calculation shows that the influence of the inner structure of atomic ion on the heating rate is more prominent for the smaller ion charge (Xe{sup 6+}). In the case of low laser field approximation based on the elastic transport cross sections, it is seen that in contrast to the FBA and classical methods, the heating rate predicted by the EA does not deviate much all over the range of mean kinetic energy of electrons (20-500 eV) considered here for both the charge states of xenon (Xe{sup 6+} and Xe{sup 10+}). Furthermore, for the Rogers potential, EA is found to be in closer agreement with the classical method than the FBA. We also compare the results of the IB heating rate using the present and low-field approximation approaches to the above three methods and observe that the magnitudes of the IB heating rate calculated in the low field approximation are, in general, higher than the corresponding values predicted by the present approach for both the electron-ion potentials.
Dey, R. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching (Germany); Roy, A. C. [School of Mathematical Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Belur Math, 711202 West Bengal (India)
:MEASUREMENTS OF ELECTRON CYCLOlRON HEATING RATES J. D. Barter, J. C. Sprott, K. L. Wong
53706 ABSTRACT Electron cyclotron heating rates have been measured for plasmas in a toroidal octupole Energy Corrrrnission. #12;2 Electron cyclotron heating has been a standard technique for producing hot:MEASUREMENTS OF ELECTRON CYCLOlRON HEATING RATES by J. D. Barter, J. C. Sprott, K. L. Wong Jillle
Sprott, Julien Clinton
Heat Balance Analysis to Validate the Heat Dissipation Rate of a Man-Made Lake as a Heat Rejection
. In addition, the analysis is to identify the most dominant variables for enhancing the lake dissipation rate and hence provide cost-effective measures to enhance the power plant efficiency. The case study power plant has 900 MW of power capacity with five...
Song, L.; Hayes, T.; Dawson, M.
Heat-rate improvements obtained by retubing condensers with new, enhanced tube types
Significant fuel savings can be achieved at power plants by retubing the condensers with enhanced tubes. Because of the higher overall heat-transfer coefficient, the exhaust steam is condensed at a lower pressure and the plant efficiency is therefore increased or plant heat rate is reduced. Only the spirally indented type of enhanced tube is currently being used in the U.S. and most other countries; however, different types of enhanced tubes have been proposed for power-plant condensers, each with their own set of attributes. This paper determines what attributes and their magnitudes of enhanced tubes lead to the most energy savings as measured by reduction of the plant heat rate. The particular attributes considered are the inside and outside enhancement levels, the inside efficiency index (inside enhancement level divided by pressure-drop increase), and the enhanced-tube fouling-rate multiplier. Two particular condensers were selected because all necessary information were known from previous heat-rate studies such as the condenser geometry, the circulating-water pump and system information, and the low-pressure turbine characteristics. These are {open_quotes}real-world{close_quotes} condensers and therefore the finding will be representative for many other condenser-retubing applications. However, the authors strongly recommend that an economic evaluation be performed at each site to determine the energy savings and payback time. This generic investigation showed that the outside enhancement level is the most important attribute, and a value of about 1.5 can lead to heat-rate savings of about 20 to 40 Btu/kW-hr. Increasing the inside enhancement is less effective because of the increased pressure drop that leads to a reduction of the coolant flow rate and velocity.
Rabas, T.J. [Argonne National Lab., IL (United States); Taborek, J. [Consulting Services, Virginia Beach, VA (United States)
Heat-affected zone and ablation rate of copper ablated with femtosecond laser
We describe the experimental and molecular dynamics simulation study of crystalline copper (Cu) ablation using femtosecond lasers. This study is focused on the heat-affected zone after femtosecond laser ablation and the laser ablation rate. As a result of the x-ray diffraction measurement on the ablated surface, the crystallinity of the surface is partially changed from a crystal structure into an amorphous one. At the laser fluences below the ablation threshold, the entire laser energy coupled to the Cu target is absorbed, while during the fluence regime over the threshold fluence, the ablation rate depends on the absorption coefficient, and the residual energy which is not used for the ablation, is left in the Cu substrate. The heat-affected zone at the fluences below the threshold is estimated to be greater than that over the threshold fluence. In addition, the laser ablation of Cu is theoretically investigated by a two-temperature model and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to explain the heat-affected zone and ablation rate. The MD simulation takes into account the electron temperature and thermal diffusion length calculated by the two-temperature model. Variation in the lattice temperature with time and depth is calculated by the MD simulation coupled with the two-temperature model. The experimental ablation rate and the heat-affected zone are theoretically well explained.
Hirayama, Yoichi; Obara, Minoru [Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522 (Japan)
Development of an On-Line Expert System: Heat Rate Degradation Expert System Advisor
An on-line expert system for fossil-fueled power plants, the "Heat Rate Degradation Expert System Advisor," is being developed. This expert system will operate on a microcomputer and will interface with existing plant data acquisition and/or thermal...
Sopocy, D. M.; Henry, R. E.; Gehl, S.; Divakaruni, S. M.
Particle loading rates for HVAC filters, heat exchangers, and ducts Nomenclature
Particle loading rates for HVAC filters, heat exchangers, and ducts Nomenclature Afl surface area of floor (m2 ) bf fraction of bypass flow around the filter (dimensionless) Cout outdoor concentration on the filter per volume of air (mg/lm m3 ) Mf,tot total mass deposited on the filter per month of operation (g
Siegel, Jeffrey
The Energies of the Atomic Linkages in the Normal Paraffin Hydrocarbons
...normal paraffin hydrocarbons, in the gaseous...values for the heats of combustion of these gases...values for the heats of combustion of the hydrocarbon gases,4'5...Jessup4 on the heats of combustion of normal heptane...
Frederick D. Rossini
Melting processes of oligomeric ? and ? isotactic polypropylene crystals at ultrafast heating rates
The melting behaviors of ? (stable) and ? (metastable) isotactic polypropylene (iPP) crystals at ultrafast heating rates are simulated with atomistic molecular dynamics method. Quantitative information about the melting processes of ?- and ?-iPP crystals at atomistic level is achieved. The result shows that the melting process starts from the interfaces of lamellar crystal through random dislocation of iPP chains along the perpendicular direction of lamellar crystal structure. In the melting process, the lamellar crystal gradually expands but the corresponding thickness decreases. The analysis shows that the system expansion lags behind the crystallinity decreasing and the lagging extents for ?- and ?-iPP are significantly different. The apparent melting points of ?- and ?-iPP crystals rise with the increase of the heating rate and lamellar crystal thickness. The apparent melting point of ?-iPP crystal is always higher than that of ?-iPP at differently heating rates. Applying the Gibbs-Thomson rule and the scaling property of the melting kinetics, the equilibrium melting points of perfect ?- and ?-iPP crystals are finally predicted and it shows a good agreement with experimental result.
Ji, Xiaojing [School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072 (China)] [School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072 (China); He, Xuehao, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072 (China)] [Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072 (China); Jiang, Shichun, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com [School of Material, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072 (China)] [School of Material, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072 (China)
Mutagenicity of Soot and Associated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons to Salmonella typhimurium
...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were quantitatively...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon constituent in a kerosene...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction in terms of...formed by the incomplete combustion of organic material...and sediments (1), heat and power generation...
Debra A. Kaden; Ronald A. Hites; and William G. Thilly
Caenorhabditis elegans orthologs of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and its heterodimerization partner the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator
...mammalian aryl hydrocarbon receptor...the 90-kDa heat shock protein (HSP90...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as {beta...smoking and other combustion processes...we searched data from the...Helminth HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins...Molecular Sequence Data Protein Binding...Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon genetics metabolism...
Jo Anne Powell-Coffman; Christopher A. Bradfield; William B. Wood
An Efficient Approximation of the Coronal Heating Rate for use in Global Sun-Heliosphere Simulations
The origins of the hot solar corona and the supersonically expanding solar wind are still the subject of debate. A key obstacle in the way of producing realistic simulations of the Sun-heliosphere system is the lack of a physically motivated way of specifying the coronal heating rate. Recent one-dimensional models have been found to reproduce many observed features of the solar wind by assuming the energy comes from Alfv�n waves that are partially reflected, then dissipated by magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. However, the nonlocal physics of wave reflection has made it difficult to apply these processes to more sophisticated (three-dimensional) models. This paper presents a set of robust approximations to the solutions of the linear Alfv�n wave reflection equations. A key ingredient of the turbulent heating rate is the ratio of inward-to-outward wave power, and the approximations developed here allow this to be written explicitly in terms of local plasma properties at any given location. The coronal heating also depends on the frequency spectrum of Alfv�n waves in the open-field corona, which has not yet been measured directly. A model-based assumption is used here for the spectrum, but the results of future measurements can be incorporated easily. The resulting expression for the coronal heating rate is self-contained, computationally efficient, and applicable directly to global models of the corona and heliosphere. This paper tests and validates the approximations by comparing the results to exact solutions of the wave transport equations in several cases relevant to the fast and slow solar wind.
Steven R. Cranmer
An Efficient Approximation of the Coronal Heating Rate for Use in Global Sun-Heliosphere Simulations
The origins of the hot solar corona and the supersonically expanding solar wind are still the subject of debate. A key obstacle in the way of producing realistic simulations of the Sun-heliosphere system is the lack of a physically motivated way of specifying the coronal heating rate. Recent one-dimensional models have been found to reproduce many observed features of the solar wind by assuming the energy comes from Alfven waves that are partially reflected, then dissipated by magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. However, the nonlocal physics of wave reflection has made it difficult to apply these processes to more sophisticated (three-dimensional) models. This paper presents a set of robust approximations to the solutions of the linear Alfven wave reflection equations. A key ingredient to the turbulent heating rate is the ratio of inward to outward wave power, and the approximations developed here allow this to be written explicitly in terms of local plasma properties at any given location. The coronal heating al...
Cranmer, Steven R
Electric field noise above surfaces: a model for heating rate scaling law in ion traps
We present a model for the scaling laws of the electric field noise spectral density as a function of the distance, $d$, above a conducting surface. Our analytical approach models the patch potentials by introducing a correlation length, $\\zeta$, of the electric potential on the surface. The predicted scaling laws are in excellent agreement with two different classes of experiments (cold trapped ions and cantilevers), that span at least four orders of magnitude of $d$. According to this model, heating rate in miniature ion traps could be greatly reduced by proper material engineering.
Romain Dubessy; Thomas Coudreau; Luca Guidoni
Trade-offs between NO{sub x} heat rate and opacity at Morgantown Unit 2
In work carried out at Morgantown Unit 2, PEPCO and Lehigh University developed techniques for optimizing the operation of an ABB-CE LNCFS III low NO{sub x} firing system. Because of marginal ESP capacity, the ability to reduce NO{sub x} is limited by opacity excursions at this unit. Using a parametric boiler testing approach, and guided by neural network techniques for analysis of the data, control settings were identified which minimize the full load heat rate as a function of the target NO{sub x} level, subject to a stack opacity constraint.
D`Agostini, M.; Walsh, R.; Eskenazi, D.; Levy, E. [Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA (United States)] [and others
Enhancing the heat transfer in a heat treatment furnace through improving the combustion process in the radiation tubes
......predicted and measured data. The CFD simulations...methods to improve the heat transfer rate and provide quantitative data which can be used...important in the combustion and the heat transfer processes...models on hydrogen-hydrocarbon combustion modelling......
E. M. Elmabrouk; Y. Wu
Numerical study of the global axisymmetric circulation with varying heating and rotation rates
A steady, axisymmetric model of the general circulation is developed as a basis for climate stability studies. The model includes the effects of heating, rotation, and internal friction, but neglects topography. It is assumed that the axisymmetric flow may be modeled by making the Boussinesq and deep convection approximations. The three unknowns are assumed to satisfy appropriate spectral expansions, and the three equations are then rearranged into a Galerkin representation. The number of degrees of freedom retained in the expansions is restricted to eight waves or less, which places the model in the class of highly truncated spectral models. The motions are forced by a specified heating distribution and dissipated through an eddy mixing coefficient formulation. The axisymmetric circulation is tested for stability to quasi-geostrophic disturbances. The orignial set of five primitive equations is reduced to a single equation governing the evolution of quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity. This equation is linearized about the axisymmetric state, and the stability of the disturbances is found by examining the eigenvalues associated with each disturbance. The application of the Boussinesq, deep convection, and quasi-geostrophic assumptions limits the ranges of the heating and rotation rates. For values not too far from typical atmospheric values, the model produces a stability boundary separating Rossby and Hadley flow.
Henderson, H.W.
Hydrocarbon Separations in Metal�Organic Frameworks
Given the large differences in the physical properties of methane and C2 hydrocarbons, both size selective effects and metal�hydrocarbon interactions can be tuned to achieve a high selectivity within a metal�organic framework. ... Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs, are carcinogenic byproducts of incomplete combustion of organic matter such as fossil fuels. ... data and the heats of adsorption were found to fit well to a small group of mol. ...
Zoey R. Herm; Eric D. Bloch; Jeffrey R. Long
Measuring the shock-heating rate in the winds of O stars using X-ray line spectra
......College, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Swarthmore...Iowa, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa...Technology, Department of Physics and Space Sciences...determine the shock-heating rate due to instabilities...plasma systematically passes through the temperature......
David H. Cohen; Zequn Li; Kenneth G. Gayley; Stanley P. Owocki; Jon O. Sundqvist; V�ronique Petit; Maurice A. Leutenegger
Broadband Heating Rate Profile Project (BBHRP) - SGP 1bbhrpripbe1mcfarlane
Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fresh Milk by Hollow Fiber Liquid-Phase Microextraction�Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry
......Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fresh Milk by...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fresh...more volatile and heat sensitive. The...Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are compounds...the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing...respectively. Data were collected......
Mohd Marsin Sanagi; Saw Hong Loh; Wan Aini Wan Ibrahim; Mohamed Noor Hasan; Hassan Y. Aboul Enein
Catalytic Upgrading of Sugars to Hydrocarbons Technology Pathway
Fractionation Hydrogen Acid, Caustic, Enzymes Wastewater Treatment Insoluble solids Biogas + Sludge Process Heat and Power Integration Corn Stover Hydrocarbon Biofuels (i.e....
Systems and methods for producing hydrocarbons from tar sands formations
A system for treating a tar sands formation is disclosed. A plurality of heaters are located in the formation. The heaters include at least partially horizontal heating sections at least partially in a hydrocarbon layer of the formation. The heating sections are at least partially arranged in a pattern in the hydrocarbon layer. The heaters are configured to provide heat to the hydrocarbon layer. The provided heat creates a plurality of drainage paths for mobilized fluids. At least two of the drainage paths converge. A production well is located to collect and produce mobilized fluids from at least one of the converged drainage paths in the hydrocarbon layer.
Li, Ruijian (Katy, TX); Karanikas, John Michael (Houston, TX)
Recent Developments on the Broadband Heating Rate Profile Value-Added Product
Recent Developments on the Recent Developments on the Broadband Heating Rate Profile Value-Added Product E. J. Mlawer, J. S. Delamere, and S. A. Clough Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts M. A. Miller and K. L. Johnson Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York T. R. Shippert and C. N. Long Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington R. G. Ellingson Florida State University Tallahassee, Florida M. H. Zhang State University of New York - Stony Brook Albany, New York R. A. Ferrare National Aeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia R. T. Cederwall and S. C. Xie Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico J. A. Ogren National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Expert Meeting Report: Exploring the Disconnect Between Rated and Field Performance of Water Heating Systems
Broader source: Energy.gov (indexed) [DOE]
Exploring the Disconnect Exploring the Disconnect Between Rated and Field Performance of Water Heating Systems M. Hoeschele and E. Weitzel Alliance for Residential Building Innovation (ARBI) May 2013 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, subcontractors, or affiliated partners makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark,
Spectral effects on the transmittance, solar heat gain, and performance rating of glazing systems
This study investigates the potential changes in Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) and Visible Transmittance (VT) ratings of vertical or tilted glazing systems that would result from a deliberate change in the reference spectrum used as Spectral Weighting Function (SWF). This SWF is necessary to evaluate broadband-average optical properties from their spectral values, and obtain the desired rating of such bulk properties. The \\{SWFs\\} currently specified by rating institutions in Europe and North America for SHGC and VT are now outdated, and their inadequacies are discussed. Six potential replacements, which have been recently adopted by ASTM are described, including three direct irradiance spectra and three global irradiance spectrum incident on tilted surfaces of various tilts (20�, 37� and 90�). Some of these spectra have been tailored for use in building energy applications, including Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV). The effect of tilt on the U-factor and hence SHGC of glazing systems used for skylights on roofs is discussed, using a representative dataset of 37 glazing system specimens. The spectral effects on SHGC induced by a change in the current North American SWF are also obtained for this dataset, and show small to moderate deviations from current ratings (?2% to +7% for windows, and ?3% to +11% for skylights). The variations in VT are within �2% for most glazing systems. To remove the current inconsistency in the \\{SWFs\\} used for SHGC and VT, it is recommended that a single SWF be used for both properties. For improved accuracy and reliance on active standards, it is also recommended that the SWF for SHGC and VT be either one of the two recent ASTM G197-08 global irradiance spectra, depending on application (incidence on a vertical surface for window applications, and incidence on a 20�-tilted surface for skylight applications). No change in colorimetric calculations (based on the D65 illuminant) is recommended, however.
Christian A. Gueymard; William C. duPont
...WI 53706 The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is...The mammalian aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is...complex with the 90-kDa heat shock protein (HSP90) and...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as {beta...cigarette smoking and other combustion processes, initiate...
Coal plasticity at high heating rates and temperatures. Final technical progress report
Plastic coals are important feedstocks in coke manufacture, coal liquefaction, gasification, and combustion. During these processes, the thermoplastic behavior of these coals is also important since it may contribute to desirable or undesirable characteristics. For example, during liquefaction, the plastic behavior is desired since it leads to liquid-liquid reactions which are faster than solid-liquid reactions. During gasification, the elastic behavior is undesired since it leads to caking and agglomeration of coal particles which result in bed bogging in fixed or fluidized bed gasifiers. The plastic behavior of different coals was studied using a fast-response plastometer. A modified plastometer was used to measure the torque required to turn at constant angular speed a cone-shaped disk embedded in a thin layer of coal. The coal particles were packed between two metal plates which are heated electrically. Heating rates, final temperatures, pressures, and durations of experiment ranged from 200--800 K/s, 700--1300 K, vacuum-50 atm helium, and 0--40 s, respectively. The apparent viscosity of the molten coal was calculated from the measured torque using the governing equation of the cone-and-plate viscometer. Using a concentrated suspension model, the molten coal`s apparent viscosity was related to the quantity of the liquid metaplast present during pyrolysis. Seven coals from Argonne National Laboratory Premium Coal Sample Bank were studied. Five bituminous coals, from high-volatile to low-volatile bituminous, were found to have very good plastic behavior. Coal type strongly affects the magnitude and duration of plasticity. Hvb coals were most plastic. Mvb and lvb coals, though the maximum plasticity and plastic period were less. Low rank coals such as subbituminous and lignite did not exhibit any plasticity in the present studies. Coal plasticity is moderately well correlated with simple indices of coal type such as the elemental C,O, and H contents.
Gerjarusak, S.; Peters, W.A.; Howard, J.B.
Solubilization of petroleum hydrocarbons using biosurfactants
Low solubility of petroleum hydrocarbons in water is the major factor limiting the degradation rates of these compounds (Zhang and Miller, 1994). The fraction that is more soluble in the aqueous phase is degraded at higher rates, while less soluble...
Kanga, Shahrukh
7, 29612989, 2007 Predicting arene rate
software or computing power. Measured gas-phase rate coefficients for the reaction of aromatic hydrocarbons
Boyer, Edmond
Estimation of Rate of Heat Release by Means of Oxygen Consumption Measurements
the heat release of combustible wall linings during full-scale room fire tests, William Parker, Huggett to the release of heat, the combustion process consumes oxygen. As part of his work on the ASTM E 84 tunnel test released per unit mass of material consumed (i.e., the specific heat of combustion), varied greatly
Womeldorf, Carole
Differential rates for district heating and the influence on the optimal retrofit strategy for multi-family buildings
When renovating existing multi-family buildings it is very important to implement the best retrofit strategy possible in order to minimize the remaining life-cycle cost for the building. If the building is heated with district heating this strategy of course changes due to the energy rate used by the utility. It is also very important for the utility that the consumer is encouraged to save energy when there is a need for it, i.e. during peak load conditions. Our paper shows that an accurate cost differential rate provides all these facilities.
Stig-Inge Gustafsson; Bj�rn G. Karlsson; Bertil H. Sj�holm
Catalytic steam reforming of hydrocarbons
The hot effluent from the catalytic steam reforming of a major portion of a fluid hydrocarbon feed stream in the reformer tubes of a primary reformer, or said effluent after secondary reforming thereof, is mixed with the hot effluent from the catalytic steam reforming of the remaining portion of the feed discharged from the reformer tubes of a primary reformer-exchanger. The combined gas steam is passed on the shell side of the reformer-exchanger countercurrently to the passage of feed in the reformer tubes thereof, thus supplying the heat for the reforming of the portion of the feed passed through the reformer tubes of the reformerexchanger. At least about 2/3 of the hydrocarbon feed stream is passed to the reformer tubes of said primary reformer, heated by radiant heat transfer and/or by contact with combustion gases, at a steam/hydrocarbon mole ratio of about 2-4/1. The remainder of said feed stream is passed to the reformer tubes of said reformer -exchanger at a steam/hydrocarbon mole ratio of about 3-6/1. The reformer shell of the reformer-exchanger is internally insulated by a refractory lining or by use of a double shell with passage of water or a portion of the feed material between the inner and outer shells. There is no significant difference between the pressure inside and outside of the reformer tubes of said primary reformer-exchanger.
Fuderer, A.
Chapter 3 - Hydrocarbons from Petroleum
Publisher Summary Petroleum products (in contrast to petrochemicals) are those hydrocarbon fractions that are derived from petroleum and have commercial value as a bulk product. A major group of hydrocarbon products from petroleum (petrochemicals) are the basis of a major industry. They are, in the strictest sense, different to petroleum products insofar as the petrochemicals are the basic building blocks of the chemical industry. The specific gravity of product gases, including liquefied petroleum gas, may be determined conveniently by a number of methods and a variety of instruments. The heat value of gases is generally determined at constant pressure in a flow calorimeter in which the heat released by the combustion of a definite quantity of gas is absorbed by a measured quantity of water or air. A continuous recording calorimeter is available for measuring heat values of natural gases.
James G. Speight
Shut-down dose rate analyses for the ITER electron cyclotron-heating upper launcher
Abstract The electron cyclotron resonance heating upper launcher (ECHUL) is going to be installed in the upper port of the ITER tokamak thermonuclear fusion reactor for plasma mode stabilization (neoclassical tearing modes and the sawtooth instability). The paper reports the latest neutronic modeling and analyses which have been performed for the ITER reference front steering launcher design. It focuses on the port accessibility after reactor shut-down for which dose rate (SDDR) distributions on a fine regular mesh grid were calculated. The results are compared to those obtained for the ITER Dummy Upper Port. The calculations showed that the heterogeneous ECHUL design gives rise to enhanced radiation streaming as compared to the homogenous dummy upper port. Therefore the used launcher geometry was upgraded to a more recent development stage. The inter-comparison shows a significant improvement of the launchers shielding properties but also the necessity to further upgrade the shielding performance. Furthermore, the analysis for the homogenous dummy upper port, which represents optimal shielding inside the launcher, demonstrates that the shielding upgrade also needs to include the launcher's environment.
Bastian Weinhorst; Arkady Serikov; Ulrich Fischer; Lei Lu; Peter Spaeh; Dirk Strauss
Fuel consumption rate in a heat-powered unit analyzed as a function of the temperature and consumption ratio of the air
An analysis of fuel consumption for a heat-powered unit in the ... of ceramic materials is given. The heat consumption rate is analyzed as a function of ... generating the working medium, and of the consumption r...
N. A. Tyutin
Naphthenic hydrocarbons
An important type of naphthenic hydrocarbons is the monocyclic type, (k/sub 2/, 0, 0). In this instance the number of carbon atoms, n = k/sub 2/, and a formula, C/sub n/H/sub 2n/, can be written where H/C = 2. The value n can vary from 2 to infinity. In the case of n = 2, it is ethylene (I) (2-membered cyclic ring); n = 3, cyclopropane (II) (3-membered cyclic ring); n = 4, cyclobutane (III) (4-membered cyclic ring); etc. If the monocyclic naphthenic is planar, then the bond angle theta can be expressed as theta = (1 - 2/n)..pi.. where n is the number of carbon atoms. However, the tetrahedron angle of the carbon atom being phi = cos/sup -1/ (- 1/3).
Yen, T.F.; Kuo, J.F.; Chilingarian, G.V.
Insensitivity of the rate of ion motional heating to trap-electrode material over a large temperature range
We present measurements of trapped-ion motional-state heating rates in niobium and gold surface-electrode ion traps over a range of trap-electrode temperatures from approximately 4 K to room temperature (295 K) in a single ...
Chiaverini, John
Building America Expert Meeting: Exploring the Disconnect Between Rated and Field Performance of Water Heating Systems
Water heating represents a major residential energy end use, especially in highly efficient homes where space conditioning loads and energy use has been significantly reduced. Future efforts to reduce water heating energy use requires the development of an improved understanding of equipment performance, as well as recognizing system interactions related to the distribution system and the fixture use characteristics. By bringing together a group of water heating experts, we hope to advance the shared knowledge on key water heating performance issues and identify additional data needs that will further this critical research area.
Plasma-assisted conversion of solid hydrocarbon to diamond
A process of preparing diamond, e.g., diamond fiber, by subjecting a hydrocarbon material, e.g., a hydrocarbon fiber, to a plasma treatment in a gaseous feedstream for a sufficient period of time to form diamond, e.g., a diamond fiber is disclosed. The method generally further involves pretreating the hydrocarbon material prior to treatment with the plasma by heating within an oxygen-containing atmosphere at temperatures sufficient to increase crosslinking within said hydrocarbon material, but at temperatures insufficient to melt or decompose said hydrocarbon material, followed by heating at temperatures sufficient to promote outgassing of said crosslinked hydrocarbon material, but at temperatures insufficient to convert said hydrocarbon material to carbon.
Valone, Steven M. (Santa Fe, NM); Pattillo, Stevan G. (Los Alamos, NM); Trkula, Mitchell (Los Alamos, NM); Coates, Don M. (Santa Fe, NM); Shah, S. Ismat (Wilmington, DE)
Activation, Heating and Exposure Rates for Mo?99 Experiments with 25?Disk Targets
An MCNPX model of the 25-disk target assembly inside the vacuum cube inside the shielded box was prepared. This was used to calculate heating and photon and neutron fluxes throughout the model. Production rates for photonuclear reaction products were calculated using the photon fluxes and ENDF/B-VII cross sections. Measured isomer to ground state yield ratios were used where available. Where not available the new correlation between spin deficit and isomer to ground state yield ratios presented at AccApp'11 was used. The photonuclear production rates and neutron fluxes were input to CINDER2008 for transmutation calculations. A cross section update file was used to supply (n,n') reactions missing from CINDER2008 libraries. Decay photon spectra produced by CINDER2008 were then used to calculate exposure rates using the MCNPX model. Two electron beam irradiations were evaluated. The first was for a thermal test at 15 MeV with 1300 {micro}A incident on one target end and the second was for a production test at 35 MeV with 350 {micro}A incident on both target ends (700 {micro}A total current on target). For the thermal test 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h irradiation times were simulated, each followed by decay time steps out to 42 days. For the production test 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 h irradiation times were simulated followed by the same decay periods. For all simulations beam FWHMs in x and y were both assumed to be 6 mm. Simulations were run for Mo-100 enriched and natural Mo targets for both tests. It is planned that thermal test will be run for 4 h with natural target disks and production test will be run for 24 h with enriched target disks. Results for these two simulations only are presented in this report. Other results can be made available upon request. Post irradiation exposure rates were calculated at 30 cm distances from left, right, front and back of the following configurations: (1) Shielded box with everything in it (beam pipes, cooling pipes, vacuum cube, target housing weldment and target assembly), (2) Shielded box with everything in it except the target assembly, (3) Shielded box with nothing in it, (4) Target assembly taken outside of shielded box, (5) Target disks in cradle (target assembly with thermocouple weldment and flange removed), (6) Empty cradle, and (7) Target disks alone. Decay photon spectra from the CINDER2008 calculations were used as sources for the exposure rate calculations in the same model used for the flux calculations with beam on. As components were removed to simulate the seven cases considered the material compositions were changed to air and their respective sources were turned off. The MCNPX model geometry is plotted in Figure 1. The left and right detector locations for cases 1, 2 and 3 were 30 cm from the shielded box walls and 30 cm from the beam pipe openings in the left and right sides of the model (they are not in the beam line). A zoomed in plot of the target assembly alone is in Figure 2. Exposure rates for the seven cases are plotted as a function of time after irradiation in Figures 3, 4 and 5. To aid in comparison between the cases, all of these figures have been plotted using the same scale. Figures 3 and 4 are respectively the thermal and production test results for cases 1 through 6. Figure 5 includes case 7 results for both. Differences between cases 1 and 2 for both tests are not statistically significant showing that activation of components other than the target assembly, many of which are also shielding the target assembly, dominates exposure rates outside the shielded box. Case 3 shows the contribution from activation of the shield box itself. In front where shielded box wall is thickest box activation accounts for essentially all of the exposure rate outside. Differences between cases 4 and 5 are also minimal, showing that the contribution to target assembly exposure rates from the thermocouple flange and weldment are small compared to the target disks and cradle. From the numerical results the contribution is about 1%. Results for case 6, the cradle itself, are ini
Kelsey, Charles T. IV [Los Alamos National Laboratory
The effects of unburned hydrocarbon recirculation on ignition and combustion during diesel engine cold starts
Abstract The exhaust gases contain large amounts of unburned hydrocarbons during cranking without combustion. The effects of unburned hydrocarbon recirculation on ignition and combustion during diesel engine cold starts were investigated using both experiments and simulations. Experiments were conducted on a single-cylinder DI (direct injection) diesel engine equipped with a common rail injection system. The amount of unburned hydrocarbon recirculation was jointly controlled by an EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) valve and a back pressure valve. The investigation showed that optimal opening of recirculation control valves allowed the first firing cycle to be advanced from 19 to 6 and reduced the duration of heavy smoke emission (opacity�>�50%) by 77%. However, the enhancement to the in-cylinder LTR (low temperature reaction) decreased gradually as the amount of unburned hydrocarbon recirculation increased. An analysis of the chemical kinetics showed that the reaction intermediates present in unburned hydrocarbons, such as ketohydroperoxides, were the most significant factor in enhancing the LTR during non-firing cycles. At the same time, the substantial heat capacity of unburned hydrocarbons suppressed the LTR for higher recirculation rates.
Yi Cui; Haiyong Peng; Kangyao Deng; Lei Shi
forth through the heat exchangers, thereby phasing the rates at which heat is absorbed and rejected from
Conditions Charge Pressure (psia) Firing Rate (KBTUH) Frequency (Hz) Power Piston Stroke (in.) Displacer the earlier analysis; these results are shown in Fig. 4. Working Fluid Charge Pressure (psia) Power Level (k was measured as the total enthalpy gain of the refrigerant across the compres- sor. Table 2 shows the range
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
SISGR - In situ characterization and modeling of formation reactions under extreme heating rates in nanostructured multilayer foils
Materials subjected to extreme conditions, such as very rapid heating, behave differently than materials under more ordinary conditions. In this program we examined the effect of rapid heating on solid-state chemical reactions in metallic materials. One primary goal was to develop experimental techniques capable of observing these reactions, which can occur at heating rates in excess of one million degrees Celsius per second. One approach that we used is x-ray diffraction performed using microfocused x-ray beams and very fast x-ray detectors. A second approach is the use of a pulsed electron source for dynamic transmission electron microscopy. With these techniques we were able to observe how the heating rate affects the chemical reaction, from which we were able to discern general principles about how these reactions proceed. A second thrust of this program was to develop computational tools to help us understand and predict the reactions. From atomic-scale simulations were learned about the interdiffusion between different metals at high heating rates, and about how new crystalline phases form. A second class of computational models allow us to predict the shape of the reaction front that occurs in these materials, and to connect our understanding of interdiffusion from the atomistic simulations to measurements made in the laboratory. Both the experimental and computational techniques developed in this program are expected to be broadly applicable to a wider range of scientific problems than the intermetallic solid-state reactions studied here. For example, we have already begun using the x-ray techniques to study how materials respond to mechanical deformation at very high rates.
Hufnagel, Todd C.
Feasibility Study of a Multi-Purpose Computer Program for Optimizing Heat Rates in Power Cycles
and future needs of the power industry follows. The discussion is restricted to steam turbine cycles of fossil or nuclear power plants, although some ECC's can be employed to a wider range of applications, such as analysis of different heat sources... and future needs of the power industry follows. The discussion is restricted to steam turbine cycles of fossil or nuclear power plants, although some ECC's can be employed to a wider range of applications, such as analysis of different heat sources...
Menuchin, Y.; Singh, K. P.; Hirota, N.
Hydrous pyrolysis/oxidation process for in situ destruction of chlorinated hydrocarbon and fuel hydrocarbon contaminants in water and soil
In situ hydrous pyrolysis/oxidation process is useful for in situ degradation of hydrocarbon water and soil contaminants. Fuel hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates and other organic contaminants present in the soil and water are degraded by the process involving hydrous pyrolysis/oxidation into non-toxic products of the degradation. The process uses heat which is distributed through soils and water, optionally combined with oxygen and/or hydrocarbon degradation catalysts, and is particularly useful for remediation of solvent, fuel or other industrially contaminated sites.
Knauss, Kevin G. (Livermore, CA); Copenhaver, Sally C. (Livermore, CA); Aines, Roger D. (Livermore, CA)
Dynamic study of coupled heavy hydrocarbon pyrolysis and combustion. N. Gascoina*
1/28 Dynamic study of coupled heavy hydrocarbon pyrolysis and combustion. N. Gascoina* , P of the heat transfer dynamics. Finally, the combustion mechanism is applied and validated experimentally for kerosene pyrolysis application. Keywords Regenerative cooling; Hydrocarbon pyrolysis; Supersonic Combustion
Heat Transfer Modeling and Use of Distributed Temperature Measurements to Predict Rate
to demonstrate the application of the methodology of rate estimation proposed. Fluid flow rates for steady and transient cases were successfully estimated within engineering accuracy for all three cases. In all three cases, in addition to the traditional downhole...
Hashmi, Gibran Mushtaq
Planning & Projects Planning & Projects Power Marketing Rates You are here: SN Home page > Power Marketing > RATES Rates and Repayment Services Rates Current Rates Power Revenue Requirement Worksheet (FY 2014) (Oct 2013 - Sep 2014) (PDF - 30K) PRR Notification Letter (Sep 27, 2013) (PDF - 959K) FY 2012 FP% True-Up Calculations(PDF - 387K) Variable Resource Scheduling Charge FY12-FY16 (October 1, 2012) PRR Forecast FY14-FY17 (May 23, 2013) (PDF - 100K) Forecasted Transmission Rates (May 2013) (PDF - 164K) Past Rates 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 Historical CVP Transmission Rates (April 2013) (PDF - 287K) Rate Schedules Power - CV-F13 - CPP-2 Transmission - CV-T3 - CV-NWT5 - PACI-T3 - COTP-T3 - CV-TPT7 - CV-UUP1 Ancillary - CV-RFS4 - CV-SPR4 - CV-SUR4 - CV-EID4 - CV-GID1 Federal Register Notices - CVP, COTP and PACI
Marketing > RATES Marketing > RATES RATES Current Rates Past Rates 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Rates Schedules Power CV-F13 CPP-2 Transmissions CV-T3 CV-NWT5 PACI-T3 COTP-T3 CV-TPT7 CV-UUP1 Ancillary CV-RFS4 CV-SPR4 CV-SUR4 CV-EID4 CV-GID1 Future and Other Rates SNR Variable Resource Scheduling Charge FY12-FY16 (October 1, 2012) SNR Rates Process Calendar (PDF - 171K) Procedures Informal Process Transmission Action Items List (PDF - 144K) Power Action Item List updated on 4-27-10 (PDF - 155K) Power Action Item List (Quick links to relevant documents) Formal Process Rates Brochure (01/11/2011) (PDF - 900K) Appendix A - Federal Register Notice (01/03/2011) (PDF - 8000K) Appendix B - Central Valley Project Power Repayment Study (PDF - 22,322K) Appendix C - Development of the CVP Cost of Service Study (PDF - 2038K)
Varying properties of in situ heat treatment of a tar sands formation based on assessed viscosities
A method for treating a tar sands formation includes providing heat to at least part of a hydrocarbon layer in the formation from a plurality of heaters located in the formation. The heat is allowed to transfer from the heaters to at least a portion of the formation. A viscosity of one or more zones of the hydrocarbon layer is assessed. The heating rates in the zones are varied based on the assessed viscosities. The heating rate in a first zone of the formation is greater than the heating rate in a second zone of the formation if the viscosity in the first zone is greater than the viscosity in the second zone. Fluids are produced from the formation through the production wells.
Karanikas, John Michael; Vinegar, Harold J
Combustion of viscous hydrocarbons
A method is described for utilizing viscous hydrocarbons as combustible fuels comprising: (A) forming a hydrocarbosol using a surfactant package in a proportion of about 1:100 to about 1:20,000 by weight based on hydrocarbon, (1) the surfactant package comprising (a) at least one water-soluble surfactant, an effective amount of which surfactant promotes emulsification of a hydrocarbon with API gravity of about 20/sup 0//sup o/ API or less; and (b) at least one water-soluble bioemulsifier, being a microboally-derived substance which predominantly resides at hydrocarbon/water interfaces to substantially surround hydrocarbon droplets in hydrocarbon-in-water emulsions; (2) the hydrocarbosol (a) comprising a hydrocarbon characterized by an API gravity of about 20/sup 0//sup o/ API or less; (b) having a hydrocarbon:water ratio of about 70:30 by volume; and (B) burning the resultant hydrocarbosol.
Hayes, M.E.; Hrebenar, K.R.; Murphy, P.L.; Futch, L.E. Jr.; Deal, J.F. III
RATES RATES Rates Document Library SNR Rates Process Calendar (PDF - 171K) Procedures Informal Process Transmission Action Items List (PDF - 144K) Power Action Item List updated on 4-27-10 (PDF - 155K) Power Action Item List (Quick links to relevant documents) Formal Process Rates Brochure (01/11/2011) (PDF - 900K) Appendix A - Federal Register Notice (01/03/2011) (PDF - 8000K) Appendix B - Central Valley Project Power Repayment Study (PDF - 22,322K) Appendix C - Development of the CVP Cost of Service Study (PDF - 2038K) Appendix D - Western Transmission System Facilities Map (PDF - 274K) Appendix E - Estimated FY12 FP and BR Customer (PDF - 1144K) Appendix F - Forecasted Replacements and Additions FY11 - FY16 (PDF - 491K) Appendix G - Definitions (PDF - 1758K) Appendix H - Acronyms (PDF - 720K)
Integrated flue gas treatment for simulataneous emission control and heat rate improvement - demonstration project at Ravenswood
Results are presented for electric-utility, residual-oil fired, field demonstration testing of advanced-design, heat-recovery type, flue gas sub-coolers that incorporate sulfite-alkali-based wet scrubbing for efficient removal of volatile and semi-volatile trace elements, sub-micron solid particulate matter, SO{sub 2} and SO{sub 3}. By innovative adaptation of wet collector system operation with methanol injection into the rear boiler cavity to convert flue-gas NO to No{sub 2}, simultaneous removal of NO{sub x} is also achieved. The focus of this integrated flue gas treatment (IFGT) technology development and demonstration-scale, continuous performance testing is an upward-gas-flow, indirectly water-cooled, condensing heat exchanger fitted with acid-proof, teflon-covered tubes and tubesheets and that provides a unique condensing (non-evaporative) wet-scrubbing mode to address air toxics control objectives of new Clean Air Act, Title III. Advantageous trace-metal condensation/nucleation/agglomeration along with substantially enhanced boiler efficiency is accomplished in the IFGT system by use of boiler makeup water as a heat sink in indirectly cooling boiler flue gas to a near-ambient-temperature, low-absolute-humidity, water-saturated state. Moreover, unique, innocuous, stack systems design encountered with conventional high-humidity, wet-scrubber operations. The mechanical design of this advanced flue-gas cooling/scrubbing equipment is based on more than ten years of commercial application of such units is downward-gas-flow design/operation for energy recovery, e.g. in preheating of makeup water, in residual-oil and natural-gas fired boiler operations.
Heaphy, J.; Carbonara, J.; Cressner, A. [Consolidated Edison Company, New York, NY (United States)] [and others
Dry reforming of hydrocarbon feedstocks
Developments in catalyst technology for the dry reforming of hydrocarbon feedstocks are reviewed for methane, higher hydrocarbons and alcohols. Thermodynamics, mechanisms and the kinetics of dry reforming are also reviewed. The literature on Ni catalysts, bi-metallic Ni catalysts and the role of promoters on Ni catalysts is critically evaluated. The use of noble and transitional metal catalysts for dry reforming is discussed. The application of solid oxide and metal carbide catalysts to dry reforming is also evaluated. Finally, various mechanisms for catalyst deactivation are assessed. This review also examines the various process related issues associated with dry reforming such as its application and heat optimization. Novel approaches such as supercritical dry reforming and microwave assisted dry reforming are briefly expanded upon.
Shah, Yatish T. [Norfolk State University; Gardner, Todd H. [U.S. DOE
Formation mechanism for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in methane flames
aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs up to 788 amu (C64H20) were detected in the combustion gases. Only the most applications including heating systems and gas turbines for electric power generation.6264 The combustionFormation mechanism for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in methane flames K. Siegmanna) Swiss
Sattler, Klaus
Filtration Combustion in Hydrocarbon Desorption from a Porous Medium
We have investigated theoretically and experimentally the process of filtration combustion with hydrocarbon desorption from a porous skeleton realized, in particular, in heat cleaning of porous media out of resid...
S. I. Fut'ko; K. V. Dobrego; E. S. Shmelev�
Fireball during combustion of hydrocarbon fueld releases II. Thermal radiation
The processes of radiative heat transfer in a fireball which develops upon ignition of a cloud of hydrocarbon fuel near the Earth�s surface are simulated numerically. The emissive characteristics of combustion pr...
G. M. Makhviladze; J. P. Roberts; S. E. Yakush
Liquid Metal Heat Exchanger for Geologic Deposits - Energy Innovation...
heating apparatus that efficiently heats subterranean geological deposits, such as oil shale, to extract hydrocarbons for energy needs. The apparatus provides more efficient...
The Stress Corrosion Crack Growth Rate of Alloy 600 Heat Affected Zones Exposed to High Purity Water
Grain boundary chromium carbides improve the resistance of nickel based alloys to primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC). However, in weld heat affected zones (HAZ's), thermal cycles from fusion welding can solutionize beneficial grain boundary carbides, produce locally high residual stresses and strains, and promote PWSCC. The present research investigates the crack growth rate of an A600 HAZ as a function of test temperature. The A600 HAZ was fabricated by building up a gas-tungsten-arc-weld deposit of EN82H filler metal onto a mill-annealed A600 plate. Fracture mechanics based, stress corrosion crack growth rate testing was performed in high purity water between 600 F and 680 F at an initial stress intensity factor of 40 ksi {radical}in and at a constant electrochemical potential. The HAZ samples exhibited significant SCC, entirely within the HAZ at all temperatures tested. While the HAZ samples showed the same temperature dependence for SCC as the base material (HAZ: 29.8 {+-} 11.2{sub 95%} kcal/mol vs A600 Base: 35.3 {+-} 2.58{sub 95%} kcal/mol), the crack growth rates were {approx} 30X faster than the A600 base material tested at the same conditions. The increased crack growth rates of the HAZ is attributed to fewer intergranular chromium rich carbides and to increased plastic strain in the HAZ as compared to the unaffected base material.
George A. Young; Nathan Lewis
Biological Monitoring of Fire Fighters: Sister Chromatid Exchange and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-DNA Adducts in Peripheral Blood Cells
...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adduct levels...exposure to carcinogenic combustion products. Cytoge...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; CI, confidence interval...estimating exposures to combustion and pyrolysis products...into water, briefly heat denatured (100 Cfor...
Saou-Hsing Liou; David Jacobson-Kram; Miriam C. Poirier; Dung Nguyen; Paul T. Strickland; and Melvyn S. Tockman
...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adduct levels...to carcinogenic combustion products. Cytoge...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; CI, confidence...controlled for during data analysis. Collection...estimating exposures to combustion and pyrolysis products...water, briefly heat denatured (100...
A method is described for utilizing viscous hydrocarbons as combustible pre-atomized fuels, comprising: (A) forming a hydrocarbon-in-water emulsion using an effective amount of a surfactant package comprising at least one water-soluble surfactant, the hydrocarbon-in-water emulsion (1) comprising a hydrocarbon characterized by API gravity of about 20/sup 0/ API or less, viscosity of about 1000 centipoise or greater at 212/sup 0/F., a paraffin content of about 50% by weight or less and, an aromatic content of about 15% by weight or greater, and (2) having a hydrocarbon water ratio from about 60:40 to about 90:10 by volume; and (B) burning the resultant hydrocarbon-in-water emulsion.
Hayes, M.E.; Hrebenar, K.R.; Murphy, P.L.; Futch, L.E. Jr.; Deal, J.F. III; Bolden, P.L. Jr.
Isoconversional Kinetic Analysis of the Combustion of Heavy Hydrocarbons
One method to access unconventional, heavy-oil resources as well as waterflood residual oil is to apply in situ combustion (ISC) to oxidize in place a small fraction of the hydrocarbon, thereby providing heat to reduce oil viscosity and pressure that enhances recovery. ... As shown by Vyazovkin,(12) these deviations of temperature yield erroneous values of activation energy, when such a data set is used with a model that assumes linear heating. ... Estimates were made of the heat produced, and a formula was derived for computing the heat of combustion of hydrocarbons in the high-temp. ...
Murat Cinar; Louis M. Castanier; Anthony R. Kovscek
Hydrocarbon Potential of Deep Water
...research-article Hydrocarbon Potential of Deep Water H. R. Warman In...the geology and hydrocarbon potential of the Earth's deeper water areas, an attempt...United Kingdom 1981 Hydrocarbon potential of deep water Warman H. R. Author...
Heating, Current Drive, Operations and Diagnostics Issues Understand implications of reduced repetition rate, is it adequate for the
Heating, Current Drive, Operations and Diagnostics Issues Operations · Understand implications of ECRH to improve startup. Heating · ICRF is the base line heating system, compare with NBI and ECRH withstand the anticipated heat loads? Diagnostics · Capability of beam diagnostics for J(r), E(r), etc
Recovering hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon-containing vapors
Values are recovered from a hydrocarbon-containing vapor by contacting the vapor with quench liquid consisting essentially of hydrocarbons to form a condensate and a vapor residue, the condensate and quench fluid forming a combined liquid stream. The combined liquid stream is mixed with a viscosity-lowering liquid to form a mixed liquid having a viscosity lower than the viscosity of the combined liquid stream to permit easy handling of the combined liquid stream. The quench liquid is a cooled portion of the mixed liquid. Viscosity-lowering liquid is separated from a portion of the mixed liquid and cycled to form additional mixed liquid.
Mirza, Zia I. (La Verne, CA); Knell, Everett W. (Los Alamitos, CA); Winter, Bruce L. (Danville, CA)
...No previous data Normal pentane...The new values for the heats of combustion of the hydrocarbon gases,4'5 together with new data obtained by Jessup4 on the heats of combustion of normal heptane and...
Plasma Processing Of Hydrocarbon
The Idaho National Laboratory (INL) developed several patented plasma technologies for hydrocarbon processing. The INL patents include nonthermal and thermal plasma technologies for direct natural gas to liquid conversion, upgrading low value heavy oil to synthetic light crude, and to convert refinery bottom heavy streams directly to transportation fuel products. Proof of concepts has been demonstrated with bench scale plasma processes and systems to convert heavy and light hydrocarbons to higher market value products. This paper provides an overview of three selected INL patented plasma technologies for hydrocarbon conversion or upgrade.
Grandy, Jon D; Peter C. Kong; Brent A. Detering; Larry D. Zuck
Hydrocarbon steam reforming using series steam superheaters
In a process for steam reforming of a hydrocarbon gas feedstream wherein: the hydrocarbon gas feedstream is partially reformed at elevated temperatures in indirect heat exchange with hot combustion gases in a direct fired primary reforming furnace provided with a convection section for recovery of excess heat from said combustion gases; and the partially reformed feedstream is then further reformed in the presence of an oxygen-containing gas and steam in a secondary reformer to form a secondary reformer gaseous effluent; the improvement which comprises recovering waste heat from said secondary reformer effluent gas and from said primary reforming combustion products by heating a high pressure saturated steam in a first steam superheating zone by indirect heat exchange with at least a portion of said secondary reformer effluent gas to form a first superheated steam stream; and further heating said first superheated steam in a second steam superheating zone by indirect heat exchange with at least a portion of said primary reformer hot combustion gases for form a second superheated steam stream.
Osman, R. M.
Sideband cooling an ion to the quantum ground state in a Penning trap with very low heating rate
We report the laser cooling of a single $^{40}\\text{Ca}^+$ ion in a Penning trap to the motional ground state in one dimension. Cooling is performed in the strong binding limit on the 729-nm electric quadrupole $S_{1/2}\\leftrightarrow D_{5/2}$ transition, broadened by a quench laser coupling the $D_{5/2}$ and $P_{3/2}$ levels. We find the final phonon number to be $\\bar{n}=0.014\\pm0.009$. We measure the heating rate of the trap to be very low with $\\dot{\\bar{n}}=2.5\\pm 0.3\\textrm{s}^{-1}$ and a scaled spectral noise density of $\\omega S_{E}(\\omega)\\sim1.6^{-8}\\textrm{V}^2\\textrm{m}^{-2}\\textrm{Hz}^{-1}\\textrm{s}^{-1}$, which is consistent with the large ion-electrode distance. We perform Rabi oscillations on the sideband-cooled ion and observe a coherence time of $0.7\\pm 0.1\\textrm{ms}$, noting that the practical performance is currently limited by the intensity noise of the probe laser.
J. F. Goodwin; G. Stutter; R. C. Thompson; D. M. Segal
Identification of Novel Methane-, Ethane-, and Propane-Oxidizing Bacteria at Marine Hydrocarbon Seeps by Stable Isotope Probing
...detector. When the hydrocarbon gas had nearly been...additional 5 ml of hydrocarbon gas was added. Oxygen...second 5-ml aliquot of hydrocarbon had been consumed...splitless injector, a GC combustion III interface, and...at 37C, followed by heat inactivation for 20...
Molly C. Redmond; David L. Valentine; Alex L. Sessions
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in C8 Isomer Aromatic Feed: Analysis by GC, GC/MS, and GC/FTIR Techniques
......the concentrated hydrocarbon residue of C 8...Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are recognized...fossil fuels, combustion products, and...monocyclic aro matic hydrocarbons like benzene or...feed-effluent heat exchangers (16...and a Shimadzu data pro cessor (C-R......
V.N. Garg; B.D. Bhatt; V.K. Kaushik; K.R. Murthy
On-line measurement of heat of combustion. Final report, period ended 30 April 1988
An experimental method for an on-line measurement of heat of combustion of a gaseous hydrocarbon fuel mixture of unknown composition is developed. It involves combustion of a test gas with a known quantity of air to achieve a predetermined oxygen concentration level in the combustion products. This is accomplished by a feedback controller which maintains the gas volumetric flow rate at a level consistent with the desired oxygen concentration in the products. The heat of combustion is determined from a known correlation with the gas volumetric flow rate. An on-line microcomputer accesses the gas volumetric flow data, and displays the heat of combustion values at desired time intervals.
Chaturvedi, S.K.; Chegini, H.
Mach 2 combustion characteristics of hydrogen/hydrocarbon fuel mixtures
The combustion of H/sub 2//CH/sub 4/ and H/sub 2//C/sub 2/H/sub 4/ mixtures containing 10 to 70 vol pct hydrocarbon at combustor inlet Mach number 2 and temperatures 2000 to 4000 R is investigated experimentally, applying direct-connect test hardware and techniques similar to those described by Diskin and Northam (1987) in the facilities of the NASA Langley Hypersonic Propulsion Branch. The experimental setup, procedures, and data-reduction methods are described; and the results are presented in extensive tables and graphs and characterized in detail. Fuel type and mixture are found to have little effect on the wall heating rate measured near the combustor exit, but H/sub 2//C/sub 2/H/sub 4/ is shown to burn much more efficiently than H/sub 2//CH/sub 4/, with no pilot-off blowout equivalence ratios greater than 0.5. It is suggested that H/sub 2//hydrocarbon mixtures are feasible fuels (at least in terms of combustion efficiency) for scramjet SSTO vehicles operating at freestream Mach numbers above 4.
Diskin, G.S.; Jachimowski, C.J.; Northam, G.B.; Bell, R.A.
Getter pump for hydrogen and hydrocarbon gases
A gettering device for hydrogen isotopes and gaseous hydrocarbons based on the interaction of a plasma and graphite used as cathodic material. The plasma is maintained at a current density within the range of about 1 to about 1000 mA/cm/sup 2/. The graphite may be heated to a temperature greater than 1000/degree/C. The new device offers high capacity, low noise, and gas species selectivity. 2 figs.
Hsu, Wen Ling
Diabatic Heating and Cooling Rates Derived from In Situ Microphysics Measurements: A Case Study of a Wintertime U.K. Cold Front
In situ measurements associated with the passage of a kata cold front over the United Kingdom on 29 November 2011 are used to initialize a Lagrangian parcel model for the purpose of calculating rates of diabatic heating and cooling associated with ...
C. Dearden; P. J. Connolly; G. Lloyd; J. Crosier; K. N. Bower; T. W. Choularton; G. Vaughan
Method of treating emissions of a hybrid vehicle with a hydrocarbon absorber and a catalyst bypass system
A method of treating emissions from an internal combustion engine of a hybrid vehicle includes directing a flow of air created by the internal combustion engine when the internal combustion engine is spinning but not being fueled through a hydrocarbon absorber to collect hydrocarbons within the flow of air. When the hydrocarbon absorber is full and unable to collect additional hydrocarbons, the flow of air is directed through an electrically heated catalyst to treat the flow of air and remove the hydrocarbons. When the hydrocarbon absorber is not full and able to collect additional hydrocarbons, the flow of air is directed through a bypass path that bypasses the electrically heated catalyst to conserve the thermal energy stored within the electrically heated catalyst.
Roos, Bryan Nathaniel; Gonze, Eugene V; Santoso, Halim G; Spohn, Brian L
Methane oxidation rates in the anaerobic sediments of Saanich Inlet
water methane concentration were avail- able. ... water solute concentrations and methane oxidation rates ..... Diffusion of light paraffin hydrocarbons in water.
Dispersant solutions for dispersing hydrocarbons
A dispersant solution includes a hydrocarbon dispersing solution derived from a bacterium from ATCC 75527, ATCC 75529, or ATCC 55638.
Tyndall, R.L.
Mechanism of heat-modification inside a glass after irradiation with high-repetition rate femtosecond laser pulses
Accumulation of thermal energies by highly repeated irradiation of femtosecond laser pulses inside a glass induces the heat-modification whose volume is much larger than that of the photoexcited region. It has been proposed that the heat-modification occurs in the region in which the temperature had overcome a threshold temperature during exposure of laser pulses. In order to understand the mechanism of the heat-modification, we investigated the temperature distribution during laser exposure and the threshold temperature by analyzing the volume of the modification based on a thermal diffusion model. We found that the threshold temperature becomes lower with increasing laser exposure time. The dependence of the threshold temperature on the laser exposure time was explained by the deformation mechanism based on the temperature-dependent viscosity and viscoelastic behavior of a glass under a stress loading by thermal expansion. The deformation mechanism also could simulate a tear-drop shape of a heat-modification by simultaneous double-beams' irradiation and the distribution of birefringence in a heat-modification. The mechanism proposed in this study means that the temperature-dependence of the viscosity of a glass should be essential for predicting and controlling the heat-modification.
Shimizu, Masahiro; Miura, Kiyotaka; Hirao, Kazuyuki [Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510 (Japan); Sakakura, Masaaki; Shimotsuma, Yasuhiko [Innovative Collaboration Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8520 (Japan); Ohnishi, Masatoshi [Qualtec Co., Ltd., 4-230 Sanbocho, Sakai-ku, Sakai-shi, Osaka 590-0906 (Japan); Nakaya, Takayuki [NJC Institute of Technology, Namiki Precision Jewel Co., Ltd., 8-22 Shinden 3-Chome, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 123-8511 (Japan)
Initiation Mechanisms and Kinetics of Pyrolysis and Combustion of JP-10 Hydrocarbon Jet Fuel
Initiation Mechanisms and Kinetics of Pyrolysis and Combustion of JP-10 Hydrocarbon Jet Fuel ... We found that the primary decomposition reactions involve either (1) dissociation of ethylene from JP-10, resulting in the formation of a C8 hydrocarbon intermediate, or (2) the production of two C5 hydrocarbons. ... Heats of combustion (kcal/mole) were measured via O bomb calorimetry; adamantane (I) (c), -1441.95 ...
Kimberly Chenoweth; Adri C. T. van Duin; Siddharth Dasgupta; William A. Goddard III
A Target Factor Analytical Model for Solute-Sorbent Interactions Using Retention Indices for Hydrocarbons on Cation-Exchange Resins
......factor analyzed data for 40 hydrocarbons on seven ionic...tests for the heat of combustion and for cyclic...chromatographic data, the latter...r s Solute* Heat of combustion Cyclic uniqueness...reproduced the data with an rms......
Darryl G. Howery; Joseph M. Soroka
Carbon neutral hydrocarbons
...depends on a source of primary energy to drive the required chemical...synthetic hydrocarbons are an energy carrier produced from a primary energy source such as wind, nuclear...Gustavsson et al. 2007), using a conversion value of $1.00=0.72...
Optrode for sensing hydrocarbons
A two-phase system employing the Fujiwara reaction is provided for the fluorometric detection of halogenated hydrocarbons. A fiber optic is utilized to illuminate a column of pyridine trapped in a capillary tube coaxially attached at one end to the illuminating end of the fiber optic. A strongly alkaline condition necessary for the reaction is maintained by providing a reservoir of alkali in contact with the column of pyridine, the surface of contact being adjacent to the illuminating end of the fiber optic. A semipermeable membrane caps the other end of the capillary tube, the membrane being preferentially permeable to the halogenated hydrocarbon and but preferentially impermeable to water and pyridine. As the halogenated hydrocarbon diffuses through the membrane and into the column of pyridine, fluorescent reaction products are formed. Light propagated by the fiber optic from a light source, excites the fluorescent products. Light from the fluorescence emission is also collected by the same fiber optic and transmitted to a detector. The intensity of the fluorescence gives a measure of the concentration of the halogenated hydrocarbons.
Miller, Holly (Bethel Island, CA); Milanovich, Fred P. (Lafayette, CA); Hirschfeld, Tomas B. (Livermore, CA); Miller, Fred S. (Bethel Island, CA)
A two-phase system employing the Fujiwara reaction is provided for the fluorometric detection of halogenated hydrocarbons. A fiber optic is utilized to illuminate a column of pyridine trapped in a capillary tube coaxially attached at one end to the illuminating end of the fiber optic. A strongly alkaline condition necessary for the reaction is maintained by providing a reservoir of alkali in contact with the column of pyridine, the surface of contact being adjacent to the illuminating end of the fiber optic. A semipermeable membrane caps the other end of the capillary tube, the membrane being preferentially permeable to the halogenated hydrocarbon and but preferentially impermeable to water and pyridine. As the halogenated hydrocarbon diffuses through the membrane and into the column of pyridine, fluorescent reaction products are formed. Light propagated by the fiber optic from a light source, excites the fluorescent products. Light from the fluorescence emission is also collected by the same fiber optic and transmitted to a detector. The intensity of the fluorescence gives a measure of the concentration of the halogenated hydrocarbons. 5 figs.
Miller, H.; Milanovich, F.P.; Hirschfeld, T.B.; Miller, F.S.
A two-phase system employing the Fujiwara reaction is provided for the fluorometric detection of halogenated hydrocarbons. A fiber optic is utilized to illuminate a column of pyridine trapped in a capillary tube coaxially attached at one end to the illuminating end of the fiber optic. A strongly alkaline condition necessary for the reaction is maintained by providing a reservoir of alkali in contact with the column of pyridine, the surface of contact being adjacent to the illuminating end of the fiber optic. A semipermeable membrane caps the other end of the capillary tube, the membrane being preferentially permeable to the halogenated hydrocarbon but preferentially impermeable to water and pyridine. As the halogenated hydrocarbon diffuses through the membrane and into the column of pyridine, fluorescent reaction products are formed. Light propagated by the fiber optic from a light source, excites the fluorescent products. Light from the fluorescence emission is also collected by the same fiber optic and transmitted to a detector. The intensity of the fluorescence gives a measure of the concentration of the halogenated hydrocarbons. 6 figs.
Determination of Thermal-Degradation Rates of Some Candidate Rankine-Cycle Organic Working Fluids for Conversion of Industrial Waste Heat Into Power
DETERMINATION OF THERMAL-DEGRADATION RATES OF SOME CANDIDATE RANKINE-CYCLE ORGANIC WORKING FLUIDS FOR CONVERSION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE HEAT INTO POWER Mohan L. Jain, Jack Demirgian, John L. Krazinski, and H. Bushby Argonne National Laboratory..., Argonne, Illinois Howard Mattes and John Purcell U.S. Department of Energy ABSTRACT Serious concerns over the long-term thermal In a previous study [1] based on systems stability of organic working fluids and its effect analysis and covering...
Jain, M. L.; Demirgian, J.; Krazinski, J. L.; Bushby, H.; Mattes, H.; Purcell, J.
Four-mode Bose-Hubbard model with two greatly differing tunneling rates as a model for the Josephson oscillation of heat
As a model for mesoscopic quantum systems in thermal contact, we consider a four-mode Bose-Hubbard model with two greatly differing tunneling rates. By a series of Holstein-Primakoff transformations, we show that the low-frequency dynamics of this system consists in general of two slow Josephson oscillations, rather than the single slow mode predicted by linear Bogoliubov theory. We identify the second slow Josephson oscillation as a heat exchange mode analogous to second sound.
Strzys, M. P.; Anglin, J. R. [OPTIMAS Research Center and Fachbereich Physik, Technische Universitaet Kaiserslautern, D-67653 Kaiserslautern (Germany)
...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction in terms...by the incomplete combustion of organic material...sediments (1), heat and power generation...PAH from fuel combustion found in the atmosphere...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PMS, postmitochondrial...amounts of mutation (data not presented...
Illite and hydrocarbon exploration
...mechanism is unclear. Heating seems unlikely, as...are used to calibrate the heating history of sedimentary basins to ascertain that oil or gas generation from...earthquake hazards. The price of oil and gas has remained low...
David R. Pevear
Estimating heat of combustion for waste materials
Describes a method of estimating the heat of combustion of hydrocarbon waste (containing S,N,Q,C1) in various physical forms (vapor, liquid, solid, or mixtures) when the composition of the waste stream is known or can be estimated. Presents an equation for predicting the heat of combustion of hydrocarbons containing some sulfur. Shows how the method is convenient for estimating the heat of combustion of a waste profile as shown in a sample calculation.
Chang, Y.C.
New approaches to the development of high-performance hydrocarbon propellants
An approach to express screening of promising hydrocarbon propellants, based on the calculation of the ... the results of quantum-chemical calculation of their heats of combustion, was suggested. The approach ens...
M. V. Savos�kin; L. M. Kapkan; G. E. Vaiman�
Gas phase negative ion chemistry methods are employed to determine enthalpies of formation of hydrocarbon radicals that are important in combustion processes and to investigate the dynamics of ion-molecule reactions. Using guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry, we measure collisional threshold energies of endoergic proton transfer and hydrogen atom transfer reactions of hydrocarbon molecules with negative reagent ions. The measured reaction threshold energies for proton transfer yield the relative gas phase acidities. In an alternative methodology, competitive collision-induced dissociation of proton-bound ion-molecule complexes provides accurate gas phase acidities relative to a reference acid. Combined with the electron affinity of the R {center_dot} radical, the gas phase acidity yields the RH bond dissociation energy of the corresponding neutral molecule, or equivalently the enthalpy of formation of the R{center_dot} organic radical, using equation: D(R-H) = {Delta}{sub acid}H(RH) + EA(R) - IE(H). The threshold energy for hydrogen abstraction from a hydrocarbon molecule yields its hydrogen atom affinity relative to the reagent anion, providing the RH bond dissociation energy directly. Electronic structure calculations are used to evaluate the possibility of potential energy barriers or dynamical constrictions along the reaction path, and as input for RRKM and phase space theory calculations. In newer experiments, we have measured the product velocity distributions to obtain additional information on the energetics and dynamics of the reactions.
Kent M. Ervin, Principal Investigator
Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Particulate Phase of Cigarette Smoke Using a Gas Chromatographic-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric Technique
......polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from...previously reported data. Introduction Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present in the combustion products of many...reported literature data (9,11...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tobacco smoke...cigarette which heats but not burn......
Q. Zha; N.X. Qian; S.C. Moldoveanu
In utero Exposure of Mice to Dibenzo[a,l]Pyrene Produces Lymphoma in the Offspring: Role of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor
...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) 3-methylcholanthrene...from incomplete combustion of many organic...diesel. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR...nonspecific binding. Data were collected...water, were heat denatured and...Modeling survival data: extending the...to polycyclic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic...
Zhen Yu; Christiane V. Loehr; Kay A. Fischer; Mandy A. Louderback; Sharon K. Krueger; Roderick H. Dashwood; Nancy I. Kerkvliet; Clifford B. Pereira; Jamie E. Jennings-Gee; Stephanie T. Dance; Mark Steven Miller; George S. Bailey; and David E. Williams
Radical scavengers from heavy hydrocarbons
The hydrogen-donating properties of some hydrocarbons form the basis for processes such as coal liquefaction and heavy oil upgrading. However, these hydrocarbons have seldom been used for other purposes, because their potential applications have not been well recognized. Research has indicated that these hydrogen-donating hydrocarbons can be used in important reactions as radical scavengers and have properties particular to those of pure hydrocarbons without functional groups containing heteroatoms. Over years of study researchers have found that pure hydrocarbons with radical-scavenging effects nearly as high as those in conventional hindered phenolic antioxidants can be produced from petroleum, and these hydrogen-donating hydrocarbons exhibit such effects even in oxidative atmospheres (i.e., they function as antioxidants). He has also shown that these mixtures have some properties particular to pure hydrocarbons without functional groups containing heteroatoms, and they`ve seen that a mechanism based on the steric effects appears when these hydrocarbons are used in heavy oil hydroprocessing. Hydrogen-donating hydrocarbons should be a viable resource in many applications. In this article, he presents radical-scavenging abilities, characteristics as pure hydrocarbons, and applications on the basis of the studies.
Kubo, Junichi [Nippon Oil Co. Ltd. (Japan)
Hydrocarbons Heterogeneous Pyrolysis: Experiments and Modeling for Scramjet Thermal Management
1 Hydrocarbons Heterogeneous Pyrolysis: Experiments and Modeling for Scramjet Thermal Management : United States (2008)" #12;2 I. Introduction One of the main issues of the development of scramjet, an air to the endothermicity of its thermal decomposition. Because of the large heat load found in a scramjet, engine
7-88 A geothermal power plant uses geothermal liquid water at 160C at a specified rate as the heat source. The actual and maximum possible thermal efficiencies and the rate of heat rejected from this power plant
and potential energy changes are zero. 3 Steam properties are used for geothermal water. Properties Using7-31 7-88 A geothermal power plant uses geothermal liquid water at 160ºC at a specified rate saturated liquid properties, the source and the sink state enthalpies of geothermal water are (Table A-4) k
Bahrami, Majid
Comparison of Heating Methods for In-Situ Oil Shale Extraction
Oil shales are lamellar, non-porous, impermeable hydrocarbon bearing rocks that contain organic matter called kerogen which, when heated at pyrolysis temperature of approximately 600-800 ?, thermo-chemically decomposes to liberate hydrocarbons...
Hazra, Kaushik Gaurav
Assessment of combustion submodels for turbulent nonpremixed hydrocarbon flames
Data bases generated by direct numerical simulation (DNS) of nonpremixed combustion are used to evaluate stationary laminar flamelet and conditional moment closure (CMC) models of turbulent combustion. The chemical kinetics used for the simulation and modeling is a systematically reduced two-step mechanism for hydrocarbon combustion. Heat release effects on the chemistry are included but a constant density assumption is used. Three different Reynolds numbers and a range of Damk�hler numbers are considered. Two different versions of stationary laminar flamelet models are considered. In one version, the instantaneous turbulent scalar dissipation rate at stoichiometry is used to match the laminar flamelets, whereas in another version the conditional average of scalar dissipation at stoichiometry is used. In the CMC calculations, turbulent mixing is modelled by a presumed beta function pdf with the mixture fraction variance being the only input quantity and this is obtained from the DNS. CMC predictions of major and minor species are excellent and are always within 6% despite the presence of some local extinction. Both versions of flamelet models predict the major species with much less accuracy than this. The minor species predictions, and hence the reaction rate predictions, are even less accurate.
N. Swaminathan; R.W. Bilger
Heat transfer dynamics
As heat transfer technology increases in complexity, it becomes more difficult for those without thermal dynamics engineering training to choose between competitive heat transfer systems offered to meet their drying requirements. A step back to the basics of heat transfer can help professional managers and papermakers make informed decisions on alternative equipment and methods. The primary forms of heat and mass transfer are reviewed with emphasis on the basics, so a practical understanding of each is gained. Finally, the principles and benefits of generating infrared energy by combusting a gaseous hydrocarbon fuel are explained.
Smith, T.M. (Marsden, Inc., Pennsauken, NJ (United States))
Determination of size-specific U-factors and solar heat gain coefficients from rated values at established sizes -- A simplified approach
Organizations such as the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) in the United States and the Canadian Standards Association in Canada have done a vast amount of work to develop standardized procedures for rating the thermal performance of window systems. These procedures provide an excellent means of comparing one window product to another. One limitation to the use of the information produced in these rating procedures is that the data are produced through measurement or simulation for a fixed window size. To use these data in building energy computer simulations, the U-factor and solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) data need to be available for the actual window sizes used in a building. The window labeling information provided through the window rating procedures in the US and Canada is not enough to calculate size-specific U-factor or SHGC values. Using minimal information that is provided from the rating procedures and making a few simplifying assumptions will allow for /an approximation of the size-specific U-factor and SHGC values. The work presented in this paper outlines a simplified approach to determining size-specific U-factor and SHGC values.
Baker, J.A. [WestLab, Waterloo, Ontario (Canada); Henry, R. [CANMET/Natural Resources, Ottawa, Ontario (Canada)
Interaction between Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons and Nucleosides
...addition, the findings that hydrocarbons inhibit DNA syn thesis...for these carcinogens. Hydrocarbon-nucleic acid interaction...and the interactions of water molecules. Indeed, carcinogenic hydrocarbons tend to form 1 This investigation...
Ronald G. Harvey and Marilyn Halonen
In situ heat treatment of a tar sands formation after drive process treatment
A method for treating a tar sands formation includes providing a drive fluid to a hydrocarbon containing layer of the tar sands formation to mobilize at least some hydrocarbons in the layer. At least some first hydrocarbons from the layer are produced. Heat is provided to the layer from one or more heaters located in the formation. At least some second hydrocarbons are produced from the layer of the formation. The second hydrocarbons include at least some hydrocarbons that are upgraded compared to the first hydrocarbons produced by using the drive fluid.
Vinegar, Harold J. (Bellaire, TX); Stanecki, John (Blanco, TX)
Enhanced liquid hydrocarbon recovery process
This patent describes a process for recovering liquid hydrocarbons. It comprises: injecting into a fractured subterranean formation a polymer enhanced foam comprising a polymer selected from a synthetic polymer or a biopolymer, a surfactant, an aqueous solvent and a gas, recovering liquid hydrocarbons from the formation.
Sydansk, R.D.
Assessment of Uncertainty in Cloud Radiative Effects and Heating Rates through Retrieval Algorithm Differences: Analysis using 3-years of ARM data at Darwin, Australia
Ground-based radar and lidar observations obtained at the Department of Energy�s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program�s Tropical Western Pacific site located in Darwin, Australia are used to retrieve ice cloud properties in anvil and cirrus clouds. Cloud microphysical properties derived from four different retrieval algorithms (two radar-lidar and two radar only algorithms) are compared by examining mean profiles and probability density functions of effective radius (Re), ice water content (IWC), extinction, ice number concentration, ice crystal fall speed, and vertical air velocity. Retrieval algorithm uncertainty is quantified using radiative flux closure exercises. The effect of uncertainty in retrieved quantities on the cloud radiative effect and radiative heating rates are presented. Our analysis shows that IWC compares well among algorithms, but Re shows significant discrepancies, which is attributed primarily to assumptions of particle shape. Uncertainty in Re and IWC translates into sometimes-large differences in cloud radiative effect (CRE) though the majority of cases have a CRE difference of roughly 10 W m-2 on average. These differences, which we believe are primarily driven by the uncertainty in Re, can cause up to 2 K/day difference in the radiative heating rates between algorithms.
Comstock, Jennifer M.; Protat, Alain; McFarlane, Sally A.; Delanoe, Julien; Deng, Min
Heat-Release Behavior of Fuel Combustion Additives
Heat-Release Behavior of Fuel Combustion Additives ... Heats of combustion were determined in a constant-volume calorimeter by an independent test laboratory using ASTM procedure D 240.14 ... We probed for a solvent effect using several hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon mixtures. ...
Jimmie C. Oxley; James L. Smith; Evan Rogers; Wen Ye; Allen A. Aradi; Timothy J. Henly
Hydrocarbon sensors and materials therefor
An electrochemical hydrocarbon sensor and materials for use in sensors. A suitable proton conducting electrolyte and catalytic materials have been found for specific application in the detection and measurement of non-methane hydrocarbons. The sensor comprises a proton conducting electrolyte sandwiched between two electrodes. At least one of the electrodes is covered with a hydrocarbon decomposition catalyst. Two different modes of operation for the hydrocarbon sensors can be used: equilibrium versus non-equilibrium measurements and differential catalytic. The sensor has particular application for on-board monitoring of automobile exhaust gases to evaluate the performance of catalytic converters. In addition, the sensor can be utilized in monitoring any process where hydrocarbons are exhausted, for instance, industrial power plants. The sensor is low cost, rugged, sensitive, simple to fabricate, miniature, and does not suffer cross sensitivities.
Pham, Ai Quoc (San Jose, CA); Glass, Robert S. (Livermore, CA)
Process for recovering hydrocarbons from a hydrocarbon-bearing formation
A method is described for transporting heavy crude oil through a pipeline which involves introducing into a pipeline or well-bore with the viscous hydrocarbons an aqueous solution containing (1) a sulfonate surfactant, (2) a rosin soap or a naphthenic acid soap and, optionally (3) coupling agent whereby there is spontaneously formed a low viscosity, salt tolerant, oil-in-water emulsion. Also disclosed is a method of recovery of hydrocarbons from a hydrocarbon bearing formation employing an aqueous solution containing (1) a sulfonate surfactant, (2) a rosin soap or a naphthenic acid soap and, optionally (3) a coupling agent.
Alston, R.B.; Braden, W.B.; Flournoy, K.H.
Emissions characteristics of modern oil heating equipment
Over the last 10 years there have been some very interesting developments in oil heating. These include higher static pressure burners, air atomizing nozzles, low firing rate nozzles, low heat loss combustion chambers and condensing boilers and furnaces. The current data base on the emissions characteristics of oil-fired residential heating equipment is based primarily on data taken in the 1970's. The objective of the work described in this report is to evaluate the effects of recent developments in oil-fired equipment on emissions. Detailed emissions measurements have been made on a number of currently available residential oil burners and whole systems selected to represent recent development trends. Some additional data was taken with equipment which is in the prototype stage. These units are a prevaporizing burner and a retention head burner modified with an air atomizing nozzle. Measurements include No{sub x}, smoke numbers, CO, gas phase hydrocarbon emissions and particulate mass emission rates. Emissions of smoke, CO and hydrocarbons were found to be significantly greater under cyclic operation for all burners tested. Generally, particulate emission rates were found to be 3 to 4 times greater in cyclic operation than in steady state. Air atomized burners were found to be capable of operation at much lower excess air levels than pressure atomized burners without producing significant amounts of smoke. As burner performance is improved, either through air atomization or prevaporization of the fuel, there appears to be a general trend towards producing CO at lower smoke levels as excess air is decreased. The criteria of adjusting burners for trace smoke may need to be abandoned for advanced burners and replaced with an adjustment for specific excess air levels. 17 refs., 15 figs., 6 tabs.
Krajewski, R.; Celebi, Y.; Coughlan, R.; Butcher, T.; McDonald, R.J.
Hydrocarbon-fueled internal combustion engines: "the worst form of vehicle propulsion... except for all the other forms"
Hydrocarbon-fueled internal combustion engines: "the worst form of vehicle propulsion... except of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1453 Introduction Hydrocarbon-fueled internal combustion engines. For the purposes of this paper: An internal combustion engine is a heat engine (a device in which thermal energy
Methane-derived hydrocarbons produced under upper-mantle conditions
There is widespread evidence that petroleum originates from biological processes. Whether hydrocarbons can also be produced from abiogenic precursor molecules under the high-pressure, high-temperature conditions characteristic of the upper mantle remains an open question. It has been proposed that hydrocarbons generated in the upper mantle could be transported through deep faults to shallower regions in the Earth's crust, and contribute to petroleum reserves. Here we use in situ Raman spectroscopy in laser-heated diamond anvil cells to monitor the chemical reactivity of methane and ethane under upper-mantle conditions. We show that when methane is exposed to pressures higher than 2 GPa, and to temperatures in the range of 1,000-1,500 K, it partially reacts to form saturated hydrocarbons containing 2-4 carbons (ethane, propane and butane) and molecular hydrogen and graphite. Conversely, exposure of ethane to similar conditions results in the production of methane, suggesting that the synthesis of saturated hydrocarbons is reversible. Our results support the suggestion that hydrocarbons heavier than methane can be produced by abiogenic processes in the upper mantle.
Kolesnikov, Anton; Kutcherov, Vladimir G.; Goncharov, Alexander F.; (CIW); (RITS)
Fluids in Hydrocarbon Basins
...solids as for example wax, may precipitate from...decreasing shear rate. Wax precipitation is common in subsea pipelines used to transport reservoir...decreasing shear rate. Wax precipitation is common in subsea pipelines used to transport reservoir...
Karen S. Pedersen; Peter L. Christensen
Kidney cancer and hydrocarbon exposures among petroleum refinery workers
To evaluate the hypothesis of increased kidney cancer risk after exposure to hydrocarbons, especially those present in gasoline, we conducted a case-control study in a cohort of approximately 100,000 male refinery workers from five petroleum companies. A review of 18,323 death certificates identified 102 kidney cancer cases, to each of whom four controls were matched by refinery location and decade of birth. Work histories, containing an average of 15.7 job assignments per subject, were found for 98% of the cases and 94% of the controls. Tb each job, industrial hygienists assigned semiquantitative ratings for the intensity and frequency of exposures to three hydrocarbon categories: nonaromatic liquid gasoline distillates, aromatic hydrocarbons, and the more volatile hydrocarbons. Ratings of {open_quotes}present{close_quotes} or {open_quotes}absent{close_quotes} were assigned for seven additional exposures: higher boiling hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, asbestos, chlorinated solvents, ionizing radiation, and lead. Each exposure had either no association or a weak association with kidney cancer. For the hydrocarbon category of principal a priori interest, the nonaromatic liquid gasoline distillates, the estimated relative risk (RR) for any exposure above refinery background was 1.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.5-1.9). Analyses of cumulative exposures and of exposures in varying time periods before kidney cancer occurrence also produced null or near-null results. In an analysis of the longest job held by each subject (average duration 9.2 years or 40% of the refiner&y work history), three groups appeared to be at increased risk: laborers (RR = 1.9,95% CI 1.0-3.9); workers in receipt, storage, and movements (RR = 2.5,95% CI 0.9-6.6); and unit cleaners (RR = 2.3, 95% CI 0.5-9.9). 53 refs., 7 tabs.
Poole, C.; Dreyer, N.A.; Satterfield, M.H. [Epidemiology Resources Inc., Newton Lower Falls, MA (United States); Levin, L. [Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, PA (United States)
Heating tar sands formations to visbreaking temperatures
Methods for treating a tar sands formation are described herein. Methods may include heating at least a section of a hydrocarbon layer in the formation from a plurality of heaters located in the formation. The heat may be controlled so that at least a majority of the section reaches an average temperature of between 200.degree. C. and 240.degree. C., which results in visbreaking of at least some hydrocarbons in the section. At least some visbroken hydrocarbon fluids may be produced from the formation.
Karanikas, John Michael (Houston, TX); Colmenares, Tulio Rafael (Houston, TX); Zhang, Etuan (Houston, TX); Marino, Marian (Houston, TX); Roes, Augustinus Wilhelmus Maria (Houston, TX); Ryan, Robert Charles (Houston, TX); Beer, Gary Lee (Houston, TX); Dombrowski, Robert James (Houston, TX); Jaiswal, Namit (Houston, TX)
Experimental study of the effect of top-ring clearance volume on unburned hydrocarbon concentrations
The clearance volume between the piston, the cylinder and the top compression ring in an internal combustion engine has a significant effect on the unburned hydrocarbon concentration. The high heat transfer from the burning mixture to the cylinder surface extinguishes the flame front, and this is the main reason for increased unburned hydrocarbon concentrations. The heat transfer between the mixture and the clearance volume surface is affected by the ratio of coolant surface to the clearance volume. In this study the effect of the ratio of the coolant surface to the clearance volume on the unburned hydrocarbon concentration was investigated using three different purpose-built pistons. A decrease of this ratio reduced the unburned hydrocarbon concentration by 40%.
Muammer Ozkan; Orhan Deniz; Tarkan Sandalci
Application of Resource-Ratio Theory to Hydrocarbon Biodegradation
Application of Resource-Ratio Theory to Hydrocarbon Biodegradation ... We suggest that the procedures outlined here can be used to help guide practical decisions about the nutrients that are most likely to be growth-limiting and help define the subsequent nutrient application rates. ...
Val H. Smith; David W. Graham; Dale D. Cleland
Method for silicon carbide production by reacting silica with hydrocarbon gas
A method is described for producing silicon carbide particles using a silicon source material and a hydrocarbon. The method is efficient and is characterized by high yield. Finely divided silicon source material is contacted with hydrocarbon at a temperature of 400.degree. C. to 1000.degree. C. where the hydrocarbon pyrolyzes and coats the particles with carbon. The particles are then heated to 1100.degree. C. to 1600.degree. C. to cause a reaction between the ingredients to form silicon carbide of very small particle size. No grinding of silicon carbide is required to obtain small particles. The method may be carried out as a batch process or as a continuous process.
Glatzmaier, Gregory C. (Boulder, CO)
A new technology for producing synthetic liquid hydrocarbons from gaseous hydrocarbons
Conventional technologies of synthetic liquid fuels (SLF) production from gaseous hydrocarbons by producing synthesis ... liquid hydrocarbons are examined. A high-efficiency SLF production technology that allows ...
D. L. Astanovskii; L. Z. Astanovskii; A. L. Lapidus
PC-based control system complements NGL heat-recovery project
Valero Hydrocarbons has employed a PC-based control system to realize the energy-savings potential of a heat-recovery project at its Corpus Christi, Tex., NGL fractionator (CCF). Valero Hydrocarbons' CCF was originally placed on-line in 1966. The operation of CCF as an isobutane-butane-natural gasoline fractionation complex started in 1982 after the plant's recovery section was replaced by the cryogenic unit at the nearby Shoup plant. The plant is still a significant Gulf Coast NGL processor, having a rated throughput of 10,000 b/d of the isobutane and heavier feedstock. The plant has operated successfully, however, at rates up to 11,300 b/d.
Young, R.M.
Process for light-driven hydrocarbon oxidation at ambient temperatures
A photochemical reaction for the oxidation of hydrocarbons uses molecular oxygen as the oxidant. A reductive photoredox cycle that uses a tin(IV)- or antimony(V)-porphyrin photosensitizer generates the reducing equivalents required to activate oxygen. This artificial photosynthesis system drives a catalytic cycle, which mimics the cytochrome P.sub.450 reaction, to oxidize hydrocarbons. An iron(III)- or manganese(III)-porphyrin is used as the hydrocarbon-oxidation catalyst. Methylviologen can be used as a redox relay molecule to provide for electron-transfer from the reduced photosensitizer to the Fe or Mn porphyrin. The system is long-lived and may be used in photo-initiated spectroscopic studies of the reaction to determine reaction rates and intermediates.
Shelnutt, John A. (Tijeras, NM)
Microwave heating for adsorbents regeneration and oil sands coke activation.
??Microwave heating has unique advantages compared to convection-radiation heating methods including fast heating rate and selective heating of objects. This thesis studied two applications of� (more)
Chen, Heng
Solution mining dawsonite from hydrocarbon containing formations with a chelating agent
A method for treating an oil shale formation comprising dawsonite includes providing heat from one or more heaters to the formation to heat the formation. Hydrocarbon fluids are produced from the formation. At least some dawsonite in the formation is decomposed with the provided heat. A chelating agent is provided to the formation to dissolve at least some dawsonite decomposition products. The dissolved dawsonite decomposition products are produced from the formation.
Vinegar, Harold J. (Bellaire, TX)
Combustion and performance of a diesel engine with preheated Jatropha curcas oil using waste heat from exhaust gas
Abstract The viscosity and density of CJO (crude Jatropha oil) were reduced by heating it using the heat from exhaust gas of a diesel engine with an appropriately designed helical coil heat exchanger. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the combustion characteristics of a DI (direct injection) diesel engine using PJO (preheated Jatropha oil). It exhibited a marginally higher cylinder gas pressure, rate of pressure rise and heat release rate as compared to HSD (high speed diesel) during the initial stages of combustion for all engine loadings. Ignition delay was shorter for PJO as compared to HSD. The results also indicated that BSFC (brake specific fuel consumption) and EGT (exhaust gas temperature) increased while BTE (brake thermal efficiency) decreased with PJO as compared to HSD for all engine loadings. The reductions in CO2 (carbon dioxide), HC (hydrocarbon) and \\{NOx\\} (nitrous oxide) emissions were observed for PJO along with increased CO (carbon monoxide) emission as compared to those of HSD.
Priyabrata Pradhan; Hifjur Raheman; Debasish Padhee
Enrichment of light hydrocarbon mixture
Light hydrocarbon enrichment is accomplished using a vertically oriented distillation column having a plurality of vertically oriented, nonselective micro/mesoporous hollow fibers. Vapor having, for example, both propylene and propane is sent upward through the distillation column in between the hollow fibers. Vapor exits neat the top of the column and is condensed to form a liquid phase that is directed back downward through the lumen of the hollow fibers. As vapor continues to ascend and liquid continues to countercurrently descend, the liquid at the bottom of the column becomes enriched in a higher boiling point, light hydrocarbon (propane, for example) and the vapor at the top becomes enriched in a lower boiling point light hydrocarbon (propylene, for example). The hollow fiber becomes wetted with liquid during the process.
Yang, Dali (Los Alamos, NM); Devlin, David (Santa Fe, NM); Barbero, Robert S. (Santa Cruz, NM); Carrera, Martin E. (Naperville, IL); Colling, Craig W. (Warrenville, IL)
??Previous studies have come to contrasting conclusions regarding nutrient limitation of hydrocarbon biodegradation in the Gulf of Mexico, and rate measurements are needed to support� (more)
Sun, Xiaoxu
Biological enhancement of hydrocarbon extraction
A method of microbial enhanced oil recovery for recovering oil from an oil-bearing rock formation is provided. The methodology uses a consortium of bacteria including a mixture of surfactant producing bacteria and non-surfactant enzyme producing bacteria which may release hydrocarbons from bitumen containing sands. The described bioprocess can work with existing petroleum recovery protocols. The consortium microorganisms are also useful for treatment of above oil sands, ground waste tailings, subsurface oil recovery, and similar materials to enhance remediation and/or recovery of additional hydrocarbons from the materials.
Brigmon, Robin L. (North Augusta, SC); Berry, Christopher J. (Aiken, SC)
Increased olefins production via recovery of refinery gas hydrocarbons
In the process of catalytically cracking heavy petroleum fractions to make gasoline and light fuel oil, by-product waste gases are also generated. The waste gases, normally used as fuel, are themselves rich sources of ethylene, propylene and other light hydrocarbons which can be recovered inexpensively via a cryogenic dephlegmator process. This gas separation technique is exploited in a system, in operation since spring of 1987, which reclaims C/sub 2/+ hydrocarbons from a refinery gas. The reclamation process bolsters production in a nearby ethylene plant. Causing no disruption of ethylene plant operations, the cryogenic hydrocarbon recovery system functions smoothly with existing systems. The dephlegmation unit operation melds distillation and heat transfer processes in a single easily-controlled step which boosts the hydrocarbon purity and recovery above the levels profitably achievable with conventional cryogenic separation techniques. Very attractive operating economics follow from high purity, high recovery, and high energy efficiency. This paper discusses process concepts, economic benefits, plant operation, and early performance results.
Bernhard, D.P.; Rowles, H.C.; Moss, J.A.; Pickering, J.L. Jr.
Fluorescence Detection of Hydrocarbons in Harbour Water
In harbor water, the hydrocarbons pollution identification represents an important issue. Hydrocarbon presence derives from oil spills, for instance in bilge water, or it may come from industrial discharge ... Fl...
A. Catini; F. Dini; D. Polese; S. Petrocco; M. De Luca�
Estimating The Thermodynamics And Kinetics Of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon...
Estimating The Thermodynamics And Kinetics Of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Degradation. Estimating The Thermodynamics And Kinetics Of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Degradation. Abstract: Many...
Extracting hydrocarbons from water using a centrifuge
An original method for the solid-phase microextraction of hydrocarbons from water using a centrifuge is proposed. Comparative results...
A. Yu. Ryabov; A. A. Ilyina; A. V. Chuikin�
Surface Combustion Microengines Based on Photocatalytic Oxidations of Hydrocarbons at Room Temperature
Surface Combustion Microengines Based on Photocatalytic Oxidations of Hydrocarbons at Room Temperature ... For instance internal combustion engines depend on an exothermic combustion of a mixture of hydrocarbon fuel or hydrogen and air, inside a sealed cylinder equipped with a movable piston.1 Once ignited using an electrical or compression heating system, the combustion products have more available energy than the original mixture, and this energy can be translated into work by driving the piston. ... One possible explanation for the lack of data is that the temperature increase of surface or suspended colloids is hard to measure due to fast heat dissipation through solid bond vibrations or solvent molecules in continuous UV radiation. ...
Ming Su; Vinayak P. Dravid
In Situ Hydrocarbon Degradation by Indigenous Nearshore Bacterial Populations
Potential episodic hydrocarbon inputs associated with oil mining and transportation together with chronic introduction of hydrocarbons via urban runoff into the relatively pristine coastal Florida waters poses a significant threat to Florida's fragile marine environment. It is therefore important to understand the extent to which indigenous bacterial populations are able to degrade hydrocarbon compounds and also determine factors that could potentially control and promote the rate at which these compounds are broken down in situ. Previous controlled laboratory experiments carried out by our research group demonstrated that separately both photo-oxidation and cometabolism stimulate bacterial hydrocarbon degradation by natural bacterial assemblages collected from a chronically petroleum contaminated site in Bayboro Bay, Florida. Additionally, we also demonstrated that stable carbon and radiocarbon abundances of respired CO{sub 2} could be used to trace in situ hydrocarbon degradation by indigenous bacterial populations at this same site. This current proposal had two main objectives: (a) to evaluate the cumulative impact of cometabolism and photo-oxidation on hydrocarbon degradation by natural bacterial assemblages collected the same site in Bayboro Bay, Florida and (b) to determine if in situ hydrocarbon degradation by indigenous bacterial populations this site could be traced using natural radiocarbon and stable carbon abundances of assimilated bacterial carbon. Funds were used for 2 years of full support for one ESI Ph.D. student, April Croxton. To address our first objective a series of closed system bacterial incubations were carried out using photo-oxidized petroleum and pinfish (i.e. cometabolite). Bacterial production of CO{sub 2} was used as the indicator of hydrocarbon degradation and {delta}{sup 13}C analysis of the resultant CO{sub 2} was used to evaluate the source of the respired CO{sub 2} (i.e. petroleum hydrocarbons or the pinfish cometabolite). Results from these time series experiments demonstrated that short-term exposure of petroleum to UV light enhanced hydrocarbon degradation by 48% over that observed for non-photo-oxidized petroleum. Despite the greater bio-availability of the photo-oxidized over the non-photo-oxidized petroleum, an initial lag in CO{sub 2} production was observed indicating potential phototoxicity of the photo- by-products. {delta}{sup 13}C analysis and mass balance calculations reveal that co-metabolism with pinfish resulted in increased hydrocarbon degradation for both photo-oxidized and non-photo-oxidized petroleum each by over 100%. These results demonstrate the cumulative effect of photo-oxidation and co-metabolism on petroleum hydrocarbon degradation by natural bacterial populations indigenous to systems chronically impacted by hydrocarbon input. To address the second objective of this proposal bacterial concentrates were collected from Bayboro Harbor in April 2001 for nucleic acid extraction and subsequent natural radiocarbon abundance analyses. Unfortunately, however, all of these samples were lost due to a faulty compressor in our -70 freezer. The freezer was subsequently repaired and samples were again collected from Bayboro Harbor in June 2002 and again December 2002. Several attempts were made to extract the nucleic acid samples--however, the student was not able to successfully extract and an adequate amount of uncontaminated nucleic acid samples for subsequent natural radiocarbon abundance measurements of the bacterial carbon by accelerator mass spectrometry (i.e. require at least 50 {micro}g carbon for AMS measurement). Consequently, we were not able to address the second objective of this proposed work.
Cherrier, J.
Photo-oxides of Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons
... are involved in the biological action of carcinogenic hydrocarbons, we have attempted to isolate the photo-oxides of some of these hydrocarbons. Such ... -oxides of some of these hydrocarbons. Such photo-oxides would naturally be insoluble in water and hence would represent merely one stage in ...
Domestic Heating and Thermal Insulation
... DIGEST 133 of the Building Research Station, entitled "Domestic Heating and Thermal Insulation" (Pp. 7. London : H.M. Stationery Office, 1960. 4insulation, the standard of heating, the ventilation-rate and the length of the heating season ...
Syngas Upgrading to Hydrocarbon Fuels Technology Pathway
This technology pathway case investigates the upgrading of woody biomass derived synthesis gas (syngas) to hydrocarbon biofuels. While this specific discussion focuses on the conversion of syngas via a methanol intermediate to hydrocarbon blendstocks, there are a number of alternative conversion routes for production of hydrocarbons through a wide array of intermediates from syngas. Future work will also consider the variations to this pathway to determine the most economically viable and lowest risk conversion route. Technical barriers and key research needs have been identified that should be pursued for the syngas-to-hydrocarbon pathway to be competitive with petroleum-derived gasoline-, diesel- and jet-range hydrocarbon blendstocks.
Heating tar sands formations while controlling pressure
Methods for treating a tar sands formation are described herein. Methods may include heating at least a section of a hydrocarbon layer in the formation from a plurality of heaters located in the formation. A pressure in the majority of the section may be maintained below a fracture pressure of the formation. The pressure in the majority of the section may be reduced to a selected pressure after the average temperature reaches a temperature that is above 240.degree. C. and is at or below pyrolysis temperatures of hydrocarbons in the section. At least some hydrocarbon fluids may be produced from the formation.
Stegemeier, George Leo (Houston, TX) [Houston, TX; Beer, Gary Lee (Houston, TX) [Houston, TX; Zhang, Etuan (Houston, TX) [Houston, TX
Nonlinearity 10 (1997) 12. Printed in the UK PII: S0951-7715(97)79608-7 Cover illustration: Non-premixed hydrocarbon flame
by the density difference from the combustion heat release and resulting temperature rise. The Reynolds number Publishing Ltd and LMS Publishing Ltd 1 #12;2 P E Dimotakis Combustion in non-premixed hydrocarbon flames-premixed hydrocarbon flame Paul E Dimotakis Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories, California Institute of Technology
Dimotakis, Paul E.
Heats of Combustion of Fatty Acids and Fatty Acid Esters
...The military uses JP-8, a kerosene type hydrocarbon, to fuel most of its vehicles and ... , no traditional biodiesel meets the requirements for heat of combustion, freezing point, viscosity and oxidative stabi...
Felicia Levine; Ronald V. Kayea III�
Power systems utilizing the heat of produced formation fluid
Systems, methods, and heaters for treating a subsurface formation are described herein. At least one method includes treating a hydrocarbon containing formation. The method may include providing heat to the formation; producing heated fluid from the formation; and generating electricity from at least a portion of the heated fluid using a Kalina cycle.
Lambirth, Gene Richard (Houston, TX)
Hydrocarbon Technologies | Open Energy Information
Hydrocarbon Technologies Hydrocarbon Technologies Place Lawrenceville, New Jersey Zip 8648 Sector Efficiency Product String representation "Technology-base ... onmental risks." is too long. Coordinates 36.761678°, -77.845048° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":36.761678,"lon":-77.845048,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
This patent describes a process for the recovery of liquid hydrocarbons from a subterranean hydrocarbon-bearing formation. It comprises injecting natural gas into the formation via a well in fluid communication with the formation, the natural gas being at a temperature which is insufficient to significantly mobilize light density oil in the formation and at a pressure such that the natural gas is immiscible with the light density oil in the formation, the natural gas being injected in a volume sufficient to contact light density oil in the formation within a radius from the well of about 50 meters; shutting in the well for a period of time of about 1 to about 100 days which is sufficient to render the contacted light density oil mobile; and producing the light density oil which has been mobilized by solution of the natural gas from the well.
Haines, H.K.; Monger, T.G.; Kenyon, D.E.; Galvin, L.J.
Biodegradation of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in Jordanian petroleum sludge
Bioremediation, or the use of micro-organisms to decontaminate soil or groundwater, is being increasingly seen as an effective, environment-friendly treatment for oil-contaminated sites. In this study, the results are presented concerning a laboratory screening of several natural bacterial consortia and laboratory tests to establish the performance in degradation of hydrocarbons contained in oily sludge from the Jordan Oil Refinery Plant. As a result of the laboratory screening, 18 isolates were selected and grouped into two main clusters; cluster 1 containing 12 isolates grown at 43°C, and cluster 2 containing six isolates grown at 37°C. Three natural bacterial consortia with ability to degrade total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) were prepared from these isolates. Experiments were conducted in Erlenmeyer flasks under aerobic conditions, with TPH removal percentage varying from 5.9% to 25.1%, depending upon consortia type and concentration. Consortia 7B and 13B exhibited the highest TPH removal percentages of 25% and 23%, respectively before nutrient addition. TPH removal rate was enhanced after addition of nutrients to incubated flasks. The highest TPH reduction (37%) was estimated after addition of a combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur to consortia 7B. This is the first report concerning biological treatment of total petroleum hydrocarbon by bacteria isolated from the oil refinery plant, where it lay the ground for full integrated studies recommended for hydrocarbon degradation that assist in solving sludge problems.
Bassam Mrayyan; Mohammad Battikhi
Proplyds are photodissociation-region-(PDR)-like cometary cocoons around young stars which are thought to originate through photoevaporation of the central protoplanetary disk by external UV radiation from the nearby OB stars. This Letter presents spatially resolved mid-infrared imaging and spectroscopy of the proplyd HST10 obtained with the Very Large Telescope/VISIR instrument. These observations allow us to detect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission in the proplyd PDR and to study the general properties of PAHs in proplyds for the first time. We find that PAHs in HST10 are mostly neutral and at least 50 times less abundant than typical values found for the diffuse interstellar medium or the nearby Orion Bar. With such a low PAH abundance, photoelectric heating is significantly reduced. If this low abundance pertains also to the original disk material, gas heating rates could be too low to efficiently drive photoevaporation unless other processes can be identified. Alternatively, the model behind the formation of proplyds as evaporating disks may have to be revised.
Vicente, S.; Kamp, I. [Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, Postbus 800, 9700 AV, Groningen (Netherlands); Berne, O. [Universite de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, Toulouse (France); Tielens, A. G. G. M. [Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, NL-2333 CA Leiden (Netherlands); Huelamo, N. [CAB (INTA-CSIC), LAEFF, P.O. Box 78, E-28691 Villanueva de la Canada, Madrid (Spain); Pantin, E. [Laboratoire AIM, CEA/DSM - CNRS - Universite Paris Diderot, IRFU/SAP, F-91191 sur Yvette (France); Carmona, A. [UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS-INSU, Institut de Planetologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG) UMR 5274, Grenoble, F-38041 (France)
Discharge produces hydrocarbons from coal
Discharge produces hydrocarbons from coal ... Studies of the reactions of coal in electric discharges by two chemists at the U.S. Bureau of Mines' Pittsburgh Coal Research Center may lead to improved ways of producing acetylene and other useful chemicals from coal. ... Other workers have produced high yields of acetylene from coal by extremely rapid pyrolysis using energy sources such as plasma jets, laser beams, arc-image reactors, and flash heaters. ...
Deep desulfurization of hydrocarbon fuels
The invention relates to processes for reducing the sulfur content in hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline, diesel fuel and jet fuel. The invention provides a method and materials for producing ultra low sulfur content transportation fuels for motor vehicles as well as for applications such as fuel cells. The materials and method of the invention may be used at ambient or elevated temperatures and at ambient or elevated pressures without the need for hydrogen.
Song, Chunshan (State College, PA); Ma, Xiaoliang (State College, PA); Sprague, Michael J. (Calgary, CA); Subramani, Velu (State College, PA)
Heat Integration Strategy for Economic Production of Combined Heat and Power from Biomass Waste
Heat Integration Strategy for Economic Production of Combined Heat and Power from Biomass Waste ... Dilution of hydrogen rich fuels resulting from coal or heavy hydrocarbon gasification processes with nitrogen prior to the entrance of the gas turbines may be desirable in precombustion carbon capture and storage (CCS) routes, in order to ensure safe operations of gas turbines. ...
Jhuma Sadhukhan; Kok Siew Ng; Nilay Shah; Howard J. Simons
In situ heat treatment from multiple layers of a tar sands formation
A method for treating a tar sands formation is disclosed. The method includes providing a drive fluid to a first hydrocarbon containing layer of the formation to mobilize at least some hydrocarbons in the first layer. At least some of the mobilized hydrocarbons are allowed to flow into a second hydrocarbon containing layer of the formation. Heat is provided to the second layer from one or more heaters located in the second layer. At least some hydrocarbons are produced from the second layer of the formation.
A correlated K-distribution model of the heating rates for H[sub 2]O and a molecular mixture in the 0-2500 cm[sup [minus]1] wavelength region in the atmosphere between 0 and 60 km
For this report a prototype infrared radiative transfer model using a correlated k-distribution technique to calculate the transmission between atmospheric levels has been used to calculate the radiative fluxes and heating rates for H[sub 2]O and a mixture of the major molecular absorbers in the atmosphere between 0 and 60 km. The mixture consists of H[sub 2]O, CO[sub 2], O[sub 3], CH[sub 4], and N[sub 2]O. The wave number range considered is 0-2500 cm[sup [minus]1]. The use of the k-distribution method allows 25 cm[sup [minus]1] wave number bins to produce fluxes and heating rates which are within ten percent of the results of detailed line by line calculations.
Grossman, A S; Grant, K E
Volatile liquid hydrocarbon characterization of underwater hydrocarbon vents and formation waters from offshore production operations
Volatile liquid hydrocarbon characterization of underwater hydrocarbon vents and formation waters from offshore production operations ... The environmental implications of offshore oil and gas activities ... The environmental implications of offshore oil and gas activities ...
Theodor C. Sauer
The following report summarizes work conducted during the Phase I program Hydrocarbon and Sulfur Sensors for SOFC Systems under contract No. DE-FC26-02NT41576. For the SOFC application, sensors are required to monitor hydrocarbons and sulfur in order to increase the operation life of SOFC components. This report discusses the development of two such sensors, one based on thick film approach for sulfur monitoring and the second galvanic based for hydrocarbon monitoring.
A.M. Azad; Chris Holt; Todd Lesousky; Scott Swartz
Membrane separation of hydrocarbons using cycloparaffinic solvents
Heavy crude oils which contain metal contaminants such as nickel, vanadium and iron may be separated from light hydrocarbon oils by passing a solution of the crude oil dissolved in a cycloparaffinic hydrocarbon solvent containing from about 5 to about 8 carbon atoms by passing through a polymeric membrane which is capable of maintaining its integrity in the presence of hydrocarbon compounds. The light hydrocarbon oils which possess relatively low molecular weights will be recovered as the permeate while the heavy oils which possess relatively high molecular weights as well as the metal contaminants will be recovered as the retentate.
Kulkarni, S.S.; Chang, Y.A.; Gatsis, J.G.; Funk, E.W.
phase reforming into hydrocarbons for fuels and co-product commodities. Process Block Diagram Next Steps Additional modeling is necessary to quantify baseline costs associated...
Application of advanced hydrocarbon characterization and its...
advanced hydrocarbon characterization and its consequences on future fuel properties and advanced combustion research Rafal Gieleciak, Craig Fairbridge and Darcy Hager Poster...
Nox reduction system utilizing pulsed hydrocarbon injection
Hydrocarbon co-reductants, such as diesel fuel, are added by pulsed injection to internal combustion engine exhaust to reduce exhaust NO.sub.x to N.sub.2 in the presence of a catalyst. Exhaust NO.sub.x reduction of at least 50% in the emissions is achieved with the addition of less than 5% fuel as a source of the hydrocarbon co-reductants. By means of pulsing the hydrocarbon flow, the amount of pulsed hydrocarbon vapor (itself a pollutant) can be minimized relative to the amount of NO.sub.x species removed.
Brusasco, Raymond M. (Livermore, CA); Penetrante, Bernardino M. (San Ramon, CA); Vogtlin, George E. (Fremont, CA); Merritt, Bernard T. (Livermore, CA)
Experiments Upon the Explosions of Hydrocarbon Mixtures
of such experiments* B. Reference to previous experimental work. C* Object of present s e r i e s of experiments. (See plan of experiments.) a. Heat produced by explosion of H~C mixture. b. Duration of pressure. c� .Rate of combustion and explosion. d. E f f e... as possible the heat produced by the explosion under c e r t a i n conditions. I t i s true that the t o t a l amount of heat / developed may be c a l c u l a t e d matematically i f s u f f i c i e n t data i s a v a i l a b l e , but i t i s also true...
Stone, Fred
Regional hydrocarbon generation, migration, and accumulation pattern of Cretaceous strata, Powder River Basin
A cell of abnormally high fluid pressure in the deep part of the Powder River basin is centered in an area where oil-generation-prone source rocks in the Skull Creek (oldest), Mowry, and Niobrara (youngest) formations are presently at their maximum hydrocarbon-volume generation rate. The overpressures are believed to be caused by the high conversion rate of solid kerogen in the source rocks to an increased volume of potentially expellable fluid hydrocarbons. In this area, hydrocarbons appear to be the principal mobile fluid species present in reservoirs within or proximal to the actively generating source rocks. Maximum generation pressures within the source rocks have caused vertical expulsion through a pressure-induced microfracture system and have charged the first available underlying and/or overlying sandstone carrier-reservoir bed. Hydrocarbons generated in the Skull Creek have been expelled downward into the Dakota Sandstone and upward into the Muddy Sandstone. Hydrocarbons generated in the Mowry have been expelled downward into the Muddy or upward into lower Frontier sandstones. Hydrocarbons generated in the Niobrara have been expelled downward into upper Frontier sandstones or upward into the first available overlying sandstone in the Upper Cretaceous. The first chargeable sandstone overlying the Niobrara, in ascending order, may be the (1) Shannon, (2) Sussex, (3) Parkman, (4) Teapot, or (5) Tekla, depending on the east limit of each sandstone with respect to vertical fracture migration through the Cody Shale from the underlying area of mature overpressured Niobrara source rocks.
Meissner, F.F.
MICROCHEMICALJOURNAL39, 160-165Hydrocarbons in Air
from Waters Associates. Water used was deionized, distilled, and hydrocarbon filtered (BarnsteadMICROCHEMICALJOURNAL39, 160-165Hydrocarbons in Air to extract polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from air particulate sampleswas investigated. High
Canberra, University of
Metabolism of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Cell Cultures
...metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to water-soluble and organic-soluble...metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to water-soluble and organic-soluble...cytotoxicity and conversion of hydrocarbons to water-soluble products (Chart...
Eliezer Huberman; James K. Selkirk; and Charles Heidelberger
...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), including...80C) or cold (5C) water. Measurements were...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mate drinks. | Drinking...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), including...cold (5 degrees C) water. Measurements were...
Hydrocarbons in rift basins: the role of stratigraphy
...versus shallow-water environments...A (1999) Hydrocarbons in rift basins...Facies and hydrocarbon potential The...availability of water. This can either...form seals for hydrocarbons. The shallow-water environ- ments...
Learning and discrimination of cuticular hydrocarbons in a social insect
...colony members. Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) play a central...CHC profile with synthetic hydrocarbons [4-6] reveal that some hydrocarbons elicit aggression. However...non-volatile, insoluble in water and therefore difficult...
Analysis of the behavior of an experimental absorption heat transformer for water purification for different mass flux rates in the generator
In the present study, first and second laws of thermodynamics have been used to analyse the performance of an experimental absorption heat transformer for water purification. Irreversibilities, coefficients of performance (COP) and exergy coefficients of performance (ECOP) were determined as function of the mass flow of hot water supplied to the generator and as function of the overall thermal specific energy consumption (OSTEC) parameter defined in this paper. The results showed that the system irreversibilities increase meanwhile the coefficients of performance and the exergy coefficient of performance decrease with an increment of the mass flow of hot water supplied to the generator. Also it was shown that the system performance is better when the production of purified water increases due to the increment of the heat recycled to the generator and evaporator.
Armando Huicochea; Wilfrido Rivera; Hiram Mart�nez; Javier Siqueiros; Erasmo Cadenas
Tensile Effective Stresses in Hydrocarbon Storage Caverns
Tensile Effective Stresses in Hydrocarbon Storage Caverns Hippolyte Djizanne and Pierre Bérest LMS, Germany,1-2 October 2012 TENSILE EFFECTIVE STRESSES IN HYDROCARBON STORAGE CAVERNS Hippolyte Djizanne1 that effective tensile stresses can be generated at a cavern wall after a rapid increase or decrease in pressure
Conversion of organic solids to hydrocarbons
A method of converting organic solids to liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons includes impregnating an organic solid with photosensitizing ions and exposing the impregnated solid to light in a non-oxidizing atmosphere for a time sufficient to photocatalytically reduce the solid to at least one of a liquid and a gaseous hydrocarbon. 5 Figs.
Greenbaum, E.
Solution mining systems and methods for treating hydrocarbon containing formations
A method for treating an oil shale formation comprising nahcolite is disclosed. The method includes providing a first fluid to a portion of the formation through at least two injection wells. A second fluid is produced from the portion through at least one injection well until at least two injection wells are interconnected such that fluid can flow between the two injection wells. The second fluid includes at least some nahcolite dissolved in the first fluid. The first fluid is injected through one of the interconnected injection wells. The second fluid is produced from at least one of the interconnected injection wells. Heat is provided from one or more heaters to the formation to heat the formation. Hydrocarbon fluids are produced from the formation.
Vinegar, Harold J. (Bellaire, TX); de Rouffignac, Eric Pierre (Rijswijk, NL); Schoeling, Lanny Gene (Katy, TX)
The Effects of Two Isomeric Benzoflavones on Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase and the Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
...recrystallized from alcohol : water. For tissue culture experiments the hydrocarbons and benzoflavones...metabolism of the hydrocarbons to water-soluble derivatives...chloroform:methanol. Hydrocarbon-3 H metabolized to water-soluble derivatives...
Leila Diamond; Rosemary McFall; Joel Miller; and Harry V. Gelboin
Hydrocarbon fouling of SCR during Premixed Charge Compression...
Hydrocarbon fouling of SCR during Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) combustion Hydrocarbon fouling of SCR during Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) combustion...
Algal Lipid Extraction and Upgrading to Hydrocarbons Technology...
and upgrading pathway to be competitive with petroleum-derived gasoline-, diesel-, and jet-range hydrocarbon blendstocks. Algal Lipid Extraction and Upgrading to Hydrocarbons...
DOE Perspectives on Advanced Hydrocarbon-based Biofuels | Department...
DOE Perspectives on Advanced Hydrocarbon-based Biofuels DOE Perspectives on Advanced Hydrocarbon-based Biofuels Zia Haq, DPA Coordinator, presentation on DOE Perspectives on...
Commercialization of IH2� Biomass Direct-to-Hydrocarbon Fuel...
Commercialization of IH2 Biomass Direct-to-Hydrocarbon Fuel Technology Commercialization of IH2 Biomass Direct-to-Hydrocarbon Fuel Technology Breakout Session 2: Frontiers and...
Advanced Diesel Combustion with Low Hydrocarbon and Carbon Monoxide...
Combustion with Low Hydrocarbon and Carbon Monoxide Emissions Advanced Diesel Combustion with Low Hydrocarbon and Carbon Monoxide Emissions Poster presented at the 16th Directions...
Oxygen sensor for monitoring gas mixtures containing hydrocarbons
A gas sensor measures O.sub.2 content of a reformable monitored gas containing hydrocarbons H.sub.2 O and/or CO.sub.2, preferably in association with an electrochemical power generation system. The gas sensor has a housing communicating with the monitored gas environment and carries the monitored gas through an integral catalytic hydrocarbon reforming chamber containing a reforming catalyst, and over a solid electrolyte electrochemical cell used for sensing purposes. The electrochemical cell includes a solid electrolyte between a sensor electrode that is exposed to the monitored gas, and a reference electrode that is isolated in the housing from the monitored gas and is exposed to a reference gas environment. A heating element is also provided in heat transfer communication with the gas sensor. A circuit that can include controls operable to adjust operations via valves or the like is connected between the sensor electrode and the reference electrode to process the electrical signal developed by the electrochemical cell. The electrical signal varies as a measure of the equilibrium oxygen partial pressure of the monitored gas. Signal noise is effectively reduced by maintaining a constant temperature in the area of the electrochemical cell and providing a monitored gas at chemical equilibria when contacting the electrochemical cell. The output gas from the electrochemical cell of the sensor is fed back into the conduits of the power generating system.
Ruka, Roswell J. (Pittsburgh, PA); Basel, Richard A. (Pittsburgh, PA)
A gas sensor measures O{sub 2} content of a reformable monitored gas containing hydrocarbons, H{sub 2}O and/or CO{sub 2}, preferably in association with an electrochemical power generation system. The gas sensor has a housing communicating with the monitored gas environment and carries the monitored gas through an integral catalytic hydrocarbon reforming chamber containing a reforming catalyst, and over a solid electrolyte electrochemical cell used for sensing purposes. The electrochemical cell includes a solid electrolyte between a sensor electrode that is exposed to the monitored gas, and a reference electrode that is isolated in the housing from the monitored gas and is exposed to a reference gas environment. A heating element is also provided in heat transfer communication with the gas sensor. A circuit that can include controls operable to adjust operations via valves or the like is connected between the sensor electrode and the reference electrode to process the electrical signal developed by the electrochemical cell. The electrical signal varies as a measure of the equilibrium oxygen partial pressure of the monitored gas. Signal noise is effectively reduced by maintaining a constant temperature in the area of the electrochemical cell and providing a monitored gas at chemical equilibria when contacting the electrochemical cell. The output gas from the electrochemical cell of the sensor is fed back into the conduits of the power generating system. 4 figs.
Ruka, R.J.; Basel, R.A.
Heat Transfer Enhancement in Thermoelectric Power Generation.
??Heat transfer plays an important role in thermoelectric (TE) power generation because the higher the heat-transfer rate from the hot to the cold side of� (more)
Hu, Shih-yung
The effect of rhenium, sulfur and alumina on the conversion of hydrocarbons over platinum single crystals: Surface science and catalytic studies
Conversion reactions of hydrocarbons over Pt-Re model catalyst surfaces modified by sulfur and alumina have been studied. A plasma deposition source has been developed to deposit Pt, Re, and Al on metal substrates variable coverage in ultrahigh vacuum without excessive heating. Conversion of n-hexane was performed over the Re-covered Pt and Pt-covered Re surfaces. The presence of the second metal increased hydrogenolysis activity of both Pt-Re surfaces. Addition of sulfur on the model Catalyst surfaces suppressed hydrogenolysis activity and increased the cyclization rate of n-hexane to methylcyclopentane over Pt-Re surfaces. Sulfiding also increased the dehydrogenation rate of cyclohexane to benzene Over Pt-Re surfaces. It has been proposed that the PtRe bimetallic catalysts show unique properties when combined with sulfur, and electronic interactions exist between platinum, rhenium and sulfur. Decomposition of hydrocarbons on the sulfur-covered Pt-Re surfaces supported that argument. For the conversion of 1-butene over the planar Pt/AlO{sub x}, the addition of Pt increased the selectivity of hydrogenation over isomerization.
Kim, C.
Conversion reactions of hydrocarbons over Pt-Re model catalyst surfaces modified by sulfur and alumina have been studied. A plasma deposition source has been developed to deposit Pt, Re, and Al on metal substrates variable coverage in ultrahigh vacuum without excessive heating. Conversion of n-hexane was performed over the Re-covered Pt and Pt-covered Re surfaces. The presence of the second metal increased hydrogenolysis activity of both Pt-Re surfaces. Addition of sulfur on the model Catalyst surfaces suppressed hydrogenolysis activity and increased the cyclization rate of n-hexane to methylcyclopentane over Pt-Re surfaces. Sulfiding also increased the dehydrogenation rate of cyclohexane to benzene Over Pt-Re surfaces. It has been proposed that the PtRe bimetallic catalysts show unique properties when combined with sulfur, and electronic interactions exist between platinum, rhenium and sulfur. Decomposition of hydrocarbons on the sulfur-covered Pt-Re surfaces supported that argument. For the conversion of 1-butene over the planar Pt/AlO[sub x], the addition of Pt increased the selectivity of hydrogenation over isomerization.
Calorimetric study of adsorption of aliphatic hydrocarbons on reduced cobalt catalyst
A study has been made of the heats of adsorption and the adsorption isotherms of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons on Co at 298/sup 0/K; the content of organic matter in the catalyst has been determined after use in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. It is concluded that the Fischer-Tropsch process includes stages of diffusion of the original reactants and the products through a liquid film of hydrocarbons coating the catalyst; the hydrocarbon molecules are adsorbed on the surface in the ''lying down'' position; the adsorption of paraffins is reversible and is described by the BET theory; olefins form an irreversibly chemisorbed monolayer, above which reversible adsorption takes place; the ease of desorption of the paraffins explains their preferential formation in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.
Ostrovskii, V.E.; Medvedkova, E.A.
Thermocatalytic process for CO.sub.2-free production of hydrogen and carbon from hydrocarbons
A novel process and apparatus are disclosed for sustainable CO.sub.2-free production of hydrogen and carbon by thermocatalytic decomposition (dissociation, pyrolysis, cracking) of hydrocarbon fuels over carbon-based catalysts in the absence of air and/or water. The apparatus and thermocatalytic process improve the activity and stability of carbon catalysts during the thermocatalytic process and produce both high purity hydrogen (at least, 99.0 volume %) and carbon, from any hydrocarbon fuel, including sulfurous fuels. In a preferred embodiment, production of hydrogen and carbon is achieved by both internal and external activation of carbon catalysts. Internal activation of carbon catalyst is accomplished by recycling of hydrogen-depleted gas containing unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons back to the reactor. External activation of the catalyst can be achieved via surface gasification with hot combustion gases during catalyst heating. The process and apparatus can be conveniently integrated with any type of fuel cell to generate electricity.
Muradov, Nazim Z. (Melbourne, FL)
Preparation of synthetic hydrocarbon lubricants
A process is described for preparing synthetic lubricating materials which process comprises: (a) reacting (i) at least a portion of a reaction product of the liquid phase oligomerization of propylene, butylene or mixtures thereof containing a C/sub 6/ olefin component, (ii) a linear olefin reactant having an average carbon number ranging from about 10 to about 18 in the presence of a catalyst, (b) separating from the reaction mixture of (a) hydrocarbons which distill at a temperature above about 660/sup 0/ F. (316/sup 0/ C.), and (c) hydrogenating the reaction product of (b) by contact with hydrogen with or without a catalyst at a temperature ranging from about 25/sup 0/ C. to about 300/sup 0/ C.
Johnson, T.H.
This work was carried out to achieve a better understanding of how SOFC anodes work with real fuels. The motivation was to improve the fuel flexibility of SOFC anodes, thereby allowing simplification and cost reduction of SOFC power plants. The work was based on prior results indicating that Ni-YSZ anode-supported SOFCs can be operated directly on methane and natural gas, while SOFCs with novel anode compositions can work with higher hydrocarbons. While these results were promising, more work was clearly needed to establish the feasibility of these direct-hydrocarbon SOFCs. Basic information on hydrocarbon-anode reactions should be broadly useful because reformate fuel gas can contain residual hydrocarbons, especially methane. In the Phase I project, we have studied the reaction mechanisms of various hydrocarbons--including methane, natural gas, and higher hydrocarbons--on two kinds of Ni-containing anodes: conventional Ni-YSZ anodes and a novel ceramic-based anode composition that avoid problems with coking. The effect of sulfur impurities was also studied. The program was aimed both at achieving an understanding of the interactions between real fuels and SOFC anodes, and providing enough information to establish the feasibility of operating SOFC stacks directly on hydrocarbon fuels. A combination of techniques was used to provide insight into the hydrocarbon reactions at these anodes during SOFC operation. Differentially-pumped mass spectrometry was be used for product-gas analysis both with and without cell operation. Impedance spectroscopy was used in order to understand electrochemical rate-limiting steps. Open-circuit voltages measurements under a range of conditions was used to help determine anode electrochemical reactions. Life tests over a wide range of conditions were used to establish the conditions for stable operation of anode-supported SOFC stacks directly on methane. Redox cycling was carried out on ceramic-based anodes. Tests on sulfur tolerance of Ni-YSZ anodes were carried out.
Scott A. Barnett; Jiang Liu; Yuanbo Lin
Compositions produced using an in situ heat treatment process
Systems, methods, and heaters for treating a subsurface formation are described herein. At least one method for producing hydrocarbons from a subsurface formation includes providing heat to the subsurface formation using an in situ heat treatment process. One or more formation particles may be formed during heating of the subsurface formation. Fluid that includes hydrocarbons and the formation particles may be produced from the subsurface formation. The formation particles in the produced fluid may include cenospheres and have an average particle size of at least 0.5 micrometers.
Roes, Augustinus Wilhelmus Maria (Houston, TX); Nair, Vijay (Katy, TX); Munsterman, Erwin Henh (Amsterdam, NL); Van Bergen, Petrus Franciscus (Amsterdam, NL); Van Den Berg, Franciscus Gondulfus Antonius (Amsterdam, NL)
Methods for treating a subsurface formation and compositions produced therefrom are described herein. At least one method for producing hydrocarbons from a subsurface formation includes providing heat to the subsurface formation using an in situ heat treatment process. One or more formation particles may be formed during heating of the subsurface formation. Fluid that includes hydrocarbons and the formation particles may be produced from the subsurface formation. The formation particles in the produced fluid may include cenospheres and have an average particle size of at least 0.5 micrometers.
Roes, Augustinus Wilhelmus Maria; Nair, Vijay; Munsterman, Erwin Hunh; Van Bergen, Petrus Franciscus; Van Den Berg, Franciscus Gondulfus Antonius
Performance of a Thermally Stable Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon in a Simulated Concentrating Solar Power Loop
Polyaromatic hydrocarbon thermal fluids showing thermally stability to 600 C have been tested for solar thermal-power applications. Although static thermal tests showed promising results for 1-phenylnaphthalene, loop testing at temperatures to 450 C indicated that the fluid isomerized and degraded at a slow rate. In a loop with a temperature high enough to drive the isomerization, the higher melting point byproducts tended to condense onto cooler surfaces. So, as experienced in loop operation, eventually the internal channels of cooler components in trough solar electric generating systems, such as the waste heat rejection exchanger, may become coated or clogged affecting loop performance. Thus, pure 1-phenylnaphthalene, without addition of stabilizers, does not appear to be a fluid that would have a sufficiently long lifetime (years to decades) to be used in a loop at the temperatures greater than 500 C. The performance of a concentrating solar loop using high temperature fluids was modeled based on the National Renewable Laboratory Solar Advisory Model. It was determined that a solar-to-electricity efficiency of up to 30% and a capacity factor of near 60% could be achieved using a high efficiency collector and 12 h thermal energy storage.
McFarlane, Joanna [ORNL] [ORNL; Bell, Jason R [ORNL] [ORNL; Felde, David K [ORNL] [ORNL; Joseph III, Robert Anthony [ORNL] [ORNL; Qualls, A L [ORNL] [ORNL; Weaver, Samuel P [ORNL] [ORNL
Selective photooxidation of hydrocarbons in zeolites by oxygen
A selective photooxidation process for the conversion of hydrocarbon molecules to partially oxygenated derivatives, which comprises the steps of adsorbing a hydrocarbon and oxygen onto a dehydrated zeolite support matrix to form a hydrocarbon-oxygen contact pair, and subsequently exposing the hydrocarbon-oxygen contact pair to visible light, thereby forming a partially oxygenated derivative.
Frei, Heinz (Berkeley, CA); Blatter, Fritz (Berkeley, CA); Sun, Hai (Berkeley, CA)
A chemical kinetic model of hydrocarbon generation from the Bakken Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota
This report describes a model of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion in the North Dakota portion of the Williston Basin. The modeling incorporates kinetic methods to simulate chemical reactions and 1-dimensional conductive heat flow models to simulate thermal histories of the Mississippian-Devonian Bakken Formation source rock. We developed thermal histories of the source rock for 53 wells in the basin using stratigraphic and heat flow data obtained by the University of North Dakota. Chemical kinetics for hydrocarbon generation, determined from Pyromat pyrolysis, were, then used with the diennal histories to calculate the present day value of the Rock-Eval T{sub max} for each well. The calculated Rock-Eval T{sub max} values agreed with measured values within amounts attributable to uncertainties in the chemical kinetics and the heat flow. These optimized thermal histories were then used with a more detailed chemical kinetic model of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion, modified from a model developed for the Cretaceous La Luna shale, to simulate pore pressure development and detailed aspects of the hydrocarbon chemistry. When compared to values estimated from sonic logs, the pore pressure calculation underestimates the role of hydrocarbon generation and overestimates the role of compaction disequilibrium, but it matches well the general areal extent of pore pressures of 0.7 times lithostatic and higher. The simulated chemistry agrees very well with measured values of HI, PI, H/C atomic ratio of the kerogen, and Rock-Eval S1. The model is not as successful in simulating the amount of extracted bitumen and its saturate content, suggesting that detailed hydrous pyrolysis experiments will probably be needed to further refine the chemical model.
Sweeney, J.J.; Braun, R.L.; Burnham, A.K. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA (United States); Gosnold, W.D. [North Dakota Univ., Grand Forks, ND (United States)
Heat Requirements of Buildings
... and Ventilating Engineers in a publication entitled �Recommendations for the Computation of Heat Requirements for Buildings� (Pp. iii+41. Is. 9d.) This comprises a section of the ... parts. That on temperature-rise and rates of change gives the recommended values applicable to buildings ranging alphabetically from aircraft sheds to warehouses. The design of heating and ventilating installations ...
Real-time method for the identification and quantification of hydrocarbon pyrolysis products: Part II. Application to transient pyrolysis and validation by numerical simulation.
is expected to be achieved with Supersonic Combustion Ramjet engine [1]-[4]. Due to the large heat load applied on the structure (elevated total temperature in case of high speed [5],[6] and combustion heat such a technology, the combustion of the hydrocarbon pyrolysis products should be assessed and this requires
Removal of trace olefins from aromatic hydrocarbons
A process is described for treating a hydrocarbon process stream by converting trace quantities of olefinic impurities to nonolefinic hydrocarbons. The process comprises contacting the process stream, which contains trace olefins in an amount of from about 50 to about 2000 as measured by Bromine Index and at least 80% by weight of aromatic and naphthenic hydrocarbons having from 6 to 20 carbon atoms per molecule, at reaction conditions which ensure liquid phase operation with a solid catalyst composite comprising a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite and a refractory inorganic oxide. A catalytic olefin-consuming alkylation reaction then produces an essentially olefinfree product stream with approximately the same quantity and distribution of aromatic and naphthenic hydrocarbons as contained in the process stream.
Sachtler, J.W.A.; Barger, P.T.
Analyzing Biomass Conversion into Liquid Hydrocarbons
Variants of the Fischer�Tropsch producer-gas conversion into liquid hydrocarbons are analyzed under the ... is attained in the reactions occurring in the biomass gasification. When the raw material is wood ... th...
V. D. Meshcheryakov; V. A. Kirillov
Methanol conversion to higher hydrocarbons
Several indirect options exist for producing chemicals and transportation fuels from coal, natural gas, or biomass. All involve an initial conversion step to synthesis gas (CO and H{sub 2}). Presently, there are two commercial technologies for converting syngas to liquids: Fischer-Tropsch, which yields a range of aliphatic hydrocarbons with molecular weights determined by Schulz-Flory kinetics, and methanol synthesis. Mobil`s diversity of technology for methanol conversion gives the methanol synthesis route flexibility for production of either gasoline, distillate or chemicals. Mobil`s ZSM-5 catalyst is the key in several processes for producing chemicals and transportation fuels from methanol: MTO for light olefins, MTG for gasoline, MOGD for distillates. The MTG process has been commercialized in New Zealand since 1985, producing one-third of the country`s gasoline supply, while MTO and MOGD have been developed and demonstrated at greater than 100 BPD scale. This paper will discuss recent work in understanding methanol conversion chemistry and the various options for its use.
Tabak, S.A. [Mobil Research and Development Corp., Princeton, NJ (United States). Central Research Lab.
High-energy-density solid and liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Final report, July 1987-December 1988
The development of new high-energy hydrocarbon fuels for use in air-breathing missiles has been the objective of a number of investigations which have received support during the past decade through programs sponsored by the Air Force Systems Command and/or the Naval Air Systems Command. The key characteristics which must be met by potential cruise missile fuels have been described by Burdette and coworkers. A primary requirement in this regard is that candidate fuels must possess high net volumetric heat of combustion (preferably greater than 160,000 BTU/gallon). In order to meet the primary requirement of high net volumetric heat of combustion, hydrocarbon systems have been sought which maximize the ratio of carbon-atom to hydrogen-atom content have been sought that maximize the ratio n/m.(JES)
Marchand, A.P.
Seismic interpretation of hydrocarbon seep features, Garden Banks, Gulf of Mexico
identified and interpreted in Garden Banks lease blocks 424 and 425. The seep features consisted of two mud volcanoes and a mud in-filled depression. The hydrocarbon seep features were characterized by their rates and styles of seepage. All of the seep...
Mullins, Adam Joseph
An analysis of the regenerative expansion cycle in multi-component hydrocarbon separation systems
of information on this type of process was found in the literature. It was, therefore, necessary to work out a suitable cycle, make a prototype design, and field test the completed unit. The prototype verified the predicted theory. However, its performance... with water vapor and contains significant quantities of hydrocarbon fractions heavier than ethane, These heavier ends are valuable as liquid products. They also increase the heating value of the gas to a level not needed in most reciprocating engines...
Horton, John Leroy
Estimation of Molar Heat Capacities in Solution from Gas Chromatographic Data
......the solutions of hydrocarbons--the general...and the molar heat capacity Abstract...Chromatographic Data K roly H berger...measure- ments of heat capacities and...Chem. Eng. Data 20: 24346 (1975...R. Fuchs. Heat capacities of...Enthalpies of combustion of some aliphatic......
K�roly H�berger; Mikl�s G�rg�nyi
Thermal single-well injection-withdrawal tracer tests for determining fracture-matrix heat transfer area
rates of rocks- to-fluid heat transfer, and thereby thesurface for heat transfer to injected fluids circulating influids, and thereby increase the overall rate of heat transfer
Pruess, K.
Method and apparatus for hydrocarbon recovery from tar sands
A method and apparatus for utilizing tar sands having a broad range of bitumen content is disclosed. More particularly, tar sands are pyrolyzed in a cyclone retort with high temperature gases recycled from the cyclone retort to produce oil and hydrocarbon products. The spent tar sands are then burned at 2000/degree/F in a burner to remove residual char and produce a solid waste that is easily disposable. The process and apparatus have the advantages of being able to utilize tar sands having a broad range of bitumen content and the advantage of producing product gases that are free from combustion gases and thereby have a higher heating value. Another important advantage is rapid pyrolysis of the tar sands in the cyclone so as to effectively utilize smaller sized reactor vessels for reducing capitol and operating costs. 1 fig., 1 tab.
Westhoff, J.D.; Harak, A.E.
A method and apparatus for utilizing tar sands having a broad range of bitumen content is disclosed. More particularly, tar sands are pyrolyzed in a cyclone retort with high temperature gases recycled from the cyclone retort to produce oil and hydrocarbon products. The spent tar sands are then burned at 2000.degree. F. in a burner to remove residual char and produce a solid waste that is easily disposable. The process and apparatus have the advantages of being able to utilize tar sands having a broad range of bitumen content and the advantage of producing product gases that are free from combustion gases and thereby have a higher heating value. Another important advantage is rapid pyrolysis of the tar sands in the cyclone so as to effectively utilize smaller sized reactor vessels for reducing capitol and operating costs.
Westhoff, James D. (Laramie, WY); Harak, Arnold E. (Laramie, WY)
Definition: Heat | Open Energy Information
Heat Heat Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Heat Heat is the form of energy that is transferred between systems or objects with different temperatures (flowing from the high-temperature system to the low-temperature system). Also referred to as heat energy or thermal energy. Heat is typically measured in Btu, calories or joules. Heat flow, or the rate at which heat is transferred between systems, has the same units as power: energy per unit time (J/s).[1][2][3][4] View on Wikipedia Wikipedia Definition In physics and chemistry, heat is energy in transfer between a system and its surroundings other than by work or transfer of matter. The transfer can occur in two simple ways, conduction, and radiation, and in a more complicated way called convective circulation. Heat is not a property
Spring 2014 Heat Transfer -1
Spring 2014 1 Heat Transfer - 1 Consider a cylindrical nuclear fuel rod of length L and diameter df and the tube at a rate m , and the outer surface of the tube is well insulated. Heat generation occurs within. The specific heat of water pc , and the thermal conductivity of the fuel rod fk are constants. The system
Virginia Tech
Integration of light hydrocarbons cryogenic separation process in refinery based on LNG cold energy utilization
Abstract China depends on naphtha (derived from oil) as the main feedstock for ethylene plants, resulting in margins that are negatively co-related with the price of oil. Clearly, light hydrocarbons provide cost advantages over the conventional naphtha feedstock. Consequently, the recovery of light hydrocarbons from refinery gas has been gathering more and more significance. Nonetheless, the cryogenic separation needs low process temperatures, substantially increasing the refrigeration load requirements and, attendantly, the compression requirements associated with the refrigeration system. In this paper, the cold energy of liquefied natural gas (LNG) is applied to light hydrocarbons cryogenic separation process to replace the compression refrigeration system on the basis of one China refinery. The results show that LNG can provide 14,373�kW cold energy for the separation process, resulting in a direct compression power saving of 7973�kW and making the utilization rate of LNG cold energy as high as 71.9%.
Yajun Li; Hao Luo
Hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst and method of preparation and use thereof. [DOE patent application
A catalyst for the synthesis of hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide and hydrogen composed of palladium or platinum and cobalt supported on a solid phase is disclosed. The catalyst is prepared by heating a heterogeneous component of the palladium or platinum deposited on the solid support in a solution of cobalt carbonyl or precursors thereof. The catalyst exhibits excellent activity, stability in air, and produces highly desirable product fractions even with dilute gaseous reactants. The catalyst is preferably used in dilute slurry form, which is desirable from a heat transfer standpoint.
Sapienza, R.S.; Sansone, M.J.; Slegeir, W.A.R.
Geothermal Heat Pumps- Heating Mode
In winter, fluid passing through this vertical, closed loop system is warmed by the heat of the earth; this heat is then transferred to the building.
Gulf Hydrocarbon Inc | Open Energy Information
Hydrocarbon Inc Hydrocarbon Inc Jump to: navigation, search Name Gulf Hydrocarbon Inc Address 2016 Main St Place Houston, Texas Zip 77002 Sector Biofuels Product Wholesale marketing of biodiesel and ethanol to refiners, blenders and petroleum distributors Website http://www.gulfhydrocarbon.com Coordinates 29.749227°, -95.371693° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":29.749227,"lon":-95.371693,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
George A. Olah, Carbocation and Hydrocarbon Chemistry
Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
George A. Olah, Carbocation and Hydrocarbon Chemistry George A. Olah, Carbocation and Hydrocarbon Chemistry Resources with Additional Information · Patents George A. Olah Courtesy Rand Larson, Morningstar Productions George Olah received the 1994 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry" and his 'role in the chemistry of hydrocarbons. In particular, he developed superacids ... that are much stronger than ordinary acids, are non-nucleophilic, and are fluid at low temperatures. In such media ... carbocations are stable and their physical properties ... can be observed, thus allowing details of their structures to be determined. Besides trivalent ions ... Olah demonstrated the existence of higher coordinate carbocations ... . These species do not violate the octet rule, but involve 2-electron 3-center bonding. '1
Using supercritical fluids to refine hydrocarbons
This is a method to reactively refine hydrocarbons, such as heavy oils with API gravities of less than 20.degree. and bitumen-like hydrocarbons with viscosities greater than 1000 cp at standard temperature and pressure using a selected fluid at supercritical conditions. The reaction portion of the method delivers lighter weight, more volatile hydrocarbons to an attached contacting device that operates in mixed subcritical or supercritical modes. This separates the reaction products into portions that are viable for use or sale without further conventional refining and hydro-processing techniques. This method produces valuable products with fewer processing steps, lower costs, increased worker safety due to less processing and handling, allow greater opportunity for new oil field development and subsequent positive economic impact, reduce related carbon dioxide, and wastes typical with conventional refineries.
Yarbro, Stephen Lee
detonation rate
detonation rate, detonation velocity, velocity of detonation, V.O.D., detonating velocity, rate of detonation, detonating rate ? Detonationsgeschwindigkeit f
Pyrolysis process for producing condensed stabilized hydrocarbons utilizing a beneficially reactive gas
In a process for recovery of values contained in solid carbonaceous material, the solid carbonaceous material is comminuted and then subjected to pyrolysis, in the presence of a carbon containing solid particulate source of heat and a beneficially reactive transport gas in a transport flash pyrolysis reactor, to form a pyrolysis product stream. The pyrolysis product stream contains a gaseous mixture and particulate solids. The solids are separated from the gaseous mixture to form a substantially solids-free gaseous stream which comprises volatilized hydrocarbon free radicals newly formed by pyrolysis. Preferably the solid particulate source of heat is formed by oxidizing part of the separated particulate solids. The beneficially reactive transport gas inhibits the reactivity of the char product and the carbon-containing solid particulate source of heat. Condensed stabilized hydrocarbons are obtained by quenching the gaseous mixture stream with a quench fluid which contains a capping agent for stabilizing and terminating newly formed volatilized hydrocarbon free radicals. The capping agent is partially depleted of hydrogen by the stabilization and termination reaction. Hydrocarbons of four or more carbon atoms in the gaseous mixture stream are condensed. A liquid stream containing the stabilized liquid product is then treated or separated into various fractions. A liquid containing the hydrogen depleted capping agent is hydrogenated to form a regenerated capping agent. At least a portion of the regenerated capping agent is recycled to the quench zone as the quench fluid. In another embodiment capping agent is produced by the process, separated from the liquid product mixture, and recycled.
Durai-Swamy, Kandaswamy (Culver City, CA)
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbons evaluated Sample...
various hydrocarbons on monolithic hydrocarbon adsorber Dae Jung Kim,a Ji Man Kim,a Jae Eui Yie... and conversion of various hydrocarbons on monolithic hydrocarbon adsorbers were...
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbons part Sample Search...
Sexual selection on cuticular hydrocarbons of male sagebrush crickets in the wild
...association between cuticular hydrocarbon composition and desiccation...temperature on cuticular lipids and water balance in a desert Drosophila...interactions for cuticular hydrocarbon expression in Drosophila simulans...evolutionary roles of cuticular hydrocarbons in Diptera. In Insect hydrocarbons...
Integration Process Heat and Power Integration Process Heat and Power Integration Biogas + Sludge Woody Biomass 2 Key Highlights * This thermochemical conversion pathway for...
Hydrotreater feed/effluent heat exchange
This patent describes a hydrotreating process for catalytically hydrogenating a hydrocarbon stock. It comprises dividing the hydrocarbon stock into two portions comprising a major portion and a minor portion, mixing the major portion with hydrogen to form a major portion mixture at a first temperature, and passing the major portion mixture through a multiple pass tube furnace to yield a heated major portion mixture at a first reactor inlet temperature, passing the heated major portion mixture to a hydrogenation catalyst containing reactor, thereby hydrogenating and heating the major portion mixture by heat of reaction to a reactor outlet temperature, withdrawing a hot hydrogenated stock from the reactor at the reactor outlet temperature wherein the hot hydrogenated stock comprises the entire reactor effluent, mixing the minor portion with hydrogen to form a minor portion mixture at about the first temperature, heating the minor portion mixture by indirect heat exchange with the hot hydrogenated stock to a second reactor inlet temperature approximately equal to the first reactor inlet temperature and then passing the minor portion to the first hydrogenation catalyst containing reactor in the absence of additional heating, the minor portion in an amount sufficient to quench the hot hydrogenated stock to a third temperature approximately equal to the first reactor inlet temperature.
Steinberg, R.M.; Deshpande, V.A.
Sustainable treatment of hydrocarbon-contaminated industrial land�
Land contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons is a widespread and global environmental pollution issue from recovery and refining of crude oil and the ubiquitous use of hydrocarbons in industrial processes and applications. ...
Cunningham, Colin John
Chemical nature of high-molecular hydrocarbons of gaseous condensates
Mass spectrometry was used to study the group-structure composition of high-boiling 50 deg (200/degrees/-250/degrees/, 250/degrees/-300/degrees/, and 300/degrees/-350/degrees/C) fractions of East Turkmenistan condensates: the hydrocarbons composition is characterized by a high content of paraffinic hydrocarbons, and that of others by aromatic and naphthenic hydrocarbons. For all the condensates under investigation, as the boiling temperature of fractions increases, the content of paraffinic hydrocarbons in them is increased, while that of naphthenic hydrocarbons is reduced. The distribution of naphthenic hydrocarbons according to the number of rings is identical. In high-paraffin condensates, monoaromatic hydrocarbons consist mainly structures with alkyl substituents, but in condensates with a high content of aromatic and naphthenic hydrocarbons they consist mainly of structures with naphthenic substituents. 4 references, 1 figures, 2 tables.
Kul'dzhayev, B.A.; Makarov, V.V.; Sergiyenko, S.R.; Khramova, E.V.
Chapter 9 - Chemical and Physical Properties of Hydrocarbons
Publisher Summary Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds and contain only carbon and hydrogen but they can be straight chain or branched chain with the same empirical formula but showing differences in properties. Chemical change results in the hydrocarbon yielding a product that may be entirely different in composition to the starting hydrocarbon�the exception is the isomerization reaction where a straight-chain hydrocarbon is converted to a branched-chain hydrocarbon. Chemical properties of hydrocarbons describe the potential of hydrocarbons to undergo chemical change or reaction by virtue of the hydrocarbon structure. Physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the composition of matter. Physical properties are used to observe and describe matter. Physical properties that are of interest in the current context include: boiling point, melting point, density, vapor density, flash point, ignition temperature, and dew point.
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbons methyl Sample Search...
Renewable Energy 2 Quantification of Local Ozone Production Attributable to Automobile Hydrocarbon Emissions Summary: -fueled automobiles, most cyclic hydrocarbons are...
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbons progress Sample Search...
Collection: Chemistry 3 Quantification of Local Ozone Production Attributable to Automobile Hydrocarbon Emissions Summary: -fueled automobiles, most cyclic hydrocarbons are...
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbons fluorene Sample Search...
Hydrocarbons... Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous organic pollutants in urban environments... in the urbanized and rapidly urbanizing areas. Keywords...
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene Sample...
Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and dioxins are lipophilic organic pollutants occurring... absorption, pig INTRODUCTION Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)...
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbons based Sample Search...
Aromatic Hydrocarbons Volatile Organic... Compounds Toxic Organic Halogenated Dioxins Furans (dioxins) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons found... Rana Novini ATOC 3500 Burn...
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbons Sample Search Results
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbons pah5 Sample Search...
hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous, recalcitrant, and potentially carcinogenic pollutants. Plants Summary: 1461 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous,...
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbons inenvironmental Sample...
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbon o-quinones Sample...
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbons assessment Sample...
Aromatic Hydrocarbons Volatile Organic... Compounds Toxic Organic Halogenated Dioxins Furans (dioxins) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons found... of airborne soot. The air...
conversion of solar energy is the production of hydrocarbonsproduction of hydrocarbons. Mankind's use of biologically converted solar energy
Bauer, T.E.
aromatic hydrocarbons coated: Topics by E-print Network
Summary: ??Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants, known human lung carcinogens, and potent mammary carcinogens in animal models....
Real-Time Quantitative Analysis of Combustion-Generated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
Real-Time Quantitative Analysis of Combustion-Generated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry ... Field data1 suggest that naphthalene, fluorene, and anthracene are among the most abundant PAH products of incomplete hydrocarbon production. ... The sample transfer line is 6.35 mm diameter, quartz-lined stainless steel tubing (Alltech, Deerfield, IL) that is heated to 250?300 �C using flexible cable heaters (Omega Engineering, Stamford, CT). Care is taken to uniformly heat the sample transfer line, since the efficiency of the line is reduced dramatically by the presence of cold spots. ...
Christopher M. Gittins; Marco J. Castaldi; Selim M. Senkan; Eric A. Rohlfing
Preliminary Economics for Hydrocarbon Fuel Production from Cellulosic Sugars
Biorefinery process and economic models built in CHEMCAD and a preliminary, genome-scale metabolic model for the oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi were used to simulate the bioconversion of corn stover to lipids, and the upgrading of these hydrocarbon precursors to diesel and jet fuel. The metabolic model was based on the recently released genome sequence for L. starkeyi and on metabolic pathway information from the literature. The process model was based on bioconversion, lipid extraction, and lipid oil upgrading data found in literature, on new laboratory experimental data, and on yield predictions from the preliminary L. starkeyi metabolic model. The current plant gate production cost for a distillate-range hydrocarbon fuel was estimated by the process model Base Case to be $9.5/gallon ($9.0 /gallon of gasoline equivalent) with assumptions of 2011$, 10% internal return on investment, and 2205 ton/day dry feed rate. Opportunities for reducing the cost to below $5.0/gallon, such as improving bioconversion lipid yield and hydrogenation catalyst selectivity, are presented in a Target Case. The process and economic models developed for this work will be updated in 2014 with new experimental data and predictions from a refined metabolic network model for L. starkeyi. Attaining a production cost of $3.0/gallon will require finding higher value uses for lignin other than power generation, such as conversion to additional fuel or to a co-product.
Collett, James R.; Meyer, Pimphan A.; Jones, Susanne B.
Production of hydrocarbons from hydrates. [DOE patent application
An economical and safe method of producing hydrocarbons (or natural gas) from in situ hydrocarbon-containing hydrates is given. Once started, the method will be self-driven and will continue producing hydrocarbons over an extended period of time (i.e., many days).
McGuire, P.L.
Molecular carbon isotopic evidence for the origin of geothermal hydrocarbons
... in the flask's headspace. This procedure produced negligible amounts of contaminating hydrocarbons. The geothermal hydrocarbons were separated and combusted, and the carbon dioxide product purified and measured using ... of the pyrolysis and spark discharge experiments, b, Isotopic abundance of hydrocarbons from four geothermal localities as follows: D, Cerro Prieto, well M-5, sampled January 1979; ...
David J. Des Marais; Jason H. Donchin; Nancy L. Nehring; Alfred H. Truesdell
Substantially self-powered method and apparatus for recovering hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon-containing solid hydrates
A method and apparatus are provided for producing gaseous hydrocarbons from formations comprising solid hydrocarbon hydrates located under either a body of land or a body of water. The vast natural resources of such hydrocarbon hydrates can thus now be economically mined. Relatively warm brine or water is brought down from an elevation above that of the hydrates through a portion of the apparatus, and passes in contact with the hydrates, thus melting them. The liquid then continues up another portion of the apparatus carrying entrained hydrocarbon vapors in the form of bubbles, which can easily be separated from the liquid. After a short startup procedure, the process and apparatus are substantially self-powered.
Elliott, G.R.B.; Barraclough, B.L.; Vanderborgh, N.E.
Apparatus for recovering gaseous hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon-containing solid hydrates
A method and apparatus are provided for producing gaseous hydrocarbons from formations comprising solid hydrocarbon hydrates located under either a body of land or a body of water. The vast natural resources of such hydrocarbon hydrates can thus now be economically mined. Relatively warm brine or water is brought down from an elevation above that of the hydrates through a portion of the apparatus and passes in contact with the hydrates, thus melting them. The liquid then continues up another portion of the apparatus, carrying entrained hydrocarbon vapors in the form of bubbles, which can easily be separated from the liquid. After a short startup procedure, the process and apparatus are substantially self-powered.
Elliott, Guy R. B. (Los Alamos, NM); Barraclough, Bruce L. (Santa Fe, NM); Vanderborgh, Nicholas E. (Los Alamos, NM)
Nonlinear dependence of the solubility of water in hydrocarbons on the molar volume of the hydrocarbon
The solubility of water in fifty hydrocarbon solvents at 20�C is estimated by ... in nonspecific cohesion forces, and assuming that water is primarily monomeric in solution, the prediction ... breaking of the H-b...
Paul Ruelle; Ulrich W. Kesselring
Mass Transfer of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons from
of the individual components of four synthetic dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) mixtures into the aqueous hydrocarbons (PAHs), were designed to serve as models for coal tars and creosotes. The reactor employed (PAHs) are often present in the environment as components of such dense non- aqueous phase liquids
Peters, Catherine A.
Regressing Gas/Particle Partitioning Data for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Regressing Gas/Particle Partitioning Data for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ... Although PAHs can be emitted to the environment as a result of natural combustion processes (e.g., forest fires and volcanoes), human activities are believed to dominate global PAH emissions, because high atmospheric concentrations of PAHs are usually observed in urban and industrial areas where vehicle traffic, aluminum smelting, residential heating, and other activities emit PAHs into the atmosphere (4, 5). ... One of the earliest approaches to describing the G/P partitioning equilibrium of PAHs, known as the Junge?Pankow model, relates ? to PL using the following: The parameter A in this equation is sometimes interpreted as the product of two terms c and ?. ? is the surface area of particles in a unit volume of air (cm2�cm-3) and c (Pa�cm) is a substance-specific factor depending on ambient temper ature, compound, sorption sites, and the heats of desorption from surface and vaporization from the liquid compound (7, 10, 14). ...
Yushan Su; Ying Duan Lei; Frank Wania; Mahiba Shoeib; Tom Harner
Heat storage with CREDA
The principle of operation of ETS or Electric Thermal Storage is discussed in this book. As can be seen by the diagram presented, heating elements buried deep within the core are energized during off-peak periods or periods of lower cost energy. These elements charge the core to a per-determined level, then during the on-peak periods when the cost of electricity is higher or demand is higher, the heat is extracted from the core. The author discusses how this technology has progressed to the ETS equipment of today; this being the finer control of charging rates and extraction of heat from the core.
Beal, T. (Fostoria Industries, Fostoria, OH (US))
The Broadband Heating Rate Profile (BBHRP) VAP
brown-97.pdf Clothiaux, E. E., T. P. Ackerman, G. G. Mace, K. P. Moran, R. T. Marchand, M. Miller, and B. E. Martner, 2000: Objective determination of cloud heights and...
Remediation of Soil and Ground Water Contaminated with PAH using Heat and Fe(II)-EDTA Catalyzed Persulfate Oxidation
The feasibility of degrading 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic (PAH) hydrocarbons (PAHs) with heat and Fe(II)-EDTA catalyzed persulfate oxidation was investigated in the laboratory. The experiments were co...
Farhad Nadim; Kun-Chang Huang; Amine M. Dahmani
Hydrocarbon composition of crude oils near the Caspian depression
The structural-group composition of hydrocarbons of Mesozoic crude oils near the Caspian depression was investigated by mass-spectrometry, followed by the analysis of the mass-spectra using a computer. The distribution of naphthenic hydrocarbons, according to the number of rings and of aromatic hydrocarbons, according to the degree of hydrogen unsaturation is similar for all the crude oils examined. The hydrocarbon composition of Mesozoic crude oils is characterized by a reduction in the content of aliphatic hydrocarbons and alkyl benzenes.
Botneva, T.A.; Khramova, E.V.; Nekhamkina, L.G.; Polyakova, A.A.
Composition of paraffinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons in petroleum asphalts
Uses a combination of chromatographic, chemical, and spectroscopic methods to determine the composition of the paraffinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons recovered from asphalts. Monitors the completeness of separation of the hydrocarbons from the aromatics on the basis of UV spectra. Finds that in the mixture of adduct-forming hydrocarbons, along with the n-paraffins there were admixtures of isoparaffins and longchain alkylnaphthenes. Concludes that a comparison of the structural-group composition of the asphalt fractions from the different crudes shows that there are only slight differences in the structure of the paraffinic/naphthenic hydrocarbons present in these asphalts, particularly with regard to those hydrocarbons that do not react with urea.
Botvin'eva, A.M.; Dubkova, R.V.; Shkredova, N.A.
IEA Heat Pump Workshop November 8, 2011
Responsible load growth a goal Residential rates low-- $0.01/kWh Sales of air source Heat Pumps a goal #12IEA Heat Pump Workshop November 8, 2011 Atlanta, Georgia #12;Heat Pump Reliability And Installer.3 Million customers 1.1 million residential customers #12;How did Alabama Power Company get into Heat Pump
Illustrative Calculation of Economics for Heat Pump and "Grid...
Energy Savers [EERE]
Illustrative Calculation of Economics for Heat Pump and "Grid-Enabled" Water Heaters Illustrative Calculation of Economics for Heat Pump and "Grid-Enabled" Water Heaters Rate...
Heat transfer via dropwise condensation on hydrophobic microstructured surfaces .
??Dropwise condensation has the potential to greatly increase heat transfer rates. Heat transfer coefficients by dropwise condensation and film condensation on microstructured silicon chips were� (more)
Ruleman, Karlen E. (Karlen Elizabeth)
Thermodynamic properties of hydrocarbon liquids at high pressures and temperatures
Understanding the organic/inorganic interface in the Earth's crust requires values of the thermodynamic properties of hydrocarbon species in crude oil, coal, and natural gas at elevated temperatures and pressures. Values of the apparent standard partial molal Gibbs free energies and enthalpies of formation and the standard partial molal entropies and heat capacities of these organic species can be computed as a function of temperature at 1 bar using the equations of state adopted by Helgeson et al (1991). The pressure dependence of the thermodynamic properties can be calculated from a modified version of the Parameters From Group Contributions (PFGC) equation of state. To improve the accuracy of these predictions, critical evaluation of high-pressure density experiments reported in the literature was used in the present study to characterize b[sub j] as a function of pressure and temperature. The revised PFGC equation of state permits accurate calculation of the standard partial molal volumes of the major hydrocarbon species in the aliphatic, aromatic, and naphthenic fractions of crude oil, as well as fatty acids, phenols, and naphthenic acids at temperatures and pressures to 500 C and 5 kbar. Combining the revised PFGC equation of state and parameters with the standard partial molal properties of these species at one bar and those of aqueous species and minerals permits calculation of the apparent standard partial molal Gibbs Free energies of reaction, and thus equilibrium constants for a wide variety of chemical equilibria among organic liquids, solids, and gases, aqueous species, and minerals at temperatures and pressures characteristic of both diagenetic and low-grade metamorphic processes in the Earth's crust.
Aagaard, P. (Univ. of Oslo (Norway). Dept. of Geology); Oelkers, E.H. (Univ. Paul Sabatier, Toulouse (France). Lab. de Geochimie); Helgeson, H.C. (Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Geology and Geophysics)
Emission of Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Indoor Solid Fuel Combustion
(17) The relatively high OPAH emissions from indoor burning can be explained by the different amount of oxygen supply resulting in lower combustion efficiencies and relatively high temperature in the enclosed residential stoves due to low heat loss. ... hydrocarbon (PAH) emission source in developing countries; however, PAH emission factor (EF) data for indoor crop residue combustion, particularly field-measured data, are scarce, leading to large uncertainties in emission inventories. ... Shen, G.; Wang, W.; Yang, Y.; Zhu, C.; Min, Y.; Xue, M.; Ding, J.; Li, W.; Wang, B.; Shen, H.; Wang, R.; Wang, X.; Tao, S.Emission factors and particulate matter size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from residential coal combustions in rural Northern China Atmos. ...
Guofeng Shen; Shu Tao; Wei Wang; Yifeng Yang; Junnan Ding; Miao Xue; Yujia Min; Chen Zhu; Huizhong Shen; Wei Li; Bin Wang; Rong Wang; Wentao Wang; Xilong Wang; Armistead G. Russell
Method And Apparatus For Converting Hydrocarbon Fuel Into Hydrogen Gas And Carbon Dioxide
A hydrocarbon fuel reforming method is disclosed suitable for producing synthesis hydrogen gas from reactions with hydrocarbons fuels, oxygen, and steam. A first mixture of an oxygen-containing gas and a first fuel is directed into a first tube 108 to produce a first reaction reformate. A second mixture of steam and a second fuel is directed into a second tube 116 annularly disposed about the first tube 108 to produce a second reaction reformate. The first and second reaction reformates are then directed into a reforming zone 144 and subject to a catalytic reforming reaction. In another aspect of the method, a first fuel is combusted with an oxygen-containing gas in a first zone 108 to produce a reformate stream, while a second fuel under steam reforming in a second zone 116. Heat energy from the first zone 108 is transferred to the second zone 116.
Clawson, Lawrence G. (Dover, MA); Mitchell, William L. (Belmont, MA); Bentley, Jeffrey M. (Westford, MA); Thijssen, Johannes H. J. (Cambridge, MA)
Process for the production of ethylene and other hydrocarbons from coal
A process is claimed for the production of substantial amounts of ethylene and other hydrocarbon compounds, such as benzene from coal. Coal is reacted with methane at a temperature in the approximate range of 500/sup 0/C to 1100/sup 0/C at a partial pressure less than about 200 psig for a period of less than 10 seconds, and preferably at a temperature of approximately 850/sup 0/C, and a partial pressure of 50 psig for a period of approximately 2 seconds. Ethylene and other hydrocarbon compounds may be separated from the product stream so produced, and the methane recycled for further production of ethylene. In another embodiment, other compounds produced, such as by-product tars, may be burned to heat the recycled methane.
Steinberg, M.; Fallon, P.
Spectroscopic Measurements of Low-Temperature Heat Release for Homogeneous Combustion Compression Ignition (HCCI) n-Heptane/Alcohol Mixture Combustion
Spectroscopic Measurements of Low-Temperature Heat Release for Homogeneous Combustion Compression Ignition (HCCI) n-Heptane/Alcohol Mixture Combustion ... (6) The earlier short heat release, LTHR, is characteristic of chemical oxidation at low temperature of the hydrocarbon fuel. ... lower heating value (kJ/kg) ...
Peerawat Saisirirat; Fabrice Foucher; Somchai Chanchaona; Christine Mounai?m-Rousselle
A Gradient Heat Desorption Technique of Preconcentrated Tenax-GC Tubes for Use in GC/MS Analysis
......chromatograms. Tenax tube heat desorbed at 200...sampling tube was heat desorbed initially...analyzer and all data beyond this point...after each increased heat interval while the...temperature stresses. J. Combustion Toxicology. 6...Smith. A total hydrocarbon analyzer for use......
Harold G. Eaton
Apparatus and method for simultaneous recovery of hydrogen from water and from hydrocarbons
Apparatus and method for simultaneous recovery of hydrogen from water and from hydrocarbon feed material. The feed material is caused to flow over a heated catalyst which fosters the water-gas shift reaction (H.sub.2 O+COH.sub.2 +CO.sub.2) and the methane steam reforming reaction (CH.sub.4 +H.sub.2 O3 H.sub.2 +CO). Both of these reactions proceed only to partial completion. However, by use of a Pd/Ag membrane which is exclusively permeable to hydrogen isotopes in the vicinity of the above reactions and by maintaining a vacuum on the permeate side of the membrane, product hydrogen isotopes are removed and the reactions are caused to proceed further toward completion. A two-stage palladium membrane reactor was tested with a feed composition of 28% CQ.sub.4, 35% Q.sub.2 O (where Q=H, D, or T), and 31% Ar in 31 hours of continuous operation during which 4.5 g of tritium were processed. Decontamination factors were found to increase with decreasing inlet rate. The first stage was observed to have a decontamination factor of approximately 200, while the second stage had a decontamination factor of 2.9.times.10.sup.6. The overall decontamination factor was 5.8.times.10.sup.8. When a Pt/.alpha.-Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 catalyst is employed, decoking could be performed without catalyst degradation. However, by adjusting the carbon to oxygen ratio of the feed material with the addition of oxygen, coking could be altogether avoided.
Willms, R. Scott (Los Alamos, NM); Birdsell, Stephen A. (Los Alamos, NM)
STUDY OF FROST GROWTH ON HEAT EXCHANGERS USED AS OUTDOOR COILS IN AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS OF FROST GROWTH ON HEAT EXCHANGERS USED AS OUTDOOR COILS IN AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS Dissertation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.5.3 Air Side Heat Transfer Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.5.4 Fluid Side Heat
Ancestral Nesson anticline and associated geothermal anomalies: Enhanced hydrocarbon generation controlled by crustal structure
Hydrocarbon generation in the Williston basin is influenced by crustal motions and geothermal gradient anomalies associated with the ancestral Nesson anticline, a long-lived crustal structure located along 103{degree} longitude. This structure and its effects are particularly important in Canada where most petroleum source rocks were not sufficiently buried to have generated hydrocarbons in a normal geothermal gradient environment. High geothermal gradients associated with this structure raise the oil window and expand the region of source rock thermal maturity. Ancestral Nesson structure subsided differentially throughout the Phanerozoic, controlling paleobathymetry and facies over its crest. During the Upper Ordovician the structure was positive; rich potential petroleum source rocks were deposited on the western flank of the structure, generally excluding them from the zone of elevated heat flows. The total petroleum potential of this oil-source system exceeds 5.5 billion bbl of oil equivalent in Canada alone. Unfortunately, its exclusion from the maturation anomaly results in no more than 200 million bbl of oil being expelled from these sources. During the Middle Devonian, the structure was a negative feature that formed a starved subbasin separating the Winnipegosis and Elm Point carbonate shelves. Rich potential petroleum source rocks that accumulated on the crest of the structure at that time now overlie the region of elevated heat that flows and enhanced hydrocarbon maturation. Two billion barrels of oil are estimated to have been expelled from this source rock. Understanding the history and tectonics of the ancestral Nesson anticline is fundamental to a correct appraisal of hydrocarbon resources in the Williston basin.
Osadetz, K.G.; Snowdon, L.R. (Geological Survey of Canada, Calgary, Alberta (Canada))
Gamma radiolysis of chlorinated hydrocarbons
This program is the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) component of a joint collarborative effort with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The purpose of this effort is to demonstrate a viable process for breaking down hazardous halogenated organic wastes to simpler, non-hazardous waste using high energy ionizing radiation. The INEL effort focuses on the use of spent reactor fuel gamma radiation sources to decompose complex wastes such as PCBs. At LLNL, halogenated solvents such as carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene are being studied using accelerator radiation sources. The INEL irradiation experiments concentrated on a single PCB congener so that a limited set of decomposition reactions could be studied. The congener 2,2{prime}, 3,3{prime},4,5{prime},6,6{prime} - octachlorobiphenyl was examined following exposure to various gamma doses at the Advanced Test Reactor (AIR) spent fuel pool. The decomposition rates and products in several solvents are discussed. 3 refs.
Arbon, R.E.; Mincher, B.J.; Meikrantz, D.H.
Susanville District Heating District Heating Low Temperature...
Susanville District Heating District Heating Low Temperature Geothermal Facility Jump to: navigation, search Name Susanville District Heating District Heating Low Temperature...
We have suggested that certain plants rich in hydrocarbon-like materials might be cultivated for renewable photosynthetic products. Two species were selected for experimental plantations: Euphorbia lathyris, an annual from seed and Euphorbia tirucalli, a perennial from cuttings, The yield from each species is over 10 barrels of oil/acre/year without genetic or agronomic improvement. In addition to plants, there are trees, such as species of Copaifera in Brazil and other tropical areas, which produce a diesel-like oil upon tapping. Each tree produces approximately 40 liters of hydrocarbon per year, and this material can be used directly by a diesel-powered car. Further efforts to develop plants as alternate energy sources are underway, as well as a continuing search for additional plant species throughout the world which have a similar capability.
Calvin, Melvin
Hydrocarbons in age-dated sediment cores from two basins in the Southern California Bight
The distributions of hydrocarbons in sediment cores dated by 210Pb (1845�1977) from San Pedro and San Nicolas Basins in the Southern California Bight have been determined by gas Chromatographic and combined gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis. The chromatograms of the hydrocarbons contain peaks of resolved alkanes and cycloalkanes, as well as an unresolved complex mixture which decrease in content with increasing depth in both of the cores. The concentrations of o,p' andp,p'-DDE are highest in the top 50 mm of the San Pedro core section. The 45�50 mm segment of this core was deposited in the 1945�1950 period when DDT (the precursor of DDE compounds) came into common use. The relatively high content of hydrocarbons and DDE in this core is attributable to the proximity of the site to the San Pedro Harbor which receives petroleum residues from shipping, sewage outfalls and industrial effluents. The presence of only traces of DDE throughout the San Nicolas core, and the low hydrocarbon content are explainable by the greater distance of this basin from anthropogenic inputs and probably a greater rate of degradation of deposited organic matter during bioturbation. ?13C, ?15N and electron-spin resonance analyses of kerogens and humic substances in these cores, indicate that most of this organic matter in these sediments is of a marine origin.
M.I Venkatesan; S Brenner; E Ruth; J Bonilla; I.R Kaplan
Oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes to unsaturated hydrocarbons
Oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes to unsaturated hydrocarbons is carried out over metal vanadate catalysts under oxidizing conditions. The vanadate catalysts are represented by the formulas M[sub 3](VO[sub 4])[sub 2] and MV[sub 2]O[sub 6], M representing Mg, Zn, Ca, Pb, or Cd. The reaction is carried out in the presence of oxygen, but the formation of oxygenate by-products is suppressed.
Kung, H.H.; Chaar, M.A.
Evaluation of open pit incineration for the disposal of hydrocarbon wastes
of hydrocarbon wastes using an open pit air curtain destructor (ACD) type incinerator was investigated. A prototype experi- mental incinerator was designed and constructed, and experiments were performed with it to determine the relationships among various... design and operational parameters (such as incinerator configuration, fuel flow- rate, and smoke emissions) and to further improve the design. The investigation was conducted in three phases. First air flow studies were performed using a full scale...
Bell, Stuart Ray
Automatic Tube Cleaning Systems for Condensers & Heat Exchangers
than 36 in. in diameter. Thus, mos of the ball systems are in fossil fuel, nuclear) cogeneration, and geothermal power plants. The temperature (maximum 220 0 F) and process limitations of the rubber ball material restrict the use of ball systems... of Heat Exchangers," Hydrocarbon Processing, pp. 25-27 (Jan. 1983) 7. Grande. M?? and K. SCIEah. "Automatic On-Line Mechanical Cleaning System for Condensers and Heat Exchangers," in EPRI Geothermal Conference and Yorkshop, Seminar Yorkbook (June 23...
Someah, K.
Application Study of a Single House Horizontal Heating System
It is imperative to get new heating systems into the market and implement rate structures with heat meters for the purpose of energy conservation and environmental protection. Based on analysis of current heating technology, this paper analyzes...
Hang, Y.; Ying, D.
Envlron. Sci. Technol. 1993, 27, 1885-1891 On-Road Hydrocarbon Remote Sensing in the Denver Area
), oxides of nitrogen (NO,), and other toxic air pollutants. These emissions play important roles in all emission control technology. Introduction Automobile emissionsoriginate from fuelrich-burning, misfiring or nonfunctional emission control system can produce high emission rates for carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC
Denver, University of
"Nanotechnology Enabled Advanced Industrial Heat Transfer Fluids"
ABSTRACT Nanotechnology Enabled Advanced industrial Heat Transfer Fluids� Improving the efficiency of Industrial Heat Exchangers offers a great opportunity to improve overall process efficiencies in diverse industries such as pharmaceutical, materials manufacturing and food processing. The higher efficiencies can come in part from improved heat transfer during both cooling and heating of the material being processed. Additionally, there is great interest in enhancing the performance and reducing the weight of heat exchangers used in automotives in order to increase fuel efficiency. The goal of the Phase I program was to develop nanoparticle containing heat transfer fluids (e.g., antifreeze, water, silicone and hydrocarbon-based oils) that are used in transportation and in the chemical industry for heating, cooling and recovering waste heat. Much work has been done to date at investigating the potential use of nanoparticle-enhanced thermal fluids to improve heat transfer in heat exchangers. In most cases the effect in a commercial heat transfer fluid has been marginal at best. In the Phase I work, we demonstrated that the thermal conductivity, and hence heat transfer, of a fluid containing nanoparticles can be dramatically increased when subjected to an external influence. The increase in thermal conductivity was significantly larger than what is predicted by commonly used thermal models for two-phase materials. Additionally, the surface of the nanoparticles was engineered so as to have a minimal influence on the viscosity of the fluid. As a result, a nanoparticle-laden fluid was successfully developed that can lead to enhanced heat transfer in both industrial and automotive heat exchangers
Dr. Ganesh Skandan; Dr. Amit Singhal; Mr. Kenneth Eberts; Mr. Damian Sobrevilla; Prof. Jerry Shan; Stephen Tse; Toby Rossmann
Experimental study on heat transfer characteristics of internal heat exchangers for CO2 system under cooling condition
This paper presents the heat transfer characteristics of the internal heat exchanger (IHX) for CO2 heat pump system. The influence on the IHX length, the mass flow rate, the shape of IHX, the operating condition,...
Young Chul Kwon; Dae Hoon Kim; Jae Heon Lee�
Methods of Reforming Hydrocarbon Fuels Using Hexaaluminate Catalysts
of Reforming Hydrocarbon Fuels Using of Reforming Hydrocarbon Fuels Using Hexaaluminate Catalysts Contact NETL Technology Transfer Group email@example.com May 2012 Opportunity Research is currently active on the technology "Methods of Reforming Hydrocarbon Fuels Using Hexaaluminate Catalysts." The technology is available for licensing and/or further collaborative research from the U.S. Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory. Overview This invention discloses a method to reform hydrocarbon fuels using hexa- aluminate catalysts. In general, the method successfully disrupts the forma- tion of carbon that leads to the deactivation of the catalyst, a key element in the reforming of hydrocarbon fuels. When researchers are designing catalysts to reform hydrocarbon fuels, one
Does hydrocarbon contamination induce water repellency and changes in hydraulic properties in inherently wettable tropical sandy soils?
Abstract Hydrophobicity influences soil hydrological and ecological functions. Compared to naturally-occurring and fire-induced hydrophobicity, limited information is available on the impacts of hydrocarbon contamination on water repellency and hydraulic properties. Water repellency and hydraulic properties were measured on laboratory simulated, and field contaminated soils, 1 and 5�years after an accidental petroleum hydrocarbon spill. The objectives were; (1) to compare the water droplet penetration test (WDPT) to the molarity of ethanol droplet (MED) test, (2) to investigate the effect of hydrocarbon contamination on water repellency and hydraulic properties, and (3) to evaluate the performance of pedotransfer functions for hydraulic properties. The WDPT and MED tests gave qualitatively similar water repellency results as evidenced by a significant positive correlation (p�hydrocarbon contamination induced soil water repellency. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) increased linearly with level of contamination (p�water attributed to a reduction of the dielectric constant, and hence water�soil matrix interactions. No water repellency was observed in contaminated field soils (WDPT�hydrocarbon contamination was evident in other soil properties particularly electrical conductivity. This indicates that natural soils were inherently wettable and that hydrocarbon-induced hydrophobicity could be transient. This non-persistence was attributed to high decomposition rates stimulated by tropical conditions and nutrients added to promote revegetation. Predictions of pedotransfer functions were comparable to measured hydraulic data (p��0.8), confirming their general validity for water and solute transport modeling even on contaminated soils. The study confirmed the hypothesis that hydrocarbon contamination induces water repellency and reduces soil moisture retention at low suction (water repellency and hydraulic properties under field conditions.
Ammishaddai Takawira; Willis Gwenzi; Phillip Nyamugafata
Value analysis of advanced heat rejection systems for geothermal power plants
A computer model is developed to evaluate the performance of the binary geothermal power plants (Organic Rankine Cycles) with various heat rejection systems and their impact on the levelized cost of electricity. The computer model developed in this work is capable of simulating the operation of a geothermal power plant which consists mainly of an Organic Rankine Cycle (binary plants) with different types of working fluids such as pure hydrocarbons and some binary mixtures of the most promising combinations of hydrocarbons.
Bliem, C. [CJB Consulting, Longmont, CO (United States); Zangrando, F.; Hassani, V. [National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO (United States)
Pyrolysis Using Microwave Heating: A Sustainable Process for Recycling Used Car Engine Oil
Pyrolysis Using Microwave Heating: A Sustainable Process for Recycling Used Car Engine Oil ... A reaction temperature of 600 �C provided the greatest yield of commercially valuable products: the recovered liquid oils were composed of light paraffins and aromatic hydrocarbons that could be used as industrial feedstock; the remaining incondensable gases comprised light hydrocarbons that could potentially be used as a fuel source to power the process. ... The pyrolysis products leave the reactor and pass through a system of three water-cooled Liebig condensers [5, 6, 7], which collect condensed hydrocarbons in main and secondary collection flasks [8, 9]. ...
Su Shiung Lam; Alan D. Russell; Howard A. Chase
Biological Conversion of Sugars to Hydrocarbons Technology Pathway...
case investigates the biological conversion of biomass-derived sugars to hydrocarbon biofuels, utilizing data from recent literature references and information consistent with...
CSIA of Petroleum Hydrocarbons: Forensic Fingerprinting and Oil Spill Characterisation.
??This thesis has identified a suite of hydrocarbon diagnostic indices to be applied in the forensic fingerprinting of diesel oil characterisation and source identification using� (more)
Muhammad, Syahidah Akmal binti
The mobility of petroleum hydrocarbons in Athabasca oil sands tailings.
??Several oil sands tailings from Suncor Energy Inc. were analysed with respect to the mobility and solubility of the petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminants. At sites� (more)
Brickner, Heather
Process for making unsaturated hydrocarbons using microchannel process technology
The disclosed invention relates to a process for converting a feed composition comprising one or more hydrocarbons to a product comprising one or more unsaturated hydrocarbons, the process comprising: flowing the feed composition and steam in contact with each other in a microchannel reactor at a temperature in the range from about 200.degree. C. to about 1200.degree. C. to convert the feed composition to the product, the process being characterized by the absence of catalyst for converting the one or more hydrocarbons to one or more unsaturated hydrocarbons. Hydrogen and/or oxygen may be combined with the feed composition and steam.
Tonkovich, Anna Lee (Dublin, OH); Yuschak, Thomas (Lewis Center, OH); LaPlante, Timothy J. (Columbus, OH); Rankin, Scott (Columbus, OH); Perry, Steven T. (Galloway, OH); Fitzgerald, Sean Patrick (Columbus, OH); Simmons, Wayne W. (Dublin, OH); Mazanec, Terry (Solon, OH) Daymo, Eric (Dublin, OH)
Carbonaceous adsorbent regeneration and halocarbon displacement by hydrocarbon gases
This invention describes a process for regeneration of halocarbon bearing carbonaceous adsorbents through which a carbonaceous adsorbent is contacted with hydrocarbon gases, preferably propane, butane and pentane at near room temperatures and at atmospheric pressure. As the hydrocarbon gases come in contact with the adsorbent, the hydrocarbons displace the halocarbons by physical adsorption. As a result of using this process, the halocarbon concentration and the hydrocarbon eluant is increased thereby allowing for an easier recovery of pure halocarbons. By using the process of this invention, carbonaceous adsorbents can be regenerated by an inexpensive process which also allows for subsequent re-use of the recovered halocarbons. 8 figures.
Senum, G.I.; Dietz, R.N.
This invention describes a process for regeneration of halocarbon bearing carbonaceous adsorbents through which a carbonaceous adsorbent is contacted with hydrocarbon gases, preferably propane, butane and pentane at near room temperatures and at atmospheric pressure. As the hydrocarbon gases come in contact with the adsorbent, the hydrocarbons displace the halocarbons by physical adsorption. As a result of using this process, the halocarbon concentration and the hydrocarbon eluant is increased thereby allowing for an easier recovery of pure halocarbons. By using the process of this invention, carbonaceous adsorbents can be regenerated by an inexpensive process which also allows for subsequent re-use of the recovered halocarbons.
Senum, Gunnar I. (Patchogue, NY); Dietz, Russell N. (Patchogue, NY)
Selective aerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons over supported gold catalysts.
??The selective oxidation of hydrocarbons is of vital importance for the production of valuable chemicals from crude oil and natural gas resources. Unfortunately, when using� (more)
Hereijgers, B.P.C.
Catalytic Upgrading of Sugars to Hydrocarbons Technology Pathway...
the catalytic conversion of solubilized carbohydrate streams to hydrocarbon biofuels, utilizing data from recent efforts within the National Advanced Biofuels Consortium...
Mechanisms of Hydrocarbon Poisoning of A Urea SCR Catalyst
Understanding what reactions and which catalytic functions are affected by hydrocarbons can lead to improved tolerances for selective catalytic reduction performance
Electrical dispersion of water drops suspended in hydrocarbons
The effects of alternating (50 Hz) and direct current fields on drops of distilled water in a nonpolar hydrocarbon medium were examined.
G. M. Panchenkov; V. V. Papko; V. Ya. Baranov
Combustion with Low Hydrocarbon and Carbon Monoxide Emissions Poster Location P-19 Gregory K. Lilik, Andr L. Boehman Department of Energy & Mineral Engineering EMS Energy...
Heat Stroke
stress, from exertion or hot environments, places stress, from exertion or hot environments, places workers at risk for illnesses such as heat stroke, heat exhaustion, or heat cramps. Heat Stroke A condition that occurs when the body becomes unable to control its temperature, and can cause death or permanent disability. Symptoms ■ High body temperature ■ Confusion ■ Loss of coordination ■ Hot, dry skin or profuse sweating ■ Throbbing headache ■ Seizures, coma First Aid ■ Request immediate medical assistance. ■ Move the worker to a cool, shaded area. ■ Remove excess clothing and apply cool water to their body. Heat Exhaustion The body's response to an excessive loss of water and salt, usually through sweating. Symptoms ■ Rapid heart beat ■ Heavy sweating ■ Extreme weakness or fatigue ■
Thermosolutal convection from a discrete heat and solute source in a vertical porous annulus
on the fluid flow and heat and mass transfer rates. The porous annulus is subject to heat and mass fluxes from, buoyancy ratio and radius ratio are investigated on the flow patterns, and heat and mass transfer rates and the rates of heat and mass transfer strongly depend on the location of the heat and solute source. Further
Lopez, John M.
Rate Schedules
One of the major responsibilities of Southeastern is to design, formulate, and justify rate schedules. Repayment studies prepared by the agency determine revenue requirements and appropriate rate...
Application of release rate data to hazard load calculations
The author illustrates methods of applying heat, smoke and toxic gas release rate data to calculating fire hazard loading values.
Edwin E. Smith
Optimizing hydrocarbon recoveries in nitrogen rejection units
In order to address conceptual questions such as process selection and natural gas liquids plant integration, an understanding of the effects of several additional factors on nitrogen rejection unit design is important. These factors, which may influence optimum hydrocarbon recovery, installed compression, etc., include current and forecast values for natural gas and utilities, project life, plant size, feed gas composition and product specifications, feed pressure, and process variations. Prices, project life, and plant size are analyzed in detail and presented in terms of methane recoveries as a function of nitrogen content in the feed for both double and single column processes. Trends are qualitatively discussed for the remaining factors. 13 references.
Chesney, J.D.; Davis, R.A.; Hilton, M.F.; Vines, H.L.
Preliminary Geospatial Analysis of Arctic Ocean Hydrocarbon Resources
Ice coverage of the Arctic Ocean is predicted to become thinner and to cover less area with time. The combination of more ice-free waters for exploration and navigation, along with increasing demand for hydrocarbons and improvements in technologies for the discovery and exploitation of new hydrocarbon resources have focused attention on the hydrocarbon potential of the Arctic Basin and its margins. The purpose of this document is to 1) summarize results of a review of published hydrocarbon resources in the Arctic, including both conventional oil and gas and methane hydrates and 2) develop a set of digital maps of the hydrocarbon potential of the Arctic Ocean. These maps can be combined with predictions of ice-free areas to enable estimates of the likely regions and sequence of hydrocarbon production development in the Arctic. In this report, conventional oil and gas resources are explicitly linked with potential gas hydrate resources. This has not been attempted previously and is particularly powerful as the likelihood of gas production from marine gas hydrates increases. Available or planned infrastructure, such as pipelines, combined with the geospatial distribution of hydrocarbons is a very strong determinant of the temporal-spatial development of Arctic hydrocarbon resources. Significant unknowns decrease the certainty of predictions for development of hydrocarbon resources. These include: 1) Areas in the Russian Arctic that are poorly mapped, 2) Disputed ownership: primarily the Lomonosov Ridge, 3) Lack of detailed information on gas hydrate distribution, and 4) Technical risk associated with the ability to extract methane gas from gas hydrates. Logistics may control areas of exploration more than hydrocarbon potential. Accessibility, established ownership, and leasing of exploration blocks may trump quality of source rock, reservoir, and size of target. With this in mind, the main areas that are likely to be explored first are the Bering Strait and Chukchi Sea, in spite of the fact that these areas do not have highest potential for future hydrocarbon reserves. Opportunities for improving the mapping and assessment of Arctic hydrocarbon resources include: 1) Refining hydrocarbon potential on a basin-by-basin basis, 2) Developing more realistic and detailed distribution of gas hydrate, and 3) Assessing the likely future scenarios for development of infrastructure and their interaction with hydrocarbon potential. It would also be useful to develop a more sophisticated approach to merging conventional and gas hydrate resource potential that considers the technical uncertainty associated with exploitation of gas hydrate resources. Taken together, additional work in these areas could significantly improve our understanding of the exploitation of Arctic hydrocarbons as ice-free areas increase in the future.
Long, Philip E.; Wurstner, Signe K.; Sullivan, E. C.; Schaef, Herbert T.; Bradley, Donald J.
Heat Transfer of a Multiple Helical Coil Heat Exchanger Using a Microencapsulated Phase Change Material Slurry
The present study has focused on the use of coil heat exchangers (CHEs) with microencapsulated phase change material (MPCM) slurries to understand if CHEs can yield greater rates of heat transfer. An experimental study was conducted using a...
Gaskill, Travis
Hydrocarbon injection improves condensate recovery in U. S. S. R
Treating producing zones with hydrocarbon mixtures can increase the flow capacity of wells in which the rate has decreased because of gas-condensate precipitation. When an appropriate mixture is injected in a predetermined amount (volume per meter of producing interval), production can be increased by 10-20%. After treatment, producing rates can be stabilized for a period of several months to 2 years. Wells producing from gas-condensate, depletion-drive reservoirs are considered to be the most suitable for stimulation. These wells can be characterized by: Initial liquid content in the formation (pentane plus high boiling fraction) exceeds 430-520 cu m/cu m of gas (77-93 bbl/MMcf). Formation pressure is in the range of 10-25% of initial pressure. Producing formation thickness is 15-80 m (49-262 ft). For better results in stimulating a well, one should consider the nature of rock characteristics of the reservoir. Preferred formations for stimulations are porous-type reservoirs with permeability not higher than 10{sup {minus}13} sq m (100 md) and not lower than 10{sup {minus}15} sq m (1 md).
Ter-Sarkisov, R. (All-Union Scientific Research, Inst. of Natural Gas, Moscow (SU)); Gritsenko, A. (NPO Soyuzgastechnology, Moscow (SU))
Heat collector
A heat collector and method suitable for efficiently and cheaply collecting solar and other thermal energy are provided. The collector employs a heat pipe in a gravity-assist mode and is not evacuated. The collector has many advantages, some of which include ease of assembly, reduced structural stresses on the heat pipe enclosure, and a low total materials cost requirement. Natural convective forces drive the collector, which after startup operates entirely passively due in part to differences in molecular weights of gaseous components within the collector.
Merrigan, Michael A. (Santa Cruz, NM)
Merrigan, M.A.
Friction and wear characteristics of ceramic nanocomposite coatings: Titanium carbide/amorphous hydrocarbon
Friction and wear characteristics of titanium-containing amorphous hydrocarbon (Ti--C:H) coatings were measured during unlubricated sliding against WC--Co. These Ti--C:H coatings consist of nanocrystalline TiC clusters embedded in an amorphous hydrocarbon (a-C:H) matrix, i.e., they are TiC/a-C:H nanocomposites. The elastic modulus and hardness of the coatings exhibit smooth variations with increasing Ti composition. In contrast, a relatively abrupt transition occurs in the friction coefficient and wear rate of the coatings over a relatively narrow (20--30 at. %) Ti composition range. Our results reveal bimodal friction and wear behaviors for the TiC/a-C:H nanocomposites, a-C:H like at Ti compositions below 20%, and TiC like at Ti compositions above 30%. The two different wear mechanisms that operate as the volume fraction of nanocrystalline TiC clusters changes are discussed.
Cao, D. M.; Feng, B.; Meng, W. J.; Rehn, L. E.; Baldo, P. M.; Khonsari, M. M.
Ignition quality determination of diesel fuels from hydrogen type distribution of hydrocarbons
Hydrogen types of diesel like hydrocarbon fuels which have dominant effect on the ignition quality have been identified. A scheme of characterizing the chemistry of hydrocarbon fuels in terms of these hydrogen types using proton nuclear resonance spectrometry has been proposed. Using this analysis technique on 70 different diesel fuels, whose cetane numbers were determined on a number of standard cetane rating engines, an empirical expression which relates the ignition quality to the hydrogen type distribution of the fuels has been developed. The developed expression and the relationship between the ignition delay and cetane number imply that the effective activation energy term in the usual semiempirical ignition delay expression is not a constant for a given fuel but is a function of pressure and temperature as well as the fuel chemistry.
Gulder, O.L.; Glavincevski, B.
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbon investigation Sample...
various hydrocarbons on monolithic hydrocarbon adsorber Dae Jung Kim,a Ji Man Kim,a Jae Eui Yie... and conversion of various hydrocarbons on ... Source: Kim, Ji Man - Department...
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbons investigated Sample...
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbon components Sample...
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbon molecules Sample Search...
various hydrocarbons on monolithic hydrocarbon adsorber Dae Jung Kim,a Ji Man Kim,a Jae Eui Yie... and conversion of various hydrocarbons on monolithic ... Source: Kim, Ji Man -...
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbons molecules Sample...
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbons resulting Sample...
The Fate of Fossil Fuel Hydrocarbons in Marine Animals [and Discussion
...research-article The Fate of Fossil Fuel Hydrocarbons in Marine Animals [and Discussion...mammals. The fate of fossil fuel hydrocarbons in marine animals. | Journal Article...Carcinogens 0 Epoxy Compounds 0 Fuel Oils 0 Hydrocarbons 0 Naphthalenes...
Ozonation of Mutagenic and Carcinogenic Polyaromatic Amines and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Water
...Amines and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Water 1 1 Supported by a grant...amines and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in water. | The Salmonella-microsome...g., 13 halogenated hydrocarbons were identified in the drinking water of New Orleans (13...
Gary R. Burleson; Michael J. Caulfield; and Morris Pollard
Determination of hydrocarbons in water � interlaboratory method validation before routine monitoring
The clarification of hydrocarbon input into the Baltic sea via rivers ... of a new method for the determination of hydrocarbons by solvent extraction and gas chromatography. Surrogate oil solutions with known hydrocarbon
P. Woitke; Reinhard Kre�ner; Peter Lepom
Process for using preferential physical solvents for selective processing of hydrocarbon gas streams
This patent describes a process for the removal of hydrocarbon gas liquids, comprising hydrocarbons heavier than methane, from a hydrocarbon gas stream, wherein a need exists for recovering to any selected degree and at extremely high recoveries a selected hydrocarbon component and heavier hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons are within the group consisting of ethane, propane, butane, and pentane without the need simultaneously to recover hydrocarbons lighter than the selected hydrocarbon component from the hydrocarbon gas stream, The improvement of selectively extracting the hydrocarbon gas liquids from the hydrocarbon gas stream with a preferential physical solvent is described here. The method provides selective capability for recovery according to the selected degree of (a) ethane in amounts ranging from 2-98%, (b) propane in amounts ranging from 2-99%, (c) butane in amounts ranging from 2-100%, or (d) pentanes and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons in amounts ranging up to 100%.
Mehra, Y.R.
Consumer Winter Heating Oil Costs
Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update (EIA)
5 5 Notes: Using the Northeast as a regional focus for heating oil, the typical oil-heated household consumes about 680 gallons of oil during the winter, assuming that weather is "normal." The previous three winters were warmer than average and generated below normal consumption rates. Last winter, consumers saw large increases over the very low heating oil prices seen during the winter of 1998-1999 but, outside of the cold period in late January/early February they saw relatively low consumption rates due to generally warm weather. Even without particularly sharp cold weather events this winter, we think consumers are likely to see higher average heating oil prices than were seen last winter. If weather is normal, our projections imply New England heating oil
Rates - WAPA-137 Rate Order
WAPA-137 Rate Order WAPA-137 Rate Order 2009 CRSP Management Center Customer Rates Second Step Presentation from the June 25, 2009, Customer Meeting Handout Materials from the June 25, 2009, Customer Meeting Customer Comment Letters ATEA CREDA Farmington ITCA AMPUA Rate Adjustment Information The second step of WAPA-137 SLCA/IP Firm Power, CRSP Transmission and Ancillary Services rate adjustment. FERC Approval of Rate Order No. WAPA-137 Notice Of Filing for Rate Order No. WAPA-137 Published Final FRN for Rate Order No. WAPA-137 Letter to Customers regarding the published Notice of Extension of Public Process for Rate Order No. WAPA-137 Published Extension of Public Process for Rate Order No. WAPA-137 FRN Follow-up Public Information and Comment Forum Flier WAPA-137 Customer Meetings and Rate Adjustment Schedule
Process for reforming naphthene and paraffin-containing hydrocarbons in the naphtha boiling range and isomerizing C sub 5 -C sub 6 normal paraffin feedstock to produce a high octane gasoline
This patent describes a process for reforming a naphthenic and paraffin-containing hydrocarbon feedstock to produce a reformate product having an increased octane rating by contacting the feedstock with a reforming catalyst in the presence of hydrogen at reforming conditions in a reforming zone, the reforming zone including a naphtha dehydrogenation zone and a paraffin dehydrocyclization zone wherein heated, pressurized hydrogen is added to the effluent stream from the naphtha dehydrogenation zone prior to charging the effluent stream to the paraffin dehydrocyclization zone to produce a first product stream comprising a gasoline range reformate product having an RON octane rating of at least about 90 and hydrogen wherein the reformate product is separated from the hydrogen in a reformate separation zone. It comprises: charging at least a portion of the heated, pressurized hydrogen with a C{sub 5}-C{sub 6} n-paraffin feedstock to an isomerization zone containing an isomerization catalyst at isomerization conditions to produce a second product stream containing an isomerized C{sub 5}-C{sub 6} product and passing the second product stream to the reformate separation zone and recovering at least a major portion of the isomerized C{sub 5}-C{sub 6} product with the reformate product.
Dalson, M.H.
conductivity model is used to calculate the cyclotron heating rate (electron or ion) in an arbitrary non been used to calculate the cyclotron heating rate for plasmas in various magnetic field configurations. This paper presents a method of calculating cyclotron heating rates that is based on integration of the local
Chemical Recycling of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol and Dimethyl Ether: From Greenhouse Gas to Renewable, Environmentally Carbon Neutral Fuels and Synthetic Hydrocarbons
Chemical Recycling of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol and Dimethyl Ether: From Greenhouse Gas to Renewable, Environmentally Carbon Neutral Fuels and Synthetic Hydrocarbons ... (1, 3-6) Methanol and derived dimethyl ether (DME) are also excellent fuels in internal combustion engines (ICE) and in a new generation of direct oxidation methanol fuel cells (DMFC), as well as convenient starting materials for producing light olefins (ethylene and propylene) and subsequently practically any derived hydrocarbon product. ... Methanol produced this way was used in the 19th century for lighting, cooking, and heating purposes but was later replaced by cheaper fuels, especially kerosene. ...
George A. Olah; Alain Goeppert; G. K. Surya Prakash
Spatial variations and chronologies of aliphatic hydrocarbons in Lake Michigan sediments.
Four sediment cores were collected in fine-grained depositional areas of the southern basin of Lake Michigan. Spatial variations of aliphatic hydrocarbons in surficial sediments were consistent with a lakeward movement of riverine sediments in a series of resuspension-settling cycles in which an unresolved complex mixture (UCM) of hydrocarbons associated with dense sediments is deposited in nearshore areas, fine-grained sediments of terrestrial origin accumulate in the deep basin, and planktonic hydrocarbons are depleted by microbial degradation during transport to the deep basin. The rate of accumulation of the UCM (a marker of petroleum residues) in deep basin sediments has increased by more than an order of magnitude since 1880, from 60 {mu}g m{sup -2}{center_dot}a{sup -1} to approximately 960 {mu}g m{sup -2}{center_dot}a{sup -1} in 1980. Crude estimates of the atmospheric loading of the UCM (1100 {mu}g m{sup -2}{center_dot}a{sup -1}) indicate that accumulations in deep-basin sediments might be supported by atmospheric deposition. Agreement was poor between the atmospheric flux of the terrestrial n-alkanes ({Sigma}C{sub 25}, C{sub 27}, C{sub 29}, C{sub 31}) to the deep basin (3200 {mu}g m{sup -2}{center_dot}a{sup -1}) and the sediment accumulation rate (660 {mu}g m{sup -2}{center_dot}a{sup -1}). Understanding of atmospheric fluxes, estimated from the very few available data, would be improved by more frequent measurement of the levels of aliphatic hydrocarbons in air and precipitation and a better knowledge of the particle deposition velocities and precipitation scavenging coefficients.
Doskey, P. V.; Environmental Research
Predicting the Net Heat of Combustion of Organosilicon Compounds from Molecular Structures
Predicting the Net Heat of Combustion of Organosilicon Compounds from Molecular Structures ... ?Hc� is an important physicochemical property which can be used to calculate the reactive heat in many chemical engineering processes such as the processes of hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of hydrocarbon. ... (4) In his paper, empirical equations have been developed to predict the gross and the net heats of combustion of organosilicon compounds based on the atomic contribution method. ...
Yong Pan; Juncheng Jiang; Yinyan Zhang
Algal Lipid Extraction and Upgrading to Hydrocarbons Technology Pathway
This technology pathway case investigates the cultivation of algal biomass followed by further lipid extraction and upgrading to hydrocarbon biofuels. Technical barriers and key research needs have been assessed in order for the algal lipid extraction and upgrading pathway to be competitive with petroleum-derived gasoline-, diesel-, and jet-range hydrocarbon blendstocks.
This technology pathway case investigates the biological conversion of biomass-derived sugars to hydrocarbon biofuels, utilizing data from recent literature references and information consistent with recent pilot-scale demonstrations at NREL. Technical barriers and key research needs have been identified that should be pursued for the pathway to become competitive with petroleum-derived gasoline-, diesel-, and jet-range hydrocarbon blendstocks.
Davis, R.; Biddy, M.; Tan, E.; Tao, L.; Jones, S.
Selective thermal and photooxidation of hydrocarbons in zeolites by oxygen
A process is described for selective thermal oxidation or photooxidation of hydrocarbons adsorbed onto zeolite matrices. A highly selective thermal oxidation and photooxidation of unsubstituted or alkyl substituted alkanes, alkenes, aromatics and cycloalkyls in solvent free zeolites under dark thermal conditions or under irradiation with visible light. The process oxidizes hydrocarbons almost completely selectively without substantial production of byproducts. 19 figs.
Frei, H.; Blatter, F.; Sun, H.
High levels of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mate drinks
...carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mate drinks Farin Kamangar...exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including known...80 oC) or cold (4 oC) water and two commonly used brands...Infusions were made by adding water to the leaves, steeping for...
Farin Kamangar; Michele Schantz; Christian Abnet; Renato Fagundes; and Sanford Dawsey
Total Synthesis of Convex Polyhedral Hydrocarbons The Platonic Solids
O H H Total Synthesis of Convex Polyhedral Hydrocarbons The Platonic Solids O O t-BuO3C Br O O Br Br Ph PhPh Ph PhPh Ph Ph COOH HOOC Total Synthesis of Convex Polyhedral Hydrocarbons The Five Matter Icosahedron Water · Polyhedron: a closed surface made up of polygonal regions. · Regular
Stoltz, Brian M.
In situ thermally enhanced biodegradation of petroleum fuel hydrocarbons and halogenated organic solvents
An in situ thermally enhanced microbial remediation strategy and a method for the biodegradation of toxic petroleum fuel hydrocarbon and halogenated organic solvent contaminants are described. The method utilizes nonpathogenic, thermophilic bacteria for the thermal biodegradation of toxic and carcinogenic contaminants, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes, from fuel leaks and the chlorinated ethenes, such as trichloroethylene, chlorinated ethanes, such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and chlorinated methanes, such as chloroform, from past solvent cleaning practices. The method relies on and takes advantage of the pre-existing heated conditions and the array of delivery/recovery wells that are created and in place following primary subsurface contaminant volatilization efforts via thermal approaches, such as dynamic underground steam-electrical heating. 21 figs.
Taylor, R.T.; Jackson, K.J.; Duba, A.G.; Chen, C.I.
An in situ thermally enhanced microbial remediation strategy and a method for the biodegradation of toxic petroleum fuel hydrocarbon and halogenated organic solvent contaminants. The method utilizes nonpathogenic, thermophilic bacteria for the thermal biodegradation of toxic and carcinogenic contaminants, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes, from fuel leaks and the chlorinated ethenes, such as trichloroethylene, chlorinated ethanes, such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and chlorinated methanes, such as chloroform, from past solvent cleaning practices. The method relies on and takes advantage of the pre-existing heated conditions and the array of delivery/recovery wells that are created and in place following primary subsurface contaminant volatilization efforts via thermal approaches, such as dynamic underground steam-electrical heating.
Taylor, Robert T. (Livermore, CA); Jackson, Kenneth J. (San Leandro, CA); Duba, Alfred G. (Livermore, CA); Chen, Ching-I (Danville, CA)
Water Heating | OpenEI
Water Heating Water Heating Dataset Summary Description Provides total and average household expenditures on energy for water heating in the United States in 2005. Source EIA Date Released September 01st, 2008 (6 years ago) Date Updated January 01st, 2009 (6 years ago) Keywords Energy Expenditures Residential Water Heating Data application/vnd.ms-excel icon 2005_Total.Expenditures.for_.Water_.Heating_EIA.Sep_.2008.xls (xls, 70.1 KiB) application/vnd.ms-excel icon 2005_Avg.Expenditures.for_.Water_.Heating_EIA.Sep_.2008.xls (xls, 69.1 KiB) Quality Metrics Level of Review Some Review Comment Temporal and Spatial Coverage Frequency Time Period 2005 License License Other or unspecified, see optional comment below Comment Rate this dataset Usefulness of the metadata Average vote Your vote
Heat Transfer at Small Grashof Numbers
...January 1957 research-article Heat Transfer at Small Grashof Numbers J. J...physical arguments suggest that the heat transfer from a body, immersed in a fluid...the problem is small. However, heat-transfer rates predicted in this fashion...
Microbial Degradation in Soil Microcosms of Fuel Oil Hydrocarbons from Drilling Cuttings
Microbial Degradation in Soil Microcosms of Fuel Oil Hydrocarbons from Drilling Cuttings ... Relation between Bioavailability and Fuel Oil Hydrocarbon Composition in Contaminated Soils ...
Claude-Henri. ChaIneau; Jean-Louis. Morel; Jean. Oudot
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbons affect Sample Search...
Sciences and Ecology 3 Quantification of Local Ozone Production Attributable to Automobile Hydrocarbon Emissions Summary: -fueled automobiles, most cyclic hydrocarbons are...
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbons annual Sample Search...
Page: << < 1 2 3 4 5 > >> 1 Quantification of Local Ozone Production Attributable to Automobile Hydrocarbon Emissions Summary: releases about 5 billion kilograms of hydrocarbons...
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbons implications Sample...
Page: << < 1 2 3 4 5 > >> 1 Quantification of Local Ozone Production Attributable to Automobile Hydrocarbon Emissions Summary: -fueled automobiles, most cyclic hydrocarbons are...
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbon exposure Sample Search...
Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 1984, 35, 119-28 Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Waters of Port Phillip Bay... of aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal waters, using solvent extraction and...
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbon contamination Sample...
Summary: called aromatic hydrocarbons. These include harmful pollutants like dioxins, PCBs and a group called... polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are...
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbon receptor Sample Search...
aromatic hydrocarbons... the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), through which dioxins and dioxin-like compounds cause altered gene... -methylcholanthrene AHH: aryl...
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbons extracted Sample...
of Toxic Contamination Summary: called aromatic hydrocarbons. These include harmful pollutants like dioxins, PCBs and a group called... polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)....
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism Sample...
hydrocarbon is introduced into the ocean via oil spillage, offshore drilling leaks, industrial... hydrocarbons have been attributed to inhibition of ... Source: National...
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria...
ydrocarbonDegradation It was hypothesized... aromatic hydrocarbon degradation. Hypothesis Test Result Groundwater stimulates Fe(lll) reduction Cell... Hydrocarbon Degradation At...
Chlorinated C$_{1}$ and C$_{2}$ Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment [and Discussion
...the marine environment. | Journal Article | 0 Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated | Air Pollution analysis Animals Fresh Water Great Britain Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated analysis metabolism Seawater Water Pollution, Chemical analysis The Royal Society...
Comparison of the high temperature heat flux sensor to traditional heat flux gages under high heat flux conditions.
Four types of heat flux gages (Gardon, Schmidt-Boelter, Directional Flame Temperature, and High Temperature Heat Flux Sensor) were assessed and compared under flux conditions ranging between 100-1000 kW/m2, such as those seen in hydrocarbon fire or propellant fire conditions. Short duration step and pulse boundary conditions were imposed using a six-panel cylindrical array of high-temperature tungsten lamps. Overall, agreement between all gages was acceptable for the pulse tests and also for the step tests. However, repeated tests with the HTHFS with relatively long durations at temperatures approaching 1000%C2%B0C showed a substantial decrease (10-25%) in heat flux subsequent to the initial test, likely due to the mounting technique. New HTHFS gages have been ordered to allow additional tests to determine the cause of the flux reduction.
Blanchat, Thomas K.; Hanks, Charles R.
A generalized viscosity equation for pure heavy hydrocarbons
This paper presents a method for the correlation and prediction of the viscosity of pure heavy hydrocarbons listed in API Research Project 42. The 273 heavy hydrocarbons in the database include branched/unbranched paraffins and olefins together with a variety of complex nonfused/fused aromatic and naphthenic compounds. A generalized one-parameter viscosity-temperature equation, log ({mu} + 0.8) = 100(0.01T){sup b}, is proposed (overall AAD {lt} 7-10%) for all heavy hydrocarbons in the database. For each hydrocarbon, an optimum value of parameter b is provided. It is shown that parameter b varies linearly with the logarithm of molar mass as well as the inverse of boiling temperature (at 10 mmHg). This important observation leads to the development of a predictive method for the liquid-phase viscosity of pure heavy hydrocarbons.
Mehrotra, A.K. (Dept. of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Univ. of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 (CA))
Bioremediation of soil contaminated with hydrocarbons and heavy metals
This investigation showed that a soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals had sufficient indigenous microbial activity for hydrocarbon biodegradation under nonlimiting conditions. Nutrient supplementation with nitrogen and phosphate, together with aeration, seemed to be the most important factors for enhancing biodegradation. Hydrocarbon biodegradation occurred to a much greater extent under aerobic than under anaerobic conditions. Biodegradation did, however, induce low pH conditions and thus caused high heavy-metal concentrations in the leachate. Anaerobic conditions inhibited hydrocarbon biodegradation with no subsequent drop in pH and low heavy-metal concentrations in the leachate. Thus, anaerobic conditions were shown to facilitate less metal mobility than low pH conditions. Air sparging did not cause a significant increase in biodegradation. Adsorption of heavy-fraction hydrocarbons (> C{sub 20}) to microorganisms and colloidal material in the leachate was suspected of facilitating mobility of these fractions and thus their subsequent detection in the leachate.
Plessis, C.A. du; Phaal, C.B.; Senior, E. [Univ. of Natal, Scottsville (South Africa)
Cogeneration systems and processes for treating hydrocarbon containing formations
A system for treating a hydrocarbon containing formation includes a steam and electricity cogeneration facility. At least one injection well is located in a first portion of the formation. The injection well provides steam from the steam and electricity cogeneration facility to the first portion of the formation. At least one production well is located in the first portion of the formation. The production well in the first portion produces first hydrocarbons. At least one electrical heater is located in a second portion of the formation. At least one of the electrical heaters is powered by electricity from the steam and electricity cogeneration facility. At least one production well is located in the second portion of the formation. The production well in the second portion produces second hydrocarbons. The steam and electricity cogeneration facility uses the first hydrocarbons and/or the second hydrocarbons to generate electricity.
Vinegar, Harold J. (Bellaire, TX); Fowler, Thomas David (Houston, TX); Karanikas, John Michael (Houston, TX)
A method is disclosed for synthesizing hydrogen gas from hydrocarbon fuel. A first mixture of steam and a first fuel is directed into a first tube 208 to subject the first mixture to a first steam reforming reaction in the presence of a first catalyst 214. A stream of oxygen-containing gas is pre-heated by transferring heat energy from product gases. A second mixture of the pre-heated oxygen-containing gas and a second fuel is directed into a second tube 218 disposed about the first tube 208 to subject the second mixture to a partial oxidation reaction and to provide heat energy for transfer to the first tube 208. A first reaction reformate from the first tube 208 and a second reaction reformate from the second tube 218 are directed into a third tube 224 disposed about the second tube 218 to subject the first and second reaction reformates to a second steam reforming reaction, wherein heat energy is transferred to the third tube 224 from the second tube 218.
AGN Heating through Cavities and Shocks
Three comments are made on AGN heating of cooling flows. A simple physical argument is used to show that the enthalpy of a buoyant radio lobe is converted to heat in its wake. Thus, a significant part of ``cavity'' enthalpy is likely to end up as heat. Second, the properties of the repeated weak shocks in M87 are used to argue that they can plausibly prevent gas close to the AGN from cooling. As the most significant heating mechanism at work closest to the AGN, shock heating probably plays a critical role in the feedback mechanism. Third, results are presented from a survey of AGN heating rates in nearby giant elliptical galaxies. With inactive systems included, the overall AGN heating rate is reasonably well matched to the total cooling rate for the sample. Thus, intermittent AGN outbursts are energetically capable of preventing the hot atmospheres of these galaxies from cooling and forming stars.
P. E. J. Nulsen; C. Jones; W. R. Forman; L. P. David; B. R. McNamara; D. A. Rafferty; L. Birzan; M. W. Wise
Long Fingers of Heat Beneath Earth's Surface
Long Fingers of Heat Long Fingers of Heat Beneath Earth's Surface Long Fingers of Heat Beneath Earth's Surface volcanic-hotspots1.jpg Why it Matters: A key mission for the Office of Basic Energy Science is related to new methods and techniques for geosciences imaging from the atomic scale to the kilometer scale. Geophysical imaging methods are needed to measure and monitor subsurface reservoirs for hydrocarbon production or for carbon dioxide storage resulting from large-scale carbon sequestration schemes. Key Challenges: Development of new approaches for regional and global seismic tomography using high-accuracy numerical schemes that treat wave propagation through complex 3D models of earth structure directly with spectral element methods. Accomplishments: A new, cutting-edge method for global seismic imaging that
Heating System Specification Specification of Heating System
Appendix A Heating System Specification /* Specification of Heating System (loosely based */ requestHeat : Room ? bool; 306 #12; APPENDIX A. HEATING SYSTEM SPECIFICATION 307 /* user inputs */ livingPattern : Room ? behaviour; setTemp : Room ? num; heatSwitchOn, heatSwitchOff, userReset : simple
Day, Nancy
Process for steam reforming of hydrocarbons
A process is provided for the steam reforming of normally liquid hydrocarbons to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen, which does not promote the deposition of carbonacious materials upon catalytic surfaces. The catalyst consists of nickel promoted with the oxides of iron and manganese within a specific manganese to iron ratio, said metal and metal oxides being supported upon a refractory support. The support is preferably aluminum oxide in its alpha phase having a surface area of more than 0.5 m2/gm but no more than 10 m2/gm. The metallic constituents are impregnated onto said refractory low surface area support as salts and are calcined at sufficiently high temperature to convert the salts to the oxide but at a sufficiently low temperature that they do not chemically react with the support.
Broughton, D.R.; Russ, K.J.
Method and apparatus for detecting halogenated hydrocarbons
A halogenated hydrocarbon (HHC) detector is formed from a silent discharge (also called a dielectric barrier discharge) plasma generator. A silent discharge plasma device receives a gas sample that may contain one or more HHCs and produces free radicals and excited electrons for oxidizing the HHCs in the gas sample to produce water, carbon dioxide, and an acid including halogens in the HHCs. A detector is used to sensitively detect the presence of the acid. A conductivity cell detector combines the oxidation products with a solvent where dissociation of the acid increases the conductivity of the solvent. The conductivity cell output signal is then functionally related to the presence of HHCs in the gas sample. Other detectors include electrochemical cells, infrared spectrometers, and negative ion mobility spectrometers.
Monagle, Matthew (Los Alamos, NM); Coogan, John J. (Los Alamos, NM)
Membrane-Extraction Ion Mobility Spectrometry for In-Situ Detection of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Water
Membrane-extraction ion mobility spectrometry (ME-IMS) has been developed for in-situ sampling and analysis of trace chlorinated hydrocarbons in water in a single procedure. The sampling is configured so that aqueous contaminants permeate through a spiral hollow polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane and are carried away by a vapor flow through the membrane tube. The extracted analyte flows into an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) chamber and is analyzed in a home-made IMS analyzer. PDMS membrane is found to effectively extract chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents from liquid phase to vapor. The specialized IMS analyzer has been found to have resolutions of R=33 and 41, respectively, for negative- and positive-modes and is capable of detecting aqueous tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE) as low as 80 g/L and 74 g/L in negative ion mode, respectively. The time-dependent characteristics of sampling and detection of TCE are both experimentally and theoretically studied for various concentrations, membrane lengths, and flow rates. These characteristics demonstrate that membrane-extraction IMS is feasible for the continuous monitoring of chlorinated hydrocarbons in water.
Du, Yongzhai [ORNL; Zhang, Wei [ORNL; Whitten, William B [ORNL; Li, Haiyang [ORNL; Watson, David B [ORNL; Xu, Jun [ORNL
Rate schedule
Firm Power Service Provided by Rate/Charges Firm Power Service Provided by Rate/Charges Rate/Charges Effective Through (or until superceded) Firm Sales (SLIP-F9) Composite Rate SLIP 29.62 mills/kWh 9/30/2015 Demand Charge SLIP $5.18/kW-month 9/30/2015 Energy Charge SLIP 12.19 mills/kWh 9/30/2015 Cost Recovery Charge (CRC) SLIP 0 mills/kWh 9/30/2015 Transmission Service Provided by Current Rates effective10/12 - 9/15 (or until superceded) Rate Schedule Effective Through Firm Point-to-Point Transmission (SP-PTP7) CRSP $1.14 per kW-month $13.69/kW-year $0.00156/kW-hour $0.04/kW-day $0.26/kW-week 10/1/2008-9/30/2015 Network Integration Transmission (SP-NW3) CRSP see rate schedule 10/1/2008-9/30/2015 Non-Firm Point-to-Point Transmission (SP-NFT6) CRSP see rate schedule 10/1/2008-9/30/2015 Ancillary Services Provided by Rate Rate Schedule
Hydrocarbon concentrations at the Alpine mountain sites Jungfraujoch and Arosa
Volatile hydrocarbons have been measured for 1�yr at Arosa (2010�m asl) to determine the contribution of European emissions to the trace gas concentrations at this remote site. Results are compared to concurrent hydrocarbon concentrations at the high Alpine background site Jungfraujoch (3580�m asl). Hydrocarbon concentrations at Arosa are generally much higher than at Jungfraujoch. The influence of the Alpine boundary layer air was studied based on the diurnal variation of hydrocarbon concentrations, i.e. rising pollutant concentrations in the morning at Arosa and in the afternoon at Jungfraujoch. Different hydrocarbon emission sources of the uplifting air were found at the two sites. At Jungfraujoch, several transatlantic events were detected from October 2001 to January 2002 based on analysis of hydrocarbon ratios and air parcel trajectories. The OH concentration during the transatlantic transport was estimated to be around 5�105�cm?3, derived from simultaneous hydrocarbon oxidation and dilution in the free troposphere. These transatlantic transport events were tracked back to warm conveyor belts, characterized by uniform dynamics and relatively uniform surface sources. In addition, ozone production in the free tropospheric transport was also documented in these events.
Yingshi Li; Mike Campana; Stefan Reimann; Daniel Schaub; Konrad Stemmler; Johannes Staehelin; Thomas Peter
Turbulence radiation interaction modeling in hydrocarbon pool fire simulations
The importance of turbulent fluctuations in temperature and species concentration in thermal radiation transport modeling for combustion applications is well accepted by the radiation transport and combustion communities. A number of experimental and theoretical studies over the last twenty years have shown that fluctuations in the temperature and species concentrations may increase the effective emittance of a turbulent flame by as much as 50% to 300% over the value that would be expected from the mean temperatures and concentrations. With the possibility of such a large effect on the principal mode of heat transfer from a fire, it is extremely important for fire modeling efforts that turbulence radiation interaction be well characterized and possible modeling approaches understood. Toward this end, this report seeks to accomplish three goals. First, the principal turbulence radiation interaction closure terms are defined. Second, an order of magnitude analysis is performed to understand the relative importance of the various closure terms. Finally, the state of the art in turbulence radiation interaction closure modeling is reviewed. Hydrocarbon pool fire applications are of particular interest in this report and this is the perspective from which this review proceeds. Experimental and theoretical analysis suggests that, for this type of heavily sooting flame, the turbulent radiation interaction effect is dominated by the nonlinear dependence of the Planck function on the temperature. Additional effects due to the correlation between turbulent fluctuations in the absorptivity and temperature may be small relative to the Planck function effect for heavily sooting flames. This observation is drawn from a number of experimental and theoretical discussions. Nevertheless, additional analysis and data is needed to validate this observation for heavily sooting buoyancy dominated plumes.
Multimedia fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil: Oil matrix of constructed biopiles
A dynamic multimedia fugacity model was used to evaluate the partitioning and fate of petroleum hydrocarbon fractions and aromatic indicator compounds within the soil: oil matrix of three biopiles. Each biopile was characterised by four compartments: air, water, soil solids and non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL). Equilibrium partitioning in biopile A and B suggested that most fractions resided in the NAPL, with the exception of the aromatic fraction with an equivalent carbon number from 5 to 7 (EC5?7). In Biopile C, which had the highest soil organic carbon content (13%), the soil solids were the most important compartment for both light aliphatic fractions (EC5?6 and EC6?8) and aromatic fractions, excluding the EC16?21 and EC21?35. Our starting hypothesis was that hydrocarbons do not degrade within the NAPL. This was supported by the agreement between predicted and measured hydrocarbon concentrations in Biopile B when the degradation rate constant in NAPL was set to zero. In all scenarios, biodegradation in soil was predicted as the dominant removal process for all fractions, except for the aliphatic EC5?6 which was predominantly lost via volatilization. The absence of an explicit NAPL phase in the model yielded a similar prediction of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) behaviour; however the predicted concentrations in the air and water phases were significantly increased with consequent changes in potential mobility. Further comparisons between predictions and measured data, particularly concentrations in the soil mobile phases, are required to ascertain the true value of including an explicit NAPL in models of this kind.
Fr�d�ric Coulon; Michael J. Whelan; Graeme I. Paton; Kirk T. Semple; Raffaella Villa; Simon J.T. Pollard
Carbon Monoxide, Ozone, Hydrocarbon Air Quality Standards, and Related
Monoxide, Ozone, Hydrocarbon Air Quality Standards, and Monoxide, Ozone, Hydrocarbon Air Quality Standards, and Related Emission Requirements (Ohio) Carbon Monoxide, Ozone, Hydrocarbon Air Quality Standards, and Related Emission Requirements (Ohio) < Back Eligibility Agricultural Commercial Construction Fuel Distributor Industrial Institutional Investor-Owned Utility Local Government Municipal/Public Utility Rural Electric Cooperative State/Provincial Govt Transportation Tribal Government Utility Savings Category Buying & Making Electricity Program Info State Ohio Program Type Environmental Regulations Provider Ohio Environmental Protection Agency This chapter defining the roles of the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency gives specific detail on the regulation point-source air pollution for a variety of industries and pollutants.
Iraq`s significant hydrocarbon potential remains relatively undeveloped
Iraq is probably one of the least explored countries in the Middle East, despite the fact that it possesses one of the richest hydrocarbon basins in the world almost on a par to Saudi Arabia`s potential, if not more. The aim of this article is to state the facts about Iraq and focus on the huge but untapped and undeveloped hydrocarbon resources to the international oil community. Perhaps it is best to start by describing briefly the sedimentary and tectonic elements responsible for accumulating such large hydrocarbon resources. The paper describes the basin, tectonic elements, structural anomalies, deep drilling, source rocks, reservoir rocks, characteristics, and new reserves.
AL-Gailani, M. [GeoDesign Ltd., Kingston-upon-Thames (United Kingdom)
Method for making hydrogen rich gas from hydrocarbon fuel
A method of forming a hydrogen rich gas from a source of hydrocarbon fuel in which the hydrocarbon fuel contacts a two-part catalyst comprising a dehydrogenation portion and an oxide-ion conducting portion at a temperature not less than about 400 C for a time sufficient to generate the hydrogen rich gas while maintaining CO content less than about 5 volume percent. There is also disclosed a method of forming partially oxidized hydrocarbons from ethanes in which ethane gas contacts a two-part catalyst comprising a dehydrogenation portion and an oxide-ion conducting portion for a time and at a temperature sufficient to form an oxide. 4 figs.
Krumpelt, M.; Ahmed, S.; Kumar, R.; Doshi, R.
A method of forming a hydrogen rich gas from a source of hydrocarbon fuel in which the hydrocarbon fuel contacts a two-part catalyst comprising a dehydrogenation portion and an oxide-ion conducting portion at a temperature not less than about 400.degree. C. for a time sufficient to generate the hydrogen rich gas while maintaining CO content less than about 5 volume percent. There is also disclosed a method of forming partially oxidized hydrocarbons from ethanes in which ethane gas contacts a two-part catalyst comprising a dehydrogenation portion and an oxide-ion conducting portion for a time and at a temperature sufficient to form an oxide.
Krumpelt, Michael (Naperville, IL); Ahmed, Shabbir (Bolingbrook, IL); Kumar, Romesh (Naperville, IL); Doshi, Rajiv (Downers Grove, IL)
Heat exchanger containing a component capable of discontinuous movement
Regenerative heat exchangers are described for transferring heat between hot and cold fluids. The heat exchangers have seal-leakage rates significantly less than those of conventional regenerative heat exchangers because the matrix is discontinuously moved and is releasably sealed while in a stationary position. Both rotary and modular heat exchangers are described. Also described are methods for transferring heat between a hot and cold fluid using the discontinuous movement of matrices.
Wilson, David Gordon (Winchester, MA)
Regenerative heat exchangers are described for transferring heat between hot and cold fluids. The heat exchangers have seal-leakage rates significantly less than those of conventional regenerative heat exchangers because the matrix is discontinuously moved and is releasably sealed while in a stationary position. Both rotary and modular heat exchangers are described. Also described are methods for transferring heat between a hot and cold fluid using the discontinuous movement of matrices. 11 figures.
Wilson, D.G.
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbon emission Sample Search...
emission Search Powered by Explorit Topic List Advanced Search Sample search results for: aromatic hydrocarbon emission...
Energy loss characteristics of heavy ions in nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon, hydrocarbon gases and tradescantia tissue
Dennis, J A
Minimal universal quantum heat machine
In traditional thermodynamics the Carnot cycle yields the ideal performance bound of heat engines and refrigerators. We propose and analyze a minimal model of a heat machine that can play a similar role in quantum regimes. The minimal model consists of a single two-level system with periodically modulated energy splitting that is permanently, weakly, coupled to two spectrally-separated heat baths at different temperatures. The equation of motion allows to compute the stationary power and heat currents in the machine consistently with the second-law of thermodynamics. This dual-purpose machine can act as either an engine or a refrigerator (heat pump) depending on the modulation rate. In both modes of operation the maximal Carnot efficiency is reached at zero power. We study the conditions for finite-time optimal performance for several variants of the model. Possible realizations of the model are discussed.
David Gelbwaser-Klimovsky; Robert Alicki; Gershon Kurizki
Direct catalytic conversion of methane and light hydrocarbon gases. Final report, October 1, 1986--July 31, 1989
This project explored conversion of methane to useful products by two techniques that do not involve oxidative coupling. The first approach was direct catalytic dehydrocoupling of methane to give hydrocarbons and hydrogen. The second approach was oxidation of methane to methanol by using heterogenized versions of catalysts that were developed as homogeneous models of cytochrome-P450, an enzyme that actively hydroxylates hydrocarbons by using molecular oxygen. Two possibilities exist for dehydrocoupling of methane to higher hydrocarbons: The first, oxidative coupling to ethane/ethylene and water, is the subject of intense current interest. Nonoxidative coupling to higher hydrocarbons and hydrogen is endothermic, but in the absence of coke formation the theoretical thermodynamic equilibrium yield of hydrocarbons varies from 25% at 827{degrees}C to 65% at 1100{degrees}C (at atmospheric pressure). In this project we synthesized novel, highly dispersed metal catalysts by attaching metal clusters to inorganic supports. The second approach mimics microbial metabolism of methane to produce methanol. The methane mono-oxygenase enzyme responsible for the oxidation of methane to methanol in biological systems has exceptional selectivity and very good rates. Enzyme mimics are systems that function as the enzymes do but overcome the problems of slow rates and poor stability. Most of that effort has focused on mimics of cytochrome P-450, which is a very active selective oxidation enzyme and has a metalloporphyrin at the active site. The interest in nonporphyrin mimics coincides with the interest in methane mono-oxygenase, whose active site has been identified as a {mu}-oxo dinuclear iron complex.We employed mimics of cytochrome P-450, heterogenized to provide additional stability. The oxidation of methane with molecular oxygen was investigated in a fixed-bed, down-flow reactor with various anchored metal phthalocyanines (PC) and porphyrins (TPP) as the catalysts.
Wilson, R.B. Jr.; Posin, B.M.; Chan, Yee-Wai
Separation of toxic metal ions, hydrophilic hydrocarbons, hydrophobic fuel and halogenated hydrocarbons and recovery of ethanol from a process stream
This invention provides a process to tremendously reduce the bulk volume of contaminants obtained from an effluent stream produced subsurface remediation. The chemicals used for the subsurface remediation are reclaimed for recycling to the remediation process. Additional reductions in contaminant bulk volume are achieved by the ultra-violet light destruction of halogenated hydrocarbons, and the complete oxidation of hydrophobic fuel hydrocarbons and hydrophilic hydrocarbons. The contaminated bulk volume will arise primarily from the disposal of the toxic metal ions. The entire process is modular, so if there are any technological breakthroughs in one or more of the component process modules, such modules can be readily replaced.
Kansa, Edward J. (Livermore, CA); Anderson, Brian L. (Lodi, CA); Wijesinghe, Ananda M. (Tracy, CA); Viani, Brian E. (Oakland, CA)
Underground storage of natural gas, liquid hydrocarbons, and carbon dioxide
storage of natural gas, liquid hydrocarbons, and carbon storage of natural gas, liquid hydrocarbons, and carbon dioxide (Louisiana) Underground storage of natural gas, liquid hydrocarbons, and carbon dioxide (Louisiana) < Back Eligibility Commercial Construction Industrial Investor-Owned Utility Municipal/Public Utility Utility Program Info State Louisiana Program Type Environmental Regulations Siting and Permitting The Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality regulates the underground storage of natural gas or liquid hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide. Prior to the use of any underground reservoir for the storage of natural gas and prior to the exercise of eminent domain by any person, firm, or corporation having such right under laws of the state of Louisiana, the commissioner, shall have found all of the following:
Determination of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) Using Total Carbon Analysis
Several methods have been proposed to replace the Freon(TM)-extraction method to determine total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content. For reasons of cost, sensitivity, precision, or simplicity, none of the replacement methods are feasible for analysis of radioactive samples at our facility. We have developed a method to measure total petroleum hydrocarbon content in aqueous sample matrixes using total organic carbon (total carbon) determination. The total carbon content (TC1) of the sample is measured using a total organic carbon analyzer. The sample is then contacted with a small volume of non-pokar solvent to extract the total petroleum hydrocarbons. The total carbon content of the resultant aqueous phase of the extracted sample (TC2) is measured. Total petroleum hydrocarbon content is calculated (TPH = TC1-TC2). The resultant data are consistent with results obtained using Freon(TM) extraction followed by infrared absorbance.
Ekechukwu, A.A.
Temporary Anion States of Polyatomic Hydrocarbons KENNETH D. JORDAN'
Temporary Anion States of Polyatomic Hydrocarbons KENNETH D. JORDAN' OSpemnenr Of C%sITIkby. M k I. A biographyand photograph of Kenneth D. Jordan appear In previous paper in this issue. far outweighsthat
Simons, Jack
Biodegradability of select polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pah) mixtures
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmentally significant because of their ubiquity and the toxicity of some. Their recalcitrance and persistence makes them problematic environmental contaminants. Microbial degradation is considered...
Desai, Anuradha M.
Experiments on Hydrocarbon Gas Hydrates in Unconsolidated Sand
Experiments were carried out to observe the formation and decomposition of hydrocarbon gas hydrates in an unconsolidated sand pack 4.4 cm in diameter and ... 43 bars and 5 to 10�C; gas used was 90% methane and 10...
P. E. Baker
Mathematical modeling of solid oxide fuel cells using hydrocarbon fuels
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are high efficiency conversion devices that use hydrogen or light hydrocarbon (HC) fuels in stationary applications to produce quiet and clean power. While successful, HC-fueled SOFCs face ...
Lee, Won Yong, Ph. D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Effect of the Composition of Hydrocarbon Streams on HCCI Performance
of hydrocarbon samples and can be treated as compositional variables which could describe bulk properties of the samples Sample fingerprint STEP 1: Data receiving Q(2d)RPR How...
Hydrocarbon pollution control and remediation of groundwater: a brief review
...oil-contaminated sediments. There are two main remediation techniques: soil washing and bio- remediation. With soil washing, contaminated soil is leached with water containing a surfactant to assist in hydrocarbon removal. In situ washing is undertaken...
L. Clark
Measurements of dissolved nonmethane hydrocarbons in sea water
An automated stripping technique for the measurement of dissolved hydrocarbons in sea water is presented together with some results obtained ... cruise from Europe to Brazil. The sea water concentrations of NMHC ...
C. Plass; R. Koppmann; J. Rudolph
Efficiency Ratings for the Daiken AC (Americas), Inc.
Efficiency Ratings for the Daiken AC (Americas), Inc. Altherma Air-to-Water Source Heat Pump System Description Model No. Capacity (tons) Space Heating Space Cooling SEER Water Heating Efficiency (E.F.)1 CEC Listing Date Heating Combined Hydronic HSPF E.F. Split Altherma LT ERLQ036
Geothermal district heating systems
Ten district heating demonstration projects and their present status are described. The projects are Klamath County YMCA, Susanville District Heating, Klamath Falls District Heating, Reno Salem Plaza Condominium, El Centro Community Center Heating/Cooling, Haakon School and Business District Heating, St. Mary's Hospital, Diamond Ring Ranch, Pagosa Springs District Heating, and Boise District Heating.
Budney, G.S.; Childs, F.
Cooling and solidification of heavy hydrocarbon liquid streams
A process and apparatus for cooling and solidifying a stream of heavy hydrocarbon material normally boiling above about 850.degree. F., such as vacuum bottoms material from a coal liquefaction process. The hydrocarbon stream is dropped into a liquid bath, preferably water, which contains a screw conveyor device and the stream is rapidly cooled, solidified and broken therein to form discrete elongated particles. The solid extrudates or prills are then dried separately to remove substantially all surface moisture, and passed to further usage.
Antieri, Salvatore J. (Trenton, NJ); Comolli, Alfred G. (Yardley, PA)
Conversion of methane and acetylene into gasoline range hydrocarbons
CONVERSION OF METHANE AND ACETYLENE INTO GASOLINE RANGE HYDROCARBONS A Thesis by AMMAR ALKHAWALDEH Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER... OF SCIENCE May 2000 Major Subject: Chemical Engineering CONVERSION OF METHANE AND ACETYLENE INTO GASOLINE RANGE HYDROCARBONS A Thesis by AMMAR ALKHAWALDEH Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment...
Alkhawaldeh, Ammar
Proceedings of HT'03 2003 Summer Heat Transfer Conference
Proceedings of HT'03 2003 Summer Heat Transfer Conference July 2123, 2003, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA HT2003-47016 A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR HEAT FLUX DETERMINATION D.G. Walker Department of email@example.com ABSTRACT A new method for estimating heat fluxes from heating rate measurements and an approach to measure
Walker, D. Greg
Rock Hill Utilities - Water Heater and Heat Pump Rebate Program |
Rock Hill Utilities - Water Heater and Heat Pump Rebate Program Rock Hill Utilities - Water Heater and Heat Pump Rebate Program Rock Hill Utilities - Water Heater and Heat Pump Rebate Program < Back Eligibility Residential Savings Category Heating & Cooling Commercial Heating & Cooling Heat Pumps Appliances & Electronics Water Heating Program Info State South Carolina Program Type Utility Rebate Program Rebate Amount Water Heater: up to $275 Heat Pump Replacement: $400 Provider Rock Hill Utilities Through the SmartChoice program, Rock Hill Utilities offers rebates for water heater and heat pump replacements. Information on financing for heat pumps can also be found on the web site listed above. If both the water heater and heat pump are purchased then the customer may qualify for the Great Rate program. The Great Rate program will add a 25% discount to a
Low severity hydrocarbon steam reforming process
A process is described for producing ammonia which comprises: (a) primary catalytically reforming at super atmospheric pressure in a direct-fired primary reforming zone, a hydrocarbon feedstock with steam to produce a gas containing carbon oxides, hydrogen and methane; (b) secondary catalytically reforming the gas from step (a) by introducing air and bringing the mixture towards equilibrium thereby producing a secondary reformer effluent gas containing nitrogen, carbon oxides, hydrogen and a decreased quantity of methane; (c) converting carbon monoxide catalytically with steam to carbon dioxide and hydrogen; (d) removing carbon oxides to give an ammonia synthesis gas comprising nitrogen and hydrogen and compressing the gas to ammonia synthesis pressure; (e) reacting the synthesis gas in an ammonia synthesis zone to produce ammonia and recovering ammonia from the reacted gas to produce an ammonia-depleted gas stream; (f) recycling at least a portion of the ammonia-depleted gas stream to the ammonia synthesis zone; and (g) treating a sidestream of the ammonia-depleted gas to separate a stream enriched in hydrogen and an inerts-enriched gas stream, and returning the enriched hydrogen stream to the ammonia synthesis zone.
Osman, R.M.; Byington, R.G.
Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in China
Emission of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) listed as U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) priority pollutants from major sources in China were compiled. Geographical distribution and temporal change of the PAH emission, as well as emission profiles, are discussed. It was estimated that the total PAH emission in China was 25,300 tons in 2003. The emission profile featured a relatively higher portion of high molecular weight (HMW) species with carcinogenic potential due to large contributions of domestic coal and coking industry. Among various sources, biomass burning, domestic coal combustion, and the coking industry contributed 60%, 20%, and 16% of the total emission, respectively. Total emission, emission density, emission intensity, and emission per capita showed geographical variations. In general, the southeastern provinces were characterized by higher emission density, while those in western and northern China featured higher emission intensity and population-normalized emission. Although energy consumption in China went up continuously during the past two decades, annual emission of PAHs fluctuated depending on the amount of domestic coal consumption, coke production, and the efficiency of energy utilization. 47 refs., 6 figs.
Shanshan Xu; Wenxin Liu; Shu Tao [Peking University, Beijing (China). Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Environmental Sciences
Rock types, pore types, and hydrocarbon exploration
A proposed exploration-oriented method of classifying porosity in sedimentary rocks is based on microscopic examination cores or cuttings. Factors include geometry, size, abundance, and connectivity of the pores. The porosity classification is predictive of key petrophysical characteristics: porosity-permeability relationships, capillary pressures, and (less certainly) relative permeabilities. For instance, intercrystalline macroporosity typically is associated with high permeability for a given porosity, low capillarity, and favorable relative permeabilities. This is found to be true whether this porosity type occurs in a sucrosic dolomite or in a sandstone with pervasive quartz overgrowths. This predictive method was applied in three Rocky Mountain oil plays. Subtle pore throat traps could be recognized in the J sandstone (Cretaceous) in the Denver basin of Colorado by means of porosity permeability plotting. Variations in hydrocarbon productivity from a Teapot Formation (Cretaceous) field in the Powder River basin of Wyoming were related to porosity types and microfacies; the relationships were applied to exploration. Rock and porosity typing in the Red River Formation (Ordovician) reconciled apparent inconsistencies between drill-stem test, log, and mud-log data from a Williston basin wildcat. The well was reevaluated and completed successfully, resulting in a new field discovery. In each of these three examples, petrophysics was fundamental for proper evaluation of wildcat wells and exploration plays.
Coalson, E.B.; Hartmann, D.J.; Thomas, J.B.
Water and Space Heating Heat Pumps
This paper discusses the design and operation of the Trane Weathertron III Heat Pump Water Heating System and includes a comparison of features and performance to other domestic water heating systems. Domestic water is generally provided through...
Kessler, A. F.
Influence of heat-treatment on lithium ion anode properties of mesoporous carbons with nanosheet-like walls
Highlights: ? Mesoporous carbons possess unique nanosheet-like pore walls which can be changed by heat treatment. ? Lithium ion anode properties of mesoporous carbons could be influenced by the nanosheet-like walls. ? Mesoporous carbons with nanosheet-like walls exhibit enhanced electrochemical properties LIBs. -- Abstract: Mesoporous carbons (MCs) with nanosheet-like walls have been prepared as electrodes for lithium-ion batteries by a simple one-step infiltrating method under the action of capillary flow. The influence of heat treatment temperature on the surface topography, pore/phase structure and anode performances of as-prepared materials has been investigated. The results reveal that melted liquid-crystal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons could be anchored on liquid/silica interfaces by molecule engineering. After carbonization, the nanosheets are formed as the pore walls of MCs and are perpendicular to the long axis of pores. The anode properties demonstrate that C-1200 displays higher reversible capacitance than those treated in higher temperature. The rate performances of C-1200 and C-1800 are similar and more excellent than that of C-2400. These improved lithium ion anode properties could be attributed to the nanosheet-like walls of MCs which can be influenced by the heat treatment temperature.
Zeng, Fanyan [College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082 (China)] [College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082 (China); Hou, Zhaohui, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006 (China)] [College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006 (China); He, Binhong [College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006 (China)] [College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006 (China); Ge, Chongyong; Cao, Jianguo [College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082 (China)] [College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082 (China); Kuang, Yafei, E-mail: email@example.com [College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082 (China)] [College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082 (China)
A preliminary evaluation model for reservoir hydrocarbon-generating potential established based on dissolved hydrocarbons in oilfield water
A large number of oilfield water samples were analyzed in this work. Research ... relationship between the concentrations and distribution of dissolved hydrocarbons suggested that the contents and composition of ...
Hongjing Zhao; Weilin Sun; Baotian He; Bowen Mei�
Heat transfer and heat exchangers reference handbook
The purpose of this handbook is to provide Rocky Flats personnel with an understanding of the basic concepts of heat transfer and the operation of heat exchangers.
Heating systems for heating subsurface formations
Methods and systems for heating a subsurface formation are described herein. A heating system for a subsurface formation includes a sealed conduit positioned in an opening in the formation and a heat source. The sealed conduit includes a heat transfer fluid. The heat source provides heat to a portion of the sealed conduit to change phase of the heat transfer fluid from a liquid to a vapor. The vapor in the sealed conduit rises in the sealed conduit, condenses to transfer heat to the formation and returns to the conduit portion as a liquid.
Nguyen, Scott Vinh (Houston, TX); Vinegar, Harold J. (Bellaire, TX)
Process for alternately steam reforming sulfur containing hydrocarbons that vary in oxygen content
In the hydrotreating and steam reforming of an oxygen and sulfur bearing hydrocarbon fuel, the oxygen is first removed in an oxidizer containing a bed of platinum catalyst, the inlet temperature being well below 1000/sup 0/F and preferably on the order of 300/sup 0/F. The sulfur in the fuel does not harm the oxidizer catalyst and may be removed downstream by known hydrodesulfurization techniques prior to reforming. A process is described for removing oxygen from an oxygen and sulfur bearing hydrocarbon fuel, such as peak shared natural gas, upstream in the process so that sulfur can be removed later. The fuel and some hydrogen are introduced into an oxidizer at a temperature of 350/sup 0/F or less down to the minimum ignition temperature. The oxidizer consists of a platinum bed catalyst which catalyzes the oxidation of the oxygen to water with accompanying heat release to raise the exit gas temperature to less than 650/sup 0/F. The temperature desorbs the sulfur from the catalyst, and the exit gases are passed downstream to nickel subsulfide or molybdenum desfulfide catalysts where the hydrosulfurization process takes place. (BLM)
Lesieur, R.R.; Setzer, H.J.; Hawkins, J.R.
Integrated process and apparatus for the primary and secondary catalytic steam reforming of hydrocarbons
An apparatus is described for the essentially autothermal, integrated primary and secondary reforming of hydrocarbons comprising: (a) an internally insulated outer reactor shell adapted for the positioning of primary and secondary reforming zones therein; (b) means defining a primary reforming zone within the outer reactor shell and having catalyst-containing reformer tubes positioned therein, the primary reforming zone not requiring an external fuel fired source of heat for the endothermic primary reforming reaction occurring therein; (c) means for introducing a fluid hydrocarbon feed stream and steam to the outer reactor shell for passage through the reformer tubes in the primary reforming zone; (d) means defining a secondary reforming zone within the outer reactor shell comprising a secondary reforming catalyst bed, a catalyst-free reaction space defining a feed end adjacent to the catalyst bed and a discharge end at the opposite side of the secondary reforming catalyst bed to the feed end; and (e) conduit means positioned entirely within the outer reactor shell and extending through the secondary reforming catalyst bed for passing partly reformed product effluent from the primary reforming zone to the catalyst-free reaction space in the secondary reforming zone.
Heat Integration and Heat Recovery at a Large Chemical Manufacturing Plant
in the hydrogenation process. The hydrogenation process uses a catalyst to react the purified phenol with hydrogen, forming a mixture of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol. The reaction is exothermic and is cooled with water to control the rate of reaction... Process Heat Recovery The process heat recovery opportunity was identified in the hydrogenation process. The hydrogenation process contains an exothermic reaction which is cooled with water to control the rate of reaction. The heated water...
Togna, K .A.
Heat exchanger
A heat exchanger comparising a shell attached at its open end to one side of a tube sheet and a detachable head connected to the other side of said tube sheet. The head is divided into a first and second chamber in fluid communication with a nozzle inlet and nozzle outlet, respectively, formed in said tube sheet. A tube bundle is mounted within said shell and is provided with inlets and outlets formed in said tube sheet in communication with said first and second chambers, respectively.
Brackenbury, Phillip J. (Richland, WA)
Brackenbury, P.J.
Process for recovering uranium from waste hydrocarbon oils containing the same. [Uranium contaminated lubricating oils from gaseous diffusion compressors
The invention is a process for the recovery of uranium from uranium-bearing hydrocarbon oils containing carboxylic acid as a degradation product. In one aspect, the invention comprises providing an emulsion of water and the oil, heating the same to a temperature effecting conversion of the emulsion to an organic phase and to an acidic aqueous phase containing uranium carboxylate, and recovering the uranium from the aqueous phase. The process is effective, simple and comparatively inexpensive. It avoids the use of toxic reagents and the formation of undesirable intermediates.
Conrad, M.C.; Getz, P.A.; Hickman, J.E.; Payne, L.D.
Jones-Onslow EMC - Residential Heating and Cooling Rebate Program |
Jones-Onslow EMC - Residential Heating and Cooling Rebate Program Jones-Onslow EMC - Residential Heating and Cooling Rebate Program Jones-Onslow EMC - Residential Heating and Cooling Rebate Program < Back Eligibility Residential Savings Category Heating & Cooling Commercial Heating & Cooling Cooling Heat Pumps Program Info State North Carolina Program Type Utility Rebate Program Rebate Amount Central AC (15 SEER or greater): $35 Central AC (16 SEER or greater): $50 Heat Pump (15 SEER or greater): $250 Geothermal Heat Pump (19 EER or greater): $350 Provider Jones-Onslow EMC Jones-Onslow Electric Membership Corporation offers rebates to residential members who install energy efficient heating and cooling equipment. Members can replace an existing central AC or heat pump, which does not have a SEER rating greater than 13, with a central AC, heat pump, or geothermal heat
Stabilization of liquid hydrocarbon fuel combustion by using a programmable microwave discharge in a subsonic airflow
Under conditions of a programmable discharge (a surface microwave discharge combined with a dc discharge), plasma-enhanced combustion of alcohol injected into a subsonic (M = 0.3-0.9) airflow in the drop (spray) phase is stabilized. It is shown that the appearance of the discharge, its current-voltage characteristic, the emission spectrum, the total emission intensity, the heat flux, the electron density, the hydroxyl emission intensity, and the time dependences of the discharge current and especially discharge voltage change substantially during the transition from the airflow discharge to stabilized combustion of the liquid hydrocarbon fuel. After combustion stabilization, more than 80% of liquid alcohol can burn out, depending on the input power, and the flame temperature reaches {approx}2000 K.
Kopyl, P. V.; Surkont, O. S.; Shibkov, V. M.; Shibkova, L. V. [Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics (Russian Federation)
Hydrogen production in ultrarich combustion of hydrocarbon fuels in porous media
Rich and ultrarich combustion of methane, ethane, and propane inside inert porous media is studied experimentally and numerically to examine the suitability of the concept for hydrogen production. Temperature, velocities, and chemical products of the combustion waves were recorded experimentally at a range of equivalence ratios from stoichiometry (?�=�1.0) to ?�=�2.5, for a filtration velocity of 12�cm/s. Two-temperature numerical model based on comprehensive heat transfer and chemical mechanisms is found to be in a good qualitative agreement with experimental data. Partial oxidation products of methane, ethane, and propane (H2, CO, and C2 hydrocarbons) are dominant for ultrarich superadiabatic combustion. The maximum hydrogen yield is close to 50% for all fuels, and carbon monoxide yield is close to 80%.
Mario Toledo; Valeri Bubnovich; Alexei Saveliev; Lawrence Kennedy
Transport Modeling of Membrane Extraction of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon from Water for Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Membrane-extraction Ion Mobility Spectrometry (ME-IMS) is a feasible technique for the continuous monitoring of chlorinated hydrocarbons in water. This work studies theoretically the time-dependent characteristics of sampling and detection of trichloroethylene (TCE). The sampling is configured so that aqueous contaminants permeate through a hollow polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane and are carried away by a transport gas flowing through the membrane tube into IMS analyzer. The theoretical study is based on a two-dimensional transient fluid flow and mass transport model. The model describes the TCE mixing in the water, permeation through the membrane layer, and convective diffusion in the air flow inside membrane tube. The effect of various transport gas flow rates on temporal profiles of IMS signal intensity is investigated. The results show that fast time response and high transport yield can be achieved for ME-IMS by controlling the flow rate in the extraction membrane tube. These modeled time-response profiles are important for determining duty cycles of field-deployable sensors for monitoring chlorinated hydrocarbons in water.
Zhang, Wei [ORNL; Du, Yongzhai [ORNL; Feng, Zhili [ORNL; Xu, Jun [ORNL
Conversion of hydrocarbons for fuel-cell applications. Part I. Autothermal reforming of sulfur-free and sulfur-containing hydrocarbon liquids. Part II. Steam reforming of n-hexane on pellet and monolithic catalyst beds. Final report
Experimental autothermal reforming (ATR) results obtained in the previous phase of this work with sulfur-free pure hydrocarbon liquids are summarized. Catalyst types and configuration used were the same as in earlier tests with No. 2 fuel oil to facilitate comparisons. Fuel oil has been found to form carbon in ATR at conditions much milder than those predicted by equilibrium. Reactive differences between paraffins and aromatics in ATR, and thus the formation of different carbon precursors, have been shown to be responsible for the observed carbon formation characteristics (fuel-specific). From tests with both light and heavy paraffins and aromatics, it is concluded that high boiling point hydrocarbons and polynuclear aromatics enhance the propensity for carbon formation in ATR. Effects of olefin (propylene) addition on the ATR performance of benzene are described. In ATR tests with mixtures of paraffins and aromatics (n-tetradecane and benzene) synergistic effects on conversion characteristics were identified. Comparisons of the No. 2 fuel oil data with the experimental results from this work with pure (and mixed) sulfur-free hydrocarbons indicate that the sulfur content of the fuel may be the limiting factor for efficient ATR operation. Steam reforming of hydrocarbons in conventional reformers is heat transfer limited. Steam reforming tasks performed have included performance comparisons between conventional pellet beds and honeycomb monolith catalysts. Metal-supported monoliths offer higher structural stability than ceramic supports, and have a higher thermal conductivity. Data from two metal monoliths of different catalyst (nickel) loading were compared to pellets under the same operating conditions.
Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, M.; Voecks, G.E.
Segmented heat exchanger
A segmented heat exchanger system for transferring heat energy from an exhaust fluid to a working fluid. The heat exchanger system may include a first heat exchanger for receiving incoming working fluid and the exhaust fluid. The working fluid and exhaust fluid may travel through at least a portion of the first heat exchanger in a parallel flow configuration. In addition, the heat exchanger system may include a second heat exchanger for receiving working fluid from the first heat exchanger and exhaust fluid from a third heat exchanger. The working fluid and exhaust fluid may travel through at least a portion of the second heat exchanger in a counter flow configuration. Furthermore, the heat exchanger system may include a third heat exchanger for receiving working fluid from the second heat exchanger and exhaust fluid from the first heat exchanger. The working fluid and exhaust fluid may travel through at least a portion of the third heat exchanger in a parallel flow configuration.
Baldwin, Darryl Dean (Lafayette, IN); Willi, Martin Leo (Dunlap, IL); Fiveland, Scott Byron (Metamara, IL); Timmons, Kristine Ann (Chillicothe, IL)
Preliminary assessment of hydrocarbon potential in southern Illinois
Hydrocarbon exploration has been sparse south of the Cottage Grove fault system in southern Illinois. Over 240,000 ac in this area are within the Shawnee National Forest (SNF). Upcoming review of mineral exploration policy on SNF land and a recent amendment to the Mineral Leasing Act (1987) will result in release of portions of the SNF for competitive and potentially noncompetitive bidding for mineral exploration tracts in the near future. Preliminary assessment of hydrocarbon potential has been carried out in southern Illinois. Numerous oil shows occur in Paleozoic strata south of the Cottage Grove fault system, which, at present, describes the southern boundary of most oil production in Illinois. Only Mitchellsville oil field in southern Saline County lies south of the Cottage Grove fault system. The Upper Devonian New Albany Shale, though to be the primary source rock for Illinois basin hydrocarbons, underlies most of the area. Older potential source rocks may be present. Depositional trends of prolific oil-productive Mississippian strata in Illinois continue southward through the area. Few drill holes have tested strata older than Mississippian in the area. Complex faulting in the Rough Creek-Shawneetown fault system may have improved the potential for hydrocarbon emplacement and entrapment in this region. Preliminary assessment of hydrocarbon potential indicates that this wildcat region deserves further tests.
Crockett, J.E.; Oltz, D.F. (Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign (USA))
Thermohydraulic Simulation of Heat Exchanger Networks
The determination of network temperatures is carried out together with the evaluation of flow rates and pressures along the network, considering head losses in heat exchangers and associated piping. ... The HEN responsible to distribute cooling water in an industrial unit is composed by three heat exchangers in parallel. ... However, the cooling water distribution among the three exchangers presents a considerable unbalance, where heat exchanger E-101 receives much less cooling water than the design specification. ...
Viviane B. G. Tavares; Eduardo M. Queiroz; Andre? L. H. Costa
In situ conversion process utilizing a closed loop heating system
An in situ conversion system for producing hydrocarbons from a subsurface formation is described. The system includes a plurality of u-shaped wellbores in the formation. Piping is positioned in at least two of the u-shaped wellbores. A fluid circulation system is coupled to the piping. The fluid circulation system is configured to circulate hot heat transfer fluid through at least a portion of the piping to form at least one heated portion of the formation. An electrical power supply is configured to provide electrical current to at least a portion of the piping located below an overburden in the formation to resistively heat at least a portion of the piping. Heat transfers from the piping to the formation.
Sandberg, Chester Ledlie (Palo Alto, CA); Fowler, Thomas David (Houston, TX); Vinegar, Harold J. (Bellaire, TX); Schoeber, Willen Jan Antoon Henri (Houston, TX)
Fabric composite heat pipe technology development
Testing has been performed on a variety of fabric composite technology feasibility issues. These include an evaluation of the effective radiation heat transfer rate from a heated metallic surface covered by a ceramic fabric with the intent of determining the effective emissivity'' of the combination of materials, studies of the wicking properties of ceramic fabrics, and the construction of fabric composite heat pipes to test their working properties under both steady state and transient conditions. Results of these experiments shown that fabric composite combinations have greatly enhanced effective emissivities'' resulting from the increases surface area of the fabric, ceramic fabrics can work very well as the wick for heat pipes, ceramic fabric heat pipes have been demonstrated to operate under typical space conditions, and large mass reductions are possible by using fabric composite heat pipes for heat rejection radiator systems.
Klein, A.C.; Gulshan-Ara, Z.; Kiestler, W.; Snuggerud, R.; Marks, T.S. (Department of Nuclear Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 (United States))
Multifamily Individual Heating and Ventilation Systems, Lawrence...
each apartment were much higher than the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 62.2 rate; an extensive system of ductwork, smoke and...
Hepatic coenzyme Q redox balance of fishes as a potential bioindicator of environmental contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
...at the land-water interface are...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination...Markers 0 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical...metabolism Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic toxicity...Ubiquinone metabolism Water Pollutants, Chemical...
Method and apparatus for producing oxygenates from hydrocarbons
A chemical reactor for oxygenating hydrocarbons includes: (a) a dielectric barrier discharge plasma cell, the plasma cell comprising a pair of electrodes having a dielectric material and void therebetween, the plasma cell comprising a hydrocarbon gas inlet feeding to the void; (b) a solid oxide electrochemical cell, the electrochemical cell comprising a solid oxide electrolyte positioned between a porous cathode and a porous anode, an oxygen containing gas inlet stream feeding to the porous cathode side of the electrochemical cell; (c) a first gas passageway feeding from the void to the anode side of the electrochemical cell; and (d) a gas outlet feeding from the anode side of the electrochemical cell to expel reaction products from the chemical reactor. A method of oxygenating hydrocarbons is also disclosed. 4 figs.
Kong, P.C.; Lessing, P.A.
Hydrocarbon composition of crude oil from Lam Bank
The authors discuss the crude oil from a new offshore field called the Lam Bank in the Caspian Sea. A segregated commercial crude was distilled and the distillation data is shown. In order to determine the content of n-paraffins, the naphthenic-paraffinic part of the narrow cuts was subjected to adsorptive separation on CaA zeolite. Owing to the high contents of naphthenic and isoparaffinic hydrocarbons and the low content of aromatic hydrocarbons in the distillate part, this crude can be used to produce high-quality fuels and oils by the use of the dewaxing processes.
Samedova, F.I.; Agaeva, R.M.; Alieva, F.Z.; Valiev, M.A.
Method and apparatus for production of subsea hydrocarbon formations
A system for controlling, separating, processing and exporting well fluids produced from subsea hydrocarbon formations is disclosed. The subsea well tender system includes a surface buoy supporting one or more decks above the water surface for accommodating equipment to process oil, gas and water recovered from the subsea hydrocarbon formation. The surface buoy includes a surface-piercing central flotation column connected to one or more external flotation tanks located below the water surface. The surface buoy is secured to the sea bed by one or more tendons which are anchored to a foundation with piles imbedded in the sea bed. The system accommodates multiple versions on the surface buoy configuration. 20 figures.
Blandford, J.W.
A system for controlling, separating, processing and exporting well fluids produced from subsea hydrocarbon formations is disclosed. The subsea well tender system includes a surface buoy supporting one or more decks above the water surface for accommodating equipment to process oil, gas and water recovered from the subsea hydrocarbon formation. The surface buoy includes a surface-piercing central flotation column connected to one or more external floatation tanks located below the water surface. The surface buoy is secured to the seabed by one or more tendons which are anchored to a foundation with piles imbedded in the seabed. The system accommodates multiple versions on the surface buoy configuration.
Blandford, Joseph W. (15 Mott La., Houston, TX 77024)
Method for determining processability of a hydrocarbon containing feedstock
Disclosed herein is a method involving the steps of (a) precipitating an amount of asphaltenes from a liquid sample of a first hydrocarbon-containing feedstock having solvated asphaltenes therein with one or more first solvents in a column; (b) determining one or more solubility characteristics of the precipitated asphaltenes; (c) analyzing the one or more solubility characteristics of the precipitated asphaltenes; and (d) correlating a measurement of feedstock reactivity for the first hydrocarbon-containing feedstock sample with a mathematical parameter derived from the results of analyzing the one or more solubility characteristics of the precipitated asphaltenes.
Schabron, John F.; Rovani, Jr., Joseph F.
Upgrading of petroleum oil feedstocks using alkali metals and hydrocarbons
A method of upgrading an oil feedstock by removing heteroatoms and/or one or more heavy metals from the oil feedstock composition. This method reacts the oil feedstock with an alkali metal and an upgradant hydrocarbon. The alkali metal reacts with a portion of the heteroatoms and/or one or more heavy metals to form an inorganic phase separable from the organic oil feedstock material. The upgradant hydrocarbon bonds to the oil feedstock material and increases the number of carbon atoms in the product. This increase in the number of carbon atoms of the product increases the energy value of the resulting oil feedstock.
Gordon, John Howard
Exergoeconomic evaluation on the optimum heating circuit system of Simav geothermal district heating system
Simav is one of the most important 15 geothermal areas in Turkey. It has several geothermal resources with the mass flow rate ranging from 35 to 72�kg/s and temperature from 88 to 148��C. Hence, these geothermal resources are available to use for several purposes, such as electricity generation, district heating, greenhouse heating, and balneological purposes. In Simav, the 5000 residences are heated by a district heating system in which these geothermal resources are used. Beside this, a greenhouse area of 225,000�m2 is also heated by geothermal. In this study, the working conditions of the Simav geothermal district heating system have been optimized. In this paper, the main characteristics of the system have been presented and the impact of the parameters of heating circuit on the system are investigated by the means of energy, exergy, and life cycle cost (LCC) concepts. As a result, the optimum heating circuit has been determined as 60/49��C.
Oguz Arslan; M.Arif Ozgur; Ramazan Kose; Abtullah Tugcu
Experimental and artificial neural network modeling study on soot formation in premixed hydrocarbon flamesq
Experimental and artificial neural network modeling study on soot formation in premixed hydrocarbon after the methane flames, respectively. Three-layer, feed- forward type artificial neural networks rights reserved. Keywords: Soot; Hydrocarbon flames; Artificial neural networks 1. Introduction
Senkan, Selim M.
20 May 1975 research-article The Fate of Fossil Fuel Hydrocarbons in Marine Animals [and Discussion] E...have been made of their fate in mammals. The fate of fossil fuel hydrocarbons in marine animals. | Journal Article...
Bioenergy Technologies Office Conversion R&D Pathway: Syngas Upgrading to Hydrocarbon Fuels
Syngas upgrading to hydrocarbon fuels is one of eight priority pathways chosen to convert biomass into hydrocarbon fuels by the Bioenergy Technologies Office. These pathways were down-selected from an initial list of 18.
E-Print Network 3.0 - aromatic hydrocarbons molecular Sample...
various hydrocarbons on monolithic hydrocarbon adsorber Dae Jung Kim,a Ji Man Kim,a Jae Eui Yie... ,b, Seong Gyu Seo,c and Sang-Chai Kim d a Department of Molecular Science and...
LiMnPO4 Nanoplate Grown via Solid-State Reaction in Molten Hydrocarbon...
LiMnPO4 Nanoplate Grown via Solid-State Reaction in Molten Hydrocarbon for Li-ion Battery Cathode. LiMnPO4 Nanoplate Grown via Solid-State Reaction in Molten Hydrocarbon for Li-ion...
Vibration Spectra of Hydrocarbon Molecules. II. Skeletal Frequencies in Certain Branched Paraffins
25 October 1949 research-article Vibration Spectra of Hydrocarbon Molecules. II...characteristic frequencies should be assigned as vibrations of the carbon skeleton of these structural...problem of the interpretation of the vibration spectra of hydrocarbons is considered...
Environmental and Transport Effects on Core Measurements of Water Saturation, Salinity, Wettability, and Hydrocarbon Composition
and core surfacing operations can significantly alter the water saturation, salinity, hydrocarbon measurements of water saturation, salinity, hydrocarbon composition, and wettability are critical for accurateSPE 166154 Environmental and Transport Effects on Core Measurements of Water Saturation, Salinity
Torres-Verdín, Carlos