text:
Pauline Marois
Pauline Marois | |
30th Premier of Quebec | |
In office September 19, 2012[1] – April 23, 2014 |
Monarch | Elizabeth II |
Lieutenant Governor | Pierre Duchesne |
Preceded by | Jean Charest |
Succeeded by | Philippe Couillard |
Leader of the Opposition | |
In office December 9, 2008 – September 19, 2012 |
Premier | Jean Charest |
Preceded by | Mario Dumont |
Succeeded by | Jean-Marc Fournier |
MNA for Charlevoix–Côte-de-Beaupré, formerly Charlevoix (2007–2012) |
In office September 24, 2007 – April 7, 2014 |
Preceded by | Rosaire Bertrand |
Succeeded by | Caroline Simard |
MNA for Taillon | |
In office September 25, 1989 – August 14, 2006 |
Preceded by | Claude Filion |
Succeeded by | Marie Malavoy |
MNA for La Peltrie | |
In office April 13, 1981 – December 2, 1985 |
Preceded by | Position established |
Succeeded by | Lawrence Cannon |
Personal details | |
Born | Quebec City, Quebec, Canada |
March 29, 1949
Political party | Parti Québécois |
Spouse(s) | Claude Blanchet |
Residence | Old Montreal[2] |
Occupation | Social worker, civil servant |
Religion | None[3] |
Pauline Marois (French: [pɔlin maʁwa]; born March 29, 1949) served as the 30th Premier of Quebec (2012–2014) and was leader of the Parti Québécois (2007–2014). On September 4, 2012, Marois led her party to minority victory in the Quebec general election, thus becoming the first female premier in the province's history.[4] However, her party was defeated 19 months later in the 2014 Quebec general election, an election that she herself had called.[5] Marois was personally defeated in the riding of Charlevoix–Côte-de-Beaupré and announced her resignation as PQ leader.[6][7] Her electoral defeat marked the shortest stay of any Quebec provincial government since the Canadian Confederation and the lowest showing for the PQ since its first general election in 1970.[8][9]
Born in a working class family, Marois studied social work at Université Laval, married businessman Claude Blanchet and became an activist in grassroots organizations and in the Parti Québécois (a social democratic party advocating Quebec's independence).[10][11][12][13][14] After accepting political jobs in ministerial offices, she was first elected as a member of the National Assembly in 1981. At age 32, she was appointed to the cabinet for the first time as a junior minister in the René Lévesque government.
After being defeated as a PQ candidate in La Peltrie in the 1985 general election and in a by-election in 1988, she was elected as the member of the Quebec National Assembly for Taillon in the 1989 general election. With the return of the PQ to government in 1994, premiers Parizeau, Bouchard and Landry appointed Marois to senior positions in the Quebec cabinet. She was instrumental in crafting policies to end confessional school boards in the public education system, she restructured the tuition system in post-secondary education, implemented a subsidized daycare program, instituted pharmacare and parental-leave plans[15] and slashed the Quebec deficit under Premier Bouchard's "deficit zero" agenda. In 2001, Premier Landry appointed her Deputy Premier of Quebec, becoming the third woman after Lise Bacon and Monique Gagnon-Tremblay to assume the second-highest role in the provincial government.
Following two failed leadership runs in 1985 and 2005, Marois briefly left political life in 2006. A year later, she stood unopposed to become the seventh leader of the Parti Québécois on June 26, 2007. From 2008 to 2012, she served as Leader of the Official Opposition of the National Assembly of Quebec. In spite of internal strife in 2011 and early 2012, where she survived several challenges to her leadership from prominent members of her caucus – earning her the nickname Dame de béton,[16] "Concrete Lady" – she led the Parti Québécois to victory with a minority government in the 2012 Quebec general election and would serve as Premier until her government's subsequent electoral defeat in 2014. Her electoral defeat was despite calling an early election for April 7, 2014 in a purported gamble to obtain a majority government.[17] Ultimately, her party lost with the Liberal party gaining a majority government, and Marois, herself, losing her own riding. Her defeat marked the shortest stay of any Quebec provincial government since Canadian Confederation.[8]
As Premier, Marois closed down Quebec's only nuclear reactor, ended asbestos production in Quebec and pacified the province's turbulent campuses. Her government's highest profile initiative was the proposal of a controversial Quebec Charter of Values which would have banned the province's 600,000 government employees from wearing religious symbols including turbans, Islamic veils and Jewish kippahs.[15] The crucifix would not have been banned under the Quebec Charter of Values.[18]
Youth and early career[edit]
Early life[edit]
Marois was born at Saint-François d'Assise Hospital, in Limoilou, a working-class neighborhood of Quebec City. Daughter of Marie-Paule (born Gingras) and Grégoire Marois, a heavy machinery mechanic, she is the oldest of five children.[19][20] She was raised in a small two-story brick house built by her father in Saint-Étienne-de-Lauzon, a village now amalgamated with the city of Lévis, facing the provincial capital on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River.[19]
According to Marois, her parents were nationalists and devout Catholics, but remained rather uninvolved politically. Her mother's efforts to have the family recite the Holy Rosary at night generally lasted for two or three days. Marois has recalled that her father was sympathetic to the ideas of the Social Credit and the Union Nationale party; he kept current with the news and even bought the family a television set in the early 1950s.[21]
During her youth, Marois recalls in her autobiography, published in 2008, her parents had "profound intuitions", and although her father regretted his own lack of status and education, he was ready to sacrifice in order to get a decent education for his children.[22] Her three brothers, Denis, Robert and Marc, and her sister, Jeannine, would all graduate with university degrees.[21][23]
She first attended the small parish school in nearby Saint-Rédempteur, where Marois recalls that she excelled in French, History and Geography, developed an interest for reading and received numerous books as prizes for her academic achievements. At the age of 12, she was enrolled at Collège Jésus-Marie de Sillery, an exclusive, all-girl, Catholic private school attended by the offspring of the local bourgeoisie, an episode she describes as a "culture shock", leaving an permanent mark on her outlook and future choices.[23][24]
According to her autobiography, Marois became aware of her lower social status in school and in the affluent houses of Sillery, where she sometimes gave a hand to her mother, who did housecleaning jobs in order to pay tuition. She was active in school clubs and describes herself as a good student, although she failed her English and Latin classes, momentarily putting her place in school in jeopardy.[23][24]
In 1968, she enrolled in the social work undergraduate program at Quebec City's Université Laval. At the time, Marois recalls, she was more interested in the condition of the poor and in international issues than other issues such as the status of the French language or the Quebec independence movement. According to her autobiography, she participated in a study on housing in the city's Lower Town and demonstrated against the Vietnam War.[25]
The next year, she married Claude Blanchet, a young man from a nearby village and her high school sweetheart. Despite their differences — Blanchet was a budding entrepreneur who bought his first gas station at the age of 17, while a student in business administration — the young couple began a lifelong relationship.[26]
In September 1970, she got an internship in Hull, where she helped with the creation of a local chapter of the Association coopérative d'économie familiale (ACEF) — a consumer advocacy group —, while her husband was hired by Campeau Corporation, a real estate developer part of Power Corporation.[27] At the time, the region was rapidly expanding due to the growth of the federal bureaucracy and the construction of administrative buildings on the Quebec side of the Ottawa River was met with opposition, according to Marois, because it did not take "into account the needs and the housing conditions of the local population."[28]
This internship, which coincided with the October Crisis and her return to Quebec City to graduate at the spring of 1971, had a profound impact on Marois. "I arrived in the Outaouais as a French Canadian. I left the region identifying forever as a Quebecer", she declared in her 2008 autobiography, Québécoise!.[29]
Early career[edit]
While gaining experience with several community organizations including launching CFVO-TV, a community television station in the Outaouais region, she lectured for some time in social work at the Cégep de Hull, and took a job as CEO of a CLSC.[30] She also volunteered with the Parti Québécois, delivering barbecue chicken to election workers on election day in 1973.[31] After moving to Montreal in July, she pursued a Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree from HEC Montréal, where she took two classes with economist Jacques Parizeau. After graduating, she was hired as the head of the childhood services division at the Centre des services sociaux du Montréal Métropolitain.[30][32]
In the fall of 1978, Marois left her public service job to join her former professor's office at the Department of Finance, but she left her press job after 6 months, feeling Parizeau wasn't "utilizing her to her full potential",[33] she told the former Premier's biographer, journalist Pierre Duchesne, a future minister in her own 2012 cabinet.
In November 1979, Lise Payette, the minister responsible for the condition of women, got Marois to join her office as chief of staff. According to René Lévesque's biographer, Pierre Godin, she hesitated before taking the job because she felt she was not feminist enough. "With me, you'll become one", Payette answered back.[34]
First political career[edit]
Minister in the René Lévesque government[edit]
Seven months pregnant, Marois hesitated before entering politics. After some support, both her husband and René Lévesque convinced her to run for the PQ in the 1981 general election.[35] After winning a contested nomination,[36] she ran in the La Peltrie electoral district and won with a 5,337-vote majority on her Liberal opponent,[37] as one of only eight women being elected that year.[note 1][38][39] Only 11 days after becoming a Member of the National Assembly of Quebec, she gave birth to her second child, Félix, on April 24.[40][41]
Less than a week later, she joined the René Lévesque government as Minister for the Status of Women, where the 32-year-old replaced her former boss, Lise Payette, who was not running in 1981. She was appointed as vice-chair of the Treasury Board in September 1982 and was promoted to Minister of Labour and Income Security and Minister responsible for the Outaouais region at the end of 1983.[42]
Marois played a minor role in the turmoil and infighting that shook the Lévesque cabinet after the election of Brian Mulroney as the new Canadian Prime Minister, in the fall of 1984. She was first approached by Pierre Marc Johnson, the leader of the kangaroo faction — favourable to reaching some accommodations with the new Conservative government —, but finally joined the more hardline group — the caribou —, who oppose the affirmation nationale agenda and call for the respect of PQ orthodoxy.[43]
On November 9, 1984, she was one of the 12 signatories of a letter in which half of René Lévesque ministers disavowed the beau risque strategy advocated by the Premier and called upon him to put sovereignty at the heart of the next election campaign. However, she did not resign from her position as seven of her co-signatories did by the end of the month.[44]
After Lévesque's resignation in June 1985, Marois entered the leadership race despite unfavourable polls.[note 2] Running on a full-employment and sovereignty platform,[45] Marois finished in second place with 19,471 (19.7%) votes, a far cry from the 56,925 (58.7%) cast for the new leader, Pierre Marc Johnson.[46]
Opposition MNA[edit]
After being defeated in the 1985 general election by Liberal candidate Lawrence Cannon,[47] she joined the feminist movement and became treasurer of the Fédération des femmes du Québec and a consultant with the Elizabeth Fry Society, while lecturing at Université du Québec à Hull.[30]
Marois remained in the party's executive until the end of her term, in the spring of 1987.[48] After Johnson left a party in shambles six months later,[note 3] she decided not to run for party leader mainly for personal reasons. In an interview she gave Le Devoir in late January 1988, she took shots at the front runner and former colleague, Jacques Parizeau, criticizing his "unacceptable attitude towards women and his outdated conception of social democracy".[49][50]
Less than 10 days later, Parizeau met Marois and convinced her to return to the PQ national executive as the person in charge of the party platform[51] and asked her to run in the Anjou district, left vacant by the Johnson's resignation. On June 20, 1988, Marois came second with 44.8%.[52]
Marois ran again as a candidate in the Longueuil-based Taillon district, where she was elected in September 1989 general election.[53] She entered Parizeau's Shadow Cabinet as the Official opposition critic for industry and trade in 1989 and became Treasury Board and public administration critic in 1991.[42] She was also a PQ representative on the Bélanger-Campeau Commission set up by Premier Robert Bourassa after the failure of the Meech Lake Accord.[54]
"Minister of Everything"[edit]
Re-elected for a second term in 1994, Marois became one of the most important ministers in the successive PQ governments of Premiers Jacques Parizeau, Lucien Bouchard and Bernard Landry. In nine years, she dominated over the Quebec political scene. She became the only politician in Quebec history to hold the "three pillars of government" — the Finance, Education and Health portfolios.[55]
She was first appointed as Chair of the Treasury Board and Minister of Family in the Jacques Parizeau government. After the narrow defeat in the 1995 sovereignty referendum, she briefly held the Finance portfolio before being reassigned to head the department of Education by the new Premier Lucien Bouchard.[42]
During her tenure as Minister of Education, she proposed lifting the two-decades-long tuition freeze on higher education in Quebec. This proposal was met with fierce resistance from students' federations who initiated the 1996 Quebec student protests. In the end, the PQ government reinstated the tuition freeze, but Marois introduced policies that would charge an out-of-province fee to non-Quebec Canadian students, and a fee for failing CEGEP courses.[citation needed] She also successfully piloted Bill 109, replacing of confessional school boards by language-based ones implementing a bilateral amendment to the Canadian constitution with the Jean Chrétien Liberal government in Ottawa in 1997.[56]
Although Marois was widely perceived as a staunch supporter of the centre-right direction of the PQ under Lucien Bouchard who promised "zero deficit" in order to gain winning conditions for a future referendum on Quebec sovereignty, the government's capitulation in the student protests was seen as a political move to ensure student support in the upcoming general election. Historically, students had been a key voting bloc for the PQ.[citation needed]
She also introduced a 5-dollar-a-day subsidized daycare program in 1997, which proved popular with working families.[57][58]
In the Parti Québécois's second term, Marois became Minister of Health between 1998 and 2001. Bernard Landry named her Deputy Premier and Minister of Finance, positions she held for two years. By 2003, she had occupied 15 different ministries and was instrumental in the legacy of the second PQ government (1994-2003).[59][60]
During her years as cabinet minister, Marois' husband, Claude Blanchet, was named president of the Société générale de financement (SGF), the investment arm of the Quebec government. His substantial personal investments in public companies doing business with the government have put Marois into an uncomfortable position as a political figure, especially during the years she was Minister of Finance and vice-premier.[61]
Second leadership race[edit]
She quickly started to organize her leadership bid following the PQ electoral defeat of 2003. Her close supporters founded Groupe réflexion Québec, which served as a think tank. Her key organizers were Danielle Rioux, Nicole Léger, Nicolas Girard, Nicole Stafford, Joseph Facal and Pierre Langlois.
Marois announced her candidacy in the election for the leadership of the PQ following the sudden resignation of Landry in June 2005. She won 30.6% of the vote, placing second to André Boisclair.
Although many in the PQ saw her as one of the most influential ministers ever to serve in Quebec's history, raising expectations that she would one day lead the party back to victory, Marois retired from the National Assembly in March 2006, stating that after 25 years in elected politics, it was time for her to pursue other interests. She vowed to remain active in the PQ, and reaffirmed her confidence in Boisclair's leadership. She was succeeded as MNA for Taillon by Marie Malavoy.
Leader of the Parti Québécois[edit]
Third leadership race[edit]
In the March 26, 2007, Quebec provincial election, the Parti Québécois was reduced to third place in the National Assembly, behind both the governing Quebec Liberal Party and the opposition Action démocratique du Québec. Following this disappointing result, PQ leader André Boisclair announced his resignation as leader on May 8, 2007. Marois was considered a leading candidate to replace Boisclair, especially following federal Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe's withdrawal from the race.[62]
On May 11, 2007, Marois announced that she would run again for leader of the PQ for the third time.[63]
No other candidate stepped forward to contest the election, and Marois was acclaimed leader on June 27, 2007. She led the party from outside the National Assembly until winning the Charlevoix by-election on September 24.
2007 by-election[edit]
On August 13, 2007, Marois announced her candidacy for the riding of Charlevoix, after the incumbent, Rosaire Bertrand, retired from politics after 13 years as the MNA.[64] The by-election was held on September 24, 2007. Marois did not compete against a candidate from the minority governing Liberal party, which chose not to present an opposing candidate,[65] but did face Action démocratique du Québec candidate Conrad Harvey, who had been a candidate in the same riding against Bertrand in the 2007 general elections, and won with 58.2% of the popular vote.[66]
Marois's campaign signs displayed her image on a blue-green background along with the slogan "Chez nous, c'est Pauline" in an effort to claim a return to the PQ's nationalist beginnings.[67] This attempt to present a populist image clashed with Marois's affluent lifestyle, epitomized for many voters in the 12,000-square-foot mansion that Marois then occupied on Île-Bizard, and later sold in January 2012 for nearly seven million dollars.[68]
Canadian tradition holds that, in a by-election, a party leader without a seat is allowed to run unopposed by other major parties. Also, the leaders of other parties are expected not to campaign in the riding where the seatless leader is seeking election. This principle was respected by the other Quebec parties during Marois's 2007 campaign. Marois herself, however, broke with tradition when she campaigned for a PQ candidate in a by-election against Liberal party leader Robert Bourassa in 1985, as did also PQ leader René Lévesque.[69][70]
As in most by-elections, voter turnout in the riding won by Marois was low, with only 13.18 per cent of the 33,156 Charlevoix voters turning up at the advance poll and an overall turnout of about 58%.[71][72]
Immediately after being named the new leader of the PQ, Marois conducted a major shuffle of the shadow cabinet. François Gendron was named the new house leader, replacing Diane Lemieux. Lemieux was offered the position of caucus chair by Marois, but refused to indicate her disagreement and furthermore stated her intention to resign her seat in Bourget.[73]
Marois stated that the project of holding a referendum on sovereignty would be put on hold indefinitely, indicating that this would not be her main objective.[74]
In September 2007, she proposed a strategic plan for helping the forestry sector, which has been hard hit in recent years by the closure of several mills in western and central Quebec. Measures proposed included an increase in protected forest space, an increase of productivity by developing the second and third transformation of wood and incentives to encourage the usage of wood from Quebec for construction projects.[75]
In November 2007, when Mario Dumont suggested the elimination of school boards and proposed a motion to topple the government in the wake of poor voting turnouts during the school elections on November 4, 2007, the PQ and the Liberals both disagreed, stating that this reflected a lack of judgment by the ADQ leader. Marois nevertheless added that she was open to the idea of structural changes to the school boards.[76]
Leader of the Opposition[edit]
Not long after the re-election of the federal Conservatives to a second minority government, and with the global financial crisis increasingly coming to the foreground of current events, Jean Charest precipitated the fall of his own minority government, arguing before the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec that the National Assembly was no longer functional. Obtaining the right to dissolve the parliament, an election was called in Quebec.
The PQ campaign was largely seen as lacking momentum until Marois' performance in the televised debate against Charest and Mario Dumont brought new enthusiasm to the party. Benefiting from the collapse the Action démocratique du Québec, Marois increased the PQ representation in the National Assembly by 15 seats and increased her party's share of the popular vote by almost 7 points to 35.2% in the 2008. While the PQ did not win the election or prevent the Liberals from obtaining a majority, their return to the status of official opposition, the unexpectedly large number of seats obtained (51), and the ADQ's effective marginalization were seen as a moral victory by supporters. Marois thus became the first elected woman Leader of the Official Opposition in Quebec.
Marois and her caucus aggressively pursued the Liberal government over allegations surfacing in the media of corruption, collusion and illegal political financing related to provincial and municipal contracts; at one point her caucus donned white scarves to demand an inquiry,[77] forcing the government to set up a public inquiry in the fall of 2011, the Charbonneau Commission. This commission has revealed a pattern of illegal payments dating back several decades and involving all political parties.
In another scandal, after weeks of pointed questioning by PQ critic Nicolas Girard, Family minister Tony Tomassi resigned in May 2010 over allegations of improperly receiving and using a private company credit card to pay for expenses in exchanges for daycare licences.[78]
On the French language, Marois resisted restricting admission to English-language CEGEPs, but endorsed such a measure before a leadership confidence ballot. (She later withdrew the promise after she became premier.[79])
But soon after winning a confidence vote of 93.6% of the delegates at the April 2011 party convention, two crises shook the PQ leader. Two weeks after her confidence vote, the Bloc Québécois lost all but four of its seats in the Canadian House of Commons in the May 2 federal election, soon followed by a confidence crisis caused by a private bill introduced by Marois loyalist Agnès Maltais facilitating the construction of a publicly funded multipurpose amphitheatre to replace the aging Colisée Pepsi in Quebec City. Marois` insistence on maintaining the party line caused a revolt. Marois had previously resisted popular initiative referendums, but supported them to retain her leadership during this crisis (but not after she won power.[79]) One result was the resignation of four heavyweights in her caucus: Louise Beaudoin, Pierre Curzi, Lisette Lapointe and Jean-Martin Aussant.[80]
Premier of Quebec[edit]
2012 general election[edit]
On September 4, 2012, Marois won the election and was elected in the riding of Charlevoix-Côte-De-Beaupré. She became Quebec's first woman Premier at a swearing-in ceremony on September 17.[1] She is the sixth woman to serve as the premier of a Canadian province.
Her party won 54 of the 125 seats in the National Assembly, as a minority government. Marois plans to abolish the increase in student tuition fees which had paralyzed the previous government for 8 months. She also wants to abolish Hydro Quebec's 3.9% increase in electricity rates, the 200 dollar medical fee for all individuals living in Quebec, and the increase in daycare centre fees.
Quebec general election, 2012: Charlevoix–Côte-de-Beaupré | ||||||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ∆% | ||||
Parti Québécois | Pauline Marois | 15,472 | 40.65 | |||||
Liberal | Claire Rémillard | 10,301 | 27.06 | |||||
Coalition Avenir Québec | Ian Latrémouille | 10,203 | 26.80 | |||||
Québec solidaire | André Jacob | 1,227 | 3.22 | |||||
Option nationale | Pierre Tremblay | 619 | 1.63 | |||||
Coalition pour la constituante | Daniel Laforest | 243 | 0.64 | |||||
Total valid votes | 38,065 | 98.82 | ||||||
Total rejected ballots | 456 | 1.18 | ||||||
Turnout | 38,521 | 75.95 | ||||||
Electors on the lists | 50,717 | – |
Metropolis shooting[edit]
While Marois was giving her victory speech, a man named as Richard Henry Bain attempted to enter from the side door of the Métropolis. A technician at the venue, Denis Blanchette, 48, attempted to prevent him from entering and was shot and killed by Richard Bain. Another technician was injured from the bullet that ricocheted off Blanchette. Richard Henry Bain, from Mont-Tremblant, had a semi-automatic rifle, type CZ-858[81] and a pistol. Bain's rifle became jammed, preventing further violence.
Following the shots fired, two Quebec Security guards took Marois away from centre stage to the immediate hallway, and away from television cameras. A few minutes later, Marois returned to calm down the crowd and ask them to leave quietly.
On September 10, 2012, a civic funeral was held for Denis Blanchette where Marois attended along with other important political leaders from Quebec.
Heading the third minority government in the history of Quebec — and the second in the last decade – Marois took two weeks to craft her cabinet, naming 25 ministers on September 19. At its first meeting, the new Marois government was quick to honour campaign commitments and cancelled a slew of decisions of the outgoing Charest administration. The Marois government suspended most sections of Bill 78, an emergency bill aimed at stopping the 2012 Quebec student protests, cancelled a loan guarantee to restart the Jeffrey asbestos mine in Thetford Mines and abandoned the Gentilly-2 Nuclear Generating Station refurbishment project.
As Premier, she has laid out an agenda designed to promote "sovereigntist governance" in relations with the rest of Canada, to return Quebec to balanced budgets through higher taxes and debt reduction, to increase the use of French in public services, and to address resource development in Northern Quebec. Many aspects of these policies, such as restrictions on the use of English and on access to higher Education in English at a time when the use of French in commerce, education and the workforce is increasing in Quebec[82][not in citation given], are widely viewed as an affront to immigrants and to citizens whose mother tongue is not French.[83][84][not in citation given] Such measures have also been questioned by native speakers of French, who recognize the benefits of a knowledge of other languages, including English, and the fact that the knowledge of other languages will not cause them to abandon French as their primary language.[disputed ]
Marois then called the National Assembly into sessions at the end of October. Soon after, her Democratic Reform minister, Bernard Drainville, introduced Bills 1 and 2 to strengthen rules on contracts and banish unreputable government contractors from doing business with the Quebec government and affiliated entities. The second one establishes a new political financing framework financed almost entirely on public funding. The bill also limits political contributions to provincial parties at C$100 a year ($200 in election years).[note 4] The new system finances from the cancellation of the political donations tax credit.
Finance and Economy minister Nicolas Marceau introduced his 2013/14 budget in the fall. The budget laid out revenues, without specifying expenditures. These were presented later, after the budget had passed. The budget projects a break-even operating balance by the end of fiscal year 2013/14 mainly by slowing down the rate of growth of public spending. The budget implements higher taxes on tobacco and alcohol and modifies – but doesn't cancel outright – the $200 health tax passed in Raymond Bachand's 2010 budget, adding an element of progressiveness to it. The Marceau budget also changes the planned increase to the low-cost heritage pool electricity sold by Hydro-Québec to every Quebecer. Instead of raising the heritage pool price from 2.79 to 3.79¢/kWh from 2014 to 2018 as set by the previous government in 2010, the PQ government chose to let the rate increase with inflation while asking government-owned Hydro-Québec to increase its dividend. The budget narrowly passed on November 30, 2012, in spite of objections by the Liberals and CAQ.[85] Subsequent to passage of the budget, the PQ government announced increased expenditures in the area of subsidized child care, while cutting payments to universities. The latter cuts to university funding included a retroactive cut of $124 million in the 2012-2013 fiscal year, an action criticized by both university rectors and student leaders.[86]
2014 general election[edit]
The 41st Quebec general election pertained to the election of members to the National Assembly of Quebec. The election was announced on March 5 by Lieutenant Governor Pierre Duchesne upon the request of Marois. She ran as leader of the Parti Québécois in the seat of Charlevoix-Côte-de-Beaupré.[87] Her primary opponents in the election were Philippe Couillard of the Quebec Liberal Party, François Legault of the Coalition Avenir Québec, and Françoise David of Québec solidaire.
At the beginning of the election, polls showed Marois having a lead over Couillard and Legault, with Marois placing at 37% support compared to a 34% support for Philippe Couillard. Contrarily, Marois also was much more favoured by French Quebecers; she held a lead of almost 20%.[88]
Five days before the election, she saw a sudden negative backlash according to an Ipsos-Reid poll, with Liberal support sitting at 37 per cent among decided voters while support for Marois and the PQ went down four points to 28 percent.[89]
Quebec general election, 2014: Charlevoix–Côte-de-Beaupré | ||||||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ∆% | ||||
Liberal | Caroline Simard | 13,083 | 35.24 | +8.18 | ||||
Parti Québécois | Pauline Marois | 12,201 | 32.87 | -7.78 | ||||
Coalition Avenir Québec | Ian Latrémouille | 9,682 | 26.08 | -0.72 | ||||
Québec solidaire | Jean-Yves Bernard | 1,539 | 4.15 | +0.93 | ||||
Conservative | Chantal Mélançon | 332 | 0.89 | – | ||||
Option nationale | François Thériault | 287 | 0.77 | -0.86 | ||||
Total valid votes | 37,124 | 98.74 | – | |||||
Total rejected ballots | 472 | 1.26 | – | |||||
Turnout | 37,596 | 73.48 | -2.47 | |||||
Electors on the lists | 51,165 | – | – |
After a turbulent campaign which focussed on the prospect of a referendum on sovereignty, Marois' government was defeated in the April 7th election which elected a majority Liberal government and saw the PQ suffer its worst defeat in terms of popular vote since 1970, with approximately 25% of the vote. Her defeat included the surprise loss of her own seat of Charlevoix-Côte-de-Beaupré by 882 votes[90] to Caroline Simard, whom supporters of Marois had widely accused of being a Liberal Party paper candidate.[91] Marois's defeat marked the end of a 20-year hold on the district.[92]
In her concession speech, Marois resigned as Parti Québécois leader, after thanking her supporters and the people of Charlevoix-Côte-de-Beaupré.[7]
Identity and language[edit]
On October 18, 2007, Marois proposed Bill 195, the Quebec Identity Act, which included a requirement that immigrants must learn French in order to obtain rights, including a putative Quebec citizenship and the right to run in elections at all levels. The bill also proposed the fundamental values of Quebec should be taken into account in a future constitution, including equality between sexes and the predominance of French.[93][94]
The idea was met with criticism amongst various minority groups. The Quebec Liberal Party also dismissed some of the measures as divisive and harmful. House Leader Jean-Marc Fournier also made a parallel between the proposed bill and Jacques Parizeau's "Money and the ethnic vote" speech following the 1995 referendum, while Cabinet Minister Benoit Pelletier added that it would violate the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Many current and past members of the Parti Québécois also rejected this proposal, including Bernard Landry.[95][96]
Outside Quebec, several newspapers described the bill as racist.[97] Don Martin, columnist for the National Post, wrote that the population should try to stop the racism taking place in Quebec.[98] While the vast majority of Quebec non-francophones were opposed, it was supported by a bare majority of francophones. However, the Liberals and the ADQ stated that they would defeat Bill 195.[99][100]
In April 2008, Marois proposed a major rewrite of Bill 101, the Charter of the French Language, in light of concerns of a purported decline of French language in the province—particularly in the Montreal region. Her proposals included more French courses in elementary and secondary schools, a requirement for new arrivals to learn French and for the extension of French language requirements to be applied to small businesses as well as for more power for the Office québécois de la langue française.[101]
Quebec Charter of Values and Claims of Antisemitism and Islamophobia[edit]
Criticism for the Quebec charter of values have come from both academics and members within the party. Paul Bramadat, director of the Centre for Studies in Religion and Society at the University of Victoria, noted that the bill would be recognized as hypocritical by many. Mark Mercer, professor of philosophy at Saint Mary's University in Halifax, described the bill as "appalling".[18] Louise Harem, a former interim leader of the PQ, called the policy a "repli identitaire", an inward assertion of identity, that would alienate and mobilize immigrant groups against PQ. In reply to the Charter of Values, the Deputy Chief of Staff Minister Jean-François Lisée, resigned his post with the PQ stating that her conscience would not allow her to defend the campaign.[102] The Montreal Jewish General Hospital criticized the charter of values, pointing at the third of its staff who would have to leave. The PQ, whose leaders have been treated at the Jewish General in the past, later added an exemption to the Charter that would apply strictly to the Hospital. In response, Dr. Rosenberg, director of the hospital replied that it will not apply for exemption, and condemned the charter as racist stating: "Since the bill is inherently prejudicial, there is no point in taking advantage of any clause that would grant us temporary, short-term relief ...This bill is flawed and contrary to Quebec's spirit of inclusiveness and tolerance." [103]
In June 2013, Marois announced her support of the Quebec Soccer Federation's ban on turbans within the federation. This ban has led to the Quebec Soccer Federation being suspended by the Canadian Soccer Federation, which resulted in Marois suggesting that the CSF has no authority over provincial organizations. Marois's stance has received significant criticism for its use of identity politics.[104] In March 2014, Marois said on Radio Canada that there is a risk of Radical Islam in Canada.[105]
In March 2014, Marois was accused of antisemitism by The Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs (CIJA) surrounding the statements made by party member Louise Mailloux.[106] Mailloux had written statements equating the Jewish practice of circumcision to rape and claimed that halal and kosher food prices were kept high in order to fund religious activities abroad. She wrote that the money went to: "For the Jews, to finance Israel's colonization in Palestinian territories? And for Muslims, to fund the Muslim Brotherhood, the Islamists who want to impose Islam worldwide?" Marois defended Mailloux, denying antisemitism within the party and stated that she had "very good relations with the leaders of this community and the leaders of all the different communities in Quebec." CIJA claimed Marois's apology and statements were inadequate and "meaningless excuses" with CIJA Quebec vice-president, Luciano Del Negro, stating: "She alleges a misunderstanding and refuses to basically recognize her views are not only offensive, but anti-Semitic in nature."[106][107][108][109][110]
International affairs[edit]
Marois involved herself in international affairs in her first months of office. In mid-October 2012, she participated at the Francophonie Summit in Kinshasa, but declined to meet with host, Democratic Republic of the Congo's President Joseph Kabila, who was reelected in a contested general election in 2011.[111] Marois also expressed her concerns with the withdrawal of Canadian aid agencies and funding of Africa among other places,[112] consistent with her party agenda to increase Quebec's participation in international aid and maintain a "pacifist army" in an independent Quebec.[113]
In December, she visited New York City and a month later attended the World Economic Forum in Davos to meet investors and political leaders, including African Union president Thomas Boni Yayi, Mexico's Finance Secretary Luis Videgaray Caso, European commissioner Michel Barnier, French Economy Minister Pierre Moscovici and the Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia, Hannelore Kraft.[114]
Personal life[edit]
She is married to Claude Blanchet, former head of the Fonds de solidarité FTQ and Quebec's Société générale de financement, and is the mother of four children: Catherine (born June 1979),[115] Félix (born April 1981),[41] François-Christophe (born October 1983)[116] and Jean-Sébastien (born July 1985).[117]
- ^ Five PQs and three Liberals were elected as MNAs in 1981.
- ^ PQ pollster Michel Lepage polled party faithful in June 1985. Pierre Marc Johnson finished first with 67%, Bernard Landry ran a distant second at 14% and Marois ended up third with only 4.2% of support, notes Godin (2005, p. 494).
- ^ The PQ lost 100,000 members from 1981 to 1987, according to Duchesne (2004, p. 79).
- ^ The previous limit of $1,000 was adopted under the previous Liberal government, and is much less than the $3,000 limit established in the original legislation passed by the Lévesque government in the 1970s
- ^ a b "Marois sworn in, set to become Quebec's first female premier". CTV News Montreal (The Canadian Press). September 17, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
- ^ http://m.huffpost.com/ca/entry/3085885/
- ^ Mercier, Noémie (September 20, 2012). "Le jour où Pauline Marois est devenue Première ministre" [The day Pauline Marois became Prime Minister]. L'Actualité (in French) (Montreal). Retrieved December 6, 2012.
- ^ The Canadian Press (September 5, 2012). "Premier-designate Marois promising to push her agenda, with caution". Global TV BC. Retrieved September 5, 2012.
- ^ "CTV projection: Liberals win majority in Quebec election". CTV News. April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
- ^ "Parti Quebecois Leader Pauline Marois loses her own riding in Quebec election". Montreal Gazette. April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
- ^ a b "Latest updates: Quebec votes 2014". Montreal Gazette. April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
- ^ a b http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Macpherson+This+spectacular+failure+Pauline+Marois/9711823/story.html
- ^ http://politics.theglobeandmail.com/2014/04/08/parti-quebecois-popular-vote-at-lowest-point-since-1970/
- ^ Béland, Daniel; Lecours, André (2011). "Le nationalisme et la gauche au Québec" [Nationalism and the Left in Québec]. Globe : revue internationale d'études québécoises, (in French) 14 (1). pp. 37–52. doi:10.7202/1005985ar.
- ^ Gingras, François-Pierre (July–December 1975). "L'idéologie indépendantiste au Québec: de la revendication nationale au projet social" [Separatist ideology in Quebec: National social project claim]. Cahiers internationaux de sociologie (in French) 59: 273–284. JSTOR 40689738.
- ^ Pinard, Maurice; Hamilton, Richard (December 1978). "The Parti Québécois Comes to Power: An Analysis of the 1976 Quebec Election". Canadian Journal of Political Science (in French) 11 (4): 767. JSTOR 3231031.
As in many other nationalist movements active in the world today, the PQ combines its radical nationalist and its modern-democratic orientations with social democratic ones. The latter have also become reflected in its support.
- ^ Coleman, William D. (1994). "Rethinking Social Democracy: The PQ's Projet de Société". Constitutional Forum 6 (1-4): 1–5. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
- ^ "Histoire" [History] (in French). Parti Québécois. 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
- ^ a b "Marois's mandate comes to an end Charter was double-edged sword for PQ defeat". Montreal Gazette. April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
- ^ Laporte, Stéphane (January 21, 2012). "Pauline Marois, la dame de béton" [Pauline Marois, the lady of concrete]. La Presse (in French) (Montreal). Retrieved February 8, 2013.
- ^ http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/marois-to-call-april-7-election-for-quebec-on-wednesday/article17249160/
- ^ a b http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/09/10/controversial-quebec-charter-exemptions-based-on-idea-that-some-religious-symbols-have-become-purely-secular/
- ^ a b Marois 2008, p. 11-13.
- ^ "Marois officially enters PQ leadership race". CBC News. May 13, 2007.
- ^ a b Marois 2008, p. 15.
- ^ Marois 2008, p. 13.
- ^ a b c Mercier 2012, p. 35.
- ^ a b Marois 2008, p. 16.
- ^ Marois 2008, p. 23.
- ^ Marois 2008, p. 24.
- ^ Marois 2008, p. 26.
- ^ Marois 2008, p. 26-27.
- ^ Marois 2008, p. 28.
- ^ a b c "Pauline MAROIS: Biography". National Assembly of Quebec. October 31, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
- ^ Marois 2008, p. 37-38.
- ^ Marois 2008, p. 37.
- ^ Duchesne 2002, p. 160-161.
- ^ Godin 2001, p. 530-531.
- ^ Godin 2005, p. 117.
- ^ Marois 2008, p. 64.
- ^ "General elections. April 13, 1981". Directeur général des élections du Québec. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
- ^ Tardy 2003, p. 72.
- ^ "Les femmes parlementaires depuis 1961" [Women parliamentarians since 1961] (in French). National Assembly of Quebec. October 10, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
- ^ Gagnon, Katia (May 19, 2007). "Pauline en cinq temps" [Pauline five times]. La Presse (in French) (Montreal). p. A2.
- ^ a b Marois 2008, p. 66.
- ^ a b c "Pauline Marois". National Assembly of Quebec. October 31, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
- ^ Godin 2005, p. 377-381.
- ^ Duchesne 2002, p. 493-502.
- ^ Godin 2005, p. 495.
- ^ "Élections passées. Course à la direction du Parti québécois" [Past elections. Leadership race of the Parti québécois] (in French). QuébecPolitique.com. August 1, 2008. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
- ^ "General elections. December 2, 1985: La Peltrie". Directeur général des élections du Québec. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
- ^ Marois 2008, p. 92.
- ^ O'Neill, Pierre (January 28, 1988). "Pauline Marois n'y va pas. Pour l'ancienne ministre, Parizeau n'est pas l'homme de la situation" [Pauline Marois did not go. For the former Minister, Parizeau is not the man for the job]. Le Devoir (in French) (Montreal). p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
- ^ Duchesne 2004, p. 84.
- ^ Duchesne 2004, p. 85-86.
- ^ "By-elections. June 20, 1988: Anjou, Roberval". Directeur général des élections du Québec. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
- ^ "General elections. September 25, 1989: Taillon". Directeur général des élections du Québec. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
- ^ Duchesne 2004, p. 178, 183-185.
- ^ Mercier 2012, p. 34.
- ^ "Bill n°109 : An Act to amend the Education Act, the Act respecting school elections and other legislative provisions". National Assembly of Quebec. October 10, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
- ^ Garr, Allen (October 24, 2013). "Daycare plan should be a priority for Christy Clark". Vancouver Courier. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
- ^ "Quebec Premier Pauline Marois promises low-cost daycare for all". Toronto Star. November 12, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
- ^ Radio-Canada (February 27, 2014). "La carrière politique de Pauline Marois" [The political career of Pauline Marois]. Radio-Canada (in French). Retrieved April 11, 2014.
- ^ National Assembly of Quebec (2014). "Pauline Marois: Offices Held". Retrieved April 11, 2014.
- ^ Lavoie, Gilbert (November 19, 2009). "Éthique: Claude Blanchet avait des actions chez des partenaires de la SGF" [Ethics: Claude Blanchet shared actions with partners in SGF [Société générale de financement, a holding company owned by the government of Québec]]. Le Soleil (in French). Retrieved February 23, 2013.
- ^ Gordon, Sean (May 13, 2007). "Duceppe drops out of PQ race". Toronto Star.
- ^ "Duceppe, Marois jump into PQ leadership race". CTV.ca. May 11, 2007.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "PQ Leader Marois gets chance at assembly seat Sept. 24". CBC.ca. August 23, 2007.
- ^ "PQ leader wins byelection in decisive victory". CBC.ca. September 25, 2007.
- ^ "Looks like a cakewalk for Marois". The Gazette (Montreal). September 22, 2007.
- ^ Moalla, Taïeb (December 15, 2011). "Le château de Pauline Marois pratiquement vendu" [Pauline Marois's castle virtually sold]. Agence QMI (in French). TVA nouvelles.
- ^ "Dumont campaigns against Marois, pulling political faux pas". The Gazette. September 8, 2007.
- ^ "National", The Globe and Mail, September 8, 2007
- ^ "Pauline Marois remporte la bataille" [Pauline Marios wins the battle]. LCN - National (in French). September 24, 2007.
- ^ "Looks like a cakewalk for Marois". The Gazette (Montreal). September 22, 2007.
- ^ "Un caucus pour préparer la rentrée parlementaire" [Caucus to prepare the opening of Parliament]. LCN - National (in French). August 29, 2007.
- ^ "PQ leader to put sovereignty on backburner". CBC.ca. September 25, 2007.
- ^ "Le PQ propose un plan de relance" [Quebec has a recovery plan]. LCN - National (in French). 11/09/2007. Check date values in:
(help) - ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ http://montreal.ctvnews.ca/que-opposition-wear-white-scarves-to-demand-inquiry-1.513865
- ^ Cameron, Dapnhé (May 6, 2010). "Tony Tomassi démis de ses fonctions" [Tony Tomassi relieved of his duties]. La Presse (in French) (Montreal). Retrieved January 2013.
- ^ a b http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Macpherson+Does+Pauline+Marois+have+guiding+principles/9627130/story.html
- ^ David, Michel (June 7, 2011). "L'ivresse du pouvoir" [Drunkenness of power]. Le Devoir (in French) (Montreal). Retrieved January 28, 2013.
- ^ Myles, Brian (September 6, 2012). "Le SPVM et la SQ enquêtent sur l'attentat" [The SPVM [Service de police de la Ville de Montréal] and SQ [Sûreté du Québec] investigating the attack]. Le Devoir (in French) (Montreal). Retrieved September 6, 2012.
- ^ Rapport sur l'évolution de la situation linguistique au Québec [Report on the development of the linguistic situation in Quebec] (PDF) (in French). Quebec Office de la langue française. 2008. p. 43, table 1.18. ISBN 978-2-550-52218-8. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
- ^ [3][dead link]
- ^ "Les anglophones se méfient du PQ, selon un sondage" [Anglophones are wary of PQ, according to survey] (in French). Radio-Canada. February 18, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
- ^ The Canadian Press (November 30, 2013). "Marois minority government survives first test as 2013-14 budget passed". Macleans. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
- ^ Bradshaw, James (December 6, 2012). "Quebec universities recoil at demand to cut $124-million in spending". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
- ^ "Quebec Election 2014: Pauline Marois Sets Date For April 7". The Huffington Post. March 5, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
- ^ Woods, Allan. "Poll shows Parti Québécois in lead as Quebec election campaign begins". http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2014/03/05/quebec_election_2014_pauline_marois_parti_quebecois_strong_at_starting_line_poll_shows.html The Toronto Star. March 5th, 2014. Retrieved April 4th, 2014.
- ^ Commisso, Christina. "Quebec Liberals lead PQ as election day draws near". http://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/quebec-liberals-lead-pq-as-election-day-draws-near-1.1757973. CTV News. April 2nd, 2014. Retrieved April 4th, 2014.
- ^ "Preliminary results - Charlevoix-Côte-de-Beaupré". Directeur général des élections du Québec. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
- ^ Lefebvre, Sarah-Maude (10 April 2014). "Caroline Simard n'est pas étonnée d'avoir battu Pauline Marois". Le Journal de Montréal. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
- ^ Young, Leslie. Pauline Marois loses her seat in Charlevoix-Côte-de-Beaupré. Global News. April 7th, 2014. Retrieved May 6th, 2014.
- ^ "Pauline Marois fait de l'identité son cheval de bataille" [Pauline Marois made identity her battle-horse]. LCN - National (in French). October 20, 2007.
- ^ "PQ bill supported by Francophones, condemned by Anglophones". National Post. October 26, 2007.
- ^ "Bernard Landry rejette le projet Marois" [Bernard Landry rejects Marois proposal]. LCN - National (in French). October 24, 2007.
- ^ "Pauline Marois maintient le cap" [Pauline Marois stays the course]. LCN - National (in French). October 24, 2007.
- ^ Fontaine, Hugo (October 27, 2007). "Vives réactions des médias anglophones" [English media backlash]. Le Droit (in French). p. 22.
- ^ "It's racism - in any language". National Post. October 25, 2007.
- ^ "Le projet de Pauline Marois trouve des appuis" [Pauline Marois's version finds support]. LCN - National (in French). October 24, 2007.
- ^ "Le grand fossé" [The great divide]. Canoe – Infos – Québec-Canada (in French). October 25, 2007.
- ^ "Marois réclame une refonte de la loi 101" [Marois calls for overhaul of Law 101]. LCN - National (in French). April 27, 2008.
- ^ http://www.montrealgazette.com/life/Macpherson+This+election+conspicuously+about+values+charter/9582662/story.html
- ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/mitch-wolfe/jewish-general-hospital-charter-_b_4338290.html
- ^ "Pauline Marois backs Quebec's soccer turban ban". CTV News. June 11, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-28.
- ^ http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/03/14/there-is-a-risk-in-radical-islam-pauline-marois-says-after-poll-showed-half-believed-islamic-fundamentalism-threatens-quebec/
- ^ a b http://www.cjnews.com/special-sections/heebonics?q=node/123276
- ^ http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/jewish-group-not-satisfied-with-apology-from-parti-quebecois-candidate/article17508595/
- ^ http://www.ipolitics.ca/2014/03/14/marois-defends-pq-candidate-accused-of-spouting-anti-semitic-myths/
- ^ http://montreal.ctvnews.ca/marois-faces-questions-on-sovereignty-anti-semitic-conspiracy-candidate-1.1729319
- ^ http://www.thestar.com/opinion/commentary/2014/03/17/parti_qubcois_candidate_revives_an_antisemitic_lie.html
- ^ CBC News (October 12, 2012). "Harper sows hope in Senegal, carries 'concerns' on to Congo". cbc.ca. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
- ^ Radio-Canada (October 12, 2012). "Francophonie : Québec veut occuper le terrain déserté par Ottawa en Afrique" [Francophonie: Quebec wants to occupy the land abandoned by Ottawa in Africa] (in French). radio-canada.ca. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
- ^ Cloutier, Jean-François (April 19, 2012). "Pauline Marois dépenserait plus à l'étranger" [Marois will spend more abroad]. Argent (in French). Retrieved January 28, 2013.
- ^ Rioux, Christian (January 28, 2013). "Marois revient de Davos optimiste" [Marois returns from Davos optimistic]. Le Devoir (in French) (Montreal). Retrieved January 28, 2013.
- ^ Marois 2008, p. 49.
- ^ Marois 2008, p. 73.
- ^ Marois 2008, p. 88.
Works cited[edit]
- Duchesne, Pierre (2002). Jacques Parizeau. Volume 2: Le Baron, 1970-1985 (in French). Montreal: Québec Amérique. 535 p. ISBN 2-7644-0153-1.
- Duchesne, Pierre (2004). Jacques Parizeau. Volume 3: Le Régent, 1985-1995 (in French). Montreal: Québec Amérique. 601 p. ISBN 2-7644-0280-5.
- Godin, Pierre (2001). René Lévesque. Volume 3: L'espoir et le chagrin (1976-1980) (in French). Montreal: Boréal. 631 p. ISBN 2-7646-0105-0.
- Godin, Pierre (2005). René Lévesque. Volume 4: L'homme brisé (1980-1987) (in French). Montreal: Boréal. 604 p. ISBN 2-7646-0424-6.
- Marois, Pauline; Graveline, Pierre (2008). Québécoise ! (in French). Montreal: Fides. 261 p. ISBN 9782762127676.
- Mercier, Noémi (September 1, 2012). "Pauline Marois: l'étoffe d'un premier ministre?". L'actualité (in French) (Montreal). pp. 29–44.
- Tardy, Évelyne (2003). Égalité hommes-femmes? Le militantisme au Québec : le PLQ et le PQ (in French). Montreal: Hurtubise-HMH. 222 p. ISBN 2-89428-643-0.
External links[edit]
- Media related to Pauline Marois at Wikimedia Commons
Political offices | ||
Preceded by Jean Campeau |
Minister of Finance (Quebec) 1995–1996 |
Succeeded by Bernard Landry |
Preceded by Jean Garon |
Minister of Education (Quebec) 1996–1998 |
Succeeded by François Legault |
Preceded by Jean Rochon |
Minister of Health and Social Services (Quebec) 1998–2001 |
Succeeded by Rémy Trudel |
Preceded by Bernard Landry |
Minister of Finance (Quebec) 2001–2003 |
Succeeded by Yves Séguin |
Preceded by Bernard Landry |
Deputy Premier of Quebec 2001–2003 |
Succeeded by Monique Gagnon-Tremblay |
Preceded by François Gendron (interim) |
Leader of the Parti Québécois 2007–2014 |
Succeeded by Stéphane Bédard (interim) |


text:
GAINESVILLE, Fla. — Florida coach Will Muschamp said the Gators will open spring practice on Wednesday March 19th with nine players out due to injury, including three starters.
According to ESPN, Junior running back Matt Jones [1] (torn meniscus) and senior defensive tackle Leon Orr [2] (fractured wrist) were starters in 2013, while senior wide receiver/kick returner Andre Debose [3] had been a starter before missing all of last season with a torn ACL. Muschamp said Debose is expected to be medically cleared to return March 28 but will wear a non-contact jersey.
There are three linebackers out of the mix as well–sophomores Alex Anzalone [4] (shoulder) and Jeremi Powell [5] (torn ACL) and redshirt freshman Matt Rolen (torn ACL). They won't be medically cleared until after spring practice. All three are rehabbing after surgery for injuries suffered last fall.
The other injured Gators are sophomore tight end Colin Thompson [6] (foot) and two true freshmen early enrollees.
Muschamp also said senior Max Garcia [7], UF's only returning offensive lineman who started every game last season, will move to center to replace graduated starter Jonotthan Harrison [8].
For more on this story visit: Jeff Barlis, ESPN [9]
Gators Will Miss Players in Spring Practice by Sports Talk Florida

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The producers of Gossip Girl, led by show-runner Joshua Safran, have sat down for their usual preview of the upcoming episode, mixing clips with commentary. What do they reveal about "Con Heir"?
Not a lot. However, there are some interesting clips showing:
- Ivy's first move in getting Lily and Serena to stop blackballing her.
- Dan and Blair's struggle to consummate their relationship.
- Nate pondering the future of The N.Y. Spectator.
- Jack's return to the Upper East Side.
Check out our photo gallery for the April 2 episode if you missed it, then watch the two-minute montage below and share your thoughts with us. How do you see this installment - and the rest of the season - playing out?


text:
April 28, 2015
Cranberry Martini:
Two shots of diet cranberry juice. One shot of vodka. Squeeze of orange, squeeze of lime. Shake with ice in martini mixer. Serve with thin orange wedge. Less than 100 calories.
Green beans:
Blanche green beans and frozen pearl onions for 5 minutes. Drain and stir-fry them in a little olive oil and garlic. Pour in a small can of diced, seasoned tomatoes. Simmer. Quick, easy, and super healthy.
SoCal Hummus:
Blanche cauliflower and broccoli for five minutes. Drain and finely chop them in a food processor. Put chopped vegetables into a bowl. Puree a can of pinto beans with ? of the liquid in the food processor. Add to vegetables. Stir and mix in a little lemon juice, garlic powder, hot sauce, and parmesan cheese. Add salt and pepper to taste. Serve with whole grain crackers. Super healthy. Loaded with protein, vitamins, and fiber.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


text:
The Village will help families in need for Christmas
Sharing Hope Empowerment and Reaction (SHEAR), a nonprofit organization, Angel Tree Prison Ministry and Love Over Violence and Evil (LOVE.) have partnered together for their second annual Christmas in the Village Toy Giveaway. This fun-filled event will take place on Dec. 20 from 10 a.m. – 4 p.m. at the Koinonia Worship Center and Village, 4900 W. Hallandale Beach Blvd. in West Park to help families needing assistance for Christmas in South Florida.
Minister's main goal is to help others grow
Veronica Y. Morning-Morrison, 56, is a native Miamian. She is single and the mother of Immanuel Dejon Morrison. She graduated from Miami Central Senior High School, class of 1975 and from Spelman College in Atlanta, Georgia, May 20, 1979, with a major in Sociology and a minor in Secondary Education. She has been a licensed, ordained minister for more than 33 years at Lively Stones for Jesus Ministries, (LSJM) Inc. 835 NW 119th St. She has also served as the administrator and community activist for LSJM since 1982.
God loves those who sow seeds faithfully
President Abraham Lincoln's speech concerning slavery and Mark 3:25 both share a point: a house divided against itself cannot stand. It is also true that seven things that can divide a house are hated by God: "A proud look, a lying tongue, hands that shed innocent blood, a heart that devises wicked imagination, feet that run swiftly to mischief, a false witness that speaks lies, and he that sows discord among the brethrens" (Proverbs 6:16-19). One of the greatest things that Christians – not mimics, but true Christians – have going for themselves is unity.
Pastor G.S. Smith: The world is his congregation
ARC's history and legacy will live on; it's structured that way
A pastor, who started in the ministry of Jesus Christ six decades ago, was recognized by President Barack Obama via Congresswoman Frederica S. Wilson, last week. That pastor is Gilbert S. Smith, a Miami homegrown answer to the national broadcast evangelists. He and his wife have been the spiritual leaders for more than 43 years. He started in a humble storefront and today the world is his congregation.
Halloween: A long standing tradition
A time for saints not witches and ghosts
Children and adults will vie for first place for the most hideous and ridiculous costumes this Friday, Oct. 31. As part of Halloween, children walk in neighborhoods, making horrible sounds at an attempt to frightened individuals into giving them goodies. This is called "trick or treat." You give them a treat or you will be tricked. Adults who participate in celebrating this holiday, on the other hand, will strive to give the best party of the year.
C. Sorrells-Brown: An apostle chosen to serve
Cassie Sorrells was born in Connecticut to the late Pastor Ulysees Sorrells and mother Bertha Sorrells-Kennedy. She attended Connecticut public schools and graduated from Western Connecticut State College, in Danbury with three degrees – an Associate of Science in Afro-American Studies, a Bachelor of Science and a Master's of Arts in Secondary Education, specializing in English. While attending college, she was selected "Who's Who Among Afro-American Students." She also has an Honorary Doctorate in Theology with an earned degree in Religious Studies.
Israel Milton to be honored for his years of dedicated service
Community Action and Human Services Dept. will reunite former employees
An Inaugural Reunion for the Community Action and Human Services Department (CAHSD) will reunite many of the former 1,400 employees and honor one of its own. Today the 37-year-old department employs about 600. The reunion is set for 7 p.m., Friday Oct. 24 at Jungle Island, 1111 Parrot Jungle Trail. The public is cordially invited to attend. Israel Milton, who went to work for human services in 1981 as the Assistant Director, will be honored at the CAHSD Reunion.
Giving is a mandate from God
I believe most of you think about money, when you see the word "giving." But there are so many other ways to give and, this week, we are going to focus on some of them. The secret of true abiding happiness is not receiving, as most people think, it's giving. The Bible says, "It is more blessed to give than to receive." (Acts 20:35) This is not a theory, it is the truth.
Have faith to keep and promises to fulfill
Have no fear. Have faith and see the promises of God. At II Kings 6:16-17 in the Bible, there is story about a situation that developed because some seminary students had outgrown their dormitory. They asked Elisha, a prophet of God, for permission to build a new dormitory down by the Jordan River, where there were many trees. He gave them permission to build. The students loved Elisha because of his total trust in God and respected his opinion; therefore, he was asked to go with them to select the spot for their new dormitory. When they found the spot, they begin to chop down the trees.
Pastor to receive award created in the name of activist Georgia Jones-Ayers
Ronae Cambridge will be honored at the Spirit of Excellence Gala, Awards Banquet
One is a dynamic religious leader of a Liberty City church. Another one dared to be the first Black to run for mayor for Miami-Dade County. Then there is the activist who serves tirelessly to ensure that Black youth get a quality education in the nation's fourth-largest public school system. Pastor Ronae Cambridge, activist Helen Williams and Miami-Dade County School Board Member Dorothy Bendross-Mindingall will be honored for their community service at the Spirit of Excellence Gala and Awards Banquet Oct. 25 at 7 p.m. at the African Heritage Culture Arts Center, at 6161 NW 22nd Ave.
Pastor of the Week
Minister Henton: A young man fully dedicated to do and fulfill all of God's will
As a young child, Minister Harrell L. Henton was taught to sing praises and worship to the Lord by his grandfather. "I have been working for the Lord for as long as I can remember," Henton said. Under the guidance of his grandfather, Robert Holt Sr. and still a youngster, Henton made the grand decision to dedicate his full life to the work of the Lord and his church.
The church is of God not man
The church's purpose and needs are clearly identified and addressed in the New Testament. A wide-range of topics are also covered in God's Word. The subject is introduced in the words of Jesus, "I say unto thee, that thou art Peter and upon this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it." (Matt. 16:18)
Autistic man's 'Green Flamingo' produced by Cirque du Soleil
David Pedemonte-Forte, a 29-year-old autistic young man, has written a children's book entitled "The Green Flamingo," that has caught the eye of a major production company in Las Vegas. The book deals with bullying and how it can devastate the victim and loved ones.
Instructive words for us to live by
Christians should incorporate the counsel of God in every facet of their lives. Just as there are "fair-weather friends," there are "Sunday Christians," who proclaim to be sanctified on Sunday and maybe on Wednesday night at Bible study. On all the other days, they live like disciples of the devil.
Committed to being a servant of true God
Thelma B. Knowles was born in Miami, to the parentage of Willard and Jouselin Butler. She graduated from Booker T. Washington Senior High School in 1959 and from Southern University in 1961. Knowles would later receive her Doctorate Degree in Theology from Jacksonville Theological Seminary in 1996. She has been in the gospel ministry for more than 40 years, and in the interim was ordained an apostle. She embraced Jesus Christ as her Lord and Savior in 1954.
Critically acclaimed Gracias Choir performs in Miami
Group will present free Christmas Cantata
The Gracias Choir was introduced to me by Sarai Trinidad, a media coordinator, and Paul Black who works for International Youth Fellowship (IYF), a nonprofit organization dedicated to the spiritual, intellectual, and emotional growth of young people around the world. Trinidad informed me that "the critically acclaimed Gracias Choir returns to Miami to provide a musical experience unlike any other. This year's Grand prizewinner of the Riva del Garda international Choral Competition in Italy and the winner of the first prize at Montreaux Choral Competition in Switzerland," will present the "Gracias Christmas Cantata."
Eufaula Frazier: 90th birthday to raise funds for students
"A servant to humanity, trailblazer, innovator and visionary," are adjectives used by Akua Scott and others to describe Eufaula S. Frazier. Scott and Liz Collins are co-chair and chair respectively, of a committee preparing to celebrate this Frazier's 90th birthday on Oct. 18 at the Miami Airport Marriott, 1201 NW 42nd Ave. from 7 to 11 p.m.
L.O.V.E. raises violence awareness
L.O.V.E. (Love over Violence and Evil) and S.H.E.A.R., Inc. (Sharing Hope Empowerment and Reaction), both non-profit organizations, have teamed up with Lively Stones for Jesus Ministries and Apostle Dr. Thelma B. Knowles to host the 1st L.O.V.E. Field Day and Music Festival. The event will take place Sat., Nov. 8th from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. at the Betty T. Ferguson Recreational Complex in Miami Gardens.
God doesn't consider gender when his message is at stake
Born in 1953 in Cordele, GA., Emily Moore-Harris says "The next year, "my family relocated to Miami. "I was raised in this city and have lived here all of my life. I My husband James and I have three sons: Adrian, Alvin and Kori. After graduating from Miami Central High School in 1971 she later attended Miami Dade College where she graduated in 1994. She enrolled in Florida International University (FIU) before she graduated from Florida Atlantic University with a degree in psychology.
Queen Mother Nana has 80th birthday and instooled three locals
Queen Mother Boatenma Constance Ekon (Nana) was recently given a grand birthday bash that was attended by several movers and shakers in Miami's Black community. It was standing room only on Aug. 17 at The American Legion Post 29 at 6445 NE 7th Ave. where relatives, politicians, community leaders and citizens came to celebrate her 80th birthday and "instool" three selectees. To instool means to elevate a selected individual from the rank of great standing in their community, city or state, to that of African royalty; usually to the state of "Queen Mother."
Don't let sin hold you hostage
Too many individuals allow their past failures, sins that were purposely plotted, schemed and implemented, and the ones that "just happened" to hold them hostage and keep them from freely serving the Lord. Don't let sin hold you hostage.
A perfect community for imperfect people
In the beginning there was a perfect world. It was created by God and everything in it was excellent. Genesis 1:26-27 tells us all about God's perfect creations. The scripture also says, "Let us make man in our image. After our own likeness, and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over the whole earth, and over every creeping thing that move along the ground. So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them."
Stacey Morrison's final curtain call
'I have fought the good fight, I have finished my course. . .'
Stacey Yvonne Morrison was born to Almarita "Rita" Mackins and the late Ernest Foley Morrison on April 25, 1971 in Miami, FL. While she was young, Morrison excelled in the arts, academics, and athletics. She graduated from Miami Killian Senior High school in 1989. During her senior year, she was voted "Most Athletic" for her achievements in basketball and track and field. She was honored for a mural she painted on the school's courtyard commemorating Black History.
Pastor Murphy: "I want to build God a spiritual and physical house"
Dorthea Murphy was born in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1943. She attended Mays High School but was unable to graduate due to the financial support she had to give to the family. She was obligated to stop school, and help her mother buy food and clothes for her siblings.
Opa-locka student excels at Osceola High School
Kimani "Kiki" Francois is at the top of her game and climbing
Kimani "Kiki" Francois is one extraordinary high school student. Not only is Kimani a high-stellar student at Osceola High school, she excels in extra-curriculum activities also. She was elected Basketball Scholar of the Year for 2012 and 2013; Insurance Of America Scholar for Osceola 2013 and featured in ES3 Magazine; National Honor Society, and featured in the Peabody Hotel Newsletter (Scholar Honors).
Hellanna S. Waiters aims to be pure before God
Hellanna S. Waiters is a poet, spoken word artist and author. She recently completed her book entitled Hellanna's Inspirational Approach: Inspiring you as you journey through life. Her inspiration has come from Maya Angelou. Hellanna said, "I have a passion for writing."
There is a right time for everything
Wisdom properly guides one to apply information to help a person solved a problem or get out of a situation. Getting old does not always provide an individual wisdom. I am sure you know some seniors who have lacked wisdom when they were in certain situations.
A woman of God who loves God's people
Pastor Dr. Willie Di James is the daughter of Mother Evang. Rachel Ross and Brother Willie Daniel James Boston, MA. She is also a loving and devoted mother of Brother Elijah L. James and grandmother of two lovely grandsons, Elijah Jr. and Jakorie James.
The Lord's vision helped Rhodes found Word Counselors Ministries
Dr. Napoleon D. Rhodes Sr., is the International Prelate of the Convention of Covenanting Churches. The organization has churches in the U.S., including Miami, Palm Beach and Riviera Beach. It also has churches in several foreign countries, including the Philippines, Africa, Asia, India and Iran. In 1977, Rhodes says he "followed a vision from the Lord and contacted two of his dearest friends and founded Word Counselors Ministries to help the body of Christ."
Get rid of your excess baggage
When an individual decides to change from worldly living to one with biblical principles, he or she become as what Christians describes as a "new creature," who has received a brand new life. This new life includes different attitudes, desires, ambitions and needs. The transformation may be insidious but there have been cases where all of these characteristics manifest immediately. Some Christians even claim they have experienced a change in appearance after their conversion.
'I have autism but autism does not have me'
David Pedemonte-Forte: From an autistic child to a genius of a man
Because of the prayers, persistence, and patience of a mother, Gloria Pedemonte, a Honduran, who believes there is nothing too hard for God to do, demonstrated through her untiring efforts that what could have been a devastating ending now simply is, "A walking miracle." Her son, David, 28, a native of Miami, is autistic. But people who meet David constantly remark that "He is a genius."
Author is a young adult "hooked on Jesus"
Niger Alford was born in Miami to the late Ella Mae Tyler and Carlton Dixon. She was raised in Brownsville and attended Antioch Missionary Baptist Church in Brownsville. After graduating from Miami Central Senior High School in 2001 she enrolled at Bethune Cookman College (now university) in Daytona Beach. After a year her pursuit of a degree in business administration was interrupted when Alford's mother was diagnosed with cancer and given six months to live. She came back to Miami to be with her mother and enrolled at Florida Memorial University. Alford started
Bishop Burley and Pastor Linda Knowles: United, spiritual team
Couple express purpose in their ministry with the word of truth
The Breakthrough International Christian Center (BICC), 3790 NW 167th. is under the spiritual leadership of Bishop Burley and Pastor Linda Knowles. They said, "Our responsibilities are to first, "rightly divide the word of truth, and secondly, to help others tap into their purpose for being on this earth."
Educator returning home with innovative program
Donna Grant brings Red Bear to her community after retirement
Donna Grant was born in Tampa and came to Miami with her parents when she was 3 years old. A graduate of Overtown's historic Booker T. Washington Senior High School in 1966, Grant obtained a Master's Degree in Education from Florida Agricultural & Mechanical University (FAMU) in 1970. "I knew as a teenager that I wanted to be fully prepared to be the best I could be in the field of education. I went on to earn a Ph.D in Educational Leadership from Union Institute & University in 1998."
Service at new address for Mt. Tabor
Last Sunday was very hot and sweltering, but in spite of the heat, hundreds of individuals came, from far and near, gathered on the 7th Avenue Corridor, to dedicate Mount Tabor Baptist Church's new sanctuary at 10500 NW 7th Ave. They all wanted to be a part of Miami-Dade County's religious community's history.
Glory Temple Ministries' aim: To address spiritual, physical needs of members
Former Pastor Franklyn and Reverend Ronae Cambridge organized the Glory Temple Ministries Church in the living room of their Miramar home in 2000. The following year, they moved the church to 7950 NW 22nd Ave. in Miami. In 2011, Cambridge retired, became pastor emeritus, and elevated Ronae to the senior pastor position. She is also the director of their Outreach Ministries, which includes: the soup kitchen, and food pantry which serves senior citizens, the disabled, those living with HIV/AIDS, children and families.
Freelance writer publishes book
"Promises of God for His Citizens" by Gigi Tinsley
I recently authored a book, Promises of God for His Citizens Part I and I am ecstatic about how it is is being received by those who have had the pleasure of reading it.. The Prelate Bishop Napoleon D. Rhodes of the Convention of Covenanting Churches (3-CCCs) of Cerritos, Calif. hosted my book signing at their 15th annual Holy Convocation held in Anaheim, Calif. July 16-20. The book is currently being considered as a resource book for religious schools and a text book for Bible studies.
Salters still love each other after 53 years of marriage
Robert, the son of Addie and Daniel Salter and Mildred, the daughter of Mary Lizzie and Willie Albert Thomas met at Oconee Junior/ Senior High school in Dublin, GA. Robert took Mildred to the Junior and Senior Prom in 1955 and 1957. They are both only children. They married on July 1, 1961 by Rev. Fields, the pastor of Faith Temple Apostolic Church. He was asked not to tell anyone about their marriage. At that time, Robert, 22, was still living at home but Robert had not told his parents about their plans to get married. Mildred was 21 years-old and she too remained at her parents' home with their secret.
James Brown biopic hits home for one Miami daughter
Legendary performer and the "Godfather of Soul" James Brown left to the world more than dance moves and music.
Book Review: By Rochelle's Bedside
Rochelle's Bedside is a book written by a young lady, Levita Lynn Jones. She is a wife, mother and an ordained minister of the gospel, who sincerely believes that she is to do what God instructs her to do, without reservations. She was instructed by God to "go and pray for Rochelle." A young lady she had never met before and she did as instructed, more than 10 years ago.
Pitfalls that pastors should avoid
Five rules that are helpful for religious leaders
Christian pastors are known for being kind and caring to their congregations while uplifting them with inspiring messages. But while goodness and compassion are standard among the clergy, controversy and scandal are not infrequent in the lives of religious leaders.
Michael Davis was led by his mother into a life of service
Pastor Millie Richardson was a great example for her son
Pastor Michael C. Davis is a native of Miami-Dade County. He received his formal education from the Miami-Dade County Public School System and graduated fromMiami Central Senior High. After graduating from Miami Central and later, General Motors Technical School in North Miami Beach, Davis worked for Braman Cadillac, Miami Lincoln Mercury, and Hertz Rental in Ft. Lauderdale.
Staying together: Local couple eloped 63 years ago
As a young teen, Timothy Mingo did not have the blessing of his now-wife's father
When Timothy "Tim" Mingo, 20, the son of George and Marie Mingo saw Catherine Clark, the 17-year-old daughter of Daisy and Fred Clark, for the first time "it was love at first sight." The couple met in 1946 at Homerville Elementary and Senior High School in Homerville, GA., located exactly 84 miles from the center of 15 major cities, including Thomasville, GA, Lake City and Jacksonville, FL.
Pastors' directive: Move forward, don't look back
Scripture teaches us to follow God's word with faith
The His Extended Hands Ministries was conceived in the heart of Pastor Desmond and co-pastor Edna Rivers in the early part of 1995. After struggling with that idea for about a year, Desmond informed their former pastor, Rev. Carl Johnson, the spiritual leader of The Community 93rd Street Baptist Church, of what God had placed in his heart. Johnson encouraged him 'to follow the Lord.'
The Clarks 64 years and counting
Family and friends will celebrate July 4
Mattie Jordan, 81, the lovely daughter of Gertrude P. and Robert Jordan, was only 17 years-old, when she fell in love with the tall, dark and handsome, 25 years-old Jimmie, the son of Minnie and Isaac Clark. They fell in love at a church they both attended in Vienna, Dooley County, GA.
Young pastors serving God in word, songs and deeds
The Westons want "to seek, find, and help save the lost"
Michael S. Weston was born to Doris Rahming and Booker T. Weston in Deerfield Beach, Florida. He was raised and educated there, and is a graduate of Zion Lutheran Senior High School. Weston matriculated at Florida Memorial University in Miami for two years, but is a graduate of Harvest Reapers International School of Ministries (HRIS) at 600 S.W. 27th Ave. in Ft. Lauderdale. There are three HRIS. He is a Licensed Life Coach and Christian (Family) Counselor.
Faith Center opens apartment complex
Building in the heart of Liberty City will provide low-income housing to veterans, those with special needs
The three-story apartment building at 6020 NW 13th Ave. in Liberty City has been transformed from a rundown eyesore to a beautiful desert sand, terra-cotta colored complex. The courtyard has been paved and painted black, six patio tables with large umbrellas are strategically placed in the courtyard and in the center on the pavement, there is a large circle bordered with white that has in its the center the words "Jesus Christ."
Harvest Reapers Int'l school hosts open house
Before 12 p.m. on Saturday, June 7, prospective students of Harvest Reapers International School's newest location at 2387 N.W. 54th St., were busy filling out application forms, as others hurried to be in the building at the scheduled starting time of 12 p.m.
Opa-locka annexation rejected
City would have gained millions of tax dollars
Miami-Dade's Planning and Advisory Board last week rejected Opa-locka's plan to annex an area that includes Miami-Dade College's North Campus, after hearing intense opposition to the plan during a heated community meeting. The decisio
Pastor Willie and Lucille Smith married 54 years
The Smiths believe: Children must be trained to love and serve the Lord
The Smiths believe that "a full quiver of children is a blessing from God." They filled their home with eight. They are the "God-fearing" parents of eight — two boys and six girls — four are ministers: Pastor Gale Smith Wilcox, Apostle Willie, Jr., Palatka, FL, David, co-pastor and Minister Linda are both serving at Mt. Olive Fire Baptized Holiness Church with their father at 8400 N.W. 22nd Ave.


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The Greeter - Laguna Beach Statue
unique California > next
Greeter Statue in Laguna Beach commemorates the city's greeter, Eiler Larsen. The statue is located at the old Pottery Shack location near the corner of Brooks and Pacific Coast Highway.
There are two statues commemorating the Greeter, a bearded character named Eiler Larsen, who died in 1979. The more visible statue of the friendly ambassador to the beach is an oversized, happy piece of art located in front of the old Pottery Shack thatt's been converted into an arts and entertainment center with galleries, restaurants and other shops. Some of California fun statues, museums and attractions fall under the category of Crazy California, and we think this statue is a member of that club.
Eiler Larsen used to stand at the corner of Pacific Coast Highway and Forest Avenue, waving to the cars passing by, or greeting folks as they strolled along the sidewalks of then, slower-paced Laguna Beach. 'Hello there,' he used to say. This thin Dane with a tall stature was clad in plaid shirts and blue coveralls. Looking a bit scruffy or out of place by today's standards, some even then thought him to be a kook or nutcase.
You never know how your gestures will be received, but the Greeter left fond memories. Each city really needs a greater who's nice and doesn't scare people. Larsen was considered to be just that kind of guy. With shoulder-length hair and a gray beard, in another costume he may have passed for Santa Claus. As he aged, he began looking weathered and less animated. Those who remember his deeds recall that he liked to be outdoors at the beach, and would do gardening for some residents of Laguna. The city council proclaimed Larsen the official Greeter and with that act, he'll long be remembered by a big statue that some have no idea what it's about. In fact, there aren't many left who remember the Greeter on a personal basis. But the moral is that an act of kindness can be remembered longer than name of most mayors of the city of Laguna Beach. If you leave something behind, make it something that leaves a smile for others to enjoy. The Greeter did just that.
Laguna Beach Greeter statues commemorating Eilar Larsen are located at:
Greeters Corner Restaurant & Pottery Shack
329 South Coast Highway, Laguna Beach, California1212 South Coast Highway, Laguna Beach, California


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Genre/Form: | Oral histories |
Named Person: | Richard A Martinez; Tom Bradley; Willie L Brown; Gloria Molina; Raúl Ruiz; Richard Santillan; Art Torres; Estebán Torres |
Material Type: | Manuscript |
Document Type: | Book, Archival Material |
All Authors / Contributors: |
Richard A Martinez; Carlos Vásquez; University of California, Los Angeles. Oral History Program.; State Government Oral History Program (Calif.) |
OCLC Number: | 25956785 |
Notes: | Transcript of a five-and-a-quarter hour interview completed under the auspices of the Oral History Program, University of California, Los Angeles and the California State Archives, State Government Oral History Program. |
Description: | iii, 254 leaves, bound ; 28 cm |
Responsibility: | by Carlos Vásquez. |
Martinez discusses his early life and education in Los Angeles, service in the National Guard during the Watts rebellion of 1965, and his growing involvement in activist organizations. The interview focuses particularly on Martinez's observations of the 1970 and 1980 California reapportionment efforts among Mexican Americans.
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Related Subjects:(21)
- Martinez, Richard A., -- 1943-
- Bradley, Tom, -- 1917-1998.
- Brown, Willie L.
- Molina, Gloria.
- Ruiz, Raúl.
- Santillan, Richard.
- Torres, Art.
- Torres, Estebán.
- Movimiento Estudiantíl Chicano de Aztlán.
- East Los Angeles Community Union.
- Raza Unida Party (U.S.)
- Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund.
- Californios for Fair Representation.
- Southwest Voter Registration Education Project (U.S.)
- Rose Institute of State and Local Government.
- United Neighborhood Organization.
- Community organization -- California.
- Mexican Americans -- Political activity -- California.
- Mexican Americans -- California -- Politics and suffrage.
- Mexican Americans -- Texas -- Politics and suffrage.
- Apportionment (Election law) -- California.


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T-CLOCS | Tires, Controls, Lights, Oil, Chassis and Sidestand (motorcycles) |
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Obscene in the Extreme The Burning and Banning of John Steinbeck's the Grapes of Wrath by Rick Wartzman Hardcover, 308 pages Describes how, after its publication in 1939 and then becoming the nation's best-selling book, a great conflict arose in Kern County, California, as a giant cotton grower and a determined librarian went head-to-head over the issue of censorship with public burnings of this masterpiece at center stage. 'Grapes Of Wrath' And The Politics of Book Burning
The Big Sort Why the Clustering of Like-Minded America Is Tearing Us Apart by Robert G. Cushing and Bill Bishop Hardcover, 370 pages Drawing on research and demographic data, a noted journalist reveals how Americans have been sorting themselves into homogeneous communities over the past three decades, and analyzes the implications of this way-of-life segregation in terms of the cultural, political, and ideological divisiveness and polarization that exists in America today. Housing Slump Has Americans Moving Less Politics: It's All In What You Hear
Speaking Treason Fluently Anti-Racist Reflections from an Angry White Male by Tim Wise Paperback, 359 pages Presents a collection of essays that cover the topics of white privilege, racism, and responsibility in the United States. Tim Wise: 'This Is Your Nation On White Privilege'
The Ayatollah Begs to Differ The Paradox of Modern Iran by Hooman Majd Hardcover, 272 pages The son of an Iranian diplomat and grandson of an ayatollah who grew up in exile offers an insightful study of the economic, political, and social forces that underly the vast paradoxes in Iranian character, examining Iran as a Muslim, Shiite, and Persian country and sharing the real-life people and diverse voices behind the modern-day nation. 50,000 first printing. Challenging The Stereotypes Of Modern Iran Hooman Majd, Considering The Iranian 'Paradox'
The Anglo Files A Field Guide to the British by Sarah Lyall Hardcover, 289 pages Dispatches from the new Britain: a slyly funny and compulsively readable portrait of a nation finally refurbished for the twenty-first century. 'The Anglo Files: A Field Guide To The British'
The Hemingses of Monticello An American Family by Annette Gordon-Reed Hardcover, 798 pages Traces the history of the Hemings family from its origins in early eighteenth-century Virginia to its dispersal after Jefferson's death in 1826, in an account that describes their family ties to the third president against a backdrop of Revolutionary America and the French Revolution. 70,000 first printing. Listen To The 2008 National Book Award Winners 'Monticello' Tells Untold Story Of Sally Hemings
The Beat of Urban Art The Art of Justin Bua by Justin Bua Hardcover, 155 pages An artist best known for his creation of the best-selling college dorm poster, "The DJ," showcases his most significant artistic achievements while presenting a biographical narrative that offers insight into the hip-hop, graffiti, and classical art influences on his work. Justin Bua Chronicles 'Beat Of Urban Art'
High Wire The Precarious Financial Lives of American Families by Peter Gosselin Hardcover, 374 pages The U.S. economy has had 25 years of some of the strongest, smoothest growth in its history—economists have even named it: "the Great Moderation." So why have so many of us arrived at the new century with a gnawing sense that events are moving against our families and ourselves? Drawing on interviews with hundreds of Americans and new statistics he developed, economics journalist Gosselin traces a quarter-century shift of economic risk from the broad shoulders of business and government to the backs of working people, a shift that has shaken the pillars of most families' lives—stable jobs, solid benefits, government protections. The change means that the benefits of growth come at greater peril, and your financial fall will be steeper if you stumble. This threat to working Americans' security—and what to do about it—is a pressing concern to economists, policy-makers, and everyone who works for a living.—From publisher description. U.S. Finances Precariously Perched On A 'High Wire'
The Forever War by Dexter Filkins Hardcover, 368 pages Provides a firsthand account of the battle against Islamic fundamentalism, from the rise of the Taliban in the 1990s, to the terrorist attacks of 9/11, to the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, offering a study of the people involved from all sides of the conflict. Increasing Dangers For Reporters In Afghanistan Excerpt: 'The Forever War' Dexter Filkins: No End In Sight In Afghanistan
How Does It Feel to Be a Problem? Being Young and Arab in America by Moustafa Bayoumi Hardcover, 290 pages A study of the Arab- and Muslim-American experience as reflected in the lives of seven young men and women in Brooklyn evaluates their encounters with prejudice and their relationships with friends and family members in the Middle East. Being Young And Arab In Post-Sept. 11 America Many Arab-Americans Still Perceived As A 'Problem'
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Start by marking "Do I Need It? or Do I Want It?: Making Budget Choices" as Want to Read:
Do I Need It? or Do I Want It?: Making Budget Choices
Do You plan how much money you'll use to buy candy? or how much you'll save for a new video game? Then you're budgeting! A budget is a plan for spending and saving. Budgets help people decide how to use their money wisely. What do you want? And how can you make a budget? Read this book to find out.
Learn all about how we earn, spend, and save in the Exploring Economics seri
...morePaperback, 32 pages
February 1st 2010
by Lerner Classroom
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Community Reviews
Aug 06, 2013
rated it
3 of 5 stars
Recommends it for:
older children and parents reading with them
This is an informative, but not overwhelmingly engaging book about spending and explaining needs and wants. The font is big and the narrative is short, and there are many colorful photographs, but I couldn't help but think that the book should engage the reader more, by perhaps challenging them or asking more questions. I did this on my own; we discussed the topics and personalized the goals as we read the book. We have already established habit patterns of creating four pots of money - long-ter
Great resource for many economics lessons such as wants vs needs, allowances, budgets, saving and spending, and goods and services. This is an important concept for young readers to learn so it could be used for K-1 grade but also would be a good reminder for older students when introducing the topics of economics or government.
Great resource for many economics lessons such as wants vs needs, allowances, budgets, saving and spending, and goods and services. Easy read that's geared towards developing readers, but will be good for intermediate introductions as well.
Good introduction to saving money, creating a budget and wants vs. needs.
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