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688. wayfaringstranger
4:50 PM GMT on July 20, 2010Dookie, lovin the squirell. Can you send that pic? |
By: Dr. Jeff Masters , 1:31 PM GMT on July 20, 2010
A tropical wave (Invest 97L) near the east coast of Puerto Rico has become more organized overnight and is a threat to develop into a tropical depression as early as Wednesday. The disturbance has brought heavy rains of 8+ inches to Culebra and Vieques islands over the past day (Figure 1), and all of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are under flash flood watches today. The storm could bring an additional 3 - 6 inches of rain to the islands over the next two days. The upper level low centered a few hundred miles north of the Dominican Republic is no longer bringing high levels of wind shear to 97L; wind shear has fallen to the moderate range, 10 - 20 knots, which may allow 97L to continue to develop today. Satellite images of 97L show a moderate area of disorganized thunderstorms, but no signs of a surface circulation, no low-level spiral banding, and no upper-level outflow. There is a large amount of dry air to the northwest of Puerto Rico that will interfere with development of 97L. Surface observations show only light winds over Puerto Rico, with no signs of a surface circulation. The Hurricane Hunters are on call to investigate 97L this afternoon, if necessary.
Figure 1. Total radar-estimated rainfall from Invest 97L.
Forecast for 97L
The storm is in a fairly straightforward steering current environment, and 97L should progress steadily to the west-northwest through Saturday. The rains from 97L's thunderstorms will bring the threat of flooding to the Dominican Republic today and Wednesday, and to Haiti on Wednesday and Thursday. Heavy rains from 97L will begin moving into eastern Cuba, the Turks and Caicos Islands, and the eastern Bahamas on Wednesday, and South Florida can expect heavy rains to arrive as early as Thursday night. We do have several models developing 97L into a tropical depression or tropical storm. The GFS and HWRF both take 97L to tropical storm status over the Bahamas by Thursday, with the storm then tracking over South Florida on Friday and entering the Gulf of Mexico on Saturday. The NOGAPS is similar, but portrays a weaker system. All of these models foresee a threat to the oil spill region by Saturday night or Sunday, with the storm making a second landfall somewhere between the Florida Panhandle and Louisiana. One factor potentially aiding the storm will be the Madden-Julian oscillation, which currently favors upward motion over the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean. The Madden-Julian oscillation is a pattern of enhanced rainfall that travels along the Equator from west to east. The pattern has a wet phase with large-scale rising air and enhanced thunderstorm activity, followed by a dry phase with large-scale sinking air and suppressed thunderstorm activity. Each cycle lasts approximately 30 - 60 days. When the Madden-Julian oscillation is in its wet phase over a hurricane-prone region, the chances for tropical storm activity are greatly increased. Also in favor of development are the warm ocean temperatures of 29°C. The SHIPS model predicts shear will remain moderate, 10 - 20 knots, over the next 4 - 5 days, and I believe the primary detriment to development of 97L over the next two days will be the presence of dry, stable air in its path over the Bahamas, thanks to the upper-level low to the north of the Dominican Republic. NHC is giving 97L a 40% chance of developing into a tropical depression by Thursday, which is a reasonable forecast. I think there is a 60% chance 97L will eventually become Tropical Storm Bonnie, sometime in the next five days. Sudden rapid development today or on Wednesday is unlikely, due to the dry air over the Bahamas, and I put the odds of 97L making it to hurricane strength before reaching Florida at 10%. There is a better chance that 97L could attain hurricane strength in the Gulf of Mexico, perhaps 20%. These probabilities will depend heavily upon how long 97L (or Bonnie) spends over land or interacting with land over the next four days, which is very uncertain.
Time to cut the forecast numbers for the coming hurricane season?
Here are the number of Atlantic named storms, hurricanes, and intense hurricanes predicted by the various forecast groups in their late May or early June forecasts:
23 named storms: PSU statistical model
20 named storms: UKMET GloSea dynamical model
18.5 named storms, 11 hurricanes, 5 major hurricanes: NOAA hybrid statistical/dynamical model technique
18 named storms, 10 hurricanes, 5 intense hurricanes: CSU statistical model (Phil Klotzbach/Bill Gray)
17.7 named storms, 9.5 hurricanes, 4.4 intense hurricanes: Tropical Storm Risk (TSR), hybrid statistical/dynamical model technique (Note: TSR increased their numbers to 19.1, 10.4, and 4.8 with their July 6 forecast)
17 named storms, 10 hurricanes: FSU dynamical model
10 named storms, 6 hurricanes, 2 intense hurricanes: climatology
The group forecasting the lowest activity was the Florida State University group led by Dr. Tim LaRow. They use a new dynamical forecast model called COAPS, which is funded by a 5-year, $6.2 million grant from NOAA. This year's June forecast by the COAPS model called for 17 named storms and 10 hurricanes. However, Dr. LaRow emailed me yesterday to say that the COAPS model is now calling for reduced activity. Using the state of the atmosphere and ocean as of July 15, a new run of the COAPS model was performed over the weekend. The new forecast is now calling for two fewer hurricanes--a total of 15 named storms and 8 hurricanes (including Alex.) The COAPS model generated an "ensemble" of five different forecasts, done by varying the initial sea surface temperatures by a few percent at the beginning of the model run. These five forecasts came up with a range of 12 - 16 named storms (including Alex), and 7 - 10 hurricanes. It will be interesting to see when CSU issues its August 4 forecast if they also cut their numbers. With only one named storm (Alex) thus far this year, it's getting pretty hard to have a season with 19 or 20 named storms. Only four hurricane seasons since 1851 have had as many as nineteen named storms. These four seasons--1887, 1933, 1995, and 2005--all had at least three named storms by July 20.
"Hurricane Haven" airing again this afternoon
Tune into another airing of my live Internet radio show, "Hurricane Haven", at 4pm EDT today. Listeners will be able to call in and ask questions. The call in number is 415-983-2634, or you can post a question in the comments area on my blog during the show. You can also email the questions to me today before the show: email@example.com. Be sure to include "Hurricane Haven question" in the subject line. Some topics I'll cover today on the show:
1) Invest 97
2) A look ahead at the coming two weeks
Today's show will be about 45 minutes, and you can tune in at http://www.wunderground.com/wxradio/wubroadcast.h tml. The show will be recorded and stored as a podcast.
Jeff Masters
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Dookie, lovin the squirell. Can you send that pic? |
Quoting MiamiHurricanes09: It's called the "Gulf Stream" |
Quoting gator23:Ehhh, I'm not thinking that far north. Looking at steering this looks like it will be a southern Florida event. However, this can change very quickly. |
Quoting wayfaringstranger: Been seeing it...waiting for lower level circulation and veertical alignment... Breathe, relax and wait... |
A G-4 Sniff is in the Cue.. FLIGHT TWO -- NOAA 49 A. 22/0000Z B. NOAA9 02BBA SURV C. 21/1730Z D. NA E. NA F. 41,000 TO 45,000 FT |
Quoting jurakantaino: good observation Jurak. Im a believer. |
Quoting CaribbeanIslandStorm:its heading into high octane it will purrr like a kitty |
Plan of the Day 000 NOUS42 KNHC 201445 WEATHER RECONNAISSANCE FLIGHTS CARCAH, NATIONAL HURRICANE CENTER, MIAMI, FL. 1045 AM EDT TUE 20 JULY 2010 SUBJECT: TROPICAL CYCLONE PLAN OF THE DAY (TCPOD) VALID 21/1100Z TO 22/1100Z JULY 2010 TCPOD NUMBER.....10-050 I. ATLANTIC REQUIREMENTS 1. SUSPECT AREA (NORTH OF HISPANIOLA) FLIGHT ONE -- TEAL 70 A. 21/1800Z B. AFXXX 01BBA INVEST C. 21/1400Z D. 21.0N 70.0W E. 21/1700Z TO 21/2100Z F. SFC TO 10,000 FT FLIGHT TWO -- NOAA 49 A. 22/0000Z B. NOAA9 02BBA SURV C. 21/1730Z D. NA E. NA F. 41,000 TO 45,000 FT FLIGHT THREE -- TEAL 71 A. 22/0600Z, 1200Z B. AFXXX 0303A CYCLONE C. 22/0400Z D. 22.0N 72.0W E. 22/0500Z TO 22/1200Z F. SFC TO 15,000 FT 2. SUCCEEDING DAY OUTLOOK: CONTINUE 6-HRLY FIXES IF SYSTEM REMAINS A THREAT. A POSSIBLE G-IV MISSION FOR 23/0000Z. |
Quoting unf97:Exactly. |
Why does WU always show the SHIPS intensity on the main page summary graph with the models? It seems like the forecast intensity is highest for SHIPS at least early in development. For 97L, Dr.M gives fairly low percentage to become a hurricane, but the main page plot makes it seem like a certainty. |
Quoting connie1976: Very real possibility, albeit low at this time. Keep tabs next 24 hours, it will be the tell tale. |
Quoting MiamiHurricanes09: hey Miami, Miami-Dade doesnt look like it will take a direct hit, looks more Palm Beach maybe Melbourne? |
Quoting connie1976: Watch and be ready.. No Guidance as of now develops a Hurricane till 3 days out. So stay informed. Ignore rumor |
Quoting MiamiHurricanes09: Right. We just need to watch it consolidate more and its forward speed. All of this we should have a clearer understanding of hopefully in the next 24 hours or so once the LLC fully develops. |
Quoting connie1976: very possible. atleast a strong TS impacting south central Florida satpm-sun as of right now. |
Quoting connie1976:Monitor the situation. I think there is a good chance for a minimal hurricane as it has many things going in its favor with the exception of dry air. Hot SSTs and a favorable upper level environment will really help 97L when it's over the Bahamas. |
Quoting CaribbeanIslandStorm: The vorticity is not focused east of PR. Probably just a mid-level circulation of some kind, if there is one there at all. |
I apologize to my fellow PB County residents...I have jinxed us. Before looking at the tropics, I filled my pool this morning because we haven't had rain in so long. Nothing guarantees copious amounts of rain like filling your pool. My bad! :( |
Quoting StormW:i think its to knock on someones front door |
....ok....I live in South Florida next to the everglades....is this something people are exaggerating....or is there really a possibility that this could be a hurricane that visits South Florida? |
Quoting CaribbeanIslandStorm:97L only has 1 center that is near the eastern tip of the Dominican Republic. Here in Miami we really aren't watching it at this point, if and when 97L becomes Bonnie is when we will pay a little more attention to it. |
Quoting StormSurgeon: Not a track I'm liking at all, I'm South of IKE along the coast in Fort Walton Beach right about where that Hoopdy Loop of yours makes it's second landfall! Good thing it's early and it will most likely change! |
Quoting TropicalNonsense:Looks is going paralleling the north coast of PR, once it reaches the hot mona canal it will intensify, historically that's what happened with most Puerto Rican storms. Not a scientific source, just previous experiences. |
Quoting CosmicEvents: Precisely. Might even save a life or two. :) Completely agree with this thinking. I just don't agree with the mindset or budgeting that doesn't exhaust all available resources an opportunities to create as much awareness and preparedness caution as possible. |
I think that invest 97 has some serious organization issues, there seems to be several centers forming, one right off the east coast of puerto rico and another about 175 miles north of the island. Will it be a depression soon? Maybe some time thursday or friday, i think SE florida needs to keep an eye on it. |
starting to see upper level rotation now? |
Quoting unf97:Late Wednesday or early Thursday. Doesn't matter right now. |
im sorry , didnt say i was the best speller, lol |
What are the possibilities (%) that this becomes a hurricane 1 within 36 hrs? Possibility of three hurricanes by Saturday? |
Don't get me started, but it should have been RED last night. Certainly today. As the models continue to verify, just with the passage of time, we'll have RED this evening. Then it's in the "official" 48 hour window. . . The thing is, we have a system where there's near 100% agreement amongst the models of at least a small TS hitting somewhere from Cuba up to south central Florida in 4 days. Shouldn't the people get that RED alert right now. The sooner the better. RED does not mean Cat5. It simply signifies that there's a good probability of a TD. If somebody needs to trim their trees, or pick up supplies, what's wrong with giving them an extra day instead of going by the official COLOR book? |
I counted 38 points on the TCFA checklist, I was being far from conservative though. |
NEXRAD Radar San Juan, Base Reflectivity 0.50 Degree Elevation Range 124 NMI |
NWS Radar shows 97L very clearly trying to wind up. |
I really hope that at worse 97L is a "shot across the bow" for florida, and will hopefully get some folks moving if they have not already done so for the season. Regardless of where they live on the coast. I have been building my kit for years now, it is pretty extensive and almost everything I had laid in was used during or after Ike sent his kid over to tear up my house. :) |
Quoting P451:Agree it hasn't move much since last night and its been consolidating but interaction with land has kept it in check. I've live in PR and the eastern parts, including Vieques and Culebra have been pound with *8 TO 10 inches of rain so far. |
Quoting MiamiHurricanes09: If 97L is designated as a TD in the next 24 hours, the earliest NHC would post watches for portions of South FL coast would be sometime on Thursday. |
We are becoming pros at this (shrugg)Quoting Ameister12: |
Quoting StormW:why? thanks in advance:) |
Quoting DestinJeff: My Left hand is sprained from a Lil incident with my Stairs this am. Ice and meds. |
97l is joining forces with the blob that was south this am and getting larger in size now you can see it on the vis |


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Video – Sepulchre Marks Beginning, Fr J Lawrence – ADWM #73
Friday, June 7th, 2013
Ave Maria! "May the sepulchre mark a beginning, not an end": Homily by Fr J Lawrence. A Day With Mary Pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem. Ave Maria! +++ |


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Why Technological Spillovers elude Developing Countries A Dynamic Non-linear Model
This paper attempts to theoretically understand the process of catching-up or falling behind particularly within the context of developing countries. The main aim of the paper consists in investigating the impact of domestic innovation, via its interaction with the learning capability, on the technology gap of an economy. More specifically, we seek to shed some light on why the tendency for poor countries to fall further behind, despite efforts to improve their learning capabilities, appears pervasive. Our analysis is based on a simple model of technology gap elaborated by Verspagen (1991). We find that domestic innovation, a critical component for the development of an absorptive capacity, is a significant determinant of whether an economy catches-up or falls further behind.
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Date of creation: | 2006 |
Date of revision: | |
Handle: | RePEc:aal:abbswp:06-02 |
Contact details of provider: | Web page: http://www.druid.dk/ |
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Nelson, Richard R. & Pack, Howard, 1998.
"The Asian miracle and modern growth theory,"
Policy Research Working Paper Series
1881, The World Bank.
- Nelson, Richard R & Pack, Howard, 1999. "The Asian Miracle and Modern Growth Theory," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 109(457), pages 416-36, July.
- Klenow, Peter J. & Rodriguez-Clare, Andres, 2005.
"Externalities and Growth,"
Handbook of Economic Growth,
in: Philippe Aghion & Steven Durlauf (ed.), Handbook of Economic Growth, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 11, pages 817-861
- Peter J. Klenow & Andres Rodriguez-Clare, 2004. "Externalities and Growth," NBER Working Papers 11009, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Lucas, Robert Jr., 1988. "On the mechanics of economic development," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 22(1), pages 3-42, July.
- Fagerberg, Jan, 1987.
"A technology gap approach to why growth rates differ,"
Research Policy,
Elsevier, vol. 16(2-4), pages 87-99, August.
- Jan Fagerberg, 1987. "A technology gap approach to why growth rates differ," Working Papers Archives 1987002, Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture, University of Oslo.
- Paul M Romer, 1999.
"Endogenous Technological Change,"
Levine's Working Paper Archive
2135, David K. Levine.
- Romer, Paul M, 1990. "Endogenous Technological Change," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 98(5), pages S71-102, October.
- Paul Romer, 1989. "Endogenous Technological Change," NBER Working Papers 3210, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Jan Fagerberg & Martin Srholec & Bart Verspagen, 2009.
"Innovation and Economic Development,"
Working Papers on Innovation Studies
20090723, Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture, University of Oslo, revised Oct 2009.
- Fagerberg, Jan & Srholec, Martin & Verspagen, Bart, 2009. "Innovation and Economic Development," MERIT Working Papers 032, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT).
- Devarajan, Shantayanan & Easterley, William R. & Pack, Howard, 2001. "Is investment in Africa too low or too high : macro and micro evidence," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2519, The World Bank.
- Abramovitz, Moses, 1986. "Catching Up, Forging Ahead, and Falling Behind," The Journal of Economic History, Cambridge University Press, vol. 46(02), pages 385-406, June.
- Baumol, William J & Wolff, Edward N, 1988. "Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: Reply," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 78(5), pages 1155-59, December.
- Frank Lichtenberg & Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, 1996. "International R&D Spillovers: A Re-Examination," NBER Working Papers 5668, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Jones, Charles I, 1995. "R&D-Based Models of Economic Growth," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 103(4), pages 759-84, August.
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Room Share for 250
addlestone- Date wanted
- 01 Jan 2012
- Posted
- 1172 days ago
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California Christian College
4881 E University Ave Fresno, CA 93703
(559) 251-4215
| www.calchristiancollege.org
California Christian College is a university in Fresno, CA.
The school is on the semester calendar system.
There are 30 undergraduate students at California Christian College.
The freshman class has 8 students.
There is an admittance rate of 100% to California Christian College and 100% of those admitted students attend the school.
The school has its own library and participates in Title IV federal financial aid programs for those who qualify.more
Student Tuition and Financial Aid
Tuition and fees | $7,420 |
Total price for out-of-state students living on campus | $16,083 |
Total price for in-state students living on campus | $16,083 |
Percentage receiving any financial aid | 67% |
Average amount of student loan aid received | $8,250 |


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US 4091762 A Abstract An audible vibratory biased reed assembly having the properties of being activated or commencing vibration upon being subjected to a predetermined energy level. This assembly utilizes a straight, flat, elongated, closed or clapping reed, to produce a clatter or buzzing sound, with the reed being biased through application of a bias force to one edge to distort its flatness adjacent its free extremity. The bias force is applied by an angular transverse bridge which substantially triples the frequency of the mechanical clatter.
Claims(22) 1. An audible vibratory reed assembly including a housing, a plate-like member having an aperture passing there-through forming a wall of at least one chamber in said housing, a flat reed having elongated side edges and fixed at one narrow end to said plate-like member, the plane of said reed at its fixed end forming an acute angle with the plane of said plate-like member and defining a normal state of rest, said reed adapted to cover a substantial portion of said aperture with its free extension when activated to vibrate by a pressure differential on opposite sides of said plate-like member and means spaced from said fixed one end and adapted to engage a point along one elongated edge of said reed for biasing said reed by angularly distorting said reed from its normal state of rest.
2. A device of the type claimed in claim 1 wherein said biasing means includes a bridging member supported in spaced relation above said plate-like member and extending transversely thereof, said bridging member provides a surface positioned above said reed and in opposition thereto, said surface being angularly disposed relative to the plane of said plate-like member and contacting one elongated edge of said reed at the low point of said surface and spaced from said reed at the high point of said surface when said reed is in its unactivated condition, said reed when activated bending adjacent its fixed end to strike said plate-like member and thence springing upwardly to first strike the low point of said bridge surface and then twisting along its length to strike the high point of said surface whereby the normal clatter of said reed is tripled.
3. A device of the type claimed in claim 2 wherein said plate-like member includes orienting means spaced from said aperture adapted to cooperate with the fixed end of said reed and locate the free extremity of said reed in a predetermined angular relationship to said apertured plate-like member.
4. A device of the type claimed in claim 3 wherein said means for orienting said reed include an angularly disposed portion of said plate-like reused in relation to the remainder of the adjacent surface of said plate-like member, at least one locating post extending upwardly from the angularly disposed surface of said plate-like member and means integral with said reed for locating said reed relative to said post and said angularly disposed surface.
5. A device of the type claimed in claim 4 wherein said plate-like member includes three upstanding post members positioned transversely in spaced relation to one another to establish the final positioning of said reed, said reed including notches adjacent its edges cooperating with two of said posts and a central aperture accepting the central third post there through, fastening means cooperating with said central post for retaining said reed in juxtaposition to said angularly disposed portion of said surface.
6. A device of the type claimed in claim 5 wherein said reed includes resilient finger means extending into said notches for engaging one side of each post and drawing the notch into firm engagement with the opposite side of said post for positively locating and positioning said reed relative thereto and as an incident thereof orienting said reed in a predetermined position relative to the aperture in said plate-like member.
7. A device of the type claimed in claim 2 wherein means are provided for exerting differential of pressure on opposite sides of said reed to cause said reed to vibrate when a predetermined plateau of pressure differential is reached consonant with the bias applied to said resilient reed.
8. A device of the type claimed in claim 7 wherein said means for providing a differential in pressure on opposite sides of said reed includes a chamber on each side of said reed substantially sealed from one another except for the aperture in said plate-like member.
9. A device of the type claimed in claim 2 wherein said briding member is an independent secondary element secured to said plate-like member.
10. A device of the type claimed in claim 2 wherein said bridge is integral with said plate-like member and extends between opposite sides of said aperture.
11. A differential pressure signal device including a housing, an apertured plate-like member dividing said housing into two chambers, apertured means in said housing for exposing one chamber to ambient pressure, means connecting the second chamber to a pressure source lower than said ambient pressure thereby creating a differential in pressure between said two chambers, a resilient elongated flat reed fixed at one end to said plate-like member and adapted to overlie the aperture therein, the plane of said reed at its fixed end forming an acute angle with the plane of said plate-like member and defining a normal state of rest, means positioned relative to said plate-like member and in engagement with one elongated side edge of said reed at a point spaced from the point said reed is fastened to said plate-like member, said latter means biasing said reed from its normal state of rest whereby said reed will vibrate only upon the application of a predetermined differential in pressure between said two chambers.
12. A device of the type claimed in claim 11 wherein said biasing means includes a bridging member extending transversely of said reed and substantially fixed relative to the surface of said plate-like member and engaging one edge of said reed adjacent the surface of said reed opposite the surface facing said apertured plate-like member.
13. A device of the type claimed in claim 12 wherein the undersurface of said bridging member is angularly disposed relative to said reed and said plate-like member whereby vibration of said reed causes the reed to first strike said plate-like member adjacent its aperture, then strike the biasing low point of said angularly disposed bridging member and thence to strike the high point of said angularly disposed bridging member whereby said reed will vibrate in a wave-like motion both transversely and longitudinally to provide an audible alarm.
14. A device of the type claimed in claim 3 wherein said bridging member is independent and fixed relative to said plate-like member and reed.
15. A device of the type claimed in claim 13 wherein said bridging member is integral with said plate-like member.
16. A device of the type claimed in claim 13 wherein said one chamber of said housing communicating with said ambient pressure includes a differential port and a source of negative pressure connected to said port and means connected to said reed and controlled by said differential port for controlling activation of said reed.
17. A device of the type claimed in claim 16 wherein said means includes a flexible strap-like member fixed to said reed and serving as a valve sucked into said differential pressure port to prevent movement of said reed unless the differential of pressure between the two chambers in the housing exceeds the negative pressure level of said differential port source.
18. A device of the type claimed in claim 17 wherein said one chamber of said housing is connected to the outlet duct side of a lint filter and said differential port source is connected to the inlet side of said filter.
19. A lint filter signal device for audibly reporting the build-up of line in a filtering device by reflecting the differential of pressure across said filtering device, including a housing member divided into two chambers by a plate-like apertured means, said apertured means supporting a resilient vibratory elongated flat reed fixed at one end and capable of covering a substantial portion of said aperture in said plate-like means with its free end when activated to vibrate by a pressure differential between said chambers, the plane of said reed at its fixed end forming an acute angle with the plane of said plate-like member and defining a normal state of rest, means for communicating one chamber of said housing member with the outlet of said lint filter and means for communicating the second chamber with ambient pressure, means positioned relative to said plate-like means for engaging one elongated edge of said flat reed at a point spaced from its fixed end to thereby angularly bias said reed from its normal state of rest to permit its activation only upon application of a predetermined differential in pressure between said two chambers.
20. A device of the type claimed in claim 19 wherein said biasing means includes a bridging member extending transversely in opposite to said reed and said apertured dividing means with the undersurface of said bridging member being angularly disposed to provide a biasing low point for contacting the reed and a high point normally spaced from the reed.
21. A device of the type claimed in claim 20 wherein means are provided for connecting a port in the second chamber of said housing to the inlet side of said filter and means fixed to said reed controlled by said port whereby activation of said reed will be controlled by the differential pressure experienced by the two sides of said filter.
22. A device of the type claimed in claim 21 wherein said means fixed to said reed includes a flexible plate-like member fastened to said reed and capable of sealing off said port when the pressures within said port are lower than said ambient pressure, said flexible member restraining said reed against vibration until such time as the differential of pressure between the first and second chambers exceeds the differential of pressure between said port pressure and ambient pressure.
Description Vibrating reeds for the production of basic sonic tones have been used for centuries in organs, harmonics, and other sound producing applications. Such devices have been used as warning means wherein differentials in pressure created by a clogged filter exists such as are found in vacuum cleaners, furnaces, refrigeration systems and other systems where the passage of air requires a removal of particulates by means of a filter. The present invention was primarily designed for use with a household clothes dryer manufactured by a nationally known producer of such devices. While the present device has many other applications, it will be described as used with this particular clothes dryer. These units are unique in that the horizontal, rotating drum is open at both ends. The after end of the drum is supported by an enbossed bulkhead and two rubber tired wheels riding in a spun, recessed track. The position of the wheels are strategically located so as to compensate for the forces imposed by a driving belt. The front end of the drum, having an internal Teflon coated liner bearing, is supported by the front panel of the dryer. Thus, in practicality, the drum is an essentially open-ended cylinder, belt driven on its periphery, supported on one end by two idler rollers, and on the other end by a large diameter plastic bearing. The air system is a negative pressure system (vacuum) by which a motor driven fan (at the extremity of the system) draws ambient air through a heating duct (gas or electric) into the drum via a grill in the fixed rear bulkhead and then passes through a lint chute via an exit grill in the fixed rear bulkhead. The air then passes through the fan and is discharged through a four-inch internal diameter duct at the lower, rear center of the unit. The lint chute is a fabricated sheet metal duct connecting the exit grill of the drum area to the fan housing. The chute is fabricated to provide a track which allows the insertion of the lint screen which necessitates the filtering of all air from the drum area before it can exit through the fan and subsequent discharge tube. The present invention is directed to a biased reed assembly which provides an audible alarm to give a signal when the lint screen is approximately two-thirds full regardless of whether or not the unit is vented to a point remote from the dryer per se. The balance of the background summary is directed to the hydrodynamics which exist in clothes dryer systems. To have a vent consisting of an elongated, rigid or flexible duct or where the dryer is vented directly into the room where it is situated will affect back pressure and consequently the air velocity and volume of air being passed from the dryer. Two vacuum conditions exist and change in the dryer. Dynamic vaccum due to air flow (Venturi effect) diminishes as the screen in the filter fills and also with an increase of back pressure (the length of the venting system). Static vacuum (due to the inability of the fan to satisfy itself) increases as the lint screen fills, but decreases with an increase of back pressure. The condition of "vent versus no vent" presents the following problems: With "no vent" (zero back pressure), the dynamic vacuum factor is very high due to the high velocity of unimpeded air flow. Thus, with a clean screen, a manometer reading of 0.50 in./H2 O is read both upstream and downstream of the lint screen, with pulses as high as 0.75 in./H2 O when clothes stick to or are in very close proximity to the exit grill work of the drum. This is one extreme, however, differential vacuum is zero; with extreme vent conditions (162H), velocity and volume are considerably lower. (162H is the symbolism in the trade for the use of two 90� elbows, 16 feet of 4-inch diameter duct, plus a hooded flap vent.) Under these conditions, with the lint screen being clogged to the desired level for audible alarm, average manometer readings are 0.67 in./H2 O downstream of the lint screen and 0.17 in./H2 O upstream of the screen for a differential vacuum of 0.50 in./H2 O. This is the other extreme. Thus, it can be seen that the energy levels available to actuate the reed assembly are virtually overlapping, or more simply, the energy to operate the device under "vented" conditions is the same under "zero vented" conditions when the device should not operate. The following changes occur on an exponential curve: 1. The dynamic vacuum level upstream of the lint screen which is shielded by the accumulating lint decreases due to lack of air flow and resultant decrease in Venturi effect. It must be explained here that although dynamic values decrease, they always remains as a factor due to the porosity of the lint deposition. 2. The dynamic vacuum level downstream of the screen diminishes due to reduced air flow, however, the static value increases due to the reduced availability of air to satisfy the suction fan. To satisfy this need; it required the discovery of a vibratory reed which would produce an audible sound of sufficient sone value, and which could be mechanically controlled; namely, a closed-reed device, using a large area thin cross-section reed capable of being actuated at this very low energy level, namely, 0.40 in./H2 O, or converted to negative pressure -- 0.0142 P.S.I. The closed or "clapping" reed was selected to utilize the mechanical "clatter" (or buzzer sound) rather than the true musical tone, which for a reed of this size would be acoustically too low and hence inaudible. Such a basic device as described above is adaptable for any application of fixed vacuum transition where back pressures and loadings are constant, within a model range, such as H.V.A.C. systems, refrigeration systems, etc., but is inadequate for variable back pressure and loadings such as clothes dryers, vacuum cleaners, etc., where the variable pressures would inadvertently set off the reed clatter due to clothing being temporarily stuck on the grill work or other similar back pressure situations. The solution to the problem of making a definitive energy level for the commencement of vibration was accomplished in the following manner. First, the reed was made straight and clearance was provided over its mating aperture by mounting the reed at an angle, the preferable angle being of approximately 4�. Secondly, to provide a definitie "take-off" or vibration point, the reed was "biased" by distorting its flatness and its normal state of rest or free position with an angular, transverse bridge at its free extremity. Thus, the reed will not vibrate until sufficient vacuum from below, and resultant pressure from above, which normally is ambient pressure depresses it from its biasing bridge against the mating apertured mounting. The spring of the reed returns it upward to repeat the cycle. The biasing bridge reaped an unforeseen result. The frequency of the mechanical clatter was tripled. As the reed slaps down against its apertured mounting, one impact occurs. As the spring characteristic returns its towards a normal position, the reed strikes the lower end of the angular, transverse bridge providing impact number two. The air flow then drives the reed further upwardly and impacts the reed against the upper end of the angular, transverse bridge. When viewed with a strobe light that is slightly out of synchronization, the reed vibrates in a wave-like motion both transversely and longitudinally. Without the biasing bridge, the reed will vibrate with an infinitesimally small amount of energy, with widely varying amplitudes. However, when the biasing bridge is utilized, a definite minimum energy level is established for vibration and the amplitude is fixed. While the devices contemplated herein have many other applications, its must be pointed out that the discussion herein is directed to a particular type of dryer in which the manometer readings and physical characteristics set forther herein prevail. The basic device provides a sharp take-off point (vibration) and sufficient audible sound (sone level); however, as described up to this point, it will provide a "beautiful sound" when the lint screen is clogged (162H venting) or a clean screen at zero venting. It can be adjusted for various applications other than the specific one described herein by varying the reed dimensions, angle of biasing, point of biasing and the size of aperture and through such adjustments compensate for these various factors. Because of the hostile environment in which such devices operate, it is desirable to provide as complete a total enclosure as possible as well as to satisfy the obvious need for a differential control. Thus, it is necessary to have a device that actuates at an energy requirement somewhat below the previous mentioned levels, in the instance 0.40 in./H2 O was selected. By doing this, one facet of back pressure effect is eliminated. Thus, it is necessary to design a control of this type that is responsive to the flow of air through the lint screen, but compensatory for the different and changing velocities of air under extremes of back pressure as evidenced by zero or long venting installations. At this point, it is necessary to explain the changing conditions within the air flow system of a dryer. While vacuum levels vary with back pressure, the following effects are essentially the same. When the screen is clean, a free air flow through the screen develops a vacuum level on both sides of the screen which is essentially equal. This vacuum being both dynamic and static. As lint begins to clog the screen, which in this embodiment is from the bottom up, the dynamic vacuum upstream of the screen diminishes due to the reduction of air flow through the screen. The air flow must move up and over the clogged portion of the screen. Downstream of the screen, the dynamic vacuum decreases slightly; however, the static vacuum increases rapidly due to the reduced availability of air through the screen. One solution to this problem is to provide a supply of ambient air at the "nose" of the reed. A large tube is connected opposite of the opening for ambient air and "plugged in" upstream of the filter, on the assumption that the upstream vacuum, where the screen is clean, will steal air from the nose of the reed. This approach is only moderately successful as the exponential characteristics of the dynamic vacuum upstream of the screen make it impossible to steal enough air from the reed to keep it from vibrating under "zero vent" conditions and het have it react under the 162H vented conditions. Also this system was too slow in response to pulses caused by clothes sticking to or coming in close proximity to exit grill in the drum. A further disadvantage was to seriously reduce the efficiency of the entire airflow system of the dryer because of the large amount of ambient air being introduced after the heating element. It should be recognized, however, that such a system could be used with efficacy in other applications for an alarm device. In basic sonic devices using vibrating reeds, i.e. organs, harmonicas, etc., these instruments make use of systems of valving which require a multitude of hinging, seals, linkages and a host of moving parts which normally would be incompatible with the hostile environment of a clothes dryer. Such systems require the obstruction of access of the input energy. Since multiple part, trouble prone linkages could not be used in the hostile environment of a clothes dryer, a more direct approach evolved to use mechanical advantage which utilizes the exponential change in vacuum upstream of the screen to brake or dampen the reeds vibration. This is accomplished by attaching a flexible flap to the reed, providing an external suction tube to pneumatically hold the flap in place and thereby restrict the reed from vibrating. The best sensitivity of the assembly for the present embodiment was determined empirically by moving the location of the flap on the reed and varying its size. The best sensitivity is when the flap is located substantially at a general point midway from the transverse bridge and the "bend" point of the reed. The basis and accuracy of control by such a flap must take into account the following factors: (1) the reed in its preloaded condition, biased, has a given spring force; (2) this spring force must be able to overcome the holding force of the flexible flap when the upstream vacuum of the lint screen diminishes to the point that lint deposition level has been attained for purposes of demanding an audible alarm to the user; (3) because the bias or vibrating point of the reed is below the extremes of actuation, the reed under any conditions wants to vibrate and is drawn down away from the biasing bridge. If the screen is clean, regardless of back pressure, the Venturri effect drawing on the flap functionally locks the reed against vibration; and (4) although the reed is drawn down, under the conditions mentioned in (3), it has not lost contact with the lower end of the biasing bridge, and is still distorted. The initial surge, depending on back pressure, determines how close to being actually closed against its mating aperture in the plate. Thus, it is an object of the present invention to provide an audible alarm device capable of producing an instantaneous, suitable, audible sound activated by the presence of predetermined pressure conditions. A further object of the invention is to provide an audible alarm device in the form of a clapping reed in which is biased by application of a force along one edge and captured within and under a transverse angularly disposed bridge to amplify the clatter caused by vibration of the reed. Still another object of the present invention is to provide further means for controlling the vibrating point of said reed as it is subjected to intermittent extreme conditions which do not truly represent the conditions under which the alarm is to be sounded. Another object of the invention is to provide a simple, economical alarm for use with home appliances to indicate the presence of clogged filter members which should be cleaned, thereby resulting in savings of energy necessary for operation of the appliance. Other objects will become apparent to those skilled in the art when the specification is read in conjunction with the attached drawings. FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a home clothes dryer to which the present invention has been applied; FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a basic concept of this invention, namely, a biased clapper reed as mounted on an apertured reed plate and chamber; FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view in partial section of an assembly of the preferred embodiment of the invention; FIG. 4 is an elevational view looking into the interior of the basic chamber case; FIG. 5 is an end view of the device shown in FIG. 4 as viewed from the right end of FIG. 4; FIG. 6 is a partial sectional view taken along Lines 6--6 of FIG. 4; FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view taken along Lines 7--7 of FIG. 3; FIG. 8 is a partial sectional view taken along Line 8--8 of FIG. 7; FIG. 9 is a plan view of the apertured reed plate and cover that is associated with the chamber case; FIG. 10 is an elevational view in partial section taken along 10--10 of FIG. 9; FIG. 11 is a partial cross-sectional view taken along Line 11--11 of FIG. 10; FIG. 12 is a partial cross-section of the angular cavity in the apertured reed plate for mounting the reed in which is shown in phantom; FIG. 13 is an end elevational view as viewed along Line 13--13 of FIG. 12; FIG. 14 is a plan view of the preferred embodiment of the clapper reed; FIG. 15 is a partial side edge view of the reed shown in FIG. 14; FIGS. 16 and 17 are plan views of two forms of control flaps; FIG. 18 is an elevational view in partial section of another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 19 is a partial sectional view taken along Line 19--19 of FIG. 18; FIG. 20 is an end elevational view of modified form of reed plate and cover; FIG. 21 is a partial sectional view taken along Line 21--21 of FIG. 20; FIG. 22 is an elevational view in partial section of another embodiment of the apertured reed plate as viewed along Line 22--22 in FIG. 23; FIG. 23 is a plan view of the device shown in FIG. 22; FIG. 22 is an end view as seen from the right end of the device shown in FIG. 23; FIG. 25 is a partial sectional view as shown along Line 25--25 in FIG. 23; FIG. 26 is a partial sectional view of an installation of the device contemplated by the present invention to a clothes dryer as taken generally along Line 26--26 of FIG. 1 showing the flow of air through a filter that is clean; and FIG. 27 is a similar cross-sectional view to that shown in FIG. 26 and showing the flow of air when the lint filter has collected lint and when the alarm would be activated. Referring now to the drawings wherein similar parts are identified by similar numerals, FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of one form of clothes dryer to which the present invention, generally designated by the numeral 10, could be applied. The dryer 12 includes, in this particular model of dryer, a horizontal rotating drum, open at both ends, with the after end of the drum supported by an embossed bulkhead 16 and two rubber tired wheels 18 riding in a spun, recessed track. The front end of the drum, not shown, has an internal Teflon liner bearing supported by the front panel of the dryer. The air system is a negative pressure or vacuum system by which a motor driven fan 20 draws ambient air through a heating duct 22 into the drum via a grill or opening 24 in the fixed rear bulkhead 16. After circulating around the drum 14 the air is then drawn through an exit grill 26 into the lint chute 28 with an elongated lint filter 30 blocking the passage from grill 26 into the lint chute 28. The heated air is then drawn through the fan 20 and discharged through a duct 32 at the lower rear center of the unit. This duct can discharge into ambient or be conneted to additional duct work for discharge to the exterior of the building in which it is located, as previously described. Referring now to FIG. 2, one of the basic concepts of the present invention involves an elongated flat clapper reed 40 mounted by suitable means 42 in angular disposed relation to the plane of a reed plate 44 having an aperture 46 underlying the reed 40. The reed plate 44 forms one wall of a housing 48 having an internal chamber and end port 50 through which a negative pressure can be applied to the chamber of housing 48 to cause activation of the reed 40. Mounting means 52 are provided to secure the assembly to the vacuum or negative pressure source. At the free end of the reed 40 a bias is applied by means of an angularly disposed transverse bridge 54. The bias is accomplished by contacting and distorting the reed along one edge at a point designated 56. When a negative pressure is applied through the port 50, the reed is drawn downwardly toward the aperture 46 and when it returns by spring pressure, it first strikes the point 56 and thence angularly strikes the "high" point 58 of the angularly disposed transverse bridge 54. Thus, the clatter of the reed 40 is tripled over a normal clapper reed in that it strikes the reed plate 44 and thence on its upward motion away from the reed plate 44 strikes the low point 56 and then the air flow further drives the reed upwardly impacting against the upper end 58 of the angular transverse bridge. Thus, the reed vibrates in a wave-like motion both transversely and longitudinally. Without the biasing bride the reed will vibrate with an infinitesimally small amount of energy with widely varying amplitudes. With the biasing bridge a definite minimum energy level is established vibration and the amplitude is fixed. The application of this invention can be best seen in relation to the preferred embodiment as shown in FIGS. 3 through 16. The preferred embodiment of the audible alarm 10 includes a generally rectangularly shaped chamber case 60 which is open along one elongated wall and adapted to be associated with a combination reed plate and cover 62 which divides the case into two chambers and closes the open wall. The chamber case 60 includes groove means 64 centrally disposed along its longitudinal axis to accept the reed plate, thereby forming a lower chamber 66 and an upper chamber 68, as viewed in FIGS. 3 and 4. Lower chamber 66 communicates with a port 70 opening through one end of the chamber case and provided with suitable fastening means 72 for acceptance by angular rotation within a non-circular aperture located in lint chute 28. Fastening means of this type are shown in the U.S. Pat. to Fisher No. 3,443,783, however, it should be recognized that other suitable fastening means such as apertured flanges, screws, adhesives, etc., will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Upper chamber 68 communicates with two apertures or ports 74 in the back side wall of the case 60 to provide access to the pressure of ambient air. Also formed integrally in the back wall 73 and centrally disposed between the two ambient air ports 74 is a by-pass or vent port 75. The port 75 is formed by a generally cylindrical tubular extension 76 capable of accepting a flexible tube over its exterior surface. The port 75 communicates with a smaller opening or vent 78 with the free extremity 80 being angularly disposed relative to the axis of the vent 78 to form a relatively sharp projection or apex 82 for purposes best set forth hereinafter. Around the free open side of case 60 there is provided a set-off flange 84 forming a seat 86 having a plurality of ridge-like elements 88, in this instance triangular in cross section, extending upwardly from seat 86 for purposes best set forth hereinafter. The reed plate and cover 62 includes two integral portions, namely, the reed plate 90 and the cover 92. In FIG. 3 the cross section is taken through the central portion of the reed plate with the cover removed to permit the view into the chamber case whereas in FIG. 7 it will be apparent that the reed plate is inserted complementarily into the grooves 64 with the cover 92 being brought into position above the seat 86 is contact with the projections 88. The two members, namely case 60 and reed plate cover 62, form two relatively sealed chambers with the cover 92 sealing the open side of the case 60. The actual sealing of the cover 92 relative to case 60 can be accomplished by sonic welding using the projections 88 as an energy concentrating means or the flange 84 can be formed inwardly to overlie the plate 92, as seen in phantom in FIG. 7 and identified by the numeral 94. Referring now to FIGS. 9 through 13, the cover 92 includes a plurality of transverse strengthening ribs 96 and a laterally extending flange 98 which serves to close and seal the open end of seat 86, port 70 and distortable offset flange 84, as seen in FIG. 4. The reed plate 90 includes a peripheral rounded edge 98 that is tapered for a short distance to provide easy access when assembled with grooves 64 in the chamber case. This essentially provides a wedge-shape cooperation with the grooves 64 to insure a seal between the chamber 66 and 68 except for aperture 100 that extends longitudinally in the reed plate 90. The reed plate 90 includes an increased thickness portion 102, at the left end of FIGS. 9 and 10, and in the upper surface thereof is provided with an angularly disposed recess 104. On opposite edges of the recess 104 are orienting means in the form of a pair of reference posts 106 with the forward edges thereof, on the side facing aperture 100, falling on a plane passing through the center of the centrally disposed aperture 108 which is adapted to accept a fastening means such as a rivet 110. At the opposite end of the reed plate and overlying aperture 100 is the biasing bridge 112, which in this embodiment is integral with plate 90. Bridge 112 includes an angularly disposed undersurface 114 having a low point 116 and a high point 118. The aperture 100 is opened into a T-shape by the lateral extensions 120 which permit the integral two-plate molding of the undersurface 114, it being recognized, of course, that the reed must be wider than the width of aperture 100 in order for it to be operative and hence the bridge must be wide enough to accept the reed. The elongated flat metallic generally rectangular reed 130 as seen in FIGS. 14 and 15, includes a pair of struck up fingers 132 extending along the longitudinal edges of reed 130 toward an orienting shoulder 134. The shoulders 134 lie in a plane falling on the center point of a central aperture 136. Midway along the extremity of reed 130 is a slot 138 which in the embodiment is cruciform in configuration. The reed 132 is first threaded under the bridge 112 and then the shoulders 134 are brought into engagement with the front face of posts 106 with the resilient fingers 132 acting against the opposite face of post 106. The tapered ends 107 of post 106 assist in the assembly operation. When the reed is bottomed in recess 104, it is accurately positioned relative to the reference post 106 as well as being provided with the predetermined angular disposition over the reed plate. In the present instance it was found that recess 104 should be angularly disposed approximately 4� relative to the upper surface of reed plate 90. A rivet 110 is then telescoped through the apertures 136 in the reed and 108 in the reed plate and suitably headed to securely restrain the reed. By disposing the shoulders 134 against the reference post 106, a positive assembly in a predetermined relation or normal state of rest is obtained so that the reed is not canted or angularly disposed relative to aperture 100 in the reed plate. The bridge 112 and its lower point 116 of undersurface 114 establishes the predetermined bias that is desired in the reed. In order to restrain the reed against inadvertent vibrations due to surges caused by clothing or towels which would stick to grill 26 and thereby give an inadvertent sound warning, the reed is supplied with a flexible rubber-like flap 140 of the general configuration shown in FIG. 16. The flap 140 includes a large round portion 142, a central flexible portion 144, laterally extending flanges 146 and an arrow-shaped head 148 having a centrally disposed aperture 150 therein. A suitable tool is placed through the cruciform slot 138, engages the aperture 150 and pulls the arrowhead 148 through the slot the flanges 146 are seated on the upper surface and the arrowhead underlies the reed. This assembly generally takes place before the reed is assembled with the reed plate. Referring now to FIGS. 7 and 26 and 27, the audible alarm 10 is mounted in the side wall of lint chute 28 and has constant communication therewith through port 70. Port 75 is connected to an opening in the side passage 27 on the opposite side of filter 30 by suitable tubing 150. As was previously explained, the passage of air through the grill 26, intermediate passage 27 and the lint chute 28, when the lint filter 30 is clean produces a Venturi effect across the opening in the passage 27 and thereby creates a partial vacuum or negative pressure in the vent passageway 78. This causes the flap 140 to bend over the surface 82 and be angularly disposed against surface 80, thereby at least partially sealing said vent port 78 as shown in phantom in FIG. 7. When the deposit of lint against filter 30 increases to a predetermined level, normally two-thirds of the filter surface, the fan 20 causes a partial vacuum on the under side of the reed in chamber 66 and due to the filter clogging the Venturi effect through vent 78 is minimized, thereby releasing its grip on flap 140, at a predetermined level, and permits the passage of ambient air through port 74 to cause the reed to commence vibrating. This warns the user to then clean the filter 30 and thereby save energy and operation of the device. The configuration and size of the upper portion 142 of flap 140 can be controlled to obtain the desired effect. For example, it will be noted that in FIG. 7 the flap 140 does not totally cover the vent port 78 on the angular surface 80. A modification to the flap 140 and designated with the suffix "a " can be seen in FIG. 17 wherein the round portion 142a includes a centrally disposed aperture 152. The size and disposition of the aperture 152 can be determined emperically for different applications. FIG. 19 is a second embodiment of the chamber case that differs from the first embodiment solely in that the vent port 78b terminates in a camfered cone-shaped opening 160. This device is particularly adaptable for use with a flap of the configuration shown in FIG. 17 with the forces required to unseat the flap being dependent upon the size of aperture 152, as opposed to the angular disposition against surface 82 as shown in the first embodiment. A modification to the mounting means on the read plate can be seen in FIGS. 20 and 21, wherein the suffix "c" is used with the appropriate numerals. In this device, rather than using a separate rivet 110, a central post 166 is used with reference posts 106c. This plastic central post 166 can be deformed to the shape shown in phantom and designated 168 to retain the reed 130c, as shown in phantom. A further embodiment can be seen in FIG. 18, wherein similar parts are designated by similar numerals with the addition of the suffix "d." In this device the reed 130d is mounted over a central post 166d in recess 104d and maintained in position by a sheet metal spring grip 170 which grippingly engages post 166 and has suitable take-up means for engagement of the reed and maintaining it in its angular disposition. The other modification in this embodiment is the presence of a rectangular aperture or port 74d in the back wall of the case 60d at a position adjacent the nose of the reed while the secondary port 172 is circular in configuration. A further modification is that the bridge 112d is not integral with the reed plate 90d. The bridge 112d is an independent member either sheet metal or plastic which is captured within a pair of spaced posts 174 located on opposite sides of the aperture 100d. In this embodiment it is possible to adjust the bias point of the reed 130d by moving the bridge 112d within the slot created by post 174. The last embodiment of this invention is shown in FIGS. 22 through 25 wherein similar parts are designated by similar numerals with the addition of the suffix "e." This embodiment relates primarily to the reed plate and the method of assembly of the reed with the plate. In this device the reed plate 90e includes the central aperture 100e and has spaced posts 174e forming a slot for accepting a bridge, not shown. At the opposite end, the reed is provided with a central aperture, of the type generally designated 136, but shown in phantom for purposes of illustration. The reed plate is provided with a pair of overhanging side elements 180 and an overhanging end element 182, all which orienting elements overhang or overlie the angularly disposed recess 104e. The central portion of recess 104e includes an upwardly extending locating 184 that has a tapered upper surface. The recess 104e is relieved by a U-shaped slot 186 that makes that portion of the reed plate 90e, surrounding the stud 184, resilient. A reed having a central aperture would be fed under the overhanging elements 180, depressing the stud 184 and its resilient environs downwardly until the stud is accepted within aperture 136e of the reed. The fixed extremity of the reed 130e then underlies the rear overhang 182 for a positive retention. Suitable bridge means, not shown, is disposed within the groove formed by the spaced posts 174e. The operation of this device as well as all of the other devices is substantially indentical. Other variations in mounting means both for the reed and the bridge will be apparent to those skilled in the art. By varying the position of the bias bridge, the size of the apertures or ports, and the size and position of the flap, other audible alarms that will respond to various conditions can be made to suit the particular configurations and parameters of pressure conditions found in other apparatus with which the warning device is to be utilized. In the embodiments disclosed, the chamber case as well as the reed plate and cover subassembly are generally injected molded of thermo plastic materials suitable for the environment within which they are to be used. The reed is a sheet metal device which is preferably fabricated from tempered box spring steel with the differential flap being fabricated of a flexible material such as polyurethane having approximately a 90 durometer. The choice of other materials which are available now on in the future will be apparent to those skilled in the art, of course, such choice being dependent upon the environment within which the audible alarm is to be used. Patent Citations
Referenced by
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text:
I'm Pregnant With My Dad's Baby And We Are So In Love: Your Thoughts?
2012/05/24 01:34:19
A 28-year-old woman who tracked down her long-lost father last year has revealed that she is pregnant with his baby.
Penny Lawrence went in search of her father Gerry Ryan following the
death of her mother and grandparents. The Irish Sun reports that she
eventually found Dublin-born Ryan in Houston, Texas.
After meeting, the pair embarked on a sexual relationship which resulted
in Lawrence becoming pregnant. However, they have insisted that their
attraction is the result of Genetic Sexual Attraction, a term previously
created by Barbara Gonyo to describe the feelings between parents and
their children - as well as siblings - who meet as adults.
"We are not committing incest, but are victims of GSA," Lawrence told
the paper. "We've never experienced a father-daughter relationship, so
we're just like any other strangers who meet in adulthood."
Ryan expressed fears that laws could see the couple separated, but
added: "It's no different than if I met Penny in a bar. I'd have fallen
for her as I have now. It doesn't feel [like] we are doing anything
The pair said that if the three-month scan of their baby shows no birth defects, they will remain together and raise the child.
Discussing GSA, Lawrence explained: "I did some research into it. I was
stunned that some brothers and sisters, daughters and dads and mothers
and sons were actually living happily as man and wife."
However, her father pointed out: "GSA isn't recognised in court."
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text: Act on Working Terms and Pension Rights Insurance, No. 55/1980, as amended by Act No. 58/1985, No. 33/1987, No. 21/1991, No. 69/1993, No. 129/1997, No. 145/2004 and No. 76/2010. Article 1 [Wages, and other working terms agreed between the social partners shall be considered minimum terms, independent of sex, nationality or term of appointment, for all wage earners in the relevant occupation within the area covered by the collective agreement. Contracts made between individual wage earners and employers on poorer working terms than those specified in the general collective agreement shall be void.]1) 1) Act No. 69/1993, Article 5. See Ad. B 285/1997 and Ad. B 503/1997. [Article 2 Agreements made between the organisations of the social partners regarding the handling of disputes as to whether the wages and terms of service of workers on the Icelandic labour market conform with the provisions of legislation and collective agreements shall have the same general validity as their agreements on wages and other terms of service under Article 1, with the limitations stated in the agreements. When consultative committees are established to resolve disputes on the basis of agreements as provided for in the first paragraph and the employer who is a party to the dispute is not a member of an employers' organisation, he may nominate a representative to take the place of one of the representatives of the employers' organisation on the committee. The same shall apply to a worker who is a party to a dispute but is not a member of a trade union; his representative shall take the place of one of the representatives of the workers' organisations on the committee. If a party to a dispute decides to nominate a representative, the nomination shall take place before the consultative committee begins its treatment of the dispute.]1) 1) Act No. 145/2004, Article 1. Articles [3]1)-5 …2) 1) Act No. 145/2004, Article 1. 2) Act No. 129/1997, Article 58. [Article 5 a Should a pension fund member, who has the right to take maternity/paternity leave under the Act No. 97/1980,1) decide to leave his/her former job, in part or completely, in favour of housework, after having a child, the pension fund of which the person in question is a member, shall be obliged to grant the member continued membership to the fund on an unchanged basis for up to 7 years, provided the member undertakes to pay the part of the premium payable by the employer along with his/her own. Such a member enjoys rights equal to those of other members, inter alia loan rights.]2) 1) Now Act No. 95/2000. 2) Act No. 58/1985, Article 1. 1 Article 6 All employers are obliged to pay into [education funds of the labour market, as well as]1) the sickness fund and holiday allowance fund of the labour unions in question such premiums as the social partners have agreed on at any given time and according to such rules as are specified in collective agreements. An employer is obliged to deduct from the wages of his employee the employees' contributions payable to the labour union in question according to such rules as specified in wages and terms agreements. 1) Act No. 76/2010, Article 1. Article 7 [Should there be a delay in the payment of premiums under this Act, the debtor shall be obliged to pay overdue interest under the Interest Act from the date due.]1) 1) Act No. 33/1987, Article 6. Art. 8 … 1) 1) Act No. 21/1991, Article 181. Article 9 The Minister may issue further provisions on the implementation of this Act through the issue of a regulation.1) 1) Regulation No. 194/1981. Article 10 This Act shall come into force immediately … [This translation is published for information only. The original Icelandic text is published in the Law Gazette. In case of a possible discrepancy, the original Icelandic text applies.] 2


text:
Denizli Atatürk Stadium
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Atatürk Stadyumu (Denizli))
Location | Denizli, Turkey |
Owner | Denizlispor |
Capacity | 15,427[1] |
Surface | Grass |
Opened | 1950 |
Denizli Atatürk Stadium (Turkish: Denizli Atatürk Stadyumu) is a multi-purpose stadium in Denizli, Turkey. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Denizlispor. The stadium holds 15,427 people and was built in 1950.[1]
External links[edit]
Coordinates: 37°45′57.63″N 29°04′56.76″E / 37.7660083°N 29.0824333°E
This article about a Turkish sports venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |


text: CloudVisor: Retrofitting Protection of Virtual Machines in Multi-tenant Cloud with Nested Virtualization Fengzhe Zhang, Jin Chen, Haibo Chen, Binyu Zang System Research Group Parallel Processing Institute Fudan University http://ppi.fudan.edu.cn/system_research_group 2011-10-24 Multi-tenant Cloud • Widely available public cloud – Amazon EC2, RackSpace, GoGrid • Infrastructure as a Service – Computation resources are rented as Virtual Machines • To save cost, VMs from different users may run side-by-side on the same platform Multi-tenant Cloud Software Stack • Pay-as-you-go – Flexible – Scalable Control VM VM VM Hypervisor Can we simply trust public cloud? Probably Not ! Problem #1: Curious/malicious Administrator Jack's bank account password = xyz Control VM VM Hypervisor most concerned issue: "invisibly access unencrypted data in its facility"- Gartner, 2008 Problem #1: Curious/malicious Administrator peeking in on emails, chats and Google Talk call logs for several months before the company discovered... Problem #2: Large TCB for Cloud 10000 TCB Size of Xen System ~9M LOC Xen 2.0 8000 Xen 3.0 6000 Xen 4.0 KLOCs 4000 2000 0 VMM Dom0 Kernel Tools TCB [Colp 2011] Control VM Trusted Computing Base Hypervisor monolithic virtualization stack one point of penetration leads to full compromise Result: Limited Security Guarantees in Public Cloud Amazon AWS User Agreement, 2010 Microsoft Windows® Azure™ Platform Privacy Statement, Mar 2011 Data Encryption is not Enough • Encryption is only good for static data storage – Data never decrypted in the cloud – Cloud is just used as online storage space • As for computation cloud – Data are involved in computation, such as web services – Data should be decrypted during computation – Encryption is not enough in this case – Note, computation cloud is more widely desired Goal of CloudVisor • Defend again curious or malicious cloud operators – To ensure privacy and integrity of a user VM • Be transparent to existing cloud infrastructure – No or little modifications to virtualization stack (OS, Hypervisor) • Minimized TCB – Easy to verify correctness (e.g., formal verification) • Non-goals – DOS – Side-channel attacks – Semantic attacks to VM services from network Observation and Idea • Key observation – Live with a compromised virtualization stack • Idea: separate security protection from VM hosting – CloudVisor: another layer of indirection • In charge of security protection of VMs • Interposes between VMs and hypervisor – Hypervisor (unmodified) • VM multiplexing and management • This separation results in – Minimized TCB – Hypervisor and CloudVisor separately designed and evolved CloudVisor Overview ev ide Clo nce ud of i Vis nta or ct Control VM VM En VM VM cryp Im ted ag Hypervisor e CloudVisor HW Security Chip VM Protection Approach Bootstrap Uses Trusted Computing technology Memory Interpose address translation from guest Pages physical address to host physical address, disallow illegal mapping to VM memory I/O data Whole VM image encryption Transparent decrypt I/O data in CloudVisor Network I/O not encrypted CPU Interpose control switches between states hypervisor and VM (i.e., VMexit), hides CPU (in paper) register states from the hypervisor Bootstrapping Trust • 2 basic Trusted Computing techniques – Authenticated boot – Remote attestation authenticated boot CloudVisor remote attestation GRUB User TPM BIOS Chip hash sign(hash) User can ensure a correct version of CloudVisor is running Interposition with Nested Virtualization • CloudVisor is based on standard hardware support for virtualization like VT-x, VT-d – It can host only 1 hypervisor • Hypervisor runs in un-privileged mode • CloudVisor runs in most privileged mode 1-on-1 Nested Virtualization (Turtles, 2010) VM VM VM Hypervisor Cloudvisor Virtualization Preliminary: VT-x Ring 3 VM Ring 0 guest mode VM entry VM exit host mode Hypervisor Interposition with CloudVisor Ring 3 VM Hypervisor Ring 0 guest mode VM entry VM exit VM entry VM exit host mode Cloudvisor VM Memory Isolation • Goal: forbid hypervisor access to VM memory • Rules: – When a page is assigned to a VM, CloudVisor changes the ownership of the page – A memory page is only accessible to its owner Memory Translation with EPT Page Table Base Extended Page Table Base Page Extended Table Page Guest Virtual Guest Physical Table Host Physical Address Address Address Memory access initiated from CPU: address translated by MMU (Page Table and EPT) Devices: address translated by IOMMU Memory Isolation with EPT Ring 3 VM Hypervisor Ring 0 guest mode EPT EPT maintained by Cloudvisor maintained by hypervisor invisible to hypervisor read-only to hypervisor host mode updates validated by Cloudvisor Cloudvisor Memory Isolation with EPT • In EPT maintained by CloudVisor – There's no mapping to VM memory – This guarantees a page is either mapped by hypervisor or a VM, not both • CloudVisor tracks the ownership of every page – Encrypt unauthorized pages and store its hash Implementing I/O Protection • CloudVisor intercepts and parses disk I/O request – Programmed I/O, DMA – Encrypt/decrypt data transparent to VM and hypervisor – Calculate hash to verify the integrity of the data (in paper) • Network I/O are not encrypted – User VM should protect the transferred data by itself Disk Read: Transparent Decryption • 1. encrypted data loaded from disk to hypervisor memory • 2. hypervisor tries to copy data to I/O buffer in VM memory, fails because EPT fault • 3. traps into CloudVisor, CloudVisor decrypts the data and copies it to corresponding I/O buffer in VM memory Impact on VM Operations CloudVisor works with Save/Restore/Migration VM save: transparently encrypted and hashed VM restore: transparently decrypted and verified Require key exchanges between two machines during migration (Mao et al. 2006) Transparent memory sharing (not supported) Problem: each VM has different keys Sol#1: use a common key for page sharing Sol#2: provide only integrity protection for shared pages Implementation • Xen hypervisor – Run unmodified Windows, Linux Virtual Machine – ~200 LOC patch to Xen to reduce VMexit (Intel platform only, Optional) • Run on SMP and support SMP VMs • 5.5K LOCs – Intel TXT is used to further decrease code size Performance Evaluation • How much overhead does CloudVisor incur? • What's the source of overhead? • Is CloudVisor scalable on multicore? Test Environment • Hardware: Dell R810 – 1.8 GHz 8-core Intel processor with VT-x, VT-d, IOMMU, EPT, AES-NI and SR-IOV support – 32 Gbyte memory • Software: – Xen-4.0.0 and XenLinux-18.104.22.168 as Domain0 kernel – Debian-Linux with kernel 2.6.31 and Windows XP with SP2, both are 64-bit version Uniprocessor Performance 1.2 6.0% 2.6% 1.9% 2.7% Xen 0.2% CV Normalized Slowdown Compared to Xen 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 ld b ed he e jb ag ui ch ac EC er KB ap ca SP Av em m Average slowdown 2.7% I/O Intensive Workload 600 Xen 4.5% 15.9% 16.7% CV 500 42.9% 41.4% 400 54.5% Throughput 300 EPT Other 200 7% 1% 100 I/O 27% 0 1 2 4 8 16 32 #Clients Payload Dbench Overhead Breakdown (3265% clients) Source of Overhead • Additional VMexits due to CloudVisor – Although CloudVisor only intercepts a small set of architectural events, VMexits caused by I/O buffer copying is inevitable • Cryptographic operations – Encryption and hash Multi-core scalability: KBuild 1.2 8.5% 6.0% 6.7% 9.4% 3.4% Xen CV 1 Normalized Slowdown Compared to 0.8 0.6 Xen 0.4 0.2 0 1/2 1 2 4 8 #cores 1/2 core means two processes on a core Performance of Multiple VMs 16.8% 6.0% 3.7% 1.2 0.6% VM8 Normalized Slowdown Compared to Xen VM7 1 VM6 0.8 VM5 VM4 0.6 VM3 VM2 0.4 VM1 0.2 0 1 2 4 8 #VMs Related Work • Nested Virtualization (Turtles, 2010) – Support two layers of virtualization, no security protection – Result in an even larger TCB • Virtualization-based rootkits – Bluepill, Subvirt • VMM-based process protection – CHAOS, Overshadow • Efforts in improving or reducing virtualization layer – NoHype: removal of virtualization layer – NOVA: microkernel based VMM • Virtualization-based attacks and defenses Conclusion and Future Work • Hypervisor can host VMs without knowing what's inside – That means: hypervisor can provide services without being trusted • Hiding VM resources from the hypervisor can be done with a small code base (~5.5 KLOC) • Future: HW support of CloudVisor – Reduce overhead and complexity Thanks Backup Interposition with CloudVisor VM stack Hypervisor guest mode VM entry VM exit VM entry VM exit host mode Cloudvisor stack Prevent Unauthorized Access encrypt hash VM1 missing hypervisor's VMEXIT Page Table hypervisor's EPT CloudVisor Physical Memory It is supposed that hypervisor will not use VM memory this way just in rare cases Para-virtualization Support • No visible architectural events, no interposition, not supported • PV drivers – Memory sharing and event channel – Not supported now, maybe doable Optimization • Network benchmarks are beneficial from directly assigned network card – Apache, memcached • I/O data encryption/decryption uses hardware crypto instructions – Intel AES-NI


text:
Roslyns two kids called her on mothers day and I fixed the ride on mower for her.
Thoughtfull of me don't you think.
What are the float/trailers worth I'm just trying to get a handle on the second hand price compared to NZ
Cheers all
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text:
While it will still be years before Bank of America is completely clear of legal liability related to the financial crisis, it's now officially in the homestretch.
The Charlotte-based bank announced on Wednesday that it will pay the Federal Housing Finance Agency $9.5 billion to resolve all of the latter's outstanding securities fraud claims. The settlement is split between $6.3 billion in cash and $3.2 billion for the repurchase of mortgage-backed securities.
Coupled with a large settlement from last April, Bank of America estimates it has "now resolved approximately 88% of the unpaid principal balance of all RMBS as to which RMBS securities litigation has been filed or threatened for all Bank of America-related entities."
It's for this reason the press release announcing the deal proclaims it concludes "one of the most significant remaining pieces of RMBS securities litigation facing the company."
To be clear, this is not an exaggeration. Over the past few years, Bank of America has had to deal with three separate buckets of legal liability.
The first involved so-called representation and warranties claims. The essence of these was that Bank of America -- or, more accurately, Countrywide Financial -- defrauded institutional investors and bond insurers by placing defectively originated home loans into mortgage-backed securities.
Through a series of settlements with private investors, custodial banks, monoline insurance companies, and Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, these actions had largely been resolved by the end of last year.
The second bucket contained liability related to the servicing of mortgages. These were the so-called robo-signing cases in which Bank of America was accused of submitting fraudulent documents in foreclose proceedings. Their resolution came at the beginning of 2012 via the aptly named National Mortgage Settlement with multiple state and federal agencies.
Finally, the third bucket held securities fraud actions like the ones at issue here. While a large portion of these were dealt with in the middle of last year, via a settlement with institutional investors, two groupings remained. The largest included the FHFA's claims which are now resolved. The other is principally composed of claims between the insurance giant AIG and Bank of America.
My point in all of this was not to bore you. It's rather to demonstrate that Bank of America is indeed nearing the finish line when it comes to legal liability dating back to the financial crisis.
Does this mean that it's completely done with this unfortunate chapter? Absolutely not, as there will continue to be smaller settlements trickle in here and there. But what it does mean is that, with Wednesday's announcement, the bank has cleared the final major hurdle.
In short, Bank of America's investors can now rest easy knowing the end is in sight.
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The article With $9.5 Billion Settlement, Bank of America Clears the Last Major Legal Hurdle originally appeared on Fool.com.
John Maxfield owns shares of Bank of America. The Motley Fool recommends American International Group and Bank of America. The Motley Fool owns shares of American International Group and Bank of America and has the following options: long January 2016 $30 calls on American International Group. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.Copyright © 1995 - 2014 The Motley Fool, LLC. All rights reserved. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.


text:
Jimmy's "Greeting Cards"
Thank You Friend For The Guestbook message you wrote. I've yet to read a sweeter note! Your gracious words mean so much, And my heart they did touch! Your sweet words are so neat. They do make my day complete! Thank you Jesus for this friend, That you did so sweetly send! siggy Thank You for the *Encouragement!* 1 Corinthians 13:8 Love never fails.
I have a New Mail list, Please take just a min to signup ...Jimmy My mail list click Here
Music: Angels Watching Over Me