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US 7050651 B2 Abstract Image defects in a digital image are reduced by a process comprising providing a digital image data set in the form of a matrix of pixels; selecting a sub-matrix comprising at least a 5◊5 matrix of pixels; identifying a pixel within the sub-matrix to be treated as a central pixel; determining a value for at least one optical property in the central pixel; selecting at least four pixels around the central pixel as averaging pixels, at least two of the averaging pixels being in a position in the sub-matrix that is not adjacent the position in the matrix of the central pixel; determining a value for the at least one optical property for the at least four averaging pixels; averaging the values for the at least one optical property for more than one of the at least four averaging pixels to provide an average treatment value for the central pixel; assigning the average treatment value for the central pixel to the central pixel; and storing the average treatment value assigned to the central pixel.
Claims(18) 1. A computer program product storing computer-executable instructions defining a computer process that reduces image defects in a digital image, the computer process comprising:
providing a digital image data set in the form of a matrix of pixels;
selecting a sub-matrix comprising at least a 5◊5 matrix of pixels;
identifying a pixel within the sub-matrix to be treated as a central pixel;
determining a value for at least one optical property in the central pixel;
selecting at least four pixels around the central pixel as averaging pixels, at least two of the averaging pixels being in a position in the sub-matrix that is not adjacent the position in the matrix of the central pixel;
determining a value for the at least one optical property for the at least four averaging pixels;
averaging the values for the at least one optical property for more than one of the at least four averaging pixels to provide an average treatment value for the central pixel;
assigning the average treatment value for the central pixel to the central pixel; and
storing the average treatment value assigned to the central pixel.
2. A method of filtering a digital image to produce a modified digital image, the method comprising:
specifying a filter window that includes a matrix of elements containing a reference element and a plurality of other elements, the plurality of other elements including a set of non-contiguous sampling elements;
superposing the filter window over a region of the digital image so that each element corresponds to one or more pixels in the digital image;
determining a pixel property value for each of more than one of the pixels corresponding with the non-contiguous sampling elements; and
modifying the pixel property values of the pixels corresponding with the reference element based on the pixel property values of the pixels corresponding with the non-contiguous sampling elements to produce the modified digital image averaging the pixel property values corresponding with the non-contiguous sampling elements to determine an average treatment value; and assigning the average treatment value to the pixel property values of the pixels corresponding with the reference element to produce the modified digital image.
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
selecting one or more of the non-contiguous sampling elements; and
modifying the pixel property values of the pixels corresponding with the reference element based on the pixel property values of the pixels corresponding with the selected non-contiguous sampling elements to produce the modified digital image.
6. The method of
7. The method of
ranking the non-contiguous sampling elements based on the pixel property values of each element to produce a rank order of the non-contiguous sampling elements; and
selecting non-contiguous sampling elements according to the rank order.
8. The method of
ranking the non-contiguous sampling elements according to similarity between the pixel property values of the pixels corresponding to each non-contiguous sampling element to the pixel property values of pixels corresponding to the reference element; and
selecting non-contiguous sampling elements according to the rank order.
9. The method of
selecting the non-continuous sampling elements having pixel property values within a predefined distance from a median of the pixel property values of the pixels corresponding to the non-continuous sampling elements.
10. A computer program product storing computer-executable instructions defining a computer process that filters a digital image to produce a modified digital image, the computer process comprising:
specifying a filter window that includes a matrix of elements containing a reference element and a plurality of other elements, the plurality of other elements including a set of non-contiguous sampling elements;
superposing the filter window over a region of the digital image so that each element corresponds to one or more pixels in the digital image;
determining a pixel property value for each of more than one of the pixels corresponding with the non-contiguous sampling elements; and
modifying the pixel property values of the pixels corresponding with the reference element based on the pixel property values of the pixels corresponding with the non-contiguous sampling elements to produce the modified digital image averaging the pixel property values corresponding with the non-contiguous sampling elements to determine an average treatment value; and assigning the average treatment value to the pixel property values of the pixels corresponding with the reference element to produce the modified digital image.
11. The computer program product of
12. The computer program product of
13. The computer program product of
selecting one or more of the non-contiguous sampling elements; and
modifying the pixel property values of the pixels corresponding with the reference element based on the pixel property values of the pixels corresponding with the selected non-contiguous sampling elements to produce the modified digital image.
14. The computer program product of
15. The computer program product of
ranking the non-contiguous sampling elements based on the pixel property values of each element to produce a rank order of the non-contiguous sampling elements; and
selecting non-contiguous sampling elements according to the rank order.
16. The computer program product of
ranking the non-contiguous sampling elements according to similarity between the pixel property values of the pixels corresponding to each non-contiguous sampling element to the pixel property values of pixels corresponding to the reference element; and
selecting non-contiguous sampling elements according to the rank order.
17. The computer program product of
selecting the non-continuous sampling elements having pixel property values within a predefined distance from a median of the pixel property values of the pixels corresponding to the non-continuous sampling elements.
18. The computer program product of
Description The present invention is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 09/897,716, entitled ďMoirť Correction in ImagesĒ and filed Jul. 2, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,850,651, specifically incorporated herein by reference for all that it discloses and teaches. 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to image data, particularly image data that is provided as an image file, and particularly image data that generates an image and may contain moirť patterns, particularly color images that display moire patterns in virtual or real images. 2. Background of the Art Recorded images comprise a spatial, normally planar, representation of either spatially or temporally variable original signals. A large proportion of such recordings, such as copies of documents and pictures, represent a one-to-one relationship with an original document or scene, frequently with magnification or reduction involved. Radiographic film images in medicine represent a class of images where the original is not visible to the human eye and must be formed by a combination of invisible radiation (e.g., x-rays) and a suitable transducer (fluorescent screen). In all image forming systems, degradation of the original information occurs which normally manifests itself in at least three forms: (1) blurring of edges (reduced resolution, lower sharpness); (2) random irregularities (noise, fog); and (3) image format artifacts (e.g., smudging, spreading, moirť patterns, blocking and trapping). In normal photographic images, it has long been known that edge sharpness can be enhanced and noise reduced by masking the original with a negative unsharp mask of suitable contrast (usually with lower contrast than that of the original). Early work by J. A. C. Yule is representative of this photographic masking approach (U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,407,211, 2,420,636, 2,455,849) and more complex approaches are represented by Blearson et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 3,615,433. An early attempt to use a raster scanning of the image while measuring the instantaneous light values photoelectrically and attenuating the beam according to a predetermined relationship with the light value is disclosed by Folse in U.S. Pat. No. 3,011,395. The rapid development of the Space Program lead to the emergence of high efficiency digital means of analyzing, reconstituting and enhancing images. Median filtering as a means of enhancing edge contrast has also been studied (e.g., B. R. Frieden JOSA 66. 280Ė283 (1976)). In the medical radiography field this stimulated the development of computerized tomography and the digital processing of radiographs in general (S. R. Amety et al, SPIE 207, 210Ė211 (1979), and C. R. Wilson et al, SPIE 314, 327Ė330 (1981)). In these approaches the image has been divided into a large number of ďpixelsĒ by scanning. A moving window consisting of n◊m pixels centered on pixel i with image value Di is investigated by an on line computer as pixels i are scanned. The arithmetic average D of the pixels within the window is then used to modify the central pixel value Di to a filtered value D′i by the algorithm:
The concept of varying parameters similar to a and b throughout the scan of the image based on certain local properties of the image has been studied and these patents (H. Kato et al U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,315,318 and 4,317,179 and M. Ishida et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,346,409) have disclosed particular relationships between the parameters and the values of Di or D which can give further image enhancement. These techniques do not however distinguish between noise and image edges as far as enhancement is concerned, and the higher the density Di or D the greater the enhancement. In other imaging technology areas, similar approaches have been made. Thus in E. Alparslau and F. Ince, IEEE Vol SMC-11, 376Ė384 (1981), images are treated with an edge enhancement algorithm based in part on an adaptive parameter based on the difference between the maximum and minimum pixel values in the window at any point. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,237,481 final image data for printing plate production is treated by electronic circuits according to algorithms that combine sharp and unsharp image data with pixel parameters. U.S. Pat. No. 4,334,244 treats video signal images electronically according to algorithms based on the fixed average and wherein values acting on the instantaneous gradient of the image signal, the degree of edge enhancement being partly controlled by the dynamic noise of the system. U.S. Pat. No. 4,571,635 describes a method of displaying or recording an image showing enhanced detail (particularly edge detail) relative to an original image or record comprising:
Each of these references relates to image correction of edge defects through the use of software embodying algorithms that assist in the visual correction of the specifically identified region of defects, edges in the image. However, there arises a problem in reading an original image such as a photograph or a painting having thick portions and thin portions provided as a dot image by a half tone etching method. More specifically, because of the relation between the pitch between each of the dots and the reading pitch by the image pickup device, or of a subtle deviation of phase based on the period and the like in half tone processing, a periodical pattern of thick and thin portions called moire pattern is generated, providing trouble in viewing. Moirť patterns result from the interaction of the spatial frequencies of at least two spatially extended periodic patterns when they are superimposed. The visual effect varies widely depending on the relative angular orientation, translation and frequency distribution in two the patterns. In some cases moire can lead to pleasing design effects but in most situations in graphic arts moire is to be avoided. Examples of undesirable moire patterns are those formed in computer monitors or by overlap of color separations in color printing. One area in which moirť is a particular problem is in digital imaging, where images are formed as regular grids of picture elements or pixels. Such grids are associated with particular spatial frequencies that can interact with other spatial frequencies of components present in devices that are part of the imaging chain. A commonly encountered situation involves the scanning of colored halftone printed media, such as those composed of regularly spaced dots of colored ink of varying size. Typically, the scanner contains a detector such as a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) array and the spacing of the array interacts with the spacing of ink dots to produce an undesirable moirť pattern in the scanned image. The occurrence of such moirť patterns is well known in digital imaging. One commonly found form of moirť is of high spatial frequency in which the separation between elements of the moirť pattern is comparable to the size of the smallest details in the image. It is common to remove this type of moirť pattern with some form of smoothing or blurring. In this procedure a compromise is made between elimination of the moirť pattern and the loss of authentic fine detail in the image. There have been attempts to eliminate the moirť in the scanner itself by optical blurring, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,159,469, 5,121,213, 4,987,496 European Patent 1,022,912 or Japanese Patent 8/149,358, or by adding noise or jitter to the scanning process, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,336,558 or Japanese Patent 51/45,757. Other attempts include matching the scanning frequency to spatial frequency elements in the material to be scanned as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,253,046, 4,965,599 or European Patent 960,523 or in Shu, J. S.-P., Springer, R. and Yeh, C. L., Optical Engineering, v.28(7), 805Ė12 (1989). There have also been efforts to combine multiple scans of the same subject in order to reduce moirť as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,929, Ohyama, N., Yamaguchi, M., Tsujiuchi, J., Honda, T. and Hiratsuka, S., Optics Communications, v.60(6), 364Ė8 (1986) or Yang, C.-Y. and Tsai, W.-H., Pattern Recognition Letters, v.18(3), 213Ė27 (1997). Actions performed mechanically or electrically within the scanner can also be accomplished by digital computation. Thus, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,915 teaches the enhancement of image noise in order to mask moirť patterns. Scanners have been designed including computational means for blurring noise. For example, Japanese Pat. Wei 10/276,331 discloses an averaging circuit, Japanese Pat. Wei 11/275,367 the use of a moving average and U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,915 the use of a weighted average filter, while Japanese Patent [2,000/023,085] teaches the use of a median filter for moirť suppression in a digital camera. Further, U.S. Pat. No. 5,239,390 teaches a descreening method using an iterative smoothing filter tuned to the frequency of the halftone screen, while U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,810 discloses the removal of halftone mesh patterns by a combination of a smoothing filter and edge emphasis, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,907,096 claims descreening by filtering in the Fourier (or spatial frequency) domain. In addition to such low-pass filtering methods, there have been attempts to blur the image using specially shaped or directional filters. Thus, Japanese Pat. 1972/95,961 describes a 2D filter with an axially symmetric impulse response, Japanese Wei Patent 10/003,539 discloses smoothing in the direction of minimum brightness variation, U.S. Pat. No. 5,351,312 teaches a spatial filter with positive coefficients in the main scan and cross-scan directions with negative coefficients in the diagonal directions, U.S. Pat. No. 5,649,031 claims a smoothing filter with maximum smoothing in a direction slanted with respect to the scan direction, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,798,846 discusses the use of modified median filter with a specially shaped (e.g., cross-shaped) filter window. Another variant of moirť defect occurs as widely spaced color bands or blotches when colored halftone images are scanned. The spacing between these bands is very much larger than the scale of the finest authentic details in the image. Thus, approaches for removing moirť using blurring are completely unsuitable for removing this type of defect since blurring sufficient to reduce the bands will completely destroy small, and often medium scale, detail in the image. This moirť color banding is not unusual in scans produced by consumer scanners and there is a need for a method to eliminate it. No generally applicable and straightforward methods exist for achieving this objective. One method has been described by Kai Krause, originally in an electronic Compuserve Forum, and now available on the world wide web at http://www.pixelfoundry.com/Tips/ under the title ďTip 10: Litter Removal: Moirť RemovalĒ. This article teaches a method of removal of fine moirť patterns using Gaussian blurring. Additionally, it discloses an approach for reducing color bands. This latter method relies on splitting the image into color channels such as red, green and blue and editing a look-up table that transforms each of these colors. The principle involves manually examining each of the bands for the range of color intensities present in a given channel and then manually editing a linear look-up table in such a way that this range of input intensities becomes equal to a single average intensity after color transformation using this table. This approach does not admit automation and requires that there must first be available a method of editing look-up tables, something not normally found in consumer software. In practice it is very difficult to accomplish the disclosed correction in a way that leaves the edges of bands looking natural and blended with the image. If the color bands are not contained in a single color channel, multiple channels must be edited in the way described. This is the situation in the common case of skin tones, which can be accompanied by yellow banding, and would therefore require at least the red and green channels to be edited. Another disadvantage of this method of band elimination is that, while the alteration may lead to reduction in banding, it also influences the same color channel in regions of the image where there is no banding. This introduces new defects. To cope with this problem, it is necessary to select separate regions of the image and correct these regions individually. A further disadvantage of this approach is that it reduces the total number of colors in the image. In summary, the success of the published procedure depends very much on the specific image content, requires great skill and familiarity with image processing concepts, must be accomplished by time-consuming region-by-region correction of the image, and cannot be automated. There remains, therefore, a need for a simple process for removing moirť-related color bands that can operate rapidly on a complete image. The current widespread availability of inexpensive consumer scanners exacerbates this need. The line screen that determines the ink dot spacing in halftone printing varies with the print medium. It can, for example, be about 80 lines per inch for newspapers, about 133 or 150 lines per inch for magazines and books, and as high as about 200 lines per inch or more for high quality art reproduction, posing a wide variation in halftone spatial frequencies. At the same time scanners and their hardware components differ widely. In some examples of consumer scanners (as noted in X. Liu and R. Erich, Image Vis. Comput., v.18(10), 843Ė8 (2000)) non-uniform resampling of the image in the scanner introduces extra aliasing components and complicates the moirť pattern. It can be expected that combinations of different printed media with different scanner hardware will produce widely differing moirť patterns of the color band type. It is, therefore, surprising that the present invention can, in a simple way, reduce such moirť color bands in a broad variety of images from such sources. A method has been proposed to prevent the generation of the moirť pattern, in which dimension or pattern of a dither matrix is changed in half tone processing. However, the moirť pattern cannot be eliminated by this method when the reading pitch (the pitch between pixels in the image pickup device) itself is the cause of the moirť pattern. Under another method, the moirť pattern has been eliminated by arranging a filter for eliminating the moirť pattern in a light path in reading the original image and by gradation of the image by dispersing the image focused on one pixel of the image pickup device onto adjacent pixels. However, the moirť pattern cannot be eliminated in all of the images having thick portions and thin portions even by this method when a plurality of images with thick portions and thin portions having different dot pitches are included in the original image. In image forming apparatus, such as copy machines, an image is read by an image-reading unit as a digital signal, and the digital signal is supplied to a recording unit so as to obtain a reproduced image on a hard copy. In such an image-reading unit, an original is read out by an image sensor such as a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) image sensor by dividing the image into small areas, that is, pixels. An analog electric signal obtained by the image sensor is converted into a digital signal, and then various image-processing operations are applied to the digital signal so as to obtain optimum image data in accordance with the image characteristics thereof. In this type of image forming apparatus, an original is read out by a line sensor or the like having a small pixel size. Accordingly, when intensity change of the original image has periodicity such as in a half tone image, there is a possibility of formation of moirť in a recorded image due to interference of the periodicity of the intensity change of the original image with the pitch of the image sensor arranged in the line sensor, that is, the sampling period. This moirť can be eliminated by suppressing the periodicity of the intensity change through a plurality of pixels by averaging the intensity of the pixels. However, when intensities of a plurality of pixels are averaged to eliminate a moirť, the resultant character image or continuous-tone image may be undesirably blurred. Therefore, there is a problem in that when a mesh image and a character image or a continuous-tone image are mixed in one original image, the averaging process must be applied only to the mesh image area. The reproduction of intermediate tone in such digital copying machines is generally achieved by a dither method or a density pattern method. However, such methods have been associated with the following drawbacks: (1) if the original image is a screen-tone image such as a printed image, the copied image may show stripe patterns which do not exist in the original image; and (2) if the original image contains line-tone images or characters, the image quality may be deteriorated as the edges are broken by the dither method. The phenomenon (1) is called moirť and is induced by:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,926,267 describes a method for use in reducing moirť patterns during reproducing a halftone original having extent along first and second directions, the original being formed from halftone dots situated along a screen direction and having a spatial frequency fSCR and period PSCR in the screen direction comprising: providing gray level values for an array of pixels extending over the original, the pixels having a first spatial frequency fSCR1 in said first direction and a corresponding first period PSCR1 in said first direction; developing a first gray level value for each pixel of the array whose gray level value equals or exceeds a threshold gray level value and developing a second gray level value for each pixel of the array whose gray level value is less than the threshold gray level value, said first and second gray level values defining a set of thresholded gray level values for said pixels; determining from said set of thresholded gray level values adjacent pairs of pixels of the array in the first direction whose thresholded gray level values are different, each adjacent pair of pixels bordering a corresponding halftone dot; determining from the gray level values of the pixels an edge error e1equal to d1/PSCR1 where d1is the approximate distance along the first direction between the center of the pixel the pair whose thresholded value is equal to said first gray level value and the closest edge of the corresponding halftone dot; and processing said thresholded gray level values of said pixels of said array including: (a) using a processing window to define successive sub-arrays of said pixels and for each sub-array of pixels: (i) adding the edge errors e1for the determined adjacent pairs of pixels included in the sub-array to form a sum S1; and (ii) for the pixels having thresholded second gray level values and being in the determined adjacent pairs of pixels, starting with the pixel of the adjacent pair of pixels having the highest edge error and continuing with further pixels of the adjacent pairs of pixels in the order of descending edge error, changing the thresholded gray level values of the pixels from said second to said first threshold gray level value until the thresholded gray level values of M pixels have been changed, where M is the closest integer to the sum S1. U.S. Pat. No. 5,408,337 describes an image processing apparatus in which a moirť pattern occurring in a half tone area can be eliminated by a suitable filter. A plurality of data blocks comprising N*N pixel data are transformed by means of a two-dimensional orthogonal transform so as to obtain an N*N matrix transformation factor block. An evaluation block is prepared which comprises N*N transformation factors each of which is the mean value of the absolute values of corresponding factors from a data block being considered and data blocks surrounding the data block to be determined. Mean values A[i] and B[i] (i=0 to L−1) of predetermined transformation factors are calculated, A[i] being mean values of factors included in a number L of first areas consecutively positioned along a diagonal line of the evaluation block, B[i] being mean values of factors included in a number L of second areas positioned adjacent to and lower in frequency to the corresponding first areas. A filter selection signal is generated which corresponds to the number i when a condition is satisfied where A[i]>B[i] and A[i]>threshold value th1. The pixel data corresponding to the evaluation block is smoothed by the selected filter. As noted above, moirť patterns can also be generated in monitors or other cathode ray tubes. Color cathode ray tubes (ďCRTsĒ) are commonly used as visual display devices, employing up to three electrodes, typically one for each primary color: red, green, and blue. Most color CRTs use a shadow mask to selectively illuminate a matrix of each electrode's respective colored phosphors (i.e., red, green, and blue). CRTs normally will have a shadow mask placed behind a phosphor-coated screen. The shadow mask is usually a metal foil with numerous perforations which allow the electron beam sourced by a particular electrode to selectively strike its respective phosphor dot. The electron-beam is focused by magnetic lenses in the CRT neck into a small spot before the electron-beam reaches the shadow mask. The electron beam from the green cathode is partially occluded by the shadow mask such that the electron beam only strikes the corresponding green phosphor after passing through the shadow mask. The beam is typically larger than the shadow mask perforation size, so the shadow mask blocks part of the beam and casts a smaller shadow of the original beam onto the desired phosphor. The dot pitch, or spacing, between adjacent shadow mask perforations, and their corresponding phosphor dots, must be as small as possible for the highest resolution. For mechanical and economic reasons, the dot pitch is generally limited to about 0.2 millimeters (ďmmĒ) to 0.3 mm for a typical high resolution display CRT. As the electron beam traverses the screen, the shadow mask includes a periodic illumination pattern depending on whether the beam either impinges upon a perforation, and consequently the phosphor, or strikes the metal foil of the shadow mask separating the perforations. Because the sweep rate of the electron beam is known, an equivalent frequency for the resulting sinusoid can be calculated, and is referred to as the spatial frequency of the shadow mask, νspatial. To increase the resolution of the display, the spot size of the incident electron beam must be made as small as possible. As the electron beam spot size is reduced and begins to approach the dimensions of the phosphor dot pitch, the amount of a particular phosphor that is actually struck by the beam is a function of how well the electron beam spot is aligned to the shadow mask aperture corresponding to the intended phosphor. Moreover, it must be noted that the electron beam spot shape is not constant as the beam traverses the CRT screen. In particular, the beam spot varies from a circular shape at small angles of deflection, e.g., near the center of the CRT screen, becoming more eccentric or ovaloid at higher angles of beam deflection, e.g., near the screen perimeter. If a video pattern of alternating on-off phosphors (ďpixelsĒ) is displayed, some of the pixels will be seen to be exactly aligned with the shadow mask and therefore will have uniform phosphor brightness across the dot, whereas other phosphors will exhibit a nonuniform brightness, a consequence of misalignment between electron beam and shadow mask aperture. The repeating pattern of varyingly bright pixels also is seen to be of sinusoidal form, with a frequency νspot equivalent to half the pixel clock frequency, where one pixel clock cycle turns on the spot, and the next pixel clock cycle turns off the pixel. As the spot size of the electron beam is reduced while viewing the on-off pattern, a periodic visual interference pattern known as moirť is produced in each video line scanned across the CRT. The frequency νMoirť of the moirť interference pattern is the difference between the spatial frequency of the shadow mask νspatial, and the frequency of the electron beam spot νspot, or
From an operating standpoint, the moirť interference phenomenon poses a serious aesthetic problem, since the best electron beam focus and highest image resolution results in unacceptably noticeable moirť patterns if the video signal being displayed includes alternating pixel patterns, which is a common occurrence. From the prior art teachings, the moirť interference problem has been addressed in three ways. First, the shadow mask and phosphor dot pitch can be reduced, which raises the effective spatial frequency of the CRT, thereby raising the moirť beat frequency so that it is less visible. The result is that in order to reduce the moirť effect, much lower resolution images must be displayed on a CRT that is inherently capable of significantly higher resolution. Second, the electron beam can be defocused so that the spot size of the electron beam is increased, thereby decreasing the amplitude of the phosphor illumination, which in turn reduces the amplitude of the phosphor spot frequency. The lower amplitude spot sinusoid results in a decrease of the amplitude, and therefore visibility, of the resulting moirť interference. Again, significant reduction in resolution and image quality are exchanged for only moderate reduction in moirť interference. A third option is to avoid displaying video signals with alternating pixel or phosphor illumination patterns, and to simply tolerate the resultant moirť interference patterns when they occur. U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,188 describes how visible moirť interference is eliminated by alternately shifting the phase of the horizontal sync signal or video signals such that the phase of each video line, and hence the phase of the resulting moirť interference associated with that video line, is also alternately shifted. The phase of the moirť interferences are shifted such that persistence of vision in the human eye averages oppositely phased phosphor intensity variations occurring on alternating scan lines and/or vertical fields. When viewed by a user of the CRT, optical cancellation of the moirť interference patterns results. U.S. Pat. No. 6,094,018 describes another method of addressing moirť patterns in a display monitor. A horizontal synchronization signal having a horizontal scanning frequency is received by a first circuit. A vertical synchronization signal having a vertical scanning frequency is received by a second circuit. A moirť correction signal that is proportional to a horizontal resolution of the displayed image is generated by dividing the horizontal scanning frequency by the vertical scanning frequency. As can be seen, the main emphasis on the reduction of moirť patterns, both in printed and monitor images has been directed towards breaking up the relative frequencies between overlying or contiguous patterns. It is desirable to find alternative methods of reducing moirť in images, particularly within software solutions. A matrix of pixels within an electronic image in which moirť patterns are present is treated to modify pixel densities to reduce visible moirť patterns without damaging the quality of the image content. A grid or matrix of pixels for the entire image or a section of the image is created. Sub-matrices, comprising a minimum of 7◊7 pixels are used to compare optical density values of systematically located pixels that are not adjacent to a relatively central pixel within the matrix (e.g., there is at least one pixel between the central pixel and the non-adjacent pixel). For example, in a 7◊7 matrix of pixels, the central pixel would preferably be compared to the four corner pixels, and the four outside row centered pixels. The optical density value of the matrix-centered pixel (or other specific optical value such as CIE L*a*b*, CIE L*u*v*, tristimulus values, color content, etc.) would be compared to the eight preferred pixels specified above. A number of the pixels, preferably less than all of the compared pixels, would be selected on the basis of their compared values being the closest within the group to the measured optical value of the sub-matrix-centered pixel. The average or mean value of the selected pixels would then be used as the optical value for the sub-matrix-centered pixel. That value would then be stored in a program for later use in generating a final image. The process would then be performed again by selecting another pixel as the sub-matrix-centered pixel. When a sufficient number (or all of the pixels) within the area to be cleansed of moirť pattern have been treated by the process and the complete image data saved in the program, the image data may then be presented in a visual form with reduced moirť pattern thereon. It is at least a desirable objective in the provision of images to provide images without flaws. In professional image-provision fields, such as advertising, web-page design, printing, sign-making, and photography, a first measure of the quality of the work is the appearance of the pictures/images provided. Certain types of flaws tend to be more obvious to visual observance than others, and the presence of moirť patterns is one of the most obvious observable technical flaws. The reason that moirť patterns tend to be so readily observable is the pseudo-pattern, or density frequency of the defect. Rather than occurring only at random independent dots (half-tone imaging), points (e.g., monitor display) or pixels (raster imaging or monitor display), moirť patterns occur over areas of the image, occur over multiple areas, and tend to cover relatively large areas of an image so that the pattern is readily observed on first viewing the image. The correction of moirť defects has been addressed by image-makers at least since the time that half-tone imaging was first introduced and the problem occurred. The advent of digital imaging, inherently digital CRT screens, the increased use of computer imaging, and other technical advances have increased the occurrence of moirť patterns in regular business and private practice. The inherent limitation in the ability to control the image medium where a fixed spatially distributed medium is used (such as a CRT or monitor screen) requires new methodologies for correcting or at least redressing or minimizing moirť effects. It has been determined by the inventors that the use of only adjacent pixel-by-pixel analysis is insufficient to satisfactorily address the moirť effect. Although the moirť effect can be softened, adjacent pixel-by-pixel analysis still may leave a significantly visible pattern It has been found that the use of a system of pixel adjustments in which at least some distal pixel weighting in the adjustment of individual and collective pixels within the image provides a much more even and smooth reduction in the appearance of moirť patterns in the image. To appreciate the practice of the invention, some understanding of the structure of images is desirable. All images, at some level, are constructed of sub-elements of the image. Even with what is considered an analog image (e.g., a painting created with a brush spreading paint across a surface), microscopic or sub-microscopic analysis would show pigments distributed over the surface of the substrate or canvas. Still, digital imaging is recognized as distinct from analog imaging and is defined by the existence of a collection of distinct areas of approximately equal size (e.g., half-tone imaging usually comprises dots varying in size from about 3% dots to 98% dots) that are organized in a relatively matrix pattern of columns and rows. These sub-elements or smallest image components are known in the art as pixels. The pixels themselves, especially when produced by laser imaging or other high-resolution exposure systems, may itself be formed by smaller units (e.g., in laser imaging, a pixel may be composed of a large number of spots, each spot being approximately the incident area of the laser, and in CRT displays, a pixel could comprise an area comprising a multiplicity of phosphor particles comprising either a single color or a multiplicity of colors). However, within each imaging field, the pixel is usually accepted as a specific unit of the image. For example, in laser imaging, the software program defines how many spots (including zero energy spots to reduce the image density of a pixel) will constitute a pixel and how those spots will be distributed over the pixel area. Therefore the unit of the pixel is a common working tool well understood by the imaging artisan. In providing a computer-based image, the image is stored as a digital image, which inherently defines a system or matrix of pixels. The data is stored in a digital format, which inherently considers the image surface as a distribution of columns and rows of pixels or image components. Therefore digital or computer-based imaging is inherently subject to moirť effects and is also susceptible to a uniform mechanism of correction that cannot as readily depend upon adjustment of the pattern of lay-down of the image and must look in another direction of adjustment in the image content to overcome a moirť defect. The present invention provides a unique basis of pixel-by-pixel adjustment to correct moirť defects in digital imaging, especially images generated from computer-stored digital data. The process comprises providing a digital image comprising a matrix of pixels; dividing the matrix into smaller sub-matrices of pixels; selecting an approximately statistically or physically central pixel or group of pixels within the sub-matrix for adjustment for correction of moirť effects; selecting at least some pixels that are distal from the central pixel or central group of pixels (distal means non-adjacent, e.g., at least one pixel is present between the central pixel or any group of central pixels and any selected distal pixel or distal group of pixels) and are generally distributed around the central pixel or central group of pixels (e.g., symmetry, near symmetry or surrounding distribution is desired); at least four distal pixels (or pixel groups), preferably at least six distal pixels (or pixel groups), and preferably at least 8 distal pixels (or pixel groups) are selected; an image property (e.g., optical density, specific color optical density, optical reflectance, hue, tone, etc, preferably some quality of optical density) is compared between all or most of the selected distal pixels and the central pixel or central group of pixels; preselecting a number of distal pixels that will be used in creating an adjusting value for the central pixel or central group of pixels (the preselected number may be the number of all of the distal pixels, but is preferably a number less than all of the distal pixels, e.g., between 40% and 75% of all distal pixels); determining which preselected number of distal pixels are the distal pixels with the closest values/properties to the central pixel or central group of pixels to define a relative group of values/properties; averaging the values/properties of the relative group; assigning the average value to the central pixel or central group of pixels; storing the assigned value for that central pixel or central group of pixels; and repeating the analysis and value storage for a different sub-matrix of pixels or for a different pixel or pixel group considered as the central pixel or central group of pixels within the original sub-matrix. This process would be repeated for the same property or for other properties (e.g., the optical density for each color in the image, e.g., cyan, magenta, yellow and black) until a user satisfactory treatment of the image has been performed, including treatment of most or all pixels within the image or repeated treatment of all or most pixels within the image. The present invention relates to a method of removing defects from a scanned image or digitized image. In particular it refers to a virtual filter for removing moirť color bands. The virtual filter (hereinafter merely referred to as a filter or filter window) is in the form of a window that is successively centered over each pixel in the image and the values of various pixels within the window are used to compute a new, corrected value for the central pixel of the window. This new value can conveniently be written to a new output image array in order to leave unaffected the original pixel values of the image, so retaining them for calculations at different positions of the window in the input image. More specifically, the invention concerns a filter window whose size is determined by specific mathematical relationships. Additionally, only certain specific groups of pixels within this filter window are used in the calculation of the corrected pixel value. The filter window of the invention is a square whose sides are preferably positioned parallel to the horizontal and vertical edges of the image (although skewed, rotated, parallelogram orientations may be used). An example of a non-square, non-rectangular orientation of averaging pixels in the shape of a parallelogram is shown in In a color image, at least three components are required to describe the color, for example a) red, green and blue or b) hue angle, saturation and lightness, though it is possible to use more colors, such as cyan, magenta, yellow and black with subtractive color components. In general, pixel colors can be represented in one of many color spaces, which can be transformed one space to the other. However, it is typical to transform the final image color representation to red, green and blue for display on a monitor or to cyan, magenta, yellow and black for printing. For the practice of this invention, it is advantageous to convert the image to a color space that is an opponent color space prior to applying the window filter. Such a color space has two color axes that approximately correspond to human color vision. Thus, one axis represents approximately colors ranging from yellow to blue and a second axis colors ranging from red to green. The remaining third axis is a measure of the brightness of the color. Such color axes are termed opponent since humans cannot see colors such as yellowish-blue, bluish-yellow, reddish-green or greenish-red. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that there are many color spaces with an approximately opponent property. For the practice of this invention it is sufficient that the color space has only an approximately opponent character and not an exact match to the characteristics of human vision. Examples of such color spaces include YUV, YIQ, YCC, YCbCr and YES. It is also possible to define suitable color spaces by simple arithmetic manipulation of the red (R), green (G) and blue (B) color channels. Thus, a first color axis can be defined as R−G, a second color axis as 0.5(R+G)−B, and a third as 0.33(R+G+B). However, it is desired that the axes of the color space should correspond to similar perceptual color distances. Particularly preferred for the practice of the invention are opponent color spaces with good perceptual uniformity such as CIE L*u*v* or CIE L*a*b*. Most especially preferred is CIE L*a*b*. During the operation of the filter, the four pixels at the corners and the four pixels at the centers of the sides of the window are ranked by similarity of color relative to the color of the central pixel p(i,j). Various measures of color difference can be used in a color space with three orthogonal dimensions, such as the Manhattan or city block distance and the Mahalanobis distance. However, it is preferred to use a simple Euclidean or Pythagorean distance computed as the square root of the sum of the squares of the color differences along each of the three axes. In the case of the CIE L*a*b* color space, this Euclidean distance corresponds to the measure known as ΔE, and is particularly preferred. Other variants of ΔE, such as ΔECMC or ΔE94, are known to represent color differences more according to human perception than does ΔE and can also be used as measures of color difference. However, it has been found that the extra computational effort required to calculate such more perceptually accurate distances does not normally justify itself in improved performance of the filter. Once the eight pixels have been ranked in order of increasing color difference from the central pixel p(i,j), the colors of a certain number of the pixels with the most similar color to that at p(i,j) are averaged. While it is possible to average from two to seven of the most similar colors, it is preferred to average from three to five of the most similar colors. It is especially preferred to average the four colors that are most similar to the color at p(i,j). This average color becomes the replacement or corrected color at the central pixel p(i,j). While it is possible to compute a weighted average of the selected pixels, it has been found preferable to compute a simple average. In this way, colors can be transferred from one region of the image to another, over large distances, without destroying image detail. The specific differences selected may be based on preselected criteria. For example, if a pixel difference exceeds a specific amount (e.g., the central pixel has a gray scale value of 200, seven of the pixels have gray scale values between 100 and 220, and one pixel has a gray scale value of 10, the software selection criteria may effectively assume that an edge or boundary condition is present and exclude any pixel with such an egregious difference as compared to the other relative differences. With eight pixels or pixel groups selected, the middle six values, the six highest values, the five lowest values, or any other preselected combination may be chosen as the basis for choosing the four, five, six or seven averaging pixels. Because colors are transferred over large distances the perceived saturation or vividness of the image color can change somewhat, especially when very large filter window sizes are used. For this reason it is preferred to use the smallest window that will remove the color banding. The most usual setting is k≧3. In an opponent color space, saturation is approximately represented by the distance of a color from the lightness axis measured perpendicular to this axis. In the CIE L*a*b* color space this distance is referred to as chroma. For the purpose of further discussion the word chroma will be used to describe this distance in any opponent color space. Saturation may also be represented as chroma divided by lightness. It is possible to restore any decreased saturation in a variety of ways, for instance by constructing look-up tables based on the initial chroma histogram and that after processing with the disclosed filter. However, it has been found adequate to restore the saturation in a simpler way as follows. After operation of the disclosed filter, for every pixel in the image the chroma, C, is calculated and the maximum chroma in the image, Cmax, is estimated. Then corrected chroma values, Ccorr, are calculated according to: Ccorr=Cmax∑(C/Cmax)1/x. The quantity x can range from about 1.01 to about 1.60, but the preferred value is around 1.2. Reference to the Figures will assist in a further understanding and appreciation of the present invention. Patent Citations
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Research Article
Numerical diffusion for flow-aligned unstructured grids with application to estuarine modeling
Article first published online: 10 FEB 2013
DOI: 10.1002/fld.3774
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids
Volume 72, Issue 11, pages 1117–1145, 20 August 2013
Additional Information
How to Cite
Holleman, R., Fringer, O. and Stacey, M. (2013), Numerical diffusion for flow-aligned unstructured grids with application to estuarine modeling. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids, 72: 1117–1145. doi: 10.1002/fld.3774
Publication History
- Issue published online: 9 JUL 2013
- Article first published online: 10 FEB 2013
- Manuscript Accepted: 1 JAN 2013
- Manuscript Revised: 15 NOV 2012
- Manuscript Received: 29 AUG 2011
- Abstract
- Article
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Lights Out
Concussions in football have become so serious that even the president is talking about it. When the lights went out during the Super Bowl I couldn't help but wonder how many of the players on that field have experienced "lights out" while playing.
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A brave photojournalist
To Elizabeth Lee Miller (23 April 1907 - 21 July 1977) we usually do not associate a face right away: and it is a real shame, because her features are almost perfection and show her mixed origins: part German, part Canadian and part Irish, although she was born the other side of the Ocean, in New York. Born into a very wealthy family, Lee became passionate about photography at a very early age, following in her father's footsteps, a businessman who took pictures as an amateur, although very passionate, until he became almost obsessed, as he would incessantly take pictures of her beautiful Elizabeth.
But he was not the only one to give her attention, unfortunately: at seven Lee was raped and contracted an STD that caused her unbearable pain. The rape was not reported to the police to avoid a scandal, but was filed as a "bad accident" of which only Lee will carry the scars for the rest of her life. Lee grew up, her father kept on photographing her, but in the 20s she was very sought after especially by the great photographers of that time, who shoot her for the covers of Vogue Usa.
And one just has to look at her portraits to see why: besides beauty, Lee had an inner strength, had charisma, had the ability to attract and capture the eye of the camera with the elegance of a Hellenic statue and the power of a modern woman. And precisely this power took over and brought her to Paris in 1929 on the trail of Man Ray, photographer and a founder of Surrealism, to become his pupil, his muse, his lover. 30s Paris was going though a period of great excitement, movements and experimentation: Lee rediscovered the "solarisation" technique and together with Man Ray realized some of the best-known images of the surrealist artist.
She hung out with Picasso, worked with Cocteau, and met all the artists that in those years enlivened the cultural scene of the French capital. Man Ray became jealous, obsessed. Lee broke up with him and moved away: after 4 years in Paris she went back to New York, opened a studio in 1932 and resumed his collaboration with Vogue as a model and as a photographer, setting a unique pattern.
Shortly after she met and married a rich Egyptian man, Aziz Eloui Bey, a high-rank civil servant. In Cairo and in the desert she went back to her artistic portraits sometimes with an anthropological intent, more often creating art pour l'art. Yet marriage did not pacify her free and restless spirit. Lee fled again as soon as she became bored with a man and a setting far too domestic for her.
She started working again with Vogue (British edition), but when war broke out, Lee asked to go to the front. And from fashion photographer she turned into war reporter: she reported the advance of the allied troops in St Malo, Paris, and then the horrors of Dachau and Buchenwald. She visited the prisons of Gestapo and photographed the survivors. She was the first woman photographer to step inside Dachau. The glossy pages of a world-known magazine featured the dreadful images of hell, terror and death. Among these, one in particular went down in history, depicting Lee in Hitler's bath tub wearing mud-covered combat boots and heavy wool clothes next to a classic statue of which she mimicked the sensual pose.
The picture was shot by great Life photographer David E. Scherman. "I looked like an angel on the outside. That's how people saw me. But I was like a demon inside. I had known all the suffering of the world since I was very a little girl.", she said. She would carry with her the experience of the war forever: alcoholism, insomnia and depression followed her in London, in Austria, Hungary and Rhineland. She got married again, had a child, alternating moments of euphoria and deep discomfort. She found out she had a new talent and her passion for cooking from the 50s replaced her old love for photography. Until 1977: with her last cigarette between her lips, she drew her last breath.
Lee used to describe her life as a "rotten puzzle, whose drunken pieces never match in shape or meaning." Actually her life appears, today more than ever, the sum-up of all the forces that have characterized the 20th century: the energy of New York at the start of the century, the creativity of Thirties' Paris, the drama that resulted from the Nazi insanity affecting Europe. In between, a life lived at full throttle, the eyes always looking forward and the fortune of having lived in an era in which art was first of all the way one lived their life. As shown by the series of pictures visible on the site www.combatcamera.be, in the war reporters' section.


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Horst Braun
A man lives undetected in a dark filthy bunker, accessible only through the underground canals. Occasionally some couples find their way down there to have a fuck, unaware that they are being watched. The man captures and chains them to the wall, while some are released after he's fucked the daylights out of them...
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Below is the poem entitled ON THE OCEAN WAVES which was written by poet Suzette Richards. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by Suzette Richards
Best Suzette Richards Poems
Seagulls bob at rest on the ocean waves. A tired fisherman the predawn chill braves, disgorging his catch on quay. Gutting knives of vendors clicking like claves, staining blood red and sliming the cask staves. A twist of the wrist the key. Barter for *snoek, which in newspaper saves – Very old trick passed down by the Cape slaves, before 1834 being set free. A vanilla dawn sun the wave crests paves. North-westerly wind mercilessly raves, on the ocean waves with glee. *SNOEK - a line fish Scientific name: Thyrsites atun Other/Common names: Cape Snoek, Barracouta (in New Zealand and Australia) 8 December 2012 Tail Rhyme has many variations. Please see the About section for details.


text: 0 Are You Done With Your Christmas Shopping Mike & Liza 1 year ago Christmas shoppingidaho falls Lifestyle PreviousNext Are you done with your Christmas shopping? Mike's sister is 100% finished. Can that be normal? What percentage of your Christmas shopping have you completed? Tell us here and 6:45 tomorrow morning.


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This property is unavailable.
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Edit Summary
Contact Host
Seating for two, dishes for 4. If you need additional chairs, let us know!
Space where guests can cook their own meals
Towels, bed sheets, soap, and toilet paper
Central heating or a heater in the listing
In the building, free or for a fee
Continuous access in the listing
Breakfast is provided.
The listing can accommodate a gathering of 25 or more attendees
Easy access to the building and listing for guests in wheelchairs
Private or Shared
Free, in the building or nearby
Posted emergency information and resources
The Space
Sweet and simple, fully furnished, cozy, 1 bedroom apartment includes snug living/eating area with fold out double futon (best for only 1 adult), separate bedroom with queen bed, full bath, small but efficient kitchen, wide screen TV, Roku box, 12 MB wireless internet, and radiant floor heat. Cleaning service available for a modest fee. Laundry available in town.
Located 10 minutes from Taos Plaza on a small, urban farm at the dead end of a dirt road. Fresh picked organic produce, free range organic eggs, organic goat milk, kefir, chevre, and other farm products available for purchase or work trade when we have them. Close to cultural attractions, hospital (5 minutes away - great for visiting docs, nurses, midwives), hiking trails, several ski areas, mountain biking trails, National Forest, and access to the Rio Grande for fishing, rafting and kayaking. Health spa, climbing gym, archery range, movie theater, pharmacy and supermarket all 5 minutes away.
Let your gracious hosts answer your questions (one of them is a park manager), and cater happily to your needs. Feel free to browse our farm blog: (website hidden). And read the recent article on our farm in the local newspaper: (website hidden)(phone number hidden)e4-bc57-9f94cf94aded.html. Come see us soon!
Guest Access
Farm tours offered when owners are available.
Interaction with Guests
We make warm introductions and then leave our guests in peace. We do our best to be home when our guests arrive, and always introduce ourselves when we return home if we were absent at their arrival.
The Neighborhood
Quiet, rural feel but close to town. Our neighbor's donkey J.J. creates a wonderful ambiance when added to the background cacophony of our own goats, chickens and turkeys.
Getting around
Bus stop is considered by some as "within walking distance", but you would do best in Taos with your own vehicle.
Absolutely no smokers or smoking of anything in apartment!
No pets. We are keeping this rental pet-free to support allergy sufferers. We have pets on the property, but not in the apartment.
We will always be as conscious of keeping a quiet environment for our guests as possible and ask the same in return. We do, however, share a wall with the apartment so you may at times hear our 5 year old, or our coffee grinder.
This listing can not accommodate more than 4 very cuddly people. Best for 1-3 friendly adults or maximum of 2 adults and 2 children. We will try to provide a shoe horn if you are a family of 4.
If stay is longer than 2 weeks, a $70 cleaning deposit will be added, in addition to the cleaning fee ($35) already included in the price. After cleaning of rental is completed, some or all of this deposit may be refunded, depended on time taken to clean. Most cleaning supplies are provided in apartment. Owners are happy to loan out their vacuum to guests if desired.
This sofa has been replaced with a fold out double futon for extra bodies. We'll change the photo soon!
This spot is a gem. First of all, it's an organic farm with chickens, goats, turkeys and a massive, friendly livestock guard dog. Suuuuper cool. Second, there is a beautiful organic garden in raised beds with all kinds of veggies growing. This in the desert of Taos, NM. I slept better my last two nights here than I have in my own home. It's peaceful, quiet, clean and incredibly comfortable. MacLaren is a fantastic host, and was happy to show me and my mother around the garden (my mom is a goat fan) and chat with me while we picked beans. She also gave me tons of privacy. This place is just a couple of miles from downtown Taos and it really enhanced my stay in town.
We were looking for peace and quiet in a tranquil setting. And we found it here. Thanks!
What an amazing experience and introduction to Taos. This home was perfect for our family (including our 3-year-old daughter). We had fresh eggs, bread, yogurt and cheese from the farm, enjoyed the opportunities to learn about the farm and meet the animals. My daughter still asks to go back to 'the farm'.
This would be perfect for anyone traveling to Taos for skiing, rafting, mountain biking and more. The hosts are long-time Taos residents that know all about what the area has to offer.
The home was perfect appointed (including organic coffee for our first morning!) and was a comfortable and enjoyable place to stay. The hosts we're warm and inviting - we couldn't ask for more.
We had a great time staying here. The house was quaint and conveniently located just a short drive to Taos. We also enjoyed getting to see the animals and to learn about MacClaren's sustainable lifestyle. The goat milk was great, too. I definitely recommend staying here.
Our stay was amazing! The apartment was cozy, beautiful, and clean. The apartment was a short drive from the center of Toas, but still tucked away in peaceful scenery. MacLaren was so gracious ans warm. We did not have much time to visit with her, but learned so much in the short time that we did, she is truly inspirational! Our girls (5 and 6) loved interacting with the Scott family and learning about the farm animals, and we loved learning about organic farming as well! We purchased eggs, kale, Kiefer, goat milk, and goat cheese from MacLaren and it was some of the best we had. We would recommend staying here to anyone.
We loved our week long stay with MacLaren, Randy and Isla. The apartment was charming and clean. It was the perfect place for us and my 81 year old Mother. Mom made herself right at home (which is unusual), decided she would take the bedroom with the big comfy bed, large closet and the best view in the house. She got so comfortable it was difficult to get her to leave and go into town! The kitchen was small but organized very well and I had no problem cooking our meals. We got delicious eggs from their chickens, kale from their garden and Isla provided the yummy kefir popsicles. MacLaren and Randy were the perfect hosts - welcoming, friendly and informative. Isla was a delight! She was very attentive and helpful and made sure we had some of her beautiful art to decorate the house. We would definitely recommend this sweet little farm!
MacLaren and her husband have a beautiful home ! The accommodations were superb! Beautiful and private with the mountains in the horizon. But the best part of her apartment is her incredible farm and her warm personality. We were lucky enough to be given a small tour of her farm which includes goats and turkeys. We even sampled some of the goat products -- incredible! We would recommend her home if your ever in Taos!
I (MacLaren) am a stay-at-home mother of our adorable 3 yr old daughter, Isla. In my previous life I was a house designer, specializing in off-grid, natural built homes. My husband, Randy, is a park manager for the BLM (Bureau of Land Management) in the Lower Rio Grande Gorge. We live on a small farm where we raise chickens, turkeys, bees, milking goats, have a large garden, and a young fruit orchard. The remainder of our family includes our loving rescue Pyrenees, Molly, One-eyed Murphy the pirate cat, and Zachy, the shy gray tabby. We enjoy caring for our farm, eating locally, and engaging in many outdoor pursuits, including white water rafting and canoeing, camping, skiing, mountain biking, hiking, etc. (Isla wants us to add that SHE enjoys sliding boards, swings, her chickens, her pets, and rafting.) Feel free to browse our farm blog: (website hidden).
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Comfort Suites Oakbrook Terrace
TripAdvisor Reviews Comfort Suites Oakbrook Terrace
Travel Blogs from Oakbrook Terrace
Mac 'n Cheese & the City
Since the last blogs two exciting things have occured: let's start with the most exciting one. A certain handsome man came by all the way from the Netherlands, and made the first stop of his 3,5 week road trip through the US at my door! We had four days together to see the city of Chicago, of which we spent about 5 hours in the Art Institute (the hugest and most amazing museum). And that morning on a little ...
Thrill-seeking, fuelled by adrenaline and beef!
... we sped off with the city vista whizzing by us. We toured along the lakefront for 30 minutes before stepping off and heading back into the city for lunch.
Tim had read about Chicago's famous italian beef sandwiches and Mr Beef, located on N Orleans street, seemed to be the place to go. These subs consist of a soft French roll crammed with succulent pulled beef dripping in gravy and topped with piquant tomato-pepper sauce and pickles. ...
The Magnificent Mile
... and light jackets for our heavy ones.
Lou and I decided to spend the morning walking along Michigan Ave, The Magnificent Mile! The plan was to dodge the wind by stopping and shopping along the way. Needless to say in the end of our shopping trip we came away almost empty handed. Along Michigan Ave we came across the Chicago River. This river ran through the city and out to Lake Michigan.
Chicago is a beautiful, clean city and it ...
Sweet Home Chicago.....
... Lots of oooohhhhiiiinngggg and aaaahhhhing. After a good few hours of pounding the pavement (mainly to stay awake) I came back to the hotel and had a New York Strip with a Mushroom Risotto with Jalepeno truffled fries.. .. OMG how good was it!!!!!!
Thought if if I tried to stay awake until 9pm I'd be good to go today and be in the time zone. After a nice night with some locals at the bar (with the exception of a noisy, rude wedding party that came ...
Artsy Chicago
Chicago has a lot of world class museums and art galleries, after museum overload in Washington and with entry fees of $25+ for all of them we decided to visit none.
Happily though Chicago has enough stunning street art and sculpture just popping out at you across the city to make you feel like you've visited the best gallery there.
There's plenty of classical statues and ...


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This is a port of sntop, a curses-based utility that uses fping (ping can be used as well) to determine connectivity of remote network hosts on a regular interval. Features include HTML generation and a secure terminal. WWW: http://sntop.sourceforge.net/
NOTE: FreshPorts displays only information on required and default dependencies. Optional dependencies are not covered.
To install the port: cd /usr/ports/net/sntop/ && make install cleanTo add the package: pkg install net/sntop
cd /usr/ports/net/sntop/ && make install clean
pkg install net/sntop
===> The following configuration options are available for sntop-1.4.3_1: DOCS=on: Build and/or install documentation EXAMPLES=on: Build and/or install examples ===> Use 'make config' to modify these settings
Number of commits found: 28
Cleanup plist
Rename net/ patch-xy patches to reflect the files they modify. Approve by: portmgr (not really, but one of these is modifying an unstaged port)
Remove NOPORTDOCS and NOPORTEXAMPLES.
1: Stagify. 2: use @sample on pkg-plist. 3: bump version.
Add NO_STAGE all over the place in preparation for the staging support (cat: net)
- Reassign to the heap at maintainer's request
- Get Rid MD5 support
- Switch SourceForge ports to the new File Release System: categories starting with N
- Install DOCS and EXAMPLES [1] - Pass maintainership to submitter [1] - Move pkg-message -> files/pkg-message-in and use SUB_FILES PR: ports/97300 Submitted by: Fernan Aguero <fernan at iib.unsam.edu.ar>
- Add SHA256
- Make portlint happy
Make portlint(1) happy by changing strip to ${STRIP_CMD} Submitted by: Oleg Karachevtsev <email@example.com> PR: 56998
Update to 1.4.3 PR: 36824 Submitted by: firstname.lastname@example.com
Style police: WWW tags should either end in a file/script or TRAILING /; Fix the later case
Replace "WWW: " -> "WWW: ", and reformat to remove a line > 80 chars.
update to 1.4.2.
Remove redundant spaces at EOL.
Don't hard-code -O2
Update to 1.3.1.
fping is in ${LOCALBASE}/sbin, not in root's default search path, so spell it out.
Incorrect WWW address in pkg-descr
Update MASTER_SITES to use ${MASTER_SITE_SOURCEFORGE}
Upgrade to version 1.2.1
Change PKGDIR from pkg/ to . Also fix places where ${PKGDIR} is spelled out (many of which are ${PKGDIR}/MESSAGE -> ${PKGMESSAGE} type fixes that shouldn't have been necessary) and the string "/pkg/" appear.
Convert category net to new layout.
Add a sntop 1.2.0, curses-based utility that uses [f,]ping to determine connectivity of remote network hosts on a regular interval.
Servers and bandwidth provided byNew York Internet, SuperNews, and RootBSD
10 vulnerabilities affecting 30 ports have been reported in the past 14 days
* - modified, not new
All vulnerabilities


text:
Monday Morning JetLawg
In the news . . .
Eighth Circuit denies NFL's request to rehear doping case involving two Minnesota Vikings players.
Another professional athlete Twitter violation, but this one viewed as lacking merit.
Following death of Cincinnati Bengals wide receiver Chris Henry, teammate Chad Ochocinco decides not to don jersey while Denver Bronco Brandon Marshall will pay fine for similar pregame tribute.
Freedom of religion? Freedom of speech? Good thing this billboard is in Australia.
Already heading to jail, rapper Lil' Wayne detained after another drug bust.
New Nebraska sex offender law has those within its reach crying foul.
Tagged with: advertising • anti-doping • Brandon Jennings • Brandon Marshall • career • celebrities • Chris Henry • contracts • courts • criminal law • entertainment • financial • First Amendment • government • illegal drugs • intellectual property • internet • JETLaw • journalism • labor • lawsuits • legislation • Lil Wayne • medicine • Minnesota Vikings • Ochocinco • privacy • sex offender • sex registry • social networking • sports • technology • telecommunications • Twitter • U.S. Constitution • Willamses
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