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US 7598344 B2 Abstract The present invention includes a bifunctional specificity structure that includes a peptide linker having a first and a second binding domain, wherein the first binding domain is selective for a first biomaterial and the second binding domain is selective for a second biomaterial. The present invention also includes a method of making and identifying the bifunctional structure of the present invention and methods of using the same.
Claims(4) 1. An engineered bifunctional peptide comprising:
a first peptide binding domain with length of about 7 amino acids to about 30 amino acids which binds selectively to a biomaterial wherein the first peptide binding domain is defined as a peptide amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. NOS.: 1-22;
a second peptide binding domain with length of about 7 amino acids to about 30 amino acids which binds selectively to an electrically conductive polymer comprising polypyrrole; and
a linker joining together the first and second peptide binding domains;
wherein selective binding means that the first and second peptide binding domains include a sequence from a peptide that is not removed during washing with Tris-buffered saline containing 0.1% (vol/vol) Tween-20 (0.1% TBS-T) while bound to the biomaterial or electrically conductive polymer.
2. The engineered bifunctional peptides recited in
3. The engineered bifunctional peptides recited in
4. The engineered bifunctional peptides recited in
Description This patent application claims benefit of provisional application No. 60/408,528 filed Sep. 4, 2002 to Belcher et al. which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The United States Federal Government may have certain rights in this invention. The subject matter of the application was carried out in part under Federal Government grant number CTS-0103473 from the National Science Foundation (NSF), Nanoscale Interdisciplinary Research Teams (NIRT). The present invention relates in general to the field of polymer chemistry, and more particularly to biologically modified polymers for use as biomaterials. Without limiting the scope of the invention, its background is described in connection with the development of biological materials (biomaterials, hereafter) by incorporating polymers with organic or biologic substituents (bi-functional biomaterials, hereafter). A nucleotide and/or amino acid sequence listing is incorporated by reference of the material on computer readable form. Heretofore, in this field, the means of developing biologic materials has taken a variety of approaches, wherein traditionally non-biologic (i.e., non-organic) materials are modified in one or more ways to present biologic features that resemble or are recognized by natural biologic tissue (i.e., organ tissue). Modifications have included the use of protein adsorption and self assembly, synthesis of novel graft-copolymers with the desired functional groups, and direct covalent surface modifications. Ultimately, the goal of manufacturing such biologic materials is to create a biomaterial that is flexible enough to adapt to changes in molecular design, is easy to synthesize, and can be applied to many different biologic uses (e.g., claudication, implantation, transplantation, biologic regeneration, growth, and as biologic replacements, modifications, or substitutions). Recent investigations into creating biologic materials include the use of a microfabrication technique. Here, proteins and other molecular structures (including cells and/or tissue) are attached to the surface of a material that exhibits biologic properties (e.g., binds to one ore more biologic or organic compounds); the attachment is generally through nonspecific or specific recognition of the protein or other molecular structures to the material. For example, microcontact printing with a PDMS stamp is used to create micropatterns on the surface of a material. In the second stage, proteins or other molecular structures are adsorbed to the solid surface of the material. The unfortunate consequence of using such a technique is that the adsorption is nonuniform and creates irregular surfaces, much of which does not exhibit the necessary biologic properties that were initially desired. This is because the process is largely dependent upon non-specific interactions between the molecular structure and the material surface and these non-specific interactions result in less than optimal surfaces with randomly oriented molecules. Others have engineered polymer surfaces to a material, using engineered polymers that may even control the adhesion of molecular structures to the polymer surface and are thought to be able to be used to attract one or more cells to the surface while maintaining the phenotypic expression of the cells. The drawback is that few polymers really have suitable functional groups that are able to covalently attach to a biologic structure. This fundamental flaw limits the use of a polymer as a biologic surface unless it is also modified to become more attractive to one or more biologic structures (e.g., organic compounds, biologic compounds, cells, tissue, etc.). Common approaches to functionally modifying a polymer include introducing reactive groups (e.g., poly(L-lysine)) at existing polymer surfaces by incorporating monomer units into the polymer backbone. Such approaches, however, are cost prohibitive by requiring complicated synthetic pathways and do not create uniform biomaterial surfaces (i.e., a surface containing one or more biologic structure). An alternative method is a silanization technique that immobilizes peptides on the surface of a material. The method was demonstrated by depositing a silane film with terminal functional groups on a titanium oxide surface. In addition, the resulting surface could be further modified with different bi-functional linkers, eventually leading to the covalent attachment of a peptide sequence such as Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)�a cellular recognition sequence used by several biologic proteins. The technique was also altered using different silane-like compounds such as aminosilane. Accordingly, a number of reactions with bi-functional linkers were performed, including: (a) glutaraldehyde to yield a linkage between the aldehyde imine and the peptide amine; and (b) aminosilane with a mixture of peptides and carbodiimides to yield a linkage between the amide and peptide carboxyl groups. These reactions were limited, however, in their ability to create specific peptide attachments at one or more defined sites. Consequently, unordered and nonuniform surfaces are produced. Subsequent surface modification techniques have been used to create biologic materials with specific binding surfaces. For example, one technique was developed to create a neural surface (e.g., similar to the extracellular matrix of nervous tissue) using a polymer coupled to peptides. Here, poly(tetrafluroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) was reduced with sodium naphthalide to introduce carbon-carbon double bonds at the surface (e.g., a carbon-like film) and the reduced surface was then further modified to introduce hydroxyl groups (e.g., with hydroboration/oxidation) or carboxylic acid groups (e.g., through oxidation). The polymer, thus, contains either a hydroxyl (�CHxOH) or carboxylic acid (�COOH) surface that could be coupled to one or more peptides. In fact, the attachment of 5- and 6-mer peptides was found to promote neurite extension (i.e., modified growth). Materials with surfaces that resist protein adsorption and fouling have also been developed. These materials may be further modified with biologic components to promote specific molecular and/or cellular interactions. Polymers such as poly(ethylene glycol) or PEG that resist protein binding are suitable to use for these modifications. In addition, peptides such as those containing RGD sequences (e.g., acrylamidoyl peptides) may be incorporated into mixtures of PEG diacrylate to create a peptide-modified polymer. Unfortunately, this technique is unable to control the spatial orientation of peptides on the material (i.e., polymer) surface and only works with biologic structures of limited type and size. This type of modification is limited to polymers that have the ability for Pegylation, which can be important for immobilization of peptide via covalent reactions. As evidenced by the above, current techniques are unable to create biologic materials with functional surfaces, that is surfaces that displays properties that allow for and promote interactions between the surface and another biologic structure (e.g., nucleic acid, protein, cell, tissue, organ, chromophore, etc.). There is a need, therefore, to develop such a technique that is both cost-effective and adaptable to one or more biologic structures to enable its widespread application. The invention disclosed herein is a composition, method and use of a modified, bi-functionally-linked biopolymer, wherein the functional linkage is between a biomaterial surface and cells or biologic molecules. The present invention takes advantage of molecular screening methods to prepare molecular structures with specific binding motifs and/or binding properties. These molecular structures are used as the polymer linkers. More importantly, the present invention allows for the self-selection and screening of molecular structures that display one or more specifically required properties. For example, one can select and prepare linkers that specifically bind with high affinity to one or more selected materials. In one embodiment, the present invention uses peptide screening methods to prepare peptide binding motifs with specific binding properties, especially those with high affinity to one or more materials. More particularly, the present invention includes a bifunctional specificity structure, bifunctional peptide linker or peptide having a first and a second binding domain, wherein the first binding domain is selective for a first biomaterial and the second binding domain is selective for a second biomaterial. The first binding domain may binds specifically to a biopolymer and be selected from, e.g., the peptide amino acid sequences of SEQ. ID. NOS.: 1-22. The second binding domain may also be part of the same (e.g., a chimeric) or a different peptide that is attached to the first peptide having the first binding domain. Examples of materials or biocompatible materials that may be bound by one or both of the domains of the bifunctional specificity structure, bifunctional peptide linker or peptides of the present invention include plastic, ceramic, metal, composites, polymers, and modifications and/or combinations thereof. Another example of a target for the present invention may be a biopolymer comprising one or more chloride doped polypyrrole subunits, poly-lactic acid based polymers, poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) based polymers, magnetic materials, a biocompatible and/or biodegradable matrix, which may even be formed into a sheet. Yet another example is one or more growth factors, e.g., those biocompatible with nerve tissue. In another embodiment of the present invention, synthetic polymers that exhibit tissue-specific properties are developed. The resulting �natural� polymer may then be used for biologic purposes such as in claudication, implantation, transplantation, biologic regeneration, growth, and as biologic replacements (valve, limb, etc). In yet another embodiment, the surface of a synthetic polymer is modified using one or more screening method as presented above. For example, a random bacteriophage library that displays and expresses a peptide insert on one portion of the protein coat is used to prepare linkers that exhibit one or more of the properties required by one or more materials. Where synthetic polymers are used as the material, a peptide that specifically binds to one or more polymers is selected. Examples of polymers suitable for use with the present invention are oxidized polypyrrole doped with chlorine (PPyCl) and poly lactic acid-co-glycolic acid (PLGA). In still another embodiment of the present invention, one or more bi-functionally linked polymers are synthesized such that one end of the linker (i.e., biologic molecule or structure) binds the polymer and the other end binds another biologic structure (e.g., nucleic acid, peptide, protein, chromophore, drug, growth factor, cell, chromophore, or other organic molecule). For example, the polymer may include one or more peptides with polymer binding domains on one end and a domain that binds to cells, drugs, or growth factors on the other end. Several biologic applications, as discussed above, are suitable for the bi-functionally linked polymers. Importantly, the physical properties of the polymer (or other material that may be used) are not altered. The bi-functionally linked polymer may be further shaped or modified for its use in various biologic applications, including claudication, implantation, transplantation, biologic regeneration, growth, and as a biologic replacement (valve, limb, etc). This type of surface modification method can be applied to a variety of synthetic material surface functionalization, and in-turn, selective surface reactivity. A method of making the bivalent linker of the present invention includes the steps of selecting a peptide that includes a first binding domain peptide from a library of peptides that binds selectively to a biomaterial; and a second binding domain with the peptide that binds selectively to a target material. The peptide may have a length of about 7 to about 30 amino acids. The peptide may be bound and/or selected from a peptide phage display library and may include peptides selected from SEQ. ID NOS: 1-22. The composition, methods and use of the present invention display clear advantages over current techniques used to develop biologic materials. Notable, the present invention does not require non-specific adsorption or covalent attachment methods. Furthermore, the present invention may be tailored to develop and prepare biologic materials that exhibit one or more desired properties. In another embodiment, the present invention is a modified biologic material with a unique surface used to direct tissue regeneration. In one embodiment, the surface specifically presents biologic structures in a concentration-dependent fashion. Such a presentation when presented as a gradient may be used to guide cellular activity, growth, and/or regeneration in a time-dependent manner, e.g., akin to a nerve guidance channel. Notably, the present invention, when used, does not require multiple surgical procedures and reduces both the cost and surgical-related complications associated with tissue regeneration procedures. In yet another embodiment, the present invention is for tissue engineering such that a hybrid or bi-functional biologic material is created. The bi-functional biologic material may present one or more biologic properties (i.e., through the linkage of biologic structures) at its surface in a specific or nonspecific pattern. The hybrid-biomaterial is designed to behave or exhibit properties similar to native tissue or a native organ. Applications of the hybrid or bi-functional biologic material include its use in tissue regeneration and/or as a bioreactor or biosensor, as well as targeted drug delivery. The present invention provides a bifunctional specificity structure comprising: a peptide linker comprising a first binding domain and a second binding domain, wherein the first binding domain is selective for specific binding with high affinity to a first biomaterial which is an electrically conductive polymer or a biodegradable material, and the second binding domain is selective for specific binding with high affinity to a second biomaterial. The present invention also provides a bifunctional peptide linker comprising: a first binding domain and a second binding domain, wherein the first binding domain is selective for a synthetic biocompatible polymer surface and the second binding domain is selective for a material. For more complete understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention, reference is now made to the detailed description of the invention along with the accompanying FIGURES. While the making and using of various embodiments of the present invention are discussed in detail below, it should be appreciated that the present invention provides many applicable inventive concepts that may be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The specific embodiment discussed herein are merely illustrative of specific ways to make and use the invention and do not delimit the scope of the invention. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the invention, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. It is therefore intended that the appended claims encompass any such modifications or embodiments. All technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs, unless defined otherwise. To facilitate the understanding of this invention, a number of terms are defined below. Terms defined herein have meanings as commonly understood by a person of ordinary skill in the areas relevant to the present invention. Terms such as �a,� �an,� and �the� are not intended to refer to only a singular entity, but include the general class of which a specific example is used for illustration. The terminology herein is used to describe specific embodiments of the invention, but their usage does not limit the invention, except as outlined in the claims. The following are terms as they apply to this application. As used herein �material� is a substance with a surface that may come in contact with other materials and/or molecules. Materials may be microfabricated and may be made of a single compound, layered compounds, or a mixture of compounds of one or more molecules or chemicals such as polymers or polymer-blends, plastics, glass, metals, semiconductors, organic or inorganic compounds, and combinations, thereof. When the material is layered, the �surface� layer is one that will come in contact with one or more biologic structures. As used herein, �biologic materials� also referred to as �biomaterials� are materials that exhibit, exert, or mimic biologic properties, such that they are able to bind, contact, react, combine, and/or interact in a manner that mimics, mirrors, or resembles cellular, prokaryotic, and eukaryotic biologic activity, process, reaction, interaction, or encounter. Biologic materials may include a material to which a biologic structure has been attached or to which a biologic structure is in contact with, wherein the contact is charged, covalent, polarizable, electrostatic interaction, fluxional, or through a molecular interaction such as hydrogen bonding. �Biologic structures,� as used herein, are structures that are of biologic origin, generally considered to be organic or carbon-containing compounds with functional groups such as amino, carboxyl, thiol or hydroxyl. Examples of biologic structures include nucleic acids, peptides, proteins, chromophores, cells, cytokines, cofactors, growth factors, tissues, organs, fatty acids, sugars, organic polymers and other simple or complex carbon-containing molecules, and combinations thereof. Biologic structures may be structures with a biologic backbone that also contain organic or inorganic modifications (e.g., modifications including but not limited to those that incorporate additional charge, structure, polarizability, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction, and fluxionality to the biologic backbone). These biologic structures, also referred to as biomolecules, are complex molecules with some biologic activity and can include all of the examples used for biologic structures as well as other complex molecules such as drugs. For the present invention, the terms biomolecule and biologic structure are used interchangeably. Biologic structures may be produced, synthesized or engineered by biologic or nonbiologic processes. In one embodiment, biologic structures such as one or more host cells (e.g., tissue culture cells or clones, bacterial cells or bacteriophage) are used to express other biologic structures. The present invention involves the development of unique and/or improved interactions between a first biologic structure, a material, and second biologic structure. The linkers used may be short or long biologic structures. They may be the native structure of ones that are synthesized, engineered or expressed in another biologic structure such as a cell. In one embodiment, the linkers are engineered and/or expressed by a different biologic structure. For example, bacteriophage can express or display biologic structures (e.g., or phage display) as a virus that is genetically engineered with one or more random biologic structures or molecules, such as a peptide or drug. In one case, the biologic molecule is a random peptide of a specified length expressed as a portion of the virus' exterior coat. The advantage of using an expression system to obtain biologic structures is that large amounts of the biologic structures (e.g., libraries) are provided (i.e., displayed on the phage) enabling the rapid identification of structures that are specific to one or more materials and/or active in one or more particular biologic environments. Thus, specific biologic structures (e.g., peptides) that recognize one or more selected materials can be identified, a method akin to surface or material engineering. Furthermore, the material has become a biologic material (biomaterial) and, when a bi-functional biologic structure is used, one with the ability to contact another biologic structure or biologic material, then a bi-functional biomaterial is created as recognized by the present invention. Applications for bi-functional biomaterials include tissue engineering, tissue replacement, transplantation, biologic growth, differentiation or development, as examples. Further examples of compositions and methods of making bi-functional biomaterials of the present invention are presented below. Using Phage Display to Identifying Material-Specific Biologic Structures. A filamentous virus (i.e., bacteriophage) may be used to produce large amounts of one or more biologic structures. Commercially-available libraries that contain random assortments of biologic structures with certain qualities (e.g., length, innate structure, species) may be used. For example, bacteriophage libraries (also referred to herein, as phage libraries) have been developed that include an assortment of biologic structures such as peptides of specific lengths (e.g., 12 amino acid linear, 7 amino acid linear, or 7 amino acid constrained where cysteines are at the 1st and 9th position on the peptide to create a loop by the disulfide linkage between the two cysteines) on the minor coat protein (pIII) of the M13 coliphage. Another benefit of using a large library such as this is that after finding that one or more specific biologic structures (e.g., peptides) that can contact or bind a selected material, the library can be used to find the specific amino acids involved in contacting or binding to the material. An example of the process used to find specific biologic structures and/or characteristics about them, also referred to as a screening method, is shown in The present invention was exemplified by a series of working examples. In one embodiment of the present invention, a Ph.D.-12� Phage Display Peptide Library Kit (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.) was used to screen biologic structures (e.g., peptides). The kit contains a library with approximately 109 different 12-amino acid linear peptide inserts fused to the pIII coat protein of M13 coliphage. An initial volume of 1 μL of the phage-display library (in solution and corresponding to a 1�1012 phage/μL) was used to begin screening against one or more materials, a process referred herein as biopanning. Biopanning took place in 1 mL of Tris-buffered saline (TBS) containing 0.1% (vol/vol) Tween-20 (0.1% TBS-T); each material was incubated with the library for at least about 1 hour at room temperature. Materials were then washed (several times) with 1 mL of 0.1% TBS-T to discard non-specific phage. To disrupt any phage binding that was not specific to the surface of the material, 500 μL of glycine-HCl (pH 2) was added to the above mixture for at least about 9 minutes at room temperature. The solution was then collected and brought to a neutral pH with Tris-HCl (pH 9). Half of the volume of the solution was then introduced (at a 1:100 dilution with growth media) to Escherichia coli (E. coli) ER2837 bacteria (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.) that had been cultured at least about overnight. The phage-bacterial solution was incubated at least about 5 hours in a shaker at 37 degrees Centigrade (allows virus to infect bacteria). Bacteria were collected by centrifugation (at least about 14,000 rpm for 10 minutes) and phage were precipitated with poly(ethylene glycol) or PEG for at least about 15 minutes at a refrigerated temperature (4 degrees Centigrade). A second centrifugation (at least about 10,000 rpm for 15 minutes) followed and the pellet was resuspended in 200 μL of TBS. Meanwhile, the concentration of phage was also calculated (generally from a sample of phage-bacterial solution and/or from a sample of the phage solution when incubating with the material). The techniques used are those well known to one of ordinary skill in the art of molecular biology and includes plating the phage or allowing a various concentrations of phage solutions to infect a known amount of bacteria. When using the infection technique, bacteria with lacZ gene may be used and plated in the presence and absence of isopropylthio-β-D-galactoside (IPTG) and 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-hydroxyindolyl-β-D-galactose (X-gal) for visual determination of bacterial growth on �titer plates.� The phage concentration may then be determined by the following:
Several biopanning rounds are generally used to determine material-specific biologic structures and their material-specific contact or binding regions. For each biopanning round, the phage concentration is used to determine the amount (as volume) used in the next round of biopanning against the material. A fresh piece of material was used for the next screening, where the phage amount was at least about 109 pfu. Multiple rounds of biopanning follow, generally at least about five rounds to determine the consensus sequence involved in binding the material. From the 3rd to the 5th round of biopanning, blue plaques were picked and each amplified separately, 1:100 in growth media with an overnight culture of E. Coli and allowed to grow (e.g., amplify) for 5 hours. Bacteria were then separated by centrifugation for 30 seconds and 500 μL of the phage solution was precipitated for 10 minutes at room temperature with PEG, followed by centrifugation for 10 minutes to pellet the phage. The pellet was suspended in a solution of NaI (ruptures the phage protein coat) and ethanol (approximately 250 μL) was used to precipitate DNA from the phage. Precipitated DNA was suspended in at least about 60 μL chemical-free, filtered water and the nucleotide sequences obtained and translated into peptide sequences (N-terminus to C-terminus) as shown in Following the above method and after several rounds of screening or biopanning, a consensus region of the biologic structures (e.g., consensus peptide or amino acid sequences) will be found and will represent the preferred or common regions involved in contacting or binding of the material. For rapid analysis, several steps of the above method may be automated and without undue experimentation, as is well-known to one of ordinary skill in the art of molecular biology. Examples of Materials for Developing Bi-Functional Biomaterials. In general, ideal materials for the present invention are those that may contact a biologic structure and form an interaction that is more than a non-specific interaction�a interaction well-known to one of ordinary skill in the art of physiology. Examples of materials for the present invention include plastic, ceramic, metal, other composites, polymers, and modifications and/or combinations thereof. The material may be one that is shaped, blended, or deposited onto another surface. A preferred embodiment of the invention comprises use of electrically conductive polymers including synthetic electrically conducting polymers in biopanning experiments. Electrically conductive polymers are known in the art of nerve regeneration: (1) U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,741 to Wong et al. (Dec. 1, 1998) �Method for Altering the Differentiation of Anchorage Dependent Cells on an Electrically Conductive Polymer�; (2) U.S. Pat. No. 6,095,148 to Shastri et al. (Aug. 1, 2000) �Neuronal Stimulation using Electrically Conductive Polymers�. For example, the polymer can comprise a conjugated polymer backbone, resulting in electron delocalization and low energy optical transitions, and these types of polymers are known in the art as conducting polymers. Conducting polymers are an important class of materials because of their potential applications in electrical, optical, and sensing devices, as well as biological and biomedical applications. Prototypical electronic conducting polymers include polyacetylene, polydiacetylene, poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV), poly-para-phenylene, polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, and the like. Doping can be used for conducting polymers such as polyaniline and polypyrrole to improve their conductivities, as well as their solubilities in water. Self-doped sulfonated polyaniline (SPAN) and doped polypyrrole (PPy), for example, have charged backbones and have high solubilities in water. PPV can be made with use of water-soluble precursors as well which can be used with doping agents. Patent literature which describes a variety of conducting and semiconducting polymers includes: (a) U.S. Pat. No. 4,929,389 to Aldissi (�Water-Soluble Conductive Polymers�); (b) U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,294,372 and 5,401,537 to Kochem et al. (�Aqueous Dispersions of Intrinsically Electroconductive Polyalkoxythiophenes, a Process for their Preparation and their Use�); (c) U.S. Pat. No. 5,670,607 to Chen (�Miscible Forms of Electrically Conductive Polyaniline�); (d) U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,798 to Wudl et al. (�Self-Doped Polymers�); (e) U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,648,453 and 5,688,873 to Saida et al. (�Electroconductive Polymer and Process for Producing the Polymer�); (f) U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,417 to Viswanathan (�Conducting Compositions of Matter�); and (g) U.S. Pat. No. 6,534,329 to Heeger et al. (�Visible Light Emitting Diodes Fabricated from Soluble Semiconductor Polymers�), and are each hereby incorporated by reference for their entire teachings including synthesis and characterization. These patents, for example, describe covalently linking Bronsted acid groups to polymer backbones, zwitterionic structures, self-doping, doping with acceptors and donors which oxidize or reduce the polymer chain, cycling between neutral and ionic states, stability, and pi-conjugation of electronic systems which provides semiconducting or conducting behavior. In addition, the many applications of conducting polymers are described. Electrically conductive polymers are also described in, for example, Concise Encyclopedia of Polymer Science, J. I. Kroschwitz, Ex. Ed., John Wiley, 1990, pages 298-300, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The polymers are described as having conjugated pi-electron backbones which can provide properties such as, for example, low energy optical transitions, low ionization potentials, and high electron affinities. They can be oxidized or reduced more readily than conventional polymers. Doping of the following types of conductive polymers is described: polyacetylene, poly(p-phenylene), poly(p-phenylene sulfide), polypyrrole, and polythiophene. Additional conducting polymers and their use in patterning on various substrates is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,976,284 to Calvert et al. (�Patterning Conducting Polymer Surfaces and Process for Preparing the Same and Devices Containing the Same�). This '284 patent teaches that, in principle, any polymer having an electrical conductivity of at least sigma>10−3 S/cm, preferably at least sigma>10−1 S/cm, can be used as the conducting polymer. Also, conducting polymers are described in Chapter 11 of Organic Conductors, J. P. Farger, Ed. Marcel Dekker, NY, N.Y., 1994, which is incorporated herein by reference. Conducting polymers include, e.g., cis and trans polyacetylenes (PA), polydiacetylenes (PDA), polyparaphenylenes (PPP), polypyrroles (PPy), polythiophenes (PT), polybithiophenes, polyisothianaphthene, polyphenylenevinylenes (PPV), polythienylvinylenes (PTV), polyphenylenesulfide (PPS), and polyaniline (PAni), and the structures of these polymers are shown in the '284 patent. In these structures, it is to be understood that H atoms may be replaced by substituents, such as C1-18-alkyl, or phenyl or groups containing ionic groups such as carboxylate or sulfonate. These groups may be attached directly or through ester, ether, or amide links. In general, substitution worsens the electrical conductivity of the conducting polymer, but may enhance features such as solubility or orientation at the air/water interface, for example. Other references which further describe the synthesis and properties of these conducting polymers include: M. F. Combarel et al, C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. C, vol. 262, p. 459 (1966); L. T. Yu et al, J. Polym. Sci. Symp. C, vol. 16, p. 2931 (1967); M. Doriomedoffet al, J. Chim. Phys. (Paris), vol. 68, p. 39 (1971); T. Ito et al, J. Polym. Sci. Chem. Ed., vol. 12, p. 11 (1974); H. Shirakawa et al, Chem. Commun., p. 578 (1977); C. K. Chiang et al, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 39, p. 1098 (1977); P. J. Nigrey et al, Chem. Commun., p. 594 (1979); A. G. MacDiannid et al, Synth. Metals, vol. 1, p. 101 (1980); D. M. Ivory et al, J. Chem. Phys., vol. 71, p. 1506 (1979); A. F. Diaz et al, Chem. Commun., p. 635 (1979); K. K. Kanazawa et al, Chem. Commun., p. 854 (1979); G. Tourillon et al, J. Electroanal. Chem., vol. 135, p. 173 (1982); E. M. Genies et al, Synth. Metals, vol. 36, p. 139 (1990); H. W. Gibson et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 105, p. 4417 (1983); M. C. Dos Santos et al, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 62, p. 2499 (1989); Synth. Metals, vol. 29, p. E321 (1989); H. Kiess, ed., Conjugated Conducting Polymers, Springer Series in Solid State Sciences, Vol. 102, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1992. For example, chlorine doped polypyrrole (PPyCl) is an electrically conductive material; an oxidized version of polypyrrole has been used as a substrate for nerve regeneration. The advantage of this type of material is that it can be electropolymerized to form sheets or other shapes of interest. Materials may also be those that are biodegradable. For example, poly (lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is easy to prepare, its surface area can by controlled as well as its degradation rate. See, e.g. Sustained and Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems, Ed. J. R. Robinson, 1978 including discussion at page 328, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Electropolymerization of Polypyrrole Polypyrrole was oxidized enabling current to pass through. The addition of chloride as radical anions or �dopants� provide charge neutrality along the highly conjugated backbone. In one embodiment of the present invention, a PPyCl film is electrochemically deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO)-conductive borosilicate glass (Delta Technologies, Still Water, Minn.). The ITO glass, shaped as slides, may be cleaned before use by sonication in hexane, methanol, and dichloromethane, 5 minutes each. Electrochemical deposition of PPyCL was made with a three-electrode setup consisting of a saturated calomel reference electrode, platinum gauze counter electrode, and an ITO slide as the working electrode. The polymer was deposited at a constant potential of 720 mV (versus the saturated calomel reference) from an aqueous solution of 0.1 M pyrrole monomer (Fisher, Scientific, Palatine, Ill.) containing 0.1 M NaCl (Fisher, Scientific, Palatine, Ill.) as the dopant. A Pine Instruments AFRDE5 bipotentiostat was used as the DC voltage source. Film thickness ranged from 30-40 μm as determined by integrating current over time. The thickness was controlled by the passage of charge based on the standard value of 50 mC/cm2. The charge passing through the working electrode was measured with a current integrator (IT001, Cypress Systems, Inc.) coupled to a multimeter (Sperry, DM-8A) for digital display. Films were rinsed with sterile water and dried in a desiccator for at least about two days before use. Material-Specific Biologic Structures: Selection Against a Material Biologic structures that select for a specific material may be further analyzed to determine how or where the contact to the material occurs. In one embodiment, biologic structures such as peptides are sequenced to determine consensus binding regions. The biologic structures may be obtained after rounds of biopanning or through other methods of attachment in which nonspecific interactions are eliminated (e.g., material is washed to remove unbound biologic structures such as peptides). The methods are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art of molecular biology. In one embodiment, phage expressed peptides were allowed to bind to PPyCl and plaques grown after biopan rounds 3 through 5 were sequenced. Results of the sequencing (using one-letter amino acid abbreviations) are shown in Material-Specific Biologic Structures: Verification of Specificity Some biologic structures, especially those produced in large amounts through the help of another biologic structures (e.g., expressed through host cells such as bacteria or bacteriophage), may contain consensus regions that are not only the result of interactions between the material but are consensus regions based on the expression system or method use to produce the biologic structure. In one embodiment of the present invention, the biologic structure consensus region is verified, especially that it is not a consensus region resulting from cell growth during biopanning (e.g., amplification). For example, if a modified host multiplies better than a naturally occurring host, then there is a possibility that the modified host containing the consensus region was selected because of its ability to grow, not because of material-specific interaction. Verification includes expressing the specific consensus region (or entire biologic structure containing the consensus region) in the host, growing the host and comparing the number grown to that obtain from a non-modified host. For example, in one embodiment, a peptide containing the material consensus region for interacting with PPyCl was displayed on phage and amplified as previously described. Titer counts of these phage were compared to the amplification of random phage and WT (those not allowed to interact with or raised against PPyCl) as shown in Determining the Biologic Structure-Material Interaction The consensus region of the biologic structure is presumed to undergo a type of specific interaction with the material. The interaction may be any of the interactions previously described (e.g., covalent, electrical, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, polar, magnetic, etc., as examples). Several methods are available to determine the type of interaction that occurs between the biologic structure and the material and to determine that the interaction is specific. Methods are those readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art of molecular biology and some examples are discussed below. Titer counts. The use of titer count as a binding study for the peptide on PPyCl is semi-quantitative and provides a relative binding comparison of phage counts per PPyCl-specific phage, randomly selected engineered phage or WT phage. Initial amounts of 1�108 pfu phage interacted with the PPyCl. PPyCl samples were then washed at least about three times with 1 mL of 0.1% TBS-T to remove unbound phage. Elution of bound phage with 500 μL Glycine-HCl (pH 2.2) for 9 minutes was used to disrupt phage bound to the surface. Titer counts were obtained from consensus peptide phage experiments and compared to titer counts of WT and random peptide phage (and used to compare the binding ability of PPyCl-specific phage, randomly selected engineered phage, and WT by comparing the amount of phage that could be eluted off the surface of PPyCl). Using 500 μL of glycine-HCl (pH 2.2), the titer count method showed that PPyCl-specific phage bind more successfully than the other phage ( From The present invention demonstrates that the surface of a material may be modified to encourage an interaction with a biologic structure and can be used to create a bi-functional biomaterial. From the methods such as those using immunochemistry, the interaction between material and biologic structure is found to be specific. In one embodiment, a peptide sequence of THRTSTLDYFVI (SEQ ID NO: 1) is the consensus region that specifically interacts with the material, PPyCl. Further embodiments include spatially controlling the concentration of biologic structure on the material surface and including one or more biologic structures as linkers. For example, when used with neural tissue, a biomaterial of the present invention can include biologic structures such as neural cells and neural-specific biomolecules such as nerve growth factor or other neural-acting agents or drugs. The present invention will further expand the possibilities of the tissue engineering industry. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the material is one that can be modified over time (either synthetically or naturally) such as those that are biodegradable. Additional working examples are presented below. Example Using a Biodegradable Material Some materials may be controlled, such as their rate of degradation, immunogenic response, etc., and may, thus serve as improved bi-functional biomaterials. Controlling the rate of degradation enables one to engineer suitable biomaterials for tissue-related applications. In one embodiment of the present invention, a material, such a biodegradable PLGA is cast in a form. Casting methods that are used are those readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art of polymer chemistry. In one example, the material is solvent cast. In another embodiment, the material is cast into a film that may be at least about 80-150 μm thick with a smooth surface. PLGA is generally used in an 85:15 percent ratio (lactic acid:glycolic acid) or PLGA (85:15). The PLGA film is constructed by adding 1 mL dichloromethane (Fisher Scientific, Palatine, Ill.) to 100 mg PLGA (Polysciences Inc., Warrington, Pa.) to yield a 100 mg/mL concentration. The mixture is stirred to homogeneity and dried overnight in a Pyrex� 100 mL glass beaker for solvent evaporation. Film thicknesses of at least about 150-80 μm were determined by the relative concentrations of PLGA and solvent, such as dichloromethane. PLGA films may be stored in a UV-protected desiccant for at least about 1 month. Many forms of PLGA undergo hydrolysis of the ester bonds or oxidize over time. PLGA is a material that is biologically compatible; however, it does not have the ability to interact specifically with one or more select biologic structures. The present invention presents methods to identify biologic structures that are specific to PLGA. Biologic Structures Specific for Degradable Materials Biologic structures such as peptides that were specific to PLGA were obtained from the phage selected after the 2nd or later biopanning rounds. Results of peptide sequences obtained from biopanning rounds 2 through 4 are illustrated in More thorough analysis was performed on the peptide sequences obtained from the first screening of PLGA or PLGA-1 ( The percent amino acid group per position gives a relatively good confirmation of the consensus sequence, but it does not predict the consensus sequence completely. For example, the 4th position has relatively high values for amino acids that act as Lewis-bases and amino acids that contain a hydrophobic reactive group that seem to compete for the 4th position with acidic reactive groups. This is also the case for the 8th position with high values for hydrophobic and hydroxyl reactive groups that do not match the basic reactive group in the consensus sequence. We were also interested in the regions of hydroxyl reactive groups in the beginning of the sequence and hydrophobic reactive groups at the end of the sequence of the peptide. This is consistent with common protein structure with the hydrophobic section of the peptide coiled in the interior of the tertiary peptide structure and the hydroxyl section on the exterior of the peptide in aqueous solution. A more thorough analysis is needed to determine the binding of the peptide to the surface of the PLGA and eventually determining what role, if any, the hydroxyl and hydrophobic amino acids have in the binding of the peptide to PLGA. A second peptide screening was performed on PLGA to determine similarities in peptide sequences. The second screening of PLGA with the 12-mer library of peptides was conducted for PLGA-2 (using a similar method as for the screening of PLGA-1 with the 12-mer library of peptides). The results from the second screening for PLGA are shown in The sequences obtained for PLGA-1 (SFPDTYVRVKPA) (SEQ ID NO: 7) and PLGA-2 (KPLHSNKYYDRY) (SEQ ID NO: 15) show similarities such as the hydroxyl reactive groups localized on one end and the single aspartic acid in the peptide. Verification that One ore More Biologic Structures are Specific to a Biodegradable Material The material-specific phage were further analyzed to verify that the consensus regions for PLGA-1 and PLGA-2 were specific to the material and not to host variables such as growth or biopanning. PLGA-1 and PLGA-2 were compared to the random and WT phage. The amplification study for PLGA shows that the PLGA-1 and PLGA-2�specific phage were able to amplify to the same level as the random-phage library or WT ( Determining the Interaction Between Biologic Structure and Biodegradable Material The interaction between a specific biologic structure and a biodegradable material enables one to recognize and later modify the material and or biologic structure as needed. The use of titer counts ( Titer counts. At least about 1�108 pfu of phage were added to the material (e.g., PLGA). The material was washed at least about five times with 1 mL of 0.1% TBS-T. Non-specific phage was removed by eluting material with 500 μLglycine-HCl (pH 2.2) for at least about nine minutes. For comparison titer counts were obtained from PLGA-predominant phage, WT, and random phage. AFM Imaging. Qualitative analysis of phage interactions with the material were performed using AFM. PLGA interacted with 1�108 pfu of PLGA-1 and WT for at least about 1 hour at room temperature. The material was then washed at least about five times with 1 mL of 0.1% TBS-T and then mounted on AFM discs for visualization. The AFM was equipped with a Digital Instruments Bioscope mounted on a Zeiss Axiovert 100s-2tv, operating in tip scanning mode with a G scanner. Images were taken in air using tapping mode. Etched silicon probes with 125-μm cantilevers were used with spring constants of at least about 20-100 N/m driven near their resonant frequency (200-400 kHz). Scan rates were of the order of 1-5 μm/s. Images were leveled using a first-order plane fit to remove sample tilt. PLGA-1-specific phage were selected and qualitatively analyzed for binding specificity. The present invention may be used to find material-specific biologic structures subsequently used for tissue engineering applications or as drug delivery vehicles in mammals, as examples of their use. The biomaterial with a bi-functional linker may be used to dominate or merely represent one or more biologic structures of interest at the material surface. The bi-functional linker, such as a peptide or other biologic structure, is one with two �sticky� ends, one of which binds to the material and the other to another biologic structures or, alternatively, to another biologic structure. Layered biomaterials may be subsequently constructed if so needed. Importantly, many of all parts of the present invention may be automated with ease. Independent synthetic peptide or peptide analogs with specific recognition and binding to a biomaterial can also be made with or without linker groups that can be conjugated to RGB or other recognition units based upon the peptide sequences identified through, for example, phage display screening. Additionally, the independent peptides may be made through chemical or biological synthetic routes and would allow the same function, or enhance function, as seen during viral discovery of such peptides. References in the literature describe examples where a peptide identified as a positive binding recognition sequence when bound to a virus can be then used without the virus. See, e.g.,
Additional working example data were obtained for the polypyrrole system. A peptide was synthesized whose sequence was determined from the T59 phage (ie., SEQ ID NO. 1). Binding assays were performed to determine if the peptide on its own binds to PpyCl without the presence of the phage. The results are provided in In addition, T59 peptide binding stability in serum-containing medium was also evaluated in working examples using immunofluorescence (note that all previous experiments were done in saline buffer). The results, presented in Finally, PPyCl-specific T59 peptide was modified at the C-terminus with the cell adhesion promoting laminin-derived peptide, RGD, to study cell adhesion in working examples. The results shown in The M.A. thesis by Kiley Preston-Halfmann Miller entitled �Fabrication of Novel Interactive Biomaterials via Peptide Integration for Tissue Engineering Applications� (University of Texas) is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. This thesis includes sections on: Introduction (Chapter 1); Peptide Selection (Chapter 2); Chlorine Doped Polypyrrole (Chapter 3); Poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (Chapter 4); and Conclusions (Chapter 5). Citation to 36 references is provided on pages 55-57 which provides further guidance in the practice of the present invention. While this invention has been described in reference to illustrative embodiments, the descriptions are not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the invention, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. It is therefore intended that the appended claims encompass any such modifications or embodiments. Patent Citations
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#33070591 -
Deforestation. Forestry. Old skidder.
© Stanislav Komogorov - See portfolioPricing
Author | Stanislav KomogorovSee portfolio |
Image reference | 33070591 |
Country | Russian Federation |
Descriptive Category | Transportation Roads Truck |
Conceptual | Business Business Industries Manufacturing |
Keywords |
afforestation beam chop coniferous cut deforestation dirty ecology ecosystem equipment fir firewood forest forestry harvesting heap illegal industry log logger logging lumber lumbering machine material nature outdoors pile pine place processing renewable resource road sawmill skidder stack stock storage timber tractor transportation trees truck trunk wood woodcutter woodworking work working
See all keywords
The photo "Deforestation. Forestry. Old skidder." from Stanislav Komogorov is available on Fotolia under a Royalty Free license from 1 credit (Credit from $0.74).
Available in JPEG format, this photo may be downloaded for all kinds of professional uses and in different resolutions (up to 4,368 x 2,912 pixels in 300 DPI).
The author of this picture, Stanislav Komogorov also has 3 images in the same series.
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subset: commoncrawl


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The revised Reformation Study Bible notes are now available on Bible Gateway! Click to learn more.
Note, 1. He that is wise does not affect to proclaim his wisdom, and it is his honour that he does not. He communicates his knowledge when it may turn to the edification of others, but he conceals it when the showing of it would only tend to his own commendation. Knowing men, if they be prudent men, will carefully avoid every thing that savours of ostentation, and not take all occasions to show their learning and reading, but only to use it for good purposes, and then let their own works praise them. Ars est celare artem—The perfection of art is to conceal it. 2. He that is foolish cannot avoid proclaiming his folly, and it is his shame that he cannot: The heart of fools, by their foolish words and actions, proclaims foolishness; either they do not desire to hide it, so little sense have they of good and evil, honour and dishonour, or they know not how to hide it, so little discretion have they in the management of themselves, Eccl. 10:3.


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I've always been interested in how names change through the generations, but also in how ethnic names rarely cross over. For instance, despite a prediction that "Barack" would make it into the top 1,000 baby names after President Obama's election in 2008, that didn't happen. From 2007 until the end of 2011, only 169 newborns had been named "Barack," according to the Social Security Administration. That's obviously not because Obama is unpopular but rather, in my opinion, because his "foreign" name just doesn't resonate.
Despite all the propaganda about America being a melting pot—I prefer the stew-pot metaphor personally—only some names get blended in. There just aren't that many Irish named Raúl or Esmeralda or Deshi or LaShonda. As in so much else, the dominant culture imposes nomenclature on ... well ... on nomenclature.
Most Indians today, on or off reservations, give their children "anglo" first names, or adopt the fads that the dominant culture does, with kids being called "Amber" or "Brandon" even if their last name is Osceola. One reason for that is because many Indians forced into boarding schools in the century and a half between the 1820s and the 1970s were forced to take Christian names. Another reason is that native speakers of Indian languages have dwindled. Today, for instance, only about 4,000 of the estimated 90,000 tribally enrolled Muscogee (Creeks) and Seminoles in Florida, Texas, Alabama and Oklahoma can speak their common "mother tongue." Without that language of origin, the names disappear, no matter what grandma or great-grandpa was named. The principal chief and assistant chief of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, for instance, are named Leonard and Ella, respectively. The first and second chiefs of the Muscogee Nation are George and Roger, respectively. That's a far cry from Menawa or Hollater-Micco.
Whatever their ethnicity, many people don't like their names. And they may not just be whining because they wanted to be named Juanita and got named Rosario instead.
According to a study published in the March 2009 issue of Social Science Quarterly by David E. Kalist and Daniel Y. Lee of Shippensburg University in Pennsylvania, there is an association between what you're called and how you behave.
Results show that, regardless of race, juveniles with unpopular names are more likely to engage in criminal activity.
[Kalist and Lee] analyzed state data by comparing the first names of male juvenile delinquents to the first names of male juveniles in the population.If only I could blame my name for my 23 months in reform school.Researchers constructed a popularity-name index (PNI) for each name. For example, the PNI for Michael is 100, the most frequently given name during the period. The PNI for David is 50, a name given half as frequently as Michael. The PNI is approximately 1 for names such as Alec, Ernest, Ivan, Kareem, and Malcolm.
The least popular names were associated with juvenile delinquency among both blacks and whites. [...]
[A]dolescents with unpopular names may be more prone to crime because they are treated differently by their peers, making it more difficult for them to form relationships. Juveniles with unpopular names may also act out because they consciously or unconsciously dislike their names.
"First name characteristics may be an important factor to help identify individuals at high risk of committing or recommitting crime, leading to more effective and targeted intervention programs," the authors conclude.
What about your names and names in your family? Were they cause for trouble on the playground? Do you love your name? Do you have an "ethnic" name outside the mainstream or did you taunt the kids who did? Do you still have issues with your parents for what they named you? Did you officially change your name or adopt your middle name or some nickname because you hated your first name?


text:
Malibu Wellness Color Wellness Shampoo 9 oz
Gently preserve and extend the life and vibrancy of color treated hair with this exclusive moisture-rich, pure wellness cleanser that is 100% vegan and features the sweet, sugared scent of mango and lychee essential oils for an aromatic salon-like experience.
Why You Need It:
- preserves and extends the health and vibrancy of all deposited color-treated hair
- safe for hair processed with keratin smoothing chemicals
- nourishes every stand of hair
- hair becomes instantly shinier, softer and full of body and bounce
- especially beneficial for frequently-shampooed color-treated hair
key benefits
- an exclusive sulfate-free, multifunctional amino acid surfactant technology delivers the most gentle, yet powerfully effective, shampoo formula
- preserves color
- infuses moisture for radiant shine and softness
- antioxidants help defend against aggressive oxidizers that cause color loss
- free of sulfates, parabens, propylene glycol, DEA gluten, and no sodium chloride (salt) added
- luscious lychee and moisturizing mango essential oil blend fragrance
- 100% vegan
key ingredients and their benefits
- Exclusive sulfate-free, multifunctional, plant-based surfactant complex infused with amino acids
- Antioxidant Pro Vitamin B5 (Panthenol): Helps protect against the damaging effects of the environment including air, UV rays and water. Also penetrates hair's cortex to increase moisture retention.
- Betaine: Derived from sugar beets. Protects scalp against chemical irritation; controls moisture balance.
- Organic Aloe: Helps moisturize hair and skin; soothes dry, irritated scalp.
Additional Information
Item ID | 125100 |
Brand | MALIBU WELLNESS |
In Store Only | No |
Discontinued | No |
Special Price | Yes |
No Air Ship | No |


text:
Dr. Christopher M. Johnson, DO
Obstetrics & Gynecology
- 12339 Stratford Dr
Clive, IA 50325 - 1 Location
- (515) 263-9107
Dr. Christopher M. Johnson graduated from the Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine in 2001. He works in Clive, IA and specializes in Obstetrics & Gynecology. Dr. Johnson is affiliated with Iowa Lutheran Hospital and Iowa Methodist Medical Center At Unitypoint Health Des Moines.
Gender: Male
Languages Spoken: English
Obstetrics & Gynecology
Medical School: Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine; Graduated 2001


text:
Performance golf ball fitting focuses on finding the best ball for your game and lowering your score.
Titleist offers the most precise club fitting experience in the game.
Need to customize headwear, gloves, bags, or golf balls?
Track your stats. Get video tips. Set goals for your golf game.
Started by : Kitastrophy | Last year
Last year
Tour Chrome would my best guess however Kathi or the group at Titleist I am certain will respond as always! The Gold Nickel used to be raw in the SM4's so therre is no protection and the RAW Black I believe is similar so the Tour Chrome would have a layer to protect the finish and thus grooves.
Great question!
The Tour chrome would be the most durable. The Gold nickel is plated on the SM5 wedges and will last a long time as well. All three finishes have a special heat treatment on the groove area which will increase the durability of the groove edge radius with no discernible difference in feel. A wedge with the heat treatment will keep its spin retention for twice as long as a non heat treated wedge..
Does this mean that if I want that rusty, extra feel in my wedge like the good old days I should get the raw black one? :)


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Filament Length/Weight/Volume Estimator for 4d G-Code
by jag, published
This is a quick perl script to scan through a gcode file and figure out how much filament will be required. It reads all of the "E" moves and adds them up each time they get reset to 0. This will only work with absolute moves, not relative moves.
I did a 5 hour print and weighed it. The script said it should way 48.167 g. My kitchen scale said it weight 50 g. Pretty good!
Recent Comments
view allTranslated it to php, now available on github: https://github.com/algspd/Filament-Estimator-for-GCodehttps://github.com/algspd/Fila...
Give a Shout Out
After downloading this script you may have to make it executable (chmod gou+x filament_length.pl)
To use it just pipe the gcode file through the perl script:
cat mygcodefile.gcode | ./filament_length.pl
(replace the ./ with whatever the path is to the script)
or, you can specify the file on the command line like this:
./filament_length.pl -f filename.gcode
you can also specify the density (in g/cc) and size of the filament (in mm)
./filament_length.pl -d 1.25 -s 2.75 -f filename.gcode
You can include or omit any of the command switches you like, it reads from stdin if you omit the filename and a density of 1.05 and diameter of 1.75 if you omit them. The density of ABS is around 1.05 g/cc, PLA should be around 1.25 g/cc
It will produce a report like the following:
Cross sectional area of filament: 0.0240527984375 cm^2
macbookpro:~ jag$ ./filament_length.pl -d 1.25 -f ~/Dropbox/repg\ files/Dreidel03.gcode Filament diameter is 1.75 mm Filament density is 1.25 g/cc Cross sectional area of filament: 0.0240527984375 cm^2
Total filament: 738.936 cm Volume: 17.773 cc Weight: 22.217 g
Please Login to Comment
Translated it to php, now available on github: https://github.com/algspd/Filament-Estimator-for-GCodehttps://github.com/algspd/Fila...
I need help please!! I'm on Windows, running the script from command line. I put all the gcode files and the script into C:/ and I write "C:/filament_length.pl -f 1.gcode" but I only get zeros in all the results. gcode generated with MakerWare. What am I doing wrong?
I haven't tried this script on windows or with gcode from makerware. I'll try it out with makerware gcode when I get a chance. There might be something different about the gcode.
Perl isn't really a language that compiles to an executable. It's an interpreted script language. You just need to have a perl interpreter installed to run it.
Not being much of a windows users, I can't help you there.
can this be used with gcode from any source, or Dimension printers' gcode only?


text:
95 results containing ""
Sub treasurers taking long steps, or The magician broke down
Price current
Loco Foco expresses
"Sober second thought"
Sub treasurers meeting in England
The globe-man after hearing of the vote on the Sub-Treasury ...
The globe man listening to Webster's speech, on the specie ...
Animal magnetism
Called to account
The treasury-hen alarmed
"Worse than a Spanish Inquisition"
Professor Wise, performing a surgical operation in Congress Hall
Abolition frowned down
Symptoms of a duel
The man wot pays no postage
The meeting at Saratoga. "Like boxers thus before the fight, ...
A Select Committee of Enquiry hard at work
June bugs squirting
The cut direct. Or a scene in high life at ...


text:
- News tagged "bugs"
Thursday, 23 Jan 2014
Bugs in Chrome Allow Others to Listen in on Your Private Conversations
By exploiting bugs in Google Chrome, sites can activate your microphone and listen in on your conversations, turning the web browser into an espionage tool.
All News Categories
News for Past 12 Months
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Related articles |
rtl to C converter ? firstname.lastname@example.com (1993-06-18) |
Newsgroups: | comp.compilers |
From: | email@example.com (Karen Miller) |
Originator: | email@example.com |
Keywords: | RTL, C, comment |
Organization: | Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon |
Date: | Fri, 18 Jun 1993 05:05:52 GMT |
Hi, I am writing a language translator and I wanted to take advantage of
some of gcc (or other compiler's) optimizations.
Mainly, I wanted to run a C program through gcc (or whatever) and get out
a C program with some of the typical compiler optimizations already taken
care of.
Real question: Does someone have an RTL (intermediate language for gcc) to
C converter that I could potentially use?
karen miller
[I'd think that RTL is so low-level that the C generated wouldn't be very
useful. -John]
Return to the
comp.compilers page.
Search the
comp.compilers archives again.


text:
About RoofWebs
RoofWebs provides the very best websites for roofing and renovation contractors. We offer the very latest technology, so be sure to look at all of our samples and see how they react on different devices. .
Watch Video Contact UsFree assessment of your needs regardless of whether or not you buy from us. Need a bigger site? No Problem..
Our roofing websites are the very best around, and we have integrated the options you wish to include so that your customers can make an informed decision about hiring you for their next project. We have thought of everything, and we recommend that you take a few moments to see our sample sites so that you can see just how complete your new roofing website will be. We look forward to working with you to accomplish your goals, so feel free to call us with any questions you may have.
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At Roofwebs, we understand that your time is valuable. We make it easy for you to get a brand-new roofing website so that you can quickly get back to the business of roofing. You give us the information about your company and we build an attractive, functional website that your customers can find easily. All of our sites are extremely search engine friendly and we'll submit your site to all the major search engines to get you started.
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text:
Reference Article
An acid (often represented by the generic formula HA) is traditionally considered any chemical compound that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a pH of less than 7.0.
That approximates the modern definition of Brønsted and Lowry, who defined an acid as a compound which donates a hydrogen ion (H+) to another compound (called a base).
Common examples include acetic acid (in vinegar) and sulfuric acid (used in car batteries).
See the following related content on ScienceDaily:


text:
Ashville Pays Tribute To Former Teacher
Wednesday, 11th January 2012
Ashville College has paid tribute to a newly retired teacher who has died suddenly.
Leslie Smith – who was Exams Officer and taught Chemistry at Ashville College from 1975 until his retirement last September – suffered a heart attack on December 30 whilst carrying out volunteering duties on the North York Moors Railway.
Leading the tributes to Mr Smith, Headmaster Mark Lauder said: "Les was a dedicated teacher who shared his love of science with literally thousands of pupils over the years. He was popular with both students and teachers alike, and was at his happiest either leading experiments in the Chemistry department or performing with the school choir or orchestra. For many years, Les had taken charge of overseeing the A Level and GSCE examinations, and he did this with his usual zeal and efficiency.
"His death has come as a great shock to all at the school as he had only just retired. Our deepest sympathies are with his widow Margaret."
Just before Christmas, Mr Smith – who in his first years at the school had been a live-in house master in Elmfield House - attended an event at the school organized by the Ashvillian Society, where he spent the evening catching up with former pupils and colleagues.
Roger Pygott, a close friend of Mr Smith's and a former colleague and head of Elmfield House, said: "Les was my house tutor, I was his best man and he is Godfather to my daughter Nicky. Our relationship goes back a long way! I remember talking to him when he first came for interview. I didn't gloss over the commitment required to be a resident master in a boarding school. He accepted the challenge and entered into many aspects of school life and gained the respect of fellow staff and pupils. Bureaucracy was his forte. He was always willing to fill a niche. He cut his teeth for me on house bank! He progressed to school plays, internal exams and then of course external exams.
"His musical contributions to Ashville are well known. Less well known was his support of the AMCC (staff cricket club). For many years he was the scorer. His interest in the game was purely intellectual but he would also readily volunteer to umpire junior cricket matches and take various teams away."
Donald Grayson, former Head of Chemistry who taught with Les for 22 years said "his knowledge of Chemistry was quite encyclopaedic; his planning of lessons brought out his meticulous characteristics and his total commitment particularly came to the fore when he was organizing the exam arrangements. He was an expert, always knowing the answer to the most involved regulation of conducting exams. His commitment to the North Yorks Moors Railway was similarly 100% and his knowledge of the railway quite amazing".
A service of thanksgiving for Mr Smith is being held at Wesley Chapel, Oxford Street, Harrogate, at 2pm on Saturday (January 14). Somber clothing need not be worn.
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text:
Williamson v. United States (93-5256), 512 U.S. 594 (1994). | ||||
Concurrence [ Scalia ] | Syllabus | Concurrence [ Ginsburg ] | Concurrence [ Kennedy ] | Opinion [ O'Connor ] |
HTML version WordPerfect version | HTML version WordPerfect version | HTML version WordPerfect version | HTML version WordPerfect version | HTML version WordPerfect version |
FREDEL WILLIAMSON, PETITIONER v. UNITED STATES
on writ of certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the eleventh circuit
Unlike Justice O'Connor, however, I conclude that Reginald Harris' statements, as recounted by DEA Special Agent Donald E. Walton, do not fit, even in part, within the exception described in Rule 804(b)(3), for Harris' arguably inculpatory statements are too closely intertwined with his self serving declarations to be ranked as trustworthy. Harris was caught red handed with 19 kilos of cocaine--enough to subject even a first time offender to a minimum of 12� years' imprisonment. See United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual §2D1.1(c) (1993); id., ch. 5, pt. A (sentencing table). He could have denied knowing the drugs were in the car's trunk, but that strategy would have brought little prospect of thwarting a criminal prosecution. He therefore admitted involvement, but did so in a way that minimized his own role and shifted blame to petitioner Fredel Williamson (and a Cuban man named Shawn).
Most of Harris' statements to DEA Agent Walton focused on Williamson's, rather than Harris', conduct. Agent Walton testified to the following: During a brief telephone conversation shortly after he was apprehended, Harris said he had obtained 19 kilos of cocaine for Williamson from a Cuban man in Fort Lauderdale,Florida; he stated that the cocaine belonged to Williamson, and was to be delivered to a dumpster in the Atlanta area that evening. App. 37. Harris repeated this story to Agent Walton when the two spoke in person later in the day. Harris also said that he had rented the car a few days earlier and had included Williamson's name on the rental contract because Williamson was going to be in the Fort Lauderdale area with him. Id., at 38-39. After Agent Walton sought to arrange a controlled delivery, Harris retracted the story about the dumpster, saying it was false.
Harris' second account differed as to collateral details, but he continued to paint Williamson as the "big fish." Harris reported that he was transporting the cocaine to Atlanta for Williamson. When the police stopped Harris' car, Williamson was driving in front of him in another rented car. After Harris was stopped, Williamson turned around and pulled over to the side of the road; from that vantage point, he observed the police officer inspecting the contents of Harris' trunk. Id., at 40-41. And, Harris repeated, "the arrangements for the acquisition and the transportation had been made by Mr. Williamson." Id., at 41.
To the extent some of these statements tended to incriminate Harris, they provided only marginal or cumulative evidence of his guilt. They project an image of a person acting not against his penal interest, but striving mightily to shift principal responsibility to someone else. See United States v. Sarmiento Perez, 633 F. 2d 1092, 1102 (CA5 1981) ("[The declarant] might well have been motivated to misrepresent the role of others in the criminal enterprise, and might well have viewed the statement[s] as a whole--including the ostensibly disserving portions--to be in his interest rather than against it.").
For these reasons, I would hold that none of Harris' hearsay statements were admissible under Rule804(b)(3). [n.*] The trial judge characterized Agent Walton's testimony as "very damning." App. 50. The prosecutor considered it so prejudicial that she offered to join defense counsel's motion for a mistrial should the trial court determine that the hearsay statements had been erroneously admitted. Id., at 51 ("If the [trial] Court determines that it has been improper for [Agent Walton] to say those statements, then the Court must of necessity declare a mistrial, because there is no way they can remove what . . . they have heard that Reginald Harris said about Fredel Williamson, and the Government will join in the [defense counsel's] motion [for a mistrial], because I think that would be a burden no one could overcome in the 11th Circuit."). I concur in the Court's decision to vacate the Court of Appeals' judgment, however, because I have not examined the entire trial court record; I therefore cannot say the Government should be denied an opportunity to argue that the erroneous admission of the hearsay statements, in light of the other evidence introduced at trial, constituted harmless error. See Fed. Rule Crim. Proc. 52(a); Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 776 (1946) (error requires reversal of criminal conviction if it is "highly probable that the error had substantial andinjurious effect or influence in determining the jury's verdict").
* Nor could any of Harris' hearsay statements be admitted under Rule 801(d)(2)(E), which provides that statements made "by a coconspirator of a party during the course and in furtherance of the conspiracy" are not hearsay. The trial judge initially appeared to base his ruling admitting the statements on the co conspirator rule. See App. 34-36; id., at 47 ("I let it in as a co conspirator statement."). The prosecutor, however, "agree[d] with [defense counsel] totally" that "[they are] not . . . statement[s] in furtherance of the conspiracy"; Agent Walton's testimony, she explained, was "not offered under [the co conspirator] exception," but under Rule 804(b)(3). App. 47. I do not read the Court's opinion, ante, at 9, n. *, to suggest that the hearsay statements in this case could have been admitted under Rule 801(d)(2)(E).


text:
Billy Bob Thornton has released a statement to combat the latest media claims about him and Angelina Jolie.
The Bad Santa star denied reports that certain elements of And Then We Drove, a movie that he's co-writing, is inspired by his romance with ex-wife Angelina Jolie.
Earlier in the week, a story broke that the film is partly inspired by Thornton's wild and well-documented relationship with his ex-partner.
"We have no idea," said Thornton. "My manager told me this last night. He's Angelina's manager, too. He goes, 'You didn't say any of this, did you?' And I said, 'The only press I've done was this press conference, and you were there. Everyone heard what I said at the press conference.' I mean, I was asked about Angelina because her film was playing here, if I'm gonna see her and I said, 'I hope so' or something like that."
The actor was asked if he thinks Jolie would be mad if he indeed did make a movie about her.
"I would never do it," he responded. "I would never make a movie about my best friend, either, or any other ex of mine, or something. That's not my bag. I don't mind exposing myself, but I'm certainly not gonna make a movie about someone else."
Thornton and actress Jolie were married from May 5, 2000 through May 27, 2003.


text:
A Hong Kong native living in Chicago since '81 whose humble beginnings in electronic music grew exponentially with the discovery of house music; a music going through its own infancy at the time. Steven spent many weekends recording mixes off the Chicago airwaves, shopping for the latest cuts of the day at stores such as Imports Etc. and Loop Records. As his record collection expanded so did his interest in dj-ing, owning his first pair of Gemini decks in '88 to learn the "craft."Steven Tang's biography Steven Tang Musician
Mon, 27 Apr 2015 / Cartel Kingsday By Night with Steven Tang, Avalon Emerson & Gratts at Studio 80, Amsterdam26 Attending
Steven Tang: Connected One of house and techno's most underrated artists has just released his debut album. RA's Kristan Caryl explains why this might be the moment that the world wakes up to Steven Tang.
#68032Mon, 19 Aug 2013Post a commentSteven Tang mix for LWEAlongside an indepth interview, the Chicago producer mixes tracks from Norm Talley, Mike Huckaby, The Oliverwho Factory, Jungle Wonz and Chicago Skyway for his Little White Earbuds mixHousetunes
#48113Tue, 12 Jun 2012Post a commentEmphasis Recordings boss Steven Tang drops an exclusive mix.Ahead of his UK show for Roost, the chicago based dj/producer warms up with some choice chicago flavoured cuts from the likes of Emphasis Recordings and Aesthetic Audio. Keeping it deep, go listen!RoostLondon
#14125Wed, 4 Aug 20106 commentsSteven Tang on the demise of the Chicago sceneThe veteran Chicagoan DJ/producer tells Energy Flash that "the underground dance music scene here in Chicago has been widely dispersed" but also feels that it could be on its way back...808heinz808
#14157Wed, 4 Aug 2010Post a commentFree Download! Steven Tang'sHaving just released his "Verged Sessions EP" on Keith Worthy's Aesthetic Audio, Windy City artist Steven Tang shares an exclusive previously unreleased track on chicagodeephouse.comdaryl
#7127Tue, 22 Dec 20096 commentsMix of the day: Steven TangThe Emphasis Recordings boss puts together an urgent hour of deeper house sounds for Infinite State Machine, comprised mainly of his own material.RA
Tue, 31 Mar 201514 commentsLondon's Crucifix Lane to closeThe long-running venue will shut after Easter.
Tue, 3 Feb 2015Post a commentAxel Boman, Session Victim head to BadaboumThe Paris club will also host Jacques Renault, Bruno Pronsato and a Secretsundaze takeover in the coming months.
Mon, 24 Nov 20144 commentsSteven Tang launches new Berlin party, Future GroovesNsyde Music's Richard Zepezauer is the Humboldthain night's first guest.
Thu, 30 Oct 20142 commentsJuan Atkins and Tessela journey to TarantoSound Department has published the remainder of its 2014 programme.
Tue, 5 Aug 20141 commentThoughtless Music marks Era TwoNoah Pred's label will celebrate 100 releases with a 50-track mix chronicling its last few years.
Mon, 11 Nov 201323 commentsLawrence's Films & Windows gets remixedDJ Richard, Carsten Jost, XBD and Steven Tang have all contributed to the 12-inch, due out next month.
Tue, 21 May 201329 commentsSteven Tang preps LP for Smallville, Disconnect To ConnectThe producer also known as Obsolete Music Technology will release his debut album in July.
Mon, 29 Apr 20133 commentsConvextion headlines Acid Test SFThe veteran techno and electro producer will play live at F8 in San Francisco this Friday.


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