text: %% Image selected per Image Pickin' thread: http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/posts.php?discussion=1331078741013760100%% Used with permission of the artist, as long as it says in the caption with a link.%% Please do not change or remove without starting a new thread.%%[[quoteright:300:[[ComicStrip/{{Bizarro}} http://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/not-a-pipe-piraro_598.png]]]][[caption-width-right:300:Nor is this an image by Dan Piraro.]]->''"You never disappoint me. If they ever hang you, you'll be arguing about whether the rope really exists until the last minute."''-->-- '''Hagbard''', The ''Literature/{{Illuminatus}}'' TrilogyWhen someone wants to really blow your mind, they will show you something. It can be an ordinary object or a piece of music or anything really, as long as they can see or hear it. And then they say, "This ''does not exist''." With this mantra, the falsity of the world is stripped away and perhaps the hidden [[{{Masquerade}} mask]] of reality is revealed. This is often an indicator of a MindScrew.[[SelfDemonstratingArticle You are not seeing this page]]. There is no page. There are merely [[ZeroesAndOnes a series of HTTP messages sent as TCP segments]] twisted into a form resembling a page. [[ParanoiaFuel Believe nothing.]] Can be dreadfully annoying and dull if [[SeriousBusiness it takes itself too seriously]], or [[{{Postmodernism}} delightful and intellectually stimulating]] if it doesn't.Beware of who you use this on. Depending on the person, they may just bluntly disagree and the whole thing might fall apart. A common retort might be [[TalkToTheFist "This fist is not real."]] [[ShutUpHannibal *Pow!*]][[StockParodies Needless to say, incredibly easy to parody.]]TwoPlusTortureMakesFive is a darker version when someone forces you to see and believe things like these. [[SincerityMode Not related to]] YourMindMakesItReal. Compare and contrast ClapYourHandsIfYouBelieve & WillingSuspensionOfDisbelief. See also TrueArtIsIncomprehensible.----!!These are not Examples. They are only our descriptions of them:[[foldercontrol]][[folder:There is No Anime & Manga Here]]* [[DittoFighter Ditto]] in the anime and manga of ''{{Pokemon}}'' have much more advanced shapeshifting skills than in the video game, but aren't particularly bright. In one case, a Ditto was shown a picture of a Dratini in a book and told to turn into it...and the Ditto turned into a book.* MobileSuitGundamZZ's theme song tells that the show is not Anime.[[/folder]][[folder:Most Definitely Not Art]]* The TropeNamer: [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceci_n%27est_pas_une_pipe "The Treachery Of Images"]] by Creator/ReneMagritte. And it wasn't a pipe, but a ''painting'' of a pipe - [[ItMakesSenseInContext you can't actually smoke or stuff a painting of a pipe, can you]]?** Parodied in one of the Savannah College of Art and Design's annual sidewalk art shows. The first panel, labeled "Ceci n'est pas une rubber ducky" was a chalk drawing of a rubber ducky. The second panel, labeled "This is a rubber ducky" had a large rubber duck set on it.** ''[[http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1053/530921810_f59ab404aa.jpg "Ceci n'est pas une peep."]]''** [[http://content.perspicuity.com/?q=node/330 This is not a drill.]]** [[http://safebooru.org/index.php?page=post&s=view&id=234455 Ceci n'est pas une Tsukasa.]] Exacerbated by the fact that [[LuckyStar Tsukasa]], as a fictional character, doesn't exist any ''other'' way, either ...** [[http://neuromancer.hu/neuroblog/simpsonsnemcouchgag.png Ceci n'est pas une couch gag.]]** [[http://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/surrealistplumber.jpg "This isn't a pipe either"]] by [[http://www.bizarrocomics.com/ Piraro]].** [[http://www.23hq.com/4394453/4880513_8f2bb3f5c1bc0a6cd1ce45bbf2d70c64_large.jpg Ceci, n'est pas une lune.]]** [[HaveAGayOldTime Made even better]] by the fact that "pipe" is also one of many French slang words for "fellatio".* OlderThanPrint example: Two Greek painters were competing who could make the more realistic painting. One painted flowers so well that bees were trying to visit them for honey. "OK, now show yours...take that damn curtain away already!" Only - the curtain was only painted, and so the painter got the prize because he fooled humans, not only bees. [[/folder]][[folder:Neither Are These Comics]]* Creator/ScottMcCloud (of ''ComicBook/{{Zot}}'' fame)'s ''ComicBook/UnderstandingComics'' takes this to a thought-provoking OverlyLongGag extreme as part of his demonstration of just how much the reader of a comic is mentally filling in. Not only is it not a pipe, it's not even a painting of a pipe. Is it a drawing of a painting of a pipe? No, actually it's not even that -- it's a ''printed copy'' of a drawing of a painting of a pipe. In fact, it's ''several'' printed copies, appearing in multiple panels, each one dependent on the reader to observe.-->"Do you hear what I'm saying? If you do, have your ears checked, because no one said a word."[[/folder]][[folder:Certainly Not Film]]* ''Film/TheMatrix'': "Do not try to bend the spoon; that's impossible. Instead, only try to realize the truth: [[MemeticMutation There is no spoon]]. Then you'll see, that it is not the spoon that bends, it is only yourself."** Which was actually inspired by Baudrillard's ''Simulacra and Simulation'', which you can see on Neo's shelf earlier.** In point of fact, once the kid hands the spoon over, it isn't even a real spoon...it's CGI.* ''Film/MulhollandDrive'': "''No hay banda!'' There is no band. ''Il n'y a pas d'orchestre.'' [...] And yet we hear a band." A subtle clue showing that the whole thing is [[spoiler:Diane Selwyn's DyingDream]]. [[MindScrew Or is it?]]--> "It is a recording. It is a tape. It is an illusion."* A central theme of British Cult shocker ''TheLastHorrorMovie''.* [[http://www.agonybooth.com/recaps/Monster_A_Go_Go_1965.aspx "There is no monster."]] One of the worst films of all time tried to have a Mind Screw ending: ''Film/MonsterAGoGo'' was about an astronaut who crash landed and mutated into a giant monster and a scientist tries to save him. Except the end revealed that the astronaut actually landed safe someplace else and the monster - gasp! - wasn't real:-->"As if a switch had been turned, as if an eye had been blinked, as if some phantom force in the universe had made a move eons beyond our comprehension, suddenly, there was no trail! There was no giant, no monster, no thing called 'Douglas' to be followed. There was nothing in the tunnel but the puzzled men of courage, who suddenly found themselves alone with shadows and darkness! With the telegram, one cloud lifts, and another descends. Astronaut Frank Douglas, rescued, alive, well, and of normal size, some eight thousand miles away in a lifeboat, with no memory of where he has been, or how he was separated from his capsule! Then who, or what, has landed here? Is it here yet? Or has the cosmic switch been pulled? Case in point: The line between science fiction and science fact is microscopically thin! You have witnessed the line being shaved even thinner! But is the menace with us? [[TheEndOrIsIt Or is the monster gone?]]"** This was [[Series/MysteryScienceTheater3000 Joel and the Bots']] response to it[=:=]-->'''Joel:''' Oh, the ''joke's'' on ''us''!\\'''Tom Servo:''' ''Boooooo!''* Lampshaded in ''Film/PiratesOfTheCaribbeanDeadMansChest''. At the beginning of the film, Jack Sparrow broke into and out of a fortress in order to obtain a drawing of the key that goes to the eponymous Dead Man's Chest. Now all they have to do is find the chest, right? '''Wrong.''' First they have to find the actual key itself, because all they have so far is a ''drawing'' of what the key looks like.* Played with in the MindScrew ''Film/VanillaSky'', at different levels : ** David has built [[spoiler: his dream upon memory caught from pictures of his youth. That's one of the reasons it becomes hard for him to leave it.]]** David is also [[spoiler: accused of beating Julie Gianni. When seeing a picture of her, he declares that someone is "setting him up".]]-->'''David''': "There is no [[spoiler: murder. [[PunctuatedForEmphasis There.is.NO.MURDER!]] ]] It never happened !". * [[StarWars "Your eyes can deceive you. Don't trust them."]][[/folder]][[folder:Not The Literature You Are Looking For]]* In MarkTwain's story ''TheMysteriousStranger'', after the *ahem* ''friendly'' angel has wrought death, madness and devastation on the community, he tells the young boy/narrator that the boy ''is the only real thing in the universe, and that everything else - including the angel - is a figment of his imagination''. Twain was [[CreatorBreakdown not in a happy place]] when he wrote this.** Adapted with much NightmareFuel in the stop motion movie ''TheAdventuresOfMarkTwain'': "Nothing exists save empty space and you. And you are but a thought."* In ''DaveBarry Hits Below The Beltway'', Dave Barry wonders how lawyers become "people who refuse to make a simple, understandable statement about ''anything''," and imagines a scene in law school, with a law professor holding up a spoon, and [[ElectricTorture turns on the electrodes attached to his students]] each time they say that it looks like a spoon. This is apparently the kind of response the professor wants to hear:-->'''Student''': In certain purely superficial respects, it may ''resemble'' what is sometimes called a spoon, depending of course on the definition of "spoon"; however, we intend to present expert testimony showing that there are a number of other plausible explanations, such that it cannot be determined beyond a reasonable doubt that this is a spoon, or, for that matter, ''not'' a spoon, per se, depending on who is paying us three hundred dollars an hour plus expenses. Nor have we established that, legally, that is ''your'' hand.\\'''Law Professor''': Correct. ''(He presses the button again anyway.)''* The novel ''Literature/NineteenEightyFour'' uses this trope endlessly and is one of the most basic functions of the party. A relevant part of [[spoiler: O'Brien]]'s conversation with Winston revolves around whether the Party could, pragmatically speaking, change reality itself, with the torturer arguing that he could "float like a soap bubble" if he wanted to. After all, if Winston perceives (forcibly) such a thing, and it is on record, in what sense is it ''untrue''? Also, it is never revealed whether Goldstein or Big Brother are real, but it is suggested that, sociologically speaking, for all intents and purposes, they ''are'' real.-->"Does BIG BROTHER exist?"-->"Of course he exists. The Party exists. BIG BROTHER is the embodiment of the Party."-->"Does he exist in the same way as I exist?"-->"You do not exist," said [[spoiler: O'Brien]].* In Creator/TerryPratchett's ''Discworld/ThiefOfTime'', Susan Sto Helit becomes a school teacher. We see her holding up a cardboard clock and asking the kids what it is. Susan is mildly impressed when one of the kids eventually guesses it's "all cardboard, made to look like a clock". One of the lessons ''Miss Susan'' drills into her students is "Always see what's really there."* ''Literature/GodelEscherBachAnEternalGoldenBraid'' plays with both the concept and the [[TropeNamer painting]], including [[spoiler:a character taking the pipe from the painting and smoking it]].* In Creator/CSLewis's ''TheGreatDivorce'' the blessed former apostate finally gives up on trying to reason with his damned apostate friend not very long after the damned soul has gone so far off the deep end in his pseudo-intellectual diatribe that he ends up complaining about how the blessed man is talking "as if there some hard, fixed reality where things are, so to speak, 'there'."* In several Creator/RobertAHeinlein books, Fair Witnesses will reply to 'What color is that house' with 'It appears to be white on this side', as they have not seen the other side, and even if they were to walk over there and look, they could not be sure that someone had not repainted it as soon as it was out of their sight. This extends so far that they will even look over at the house before answering, just to make sure. Note that in the case of this example, the house in question was the property next door to the one the woman lived at, and that she was probably very familiar with it. But her training was such that she was unable to assume anything.* A variation in one of the quotes from Kozma Prutkov, a pen name used by several Russian writers in the mid-19th century: "If you see a 'buffalo' sign on an elephant's cage, do not trust your eyes." Now go ahead, try to figure out what he/they meant by this (i.e. should you not trust that you see an elephant or that what you're reading is wrong).[[/folder]][[folder:Not Television, Not Live, By No Means Contains Action]]* In the surrealist Jim Henson-directed teleplay ''Film/TheCube'', one of the many odd characters the protagonist meets is a professor. The professor argues that none of the man's experiences is true, as reality itself is an illusion, and he is merely a character on TV. To illustrate, he picks up a hammer and explains that if you could look closer and closer at it you would see that it is made up of molecules, which are made up of atoms, which are made of energy and none of those items is "anything you could call a real thing". The man exclaims "You're right, it isn't real!". Whereupon the professor says "Then how do you explain this?" and hurls the hammer at the wall, leaving a hole.* ''Series/BabylonFive'': The episode "And the Sky Full of Stars" plays with this. Sinclair is locked inside a virtual reality cybernet, which provides a realistic simulation to Sinclair's mind and senses. The villain ([[AllThereInTheScript "Knight Two" in the credits]]) shoots a sim-copy of Garibaldi "dead", then brings him back to "life" with no effort. There are, however, elements that ''are'' real, or at least grounded in reality: Sinclair, Knight Two, and pain. Later in the episode, Sinclair, frustrated with Knight Two's insinuations of him being a traitor, [[TalkToTheFist punches him out]] from within the simulation. Two, caught by surprise, is knocked ''out'' of the simulation.-->'''Sinclair:''' Well, well. [[IronicEcho Looks like the pain is real for both of us.]]* There's an [[http://markwatches.net/reviews/2010/12/mark-watches-firefly-episode-14-objects-in-space/ interesting contrast]] in ''{{Series/Firefly}}'' in "Objects in Space" between River and the villain of the week, Jubal Early. Both, one by accident, the other through upbringing and lifestyle, take an absurdist view of the universe - we ascribe meaning, but those meanings are flexible. The difference is that River searches for the meanings that everyone else ascribes to through the flood of information her damaged brain provides, while Early chooses the most pessimistic, destructive interpretation of everything to justify his bounty hunting lifestyle. * ''Series/DoctorWho'': "That which holds the image of an angel becomes itself an angel." So...inverted? Still sort of played straight, though, since messing with this trope is basically the Weeping Angels' [[PlanetOfHats hat.]] Also played with a bit in Day of the Doctor -- [[spoiler: Time Lord paintings are bigger on the inside, so a painting of the Fall of Arcadia actually ''is'' the Fall of Arcadia, or at least part of it. /spoiler]][[/folder]][[folder:Not Music, No Matter Your Tastes]]* ''This is Not a Song, it's a Sandwich'', by Music/{{Psychostick}}.* Probably "This is Not a Photograph" by Music/MissionOfBurma, although--in keeping with their [[TrueArtIsIncomprehensible commitment to obscurity]]--you can't really tell whether the song is a ShoutOut to Magritte, or something else entirely. Their tribute to "Max Ernst" is ''somewhat'' more straightforward, ending with a repeated "UsefulNotes/{{Dada}}" chant.* ''This is Not a Love Song'', by Music/PublicImageLtd.* TheLonelyIsland's "Threw It On The Ground" : the guy is handed given a cell phone, and told that it's his dad (on the phone). He says, "man, this ain't my dad. This is a ''cell phone''." (So he [[ExactlyWhatItSaysOnTheTin threw it on the ground]].)* "Jazz is the notes you *don't* play." (Old adage, sometimes credited to Music/MilesDavis.)** Played with in ''TheSimpsons''. In one episode, Lisa is at the Jazz Hole, enjoying the performance of a female electric violinist:-->'''Guy:''' [Unimpressed] Hmph, sounds like she's hitting a baby with a cat.-->'''Lisa:''' You have to listen to the notes she's NOT playing.-->'''Guy:''' [Still unimpressed] Pssh, I can do that at home.[[/folder]][[folder:No Newspapers, Especially Comic Containing Ones]]* In one ''Comicstrip/{{Dilbert}}'' comic, Dogbert was trying to get someone to invest in his latest "Give more money to Dogbert" fund. His argument consisted of handing a photo of a mansion to the very, very stupid client and saying, "If you invest in the Dogbert Deferred Earnings Fund, one day this could be yours!"--> "I could own a mansion?"--> "You could own a photograph."* The comic ''Zogonia'' in Magazine/{{Dragon}} Magazine once featured a character buying an incredibly realistic illusion of a pipe. Disbelief, somehow, failed to get rid of it, indicating ''it may have been a pipe all along''.-->'''Domato''': What's going on?\\'''Dindil''': Kev is ''not'' holding a pipe, and I'm watching him.\\'''Kev''': Strange...I ''am'' holding a pipe.\\'''Dindil''': You are?\\'''Domato''': Whatever you guys are smoking, throw it away.[[/folder]][[folder:Decidedly Un-Radio]]* Parodied in ''TheGoonShow'', in which photographs of something ''are'' the same as the real thing.* In ''Radio/TheHitchhikersGuideToTheGalaxy'' the Man in the Shack, who claims not to rule the universe, also claims to be unconvinced that anything he experiences is real. Another episode mentions a man who claimed that nothing was true, though he was later discovered to be lying.-->'''The Man in the Shack''': How do I know the past isn't a fiction designed to account for the discrepancy between my immediate surroundings and my state of mind?* In ''TheBurkissWay'' there's a sketch where a man is in a travel agency trying to decide on his holiday destination:-->'''Customer''' What about that poster on the wall?-->'''Travel agent''': It's a bit papery, sir.[[/folder]][[folder:Something That Resembles Video Games But Isn't]]* This is parodied in ''Videogame/KingdomOfLoathing'' with the [[http://kol.coldfront.net/thekolwiki/index.php/Not-a-pipe Not-a-pipe]]: "You do not light the not-a-pipe, and you proceed to do something with it that is not smoking. Whatever it is, it's very refreshing, and gives you the feeling that your head has been replaced with either a window or a giant apple."* Another parody is the ''VideoGame/{{Lemmings}} 2'' level "Ceci n'est pas une pipe", which looks like a ''water'' pipe. The BilingualBonus is that ''pipe'' is correct French for a smoking pipe, but ''not'' a plumbing pipe (''conduit'') or the other kind of water pipe (''houka''), so it really "n'est pas une pipe".* In ''VideoGame/KingdomHeartsII'', a Nobody sent to recover Roxas is baffled by photos of Roxas. [[spoiler: The photos are also not real; Roxas is trapped in a virtual reality program.]]* Most of the more esoteric ''Franchise/ElderScrolls'' lore is pretty much made of this trope. For example: gods basically only exist [[GodsNeedPrayerBadly because people believe in them.]] And if different cultures have different interpretations of the same god, it splits into separate entities. [[MindScrew Sort of.]] The [[BigBad Thalmor]] endgame is basically to "unmake" the universe and become/return to being gods by eroding the worship of Talos, who helps to hold the world together, and make it so that the universe was never created. And that's not even getting into Dragon Breaks...[[/folder]][[folder:Variably Visual Non-Novels]]* In ''VisualNovel/UminekoWhenTheyCry'', the only reason Battler has anything remotely resembling a chance is that most of what we "see" is [[UnreliableNarrator Beatrice's]] explanation of what happened. In the third arc in particular, she tries to distract him with shiny, epic magical fight scenes, but Virgilia points out that he could always deny that it reflected reality, since no objective evidence was left. She also states that since Rokkenjima is now a ClosedCircle, multiple truths can exist alongside one another until they're disproven. Later on, this trope becomes very important to the plot when in [=EP7=] we find out that [[spoiler:at least three characters are all the same person]].[[/folder]][[folder:There Are No Webcomics Here, Move Along]]* ''{{Concession}}'': This is a [[http://concessioncomic.com/index.php?pid=20061121 penis.]]* ''{{Starslip}}'': Behold! This isn't the [[http://starslip.com/2007/12/05/starslip-number-667/ Spine of the Cosmos!]]* ''Webcomic/GunnerkriggCourt'' has [[http://www.gunnerkrigg.com/archive_page.php?comicID=1072 this]] [[http://www.gunnerkrigg.com/archive_page.php?comicID=1071 lovely]] [[http://www.gunnerkrigg.com/archive_page.php?comicID=1070 secret]], courtesy of Coyote.** However, this is a rare example of a justification ([[spoiler: Coyote only "exists" because the imagination of mankind ''says'' he exists.]]) . [[MindScrew Well, sort of]], Coyote being the [[TheTrickster tricky]] EldritchAbomination he is.* iN ''Webcomic/{{Homestuck}}'', Alpha Jack Noir begins his [[http://www.mspaintadventures.com/?s=6&p=006778 Jailbreak Adventure]] locked up in a Prospitian jail cell. (Un)fortunately, there just happens to be a (crude drawing of a) key [[http://www.mspaintadventures.com/?s=6&p=006781 right on the floor in front of him.]][[/folder]][[folder:This Is Not The Original Of What Was Found On The Web (That Itself Doesn't Exist)]]* As part of Creator/ViHart's video about how she makes videos about how she makes videos about... she begins making the distinction between the her who's writing the script, the her in the video part, and the her as the voice over. This leads to her writing on her hand "This is me!", correcting it to "This is (a video of) me!", which eventually (after a lot of crossing out) becomes "This is your screen!"* ''Website/TheOnion''[='s=] parody atlas ''Literature/OurDumbWorld'' claims that René Magritte made a ''second'' painting entitled "Now This -- '''This''' Is a Pipe."* Carlos and the [[Podcast/WelcomeToNightVale Night Vale]] Science Team are [[BreakTheScientist plagued by this]]. They've spent over a year studying the house that doesn't actually exist, despite everyone seeing it, and it being between two other, identical, actually-existing houses. But Carlos and his scientists are pretty sure that, after making many complex measurements and calculations, it isn't really there.[[/folder]][[folder:This Is Anything But Western Animation]]* In one ''WesternAnimation/FamilyGuy'' scene, Peter bids on what he believes is a boat. It turns out he bid on a picture of a boat. Then the next item for sale is revealed to be an actual boat.* Similarly played with in ''WesternAnimation/SpongebobSquarepants'', where Mr. Krabs offers Squidward and Spongebob an incentive for learning the names of customers by showing them a brochure of an exotic tropical cruise. [[WaterIsAir (Never mind how one can have a boat cruise underwater)]]. After Squidward goes to ridiculous extremes to earn the cruise and ending up being thrown in prison, Mr. Krabs visits the incarcerated squid and gives him his prize... the brochure. "It was takin' up too much space in me drawer!"* ''WesternAnimation/HomeMovies'' - at the Medieval Faire, Mr. Lynch (who's really into the thing) spots Mc Guirk (who's working there because he needs the money) talking on his cell phone. Lynch tells him to get rid of it:-->'''Lynch''': It doesn't exist!-->'''Mc Guirk''': Lynch, I don't wanna have a philosophical discussion with you, okay?* ''WesternAnimation/DanVs'': In the episode "Dan Vs. Art", Dan and Chris are trying to find the headquarters of Art Artstein ([[MeaningfulName he's an artist]]), which they've just learned are a converted toy factory. Chris remarks that this information doesn't help them narrow down their search, because the city has lots of abandoned toy factories. Dan points out a factory whose exterior bears a giant painting of a sign, with the text "THIS IS NOT A SIGN". Sure enough, Art Artstein is there.[[/folder]][[folder:You Can't Honestly Call This Real Life]]* Also, [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map-territory_relation "The map is not the territory."]]** The phrase is also a military aphorism to remind commanders that all the vaunted map reading (and later, satellite imagery, UAV recon, intercepted traffic, etc) is no substitute for a boots-on-ground view.* The Xbox 360 was in low supply at the time and some crafty hoaxers at eBay managed to sell pictures of the actual console by hiding "This auction is not for a Xbox 360 game system, but instead a picture of one" within a lot of specs and praise for the console.** Another guy did the same thing selling pictures of a mobile phone.** This actually still happens, though now with "This auction is for a Xbox 360 box" [[note]]Not a scam; the original box can double the value of some collectables, thus making such auctions actually theoretically perfectly legitimate transactions, as long as it's clear that what's being sold is just the original box.[[/note]]. Ebay also changed its rules such that such disclaimers are supposed to be much more noticeable.* A RealLife theory that the universe as we know it is a three-dimensional hologram of an n-dimensional universe composed of nothing but information. We are the shadow cast by the true shape of the universe. Referenced heavily in WarrenEllis's ''{{Planetary}}''.** More concretely, the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_principle Holographic Principle]] in string theory states that all the information in universe is located in its boundary — a region with ''fewer'' dimensions than the universe at large, quite contrary to everyday 2-dimensional shadows which are cast by 3-dimensional objects. ** In a similar vein, it's been said that the entire universe can be reduced to a set of quantum fluctuations in the same way a computer's graphical interface can be stripped down to binary.* Various philosophers and religious scholars have debated this point throughout the ages. Creator/{{Plato}}'s Allegory of the Cave and the principle of Maya in Hinduism both stress this point for instance.* Zeno's Paradox is a related concept (also featured extensively in ''Literature/GodelEscherBachAnEternalGoldenBraid''). Since you can continually halve the distance between two objects, and since there are an infinite number of points in between, it is impossible to traverse the distance. (Before you can go there, you must go halfway there. Before you can go halfway there, you must go a quarter of the way there. Before you can go a quarter of the way there...) According to records, the philosopher Diogenes responded by standing, [[CrowningMomentOfFunny and silently walking out of the room.]]** Integral calculus provides the real answer to Zeno's Paradox: Though there ''are'' an infinite number of points, each point is infinitesimally small. Integration shows how an infinite sum of infinitesimal amounts converges on a finite sum. Without calculus, a lot of physics would be downright impossible. (Not to mention computing, because integration is how digital devices can approximate the non-digital world.)** Modern descriptions often depict Zenon as a crackpot philosopher who believed everything was just an illusion, but if one goes to the source (a secondary source, since we only know of him from Aristotle's refutation of his work) then a perfectly valid interpretation is that he was merely trying to point out that contemporary theories about the nature of space had logical flaws (much like Russell's paradox did for naive set theory). Concretely, Zenon gives ''four'' paradoxes, of which two are aimed at a discrete model of space and two are aimed at a continuous model. (It was probably because the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoreanism Pythagoreans]] believed in discrete space that the discovery of irrational numbers was so shocking to them, although Zenon's argument is not about that.)* Later, Berkeley argued that matter does not exist. The ultimate conclusion of his argument is that we are all basically being dreamed by God. According to Boswell, Samuel Johnson's response to this was to kick a rock and say, "I refute it thus."* A [[http://snopes.com/autos/law/handcuff.asp man in Florida]] parked his car illegally and was mailed a picture of his illegally parked car from the police who said he had to pay a $45 fine. The man responded by mailing the police a ''picture'' of $45. The police's response? Mailing him a picture of handcuffs.* "This page has been intentionally left blank." LIARS!** "Leaving posters on this wall is illegal". Yeah, right.* UrbanLegend tells of a philosophy professor who, for the final exam, placed a chair at the front of the room and challenged the students to prove it did not exist. One student scored 100% simply by writing "What chair?"* There exists a photo taken by Kunaver and Mohar, showing the famous Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Zizek sitting behind a golden frame, called ''Slavoj Zizek does not exist''. This one actually alludes to Zizek's own theory of frame and appearance.* The ''Stadtschloss'' (city palace) of Potsdam, which was heavily damaged in World War 2 and subsequently demolished on the orders of the government of the [=GDR=], was rebuilt after German Reunification as the new home of the ''Landtag'' (state parliament) of Brandenburg; it was inaugurated in 2014. On the outside it is an authentic recreation of the old building, while on the inside it is a 21st century building full of office rooms and the austere plenary session hall. To highlight this, they added an inscription in golden letters (reminiscent in form of those used by Magritte) on one of the outside walls: ''Ceci n'est pas un château'' ("this is not a palace").[[/folder]]----->[[GratuitousFrench Ceci n'est pas un lien]].----


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US 20040233671 A1 Abstract The tailorable light-emitting panel contains smallest sub-units connected in parallel with, in each case, at least two light-emitting bodies connected in series and operable by way of electricity, for example light-emitting diodes (24). The light-emitting panel may later be severed into part pieces capable of functioning per se, with at least the size of a smallest sub-unit. The panel includes an electrically conducting base layer (21) and a cover layer (29) electrically insulated from the base layer. The, base layer (21) and the cover layer (29) function as connection surfaces for the electrical parallel contacting of the sub-units. Conductor paths (23) electrically insulated from the electrical connection surfaces serve for the electrical connection of the various light-emitting bodies (24) of the sub-units.
Claims(23) 1. A light-emitting panel with a carrier plate which comprises:
a base layer (1, 21, 41) with an electrically conductive surface, an electrically insulating layer deposited on said base layer, said electrically insulating layer defining a regular array of first openings, conductor paths arranged in a regular grid-like manner and electrically insulated from the base layer, wherein the first openings are arranged at crossing points of the grid of conductor paths and the conductor paths are interrupted at said crossing points, and an electrically conducting layer (29, 49, 79, 89) electrically insulated from the base layer and from the conductor paths, said electrically conducting layer having a regular array of second openings that encompass the first openings, said second openings being larger than said first openings, with smallest sub-units connected in parallel, each of said smallest sub-units comprising at least two light-emitting bodies (4 a, 4 b, 4 c, 4 d, 4 e, 4 f, 4 g, 4 h, 4 i, 4 k, 4 l, 4 m, 4 n, 4 o, 4 p, 24, 44, 74 a, 74 b, 74 c, 74 d, 84 a, 84 b) that are connected in series and adapted to, be operated by electricity and attached on the carrier plate, wherein the light-emitting bodies of the sub-units are electrically connected in series by the conductor paths, wherein the base layer and the electrically conducting layer function as connection surfaces for the electrical parallel contacting of the sub-units, and wherein the light-emitting panel, by severing the base layer, may be divided up into part pieces capable of functioning per se with at least the size of the smallest sub-unit. 2. The light-emitting panel according to
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21. A carrier plate, for use as a component of a light-emitting panel, comprising a base layer (1, 21, 41) with an electrically conductive surface, an electrically insulating layer deposited on said base layer and having a regular array of first openings formed therein, and conductor paths arranged in a regular grid-like manner on said insulating layer and electrically insulated from the base layer, wherein the first openings are arranged at crossing points of the conductor path grid and the conductor paths are interrupted at said crossing points, wherein electrically conducting layer, which is electrically insulated from the base layer and the conductor paths, defines a regular array of second openings that encompass the first openings, said second openings having a size that is larger than a size of said first openings.
22. (Cancelled)
23. (Cancelled)
Description [0001] The invention relates to a tailorable light-emitting panel with light-emitting diodes, as well as to a carrier plate as a component of such. [0002] A tailorable light-emitting panel is known from the document PCT/CH99/00051, which permits unhoused light-emitting diodes (LED-chips) to be connected in groups in series and parallel. The construction of the panel and the circuiting of the LEDS are designed such that the panel may be manufactured as an infinitely large surface. This surface may be separated into infinitely shaped part pieces as long as the size of these part pieces does not fall below a certain smallest sub-unit capable of functioning. The use of unhoused LED chips permits a selectively loose or compact arrangement of LEDs. In particular, a more compact arrangement than with conventional panels with housed light-emitting diodes is made possible. In conventional light-emitting panels, the LED density, depending on the cooling, reaches typical values in the region of approx. 4-9 LED/cm2. The panel of the document PCT/CH99/00051 may be equipped with 25 LED/cm2 without further ado. [0003] A light-emitting panel is thus to be developed proceeding from the panel of the document PCT/CH99/00051, whose manufacture is further simplified. In particular, no complicated contacting of LEDs should need to be effected. The manufacturing costs, as a whole, should be reduced. Furthermore, the flexibility of the panel should be increased even further. It would be particularly desirable if an even more compact arrangement of LEDs were possible. The invention is directed to such a light-emitting panel. [0004] The invention provides a light-emitting panel which is indeed simple in manufacture and is also suitable as an inexpensive mass product. A method for manufacturing such a light-emitting panel and a circuit board as an element of such a panel are also the subject-matter of the invention. [0005] The tailorable light-emitting panel according to the invention contains the smallest of sub-units connected in parallel, with in each case at least two light-emitting bodies able to be operated with electricity and connected in series, for example light-emitting diodes. The light-emitting panel is later divided up into part pieces capable of functioning per se, with at least the size of a smallest sub-unit. The light-emitting panel comprises a base layer with an electrically conducting surface and a cover layer which is separated from this surface by way of an electrically insulating layer, wherein the base layer and the cover layer function as connection surfaces for the electrical parallel contacting of the sub-units. Electrically insulated conductor paths serve for the electrical connection of the various light-emitting bodies of the individual sub-units and are electrically insulated from the electrical contact surfaces. [0006] The term �conductor paths� means at least one conductor layer separated into individual paths by structuring and, thus, a plurality of generally flat conductors present in or on an electrical connection element in a fixed manner. This is in contrast to later deposited conductors distanced to the base layer such as bonds, wire connections etc. The conductor paths have the advantage of a manufacture which has been standardized for some time and is thus inexpensive. Furthermore, according to preferred embodiments, the conductor paths permit a light-emitting body to be contacted directly on attachment to the conductor path�a significant simplification in manufacture. [0007] The light-emitting panel, thus, more or less, has a carrier plate which forms or comprises an electrical connection element (for example circuit board) and light-emitting bodies attached thereon, as well as yet further units as the case may be. [0008] One preferred embodiment of the light-emitting panel is designed such that the light-emitting bodies comprising for example two electrodes, are fastened directly on the base layer or a conductor path and are contacted by the same via one of the electrodes. For light-emitting bodies with an electrical contact on the base surface and with a second electrical contact on the cover surface, it is envisaged to fasten a first light-emitting body of each sub-unit with an electrically conducting contact means�for example a wire bond�directly on the conducting base layer and to simultaneously contact it. A commercially available electrically conductive adhesive (contact adhesive) or solder may be used as a contact means. Further light-emitting bodies of each sub-unit are, for example, deposited on a conductor path and are contacted by the conductor path. [0009] There are also light-emitting bodies whose two electrical contacts are located on one and the same surface,namely the cover surface. The first light-emitting body of each sub-unit is then deposited on a conductor path with a not necessarily electrically conducting contact means, wherein the electrical contact between the base layer and the first electrical contact of the light-emitting means is ensured by way of a suitable electrical connection element, which leads from the contact surface of the light-emitting means through an opening in the insulating layer. For this, partial openings are necessary in the insulating layer. The insulating layer is, for example, formed by two insulating films, then the partial opening is an opening at least in the film which does not bear on the base layer. The respective second electrode of each light-emitting body may be electrically connected by way of a wire bond to a further conductor path or to a contact surface. �Bonding� is a standardized, automatic and economical method. [0010] Alternatively to wire bonds, the electrical contacting of the light-emitting body electrodes may be ensured by way of conductor paths integrated in a flexible transparent layer. The conductor paths required for this may, for example, consist of an electrically conducting transparent layer, such as, for example, a so-called ITO-layer (In2O3�SnO2). The conductor paths may, however, also be formed by a grid of very thin metallic conductor paths. The local dimensions either of the transparent conductor paths or of the conducting grid are preferably selected such that, without incorrect contacting, one requires no special alignment effort. [0011] Suitable light-emitting bodies obtainable on the market are unhoused light-emitting diodes. These are offered in various designs. On the one hand, their base surface, for example, varies between 250�250 μm and 500�500 μm, and on the other hand, the two electrodes for the electrical contacting are either both arranged on the cover surface or one electrode is located on the cover surface and the second electrode on the base surface. In principle, one may use any light-emitting diodes. In many cases, however, light-emitting diodes with an electrically conducting substrate, for example SiC, are to be preferred since then a direct contacting of one electrode may be effected by way of depositing on a contact surface (as already mentioned) and since the heat arising in the active region is led downwards more efficiently by way of electrical conductors. [0012] The panel according to the invention may have light-emitting diodes of a certain color or a certain color composition. One may, howeverm also use blue or also violet or ultraviolet light-emitting diodes, e.g. with GaN or InGaN layers, preferably in combination with fluorescence means. The blue or ultraviolet light emitted by the light-emitting bodies is at least partly converted into longer-waved light by way of secondary emitting dye. The original blue or ultraviolet light superimposes with the longer-waved light, wherein white light results from the sum. As the case may be, in combination with color filter means in an arrangement yet to be described, by way of the light-emitting panel according to the invention, white light may be created in a trueness to color which has not yet been surpassed. The use of suitable laser diodes is also conceivable, which have the advantage of a considerably higher light emission which, however, is limited to a relatively restricted spatial [solid] angle. Such laser diodes are furthermore relatively expensive. [0013] The light-emitting panel is preferably designed such that the density of the arrangement of the light-emitting bodies may be adapted downwards beginning from a maximum. The maximal density is dependent on the distance of the openings in the insulating layer and the length, resulting from this, of the individual discrete conductor paths for electrically contacting the light-emitting bodies. If a smaller density of light-emitting bodies is desired, then, for example, two light-emitting bodies arranged at larger distances to one another for this purpose, are electrically connected to one another. Here, this is effected in that the two light-emitting bodies, in each case, are connected to the conductor path lying closest to them and additionally all discrete conductor paths lying on the direct line of connection between these two light-emitting bodies are electrically connected to one another by way of additional contact means. [0014] Moreover, the light-emitting panel is designed such that the sub-groups of light-emitting bodies, said sub-groups being connected to one another in series, may be supplemented by additional electrical components, for example resistors. These may be arranged on the conductor paths envisaged for the light-emitting bodies or be arranged directly next to these. A voltage adaptation for a complete sub-unit may thus be realized in that additionally a suitable resistance is connected in series to the light-emitting bodies of the sub-unit. One may realize a current adaptation for an individual or a group of light-emitting bodies by way of connecting a suitable resistance in parallel. [0015] According to the design of a base layer, for additional stabilization, a light-emitting panel according to the invention may be deposited on a mechanical carrier, for example a plate. [0016] The base layer may essentially be a metallic plate, for example, with spherical-calotte-shaped or parabolic recesses comprising a flat zone. One may deposit the light-emitting bodies on the flat zones in the recesses. This arrangement has the advantage that it gives a thin base layer mechanical stability, in particular, the rest surfaces for the light-emitting bodies. [0017] The panel, as the case may be, has further addition layers by way of which the light emitted by the light-emitting bodies is directed. [0018] According to one embodiment, one addition layer is a transparent protective layer. This layer protects the conducting and insulating layers, as well as the light-emitting diodes and the electrical connections, from external influences such as for example mechanical and chemical effects. They may also serve for directing the emitted light. [0019] One example of an addition layer that simultaneously ensures a homogeneous light distribution is a soft-elastic silicone layer with integrated, small, light-reflecting particles. A light-emitting panel then, for example, has a suitable mixture of LEDs that emit light with the colors blue, green and red with suitable mixing ratios. A homogenizing layer is attached or deposited over this which ensures that the panel emits white light. [0020] Another example for a transparent addition layer is one with a very high optical refractive index, such as titanium dioxide or ITO (In2O3�SnO2), which has a refractive index of the order of 2.2. If this layer has approximately the thickness of half an LED-chip width and is structured such that it may also laterally couple out light, this is one possibility as a whole of significantly increasing the light quantity coupled out of an LED-chip. Additionally, as mentioned further above, a suitably structured ITO-layer may directly serve for electrically contacting the LED-chips. [0021] A special advantage is brought about by a further optional addition layer. This addition layer comprises colors which change the wavelength of the light emitted from the LEDs (with such a layer it is the case amongst other things of a fluorescing layer, thus of a layer with a secondary emitting dye. The wavelength is �changed� in such a layer in that the primary light is absorbed and after the absorption process secondary light of another larger wavelength is emitted through the layer. This addition layer provided with dyes serves for example for converting short-wave primary light into white light. Particularly warm light arises if apart from a plurality of LEDs producing blue light or violet light one yet uses a few red light-emitting diodes and/or yellow light-emitting diodes. In contrast to the housed LEDs according to the state of the art, the essentially flat layer covering several LEDs serves for the color conversion of the light of a multitude of electrodes lying underneath. Thus, edge effects, for example, rings, are avoided, as they are known from housed electrodes. Incidentally, such a layer could also be used for arrays of LEDs other than the tailorable LED panel according to the invention. [0022] The essentially flat layer into which the dye or the dye mixture is introduced, for example of silicon or PMMA, as the case may be, serves simultaneously as a protective layer above the LEDs or the whole panel. [0023] A further optional addition layer which may be identical to the protective layer is essentially transparent and serves for producing a homogeneous light distribution and for reducing possible thermal stress. [0024] The functions of the upper transparent layers may also be fulfilled by a single layer or by any combination of layers. [0025] The addition layer may be designed as a covering layer that is mechanically decoupled from the light-emitting bodies, for example stiff and fixed on the carrier plate (=base layer with conductor structures and a mechanical carrier as the case may be) by way of spacers. This is particularly advantageous in combination with a base layer provided with the mentioned recesses for the light-emitting bodies. If the light-emitting bodies are incorporated in recesses, the covering layer may be attached relatively close to the base layer without the bond connections between light-emitting bodies and conductor paths being compromised and without shear stresses being able to act on the light-emitting bodies. [0026] In a preferred embodiment the base layer is designed such that it serves for conducting away heat. For this it consists essentially of electrically conducting and heat conducting materials and comprises additional structures serving the cooling, for example cooling ribs. [0027] The base layer and possibly also the one or several addition layers are preferably designed such that they comprise predetermined breaking locations. Predetermined breaking locations are local structures which indicate where the light-emitting panel may be subdivided into smaller functioning part pieces and preferably simultaneously simplify such a division into pieces. Examples of predetermined breaking locations are rows of missing cooling ribs or local thinning of layers. The light-emitting panel may be divided into pieces along such break-off locations up to the smallest functioning sub-units or groups of smallest functioning sub-units. [0028] The size of a smallest sub-unit may differ, and typically contains two, three, four, five or six LEDs. A panel may have sub-units of different sizes. This is possible with the design of the panel according to the invention without further ado and without great design expense. An installation for the automatic manufacture of the panel need only be simply programmed such that the LEDs and the bonds, or as the case may be, additional electrical components such as resistors, are attached at the corresponding locations. If one further takes into account the fact that variously colored LEDs may be placed in any manner, one recognizes that practically no limits are made on the flexibility and the design possibilities. [0029] Conducting and insulating layers and conductor paths are deposited, for example, with methods from circuit board technology, which are known per se. These, for example, include the photo-structuring of conductor paths, as well as the laminating-on of plastic layers or sputtering-on of other electrically insulating layers. The conductor paths may, of course, however, also be manufactured with newer circuit board technologies, for example with a newly developed embossing method. The deposition of addition layers is also effected in a manner known per se. By way of this, the manufacturing process of the light-emitting panel is considerably simplified since it may be automated, and the light-emitting panels according to the invention are obtainable as pre-manufactured serial products. The manufacturing costs for individual panels may thus be kept considerably low. A further advantage is the fact that all structures may be designed very thinly and thus have an extremely low heat-conducting resistance. This permits an effective conducting-away of heat from the region of the LEDs. Together with the optionally present cooling structures, a more compact arrangement of LEDs is made possible by way of this. In turn, the flexibility when using the panel is increased even more by way of this. [0030] The grouped, series circuiting of LEDs furthermore permits the use of commercially available voltage supplies, such as transformers which typically operate with voltages of 12V or 24V. Commercially available LEDs may typically be operated with only 2V or 4V. A series connection of for example 6�2V, 3�4V, 4�2V+1�4V, etc., permits the supply voltage of the whole light-emitting panel or of part pieces of this to be applied considerably higher than would be possible for individual LEDs. By way of the series and/or parallel connection of additional electrical resistances to a smallest operative sub-unit or to individual light-emitting body sub-groups, no limits are set on the possibilities for adapting the voltage or adapting the current. If the smallest of operative sub-units are additionally connected to one another in parallel via a base layer, then a light-emitting panel or a part piece of this emits light as soon as two connections of an LED are supplied with the required voltage difference. [0031] The use of a higher voltage not only has advantages with respect to the selection of voltage sources, but also reduces the flowing currents. This reduction permits a reduction of the conductor cross sections and reduces the production of heat. The electrical supply voltage may be chosen selectively as a constant voltage or as an alternating voltage. With the use of alternating voltage however a reduced efficiency must be accepted. [0032] The light-emitting panel according to the invention is explained hereinafter by way of exemplary embodiments. [0033]FIG. 1 shows a schematic oblique view of layers of a first example of a tailorable light-emitting panel according to the invention. [0034]FIG. 2 shows a sectioned oblique view of the construction of a second example of a light-emitting panel according to the invention. [0035]FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of the light-emitting panel according to the invention with concave-mirror-like structures. [0036]FIG. 4 shows a further embodiment of the light-emitting panel according to the invention with �globe tops�, [0037]FIG. 5 shows a schematic oblique view of a further embodiment of the light-emitting panel according to the invention, and [0038]FIGS. 6a and 6 b show further designs of light-emitting panels according to the invention. [0039] In FIG. 1, an electrically conducting base layer 1 is shown. In the drawn example, it is designed as an aluminium base plate provided with cooling ribs 1 a. The base layer may also be constructed of several layers. If the cooling is not a problem on account of the LED density, then it may be formed as a plastic plate that is coated with a metal film. If mechanical strength is not required, or not desired, the base layer may also be formed by way of a conducting film. This may then be deposited on any object. [0040] A first insulating film 2 provided with local openings 7 is deposited on the base layer 1. The film consists, for example, essentially of SiN, SiC, or polymers which are common in circuit board technology. It has a thickness, for example, of 0.5-50 μm. A regular, grid-like arrangement of conductor paths 3, for example, of copper is located on the first film 2. The conductor paths 3 are electrically separated from the base layer 1 by the first insulating film 2. [0041] Four sub-units of light-emitting diode chips (LED-chips or LEDs for short) 4 a, 4 b, 4 c, 4 d, 4 e, 4 f, 4 g, 4 h, 4 i, 4 k, 4 l, 4 m, 4 n, 4 o, 4 p are shown in the figure, which are attached and distributed on the base layer 1 and the conductor paths 3 and are fastened with conducting contact adhesive. With the exception of three LEDs 4 k, 4 l, 4 m, they are contacted on the base side by the base layer 1 or a conductor path 3. Two first of the sub-units shown on the left in the figure have, in each case, three LEDs connected in series. The third sub-unit shown on the right is composed of 6 LEDs 4 d, 4 e, 4 f, 4 g, 4 h, 4 i connected in series. [0042] Three sub-units, in each case, comprise an LED chip 4 a, 4 d, 4 n which is deposited directly on the base layer 1 with its first electrical contact surface arranged on the lower side of the chip, and which, in the following, we will consider as the first LEDs of each sub-unit. The first LED-chip 4 k of the second sub-unit (4 k, 4 l, 4 m) is arranged on a conductor path 3 and, by way of a wire bond 5, is electrically connected from its first electrical contact surface to the base layer 1 through an opening 7. The first LEDs are, in each case, connected by a wire bond 5 to a conductor path 3 in each case from their second electrical contact surface arranged on the upper side of the chip. The further LEDs 4 b, 4 c, 4 e, 4 f, 4 g, 4 h, 4 i, 4 l, 4 m, 4 o, 4 p which follow connected in series are, in each case, attached on a conductor path 3 which are connected to the or one of the top electrodes of the corresponding series connected LED chip by way of wire bonds 5. The top electrode of each last LED chip 4 c, 4 i, 4 m, 4 p in the series connection is contacted by a wire bond 5 which leads onto a cover layer which is not shown in the figure for the purpose of an improved overall view. In a fourth sub-unit, the light-emitting diodes 4 n, 4 o, 4 p are arranged with double the distance. The electrical interruptions between the individual conductor paths 3 for the electrical series connection of the LEDs 4 n, 4 o, 4 p caused by this are connected in one case by way of an additional wire bond as a conductor path contact means 8. In the second case, the conductor paths 3, for the purpose of voltage adaptation of the whole sub-unit, are bridged via an additional series connected resistance 10 and suitable wire bonds 5 for electrically contacting this. A further resistance 9 is arranged parallel to one of the light-emitting diodes 4 o, which results in a current adaptation for this one light-emitting diode 4. [0043] The base layer 1 is provided with break-off locations 6 along which an LED panel, which, for example, is one square meter in size, may be divided into part pieces up to a smallest sub-unit. The break-off locations 6 may also surround units that comprise several sub-units. The insulating film 2, the conductor paths 3 and the bonds 5 may be manufactured with means and techniques known in the manufacture of circuit boards . [0044] It is mainly the differences of the embodiments shown in the drawings to the embodiments already described which are explained by way of the following figures. A description of common features is not made. [0045] A schematic oblique view of the construction of a further embodiment of the light panel according to the invention is shown in FIG. 2. The circuit arrangement of this embodiment differs from that of FIG. 1 in that there are only sub-units present with, in each case, three LEDs connected in series. The electrically conducting cover layer 29 is also partly shown in this figure. One may additionally see addition layers 30-32 lying on this. The electrically conducting base layer 21 serves for the parallel contacting of series connected LED chips 24. The base layer 21 comprises cooling ribs for optimizing the cooling of the LED chips 24. The first insulating film 22 with a regular arrangement of openings 27 is deposited onto the base layer 21. The insulation layer 22 through these openings 27 may electrically contact the base layer 21. The discrete conductor paths 23 which serve for the series connection of the LED chips 24 are deposited onto the first insulation layer 22. A second electrically insulating film 28 with openings is located above the conductor paths 23. The first and second insulating film together form an insulating layer essentially embedding the conductor paths. At the same time, depending on the manufacturing method (depositing the layers at high or low temperatures) and layer material, the layer is homogeneous up to the circuit boards and structured along a separating plane lying between the films. The conducting cover layer 29 is likewise provided locally with openings and, together with the base layer 21, serves for the parallel contacting of the sub-units. The conducting cover layer 29 may, in principle, also be designed without openings if it is manufactured of a transparent electrical conductor, and a contact to the top-electrodes of the LEDs is, for example, created by way of pressing. In this case, the electrically insulating layer preferably has a total thickness that roughly corresponds to the dimensions of the LEDs. In place of a transparent electrical conductor, the cover layer may also consist of thin electrical conductor paths contacting the top-electrodes, or may be connected to such conductor paths. [0046] The openings in the cover layer 29 may be designed such that they encompass the LED chips 24, as well as contactable surfaces of each adjacent conductor path. Thus, the cover layer may also be manufactured in an absolutely standardized manner, and permit any circuiting of the LEDs. [0047] The conducting layer 29 may be designed in a mirroring manner in order to improve the efficiency of the light of the LEDs 24. [0048] The sub-units of LEDs connected in series or the light-emitting panel or part pieces thereof emit light as soon as a constant voltage determined by the LEDs and their circuit arrangement is applied between the base layer 21 and the cover layer 29 which function as contact surfaces. [0049] The thickness h of the base layer, including the cooling ribs, the electrically insulating layer and the cover layer, varies in a range between approx. 0.5 mm and a few mm, for example 3 mm. As already mentioned, the base layer may also be designed differently, for example without cooling ribs. In this case, the base layer is then, of course, correspondingly thinner. The values for the distance I from LED to LED is preferably approx. 1.4 mm-10 mm. This results in a light-emitting panel with an LED density of 1-49 LED/cm2. A typical value for I is 2.5 mm, which results in a light-emitting panel with an LED density of 16 LED/cm2. The LED density may be reduced or increased without further ado, wherein with the LEDs obtainable at present, an upper value would lie at roughly 64 LED/cm2. [0050] Three addition layers 30-32 are deposited over the circuit arrangement of the LED chips 24. The first, transparent addition layer 30 is a soft, elastic cover layer, e.g. a layer consisting essentially of silicone to which small reflecting particles are added. It serves for ensuring a homogeneous light distribution. The first addition layer 30 may furthermore serve for reducing thermal stress which endangers the LED chips 24. [0051] The second addition layer 31 is provided essentially with secondary emitting dye or a dye mixture, for example with luminescence dye. In this case, the LEDs are selected, depending on the color mixture, such that they emit blue light. By way of the second transparent layer, light emitted from the LEDs is at least partly converted into longer-waved light. The light radiated as a sum is then a superposition of different wavelengths depending on the dye mixture. Depending on the color of the LEDs and the quantity and nature of the dye, a light-emitting panel according to the invention or part pieces of this may emit light in practically any color. The layer-like arrangement of the addition layers additionally leads to a homogeneous light distribution without edge effects. This is in contrast to housed LEDs according to the state of the art. The housing of these may be provided with a luminescence layer. This, however, always leads to anisotropic colour distribution which is perceived as rings by the observer. [0052] The third addition layer 32 is transparent and serves as a protective layer. It consists, for example, essentially of PMMA or PET. It may also contain optical elements that direct the light according to the wishes. The protective layer 32 is manufactured of a material which has a certain UV resistance. [0053] According to the design of the panel, the functions of the three addition layers 30-32, may also be realized with a single, with two or with four or more partly transparent layers. It is also to be understood that the functions fulfilled by the addition layers are not essential for the functioning of the panel and, thus, the addition layers may also be completely or partly omitted. [0054] A further embodiment of the light-emitting panel according to the invention is to be seen in FIG. 3. The panel has an electrically conducting base layer 41, a first and a second insulating film 42, 38, discrete conductor paths 43 for the series connection of the LED chips 44 and a conducting cover layer 49 with which the last LED chips of a series are connected by way of a wire bond 45. All layers, where required, comprise openings 47 for the electrical contacting. [0055] Two addition layers 50, 51 are designed in a manner such that they have semi-shell-shaped recesses 53 around the LED chips. The semi-shell-shaped recesses are preferably coated with a mirroring layer, e.g. have silver or aluminium so that the recesses act as a concave mirror. The light emitted by the LEDs is limited to the spatial [solid] angle which is predetermined by the concave mirror. The recesses 53 may be manufactured into the soft, transparent layers 50, 51 by way of embossing. For protecting the LEDs and insulating and conducting layers 50, 51 as well as electrical connections and a possible concave coating, the recesses may be filled with a transparent protective material, such as silicone or PMMA for example. It is also possible to incorporate the recesses only into the first addition layer 50, for example a homogenizing layer and/or one containing secondary emitting dye. The first addition layer may otherwise be completely opaque and only be provided with reflecting surfaces. The transparent protective layer 51 covers the whole panel in a protective manner, in particular also the LED chips and the semi-shell-shaped recesses 53. [0056] A further embodiment of the panel according to the invention is to be seen in FIG. 4. The base layer and the layer arrangement including the LED circuitry is essentially the same as in FIG. 3. With this embodiment, an addition layer 60 with semi-shell-shaped recesses 63 is also provided. A transparent material, e.g. silicon is filled into these recesses 63 such that a calotte is formed. Such calottes are called �globe tops� in light-emitting technology. These semi-shell-shaped indentations 64 homogeneously distribute the light that is emitted by the LEDs and possibly modified by protective layers 69, over the whole semi-space to the outside. [0057] The tailorable light-emitting panel according to one of the FIGS. 1 to 4 is manufactured, for example, as follows whilst using unhoused light-emitting diodes. [0058] A first electrically insulating film 2, 22, 42 with a regular array of first openings 7, 27, 47 is deposited on a base layer 1, 21, 41. [0059] Conductor paths 3, 23, 43 are deposited on the first electrically insulating film such that they run in a regular array essentially between first openings. The structuring of the corresponding conductor materials is effected for example in a manner known per se by way of photo-structuring. [0060] A second electrically insulating film 28, 48 is deposited onto the first film and the conductor paths, said film having second openings which encompass the first openings and are larger than these so that conductor paths neighbouring each first opening partly lie free. [0061] The second electrical insulating film is at least partly covered with an electrically conducting cover layer 29, 49, which, again, are structured in a conventional manner. [0062] LEDs 4 a, 4 b, 4 c, 4 d, 4 e, 4 f, 4 g, 4 h, 4 i, 4 k, 4 l, 4 m, 4 n, 4 o, 4 p, 24, 44 are deposited onto the created plate such that they lie within the second openings and are contacted at a first electrode either by the base layer or by the conductor paths. [0063] Second electrodes of the LEDs and conductor paths or the cover layer 29, 49 are electrically connected, wherein the LEDs are so deposited, and the second electrodes of the LEDs are so connected to the conductor paths and the cover layer, that operative sub-units of LEDs connected in series are created. [0064] Subsequently, as the case may be, the addition layers 30, 31, 32, 50, 51, 60 with light-changing and/or directing properties and/or as protective layers are yet to be attached. [0065] The embodiment represented in FIG. 5 also has an electrically conducting base layer 71 with (optional) cooling ribs and an electrically insulating layer 72 deposited thereon. This embodiment, however, has the peculiarity that the cover layer 79 and the conductor paths 73 in the layer construction are arranged in the same layer and in the manufacturing process have been manufactured from the same layer. The essential electrical insulation of the conductor paths from the cover layer here is thus no longer effected by a �vertical� separation of conductor paths from the cover layer via an electrically insulating film, but by way of the lateral separation, wherein sections of the insulating layer 72 which lie free are arranged between the cover layer and the conductor paths. For this purpose, the cover layer has large, here essentially square (the shape is not important and may be selected in any manner according to the requirements) openings which, in each case, encompass a complete sub-unit. The first LEDs 74 a of the sub-units are accommodated in openings 77 in the insulating layer directly on the base layer 71 and are contacted through these. An upper electrode of the first LEDs is connected to a conductor path by way of a wire bond. The next LEDs 74 b of the sub-unit are arranged directly on the conductor paths contacted directly by the �top� electrode of the first LEDs. The third, fourth . . . LEDs may analogously be seated on respective next conductor paths contacted by the preceding LED. The arrangement drawn in the figure is, however, designed different from this. Here, the third LED 74 c is attached reversely poled (or attached in reverse) on the same conductor paths as the fourth electrode 74 d. The �top� electrode of this LED is likewise connected by a wire bond to the conductor paths contacted by the second LED by way of a wire bond. The conductor paths lying between the second LED 74 b and the third LED 74 c thus here serves to the first degree for bridging the distance between these two LEDs. The conductor, however, is advantageously used since a wire bond leading from the second to the third LED would be too long and susceptible. One electrode of the fourth LED 74 d is connected to the cover layer 79 by a wire bond, as known from the previous embodiments. [0066] The cover layer 79 need not cover the insulating layer up to openings as is shown here, but may likewise be formed out by discrete conductor paths. [0067] As is once again evident from this embodiment, the simple principle according to the invention with conductor paths insulated from electrical connection surfaces, by way of which the light-emitting bodies may be contacted, may be used in a comprehensive manner. The circuit principles shown in the embodiment examples are a pure selection of an unlimited amount of possibilities. In particular, one may deviate from the contacting attachment of one electrode of the light-emitting diodes on the base layer or on a conductor path, which is advantageous per se, and the conductor paths may be used purely as a means for bridging distances. This is of particular significance also with LEDs on an electrically insulating substrate, where electrodes lie on an upper lying surface. In this case, all LEDs may be fastened directly on locations in the base layer which are laid free, and all contacting runs via wire bonds. [0068] The panel of FIG. 5 has a further peculiarity. The sub-units, by way of the fact that they lie completely within openings in the cover layer, are separated from the other sub-units in an optically unambiguously visible manner. This simplifies the fabrication for the user. For this, the sub-units may be designed less flexibly with the presence of a circuit board as a basic element for panel, unless one makes use of the means which are explained by way of the next figure. [0069] As already is the case from the preceding embodiments, it is here again increasingly clear that the cover layer in no way needs to be a covering layer. Cover layer is rather meant simply to be a second electrically conducting layer contacting the sub-units in parallel. [0070] In comparison to the previously cited panels, the panel of FIG. 5 is somewhat simpler in manufacture. The electrically insulating layer may be deposited onto the base layer as a single layer and be provided with a regular array of openings. A conducting layer is subsequently deposited and structured such that, on the one hand, there arises the cover layer 79, which here is two-dimensional, with openings, and, on the other hand, within the openings, discrete conductor layer sections function as conductor paths The light-emitting bodies, as specified in the previous example, are placed onto the base layer or on conductor paths. [0071] The panel of FIG. 5 may of course also be provided with addition layers as described previously. [0072] The complete panel, just as is the case with all other panels, may have an all non-organic construction. In this case the insulating layer is not a polymer layer, as is usually the case per se and is possible also here, but for example is a metal oxide layer. Aluminium oxide is suitable in the example described here, with a base layer of aluminium. [0073] An all non-organic construction has the advantage that all materials have a good endurance also at temperatures of more than 100� C. The panel should be able to endure temperatures for example of at least 120� C., perhaps even of more than 150� C. without becoming damaged. [0074] A further embodiment is shown in FIGS. 6a and 6 b. Further problems which occur according to the initial situation are solved by way of this embodiment. The light-emitting bodies are better protected, and the optical efficiency may be improved. On account of the construction according to FIGS. 6a and 6 b, the addition layer may also be selected in any manner. One, for example, does not need to take the differences in the coefficients of thermal expansion between the base layer and the addition layer into account. The layer construction and the circuiting is designed in the shown example according to FIG. 5, it may, however, also be different, for example, as in the FIGS. 1 to 4. [0075] The base layer (base plate) 81 is metallic and, for example, consists of a good heat-conducting material, such as aluminium, copper, etc. It acts in a manner as described by way of the previous examples as a first parallel conductor and as a heat sink. The base layer 81 here may, of course, also yet comprise cooling ribs. The base layer 81 has several recesses 91 a, 91 b which have the shape of a part spherical shell or a cut-out of a rotation paraboloid. If the inner surface of the recesses reflects, the recess serves as a reflector element. A flat zone on the lower side of the recesses serves for placing an LED chip. In recesses 91 a without an insulation layer, the respective first LED chip 84 a of a sub-unit is placed directly onto the base layer, analogously to the previously discussed embodiment examples. The further LED chips 84 b of each sub-unit are located in the recesses with an electrical insulation layer 82 and with a discrete conductor layer 83 lying thereon acting also as a reflector layer, for contacting the remaining LED chips of a series LED chain. The cover layer 89, as already described in FIG. 5, is designed with the conductor paths of the discrete conductor layer 83 in the layer system of a single layer, which is particularly advantageous for the manufacture, as will be explained further below. [0076] The panel of FIG. 6b, in addition to the elements of the panel of FIG. 6a, has a modular addition layer 93 which acts as a covering layer. This is preferably selected such that it is as transparent as possible in the visible range, and hardly becomes turbid under UV irradiation. It may consist of plastic (for example of compacted PET), of glass or another transparent material. [0077] The covering layer 93 is an individual element separate from the carrier plate, i.e. it is not for example cast with the carrier plate or the light-emitting bodies lying thereon. It is mechanically decoupled from the carrier plate and the light-emitting bodies in the context that lateral deformations or a different thermal expansion of the carrier plate and the cover plate do not have the result of shear stresses acting of the light-emitting bodies. [0078] The covering layer 93 may be provided with optical elements 93 b for influencing the light produced by the LEDs. In the drawing, these optical elements 93 b are Fresnel lenses. They may however also comprise reflecting (or mirrored) surfaces, possibly as cut-outs of a parabolic mirror or spherical mirror which may be subdivided into small sections in the manner of a Fresnel lens. The sections, as with a Fresnel lens, may be arranged essentially along one plane, namely the addition layer plane. At the same time, the light output irradiated at a certain desired angle may be increased in relation to the irradiated primary light output by way of a rectifying effect. By way of the excellent convergence, the efficiency may lie close to that of T1� housings. An optically effective layer system 94, possibly consisting of a single layer for the complete or partial conversion of blue, violet or ultraviolet light into longer-waved light, may be deposited on the inner side of the addition layer 93. Additionally, for example, by way of a separate layer in the layer system 94, one may envisage the filtering of any occurring excessively present blue light components. The secondary emitting dyes (phosphors) or also filtering substances may also be present in the covering layer as fine particles. [0079] The covering layer is deposited onto the carrier plate (i.e. the base layer 91 with the electrically conducting and electrically insulating layers) with an adhesive layer 92. For the exact vertical positioning of the covering layer, spacer balls may be added to this. Adhesive layers with integrated spacer balls are obtainable today commercially as a film, for example from the company 3M. The thickness of the adhesive layer 92 or the diameter of the spacer balls 92 b is selected such that the wire bonds are not touched by the covering layer 93, for example are at least 50 μm. The adhesive layer 92 is structured such that it relieves [leaves open] at least the reflecting zones of the recesses 91 a, 91 b. [0080] The rear-filling 95 of the optically effective zone with a transparent material is yet shown in the figure. Such a rear-filling may be used in order to ensure an improved coupling-out from the LED-chip and an improved coupling into the transparent covering layer 93. For this, it advantageously has a high refractive index, for example a higher refractive index than the covering layer 93. This rear-filling results in an improvement of the mechanical and chemical protection of the LED chip and of the electrical connections (wire bonds). It may be permanently elastic depending on the selected geometry in order to completely prevent shear stress from being able to act on the LEDs (wherein the LEDs lying in the recesses 91 a, 91 b are largely protected from shear stress already merely on account of the selected geometry, even if the material of the rear-filling 95 is not elastic). [0081] In the figure, it is also shown how structures 96 of the covering layer 93 may also be present, as the case may be. These structures for example serve as break-off locations or break-off lines and also as decoupling locations for mechanical stresses. [0082] An optional element of the panel of FIG. 6b are the additional, locally present, transparent and opaque conductor paths 97 which run on the underside of the covering layer 93 and which allow a series chain of LEDs to be led over and past the cover layer 89 as a second parallel conductor layer. In the arrangement according to FIG. 5, these additional conductor paths run between individual sub-units present in the openings of the cover layer 79. The reference numeral 98 indicates the electrical connection of a lower conductor paths 83 to an additional conductor paths 97, for example, with a conductive adhesive. [0083] The covering layer may also be composed of several part layers of identical or different materials (not drawn). For example, in the gap between two part layers, a film may be present with the secondary emitting dyes. The covering layer may, of course, also directly contain the secondary emitting dyes, wherein this variant in particular is suitable for covering layers of plastic. [0084] The advantageous shape of the carrier plate with recesses are described below. Given an existing thickness, the stiffness is increased by the recesses. The recesses, as an at least approximate parabolic mirror, increase the light efficiency. The cover plate may be present as a plane element decoupled from the carrier plate which assumes additional tasks (focussing, filtering etc.). As a result of the mechanical decoupling, adverse effects on the LEDs due to thermal expansion shear stresses can be prevented. The cover plate, if it is separated from the carrier plate, permits addition layers to be present on the inner side, which are not subjected to any mechanical wear and therefore do not need to be wear-resistant. And finally, due to the shaping of the recesses, the surface is also increased which entails an improved conducting away of heat. [0085] If the panel of FIG. 6b is manufactured in an all-non-organic construction, the adhesive layer 92 with spacer balls 92 b is replaced by a metal film or a glass film which is soldered on the upper and on the lower side (for example with solder or with glass solder) or which is fastened with a bond connection. [0086] In principle, however, a carrier plate with a covering layer decoupled therefrom may also be formed out without the recesses. In this case, however, the distances of these two elements secured by the spacers must be significantly larger than the sum of the thickness of the light-emitting bodies and the height of the wire bond leading away from this, at present thus significantly larger than approx. 250 μm+200 ∞m. This is too much for many applications. [0087] The manufacture of a carrier plate of a panel according to one of the FIGS. 6a and 6 b may be effected analogously to the carrier plates according to the FIGS. 1 to 5, wherein additionally the recesses are yet to be incorporated. The steel balls are ground off such that a flat zone arises. The deep-draw shape or embossing shape which then arises is then used to deform the base layer. The deformation on the base layer in the raw condition or due to the ductility of the usable materials may also be carried out on the already coated base layer without further ado. A yet more directed focussing of the light produced by the LEDs may be accomplished in that the deep-draw mold for incorporating the recesses does not have spherical calotte-like elevations but parabolic ones. [0088] The carrier plate, formed as a printed circuit board for example, as a component of a light-emitting panel, comprises a base layer 1, 21, 41, 71, 81 with an electrically conducting surface, and with an electrically insulating layer deposited thereon with a regular array of first openings and with a regular grid of conductor paths electrically insulated from the base layer as well as with a cover layer electrically insulated from the base layer and the conductor paths and having a regular array of second openings which encompasses the first openings and are larger than these. Definitively, the carrier plate may, for example, be designed, as described by way of the description, of one of the above discussed light-emitting panels. [0089] With the previous discussion, it was practically always assumed that the light-emitting bodies are designed as LEDs. In view of the present state of the art, LEDs are clearly the most suitable light-emitting bodies. It is, however, indeed possible for other light-emitting bodies with a similar functionality to be available in the future. The invention expressly includes such light-emitting bodies that are yet to be developed and are based on existing or new technologies. [0090] The cover layer 29, 49 need not cover the complete panel up to the openings. It may also be only partly covering or may even consist of a system of conductor paths. Furthermore it may be interrupted for example at the break-off locations Referenced by
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Mack - We're travelling back to roots of my ancestors, the great state if Indiana, and we're talking this morning to Andrean H.S. RHP (we'll get to what positions he plays later) Zac Ryan. Hey Zach, how's everything in the Ade homeland?
Zac- Indiana is great. I could go without the winters, but everybody is nice. Plus all my cousins are around here so it's a nice place to be.
The rest of the interview... http://bigleaguefutures.net/1/2012/09/13/draft-13-q-and-a-rhpof-zac-ryan-andrean-h-s-in/
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If you're looking for some online casino sites to look at to find a. I like playing dirt bike games on my computer and also on my xbox 360. Play Stunt Dirt Bike free online! my free dirt bike games online motorcycle games play car truck games stunt bike games dirt bike 2 ,3 and 4, more flash online gamesTake part in X Games tournaments, where you have to do tricks to earn money.
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Hotel Mondial
Good 3.2 / 5 ( 325 reviews )
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"One night stay. Clean ,close to train station. Check in is at 15:00"
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Hotel Autoespresso
Excellent 4.5 / 5 ( 89 reviews )
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Hotel Villa Adele
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Hotel Villa Serena
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Hotel Nice
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Hotel Alla Bianca
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Hotel Martello
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Hotel Lugano Torretta
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Hi i am 22 year old bhramin girl have my best friend as my boy friend for past 6 year and i know for sure no one else is better than him for me atleast i really waana marry him but the problem is we are of same age and as per "society rule" girl should atleast get enggaged at this age also for this time i don't want to get married now nor get enggaged my boyfriend is not prepared for this nor me..we are also of diffrent caste my brother thinks we had done breakup because he wanted it but trust he is the o
Asked by introuble (1
February 15th, 2013
not want to get married now?
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Canon 5 D Mk II or Canon 1D Mk IV
I f i had a choice i would be going for the 1d as an all round great camera the only thing that puts me off slightly is the size of it but perfect for what i want it for, it does make sense to have the best lenses money can buy and the l lenses from canon are one of the best there is, very fast focusing and sharp, L lenses other than one high end sigma lens is all i own.
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Quote:I f i had a choice i would be going for the 1d as an all round great camera the only thing that puts me off slightly is the size of it
If someone tries to mug you it doubles as a wicked blunt instrument. The MK II is the heaviest ever with its NiMH batteries. Stick an f2.8 telephoto on the front and you may as well be carrying a bazooka.
OK. I went from a 50D to the 1D after thinking long and hard about a 7D. IMHO the 5D isn't a logical upgrade for where your interests lie. Sure you will benefit from much better high iso performance but you are going to lose a lot in apparent focal length and have lower fps than your 50D. The 7D is aimed at sports and wildlife photographers with its twin processors and has similar features in AI servo customisation as the 1Dmk iv. Image quality in my opinion is no better than the 50D and although initally there were great claims about its high iso performance, most reports I have seen would suggest that there is only minimal improvement over the 50D. It does have a fast frame rate of 8fps. So to me your upgrade path is 7D or 1Dmk iv. If you can afford it I would say get the 1D mk iv. Image quality is superb and you won't be thinking of a further upgrade for a long long time! Instead of going for a round of golf take your camera for a walk instead.