text:
Originally written on
Salt Lake Tribune
Last updated 11/19/14
Utah Jazz: Rookie guard Alec Burks is ready to burn
By Brian T. Smith
The Salt Lake Tribune
Published Dec 14, 2011 04:20PM MDT
Tyrone Corbin's eyes lit up.
The Jazz coach had just been asked about rookie guard Alec Burks. What makes Burks unique? What separates him from the rest? What do you see in the kid, coach?
Grit, Corbin said. Fight. A confident, consistent attack on the court. A quiet, low-key vibe off it. All action, little talk — a silent assassin.
Enes Kanter has received the spotlight during Utah's buildup toward the 2011-12 season. But by the time the Jazz tip off Dec. 27 against the Los Angeles Lakers, Burk...
Copyright 2011 The Salt Lake Tribune. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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- Electric Guitars(621)
Results 81 - 100 of 621 matches
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Top RatedFender FSR Standard Stratocaster Electric Guitar
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Reviews for True Warriors Never Die |
WHACKHEAD chapter 9 . 12/20/2014 What an arc, awesome chapter! |
WHACKHEAD chapter 2 . 12/19/2014 Dude if I was the queen I'd knight you for your sheer literary awesomeness. I'm already drawn into this story. Keep it up! |
doubledamn chapter 11 . 12/18/2014 So when the Shinobi World was decimated 2000 years ago, did the strongest Souls get 'conscripted' by the Spirit King to become his enforcers? And after a while he and his family became more and more lazy, until he barely took any action anymore? Because the Captain-Commander reminds me a lot of Danzo, and 2000 years is enough to forget the original life... |
XxX chapter 34 . 12/17/2014 Good stuff as always, Kenchi. |
Guest chapter 33 . 12/17/2014 Holy crap. Gaara and Baraggan are the two ultimate Hollows. The end of Space and the end of Time. Also, prediction of weakness: Gaara can only be killed if he is not in contact with the ground and the sand. |
Guest chapter 32 . 12/17/2014 Holy shit. Gaara is Hueco Mundo. |
Guest chapter 25 . 12/16/2014 saving two of the bounts? Seems legit. |
Guest chapter 12 . 12/15/2014 Oh by the way this is hidan hes a vasto lorde don't kill each other. SF: Well that seems straightforward- Wait WHAT?! |
Guest chapter 3 . 12/14/2014 Sage mode Quincy Vollstandig right? |
Guest chapter 1 . 12/10/2014 goggles? you unworthy shit no dont deserve to write about naruto you prick |
Zack chapter 34 . 12/9/2014 Excellent chapter I/We know that Naruto has Yoruichi in his harem, Soi-Fon is also joining but might having doubts, Hiyori maybe a "friend with benefit" (in case they're alone or drunk again lol), and Yoshino, but what about Lisa Yadomaru, Retsu Unohana, and after the Aizen and the Arrancar Saga ends; What about Nozomi Kujo from the Modify Soul saga? Well thats all i want to tell you Hope to see all your stories update before Christmas and hopefully to see/read Christmas omake chapters on Shinobi of the High Seas, this one, The Newest Challenger, etc. HAPPY HOLIDAYS KENCHI618-SENSEI AND FELLOW READERS AND HAVE A MERRY CHRISTMAS! "YET" |
Sir Cookie chapter 1 . 12/7/2014 Naruto should be able to use the kunai and shuriken b/c when chad fought shreiker before unlocking his power, chad hit the hollow with an electrical pole. Also I have thought long and hard about reiryoku and chairs connection, and personally have decided that humans have chakra and don't have reiryoku until they die or death affects them in some way. Such as ichigo (who is basically half dead) affecting his friends and hollows affecting fullbringers. Not too sure how my theory works for quincy, though. But this is just my personal feelings on the matter. This is a good idea and I look forward to reading the rest. |
qjz123 chapter 1 . 12/6/2014 Nice start to this story I wonder what will happen. Will Naruto just learn how to do all of his justsu using reiryoku or will he actually get a sword and fight like s Shinigami. I'm guessing it'll be the former possibly, maybe? Anyway good start. |
Aurora Wesker - Dark Fox Lord chapter 1 . 12/3/2014 You especially fuck off. Next to that idiot ncpfan your the biggest Kishimoto ass-kisser on here, pathetic prick. |
Shifa Ayunda Shafitri807 chapter 1 . 12/3/2014 ARE YOU STORY IS THE BEAST |


text:
Praana is the life force. Come and understand how your life force flows and how you can become aware of the flow of praana to enhance your quality of life. The first step to becoming a yogi is to understand the action of the breath and the praana it carries in and out of you.
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Mass Effect 2: This is my story (part 2) - Destructoid
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Gamer, Musician, Artist.
A gamer has gotta game, other then that, this is where I spend most of my time:
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The Ground Rules. 0_0
Do NOT expect
to one game console over another. Let's just get that out of the way right now, because I dont want to hear it. I own all three current generation consoles, plus some older systems and handhelds. The only loyalty I have is to myself, family and my very close friends. Thats how it will always be. However, I do have gaming loyalties to certain franchises. That I will own up too. And my viewpoints about them are pretty solid. (example: Zelda, Final Fantasy, Mass Effect, etc.)
Do NOT ask me anything stupid, like Whats the point of this? What is the point of anything? What is the point of breathing in and out? This and any other similar statements translate to
Im bored, and I just feel like picking a fight, instead of doing something worth while for myself, so Im going to shit on someone else.
Well, save that up for your mom.
Do NOT flame bait. You can if you want to, but that doesnt necessarily mean I will answer you.
Do NOT assume. For the obvious reason of not looking like a stupid fool. If you are confused about a statement, my way of writing, or just want to know a view point of mine THEN ASK ME! Its as simple as that, no need to make things more complicated. Were only talking about video game and not world peace.
Do NOT re-write or email me some LONG WINDED explanation about how I got
wrong and your version is
. Seriously, don't! Again, I dont want to hear it. Thats why Im now writing stories and not articles, I SUCK at writing articles, and I KNOW that. Writing personal stories from a first perpective, is what I do best. If some of the basic information that I've written, is wrong I wouldnt be that surprised. I do my best to check the fact before hand, now, but I'm only human and may not catch everything. I may view the things in a sort of Camille-o-Vision", which makes the story or situation seem 10 timer then it actually was. Which is is why Im good at writing stories.
Do NOT remind me about capitalization. I know, that's the way I write. So suck it up and don't whine about it. If you really want to complain about something so trivial then start your own blog page, it's free.
I am a reasonable person, so if youre cool with me, then Ill be cool with you. If you just trolled over to be a dick.... like I stated above, save that up for your mom. Were here to talk about a subject we all love, so lets try to have some class.
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Mass Effect 2: This is my story (part 2)
on 02.17.2010
Again, oh so many
[Spoiler Warnings]....
I finished the game (hooray and yay for me), but just like Titus from FF10, this is my story, and it's one that is very strange indeed. The ending that I received left me with a bit of a mystery. So Im thinking that my game play variables may have had something to do with the results I got.
To start with;
- I was using the Xbox360.
- I can tell you that I didn't sign-up with EA's online Cerberus (whatever), at all.
- I didn't download the free armor that you get when I pre-ordered the game.
So to start with, none of those things were present, as I played through ME2. I do believe there was a patch update, but that was automatically installed when I turned the Xbox on to play the second day (Feb 28th, 2010).
Why didn't I download.... X, Y, Z? Well, I wasn't trying to avoid it purposely. It just sort of happened that way. Like everything in my life, I 'did' mean to get around to it, but I just tore through the game and the next thing I knew, it was over. So, what where my choices? Who did I sleep with? And what happened at the end of my story? Drum roll please....
- I played Shepard as a man.
- I imported him over from Mass Effect 1.
- Jack Shepard.
- Soldier Class.
- Face and body type, I kept all the same. (Why would I changes this? He's hot.)
- Level 49.
Also: In the last game:
- I went for Liara, the Asari.
- I sent Ashley on the suicide mission.
- I didn't rescue the Council. (I will explain this later.)
- I didn't shot Rex.
Game starts. Now as I explained in part 1, Shepard starts off pretty down graded at the beginning of this game, and that status doesn't really get much better. So, winning and saving the galaxy doesn't automatically bring you back to some glorious hero statues. No. Because of the location of the enemy ship and the cover-up by the new HUMAN run Citadel Council nobody will know whether you'll lived or died. However, theyd know instantly if you failed.
For a love interest.... it sure the hell wasn't Miranda. No f*king way, and if there was a renegade option to smack her in her lying mouth I would have done it. (*read part 3 for my views on this subject)
I seriously considered pursuing Tali, because she's pretty cool. But having to make-out in space suits was just a little too weird for me. Next on the list was Jacob, but there is no "gay" option in this game as a man. So I went with Jack, who really isn't as bad as all that. What happened to her was pretty f*ked up, and you have to do what you have to do to survive. Yes, she has a big mouth, quite violent, and angry (kindred spirit really), but she's NOT a liar (unlike Miranda). Jack is putting it all out there, so what you see is what you get. If you dig a little deeper you can see that she's still a scared kid who wants to put all that mess behind her, so you gotta respect that at least.
Ironically, both Miranda and Jack are very similar in what they both went through in order to have such strong biotic powers. The only difference is that one came from money and the other was an orphan, or torn away from her mother at a very young age. Both women were not able to live normal lives, and they both were mentally and physically abused. Making a kid go though that much plastic surgery is kinda f*ked-up, which is why Miranda may look like a plastic "Barbie Doll". But out of the two of them, Jack is actually less fucked up then Miranda. As strange as that sounds.
(Oh yeah... and I DID sleep with Kelly, the pretty red haired girl. You know, the flirty secretary chick? I was being so bad. I just wanted to flirt with her, and I wanted to see "Commander Hottie" flirt with her. I didn't think she'd go for it. Oops. Jack didn't seem to care about that. To Jack; someone who is being nice to her and not an asshole, is consider foreplay in Jack's world. She seemed to be cool with it.)
Anyway, continuing. I had gotten everyones loyalty, except Miranda, which at that point I did not care what happened to her. We had gotten through the Omega 4 Relay, to attack the collector ship. After a long, exciting cut scene. Jacob volunteered to unlock the doors on the collector ship. I wanted to send Miranda. That way if something happened, I could prune the dead weight. But of course there was no option to send her. So I sent Jacob, because he volunteered. He got the job done, but Jacob was killed during fight as we tried to escape. Shot through the head, he died instantly. I was upset about that. I liked him. Better then the girls really.
Once we found the Normandy's missing crew members I made sure to send Tali back to the ship, despite Miranda's cold hearted suggestion that we should just leave the injured crew members to die, or worse, let them fend for themselves. Wow. Just, wow honey *rolls-eyes*. Anyway, I sent Tali with them for 2 reasons; I didn't want Tali to get hurt, and I knew she'd get the crew back safely to the ship.
I took with me for the final battle the Asari Justcar, because she was the most powerful Biotic user, and Grunt, because he's a Krogen, and straight up crazy. The people I left under
Garrus's Leadership
- Jack
- The Salarian Doctor
- The Assassin
- Legion the Geth robot
- Miranda.
We pretty much cleaned house. When it came time to make a decision about whether or not to blow-up this technology, once it became clear what the Illusive Man was actually after, I told him to get stuffed.
"I'm blowing this place up, because NO ONE should have this technology.... especially not YOU"
Everything happened so fast, the bomb was going off and we still had to get out of there. I had ordered everyone back to the ship.
"Get back on board the Normandy, and the 3 of us will catch up behind you. Move out!"
As we come running around the bend from the teams last know position I see that they're all gone.
I also turn to see Miranda lying on the ground dead.
"Um... OK."
Well, I'm not exactly crying a river, but how exactly did she end up dead?
"Did one of YOU's shoot her? Was she getting on somebody elses nerves, besides mine?"
Well... can sort out who shot Miranda once we're back on the ship and out of danger.
With the rest of the team back on board, we take off. Enemy ship destroyed. Galaxy saved once again. After an ugly screaming, fuck you, conversation with the Illusive Man, mostly me telling him that,
"I'm not your lapdog anymore so piss off, and I'm stealing your ship.... sucks to be you.... haha!"
So at the end of this, I am left with all the Cerberus people dead. On the run from a very Mad Illusive Man, who I'm sure is not going to just sit back and watch me joy ride around the galaxy in HIS stolen ship. He was paying the bills so I have NO WAY of paying the crew, paying for fuel or food. And I'm sure he's not too happy about Miranda being dead, and no one owning up to who actually shot her.
My first conclusion was, Jack shot Miranda. I mean, they were such good friends and all. (sarcasm) Calling her 'bitch' every 5 minutes was just Jack's loving term of endearment. Next, I thought maybe it was The Assassin. Maybe Miranda said something that pissed everyone off, as she often does. The Assassin is so quick, he could have easily killed her without anyone being aware of it. Nobody liked her. Jacob was the only one who did. With Jacob gone, the rest of them had no reason to stop the Assassin, or said a word about it, and they haven't.
I talked to every single person, twice, and they all acted like we never went on the mission. It could have been the Illusive Man, but why would he do that? That was his girl, she was with him since age of 15. Without Miranda, The Illusive Man would have no way of keeping tabs on me. His snitch would be gone.
So... who shot Miranda? It's a mystery. A small one, since no one will own up to it.
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text:
Differences between current version and predecessor to the previous major change of MeetingTopics.2004-01-19.
Other diffs: Previous Revision, Previous Author, or view the Annotated Edit History
Newer page: | version 2 | Last edited on Monday, January 19, 2004 10:17:45 pm | by CraigBox | |
Older page: | version 1 | Last edited on Monday, January 12, 2004 11:07:20 am | by JohnMcPherson | Revert |
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
!!Cisco to Linux Interoperability
Presented by our resident CiscoNut, LindsayDruett from WaikatoUniversity.
-Lindsay will also be covering
the Just for Fun Network Management System ([JFFNMS|http://jffnms.sourceforge.net/]). Don't know what it is? Come see the meeting then.
+Lindsay covered
the Just for Fun Network Management System ([JFFNMS|http://jffnms.sourceforge.net/]), a web based SNMP monitoring utility for routing gear (designed with Cisco in mind, but should work on anything that talks SNMP
See also OldMeetingTopics


text:
Area of Study | Type of Course | Level of Study |
Health and Medical | Award | Graduate Diploma |
Course |
Course Code |
Partner Faculty |
Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science (MDHS) , School of Health Sciences and Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (RACS) |
Background |
The Graduate Diploma in Surgical Anatomy is a qualification offered by the University of Melbourne's Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, and accredited by the Royal Australasian College Of Surgeons (RACS) and a formal award of the University of Melbourne comprising of 100 points of training at a postgraduate level. The course is specifically designed to assist participants intending to take the SET Surgical Sciences Examination of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. It also provides an opportunity to perform a comprehensive and supervised dissection (and surgical procedures) on a cadaver. |
Description |
The objectives of the course are: • To provide a supervised cadaver dissection of selected regions of the body. • To provide training in surgical anatomy to the standard required for the SET Surgical Sciences Examination of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. Students gain thorough knowledge of all aspects of regional and systemic anatomy. In particular, students learn the surgical relevance of all structures studied, common variations, and surgical and procedural approaches to each organ or structure. Tuition over the 18-week period involves lecture/tutorials and practical sessions (including specimen workshops and cadaver dissection) totalling 160 contact hours. There is also opportunity for additional independent dissection if desired. |
Target Audience |
Students who have completed their MBBS and are looking to further their career in Surgery by undertaking the Graduate Diploma in Surgical Anatomy as a bridging course for the SET Surgical Sciences Examination of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. |
Academic and Teaching Team |
The course is quality assured by the University of Melbourne and conducted by expert academic staff from the Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience at the University of Melbourne. A/Prof Chris Briggs – Course Co-ordinator, Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience |
Delivery Mode |
Lecture style environment, online LMS and dissection classes. The course is run on Monday and Thursday evenings from 6-10pm, with optional 'catch-up'/revision sessions on Saturday mornings. |
Venue |
Classes are held in the Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience at the University of Melbourne's Parkville campus. |
Entry Requirements |
In order to be considered for entry, applicants must have completed: 1. An undergraduate or graduate medical degree recognised by the AMA, such as MBBS or its equivalent qualification. Meeting this requirement does not guarantee selection. 2. A minimum English language requirement of Band 7.0
• prior academic performance and post-degree clinical experience The Selection Committee may seek further information to clarify any aspect of an application in accordance with the Admission and Selection into Course Policy. |
Subjects |
The course comprises a single subject: |
Assessment |
Students will be assessed on the quality of their dissection and by both flag race and oral examination. |
Other Information |
Albert Coates Memorial Prize - a prize of $5000 awarded to the candidate in the Graduate Diploma in Surgical Anatomy who obtains the highest overall mark. The Albert Coates Memorial Prize was established to perpetuate the memory and achievements of Sir Albert Coates. Sir Albert had close links with the University of Melbourne where he held the position of acting Professor of Anatomy and later was Stewart Lecturer in Surgery. After volunteering for duty during World War II Sir Albert served with distinction and saved many lives as a prisoner of war on the Thai-Burma Railway. |
Pathways to Further Study |
The course is specifically designed to assist participants intending to take the SET Surgical Sciences Examination of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. |
Delivery Dates and Times |
Class Commences: Monday 2 February 2015 Class ends: Saturday 30 May 2015 (Thursday 28 May 2015) Examinations: Results Released: Wednesday 3 June 2015 Graduation: Monday 7 September 2015 No classes: Monday 9 March 2015 (Labour Day), Thursday 2 April 2015 & Monday 6 April 2015 PLEASE NOTE: the class size and other teaching constraints mean places on this course are limited. |
Course Fees |
$12,820 for 2015. Fees are subject to an annual increase. |
Fee Inclusions |
Students are supplied with course notes and a comprehensive multimedia program Anatomedia as well as an accompanying textbook (General Anatomy: Principles and Applications) and dissection manual. |
Fee-Help is a loan from the Australian Government to cover tuition fees and is available to Australian Citizens only. |
How to Apply |
Applications for 2015 are now closed. |
Further Information |
Student Cards For access to the teaching labs, the University will issue a student swipe-card. Students will be asked to submit this, via a specific web form, once an offer has been made and accepted. This will need to be in a high resolution jpeg, minimum 50mm X 50mm. Failure to submit this photograph may delay receipt of the card and access to the teaching labs. RACS curricular requirements are published on the RACS website. |
Contact |
Program Coordinator - Gemma Hughes Phone - (03) 9810 3253 |


text:
Common Sense Natural Health
This informational site is full of practical solutions to help you back on the path to health and wellbeing. Want to feel better and/or gain your health back? Maybe see Heather Bruce directly in her Australian (Brisbane) or New Zealand (Greymouth) clinics – or schedule a Skype consultation.
Simple Natural Solutions from Heather Bruce on Vimeo.
To date, your options for your recovery to health, and those who you have previously asked for help, may have eluded you. Sometimes the obvious can be overlooked, and it's so easy to get focused on what you feel is 'the problem' – not where it started and maybe why it did.
Heather Bruce has been honing her problem-solving skills in natural healing fields for over thirty-five years employing several different healing modalities.
She has noticed that usually there is a simple and natural solution for whatever seems to be ailing anyone.
It all comes down to basic commonsense.
What is Health?
A good health definition is the Ability to Adapt to Change.
Often it is as easy and obvious as just returning to what our forebears automatically did:
Simple Natural Solutions
Sometimes it is all about returning to basics. Very infrequently the answer involves money, gadgets, other people, and unnatural products and techniques.
This of course seems then to make modern people wary – surely it is more complicated?
Not usually. Simple is how our bodies were designed to be working.
Often it is as simple as more connecting and touching – yes – touching each other.
Nature set us up to win. We are, by being here, survivors. What our forebears did and what they handed down through their families as inheritance, did work, and still would if we returned to working WITH not against our bodies and nature.
We also may have forgotten that there were always women's ways – women have always cared for and cherished life. They brought life through, nourished, loved, and listened-in to what they may do to keep well and happy happening.
They observed what worked, applied these wisdoms and passed them down.
These old ways worked. (Of course it can be easy to be less than respectful of what is old). New and exciting tends to get the press.
The recent new ways of knowing are changing rapidly as 'science' and who says what – but the real truths are still there to be uncovered, even though 'research' (as if all those mothers were not conducting their own) is forever coming up with new 'takes' on life.
Perhaps it is time to undo modern life and go back to basics.
Health is what your body is set for.
So what is blocking YOUR healing?
Instead of spending more money on medications – why not look back to why your body may not be working as you want it to?
- What started BEFORE the health problem?
- What life changes occurred?
- What family squabble?
- What change of diet?
Something will have happened to alter the balance that was – and from there – if your body doesn't bounce back to homeostasis, then you have to change things back to balance.
A drug, or a brand new way of messing with your body that is only trying to alert you to inner troubles may not be the way forwards in health. It may be as simple as becoming aware of what your biological blueprint says or stopping something you thought was 'good' for you. Become more aware of the need for you to help yourself by finding your own health information.
It is not a matter of finding someone to 'fix' you. Healthy change comes from within.
Continuing to do what you have been doing – that which created the health problem – will only lead to more of the same.
Find out more by browsing the area above as there is a lot of research there into men's health, women's health and kids health for you to start your own healing journey.
Heather operates as a practitioner and mentor in Brisbane and Melbourne and sometimes on the West Coast (Greymouth) New Zealand.
There are many eBook packages to assist you to help yourself.
Getting a different model of how the body works on board FIRST may be your key – there are so many things that unknowingly you may be doing to contribute to your unease and educating yourself so you can make an informed decisions on all things health and life wise would benefit you.
For more information please contact Heather.


text:
NAME DESCRIPTION Class Data in a Can Class Data as Package Variables Class Data as Lexical Variables NOTES SEE ALSO AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS HISTORY
perltootc - Tom's OO Tutorial for Class Data in Perl
When designing an object class, you are sometimes faced with the situation of wanting common state shared by all objects of that class. Such class attributes act somewhat like global variables for the entire class, but unlike program-wide globals, class attributes have meaning only to the class itself.
Here are a few examples where class attributes might come in handy:
to keep a count of the objects you've created, or how many are still extant.
to extract the name or file descriptor for a logfile used by a debugging method.
to access collective data, like the total amount of cash dispensed by all ATMs in a network in a given day.
to access the last object created by a class, or the most accessed object, or to retrieve a list of all objects.
Unlike a true global, class attributes should not be accessed directly. Instead, their state should be inspected, and perhaps altered, only through the mediated access of class methods. These class attributes accessor methods are similar in spirit and function to accessors used to manipulate the state of instance attributes on an object. They provide a clear firewall between interface and implementation.
You should allow access to class attributes through either the class name or any object of that class. If we assume that $an_object is of type Some_Class, and the
The question is, where do you store the state which that method accesses? Unlike more restrictive languages like C ++ , where these are called static data members, Perl provides no syntactic mechanism to declare class attributes, any more than it provides a syntactic mechanism to declare instance attributes. Perl provides the developer with a broad set of powerful but flexible features that can be uniquely crafted to the particular demands of the situation.
A class in Perl is typically implemented in a module. A module consists of two complementary feature sets: a package for interfacing with the outside world, and a lexical file scope for privacy. Either of these two mechanisms can be used to implement class attributes. That means you get to decide whether to put your class attributes in package variables or to put them in lexical variables.
And those aren't the only decisions to make. If you choose to use package variables, you can make your class attribute accessor methods either ignorant of inheritance or sensitive to it. If you choose lexical variables, you can elect to permit access to them from anywhere in the entire file scope, or you can limit direct data access exclusively to the methods implementing those attributes.
One of the easiest ways to solve a hard problem is to let someone else do it for you! In this case, Class::Data::Inheritable (available on a CPAN near you) offers a canned solution to the class data problem using closures. So before you wade into this document, consider having a look at that module.
Because a class in Perl is really just a package, using package variables to hold class attributes is the most natural choice. This makes it simple for each class to have its own class attributes. Let's say you have a class called Some_Class that needs a couple of different attributes that you'd like to be global to the entire class. The simplest thing to do is to use package variables like $Some_Class::CData1 and $Some_Class::CData2 to hold these attributes. But we certainly don't want to encourage outsiders to touch those data directly, so we provide methods to mediate access.
In the accessor methods below, we'll for now just ignore the first argument--that part to the left of the arrow on method invocation, which is either a class name or an object reference.
package Some_Class;
sub CData1 { shift; # XXX: ignore calling class/object $Some_Class::CData1 = shift if @_; return $Some_Class::CData1; } sub CData2 { shift; # XXX: ignore calling class/object $Some_Class::CData2 = shift if @_; return $Some_Class::CData2; } This technique is highly legible and should be completely straightforward to even the novice Perl programmer. By fully qualifying the package variables, they stand out clearly when reading the code. Unfortunately, if you misspell one of these, you've introduced an error that's hard to catch. It's also somewhat disconcerting to see the class name itself hard-coded in so many places.
Both these problems can be easily fixed. Just add the use strict pragma, then pre-declare your package variables. (The our operator will be new in 5.6, and will work for package globals just like my works for scoped lexicals.)
package Some_Class;
use strict; our($CData1, $CData2); # our() is new to perl5.6 sub CData1 { shift; # XXX: ignore calling class/object $CData1 = shift if @_; return $CData1; } sub CData2 { shift; # XXX: ignore calling class/object $CData2 = shift if @_; return $CData2; } As with any other global variable, some programmers prefer to start their package variables with capital letters. This helps clarity somewhat, but by no longer fully qualifying the package variables, their significance can be lost when reading the code. You can fix this easily enough by choosing better names than were used here.
Putting All Your Eggs in One Basket
Just as the mindless enumeration of accessor methods for instance attributes grows tedious after the first few (see perltoot), so too does the repetition begin to grate when listing out accessor methods for class data. Repetition runs counter to the primary virtue of a programmer: Laziness, here manifesting as that innate urge every programmer feels to factor out duplicate code whenever possible.
Here's what to do. First, make just one hash to hold all class attributes.
package Some_Class;
use strict; our %!ClassData? = ( # our() is new to perl5.6 CData1 = Using closures (see perlref) and direct access to the package symbol table (see perlmod), now clone an accessor method for each key in the %!ClassData? hash. Each of these methods is used to fetch or store values to the specific, named class attribute.
for my $datum (keys %!ClassData?) {
no strict It's true that you could work out a solution employing an DESTROY . Such complexity is uncalled for in most cases, and certainly in this one.
You may wonder why we're rescinding strict refs for the loop. We're manipulating the package's symbol table to introduce new function names using symbolic references (indirect naming), which the strict pragma would otherwise forbid. Normally, symbolic references are a dodgy notion at best. This isn't just because they can be used accidentally when you aren't meaning to. It's also because for most uses to which beginning Perl programmers attempt to put symbolic references, we have much better approaches, like nested hashes or hashes of arrays. But there's nothing wrong with using symbolic references to manipulate something that is meaningful only from the perspective of the package symbol table, like method names or package variables. In other words, when you want to refer to the symbol table, use symbol references.
Clustering all the class attributes in one place has several advantages. They're easy to spot, initialize, and change. The aggregation also makes them convenient to access externally, such as from a debugger or a persistence package. The only possible problem is that we don't automatically know the name of each class's class object, should it have one. This issue is addressed below in ``The Eponymous Meta-Object''.
Inheritance Concerns
Suppose you have an instance of a derived class, and you access class data using an inherited method call. Should that end up referring to the base class's attributes, or to those in the derived class? How would it work in the earlier examples? The derived class inherits all the base class's methods, including those that access class attributes. But what package are the class attributes stored in?
The answer is that, as written, class attributes are stored in the package into which those methods were compiled. When you invoke the $Some_Class::CData1--or in the method cloning version, $Some_Class::!ClassData?{CData1}.
Think of these class methods as executing in the context of their base class, not in that of their derived class. Sometimes this is exactly what you want. If Feline subclasses Carnivore, then the population of Carnivores in the world should go up when a new Feline is born. But what if you wanted to figure out how many Felines you have apart from Carnivores? The current approach doesn't support that.
You'll have to decide on a case-by-case basis whether it makes any sense for class attributes to be package-relative. If you want it to be so, then stop ignoring the first argument to the function. Either it will be a package name if the method was invoked directly on a class name, or else it will be an object reference if the method was invoked on an object reference. In the latter case, the ref() function provides the class of that object.
package Some_Class;
sub CData1 { my $obclass = shift; my $class = ref($obclass) $obclass; my $varname = $class . And then do likewise for all other class attributes (such as CData2, etc.) that you wish to access as package variables in the invoking package instead of the compiling package as we had previously.
Once again we temporarily disable the strict references ban, because otherwise we couldn't use the fully-qualified symbolic name for the package global. This is perfectly reasonable: since all package variables by definition live in a package, there's nothing wrong with accessing them via that package's symbol table. That's what it's there for (well, somewhat).
What about just using a single hash for everything and then cloning methods? What would that look like? The only difference would be the closure used to produce new method entries for the class's symbol table.
no strict
The Eponymous Meta-Object
It could be argued that the %!ClassData? hash in the previous example is neither the most imaginative nor the most intuitive of names. Is there something else that might make more sense, be more useful, or both?
As it happens, yes, there is. For the ``class meta-object'', we'll use a package variable of the same name as the package itself. Within the scope of a package Some_Class declaration, we'll use the eponymously named hash %Some_Class as that class's meta-object. (Using an eponymously named hash is somewhat reminiscent of classes that name their constructors eponymously in the Python or C
use The Perl Cookbook'' does this, if you're looking for an example.)
This predictable approach has many benefits, including having a well-known identifier to aid in debugging, transparent persistence, or checkpointing. It's also the obvious name for monadic classes and translucent attributes, discussed later.
Here's an example of such a class. Notice how the name of the hash storing the meta-object is the same as the name of the package used to implement the class.
package Some_Class;
use strict;
our %Some_Class = ( # our() is new to perl5.6 CData1 =
sub CData1 { my $obclass = shift; my $class = ref($obclass) $obclass; no strict
sub CData2 { shift; # XXX: ignore calling class/object no strict In the second accessor method, the PACKAGE notation was used for two reasons. First, to avoid hardcoding the literal package name in the code in case we later want to change that name. Second, to clarify to the reader that what matters here is the package currently being compiled into, not the package of the invoking object or class. If the long sequence of non-alphabetic characters bothers you, you can always put the PACKAGE in a variable first.
sub CData2 {
shift; # XXX: ignore calling class/object no strict Even though we're using symbolic references for good not evil, some folks tend to become unnerved when they see so many places with strict ref checking disabled. Given a symbolic reference, you can always produce a real reference (the reverse is not true, though). So we'll create a subroutine that does this conversion for us. If invoked as a function of no arguments, it returns a reference to the compiling class's eponymous hash. Invoked as a class method, it returns a reference to the eponymous hash of its caller. And when invoked as an object method, this function returns a reference to the eponymous hash for whatever class the object belongs to.
package Some_Class;
use strict;
our %Some_Class = ( # our() is new to perl5.6
CData1 =
sub _classobj { my $obclass = shift PACKAGE; my $class = ref($obclass) $obclass; no strict
for my $datum (keys %{ _classobj() } ) {
no strict
Indirect References to Class Data
A reasonably common strategy for handling class attributes is to store a reference to each package variable on the object itself. This is a strategy you've probably seen before, such as in perltoot and perlbot, but there may be variations in the example below that you haven't thought of before.
package Some_Class;
our($CData1, $CData2); # our() is new to perl5.6
sub new {
my $obclass = shift; return bless my $self = { ObData1 =
sub ObData1 {
my $self = shift; $self-
sub ObData2 {
my $self = shift; $self-
sub CData1 {
my $self = shift; my $dataref = ref $self ? $self-
sub CData2 {
my $self = shift; my $dataref = ref $self ? $self- As written above, a derived class will inherit these methods, which will consequently access package variables in the base class's package. This is not necessarily expected behavior in all circumstances. Here's an example that uses a variable meta-object, taking care to access the proper package's data.
package Some_Class;
use strict;
our %Some_Class = ( # our() is new to perl5.6
CData1 =
sub _classobj {
my $self = shift; my $class = ref($self) $self; no strict
sub new {
my $obclass = shift; my $classobj = $obclass-
sub ObData1 {
my $self = shift; $self-
sub ObData2 {
my $self = shift; $self-
sub CData1 {
my $self = shift; $self = $self-
sub CData2 {
my $self = shift; $self = $self- Not only are we now strict refs clean, using an eponymous meta-object seems to make the code cleaner. Unlike the previous version, this one does something interesting in the face of inheritance: it accesses the class meta-object in the invoking class instead of the one into which the method was initially compiled.
You can easily access data in the class meta-object, making it easy to dump the complete class state using an external mechanism such as when debugging or implementing a persistent class. This works because the class meta-object is a package variable, has a well-known name, and clusters all its data together. (Transparent persistence is not always feasible, but it's certainly an appealing idea.)
There's still no check that object accessor methods have not been invoked on a class name. If strict ref checking is enabled, you'd blow up. If not, then you get the eponymous meta-object. What you do with--or about--this is up to you. The next two sections demonstrate innovative uses for this powerful feature.
Monadic Classes
Some of the standard modules shipped with Perl provide class interfaces without any attribute methods whatsoever. The most commonly used module not numbered amongst the pragmata, the Exporter module, is a class with neither constructors nor attributes. Its job is simply to provide a standard interface for modules wishing to export part of their namespace into that of their caller. Modules use the Exporter's @ISA array to mention ``Exporter''. But class Exporter provides no constructor, so you can't have several instances of the class. In fact, you can't have any--it just doesn't make any sense. All you get is its methods. Its interface contains no statefulness, so state data is wholly superfluous.
Another sort of class that pops up from time to time is one that supports a unique instance. Such classes are called monadic classes, or less formally, singletons or highlander classes.
If a class is monadic, where do you store its state, that is, its attributes? How do you make sure that there's never more than one instance? While you could merely use a slew of package variables, it's a lot cleaner to use the eponymously named hash. Here's a complete example of a monadic
%Cosmos = ();
sub supernova { my $self = shift; my $count = $self-
sub bigbang { my $self = shift; %$self = ( name =
PACKAGE - Hold on, that doesn't look like anything special. Those attribute accessors look no different than they would if this were a regular class instead of a monadic one. The crux of the matter is there's nothing that says that $self must hold a reference to a blessed object. It merely has to be something you can invoke methods on. Here the package name itself, Cosmos, works as an object. Look at the %$self is really accessing the %Cosmos package variable.
If like Stephen Hawking, you posit the existence of multiple, sequential, and unrelated universes, then you can invoke the
Imagine that some day in the future, you decide that one universe just isn't enough. You could write a new class from scratch, but you already have an existing class that does what you want--except that it's monadic, and you want more than just one cosmos.
That's what code reuse via subclassing is all about. Look
use Cosmos; @ISA = qw(Cosmos);
sub new {
my $protoverse = shift; my $class = ref($protoverse) $protoverse; my $self = {}; return bless($self, $class)- Because we were careful to be good little creators when we designed our Cosmos class, we can now reuse it without touching a single line of code when it comes time to write our Multiverse class. The same code that worked when invoked as a class method continues to work perfectly well when invoked against separate instances of a derived class.
The astonishing thing about the Cosmos class above is that the value returned by the
To understand object orientation in Perl, it's important to recognize the unification of what other programming languages might think of as class methods and object methods into just plain methods. ``Class methods and ``object methods are distinct only in the compartmentalizing mind of the Perl programmer, not in the Perl language itself.
Along those same lines, a constructor is nothing special either, which is one reason why Perl has no pre-ordained name for them. ``Constructor'' is just an informal term loosely used to describe a method that returns a scalar value that you can make further method calls against. So long as it's either a class name or an object reference, that's good enough. It doesn't even have to be a reference to a brand new object.
You can have as many--or as few--constructors as you want, and you can name them whatever you care to. Blindly and obediently using new() for each and every constructor you ever write is to speak Perl with such a severe C
languages. There's no reason to insist that each class have but one constructor, or that that constructor be named new(), or that that constructor be used solely as a class method and not an object method.
The next section shows how useful it can be to further distance ourselves from any formal distinction between class method calls and object method calls, both in constructors and in accessor methods.
Translucent Attributes
A package's eponymous hash can be used for more than just containing per-class, global state data. It can also serve as a sort of template containing default settings for object attributes. These default settings can then be used in constructors for initialization of a particular object. The class's eponymous hash can also be used to implement translucent attributes. A translucent attribute is one that has a class-wide default. Each object can set its own value for the attribute, in which case $object- returns that value. But if no value has been set, then $object- returns the class-wide default.
We'll apply something of a copy-on-write approach to these translucent attributes. If you're just fetching values from them, you get translucency. But if you store a new value to them, that new value is set on the current object. On the other hand, if you use the class as an object and store the attribute value directly on the class, then the meta-object's value changes, and later fetch operations on objects with uninitialized values for those attributes will retrieve the meta-object's new values. Objects with their own initialized values, however, won't see any change.
Let's look at some concrete examples of using these properties before we show how to implement them. Suppose that a class named Some_Class had a translucent data attribute called ``color''. First you set the color in the meta-object, then you create three objects using a constructor that happens to be named
use Vermin;
$ob1 = Vermin- print $obj3-
Each of these objects' colors is now ``vermilion'', because that's the meta-object's value that attribute, and these objects do not have individual color values set.
Changing the attribute on one object has no effect on other objects previously created.
If you now use $ob3 to spawn off another object, the new object will take the color its parent held, which now happens to be ``chartreuse''. That's because the constructor uses the invoking object as its template for initializing attributes. When that invoking object is the class name, the object used as a template is the eponymous meta-object. When the invoking object is a reference to an instantiated object, the
$ob4 = $ob3-
Any actual values set on the template object will be copied to the new object. But attributes undefined in the template object, being translucent, will remain undefined and consequently translucent in the new one as well.
Now let's change the color attribute on the entire
That color change took effect only in the first pair of objects, which were still translucently accessing the meta-object's values. The second pair had per-object initialized colors, and so didn't change.
One important question remains. Changes to the meta-object are reflected in translucent attributes in the entire class, but what about changes to discrete objects? If you change the color of $ob3, does the value of $ob4 see that change? Or vice-versa. If you change the color of $ob4, does then the value of $ob3 shift?
While one could argue that in certain rare cases it should, let's not do that. Good taste aside, we want the answer to the question posed in the comment above to be ``chartreuse, not ``amethyst. So we'll treat these attributes similar to the way process attributes like environment variables, user and group IDs, or the current working directory are treated across a fork(). You can change only yourself, but you will see those changes reflected in your unspawned children. Changes to one object will propagate neither up to the parent nor down to any existing child objects. Those objects made later, however, will see the changes.
If you have an object with an actual attribute value, and you want to make that object's attribute value translucent again, what do you do? Let's design the class so that when you invoke an accessor method with undef as its argument, that attribute returns to translucency.
Here's a complete implementation of Vermin as described above.
package Vermin;
- here's the class meta-object, eponymously named.
and translucency.
our %Vermin = ( # our() is new to perl5.6
sub spawn { my $obclass = shift; my $class = ref($obclass) $obclass; my $self = {}; bless($self, $class); $class-
translucent accessor for
unless (ref $self) { $class-
- handle object invocation
sub DESTROY { my $self = shift; my $class = ref $self; $class- Here are a couple of helper methods that might be convenient. They aren't accessor methods at all. They're used to detect accessibility of data attributes. The
sub is_translucent { my($self, $attr) = @_; return !defined $self-
sub has_attribute { my($self, $attr) = @_; my $class = ref $self if $self; return exists $class- If you prefer to install your accessors more generically, you can make use of the upper-case versus lower-case convention to register into the package appropriate methods cloned from generic closures.
for my $datum (keys %{ +PACKAGE }) {
? sub { # install class accessor my $obclass = shift; my $class = ref($obclass) $obclass; return $class- Translations of this closure-based approach into C ++ , Java, and Python have been left as exercises for the reader. Be sure to send us mail as soon as you're done.
Privacy and Responsibility
Unlike conventions used by some Perl programmers, in the previous examples, we didn't prefix the package variables used for class attributes with an underscore, nor did we do so for the names of the hash keys used for instance attributes. You don't need little markers on data names to suggest nominal privacy on attribute variables or hash keys, because these are already notionally private! Outsiders have no business whatsoever playing with anything within a class save through the mediated access of its documented interface; in other words, through method invocations. And not even through just any method, either. Methods that begin with an underscore are traditionally considered off-limits outside the class. If outsiders skip the documented method interface to poke around the internals of your class and end up breaking something, that's not your fault--it's theirs.
Perl believes in individual responsibility rather than mandated control. Perl respects you enough to let you choose your own preferred level of pain, or of pleasure. Perl believes that you are creative, intelligent, and capable of making your own decisions--and fully expects you to take complete responsibility for your own actions. In a perfect world, these admonitions alone would suffice, and everyone would be intelligent, responsible, happy, and creative. And careful. One probably shouldn't forget careful, and that's a good bit harder to expect. Even Einstein would take wrong turns by accident and end up lost in the wrong part of town.
Some folks get the heebie-jeebies when they see package variables hanging out there for anyone to reach over and alter them. Some folks live in constant fear that someone somewhere might do something wicked. The solution to that problem is simply to fire the wicked, of course. But unfortunately, it's not as simple as all that. These cautious types are also afraid that they or others will do something not so much wicked as careless, whether by accident or out of desperation. If we fire everyone who ever gets careless, pretty soon there won't be anybody left to get any work done.
Whether it's needless paranoia or sensible caution, this uneasiness can be a problem for some people. We can take the edge off their discomfort by providing the option of storing class attributes as lexical variables instead of as package variables. The my() operator is the source of all privacy in Perl, and it is a powerful form of privacy indeed.
It is widely perceived, and indeed has often been written, that Perl provides no data hiding, that it affords the class designer no privacy nor isolation, merely a rag-tag assortment of weak and unenforcible social conventions instead. This perception is demonstrably false and easily disproven. In the next section, we show how to implement forms of privacy that are far stronger than those provided in nearly any other object-oriented language.
File-Scoped Lexicals
A lexical variable is visible only through the end of its static scope. That means that the only code able to access that variable is code residing textually below the my() operator through the end of its block if it has one, or through the end of the current file if it doesn't.
Starting again with our simplest example given at the start of this document, we replace our() variables with my() versions.
package Some_Class;
my($CData1, $CData2); # file scope, not in any package sub CData1 { shift; # XXX: ignore calling class/object $CData1 = shift if @_; return $CData1; } sub CData2 { shift; # XXX: ignore calling class/object $CData2 = shift if @_; return $CData2; } So much for that old $Some_Class::CData1 package variable and its brethren! Those are gone now, replaced with lexicals. No one outside the scope can reach in and alter the class state without resorting to the documented interface. Not even subclasses or superclasses of this one have unmediated access to $CData1. They have to invoke the
To be scrupulously honest, that last statement assumes you haven't packed several classes together into the same file scope, nor strewn your class implementation across several different files. Accessibility of those variables is based uniquely on the static file scope. It has nothing to do with the package. That means that code in a different file but the same package (class) could not access those variables, yet code in the same file but a different package (class) could. There are sound reasons why we usually suggest a one-to-one mapping between files and packages and modules and classes. You don't have to stick to this suggestion if you really know what you're doing, but you're apt to confuse yourself otherwise, especially at first.
If you'd like to aggregate your class attributes into one lexically scoped, composite structure, you're perfectly free to do so.
package Some_Class;
my %!ClassData? = ( CData1 = To make this more scalable as other class attributes are added, we can again register closures into the package symbol table to create accessor methods for them.
package Some_Class;
my %!ClassData? = ( CData1 = Requiring even your own class to use accessor methods like anybody else is probably a good thing. But demanding and expecting that everyone else, be they subclass or superclass, friend or foe, will all come to your object through mediation is more than just a good idea. It's absolutely critical to the model. Let there be in your mind no such thing as ``public data, nor even ``protected data, which is a seductive but ultimately destructive notion. Both will come back to bite at you. That's because as soon as you take that first step out of the solid position in which all state is considered completely private, save from the perspective of its own accessor methods, you have violated the envelope. And, having pierced that encapsulating envelope, you shall doubtless someday pay the price when future changes in the implementation break unrelated code. Considering that avoiding this infelicitous outcome was precisely why you consented to suffer the slings and arrows of obsequious abstraction by turning to object orientation in the first place, such breakage seems unfortunate in the extreme.
More Inheritance Concerns
Suppose that Some_Class were used as a base class from which to derive Another_Class. If you invoke a
The answer is that under the scheme outlined above, the derived class would not have its own state data. As before, whether you consider this a good thing or a bad one depends on the semantics of the classes involved.
The cleanest, sanest, simplest way to address per-class state in a lexical is for the derived class to override its base class's version of the method that accesses the class attributes. Since the actual method called is the one in the object's derived class if this exists, you automatically get per-class state this way. Any urge to provide an unadvertised method to sneak out a reference to the %!ClassData? hash should be strenuously resisted.
As with any other overridden method, the implementation in the derived class always has the option of invoking its base class's version of the method in addition to its own. Here's
@ISA = qw(Some_Class);
my %!ClassData? = (
CData1 =
sub CData1 {
my($self, $newvalue) = @_; if (@_
- then pass the buck up to the first
if ($self- Those dabbling in multiple inheritance might be concerned about there being more than one override.
for my $parent (@ISA) {
my $methname = $parent . Because the
for my $parent (@ISA) {
if (my $coderef = $self-
Locking the Door and Throwing Away the Key
As currently implemented, any code within the same scope as the file-scoped lexical %!ClassData? can alter that hash directly. Is that ok? Is it acceptable or even desirable to allow other parts of the implementation of this class to access class attributes directly?
That depends on how careful you want to be. Think back to the Cosmos class. If the $Cosmos::Stars or $Cosmos::Cosmos{stars}, then we wouldn't have been able to reuse the class when it came to inventing a Multiverse. So letting even the class itself access its own class attributes without the mediating intervention of properly designed accessor methods is probably not a good idea after all.
Restricting access to class attributes from the class itself is usually not enforcible even in strongly object-oriented languages. But in Perl, you can.
my $CData1; sub CData1 { shift; # XXX: unused $CData1 = shift if @_; return $CData1; } }
{ # scope for hiding $CData2
my $CData2; sub CData2 { shift; # XXX: unused $CData2 = shift if @_; return $CData2; } } No one--absolutely no one--is allowed to read or write the class attributes without the mediation of the managing accessor method, since only that method has access to the lexical variable it's managing. This use of mediated access to class attributes is a form of privacy far stronger than most OO languages provide.
The repetition of code used to create per-datum accessor methods chafes at our Laziness, so we'll again use closures to create similar methods.
package Some_Class; { # scope for ultra-private meta-object for class attributes
my %!ClassData? = ( CData1 =
for my $datum (keys %!ClassData? ) {
no strict
The closure above can be modified to take inheritance into account using the SUPER as shown previously.
Translucency Revisited
The Vermin class demonstrates translucency using a package variable, eponymously named %Vermin, as its meta-object. If you prefer to use absolutely no package variables beyond those necessary to appease inheritance or possibly the Exporter, this strategy is closed to you. That's too bad, because translucent attributes are an appealing technique, so it would be valuable to devise an implementation using only lexicals.
There's a second reason why you might wish to avoid the eponymous package hash. If you use class names with double-colons in them, you would end up poking around somewhere you might not have meant to poke.
package Vermin;
$class =
package Vermin::Noxious;
$class = In the first case, because the class name had no double-colons, we got the hash in the current package. But in the second case, instead of getting some hash in the current package, we got the hash %Noxious in the Vermin package. (The noxious vermin just invaded another package and sprayed their data around it. :-) Perl doesn't support relative packages in its naming conventions, so any double-colons trigger a fully-qualified lookup instead of just looking in the current package.
In practice, it is unlikely that the Vermin class had an existing package variable named %Noxious that you just blew away. If you're still mistrustful, you could always stake out your own territory where you know the rules, such as using Eponymous::Vermin::Noxious or Hieronymus::Vermin::Boschious or Leave_Me_Alone::Vermin::Noxious as class names instead. Sure, it's in theory possible that someone else has a class named Eponymous::Vermin with its own %Noxious hash, but this kind of thing is always true. There's no arbiter of package names. It's always the case that globals like @Cwd::ISA would collide if more than one class uses the same Cwd package.
If this still leaves you with an uncomfortable twinge of paranoia, we have another solution for you. There's nothing that says that you have to have a package variable to hold a class meta-object, either for monadic classes or for translucent attributes. Just code up the methods so that they access a lexical instead.
Here's another implementation of the Vermin class with semantics identical to those given previously, but this time using no package variables.
package Vermin;
- Here's the class meta-object, eponymously named.
my %!ClassData? = (
sub spawn { my $obclass = shift; my $class = ref($obclass) $obclass; my $self = {}; bless($self, $class); $!ClassData?{!PopCount?}++;
%$self = %$obclass if ref $obclass; return $self; }
translucent accessor for
unless (ref $self) { $!ClassData?{color} = shift if @_; return $!ClassData?{color} }
- handle object invocation
sub DESTROY { $!ClassData?{!PopCount?}--; }
sub is_translucent { my($self, $attr) = @_; $self = %!ClassData? if !ref $self; return !defined $self-
sub has_attribute { my($self, $attr) = @_; return exists $!ClassData?{$attr}; }
Inheritance is a powerful but subtle device, best used only after careful forethought and design. Aggregation instead of inheritance is often a better approach.
We use the hypothetical our() syntax for package variables. It works like use vars, but looks like my(). It should be in this summer's major release (5.6) of perl--we hope.
You can't use file-scoped lexicals in conjunction with the
scope in which the module's methods wind up getting compiled.
The usual mealy-mouthed package-mungeing doubtless applies to setting up names of object attributes. For example, $self- should probably be $self-, but that would just confuse the examples.
perltoot, perlobj, perlmod, and perlbot.
The Tie::!SecureHash? and Class::Data::Inheritable modules from CPAN are worth checking out.
Copyright (c) 1999 Tom Christiansen. All rights reserved.
When included as part of the Standard Version of Perl, or as part of its complete documentation whether printed or otherwise, this work may be distributed only under the terms of Perl's Artistic License. Any distribution of this file or derivatives thereof outside of that package require that special arrangements be made with copyright holder.
Irrespective of its distribution, all code examples in this file are hereby placed into the public domain. You are permitted and encouraged to use this code in your own programs for fun or for profit as you see fit. A simple comment in the code giving credit would be courteous but is not required.
Russ Albery, Jon Orwant, Randy Ray, Larry Rosler, Nat Torkington, and Stephen Warren all contributed suggestions and corrections to this piece. Thanks especially to Damian Conway for his ideas and feedback, and without whose indirect prodding I might never have taken the time to show others how much Perl has to offer in the way of objects once you start thinking outside the tiny little box that today's ``popular'' object-oriented languages enforce.
Last edit: Sun Feb 4 20:50:28 EST 2001
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| Mar 16, 2012
Sorry for the absence, but I have been sucked into the vortex known as spring training. Long days of watching millionaires play catch. I can say that if this pitching staff stays healthy, the Marlins will be in contention....


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Today, 10:24 AMCongratulations! All your children are beautifully named, and Teresa Haya is lovely too. I really like the Spanish pronunciation of Haya. :)12 replies | 373 view(s)
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Today, 10:20 AMI thought I'd bump up this thread again, as it's been a while since it was last posted in. Also, welcome to any new members who have joined this...3171 replies | 649584 view(s)
Today, 10:09 AM1. Would you name your child something you're not crazy about, just because it's a family name? Probably not. The names I plan on naming my future...583 replies | 23940 view(s)
Today, 09:55 AMadelina_sophia replied to a thread Negative personal connections: how negative is too negative? in Talk About Baby NamesThank you everyone! :) I get the impression that the general opinion on this is that if you get negative feelings when you hear the names in...5 replies | 200 view(s)
Today, 09:42 AMAfter hearing Ellis for the first time as a first name IRL yesterday, it's really starting to grow on me and I want to use it somewhere, since I also...2 replies | 44 view(s)
Today, 09:27 AMadelina_sophia replied to a thread Whats your favourite 3-5 letter, 1 or 2 syllable girls name? in Girl Baby NamesApologies for the (very) long list! ;) Some of these may not be that similar to the names you listed but I just looked at my usable list and...4 replies | 91 view(s)
Today, 09:12 AMI spotted Alba Seraphine from @lucialucentum in another thread a few days ago, and it immediately stood out for me. I would never have thought about...418 replies | 72975 view(s)
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Today, 08:57 AMAdair and Theo2761 replies | 110127 view(s)
Today, 01:40 AMThe obvious nicknames are quite dated, aren't they? I like the suggestion of Cici. Pax? Maybe Atty/Addy from Patty?2 replies | 81 view(s)
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Yesterday, 03:16 PMI have never met a Brooklyn. It feels dated to me though. I always thought Brooklyn should have reached its peak in the 80s and 90s.17 replies | 423 view(s)
Yesterday, 03:13 PMI'm not married, but I want to put my two cents in anyway. I don't plan to change my surname when I marry either. Although I am a feminist, my...9 replies | 189 view(s)
Yesterday, 03:04 PMI voted for Brendan Silas. I think it feels the freshest of the bunch.5 replies | 156 view(s)
April 16th, 2015, 10:51 PMAmelia Violette- Amelia Violette is very pretty. Violette is such a pretty name. William River- William River is an interesting combo. Arthur...2188 replies | 1097637 view(s)
April 16th, 2015, 09:09 PMReally? I guess you could always use initials as suggested above. Or wait until you meet him and give him a pet name/nickname based on a personality...17 replies | 583 view(s)
April 16th, 2015, 06:43 PMMale. But if it's a family name it could easily be a woman's middle name.10 replies | 237 view(s)
April 16th, 2015, 06:40 PMAmerica is supposed to be a multicultural country. Correcting mispronunciations and misspellings are a common part of many Americans' lives. I don't...28 replies | 1325 view(s)
April 16th, 2015, 04:00 PMsouthern.maple replied to a thread Does using a person's middle name constitute much of an honor? in Baby NamesI also fail to see how multiple people in a family sharing the same middle name is creepy. Or why this comment was even necessary. @OP In answer...24 replies | 685 view(s)
April 16th, 2015, 02:57 PMNah, she won't hate you.35 replies | 1638 view(s)
April 15th, 2015, 11:48 PMThe first thing that came up when I googled Syon was Syon Monastery in England. That's long gone though; now there's a Syon House and Syon Park. In...6 replies | 187 view(s)
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April 15th, 2015, 04:04 PMHmm... Grover Leland Reginald Oscar Evander Quentin Everard Edgar7 replies | 383 view(s)
April 14th, 2015, 10:57 PMI thought of flowers.6 replies | 174 view(s)
April 14th, 2015, 10:53 PMIf you plan to have two kids I think Abel and Opal are fine. But if you're planning on more than two I would put Opal in the middle spot.13 replies | 245 view(s)
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Beyonce Breaks Sales Records With Surprise Record
Description:Now, within only three days, King Bey has already broke an iTunes record. The LP, which will be exclusive to iTunes till the physical release on Dec. 21, has already clocked in at 617,000 units, beating out Taylor Swift's R.E.D. album sales, which sold 465,000 after being exclusively released to iTunes in its first week. According to Billboard, the 32-year-old songstress is also poised to debut at No. 1 on the charts. Beyoncé's iTunes launch is also the second-largest digital sales week overall. (1:36)
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There is No WAP key. Are you referring to WEP, or to WPA?
Jack (MVP-Networking).
"ITdad08"wrote in message
>I am using a wireless router with a PC running windows XP, when I turn it
> I loose the WAP key. Is there a way of retaining the WAP key so I dont
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Naya Rivera by Gavin Bond for Galore July 2014.
Source: Galore
Tags: Fashion News, Galore, Naya Rivera, Snapshot
Naya Rivera by Gavin Bond for Galore July 2014.
Source: Galore
@ TT, I agree she has no expression. Probably due to all that excessive botox she keeps doing to her face.
They are really trying to brand her like the new Kim K. That explains the fashion changes, the facial expression, the pick and tucks in the face, and her make up. Its pathetic really.
I normally like Naya but she looks bland, bored, and otherwise underwhelming in these photos.
wack pose.
wack fashions.
wack tryin' to be the 'skinny' Mrs. West.
please stop it Ms. M&Ms. just stop. smh :(
Blah. After my wife and kids she wasnt even on the radar until big sean. I wouldnt have known that she was in Glee if it wasnt for the fact that she was engaged to him and then people started over-exposing her. She is really nothing special to look at. And yes, TT, her face is lifeless.
She needs to elongate her neck – a model she does not make. I keep thinking they are just doing photo spreads now because she is not working anymore.
She was on the Bernie Mac show too lol. She just seems very stiff and rigid. Cute girl tho.
No smile in the eyes like Tyra would say. The styling in this shoot is so off. The boots in the first pic with the bathingsuit, just plain stupid!
She is such a beautiful woman but her photos are flat. I'm sad because I think she's gorgeous. Too bad.


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Hotel Amenities
Simply walk outside to feel the sun on your face at the sand beach. After a day at the beach, enjoy amenities at Novotel Al Dana Resort Bahrain like a children's club, an outdoor pool, and a children's pool.
Dining is available at one of the hotel's 2 restaurants and guests can grab coffee at the coffee shop/café. Guests can unwind with a drink at one of the hotel's bars, which include a poolside bar and a bar/lounge. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. This beach hotel also offers a health club, a spa tub, and a steam room. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
- Free WiFi
- Outdoor pool
- Spa tub
- Sauna
- Airport transportation (surcharge)
- Arcade/game room
- Total number of rooms - 166
- Porter/bellhop
- 24-hour front desk
- Hair salon
- Babysitting or childcare
- Elevator/lift
- Bar/lounge
- Number of floors - 3
- Coffee shop or café
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Health club
- Garden
- Business center
- Rooftop terrace
- Luggage storage
- Turkish bath/Hammam
- One meeting room
- Children's club
- Laundry facilities
- Poolside bar
- On private beach
- Number of restaurants - 2
- Free self parking
- Beach towels
- Steam room
- Children's pool
- Area shuttle (surcharge)
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- On private beach
- Outdoor pool
- Children's pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Laundry facilities
- Babysitting or childcare
- Arcade/game room
- Playground on site
- Refrigerator
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Free WiFi
- Refrigerator
- Premium TV channels
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Premium bedding
- Free newspaper
- Air conditioning
- Access via exterior corridors
- Phone
- Coffee/tea maker
- Free bottled water
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Bidet
- Slippers
- Shower/tub combination
- Satellite TV service
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- In-room safe
- Desk
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Room service (24 hours)
Where to Eat
La Perle - This restaurant serves dinner only.
Zytoun Grill - This restaurant specializes in international cuisine and serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner.
24-hour room service is available.
Nearby Things to Do
A private beach and a health club are featured at the hotel. An outdoor pool, a children's pool, and a spa tub are on site. Other recreational amenities include a sauna and a steam room.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Personal motorized watercraft on site
- Snorkeling nearby
- Motor boating on site
- Playground on site
- Scuba diving on site
- Water skiing on site
- Windsurfing on site
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible path of travel
- Accessible parking
- In-room accessibility
Hotel Policies
Minimum check-in age is 20
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Payment types
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- Airport shuttle fee: BHD 3 per person (one way)
We should mention
Children 16 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.


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Quake Industries Realtree Hardwoods Rifle Sling w/Non Slip P
Model 500155 | Condition Factory New |
Bud's Item # 34962 | UPC 727703500155 |
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