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Relationship guru, author, star of VH1's What Chili Wants and MTV's Girl Get Your Mind Right, Tionna Smalls, is known for keeping it all the way real with women when it comes dating. I read her book, Girl Get Your Mind Right, in record time and really took heed to a lot of her no-nonsense … [Read more...]
Amber Riley is Red Carpet Fab
The 2013 Teen Choice Awards took place on Sunday with curvy celeb Amber Riley rocking the "blue" carpet. Amber Riley at the Teen Choice Awards Photo Credit: Starpulse Amber looks ready for fall in this grape colored fit and flare dress from designer Milly. Some people in the media … [Read more...]
Get the Look: Oprah
Image credit: Getty Oprah is back in the spotlight for the premiere of her new movie Lee Daniels' The Butler. Oprah is looking AH-MAZING. Her pink sequin Theia dress was tailored to fit her curves perfectly and is showing off her figure. She's still rocking the big curly fro that she is wearing on … [Read more...]
Get The Look: Yvette Nicole Brown
Photo Credit: ABC Yvette Nicole Brown has been reppin' curvy girls for years. She may be best known for her current role as Shirley on Community, but she has been around for a long time. Have you read Yvette's interview on The Curvy Fashionista (she's a hoot!) She is a curvy woman but she's also … [Read more...]
Get The Look: Candice Glover
Image Credit: Capitol Concerts Candice Glover is the latest winner of American Idol. I must say I stopped watching American Idol years ago, but since I'm obsessed with entertainment news I always ending up finding out who won. I was happy to find out that this year's winner was a thick girl! I … [Read more...]
Get The Look: Nene Leakes
Image Credit: Essence The only housewives show I watch is Real Housewives of Atlanta and I have enjoyed Nene's foolishness since season one. I must say I am quite impressed with just how far she has taken her 15 minutes of fame and really built a name for herself. I was sad her TV show, The New … [Read more...]
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Image Credit: Plus Model Mag In honor of Full Figured Fashion Week we are spotlighting gorgeous plus size model Liris Crosse. I have been a fan of Liris for a long time. She is thoroughly representing plus size and curvy girls. Here she is rocking a hot bodycon outfit with eye popping red blazer. … [Read more...]


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Home » News » Public Safety
Police now have an app for that
This screenshot shows a menu of some of the options on the new smart phone application for Middleton Police, which launched March 5 and is available for download. Lee police released a similar system Wednesday. (Courtesy image)
Both programs were designed by Middleton Police Sgt. Tim Brown and allow users to take pictures, contact police, access police websites, receive announcements and keep track of events.
Middleton police launched the application for Android phones March 5, and have since expanded to iPhones. Lee police released their version for both Androids and the iPhone Wednesday. The app can be downloaded for free from the police websites.
No tax dollars were used to create them, according to Brown.
Since launching, 80 area residents have downloaded Middleton's application; more people are signing up for the free program each day, according to Brown.
Lee Sgt. Thomas Dronsfield said since the program went online, 16 people downloaded the application for the Android and 20 downloaded it for the iphone in the first 24 hours.
"It just gives people another way to reach out to us," Dronsfield said, adding Lee police have received a lot of help solving crimes via the department's Facebook page. "The trend is people are using social media for everything."
While people can still e-mail, call or stop by the department, Dronsfield said the new application allows residents to help police on the go, especially if they witness a crime. Users can take a picture of a driver or vehicle while sending a voice message with further details via e-mail.
"It just gives us a wider net to cast," Dronsfield said.
Brown said police can also send announcements such as road closures, alerts or serious weather updates. Middleton's program also offers a map of town buildings; he plans to add local businesses that want to be listed.
Brown and Dronsfield stressed that police are unable to track users via the program.
"No location information is available to us," Brown said.
Brown said he is working on more features, including the ability to listen to public scanner channels for police and firefighters.
"Once I am there, I will upload an automatic update," Brown said, adding he is open to suggestions for other options.
For more information, contact Brown via email at firstname.lastname@example.com.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Gordas Guarras
Videos y Fotos Porno de Mujeres Gordas Guarras Follando y Mamando
Updated 201 days, 23 hours, 9 minutes Ago Update
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Results for gordasguarras.net: Domain Name: GORDASGUARRAS.NET Registrar URL: http://www.godaddy.com Registrant Name: Martin De Horta Registrant Organization: Mdh corp Name Server: ns1.fotos-de-coches.info Name Server: ns2.fotos-de-coches.info DNSSEC: unsigned For complete domain details go to: http://who.godaddy.com/whoischeck.aspx?domain=GORDASGUARRAS.NET The data contained in GoDaddy.com, LLC's WhoIs database, while believed by the company to be reliable, is provided "as is" with no guarantee or warranties regarding its accuracy. This information is provided for the sole purpose of assisting you in obtaining information about domain name registration records. Any use of this data for any other purpose is expressly forbidden without the prior written permission of GoDaddy.com, LLC. By submitting an inquiry, you agree to these terms of usage and limitations of warranty. In particular, you agree not to use this data to allow, enable, or otherwise make possible, dissemination or collection of this data, in part or in its entirety, for any purpose, such as the transmission of unsolicited advertising and and solicitations of any kind, including spam. You further agree not to use this data to enable high volume, automated or robotic electronic processes designed to collect or compile this data for any purpose, including mining this data for your own personal or commercial purposes. Please note: the registrant of the domain name is specified in the "registrant" section. In most cases, GoDaddy.com, LLC is not the registrant of domain names listed in this database.
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I get compliments all the time for this table which serves as a kitchen/dining room table in my two story loft in San Francisco. I am not a huge furniture person, meaning I don't see a reason to spend a lot of money on furniture. But, I did want something nice, modern, cozy. This table is all of the above. It was not difficult to put together. Took me about 30 minutes alone (being a semi decent girl at this stuff). I've had many dinner parties at this table and it's perfect. I leave it w/ the extension in it and it's a perfect size. I've fit about 9-10 people at it. Comfortably can fit 8 people. Shipping was fine, it arrived on time and undamaged. Highly Recommend !
This is an amazing table! I absolutely love it! It looks great and is very sturdy.
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** Most Oversize orders are delivered within 1-4 weeks. Some orders may take 6 weeks to be delivered.


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Fresh fish is always a favorite with guests in our Florida home. This easy recipe has been a favorite enjoyed by friends and family for many years.
servingsServes 4
IngredientsTwo yellow tail snapper fish, filleted by the fish monger.
Fresh Bread Crumbs
PreparationPreheat oven to 400. Line a cookie sheet with foil. Rinse fillets pat dry, place skin side down on cookie sheet. Brush with mayonnaise, sprinkle fresh bread crumbs on top. Bake 15 minutes. Serve.
my notes
recipe at a glance
type: Quick & Easy
main ingredients: Fish
cuisine: American


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GDC 2011 Game Developers Choice Awards
Tim Schafer hosts the GDC 2011 Game Developers Choice Awards.
is any one here that knows what is limbo game engine thanks.
From 0:45:10 to 0:48:01 so its serious :D ?
How in the hell does this game get GDC award when the most outstanding feature is how hard it is? Makes no sense to me.
best audio should of went to BFBC2 i have both and BFBC2 is way better audio
mike myers comes to mind hehe,... but no offense, simon careless is cool, been to GDC once
[This message was deleted at the request of a moderator or administrator]
cut the rope! It was pretty fun. I'm just majorly surprised
[This message was deleted at the request of the original poster]
Such a sad and boring event. Indie games competing with giant game companies, unfair and uneven playing field. Tim Shafer is a legend, but whatever is done lately is just not great.
and I'm glad to see that much indie games to win awards on the "big" show :)
I always loved to watch Tim, he is just so great as a moderator :)
Tim Schafer and Mega 64 rock :D!!!
dungeon keeper 3, Peter? any chance ?
Full throttle: silence, Grim Fandango: mass cheering
pity I cant download this vid...sweet nonetheless
@22:00 lol he just kanyed himself
They couldn't have made it look like they were looking at a script screen any more then they already have...
How did Bad company 2 not get the best audio when it already won the best audio for almost all other award shows?
HELL YEAH,Ass Deffect sucks.BioWare MEGAAAA sucks.
I'm glad Red dead won. It really did a good job.
i dont get how red dead beat badcompany 2 for best audio and im not hating i love both games
The first speaker they introduce, I thought he had a GIANT mole or wart on his face! Please use a microphone for god sake!
Kingdom Hearts Birth By Sleep wasn't even nominated for best portable? f u c k that
wow, it`s 2 hours!
So, folk don't dress up for award banquets anymore?
mega 64 r so CRAZY i like them
..... |:)
I swear Heavy Rain is totally underrated -__-
rockstar rules!!!!!!
idiots, less bass at the begining
never got to watch this live because of stupid glitch, now its unlimited buffering, maybe next year
Jesus christ he's so british!
I'm glad to see indie games getting the praise they deserve.
too long vid n hiccups at times...:(.. i thnk downld is d better option... though read abt the winners but stil lookng forward to see it in action...;)


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Blog | 07/31/2012
by Cait Vlastakis Smith
Centerline Sessions: The State of User Experience (UX)Read Post
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Vitamin T Interactive Infographic – The Power of UXRead Post
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Conducting User Interviews: Lessons LearnedRead Post
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Industry Insights | 04/17/2012
On simplicity in design; it doesn't always mean "less."
Simplicity is not about "less." A better definition of "keeping things simple" would be: Just enough. So in some cases, you actually need more of something to be simple. This post talks about the guiding principles for simplicity in design.Read Article


text:
|31 May 2011
NAS Issue
I have a Western Digital Netcenter NAS drive attached to my router via ethernet. I have two windows 7 notebooks connected to my network wirelessly. One notebook sees the NAS drive as a computer on the network and can access the files on its shared folder through the \\WD-NetCenter\Shared Files\ nomenclature. The other notebook was set up to do the same and worked fine until today when it suddenly cannot connect to the NAS in that manner. The only way I have been able to connect is through the NAS' IP address in the manner of \\192.168.1.xxx. When I try to connect to it by name, the response is that it cannot be accessed. Any ideas on what might have changed or how to remedy the problem? Thanks.
|My System Specs
|31 May 2011
It'l probably be a DNS issue.
Have you power-cycled your router?
|My System Specs
|31 May 2011
Win7 & Win8 64bit
I would give the NAS a little break too, turn it off completely for a couple of minutes, restart the computer as well.
Try connecting when both are up and running.
|My System Specs
|01 Jun 2011
thanks, I tried power-cycling both the router and the NAS but the result is the same. My computer sees the WD-Netcenter as a computer on the network, accessible by \\WD-Netcenter\Shared Files\ but my girlfriend's computer doesn't automatically recognize it and can only connect using \\192.168.1.xxx. When trying to connect using the name, a dialog box appears saying "Windows cannot access \\WD-Netcenter\Shared Files." I also have a media center device, WDTV Live Hub, connected to my network wirelessly. Again, my computer automatically recognizes it as a computer on the network. My girlfriend's computer does see this device but it views it as a media device and wants to open it with Windows Media Player instead of Windows Explorer. She can view it as a drive by \\192.168.1.xxx just like the NAS.
|My System Specs
|01 Jun 2011
XP / Win7 x64 Pro
Are both computers in the same workgroup?
|My System Specs
|01 Jun 2011
Microsoft Windows 7 Home Premium 64bit SP1
I had the same type of issue when setting up my home network. The problem I had was the sharing permissions were not set right for the second computer. On your NAS system did you set permissions for both of your laptops? I can be a little tricky to setup. Even is you are all on the same homegroup, you have to set the permissions for all before all pcs can access the files. Hope this helps. Good luck.
|My System Specs
|01 Jun 2011
Both computers, the NAS too, are in the same workgroup. Neither of our two notebooks are using the Windows 7 functionality Homegroup because, until recently, my computer was the only one running W7. The NAS has a public shared folder "Shared Files." It doesn't have any specific security settings other than username and password. It is running the software that was native to it when I bought it (back when a 160 GB drive was state-of-the-art!).
|My System Specs
|01 Jun 2011
7 Pro
seems to be DNS related, try registerning dns on the trouble laptop.
run / cmd / type: ipconfig /registerdns
Or just map a network drive to the ip address?
|My System Specs
|01 Jun 2011
As Brady suggested, I tried ipconfig /registerdns and there was no change. Also, as suggested, I did map a drive to the ip address and I think that will work fine. I already had her change her links and iTunes music folder to refer to the ip address. So this might be solved from a practical standpoint. But still... what's up with this? It just isn't right...
|My System Specs
|01 Jun 2011
It is still a DNS issue.
Try what Brady suggests.
Otherwise, you'll need to set the DNS server on your local network card settings.
(I'l get screenshots up soon)
To do this, open your network connections.
rightclick the network adapter and select properties.
Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4), click properties
On the properties page, select 'Use the following DNS server addresses'
Change the preferred DNS server to the IPv4 of your ROUTER
Change the alternate DNS server to the IPv4 of your ISP
(Dont use these IP addresses. I made them up as an example)
Click ok on all boxes.
Go back to command prompt, and try Brady's suggestion again
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Intro: 2014 Raleigh Capri Women's Aluminum Road Line
Part II of the coverage on the new 2014 women's line up from Raleigh USA. Today, we will be looking at their aluminum road bike line called the Capri. Ranging from $3,800 to $1,750.Read More
Part II of the coverage on the new 2014 women's line up from Raleigh USA. Today, we will be looking at their aluminum road bike line called the Capri. Ranging from $3,800 to $1,750.Read More
Part I of the coverage on the new 2014 women's line up from Raleigh USA. Today, we will be looking at their carbon road bike line called the Capri Carbon. Ranging from $3,800 to $1,750.Read More
The Banjo Brothers Frame Pack is designed to maximize the gear-carrying efficiency of your bike. Built from tough-as-nails ballistic nylon with waterproof zippers and a "no-rattle" zipper-pull garage, you'll quickly wonder what you did without this bag.Read More
Chekhov Rolltop Utility Belt Is it a murse, purse, sling or belt? The answer is: yes. MSRP: $110 Details: • 12″ wide, 8 1/2″ high, 2.5″ deep • 2-4L Volume • Waterproof rolltop closure accommodates a range of load sizes • Dual waterproof compartments separate wet/dry cargo • Iconic quick release buckle with integrated bottle opener • External phone pocket for quick access while riding…Read More
A women's carbon bike that is happy on the all day century, yet stiff enough for trying your hand at criteriums. MSRP: $4,000 Details: Performance carbon frameset with a taller headtube and a little more relaxed geometry Drivetrain: Shimano Ultegra 6770 Di2 with 6700 bits mixed in. A full Shimano groupset which is rare to find these days Components: Handlebar, stem, seatpost and seat are…Read More
Bern Helmets are a pretty standard helmet line these days that you'll find urban shops, as well as snowboard shops! This proven helmet brand brought their snowboard molds to the bike market a few years ago and have been selling pretty hot in the shops that stock them well (and in the right commuting/urban market!) The biggest complaint in the original models was the lack…Read More
The bag isn't so big that you can overload and have too much gear on your back. You can stuff it, carry tons of beer or whatever else you may but it's right at 1100 cubic inches of space. Not too big, not too small.Read More
The press release I received last night from Liv/giant was a long one (two pages long without photos.) As I started reading it, every paragraph was making me more giddy than the last. Why? Liv/giant is about to rock the women's cyclocross world Meet the Liv/giant Brava SLR women's cyclocross line! Two models, the Brava SLR O and Brava SLR 2 both equally stunning in…Read More
Headphones I find to be essential for the long haul, putting in training miles, or maybe the need of getting lost in a good podcast while being active. Loud enough to tune my thoughts out, but not loud enough to tune out the cars around me. In late April there was a short preview of the Jaybird Bluebuds X headphones, Bluetooth, multi-fit, "training tools", as I…Read More
As I'm reviewing the road shoe from Giro called the Solara, I've also been able to plant my feet in the mountain bike version called the Manta. The shoe, fit and features are mirrored between the two models, but the only difference is the mountain bike sole for better traction and two hole cleats. Giro Manta Women's Mountain Bike Shoes MSRP: $150 Colors: Black/Silver (reviewed),…Read More


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World's Largest Aftermarket Motorcycle Parts and Accessories Superstore!
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Works great and came with mounting screws great piece.
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- Need:
- Neocate Nutritional Support
- Amount Needed / Month:
- $500.00
Jillian had a rough beginning in life. When she came to LWB's attention last summer, her belly was alarmingly swollen, and she couldn't absorb nutrition properly. She was diagnosed with severe food allergies and a blood infection. Antibiotics, specialized formula, and a hospital stay allowed her to become stable enough to be discharged to LWB's Starbridge Healing Home, where our staff provided this sweet girl with patient care and love to help her grow bigger and stronger.
Jillian is now approaching toddlerhood and resides in LWB's Heartbridge Healing Home, where she will have room to do all the fun things that busy toddlers love to do. We hoped she would outgrow her digestive issues by now, but she continues to need long-term nutritional support. She currently only tolerates her specialized formula, plus a bit of pureed apple and banana. After more testing, we are hoping she will be able to enjoy a wider variety of foods to support the growing that she needs to do. In the meantime Jillian is in need of sponsors to fund her very expense, but effective, specialized formula.
Your one-time donation in any amount or monthly sponsorship in a suggested minimum amount of $20 will make a very real difference for Jillian. Sponsors will receive monthly photos and updates on Jillian's progress.


text:
- Hotel Details
- Member Reviews
- Photos
Odissea Park Apartments Santa Susanna3 Stars
Avenida Del Mar 15 Santa Susanna Barcelona ES-08398
Situated at the frontline of the sea in the maritime zone of Santa Susanna Maresme Coast at Avenida Del Mar, Odissea Park Apartments Santa Susanna is an ideal solution for all type of travellers offering good convenience to some of the excitements in the surrounding.
Adorned with stylish decor, comfortable furnishings and ample amenities, all the 64 well-appointed accommodation units provide you exceptional comfort that will compel you to explore the height of luxury. Physically challenged guests can opt for the specially adapted rooms for their ease.
Guests can enjoy some delicious snacks and refreshing drinks at the cafe, which is an ideal place to relax after a tiring day. For perfect dining, you can visit the nearby dining outlets that serve a variety of delectable cuisine.
A good way to relieve the tensions of the day is to take a refreshing dip in the crystal blue waters of the luxury swimming pool or relax at the Jacuzzi. Approach the friendly staff at the Tour desk to organize your tours to nearby places of interest.
Hotel Facilities
- Bar / Lounge
- Faxing Facilities
- Jacuzzi / Whirlpool
- Parking Facilities
- Swimming Pool - Outdoor
- Currency Exchange Services
- Gift Shop
- Laundry Facilities
- Reception
- Tour Desk
- Disabled Facilities
- Internet Access - High Speed
- Lift / Elevator
- Safe Deposit Box
Room Facilities
- Air Conditioning
- Ensuite / Private Bathroom
- Cable / Satellite TV
- Telephone
- Disabled Facilities
Other Recommended Hotels
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|4 Stars
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|4 Stars
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|4 Stars
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|3 Stars
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|3 Stars
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|3 Stars
Find similar hotels as Odissea Park Apartments Santa Susanna in Costa Brava
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|Costa Brava Apartment Hotels


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herbalist, i played with you only 1 time, and you were 0/10 k/D. And you are wondering why you are losing?
I dont want to say bad things about you because you are a pleasant guy, i dont remember anything bad about you exept the feeding. I dont know try out other champ on practice games, and then come back for normal games.
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Turning Weaknesses into Strengths
| Posted 07.31.2011 | Healthy Living
Read More: Healthy Living Health News, Weaknesses as Tools, Personal Strengths, Core Issues, Weakness, Strength, Turning Weakness Into Strength, Healthy Living Mind, Emotional Intelligence, Weaknesses and Strengths, Personal Weaknesses, Healthy Living News
Most human beings are comfortable sharing their strengths with the world. I invite you to also boast about your core issues. Make peace with them. Don't let them rule you but share them with loved ones.


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A capital city with a slightly sleepy, small-town aura, Olympia is nothing if not pretty.
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Love quotes for him- Finding the words to describe how you feel about the person you love can be difficult. How can any words possibly describe how you feel inside!
Choosing love quotes for him in words can be very daunting, especially if these are intended for a man, You cannot be to slushy, or to over the top, men crave and have different feelings of emotion than woman. This is a well known fact, men's and woman's brains respond differently to subtle emotions. I hope you enjoy my love quotes for him.
So we have listed the best and most suitable love quotes for him below, so enjoy:-
Top 10 love quotes for him from her.
- "You may hold my hand for a while, but you hold my heart forever".
- *"If only I could kiss you and tell you how much I love you, we would be kissing for a lifetime"
- "Hear my soul speak. Of the very instant that I saw you, did my heart fly to your service".
- Read more


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Settled on @boxer for my iOS email client. Really really nice app, and works great with exchange. Keeps me organised, Highly recommended.— Henry Cole (@henrycole) May 6, 2014


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The Severe Malocclusion Program will cover eligible children in need of orthodontic treatment (ages 12 - 18). Eligibility is dependent upon financial need as well as medical necessity. Applicants must be Wyoming residents. This program is designed to meet the orthodontic needs of children with severe handicapping conditions that clearly impact function.
There are several types of congenital craniofacial anomalies that severely affect dental occlusion and function. The most common of these is cleft lip/cleft palate, which affects approximately one in 450 newborns each year. Nearly all of these children will require comprehensive orthodontic treatment as part of their overall rehabilitation.
Application Process
Exam Process
Approval Process
To apply for this program you may obtain an application from your local public health nursing office, by contacting the program at 307-777-8946 or by clicking here to download a printable file.


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Don't Miss These Lesbian Focused Webseries
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The World Goes Mad in the New Mad Max: Fury Road Trailer


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Troop flooder May 22, 2011
I wanna squirt in her while looking at her tits and pinching them hard
jj July 1, 2011
Not her first BJ, that's for sure
the pigtails August 7, 2011
they turn me on so fukin much i wanna bend her over and ram her for fukin years
Galpal July 11, 2010
I remember my first time when I was 16. My boyfriend at the time didn't go easy on me, it hurt a little but still felt good because he was so rough, I only bled a little surprisingly! Its memorable thats for sure!!
mama February 5, 2011
ya right shes not her 1st time
Galpal January 5, 2011
i wanna fuck u 2nite oooooohohohohoohohohooh orgasm in ur mouth
hey hey September 5, 2010
not her first time.
dondon etang September 14, 2010
suck my deck
<3 calpal December 25, 2010
can i fuck u please plase :)
Anonymous August 2, 2010
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ThunderBolts Notebook: Deep thoughts: Robinson is HR Derby champ
By Steve Millar For Sun-Times Media July 20, 2014 7:18PM
Updated: August 22, 2014 6:23AM
Kyle Robinson was the only Windy City ThunderBolts representative at the Frontier League's All-Star Festivities last week in downstate Sauget, and the slugger made sure to bring some hardware back to Crestwood.
Robinson won Tuesday's Home Run Derby at GCS Ballpark, home of the Gateway Grizzlies.
The T-Bolts outfielder blasted 10 home runs in the contest's first round and five in the second to advance to the finals against Lake Erie's Vincent Mejia.
With five outs to work with in the championship round, Robinson and Mejia each hit two long balls. That set up a sudden-death swing-off. After neither hitter left the yard on their first swings, Robinson's blast on his second swing was the winner.
"It was definitely cool," Robinson said. "It was fun and it's something I'll remember the rest of my life."
Robinson went hitless as a member of the West Division squad in Wednesday's All-Star Game, won 2-0 by the West.
"I can give my jersey to my dad, so that's cool," he said. "I'm not big on awards or All-Stars or stats. I just want to help (the T-Bolts) win and to give myself another shot with an affiliated team. I think everyone's goal is to get to the big leagues so I hope I get another chance to do that."
Robinson hit his eighth homer of the season Friday and ranks third in the league with a .356 batting average.
"I just wish we were playing better," he said. "I wish we could string a few more wins together. We've lost some one-run games. I think this team is capable of rolling off eight to 10 wins in a row. I think we have the talent."
Alumni report
One of the two former T-Bolts to play in the major leagues is on the move. Dylan Axelrod was traded Thursday from the White Sox to the Cincinnati Reds. Axelrod, who pitched for Windy City in 2009 and made 48 major league appearances with the White Sox from 2011 to '13, will report to Triple-A Louisville.
Meanwhile, the two members of the 2014 T-Bolts to be signed by a big-league club are both pitching in the Arizona Diamondbacks organization.
Zak Wasserman has a 6.35 ERA in seven appearances with the D-backs' Rookie League club, while Markus Solbach is 2-3 with a 6.44 ERA in seven combined outings, five of them starts, in rookie ball and at Class A. He's currently with the Class A South Bend Silver Hawks.
Making moves
Over the last week, the T-Bolts released pitcher Travis McGee, catcher Doug Joyce and outfielder Ty Stetson. They activated pitcher Pete Whittingslow from the suspended list and outfielder Ryan McIntyre from the injured list and signed catcher Spencer Castro.
Joyce and Stetson were hitting .202 and .217, respectively, while McGee allowed nine earned runs in 52/3 innings with the team.


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Game of Thrones Round Table: "The Old Gods and the New"by TV Fanatic Staff at . Comments
It featured a near-rape. A beheading. And the theft to end all thefts.
Without a doubt, the most recent Game of Thrones episode provided more surprises and action than any other season two installment to date. So let's get right to our weekly Round Table discussion, shall we?
Below, staff writers Matt Richenthal, Eric Hochberger, Dan Forcella, Carla Day and Carissa Pavlica gather around to relive "The Olds Gods and the New."
What was your favorite scene from the episode?
Carla: The conversation between Tywin and Arya was one of my favorites. His interactions with her are such the opposite of how he interacted with his sons. Lord Tywin has a softer side. Plus, Arya is much more than just a "sharp little thing," she's shown herself to be quite brilliant.
Dan: Speaking of guys with a softer side. My favorite scene had to be The Hound saving Sansa. He was so quietly heroic in that moment that it has to be mentioned.
Eric: I'm pretty sure there's only one choice here and Dan nailed it. The Hound rocks.
Matt: The sacking of Winterfell overall was so well done for its shock, its gore and its ramifications. But I'll get specific for you: when Theon first entered Bran's bedroom and the young Lord barely reacted, clearly not taking this pathetic, wannabe tough guy seriously.
Carissa: Ygritte snuggling against Jon Snow in the snow. Poor, inexperienced Jon. Ygritte did know to get him in a tizzy!
More dramatic scene: The uprising in King's Landing or Theon's takeover of Winterfell?
Matt: I squirmed as Theon kept chopping away at Rorik, but for a scene as a whole? The uprising. It was captured perfectly in all its chaos, from Tyrion recognizing what was about to go down... to it going down and then some! Poor Sana, awesome Hound, forceful Tyrion, jarred Joffrey. So great all around.
Dan: I will go with Winterfell, mainly because of what is going on with Theon. He's torn, and he's not ready to do what he's doing, so every move he makes is with trepidation. He was so jittery while taking over his former home that every single shake by Alfie Allen had me on the edge of my seat.
Eric: Wow. Both were damn gory and intense. But I have to give it up to Sansa's near raping and the Hound's rescue. Entrails will always get me more than a sloppy beheading.
Carla: Wow. Both had their moments. I'll have to go with the riots in King's Landing. Sansa's attack was the right up there with Joffrey's sadistic actions in the bedroom - in "Garden of Bones" - as the worst moments to sit through on the show. The people are so dissatisfied with King Joffrey that they tore a person apart by hand; that doesn't bode well for him.
Carissa: Theon's takeover of Winterfell, if only because Bran has nobody there to help him and Theon is such a jerk. He's also not the best swordsman, as it took him several hacks to loosen a man's head from his shoulders.
Dumber decision: Jon Snow not killing Ygritte or Daenerys not keeping better care of her dragons?
Matt: Daenerys takes worse care of those dragons than Patrica Krentcil takes of her five-year old. Walk around holding their cage at all time, especially in a foreign land, it isn't that difficult.
Dan: Oh, anything less than the vault at the Bellagio for those dragons is dumb. Prized possessions should be stolen with some little raid. Come on, Dany!
Carissa: Dany had an entire stable of people killed, I can hardly blame her for believing her dragons were safe. And Jon has never known a woman, you can't fault him for finding one he might want to keep. Neither were dumb decisions.
Carla: I'm not sure I'd call either dumb, but the more unfortunate of the two is Dany losing her dragons. The only hope she had of regaining the throne was with the power of her dragons.
Eric: As the entire Round Table before me has pointed out, there's not much more care you can leave your dragons in than your entire slaughtered khalasar. Now letting a red head go? Pretty sure Cartman can preach the dangers of gingers better than me.
Who should Arya have killed with her final wish?
Matt: The executive at The CW who decided to bring back 90210 for another season.
Dan: There will definitely be somebody she needs to kill desperately in the near future. Save it up. Don't waste it like Aladdin.
Eric: Joffrey. Girl already wasted her first. Might as well get the guy that ordered your father dead - who just happens to be my least favorite character - killed.
Carla: Baelish. He knows her secret and has played every side. Unless he decides it is in his interest to help her. One way to get on Cat's good side would be to return Arya to her. If not Littlefinger, she should hold on to it for now. She probably has a bigger threat coming.
Carissa: Tywin. Good relationship or not, he's still the most powerful man standing between her family and peace in the kingdom.
Will Joffrey conclude this season atop the Iron Throne?
Matt: No. That riot was the beginning of his downfall. I see Stannis taking his rightful place before the finale credit roll.
Dan: There isn't much time left for someone else to take a seat, but with the way everyone is acting in King's Landing, I can see it being empty more than Joffrey still sitting there.
Eric: Unfortunately, my vote is going for yes. I mean, if he's willing to have people killed for flinging poo, imagine what he'll do to keep his seat. Hint: kill lots of people.
Carla: No. I predict he will die (please oh please) before the season ends.
Carissa: Maybe in pieces. You know, like someone drops him onto it and he's impaled? That would be cool.
--- Take Robb Stark for example. He isn't even IN book 2, but in the show we are seeing those things we only heard about. Why change that from the book? The simple answer is that the show needs to keep certain actors around because their characters are important to the story and it's hard to justify paying someone to do nothing. So they've taken Robb and crafted his seasonal arc as one about learning to handle defeat and learning about love. There are many people who are cursing the Lady from Volantis because she isn't the same person from the books. But are they sure she isn't? I'd bet by the end of this season we'll find out she is indeed who she "should be". They've moved Roose Bolton into Robb's story (different than in the books where he was at Harrenhall for a bit with Arya) to introduce him in a way that will make more sense to the viewer later on. They've even setup a little "is Lady Volantis a Lannister spy?" plot, which while Robb and she bantered about it jokingly, the letter that Tywin had (which Arya stole) looked to show Robb's troop movements/location. If you know what happens in the book with Robb (the original way he meets Lady Volantis) all of it starts to make sense. It starts to bend back around to the book.
I just wanted to throw my 2 cents in about how the show is diverging from the books and the fan responses I've seen. I have read all 5 books, having started after season 1 of the show ended. It is a great story and well written, but it gets broader and deeper in terms of characters, locations, plot-lines, and world history. Even ignoring the limitations of a TV show like budget and lack of being "inside the POV character's head"...the sheer size of the story by book 5 dictates that the show will need to diverge, condense, consolidate, and trim. I think they have done a wonderful job so far in their adaptation. The first season was almost scene by scene like the book, but man season 2 is I'd say a good 50% different than the book, not in the broad strokes of the story or the main plot points, but in the scenes themselves and which characters are where with whom.
Q1: Best scene has to be Tywin and Arya when he asks what killed her father. Loyalty. Awesome character moment. Q2: I think the totality of the King's Landing scene was more dramatic, but Winterfell's fall is more shocking. Q3: Hands down Daenerys not keeping better care of her dragons. I mean not being able to stomach hacking a girl's head off doesn't seem unreasonable to me, but the dragons are the only reason anyone cares who Danny is. Without them she's just another would-be-ruler. Q4: Who SHOULD she kill? Tywin, Joffery, the Queen...anyone that's on her list who is in a powerful position. Who WILL she kill? Well since this part has diverged so much from the books who knows what will happen, but I'd imagine she will end up having the decision made for her (sort of like the second kill) or she'll make an emotional pick again (like the first kill). Q5: Plead the 5th due to having read the books (and I don't think they'll stray that far on the show).
1. The hound saving Sansa, I found myself hoping like hell they were keeping that bit the same as the books and found myself yelling for the Hound to save her. He really is a softie deep deep down.
2. The Uprising - Very well done but the scene of Rodrik's final words was up there. Theon really has lost his way, it's all down here for him.
3. Um if I had dragons, I wouldn't be letting them out of my sight in a city where I know no one and trust only a handful of people... Silly, silly girl. But I do agree with the Reviewer that the guy from the House of Undying has them and I don't think he will have them for very long. Props to the writer's for what their doing to her storyline, it is very long and drawn out in the books, they are speeding everything up, love it!
4. Baelish is a good answer and her Mother would probably be so proud after their last encounter but still I found something wishing for the Mountain, he is evil and we havn't seen the last of that.
5. Oh, heaven forbid that but yes he will be but not for long, bring on Season 3.
Yes, we're aware of the book and TV show differences, but we write these Round Tables solely focused on the latter. We treat GoT like any other television show and react to what we see on screen.
The show didn't go into detail, but in the books they send Myrcella to Braavos, which is acroos the narrow sea and to the North, before eventually sending her to Dorne. They do this to switch ships and avoid Stannis' fleet. I didn't have a problem with most of the changes. Anything to try and liven up Daenerys' boring chapters from ACOK is okay by me. My guess is Pyatt Pree and the warlocks stole her dragons and brought them to the House of the Undying.
This episode has had gaping holes, to little stupid ones in every single scene. Heres a recap: Princess Marcella is being sent of to Dorne for protection. Dorne is below Kings landing near the bottom of the seven kingdoms. Stannis in the last episode had his navy sailing from below Kings Landing and named his pirate/smuggler Davos Seaworth as capitan of his navy with his buddy Salandor Saan the pirate.Who had happily boasted of sinking every ship he could find and plundering to his hearts conetent. Small proability that this ship carryig her, would have manoveured around this massive navy sailing from the same direction. Rodrick Cassel a seasoned veteran knight, was granted 200 of Winterfell soliders from Brandon Stark to retake Torhen Square. His entire army was routed and sir Rodrick captured by a handful of Iron Islanders. A longships worth, this tiny raiding party, most of which had grappled Winterfells walls. We watched as Arya used her knowledge to read and tell of various armies banners and the different houses. This bright child is so dumb that after reading a war plan of attack from Lord Tywin against her own brother Rob Stark. She choosese to have killed a dumb knight who cannot going to telll Lord Tywin. Littlefinger has travelled across many battlegfeilds, to do a job which a raven couldn't, mainly to identify Arya. Daenerys her Dothraki horde was butchered and her dragons stolen. She was under the protection of Xaro, the richest man in Qarth. Sadly all his wealth couldn't afford a few soldiers to guard it. The what is her face doctor who Rob Stark is fond of. She returned home the previous episode. Her home near Castely rock not near Riverun where she is currently many miles away. This hospital service of hers really travels the mile and so do the Lannister wounded. Although more tittes for a perfect 10 rating
I'm not sure if any of you are aware or have heard, but this episode was, by far, the furthest from it's novel adaptation of any episode so far in Thrones. Virtually nothing that happened in it also happened in the books, and those scenes that did, played out quite differently for the most part. As for your opinions... I actually did not like the riot in King's Landing. This may be because I'm comparing it to the books but the scale of it all seemed rather pathetic to me. For that matter, Thrones struggles with most scenes calling for large crowds, I get it, It's a budget thing. I tolerate the scenes but I don't love them. As for Theon's capturing of Winterfell. I thought it was done really well, though, I'm not so sure an 11-year-old would handle it quite so well in that initial scene. In fact, that scene plays out VERY differently in the books. Bran acts like a little child not wanting to admit he lost and Theon almost treats him like a little brother, he's very boyish and giddy to be back in Winterfell. It isn't quite so grim and serious. And cut Theon a little slack on his beheading skills, not everyone gets a super huge two handed sword to do their head choppings.


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The definitive global information hub for Chinese Export Silver | 全球权威的信息枢纽,为中国进出口银 | 全球權威的信息樞紐,為中國進出口銀 ACCESSED BY OVER 20,000 PEOPLE WORLDWIDE EVERY WEEK
It was H. A. Crosby Forbes who undoubtedly first made the world truly aware of the existence of Chinese Export Silver by publishing a catalogue for an exhibition of Chinese silver taken mainly from the Forbes Collection at the then China Trade Museum in Milton, Massachusetts.
It is virtually impossible to know how much Chinese Export Silver made its way outside of China but in 1966, when the first exhibition by the China Trade Museum in America was staged, fewer than 200 pieces had actually been identified as being in existence. In 1984, when a second major exhibition was staged, some 2000 pieces were considered to exist. Although today we still cannot put an accurate estimate on the amount of Chinese Export Silver pieces that survive, we are aware that it is one of the largest and most significant groups of regional world silver known, probably numbering in the tens of thousands and most probably significantly more. Given that as a manufacturing period it spanned 155 years and during that era it is now estimated that as many as 50,000 silversmiths were actively working, the maths can only indicate a huge amount of silver items were produced.
The work Crosby Forbes published 40 years ago, co-written with John Devereux Kernan and Ruth S. Wilkins, has since been adopted as the "holy grail" reference source for all things relating to Chinese Export Silver, including silver marks, details of where they operated and the period within which they worked or traded. Kernan subsequently compiled and wrote the limited edition catalogue for The Chait Collection of Chinese Export Silver in 1985. Both were admirable and informative bodies of work, but they were based upon information that was available at the time of writing. Both contain a significant amount of assumptions that can now either be proven unfounded, corrected or adjusted. Far more information has since been discovered and we are now aware of an extraordinary amount of Chinese Export Silver still being "out there" including important collections in museums around the world and some substantial private collections that had hitherto gone under the radar. One thing is certain though, with the publishing of Crosby Forbes' first body of works, an awareness was established of the existence of Chinese Export Silver and a steep learning curve began and has been climbing ever since.
The original Crosby Forbes work was created under the aegis of the Museum of the American China Trade; a museum that Dr Crosby Forbes created in 1964 in what was essentially the Forbes ancestral home that was built by his shipping merchant ancestors, many being pioneers of the China Trade in relation to America. As the original name of the museum might suggest, the work was also carried out as an American-centric project; a slant which is totally understandable given his own family ties to the China Trade and to the Forbes, Russell and Perkins merchant families – all major stakeholders in the China Trade and Canton in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Although Dr Crosby Forbes spent over two decades as curator of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, Massachusetts, none of his research and writing about Chinese Export Silver and work he carried out with Kernan and Wilkins was done within a strictly academic university framework. The fact that they all chose to exclude silver that was connected with the British trade with China at the time is slightly perplexing since it was established long before the Boston merchant families began their own connections with China and was also on a larger scale given the existing virtual monopoly of the British East India Company. So although vast quantities of silverwares did make their way to America from Canton and from the later treaty ports in China as well as Hong Kong, equally vast quantities were sent to Great Britain and, importantly, to its colonies in Canada, Australia, South Africa and to its South East Asian colonies and protectorates. We should not forget that the very catalyst that created the China Trade, the Treaty of Nanking, was between the Emperor of China and Queen Victoria – the Chinese Empire and the British Empire as they then were. Many of the later established treaty ports were territories of other European trading nations and they, too, received significant quantities of the silver, some of it incorporating regional styles of the individual countries they were destined for.
Chinese Export Silver really should be regarded as a self-contained and definitive period of silver manufacturing and although it may appear as somewhat of a contradiction of the very term "Chinese Export Silver", it is more appropriate it be used as an umbrella term under which all silver produced in China during this period belongs. Unlike the silver itself, the term "Chinese Export Silver" is a relatively modern innovation, the reality being it does not adequately suit as a categorisation heading; it was never silver that was made exclusively for export outside of China – it simply seems that way for Western observers of it because Chinese silver from the late 18th and early 19th centuries that physically came to Western countries was predominantly neo-classical clones of English, Scottish, Irish and American "Georgian" silver. If a collective term was being sought, then probably "China Trade Silver" would be more appropriate and accurate given the silver in question evolved as a direct result of the China Trade period [1757-1842] and has direct connections to the shipping of the product of those individual trades that comprised the collective China Trade. However, even this term would have theoretical flaws since the production and continued evolvement of the silver continued after the China Trade period and well into the Republic Era; the Second Sino-Japanese War, the eventual Japanese occupation of areas of China and Hong Kong being the last pieces of the jigsaw that brought an end to high quality decorative silver production in China, with 1940 being the generally accepted cut-off date.
Chinese Export Silver as a phenomenon came to influence, in varying degrees, all Chinese silver whether or not it was originally destined for export or made for the home market. Silver that may have been made ostensibly for the "home market" could easily have found its way outside of China, especially given the significant foreign resident communities in many of the treaty ports and vice versa with regard to Chinese Export Silver made for overseas. Likewise, the ascendant Chinese middle class that aspired to all things Western, would have found Chinese Export Silver an ideal option given its fusion of the West and China. The re-emergence of yet another Western fashion for "chinoiserie" in the late 19th century and again in the 1920's for all things Chinese added fuel to the fire as it were.
Without Crosby Forbes' works, my own research would probably never have happened, but as life has moved on since the 1960's, so has the availability of and access to information. It was the realisation not only of the size of Chinese Export Silver as a silver category, but the importance of it as masterfully created works of art and the incredibly rich and convoluted history that is attached to it that caused the University of Glasgow to allow me to carry out the research. My work, therefore, has never been about making a point of correcting Crosby Forbes, Kernan or Wilkins, but it was more a case of building upon and enhancing those bodies of work – it has always been about embracing it and moving it forward into the world today, using it as a nucleus to reshape, assimilating the new-found information. Kernan himself openly acknowledged the fact that others would further the field of research and hoped it would happen, recognising this was the natural direction for all academic study.
I have always been of the opinion that Chinese Export Silver is an excellent indicator of the history of China during the times it was created in. As such, one cannot adequately research it in isolation of the complex history of the late 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries in China. That history is made all the more convoluted because of the relentless succession of foreign influences and pressures that were brought to bear on China's shoulders and the integrity of its territory and borders. There are further complications that come into play because of the difference between the culture of China and that of Western countries which between themselves also differ somewhat; in no stretch of the imagination can it be said the culture of Russia and Germany are the same as that of America.
Given the Chinese were always systems and documentation averse, identifying Chinese silver marks is challenging, to say the least. This is obviously exacerbated by the language and cultural barriers one has to be prepared to overcome, which in turn is challenged by the Chinese love of "artistic license" and, I suspect, sense of humour.Such records of retail silversmiths that may have existed were either destroyed as a result of there Sino-Chinese wars and consequent territorial occupation or of the Cultural Revolution.Unlike other silver marking systems, Chinese silver marks convey little information other than the name of the retail silversmith [even that can remain an enigma if the mark is a set of initials with no paper trail that leads one to an actual entity], probably the name of the artisan silversmith and often a numeric value of silver purity or an allusion to it being "sterling".
The majority of the silver marks that appear in this edition are the marks of the retail silversmith; such was the prevailing manufacturing hierarchy and the means whereby most foreign merchants and agents acquired or ordered silver items. It is therefore more correct to refer to the marks as "silver marks"; calling them "hallmarks" would imply there was an assay system in China, which is not the case. In most instances they were not the "maker's marks" per se. Occasionally they are referred to as the "shop mark". Many of the names that collectors may be more familiar with, Wang Hing, Tuck Chang, Cutshing etc., were all retail silversmith shops. Even making sense of retail silversmiths' marks can be challenging, given additional branch outlets were established, usually as new generations of the operating family came of age. In the absence of any requirement for uniformity of silver marks in China during this time, some marks may also contain a secondary mark in Chinese characters. This is the mark of the artisan who worked the item or the name of the person who was operating the bench at which it was made. Some of these artisans were itinerant inasmuch as they worked on a freelance basis, their marks appearing alongside those of several different retail silversmiths.
As to the steep learning curve, my own research continues and I am conscious that it has probably reached the point where much of the surface digging is coming to a natural end. It does not end there, though; this latest edition of my catalogue of silver marks has details of 300 silversmiths, mistakes will still be made, errors will still be discovered further down the line as fresh information is discovered; such is the nature of learning curves. What I do feel, though, is a far greater understanding of Chinese Export Silver developing that bodes well, for it too will grow and eventually place Chinese Export Silver where it rightly belongs as a significant and important world silver category. The curve still has a way to climb and my research is entering a new phase, one where I have no doubt that the real meat on the bone will be discovered; a Chinese Odyssey! The more I get deeper into this subject area, the more it seems that so much more is yet to be discovered. Researching Chinese Export Silver can be likened to fracking; the deeper you drill, the more likely you are to hit a major find!
My research has also caused me to believe quite strongly that because of the focus having been historically mainly on the Canton, Shanghai and Hong Kong makers, silversmiths in other regional cities and towns have tended to be overlooked; a fact that has been our loss as well as a loss to their own individual reputations. Not all the silversmiths found themselves in Canton, Shanghai or Hong Kong, some of the finest stayed in Jiujang and Tientsin, in fact some of the more obscure makers who were not mentioned by Crosby Forbes were in Shanghai; the so-called "Nine Factories" or the "Shanghai Alliance", many of whom were operating back in the 18th century and some even earlier. A 17th century coffee pot sits proudly in Queen Victoria's Osborne House on the Isle of Wight in the UK and is now part of The Royal Collection. This pot was almost certainly made by one of the old established Shanghai or Tientsin makers, or even one of the Peking makers, given the Imperial court were there and a coffee pot in The Royal Collection is likely to have been a tribute between two rulers. Some really superb makers manufactured in relatively obscure places such as Chengdu. Peking makers were comparatively few but gradually we are becoming aware of more makers who were based there; some could have even operated exclusively within the Imperial City. Peking, in the 18th and 19th centuries, under the Manchu Qing Dynasty was very much an other wordly city compared to the southern cities. The Manchu capital was highly traditional and almost set in aspic. The exclusion of many of these makers is probably due in part to the America-centric nature of Crosby Forbes' and Kernan's works. I also believe more of the work from these makers probably came to Great Britain than might have gone to America; we know that some of these makers feature in major European collections of Chinese Export Silver including the Royal Collection, as well as the State Hermitage Museum in St Petersburg and other European royal collections. The Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths has a substantial collection of early Chinese Export Silver in its collection at Goldsmiths' Hall in London; a similar collection exists at Yale University Art Museum in New Haven, Connecticut.
For a nation that had been almost totally introspective to the point of being hermetically sealed off for hundreds of years, it never ceases to amaze me how inextricably linked the phenomenon that is Chinese Export Silver is to Great Britain and America, in particular the latter's Eastern Seaboard. It is true, the Treaty of Nanking in 1842 opened up trade with the West and The China Trade era came into its own, but beyond the relatively confined designated foreign areas of Canton and other treaty ports, Westerners could not and did not infiltrate China proper. The relative opening up of trade to foreign trading nations the treaty afforded in many ways destroyed the unique fusion of Chinese and Western styles in silverwares. This resulted in a creeping trend to a more commercial version. Anyone viewing the Pearl River flowing past Old Canton and Shameen Island they would not have seen much river, for hundreds of cargoes boats and ships vied for the chance to berth in order to unload and load precious cargoes, such was the new freneticism of the post-treaty China Trade. Equally, Hong Kong and Shanghai vied with each other after the dismantling of the Canton System to be modern international trading hubs.
From the early days of the China Trade, the British and American merchants were the more dominant foreign traders; the former had slightly different agendas than the latter, who in the main consisted of entrepreneurial established Massachusetts Bay merchant families. It was these very men who quickly understood the lie of the land and that silver in Canton was of high quality, the workmanship of equally high quality but the cost was but a fraction of that in Boston or New York. So it was that within 20 years of the signing of the treaty, high quality silver items were flowing back to Boston on clippers and from the silver makers in Canton in highly significant quantities. Much of that silver during this early period of what was to be 155 years of Chinese Export Silver was probably bespoke special commissions rather than speculative items.Chinese Export Silver did not happen overnight; it is important to recognise this. China had already a 1200 year history of silver making. China also had a unique love affair with silver, basing its entire monetary system and economy on it. However, world trade with China in the 18th and 19th centuries and the eventual British plot [the "Opium Wars"] to counteract the vicious trade imbalance trading with China caused, were the catalysts for an amazing outpouring of high quality silver items we now know as Chinese Export Silver.
The highly complex structure of the Chinese Export Silver trade as an integral part of that trade is generally convoluted and completely alien to silver manufacturing and trading structures prevalent in the West at that time. This, in turn, makes understanding Chinese Export Silver makers' marks challenging which in turn is exacerbated by the absence of any regulation or assay system. This is explained in further detail as the introductory section of "The Silver Marks" section of this catalogue.
Chinese Export Silver did not happen overnight; it is important to recognise this. China had already a 1200 year history of silver making. China also had a unique love affair with silver, basing its entire monetary system and economy on it. However, world trade with China in the 18th and 19th centuries and the eventual British plot [the "Opium Wars"] to counteract the vicious trade imbalance trading with China caused, were the catalysts for an amazing outpouring of high quality silver items we now know as Chinese Export Silver.
Chinese Export Silver always adapted to the realities and events of Chinese history; it was, after all, a product of that history. No other important silver category has been created as a direct result of political history, national protectionism and prolonged outside pressure from over-eager colonialist nations in both the West and the East.
China also has a long history of an extraordinary ability to master craft skills from other cultures and to convert those skills into creating sophisticated items in a recognisable Chinese style; a quite remarkable aptitude to have a deep-rooted understanding of raw materials that seems to come naturally. It is also this osmotic ability that created what we now recognise as the Chinese Style. Modern day China is a testament to this by mastering materials and technologies it hitherto historically lacked; it is almost as if the Chinese have an extra gene the rest of the world lacks. What we now know as the China Style is, in reality, an evolved, controlled assimilation from cultures outside of China engendered by the Silk Route.
The vast majority of these export silver pieces were created between 1757 and 1940 and in both Crosby Forbes' and Kernan's works, it was apportioned to three distinct periods of manufacture. This was perfectly logical, but since the Treaty of Nanking in 1842 served as the catalyst to allow Chinese Export Silver to evolve into a more definitive phenomenon and Chinese silver making existed prior to 1757, it would be far more accurate to add an additional period of 1685-1757. In the 17th and early 18th centuries Chinese silversmiths were already creating quite extraordinary pieces that had been either commissioned by royal households across Europe or items were being commissioned to be presented to them by wealthy families and politicians. The Royal Collection in the UK and the State Hermitage Museum in St Petersburg contain some highly important pieces made by Chinese master silversmiths in the late 17th and 18th centuries.
Given my research is now well into its third year, it seemed more correct to reappraise the manufacturing periods because of the significant amount of new or adjusted information that has been amassed in that time. I have chosen to call the initial period "The Formative China Trade Period"; a significant Chinese export trade certainly existed prior to the 19th century up until the Canton System was introduced. Foreign merchants, in particular the British and Americans, not only were allowed to have a Chinese mainland base in the China Trade period, but they formed lucrative working partnerships with the Chinese Hong merchants, often based on a silent and somewhat enigmatic gentleman's agreement; partnerships that were extremely complex and driven by the freneticism on the ground in China and an insatiable desire to make money. The second period has been reassessed to be the time span between the start of the Canton System and the signing of the Treaty of Nanking after the so-called First Opium War. A third period represents the time after the Treaty, the forming of Hong Kong as a British colony, encapsulates the later Treaty of Tientsin, various rebellions and periods of unrest, the decline of the clipper sailing ships as a result of the steamer ships and the de-facto reign of Empress Dowager Cixi and her sweeping reforms. The last period is one where the silver produced most reflected the changes that China was going through, the rise of the Chinese middle class, the affluence of Hong Kong and Shanghai, the introduction of Western-style department stores to China by returning émigré Chinese entrepreneurs and the fall of the Qing Dynasty to the relatively short-lived Republic [37 years]. Although the Republican Era came to an end in 1949, the year 1940 is a more fitting concluding date for Chinese Export Silver for various reasons, but mainly because of the outbreak of World War II. The decade preceding saw a confusing plethora of collusion between various regional warlords and foreign powers including some with Japan that led up to Japanese invasions and occupations of significant areas of China as a result of the Second Sino-Japanese War [euphemistically known in Japan as "The China Incident"] as well as Hong Kong itself in 1942. While there was considerable political unrest in China between 1912 and 1940, production of Chinese Export Silver did continue, albeit in varying degrees of diminishment depending on location, yet true to form much of the Chinese Export Silver produced during those years reflected the events of history that were rapidly unfolding. Some of the treaty ports or concession areas certainly produced silver wares specifically for the dominant colonial power; Tsingtau [Qingdao], for example, produced silver for the German market and silver was produced in Kwantung [Guandong] for Russia and Japan.
The four periods also act as a useful sub-conscious filing system, since each individual period contains silver with singularly distinctive attributes:
1685-1757 "The Formative China Trade Period"
1757-1842 "The Early China Trade Period"
1842-1895 "The Late China Trade Period"
1895-1940 "The Post China Trade & Republic Period"
The art of silversmithing has almost a 2000 year history in China; 1200 years sees the production of highly sophisticated wares that draw influences from empires and cultures that existed along the Silk Route. Until the latter part of the 17th century, for several hundred years, the work was mainly destined for the Imperial Court and upper echelons of society, while more latterly [18th century], increasingly for European royalty and aristocratic families as well as Eastern potentates and Indian maharajahs.
With the escalation of trading with China by the West as a result of an ever-growing need for luxury items only China could provide, it was the Imperial insistence on the use of silver Trade Dollars as means of payment that created even more vast reserves of silver for the Chinese treasury than had already been amassed.
Until around 1750, China's demand for silver served as the engine for world trade! In 1793, China's silver reserve was equivalent in today's values of £29.5 billion [$49.3 billion].
Probably unlike any other nation in history, silver was highly prized by the succession of Chinese dynasties. Silver was the bedrock of almost 1200 years of trade with the outside world; a volume of trade that reached phenomenal levels, even by today's standards. A trade that made previously sleepy European countries prosperous – Spain, for example. Equally it caused some to verge on bankruptcy as a result of the imbalance of trade it created and cities were built where cities hadn't previously existed – Lima in Peru, for instance.
The level of craftsmanship that produced Chinese Export Silver was not something that occurred overnight. The craftsmanship was as deeply embedded as silver was in the psyche of the Chinese, skill being something the Chinese have always valued highly. It was a sophisticated system of small workshops that would be akin to miniature production lines that formed the "back rooms" of some of the most superb silver items. Each workshop was operated by highly skilled artisans, some of whom were itinerant and worked for several workshops, each having an input into the finished item. The skills were more often than not passed down from generation to generation through families – another typical Chinese trait.
Chinese Export Silver was a product that spanned three centuries. The preceding 17th and early 18th centuries saw Chinese silversmiths creating exceptional pieces for royal households and aristocracy throughout Europe, India and Arabia as well as to a select number of wealthy American merchant families, mostly on the eastern seaboard. The Tang and Sung dynasties saw equally extraordinary silver being created, mainly for the Imperial court and Chinese nobility. The Ming dynasty saw an expansion in trade with Europe and Japan that was totally fuelled by silver, seeing levels reached that were extraordinary then as they would be now.
The amount of silver pouring into the Ming treasury was in the region of $190 billion in today's values. The Ming dynasty was responsible for over 30% of the entire world's GDP.
While China, under the Ming Dynasty, was virtually inundated with silver, we see a decline in the amount of important silver objects being produced, but it was the Qing Dynasty that brought the centuries of Chinese silver making to a new level of refinement and the phenomenon we know today as Chinese Export Silver.
In the 19th century, it was the high quality and relatively low price that caused Chinese Export Silver to become so sought after. History has a habit of always repeating itself in China; yet another constant! China's many centuries' love affair of silver culminated in the work that was constantly astounding to look at and constantly astounding in quality. It was almost as if the last roaring flames from the dragon's mouth were finally abruptly extinguished in the late 1940's and the end of the short-lived Republic Period. For 60 years the Communist government forbade private ownership of precious metals. That ban has now been lifted and investment in silver is now encouraged; equally, privately owned businesses had either been amalgamated into large state-owned and entities or disbanded altogether.
Sixty years on we see the flames rekindled. Silver was the sleeping princess for all those years and it has suddenly woken with China's focus, once more, on silver, but a focus with a huge difference; China's dominance in the high-tech manufacturing industries requires vast amounts of silver. China is the world's largest buyer of silver, yet again. While its usage is purely industrial, one can only hope the revived need for silver will, at some stage, breathe life back into latent silversmithing skills and fine silver objects will yet again appear and astound us. If China can produce world-class polished diamonds and dominate the market with skills that were never historically Chinese, it can produce world-class silver objects again using skills it possessed for over a thousand years.
Silver, highly skilled artisans and almost fortress-like protectionism remained a constant until the Cultural Revolution. Apart from silver, there are so many parallels in the powerhouse we know as China today. It can only be a question of time before fine Chinese silver begins to flow again.
What is probably one of the most revealing characteristics of Chinese Export silver is its weight, most pieces being as much as one third heavier than comparable Western pieces. This is mainly due to the discrepancies between the vast amount of silver in China compared to Western trading countries; quantities in China were so vast that unlike Western silver making cultures, weight was almost irrelevant.
From the mid-17th century, more than 9 billion Troy ounces, or 290 thousand tonnes, of silver was absorbed by China from European countries in exchange for Chinese goods!
Early Chinese Export Silver invariably took the form of copies of British or American neo-classical Georgian styles. This gradually evolved into incorporating overtly Chinese motifs to apply to these classic forms. The evolving process never lost momentum and by the latter part of the 19th century, the style had evolved into an extravaganza of Chinese motifs that, in the true high Victorian manner, completely covered silver items to the point where plain polished surfaces were virtually banished.
In Hong Kong, where the population was heading for 250,000 that had sprung from a virtually insignificant fishing village of a few thousand only 40 years previous, many of the merchant-based companies that had previously been active in Canton and the East India trade along with numerous entrepreneurial newcomers were thriving at an unprecedented rate. The combination of prosperity and a large international community attracted a significant number of the Canton silversmiths to the island; this was reflected in a more catholic style of silver that found a synergy between Chinese decorative motifs on objects that were more suited to a Western lifestyle. Some might call it a fantasy version of the Chinese style, since silversmiths and their silver were still ingrained with the traditional allegorical meanings of these motifs that, in the main, went over the heads of most buyers; to a Westerner this was simply exotic, not to mention à la mode.
Hong Kong's new-found prosperity coincided with a general upsurge in wealth in the colony and the growth of the middle classes in Europe and America and, somewhat perversely, increase in awareness overseas of what was happening in China in terms of foreign military presence created a Victorian renaissance of the Chinese style and all things "chinoiserie". Retail silversmiths such as Wang Hing & Company literally did a roaring trade in creating trophies for the many clubs and institutions that were being founded in Hong Kong, in fact the island was becoming the epitome of a colonial city., mirroring those in the Raj, but based on more substantial wealth. These trophy and commemorative items themselves tell a story of an era of Hong Kong's history that have long gone, as have many of the institutions that awarded them.
By the time the 20th century dawned, Arts and Crafts, Art Nouveau and the later Art Deco styles were incorporated into items, in particular pieces manufactured in Shanghai and Hong Kong where the by now substantial international communities had become indigenous and an equally substantial affluent Chinese middle class had adopted Western lifestyles.
In the early 20th century the various foreign nations trading from China from their various international enclaves that were each governed according to their respective national laws, caused a meteoric rise in affluence. Living in unprecedented luxury that they could only have been dreamt of in their home countries, the merchants and entrepreneurs had the sole focus of making as much money as they could as quickly as possible, living in a surreal world of mansions, servants and endless parties and entertaining.
Shanghai entered a new phase of its history which transformed it to the London, New York and Buenos Airies of the East with the added licentiousness of Berlin and Paris. Many Chinese merchants became wealthy or wealthier; many choosing to live in the international sectors too and to adopt totally Western lifestyles, including the decadence that had almost become an unofficial trademark of the city. This new "Chinese Jazz Age" was very much reflected in the Chinese Export Silver that flowed out of Shanghai, not to forget the Westernisation of traditional Chinese dress becoming the fashion statement in every large city in the West epitomised by Madame Chiang, wife of Chiang Kai-Shek, who was well on the way to becoming an international style icon.
Decadence was borne out of prosperity, which in turn generated more decadence and even more prosperity; a pattern that was being repeated in many of the major world cities of the time. This caused a noticeable increase in the amount of silver being produced for both the indigenous home markets and those overseas. Equally, there was a palpable change in the style of silver being produced as well as new objects that were themselves products of the age. If one object could encapsulate this early 20th century decadence, the cocktail shaker does it admirably; Chinese Export Silver rose to that challenge.
Shanghai and Hong Kong at the beginning of the 20th century were parallel cities, both expanding rapidly and both major international trading ports generating vast wealth. Equally, the city that had been the forerunner of both, Canton, while losing its position and raison d'être as an international trading city had become the city of revolutionaries. Canton was very much a city in transition, yet it was doing so in an atmosphere of turmoil brought about by a succession of men returning from sojourns in America and Britain, many of them returning as newly converted Christians and most of them with revolutionary ideas for a dynastic-free state steeped in left-wing communist, Bolshevik or socialist ideals.This turmoil caused the gradual transfer of the remaining silver making in Canton to Shanghai and Hong Kong
There are, however, "grey areas" of both style and places of manufacturing that are associated with Chinese Export Silver. There were a number of countries bordering on China many of which were effectively vassal states; Vietnam, Korea, Siam [Thailand], Tibet, Burma, Formosa [Taiwan], Bhutan and Nepal etc. Straits Chinese silver [sometimes referred to as Peranakan Silver], technically a silver category in its own right and in many instances may also be referred to as being "Chinese", had among its manufacturing ranks silversmiths who, confusingly for us, straddled both Straits and Chinese Export Silver categories. Straits silver is a complicated silver category inasmuch as it had three distinct manufacturing periods over the 100 years it was produced [1835-1935], with some of the silversmiths who were based in China proper as well as in the Straits effectively creating "export Silver" – some destined exclusively for the Straits and some for export to the West.
Straits Chinese, silver unlike its Chinese counterpart, never attempted to ape Western styles; it was often incorporated with Chinese-influences merged with decorative motifs that were particularly of Straits' regional origins and on forms and styles that were definitively Straits in terms of traditional cultural provenance. One of the most prominent contrasts between Straits and Chinese Export Silver is the former has specific traditional objects that have a useful place in daily cultural and ceremonial life, albeit decorative, while the latter is primarily made for decorative purposes. True Straits Silver is highly unlikely to include the use of traditional Chinese allegorical animal figures or architectural references; decorative motifs tend to follow those of traditional brocades and embroideries. Straits Chinese Silver also tends to be of a significantly thinner gauge than that employed in Chinese Export Silver. More confusing for us today is substantial evidence of silver being made in Straits territories by Chinese silversmiths that are obviously designed for the Hong Kong and mainland China markets. Such silver usually has recognisable characteristics of Straits' silver making techniques that have subtle differences with those of Chinese silversmiths operating in China or Hong Kong.
As with Chinese Export Silver,Straits Chinese silver often carries Chinese chop marks and it is because of this that items often appear in Western auction houses or on sellers' websites incorrectly identified as Chinese Export Silver, with perhaps a degree of licence or optimism on the part of the seller factored in since Chinese Export Silver generally achieves higher values than Straits Chinese silver at auction.
Just as it is not straightforward to define what is Straits Chinese silver, it is not plain-sailing to define "Straits Chinese". The considerable Chinese population is mainly the result of indentured rubber plantation workers from the 19th and early 20th centuries, although some Chinese artisans are also known to have settled and were sought after for their skills which had evolved from a different cultural base.
The British Straits Settlements consisted of Penang, Malacca and Singapore, with Labuan being added in 1906. Macau was a Portuguese colony. Formosa [now called Taiwan] was a Dutch colony. Customs, rituals, cultures, religious beliefs and decorative motifs varied across the regions, often finding themselves intermixed, yet often incorporated into decorative motifs. Equally, some Chinese silversmiths who had a manufacturing base in mainland China are known to have operated in many of the vassal states that bordered on China up to the late 19th century.
It is mainly due to the ascendant buoyancy of values of Chinese Export Silver as an antique silver category that it is often seen by the more opportunistic sellers as a bandwagon to climb aboard and take a convenient ride upon. Even 19th century English silver decorated "in the Chinese style" has been known to have been somewhat annoyingly described as "Chinese Export Silver", while Japanese silver, some of which is quite similar to Chinese Export Silver, is also not infrequently catalogued as being "Chinese Export Silver", mainly because of sellers' inability to distinguish between Chinese and Japanese character marks. That said, many traditional decorative motifs are shared in both Chinese and Japanese cultures. While generally there are subtle discernible differences between how these motifs manifest themselves in silver wares; the difference generally being related to the mode of execution by the silversmith. It is generally believed, however, that Chinese silversmiths living and operating in territories in China under Japanese control either by treaty agreement or agreed lease, created silver specifically for the lucrative Japanese market. Dalian, for example, was a town that had a silver making tradition.
Lastly, it is becoming increasingly more common to see silver that is made in China bearing the silver marks "SILVER" and "CHINA". Such silver often features in auction houses as well as online and is frequently described as being "late 19th century". Even with all the wishful thinking in the world, in the majority of cases this is simply incorrect; such silver items were generally produced in China after the 1949 Cultural Revolution and are more likely to be as recent as the 21st century. Some of these items aim to mimic elaborate filigree and enamel wares that were prevalent in China in the late 18th century/early 19th century and although the workmanship is also intricate, they are nevertheless new.
Silver and silver making, as with any creative art, should command respect; it is not and can never be a convenient carousel to take a ride on and jump off at a whim.
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