text:
Unique Reintroduction Considerations in Hawaii: Case Studies from a Decade of Rare Plant Restoration at the Oahu Army Natural Resource Rare Plant Program
- H. Kapua Kawelo,
- Susan Ching Harbin,
- Stephanie M. Joe,
- Matthew J. Keir,
- Lauren Weisenberger
- … show all 5 hide
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The extreme isolation of the Hawaiian Islands coupled with their sequential volcanic origin and gradual erosion from 4,000 meters above sea level down to sea mounts created a large variety of habitats from rainforest to desert within a small geographic area. This mix of ecological settings resulted in a highly endemic fauna and flora often lacking the typical assemblage of herbivores and carnivores found in continental situations (Carlquist 1970; Stone and Scott 1984). After Cook's discovery of the islands, large numbers of nonindigenous species were introduced, and some of them have proven to be directly or indirectly detrimental to the native species. Most plants face multiple threats from predators, insects, feral ungulates, weeds, and loss of pollinators and dispersers. Hawaii's unfortunate reputation as the home of 37% of the nation's federally listed plants (US Fish and Wildlife Service [USFWS] 2009) reveals a conservation crisis where restoration efforts are of critical importance. Indeed, conservation efforts have been under way since the early 1900s (Mehrhoff 1996), but rare plant conservation in Hawaii faces numerous challenges, many of them overlapping. Hawaii's experiences with rare plant reintroduction elucidate the challenges managers confront in both island situations and continental environments.
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- Stone, C. P., and J. M. Scott. 1984. Hawai'i's Terrestrial Ecosystems: Preservation and Management. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit.
- US Fish and Wildlife Service. 2009. Endangered Species Program. Accessed October 1, 2009, http://www.fws.gov/endangered/.
- Mehrhoff, L. A. 1996. FOCUS: Reintroducing endangered Hawaiian plants. In Restoring Diversity: Strategies for Reintroduction of Endangered Plants, edited by D. A. Falk, C. I. Millar, and M. Olwell, 101–20. Washington, DC: Island Press.
- Joe, S. M., and C. C. Daehler. 2008. Invasive slugs as under-appreciated obstacles to rare plant restoration: Evidence from the Hawaiian Islands. Biological Invasions 10:245–55. CrossRef
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- Lammers, T. G. 2005. Revision of Delissea (Campanulaceae-Lobelioideae). Systematic Botany Monographs 73:1–75.
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- US Army Garrison Hawaii and Makua Implementation Team. 2003. Final Draft: Makua Implementation Plan. Prepared for the US Army Garrison, Schofield Barracks, HI.
- Pratt, H. D. 2005. The Hawaiian Honeycreepers. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Scott, J. M., S. Mountainspring, F. L. Ramsey, and C. B. Kepler. 1986. Forest Bird Communities of the Hawaiian Islands: Their Dynamics, Ecology, and Conservation. Lawrence, KS: Allen Press and Cooper Ornithological Society (Studies in Avian Biology 9).
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- Guerrant, E. O. Jr., and T. N. Kaye. 2007. Reintroduction of rare and endangered plants: Common factors, questions, and common approaches. Australian Journal of Botany 55:362–70. CrossRef
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- Tobin, M. E., R. T. Sugihara, and A. E. Koehler. 1997. Bait placement and acceptance by rats in macadamia orchards. Crop Protection 16:507–10. CrossRef
- Nelson, J. T., B. L. Woodworth, S. G. Fancy, G. D. Lindsey, and E. J. Tweed. 2002. Effectiveness of rodent control and monitoring techniques for a montane rainforest. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30:82–92.
- Witmer, G., and J. D. Eisemann. 2007. Rodenticide use in rodent management in the United States: An overview. In Proceedings of the 12th Wildlife Damage Management Conference, Corpus Christi, Texas, edited by D. L. Nolte, W. M. Arjo, and D. Stalman, 160–67. Washington, DC: The Wildlife Damage Management Working Group, the Wildlife Society.
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- Perez, H., A. B. Shiels, H. M. Zaleski, and D. R. Drake. 2008. Germination after simulated rat damage in seeds of two endemic Hawaiian palm species. Journal of Tropical Ecology 24:555–58. CrossRef
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- Cowie, R. H. 1997. Catalog and bibliography of the nonindigenous nonmarine snails and slugs of the Hawaiian Islands. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 50:1–66.
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- Gon, S. M. III, K. Poiani, T. Menard, S. Tom, M. Fox, and M. White. 2006. An Ecoregional Assessment of Biodiversity Conservation for the Hawaiian High Islands. A web- mediated publication by The Nature Conservancy of Hawai'i. Accessed November 18, 2010, http://www.hawaiiecoregionplan.info.
- Thomas, C. D., A. Cameron, R. E. Green, M. Bakkenes, L. J. Beaumont, Y. C. Collingham, B. F. N. Erasmus, et al. 2004. Extinction risk from climate change. Nature 427:145–48. CrossRef
- United Nations Environment Program. 2009. Climate Change Science Compendium. Accessed October 1, 2010, http://www.unep.org/compendium2009.
- Kaufman, B., and L. Mehrhoff. 2009. Large Scale Restoration as an Adaptive Strategy to Climate Change. Honolulu: Hawaii Conservation Conference.
- Fried, J. S., J. K. Gilless, W. J. Riley, T. J. Moody, C. Simon de Blas, K. Hayhoe, M. Moritz, et al. 2008. Predicting the effect of climate change on wildfire behavior and initial attack success. Climatic Change 87(Suppl 1):S251-64. CrossRef
- Motley, T. J., and G. D. Carr. 1998. Artificial hybridization in the Hawaiian endemic genus Labordia (Loganiaceae). American Journal of Botany 85:654–60. CrossRef
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- Title
- Unique Reintroduction Considerations in Hawaii: Case Studies from a Decade of Rare Plant Restoration at the Oahu Army Natural Resource Rare Plant Program
- Book Title
- Plant Reintroduction in a Changing Climate
- Book Subtitle
- Promises and Perils
- Book Part
- Part II
- Pages
- pp 209-226
- Copyright
- 2012
- 10.5822/978-1-61091-183-2_12
- Print ISBN
- 978-1-59726-343-6
- Online ISBN
- 978-1-61091-183-2
- Series Title
- The Science and Practice of Ecological Restoration
- Publisher
- Island Press/Center for Resource Economics
- Copyright Holder
- Island Press
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Industry Sectors
- eBook Packages
- Editors
- Joyce Maschinski (1)
- Kristin E. Haskins (2)
- Peter H. Raven (3)
- Editor Affiliations
- 1. Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Northern Arizona University, Florida International University, and University of Miami
- 2. Department of Biology, Northern Arizona University
- 3. Missouri Botanical Garden, Washington University in St. Louis
- Authors
- H. Kapua Kawelo (1)
- Susan Ching Harbin (2)
- Stephanie M. Joe (3)
- Matthew J. Keir (1)
- Lauren Weisenberger (4)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Oahu Army Natural Resource Program, USA
- 2. Hawaii Plant Extinction Prevention Program, USA
- 3. Oahu Army Natural Resource Program, University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA
- 4. Oahu Army Seed Laboratory and Seed Bank, University of Hawaii, USA
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The sys admin's daily grind: Munin
Ornithologists already know that magpies don't really deserve their reputation. The true kleptomaniac in the world of birds is the raven. And it's worthwhile for data dealers to make the acquaintance of Munin, a monitoring tool named after one fabled raven.
As far back as we can remember, humans have lived with domesticated animals. The Norse god Odin had a horse named Sleipnir, two wolves named Geri and Freki ("glu tonous" and "greedy"), and two ravens called Hugin and Munin. Odin sent the
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TGXf Project Warns of File Transfer through Screen Pixels
Weird data transfer technique avoids all standard security measures.
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Poll: Vote for the Best Open Source Software for Photographers
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subset: commoncrawl


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Now available: Exchange 2013 Inside Out: Mailbox and High Availability
Buy your copy of Microsoft Exchange 2010 Inside Out
Recent ramblings
- Selecting the right compliance framework to use with Exchange
- Gmail as Gaeilge
- A brief history of Exchange Time Management
- Exchange Unwashed Digest – November 2014
- Brick backups and Exchange – not recommended
- ePublishing for Technology: a new book on Exchange 2013 High Availability
- Creating a new address list for Exchange Online (Office 365)
- Should we spend less time discussing software bugs?
Top Posts
- Managing Exchange ActiveSync device partnerships (in a world where we all use too many devices)
- Exchange 2013: Stuck messages in OWA's Drafts folder and DNS
- The dirty little secret about migration to modern public folders
- Beware the effects of enabling an Exchange 2010 archive mailbox
- Good technical books to read
- Exchange 2010 problems due to insufficient access to Active Directory
- Connecting to Exchange 2010 with PowerShell
- Date range exports with New-MailboxExportRequest
- Exchange 2010 Public Folders: Part 1
- Using Search-Mailbox to look for items with a specific date
Monthly Archives: April 2012
On the road again… to San Diego
This week I traveled from Dublin to San Diego to attend "The Experts Conference" (TEC). The conference organizers took care of tickets and I was routed via JFK on Delta rather than my normal choice (probably Aer Lingus to Chicago and onwards … Continue reading
Posted in Technology, Travel 3 Comments
The Citadel of St. Tropez
Most people who visit St. Tropez on the French Riviera probably think about the glamour side of the town – its up-market shops, the restaurants dotted around the port that can charge an extraordinary amount for an ordinary pizza, the yachts … Continue reading
Posted in Travel Tagged Citadel of St. Tropez, Cote d'Azur, France, Provence, Saint-Tropez, St. Tropez, Travel 3 Comments
A billion? Maybe good value if they're good patents
At first glance, the news that Microsoft has agreed to pay AOL more than $1 billion for a trove of 925 patents (plus access to 300 patents kept by AOL) might seem to be an expensive purchase to some. Microsoft then … Continue reading
Posted in Technology Tagged Patents 1 Comment
Exchange 2010 SP2 RU2: Deep-dive into what's in this roll-up update
On Monday, April 16, Microsoft released roll-up update 2 (RU2) for Exchange 2010 SP2. There was nothing strange or unusual in this process because it follows Microsoft's practice of issuing cumulative roll-up updates for Exchange at regular intervals. On the … Continue reading
Exchange Connections 2012 – Your chance to present
Following on from my recent post about the three major U.S.-based conferences that feature a lot of content about Microsoft Exchange Server, I note that the nice people at Penton Media have issued a call for papers for the Exchange … Continue reading
Posted in Active Directory, Exchange, Technology Tagged Exchange Connections 2012, Windows Connections 2012 2 Comments
First Exchange 2013 training course appears
December update: Now that Exchange 2013 is generally available, I want to make it quite clear that I neither endorse nor recommend the training mentioned below. This entry was posted to demonstrate the foolishness of launching a training course for a product … Continue reading
Posted in Exchange, Training Tagged Exchange 15, Exchange 2013 2 Comments
HP's (eventual) push into cloud services
News that HP has launched its first public cloud services and will enter public beta on May 10 provoked my interest from many angles. As a former CTO of a major HP business, I had observed (and sometimes participated in) … Continue reading
Posted in Cloud Tagged HP, HP Cloud Services, HP Public Cloud, HP Services 3 Comments


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Small,light ,made in Japan,good for travel. I use it on Sony A7 with LA EA 4 adaptor. Only small CA at f2,8 and soft corners, from f4 ok.View review in forums Leave a comment on this review
Sony 28mm F2.8
Announced Jun 5, 2006 •
Wideangle prime lens | Sony/Minolta Alpha | SAL-28F28
By doracapi, 10 months ago


text:
Playstation 2
Cheat Mode for Arctic ThunderHome / Playstation 2 /
This page contains Arctic Thunder Codes for Playstation 2 called "Cheat Mode" and has been posted or updated on Dec 7, 2006 by gamer4life. Let us know what you think of this Code by thumbs voting.
- Developer: Inland Productions
- Publisher: Midway
- Genre: Driving Racing Snow / Water
- Release Date: Sep 17, 2001
- ESRB: Teen
Cheat Mode
Press one of the following cheats at the screen after startup (before choosing a player). Note: This has no effect in points races.
|Square(3), L1, Circle, Start
|All Atomic Snowballs mode
|Circle, R1(2), Circle, R2, Start
|All Boost mode
|Circle(2), L2, Circle(2), L1, Start
|All Grappling Hooks and Randoms mode
|R1, R2, Square, Circle, R1, R2, Start
|All Randoms mode
|R1, R2, L2, L1, Square, Start
|All Rooster Tails mode
|Circle(2), R1, R2, Start
|All Snow Bombs and Randoms mode
|L1, L2(2), Circle, L1, Circle, Start
|Clone mode
|Square, Circle, Square, R2, Circle(2), Start
|Everyone invisible mode
|Circle, Square, Circle(2), Square, Start
|Expert mode
|Enter MOO as your initials after a race.
|Square(2), Circle(2), L1, R1, Start
|No drones mode
|Square(2), Circle, Square, R2, Square, Start
|No power-ups mode
|Circle, L1, Square, R2, Square, L2, Start
|Super boost wheelie mode
Back to all Cheats
Stuck on this game? Set a specific, clearly defined question and let others answer your question or view answers to previously asked questions. If you think you are an Arctic Thunder expert then please try to help others with their questions.
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Myers Weighs Options For Automotive, Custom Unit
AKRON, Ohio (AP) ¿ Myers Industries Inc., which makes plastic products, said Monday it is considering strategic options for its unit that makes automotive and custom products, which could include a possible sale.
The company said it is considering a "wide range of options" for the four businesses in the segment: Ameri-Kart, Buckhorn Rubber Products, Michigan Rubber Products and WEK Industries.
Operations at the businesses will continue as usual during the review process.
Shares of Myers rose 45 cents, or 4.5 percent, to $10.50 in morning trading.
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Any photographers in Tanzania?
A Danish journalist (writer) needs to get in contact with a professional photographer in Tanzania (or one who might be there in the Spring next year (2010).
Anyone out there?
Kind regards,


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At issue is whether the state overcharged U.S. taxpayers.
Responding to an inquiry from federal regulators, Minnesota officials insisted in a letter made public Tuesday that the state followed proper accounting procedures in structuring the way it paid private health plans to care for poor, sick and disabled people between 2005 and 2009.
The six-page letter was part of a weeks-long exchange between the state officials and federal regulators who are investigating whether Minnesota overcharged federal taxpayers, who pay half the bill for Medicaid, in order to subsidize health programs financed by the state.
While the letter answered questions from the federal Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services about how the state calculated rates paid to managed-care nonprofits, there were no questions that asked specifically whether the rates were accurate or inflated.
In the letter, both federal questions and state answers are steeped in the technical jargon of actuarial estimates and insurance rate-setting. The letter was accompanied by 49 pages of background data produced from 2005 to 2009.
"We are still gathering more information. There's still more to be learned," said state Medicaid Director David Godfrey with the Minnesota Department of Human Services. "Our evidence indicates that the Medicaid rates and the methodology we used were proper."
His letter points out that most Medicaid rates in Minnesota now are subject to competitive bidding, a change from previous years.
But he noted in the letter and an interview that many state officials who set Medicaid payment rates from 2005 to 2009 no longer are in state government because they were part of the administration of Gov. Tim Pawlenty, which ended in January 2011. Godfrey said those former officials might have more information than he has uncovered so far.
Separate investigations also are being conducted by the U.S. Justice Department and by Congress, where officials have said they are concerned that many states may be overcharging federal taxpayers for Medicaid health care.
Warren Wolfe 612-673-7253


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|Half Baths
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|3 nights
This custom designed home in the heart of Loreto Bay is a few steps from the sandy beaches and the newly redesigned golf course. The 2400 sq ft house is spacious inside and out with three Master bedrooms (each with ensuite), two private courtyards and expansive decks on both the second and third levels that overlook the ocean, mountains and golf course. Each of the gardens and decks have comfortable furnishings for enjoying outdoor meals and a cool margarita under sunny or starry skies. As the house has several indoor and outdoor living spaces and an open concept plan for the kitchen/dining/family room, it would be appropriate for multiple families or couples.
The decor and furnishings are well appointed and comfortable. Granite countertops and decorative Mexican tiles adorn the two kitchens, the 3.5 bathrooms, the courtyards and seating niches. An airy brick bovedo arches over the entrance hall. There are soft leather love seats and mission style chairs and cool tiles floors with handmade rugs in front of the fireplace. Original artwork hangs in the living room and bedrooms. Each of the bedrooms are distinctively decorated and feature mesquite armoirs and side tables. Two bedrooms overlook the lushly vegetated tropical garden , and the third bedroom overlooks the private hot tub courtyard.
Step out the front courtyard gate and down the the cobbled walk 90 feet to the beach. From there, one can walk for miles adjacent to the gentle rolling surf, or swim/snorkel to Punto Nopolo, a rock outcrop surrounded by some of the brightest and most interesting array of tropical fish. An 8 minute walk leads to the Inn of Loreto Bay, and the pools, hot tubs, restaurants, and activities that can be found there.
In the other direction is the David Duvall and Tom Weber designed golf course, recently redesigned to take better advantage of the remarkable views and waterfront greens. The monthly rate for unlimited golf is so low that it pays even if you only stay for a week.
The Loreto area, which is the kayak centre of Mexico, offers much for the water sport enthusiast, including whale watching (blue whales and large schools of dolphins), great snorkeling, sailing and fishing. Within Loreto itself are a variety of dining options; cafes, restaurants, bars, and street side vendors. You can also buy groceries in town and do your own cooking and entertaining.
While Loreto is in a desert region, it has a more temperate climate with weather suited for golfing, mountain biking and hiking most of the year. Loreto also has many, many sunny days just for lying by the community pool or reading within your own private courtyard.
One of our favorite family memories is having the windows to the bedrooms open at night, the stars brightly shining above, and the sound of the waves lulling us to sleep. If there is a better place for a vacation, let me know, and I'll trade you a week at our place for a week at yours, just to see if I am right about the specialness of Loreto.
Keywords: Custom Home, Beach access, Casa, Villa, 3 storey, artists' home, baja villa,
Peter and Barbara Ambery and their co-owners, Doug and Cathie Makaroff live in Victoria BC, Canada. Peter and Barbara have spent many vacation trips in Mexico because of the warmth and the friendly people. Doug and Cathie (and three kids) love to travel to Loreto because of the great hiking, snorkeling and sailing. This home was custom designed by our good friend Douglas Campbell, (who has a house close by) and was the first house in all of Loreto Bay to be contructed of 'Perform Wall'. You will notice the massively deep walls which are very effective as passive heating and cooling. We also wanted a home that would meet our needs for family holidays and get aways.
The Owner purchased this house in 2009
We chose Loreto Bay for it's wild beauty, the daily access to both the mountains and ocean, and the developer's commitment to sustainable development. The house is a unique expression of hand made colonial Mexico patterns and materials, as well as the modern, open concept that creates a luxurious sense of spacious living.
As well, both families love spending time in a Latin culture, that respects time together, family traditions, and slowing down.
The house is beautifully appointed, artful, with a sense of living in the environment, due to the indoor/outdoor options. We find that it is a great place to entertain, or just chill.
It is very close to the sea and at night we open the windows, watch the incredibly clear stars while listening to the lapping of the waves. For those of us from the north, that is a true retreat.
Water based sports can be arranged through the Inn at Loreto Bay, including sport fishing, sailing, whale watching in the Loreto National Marine Park. Our favorite activities include hiking to Primer Agua to see the lush Oasis with dozens of lemon, grapefruit and other citrus trees, and numerous pools and streams in the desert. Be sure to see the pre-historic rock painting on the way to Primer Agua.
The San Javier Mission is also a must see with massive traditional stone construction for the Mission buildings.
South of Loreto is the beautiful Porto Escondido, a hidden harbour for yachts and other craft. Also, a great place to hire excellent fishing guides.
Within Loreto itself, 6 miles to the north, there are numerous wonderful museums, restaurants, cafes, and bars. You will enjoy your stay all the more if you allow yourself to slow down to the tempo of the area. It truly is paradise.
|Rate Period
|Weekend Night
My Standard Rate
3 night minimum stay
|Property Damage Protection
Payment is usually accepted in the quoted currency (USD) unless the currency and the amount is specifically agreed in advance with the owner / advertiser.


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A low cost, high speed, JPEG Huffman code decoder. The entire gamut of Huffman codes is partitioned into groups, with each group being associated with it's own small look up table to minimize the overall memory requirements. The current Huffman code is stored in a register. For the disclosed embodiment there are N=4 memories with sizes 128, 256, 128 and 256 elements respectively. For the specific typical Huffman code set cited, the partitioning is: The code words in the first group have 7 bits or less and are decoded in the first memory. The next group has from 5 to 7 leading ones, where the first five 1's are masked out and the remaining bits are used to address the second memory. The remaining codes have at least eight leading ones. Here, the first eight ones are masked out and the remaining bits are used to address the last memory. (In this example, one of the memories is not used). Finally, the first eight bits are used in a selector to enable the correct memory so that a single correct output data word is output. The disclosed N=4 embodiment is designed to handle any custom JPEG Huffman code set. This concept can be extended to other memory partitions (a N=6 example is cited) that might provide some desirable memory vs logic switching tradeoffs.
1. A circuit for decoding any one of the 162 possible AC codewords of any Huffman code table constructed in accordance with the JPEG baseline Huffman coding specification comprising:
a plurality of look up tables, each for outputting decoded data in response to an applied input,
means for applying selected subsets of the codeword to serve as addresses to each of the look up tables, the means being adapted to change to different subsets when the input Huffman table is changed, and
a selector, responsive to the codeword, for enabling one of the look up tables to output the appropriate decoded data.
2. The circuit of claim 1 wherein said circuit comprises four look up tables, two of which contain 128 entries and two of which contain 256 entries.
3. The circuit of claim 1 wherein said circuit comprises five look up tables containing 64 entries and one containing 256 entries.
A circuit is defined for decoding the Huffman codes which are generated in the lossless portion of a JPEG baseline image compression system.
JPEG encoders first transform each 8�8 block of image pixels (8 bits per pixel) into an ordered array of 64 uncoded Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) coefficients. (The inverse DCT of these coefficients would provide an exact replica of the original 8�8 block of pixels). This is followed by a normalization of these coefficients which provides a form of lossy compression by driving some of the higher frequency coefficients of the DCT (those not visually significant) to zero. The normalized coefficients are then further compressed losslessly using a JPEG Huffman coding format.
Image data is typically compressed prior to transmission or storage, using the industry standard JPEG approach. Although the specific user defined Huffman code words for any given JPEG baseline system application can vary, the number of code words is fixed at 162. Each Huffman code word can vary from 1 to 16 bits in length. Each code word represents an eight bit number RRRR/SSSS. RRRR is a four bit number representing the number of consecutive zero coefficients (in the ordered DCT array) which precede the current non-zero coefficient being decoded. SSSS is a four bit number indicating the number of bits needed to represent the numerical value of the current non-zero DCT coefficient. Compression is optimized by assigning the shorter code words to the most common RRRR/SSSS combinations. For the typical Huffman code example shown in FIG. 1, one zero coefficient followed by a coefficient whose value can be represented by a single bit (a very common occurrence), RRRR/SSSS=0001/0001, is assigned a code of 1100, while three consecutive zero coefficients followed by a three bit value (a much rarer occurrence), RRRR/SSSS=0011/0011, is assigned a code of 111111110101. The last step in developing the coded sequence is to add to the end of the code word the actual value of the current non-zero coefficient being decoded. Thus if the actual three bit number is 101 (corresponding to a coefficient value of +5), the final coded sequence is 111111110101101.
To decompress this data, the decoder must ultimately be able to convert a coded sequence like the one shown above back into the desired information, namely the number of consecutive zeroes preceding the current non-zero coefficient, and the value of the current coefficient. It must also determine how many bits to shift forward to begin decoding the next code word in the coded sequence. This is all accomplished by applying the current code word as an "address" to a lookup table which has three basic components stored within at each address, namely RRRR/SSSS/LLLL (12 bits per address). The accessed value of RRRR indicates the number of consecutive zero coefficients preceding the current non-zero coefficient. SSSS indicates the number of bits used to represent the current non-zero coefficient. LLLL indicates the number of bits contained in the current code word. The value of the current coefficient can thus be found by first shifting the input bit stream LLLL bits forward and simply interpreting the next SSSS bits in the sequence as the current non-zero coefficient's value. This would be followed by a shift of SSSS bits to align the register for decoding the next Huffman code word. Summarizing, each Huffman code word addresses a memory which stores and outputs all of the possible RRRR/SSSS/LLLL combinations. If a "brute force" lookup table approach were used, Huffman code words of up to 16 bits in length would address the memory, and the output must be 12 bits, so the required memory would be 64K by 12, or more than 90K bytes. Significant advantages would be realized if a smaller memory could be used.
This invention provides a simple, efficient, high speed method for decompressing the Huffman coded bit stream (which characterizes the normalized DCT coefficients) back to their uncoded normalized values. The conversion (decompression) is accomplished in this invention by segmenting the Huffman codes into a number of separately addressable lookup tables. This lookup table segmentation approach simplifies the circuitry involved and increases the speed of decompression. See FIGS. 1 and 2.
The disclosed embodiment of this invention divides the memory used for decompression into N=4 groups, A, B, C, and D, containing 128, 256, 128 and 256 addressable locations respectively. Each memory location contains 12 bits of data (described later). This embodiment is capable of decoding any custom Huffman code set which is constructed according to the JPEG baseline Huffman coding specification. Another possible embodiment, N=6, with memory lengths of 64, 64, 64, 64, 64 and 256 would reduce the total amount of memory required, but at the expense of more logic circuits. Other combinations are also possible.
Using the disclosed embodiment and the specific typical Huffman code table shown in FIG. 1 as examples, group A stores the outputs for all code words up to 7 bits in length. From FIG. 1, we see that these code words can be identified by the circuit as all code words having four or fewer leading 1's. In FIG. 2 we see that seven lines are used to address the Group A memory, and the output is 12 bits, so a 1,536 bit memory is required. Group B has code words having at least five leading 1's. Therefore, the first five bits can be ignored when addressing the Group B look up table. This table has 256 entries so eight bits are used for the address lines. Groups C and D have 128 and 256 memory locations, respectively. For this example, Group C is not used, and Group D has code words having 8 or more leading 1 bits. In the general case, where the Huffman code table is different from the one shown in FIG. 1, the number of leading 1's is used to determine which group the code word is in, and to the extent that all numbers in a group have at least a minimum of leading 1's, that number of bits may be ignored. The result is a greatly reduced memory requirement.
FIG. 1 is a typical Huffman code set that can be processed by the circuit of FIG. 2.
FIG. 2 is the circuit representing the disclosed embodiment for decompressing Huffman codes into RRRR/SSSS/LLLL data words.
The implementation shown in FIG. 2 is designed to decode any legitimate JPEG Huffman baseline code set. This is accomplished by pre-loading Memories 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14, with data which is appropriately matched to the specific Huffman code table being used.
The invention is best understood by describing it's operation with a specific example using the typical code set shown in FIG. 1.
In FIG. 2, the input Huffman coded data stream is shifted into the register 16 Initially, it is not known how many of the stored 16 bits represent the Huffman code. To determine this, the first 8 bits are sent to the selector 14.
For the disclosed embodiment, the Huffman codes in FIG. 1 are divided up into a maximum of four groups, where each group is associated with one of the memory units 10, 11, 12 or 13. For this specific example, only three memory groups are required, and thus no code words are assigned to Group C. The first group is assigned the first 15 entries in FIG. 1. This group is characterized by having four or less leading 1's and a total length of from two to seven bits. The first 8 bits from the register 16 are applied to the most significant address inputs to memory 14. In all cases where there are four or fewer leading 1's, the output will be a 00 which will be demultiplexed in block 15 as an enable to the group A memory 10. The other memory units 11, 12 and 13 will be disabled.
At the same time, bits 1-8 are applied to shifter 17, which is set up to apply the most significant seven bits to the group A memory 10. Shifter 17 can be set to apply bits 2-8 to the memory instead of bits 1-7, in case a customized set of Huffman codes having different properties are being used. The seven bits applied to the memory 10 address lines will result in the correct RRRR/SSSS/LLLL output from memory 10.
The last group of codes in FIG. 1 are, as shown, codes having at least eight leading 1's. In this case, bits 1-8 are applied to memory 14 and for cases where eight or more leading bits are 1's, group D memory 13 will be enabled. At the same time bits 9-16 are applied to group D memory 13 as addresses, and the appropriate 12 bit output is generated.
The last case is where there are between five and seven leading 1's. In this case, inputs within this range applied to memory 14 will result in memory 11 being enabled. Bits 2-15 are applied to the shifter 18, the first four leading 1's are shifted out and bits 6-13 are applied to memory 11.
It will be noticed that, in this described case, the third memory 12 is not used, and that more bits are applied to the shifters 17, 18, 19 than are applied to the corresponding memory units 10, 11, 12. This is because the circuit is set up to accommodate a variety of customized Huffman code tables which are optimized for different types of image data. As in any JPEG Huffman decoder, whenever a new Huffman code table is to be used, a new set of decoding parameters must be downloaded into the decoder's memories.
The next step is for the output LLLL value to be used as the shift code in to register 16 to shift the data to extract the SSSS bits which represent the value of the current coefficient being decoded. The last step is to shift SSSS bits so that the next Huffman code is aligned in the register.
The baseline JPEG Huffman code system contains 162 code words which represent the entire gamut of the RRRR/SSSS combinations. RRRR is a 4 bit number indicating the run length of zeros preceding a non-zero coefficient in any given block. SSSS is a four bit number indicating the number of bits required to represent the non-zero coefficient. RRRR can vary between 0 and 15, whereas SSSS, in the baseline system, can vary from 1 to 10. This yields 160 possible combinations. The end of block code and the ZRL, extension of the zero run length beyond 15, codes represent the remaining two codes in the total of 162.
The key element of this embodiment of the invention is the partitioning of the 162 code words in any given Huffman code set into N=4 groups, A, B, C and D. Each group has its own small look-up table to provide a high speed decoding structure to obtain the RRRR/SSSS value for each code word encountered, and a LLLL value which identifies the number of bits in the code word. Thus, each table entry is 12 bits wide. The proposed implementation recommends the memory lengths, number of entries, of the four memories associated with Groups A, B, C and D to be 128, 256, 128 and 256. These values were derived empirically after investigations of some contrived "worst case" Huffman tables. The combinations of N=3 with memory lengths of 256, 256, 256 would not satisfy some of the contrived tables. N=4 with memory lengths of 64, 256, 64 and 256 also failed. On the other hand, N=6 with memory lengths of 64, 64, 64, 64, 64 and 256 would work and reduce the memory requirements, but at the expense of more logic circuits. Based on this data, the disclosed embodiment appears to provide a good tradeoff.
While the invention has been described with reference to a specific embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made without departing from the essential teachings of the invention.
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Pyramid Lake, Nevada
Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units in 2000:
Nearest city with pop. 50,000+: Sparks, NV (27.1 miles , pop. 66,346).
Nearest city with pop. 200,000+: Sacramento, CA (142.5 miles , pop. 407,018).
Nearest city with pop. 1,000,000+: Los Angeles, CA (402.8 miles , pop. 3,694,820).
Nearest cities: Nixon, NV (1.6 miles ), Sutcliffe, NV (3.5 miles ), Wadsworth, NV (4.0 miles ), Warm Springs-Truckee Canyon, NV (4.3 miles) , Fernley, NV (4.5 miles ), Spanish Springs, NV (4.5 miles ), Lemmon Valley-Golden Valley, NV (5.1 miles ), Sun Valley, NV (5.1 miles ).
Latitude: 39.85 N, Longitude: 119.40 W
Area code commonly used in this area: 775
Unemployment in July 2013:
Unemployment by year (%)
Work and jobs in Pyramid Lake: detailed stats about occupations, industries, unemployment, workers, commute
Average climate in Pyramid Lake, Nevada
Based on data reported by over 4,000 weather stations
Earthquake activity:Pyramid Lake-area historical earthquake activity is near Nevada state average. It is 485% greater than the overall U.S. average.
On 12/16/1954 at 11:07:12, a magnitude 7.0 (7.0 UK, Class: Major, Intensity: VIII - XII) earthquake occurred 87.4 miles away from the city center
On 7/6/1954 at 11:13:18, a magnitude 6.8 (6.8 UK, Class: Strong, Intensity: VII - IX) earthquake occurred 53.9 miles away from Pyramid Lake center
On 8/24/1954 at 05:51:30, a magnitude 6.8 (6.8 UK) earthquake occurred 63.5 miles away from the city center
On 9/12/1994 at 12:23:43, a magnitude 6.1 (5.4 MB, 5.7 MS, 6.1 MW, 6.0 MD, Depth: 8.7 mi) earthquake occurred 70.6 miles away from the city center
On 12/28/1995 at 18:27:59, a magnitude 5.5 (4.6 MB, 4.5 MS, 5.0 ML, 5.5 ML, Depth: 3.1 mi, Class: Moderate, Intensity: VI - VII) earthquake occurred 74.8 miles away from Pyramid Lake center
On 10/30/1998 at 09:53:30, a magnitude 5.3 (4.7 MB, 5.3 ML, 4.8 MW, Depth: 6.4 mi) earthquake occurred 49.0 miles away from the city center
Magnitude types: body-wave magnitude (MB), duration magnitude (MD), local magnitude (ML), surface-wave magnitude (MS), moment magnitude (MW)
Natural disasters:The number of natural disasters in Washoe County (23) is a lot greater than the US average (12).
Major Disasters (Presidential) Declared: 4
Emergencies Declared: 3
Causes of natural disasters: Fires: 16, Floods: 4, Storms: 4, Snows: 2, Hurricane: 1 (Note: Some incidents may be assigned to more than one category).
Colleges/universities with over 2000 students nearest to Pyramid Lake:
Average household size:
Percentage of family households:
Percentage of households with unmarried partners:
Likely homosexual households (counted as self-reported same-sex unmarried-partner households)
Residents with income below the poverty level in 2009:
Residents with income below 50% of the poverty level in 2009:
Detailed information about poverty and poor residents in Pyramid Lake, NV
Pyramid Lake compared to Nevada state average:
Educational Attainment (%) in 2000
School Enrollment by Level of School (%) in 2000
Most commonly used house heating fuel:
Presidential Elections Results
1996 2000 2004 2008 2012
1996 Presidential Elections Results
2000 Presidential Elections Results
2004 Presidential Elections Results
2008 Presidential Elections Results
2012 Presidential Elections Results
Graphs represent county-level data. Detailed 2008 Election Results
Religion statistics for Pyramid Lake CCD (based on Washoe County data)Percentage of population affiliated with a religious congregations: 27.94%
Breakdown of population affiliated with a religious congregations
Tables represent county-level data.
Food Environment Statistics:
Number of grocery stores: 56
Number of supercenters and club stores: 5
Number of convenience stores (no gas): 40
Number of convenience stores (with gas): 109
Number of full-service restaurants: 283
Adult diabetes rate:
Adult obesity rate:
Low-income preschool obesity rate:
7.47% of this county's 2006 resident taxpayers lived in other counties in 2005 ($53,457 average adjusted gross income)
0.16% of residents moved from foreign countries ($1,296 average AGI)
Top counties from which taxpayers relocated into this county between 2005 and 2006:
6.75% of this county's 2005 resident taxpayers moved to other counties in 2006 ($47,445 average adjusted gross income)
0.07% of residents moved to foreign countries ($467 average AGI)
Top counties to which taxpayers relocated from this county between 2005 and 2006:
Strongest AM radio stations in Pyramid Lake:
Strongest FM radio stations in Pyramid Lake:
Back to Pyramid Lake, NV housing info, Washoe County, Nevada, NV smaller cities, NV small cities, All Cities.


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President and future CEO Randy Pearce wants to move the hair salon operator beyond its bruising proxy battle with Starboard Value.
Regis Salon at the Nicollet Mall and 6th St. in Minneapolis
Photo: David Brewster, Star Tribune
When all is said and done, Regis Corp. President Randy Pearce's day turned out pretty well Thursday.
Dissident investor Starboard Value LP won three seats on the Edina-based company's seven-member board of directors, partly because of its blistering criticism of senior executives like Pearce. Nevertheless, the longtime Regis veteran will still succeed Paul Finkelstein as CEO next year.
But Pearce -- who later Thursday afternoon was given a new, eighth seat after the board voted to expand -- knows he can't take anything for granted.
"I realize every person has to perform," Pearce told the Star Tribune. "I'm not pleased with our financial performance. I agree with our shareholders that we need to turn around our financial performance."
Starboard executives said Pearce's path to the CEO's office, which the company had announced earlier this year, was never really in doubt. But you wouldn't have known that, given Starboard's bare-knuckled campaign to replace three Regis directors with its own candidates: Starboard CEO Jeffrey Smith; former Charming Shoppes CEO James Fogarty, and David Williams, who previously served as executive vice president of Chemed.
Starboard said the company, under Finkelstein and Pearce, was bloated with costs and lacked operational focus. The firm also accused Regis of bad corporate governance. For example, Starboard argued Regis should have conducted a broader search for a new CEO. While Starboard said Pearce was a qualified candidate, the firm suggested Pearce was too much of an insider to bring real change to the company.
But that's water under the bridge, said Peter Feld, Starboard's portfolio manager and head of research. What Starboard really wanted, besides its three board seats, was to infuse Regis with a sense of urgency, he said.
"People's eyes are now open," Feld said. "That's the most important thing to come out" of the proxy battle.
The Edina-based operator of hair salons said Thursday that first-quarter profits fell to $8.3 million or 15 cents per share, down from $18.3 million or 32 cents per share for the same time a year ago. Sales at stores open for at least a year, a key growth measure for retailers, dropped 3.1 percent.
Regis is already feeling the influence of Starboard, a New York-based activist hedge fund that owns 5.2 percent of the company. Regis is exploring the sale of Hair Club for Men and Women and will cut $40 million to $50 million in costs over the next two years.
Starboard and Pearce said they've not yet discussed whether Regis should dump other non-core assets, including 400 salons it operates in the United Kingdom and the minority stakes it holds in Provalliance, a chain of 2,760 salons in Europe, and Empire Education Group, a chain of 102 U.S. cosmetology schools.
"The core of what we do is [run North American] salons," Pearce said. "We know that."
At Regis' annual shareholder meeting, Pearce pledged to seek out more savings, but in a "thoughtful way" that doesn't hurt the salon experience. He also said the company will trim its hodgepodge of store brands, including Regis Salons, Supercuts, MasterCuts and Cost Cutters.
"This creates inefficiencies in the minds of consumers," Pearce told investors. "They don't differentiate between the brands."
Pearce said Starboard and Regis never really differed on strategy, just how many seats Starboard should hold.
"We had very constructive meetings with Starboard," Pearce said. "There was a lot of common ground. There were not significant differences of opinions on what needed to be done."
Thomas Lee • 612-673-4113
Figures in millions except for earnings per share.


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Lillian Gives Candy To Strangers
I made marshmallows (recipe incoming) and then hit the streets to see if I could get strangers to take my homemade candy. Parents were super excited to let their kids have my kosher, cane sugar-free marshmallows. And can you blame them? I can't. Those things are GOOD.
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Filed in: Beyond The Apron • Episodes
About the Author (Author Profile)I embark on on-camera, healthy food adventures while I make other people's recipes (Sometimes vegan. Sometimes raw. Mostly paleo. Always gluten, grain, dairy, refined sugar, soy, and corn free) for the very first time on camera. I also do a daily gratiTUDE series in which I write about something I am grateful for everyday because the secret to happiness is realizing that the good stuff is already all around us. Let's have a good time, shall we?
Comments (8)
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You are truly a nice lady.
Oh I loved watching this, Lillian! You are so awesome. The lady was like, "My kids have never had a marshmallow." I can totally relate. My kids have never had many traditional candy. I make a marshmallow recipe from the Urban Poser, but your maple syrup recipe has me very interested indeed! Can't wait. xoxo
This was such a good video.!
The seed that you planted that healthy sugarfree marshmellos, was fabulous!
I love watching your videos!
LOVE your videos! You inspire me to try new (and sometimes hard) things. This video was awesome! Looking forward to making these myself when the recipe is published. Way to go, girl!


text:
1. Ben said on Oct. 20, 2009
Well, this fits the other data better. Rapidly declining West Antarctic ice made no sense in the context of the record-high sea ice in 2007.
Now, this begs the question: "What evidence remains that the Antarctic is losing ice?" and its follow-up "Why is it losing ice?" It's not like the Antarctic is warm enough for melting, and ice loss can be caused by temperature decreases which stop precipitation.


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The Sky PrincessThe Sky Princess (1942) - Puppetoons Theatrical Cartoon Series
This page has been viewed 34 times this month, and 1200 times total.
- Puppetoons Theatrical Cartoon SeriesTheatricalSeriesCartoon
- Stop-motion Animation
- Paramount Pictures
- Distributed by: Paramount Pictures
- Cartoon Characters: Princess, Prince, Witch, Dwarf.
- Voice Actors: Victor Jory, Rex Ingram.
- Directed By George Pal.
- Produced By George Pal.
- Originally Released on March 27, 1942.
- Originally Released Theatrically.
- Running Time: 8 minutes.
- TechniColor
Cartoon Summary:
This Puppetoon encapsulates the story of "Sleeping Beauty" on an island floating in the sky, and is set to music from Tchaikovsky's ballet. The jealous fairy of... (more)
Cartoon Production Information:
Stop-Motion Animation.
Additional Cartoon Pictures:
Puppetoons Series Title Card
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- Cooking Time: 5hours or so
- Servings:
- Preparation Time: 15 minutes
- 1 (6 1/2-pound) all-beef bologna
- 1/2 cup Dijon mustard
- 1 1/2 cups golden brown sugar
- 1 loaf sliced white bread
- 1 jar yellow mustard
- Heat oven to 300
- Foi la large roasting pan.
- Using a small sharp knife score the top of the bologna, cutting about 1/4-inch deep, to create a diamond design.
- Place the bologna, cut side down, in the foil lined pan and spread a thin layer of mustard on the exposed areas. Using your hands, press the brown sugar onto the Dijon mustard to create a coating.
- Turn the bologna over, and spread the top and sides with the remaining Dijon mustard.
- Press the remaining brown sugar onto the mustard to coat the entire bologna well.
- Place the bologna in the top third of the oven.
- Bake for 5 hours, rotating the bologna
- Remove the bologna from the pan and place it on a large platter.
- Slice the bologna 1/2-inch thick and make sandwiches on fresh white bread and you can use mayo or mustard. YUM!!!
NotesI so old school it isn't funny but I sometime crave bologna and this is so good of a recipe you just got to give bologna try if you haven't .
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Detroit throws spotlight on munisJuly 28,2013A municipality filing for bankruptcy protection is rare, but you still ought to pay attention to what happens to bondholders in the case of Detroit.
The citys Chapter 9 filing will likely set some precedents including how investors or their investment advisers view municipal bonds, also known as munis.
I think that the potential risks to the municipal bond market are serious, said David D. Tawil, co-founder and portfolio manager for Maglan Capital, a New York investment firm that specializes in distressed assets. At the very least, municipal bonds will no longer be considered a risk-free asset.
Detroits filing comes at a time when the Securities and Exchange Commission is increasing its investigations of municipalities that arent being upfront about their finances in disclosures about their bonds.
Earlier this month, the SEC charged the city of Miami and its former budget director with securities fraud related to several municipal bond offerings. The SEC alleges that misleading financial information was given to investors.
Municipal bonds have significantly lower rates of default than corporate or foreign government bonds. Nevertheless, municipal bonds can and do default, and these defaults can negatively impact investors in ways other than non-payment, including delayed payments and pricing disruptions, the SEC said in a report last year.
As Detroits bankruptcy progresses and other municipalities face greater scrutiny over their lack of disclosure, it could affect the reputation and cost of municipal bonds, some experts believe. But even if that doesnt happen, watch and learn more about an investment you might have in your portfolio but may not really understand.
When states, cities, counties and other governmental entities need to raise money to build highways, hospitals, schools, libraries, sewer systems or other public projects, they may issue bonds or debt obligations. Investors lend the municipalities money to pay for the projects in exchange for a promise that they will get back their principal at a specified maturity date plus interest paid at a specified time. The appeal of many munis is the state and federal tax exemption on the interest.
Investors get paid depending on the type of the bond. In some cases, an issuer may promise to make payments out of any funds it has available, including funds available through its power of taxation, explains the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board. These are generally referred to as general obligation bonds or full faith and credit bonds.
In other cases, investors who buy revenue bonds are paid from income generated by a specific facility or system. The board says, When only a specific source is pledged to pay the bonds, the issuer generally will not be obligated to use any other source to repay the bonds if the pledged source proves to be inadequate.
Its important to understand the distinction between general obligation bonds and revenue bonds. Detroit had proposed paying general obligation bondholders pennies on the dollar.
Detroit simply cannot raise enough revenue to meet its current obligations, and that is a situation that is only projected to get worse absent a bankruptcy filing, Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder said in a letter supporting the filing.
The city wants to treat the bonds as unsecured debt even though the bonds are supposed to be backed by tax revenue and guaranteed by Michigans Constitution.
No one has really tested whether general obligation bonds are better or worse than revenue bonds, Maglan Capitals Tawil said.
At the end of 2011, there were more than 1 million different municipal bonds outstanding in the principal amount of more than $3.7 trillion, the SEC says. Individuals, or retail investors, directly or indirectly hold more than 75 percent of these municipal securities.
The people who own munis tend to be older, safety-conscious investors looking for current income, said Ric Edelman, chairman and chief executive of Edelman Financial Services.
How safe are munis really? he asked. There are so many unknowns because all of this is so new. We are not recommending muni bonds for our clients and havent for many years. And I see no reason to change that.
In the Detroit case, there could be an ugly showdown in court over promised benefits to city retirees and bondholders. In its report, the SEC was concerned about investors not fully understanding whether cities had unfunded pensions and how the lack of funds or revenue to meet all their obligations can affect the safety of their bonds.
The agency said the accuracy and adequacy of disclosure regarding obligations by municipal securities issuers should be a concern for legislators and investors.
So yes, what happens in Detroit may not stay in Detroit.
Michelle Singletary is a financial columnist for The Washington Post.MORE IN National / World BusinessWASHINGTON President Barack Obama declared Friday that Sony Pictures Entertainment made a... Full StoryWASHINGTON President Barack Obama declared Friday that Sony Pictures Entertainment made a... Full StoryNEW YORK Oils slump didnt just hit the stock market, its shaken up the junk-bond market, too. Full Story
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iHome iPad 2 Bluetooth Keyboard Case - Black
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Make typing on your Apple iPad 2 a whole lot easier while keeping it safe with the iHome iPad 2 Bluetooth Keyboard Case. The iHome iPad 2 Bluetooth Keyboard Case wirelessly connects to your iPad, allowing you to type away with ease. It's sleek, stylish design with a secure magnetic closure make this the perfect addition to your iPad 2. It even gives you multiple viewing options. The included Mini-USB cable lets you charge your keyboard via your computer or USB wall adapter.Learn More


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A humorous and weird look into how the Red Cross can help you with anything and I mean anything.
Listen to a recording after the below link:
Category: Articles and Books
Views: 26
Name your own price, then watch as dozens of participants submit ideas and choose your favorite. Our 100% money-back guarantee makes it risk-free!
Let us match you up with one of our very best Creatives and work 1-to-1 in complete privacy. You'll have all of the same tools and features as our regular projects!


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Meaning and name origin
Warren \wa(r)-ren\ as a boy's name is of Old English and Middle English origin, and the meaning of Warren is "watchman; park warden". A warren was originally a game preserve. The word is now used to describe human dwellings that appear like the haphazard tunnels of a rabbit. Also possibly from Norman French "warrene" meaning "stockyard". The name was used in the late 19th century and made famous by President Warren G. Harding. Actor Warren Beatty; American Supreme Court Chief Justice Warren Burger; football player Warren Sapp.
Warren has 4 variant forms: Ware, Waring, Warrin and Warriner.
Warren is also pronounced similarly to Aaren, Aarron, Arren and Orren. Other suggested similar baby names are Barren, Darren, Farren, Garren, Jarren, Larren, Tarren and Warden.
Warren is a very popular first name for males (#164 out of 1220) and also a very popular surname or last name for all people (#138 out of 88799) (2000 U.S. Census).
Displayed below is the baby names popularity of Warren name for boys (2012 statistics). Compare Warren with its variant forms and related boy baby names.
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Originally published Thursday, October 7, 2010 at 7:13 PM
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Court upholds ban on felons voting
A federal appeals court reversed course Thursday and upheld Washington state's ban on voting by prison inmates in a case that challenged the disproportionate effect it has on minority voters.
The Associated Press
A federal appeals court reversed course Thursday and upheld Washington state's ban on voting by prison inmates in a case that challenged the disproportionate effect it has on minority voters.
A three-judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals caused a stir by ruling in January that Washington's inmates should be allowed to vote. That decision was expected to give momentum to other efforts to expand voting to inmates; only Maine and Vermont allow those behind bars to cast ballots.
But an 11-judge panel reconsidered the case at a hearing in San Francisco last month and unanimously upheld Washington's ban, which dates to 1866, before statehood.
"This ruling affirms the rights of states to withhold the right to vote from those who've committed the most serious crimes against society," Washington Attorney General Rob McKenna said.
The judges said that to challenge the ban under the Voting Rights Act, inmates would have to demonstrate intentional discrimination in the state's criminal-justice system — not just a disparity in the racial makeup of the prison population.
The inmates suing in Washington made no such showing, they said.
"Felon-disenfranchisement laws have a long history in the United States," the court said. "These laws predate the Jim Crow era and, with a few notable exceptions, have not been adopted based on racial considerations."
The suit against Washington's law was filed by Muhammad Shabazz Farrakhan, formerly of Bellevue. He was serving a three-year sentence at the Washington State Penitentiary in Walla Walla for a series of felony-theft convictions when he sued the state in 1996.
Five other inmates, all members of racial minority groups, later joined as plaintiffs. They argued the voting ban "results in a denial or abridgment of the right ... to vote on account of race," and thus violated the Voting Rights Act.
The first milestone ruling in the case came in 2003, when a 9th Circuit panel ruled 2-1 that inmates could challenge the voting ban by presenting evidence of racial disparities in the prison population.
The 9th Circuit and the U.S. Supreme Court declined to reconsider that ruling, but the 11-judge panel backed away from it, saying Thursday it was too sweeping and ran counter to opinions from other federal appeals courts. Instead, they adopted the rule that inmates must show intentional racial discrimination.
McKenna and Secretary of State Sam Reed said they were pleased the court recognized there is no evidence of intentional discrimination in the criminal-justice system but said they remain concerned about the disproportionate number of blacks in state prisons.
Blacks make up about 4 percent of Washington's population but 17 percent of the people under the Department of Corrections' supervision. McKenna said that's a dramatic improvement from a few decades ago, when the disparity was far more stark.
He also said that some minorities — Hispanics, Asian-Americans and Pacific Islanders — are actually underrepresented in the prison population.
Last year, the Legislature passed a law that allows convicted felons to register to vote once they're no longer on parole or probation. Previously, they couldn't regain their voting rights until they paid all court-ordered fines and restitution — a hurdle that many found nearly impossible to overcome.
Farrakhan was represented by a law clinic at Gonzaga University. The clinic did not immediately return a message seeking comment Thursday.
Sarah Dunne, legal director of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Washington, which filed a friend-of-the-court brief, said she was disappointed by the ruling.
"The reality is that there are many imperfections in the criminal-justice system, and the statistics bear this out," she said in a written statement. "People of color are searched, arrested, charged and convicted in disproportionate numbers. The ACLU will continue to work against the racial bias that does in fact exist in the system."
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The Made in USA collection from New Balance presents some solid new runners for Spring 2014. As usual the premium materials and innovative choice of colors, result in several new silhouettes for the start of the new year. The New Balance 1300 is presented in two new colorways – one with grey uppers and icy blue accents and the other one with blue uppers and burgundy accents. Look out for a release of both of these in the coming weeks.
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This project is unusual, so it's something that will certainly capture the attention of anyone, particularly a kid. It's an antenna built out of PVC pipe, a tape measure and a handful of hose clamps.
This antenna is designed for two-meter operations, which, for a newbie ham operator, is one of the bands available under the Technician license in the US. Plus it's easy to build and gives a great opportunity to teach several subjects with a hands-on approach.
Disclaimer: This project isn't new; it's not even my idea or design. I used the design from Joe Leggios (WB2HOL). The plans to his antenna are here.
Project Background
My nephew recently expressed interest in earning his Technician class amateur radio license. While some people discount the Technician level license of amateur radio as "ridiculously simple" (including a well known conservative talk radio personality) it's not so easy for an eight-year old. It requires comprehension of concepts that they still have yet to cover in school. Topics like basic algebra and principals of electricity.
When I set out to find a project, I was looking for something unusual that would grab his attention but something that was easy, fast and required few tools or skills. And I wanted it to be cheap. There is a total of $20 in materials in this antenna, assuming everything is purchased specifically for this project and not scavenged or salvaged parts.
The fundamentals of antennas is the one area I've been finding difficult to teach my nephew. Mostly because I refuse to "teach the test". I want him to fully understand the material, not just pass a test. And I have found that I have had to teach him basic algebra in the process.
This project was perfect as I could scale it up or down as a lesson in a number of ways. Which is to say you can use the plans to build a perfectly workable antenna, or, you can use the formula for a Yagi antenna to modify the design. In my case, my nephew and I used the plans from WB2HOL, but we worked through the math to come up with element lengths.
And, in the end, we built something useable for when he earns his Technician class license.
Materials List
3/4" Schedule 40 PVC Pipe - at least 25"
6 hose clams big enough to fit around the PVC pipe
1 3/4" PVC tee
2 3/4" PVC crosses
8' RG-58 cable with a connector attached to one side. I soldered a female BNC to mine.
5" wire. I used 18 gauge solid copper wire, but I'm told anything works.
Rosin core solder
Tape measure with 1" wide tape
PVC glue
Tools Needed
Soldering iron
Tape measure
Pipe cutters
Wire stripper
Shears or scissors
Sand paper
SWR Meter
Screwdriver or wrench for tightening the hose clamps
My first homebrew antenna and my first Instructable build. Super easy and fun to build! Tested it out on a Baofeng UV-5RAX handheld and was able to pick up a friend on the same model radio about 6 miles away. I just used regular CATV coax. I have a friend with SWR meter... will have to run it through to see if it needs any tweaking. Thanks for the Instructable!
Safety feature: The locals that have used these for transmitter hunt antennas for the last decade or so discovered something a long time ago... The edges of the tape measure section can be VERY sharp and can cut a gash faster than you can blink. I'd do two things: first, use a file on the sharp ends to reduce the sharpness as much as possible... Second, cover the ends with something - the most common thing you see around here is a piece of cloth duct tape folded over each end of each element.
BTW, if you have a Harbor Freight in your area, walk in and sign up for the snail-mailed coupons Every so often their monthly snail-mail flyer includes a coupon for a free 25 foot (by 1 inch) tape measure just for walking into the store (no purchase required). Two other frequent freebies are a low-end-DVM or a 6-piece screwdriver set (both of which live in my ARES go-bag).
Ive seen a number of antennas such as this. Im curious where and why the 5" piece of wire is used. Is the wire a matching section or impedance balance component?
Thanks so much for the clarification.
I guess the camera "fish-eye" effect is making the top length look longer than the middle length. At least I can count the inch marks and see the top length is off-center by 1 inch, having 18 inches to the left and 16 inches to the right. I assume you've caught that by now and adjusted it.
An inch between the ends of the driven elements seemed to work pretty well for me in this design. When I moved the driven elements closer or father from each other, the SWR changed, and not in good ways. At exactly an inch, I had just a touch over 1:1 but under 1.1:1 on the SWR meter at the frequency the elements were cut for. It's the best I was able to achieve and really good considering. Funny you mention car antennas, I actually scavenged several yesterday because I was thinking the next project with my nephew would be a Yagi built out of them.
nice instructables!
Copper cacti were used by Hams in apartments with terraces and a no external antenna rule (of any kind). So you plop it in a Ceramic Vase and call it sculpture. (fer real).
Ladder line hard to get (jpole) Take a piece of plastic corrugated "cardboard" shove the appropriate pieces of "12 solid down two of the corrugations at the right distance from each other (parallel)make the connections take silicone sealant and squirt into the open ends of corrugations. There will be 2 or 3 empty channels near the middle pull some fishing line through them to make a nice hanger. while this will not roll up it is also light and you can with aid of rope pull it up into a tree.
Get dimensions for ladder line from the net. Alternatively you could just glue the wire to anything for the spacing add a hole to the "backer board" add the string.
Then you can build the attic antennas! (quaggie)
OH I fergit, let him make a Jpole and a Copper Cactus. The CC will let him/her use flames. Nothing better'n flames and ham radio. Sometimes the radio provide both!
Interesting idea! I think I'll do that. One can never have enough antennas and I'm sure I have some copper laying around somewhere. Thanks for the idea.
Glad to see another "Elmer" in the mix. I made one of these a few years ago from Joes plans. Works quite nicely!
All my best to the young fellow working on his ticket.
Here's a look-see at the one I put together.
Thanks! These things work really well; of course why wouldn't they? Yagi's are pretty amazing antennas.
I didn't find yours until well after I posted this one. These are fun because they are so simple to put together. Definitely a great project.
2 meters?
how about 6 meters?
nice instructable and Kudo's as well to the guy who thought it up! (WB2HOL)
the new 1 inch wide rulers really can work well and being able to roll them up is a hoot.
Great for a back pack if you use "rollers" to roll them up to stay put and then get to top of say Bear Mountain in NY and fire up the Limark repeater system! I did it with a crappy rubber duck on an HTX 202 on Lo Power, dfq even. This would make it even better!
Height makes mite they say! so put it in a tree.
Thanks! That's one of the things I plan to try to get him into when he gets his ticket. 73!


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Friday Roundup: Public Comment, Portability and Parking Lots
Published on 5 Oct 2012 Written by Jennifer Easton Posted in Industry
Our weekly collection of green building clips. Share your good reads of the week in the comments below.
- Fifth public comment for LEED v4 opens: Open Oct. 2 to Dec. 10, public comment allows anyone to view the most recent draft of the LEED rating systems and provide input. New features include a video on how to submit comments and ability to participate on LEEDuser.
- An Experimental New Starbucks Store: Tiny, Portable, And Hyper Local, FastCoDesign.com
- Enlightened business strategy: closing the sustainability gap, The Guardian: Companies that prosper in future will be the ones that take action on sustainability now.
- Solar panels to provide lots of cool, shady airport parking, Arizona Daily Star: Tucson International Airport reimagines the parking lot with vegetated walls, a solar-powered canopy, and more.
- LEED rating system for green building grows into global phenomenon, MercuryNews.com
Jennifer Easton made 10 contributions in the last 6 months
Jennifer EastonMarketing & Communications Project Manager U.S. Green Building Council
3 commentsLeave a comment
2 years 9 weeks ago
Kathryn West
Merrick & Company
it's a beautiful store! I hope it stay where it is :) and yes alliterations are absolutely awesome.
2 years 10 weeks ago
Kathryn West
Merrick & Company
I don't understand using the term "portable" is this new? re: MRP2
In Industry 12.19.2014
Greening the global supply chain part 2: Eco-Effectiveness
In Industry 12.12.2014
Sound bites: Telling your sustainability story
In Industry 12.12.2014
Balancing compelling images and convincing text when promoting your LEED project
In Industry 12.9.2014


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Northeast State Community College shall collect a student activity fee from each student, per semester. Fees help support student activities, including, but not limited to, cultural and performing arts, institutional student honors, student health services and graduation. Through this process, funds collected from the activity fee shall be used to:
Appropriation. A fee of $23.00 shall be collected from each student per semester.
Allocations. Funds collected shall be allocated using the following disbursement:
Activity Fee Committee. The Student Activity Fee Committee monitors student activity fees, develops procedures for and approves the disbursement of funds and reviews requests for funds from student organizations and student groups. The committee shall be comprised of the following positions:
The committee shall meet no less than one time per year and schedule budget hearings, as needed, if student groups or organizations request additional funding.
Annual requests for funding from student groups or organizations are due to the Director of Leadership Programs by October 1. Requestors shall utilize a Request for Student Activity Fee Allocation form when submitting funding requests.
Allocation Criteria. All student requisitions for purchases, travel authorizations, travel claims, bookstore charges and receipts must be processed and approved by the Director of Leadership Programs to ensure accurate accounting of student activity fees allocated to student groups or organizations. In addition, allocation shall be based on the following criteria:
Remaining carryover funding may be used for student organizations and non-reoccurring student activities at the discretion of the Vice President for Student Affairs.
Please refer to TBR Guideline B-060 for additional information.
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Revision History: April 2014


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A tiny Queensland invention is expected to become standard on all new cars in the state.
Topics: police, inventions, brisbane-4000
A South African inventor has developed an anti-malaria wristwatch that monitors the blood of those who wear it and sounds an alarm when the parasite is detected.
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A Welsh inventor claims to have found the perfect solution to rowdy youngsters: noise.
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Finnish scientists have invented a device to make it harder to steal mobile phones and laptops by enabling them to detect changes in their owner's walking style and then freeze to prevent unauthorised use.
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A flexible, electronic skin could provide robots, car seats and even carpets the ability to sense pressure and heat.
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Hollywood's top movie studios have agreed on a pivotal technical standard that clears the way for a brave new era of digital film projection in cinemas worldwide.
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If a surfer one day tells you he learnt to do a Pipeline Break in Iowa, Switzerland or Kazakhstan, don't laugh - it may soon become a reality.
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A group of Charles Darwin University students in the Northern Territory have designed a new wheelie bin to help people when their hands are full.
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Scientists and entrepreneurs from across Europe will gather in Paris this weekend for the first European Research and Innovation Exhibition, hoping to conjure up some high-tech synergy and narrow the "innovation gap" with the US and Japan.
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Posted| Updated
Self-replicating robots are no longer the stuff of science fiction, with scientists creating small robots that can build copies of themselves.
Topics: inventions, robots-and-artificial-intelligence, united-states
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Burning landmines left over from conflicts could be quicker, easier and safer than blowing them up, the developers of a new device have said.
Topics: inventions, south-africa, united-kingdom
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The Federal Opposition has warned the technology behind the wave energy plant at Port Kembla on the New South Wales south coast could move offshore unless it receives more Government support.
Topics: alternative-energy, federal-government, inventions, wollongong-2500
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A new hearing aid being developed by Australian scientists is described as surround-sound inside your ears.
Topics: medical-research, inventions, australia
The Gold Coast is showcasing its skills and inventiveness.
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Worried by a spate of high-profile attacks on children, parents in Japan are turning to the most advanced technology to make sure their kids will never be missing for a moment or stabbed by a knife.
Topics: offbeat, inventions, japan
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An Australian invention that immobilises radioactive waste is to be used to clean up five tonnes of nuclear waste at Sellafield in the United Kingdom.
Topics: inventions, nuclear-issues, australia, united-kingdom
A US communications company has unveiled its almost-finished prototype of an unmanned airship designed to fly 21 kilometres above the earth and send broadband and mobile phone signals to an area the size of Texas.
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Indian tea scientists have produced a tea-flavoured pill that can be chewed or quickly dissolved in hot or cold water.
Topics: inventions, offbeat, india
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Sanitation in the tsunami devastated region of Banda Aceh is being improved with the help of 40 Tasmanian toilets.
Topics: pollution, relief-and-aid-organisations, tidal-wave, inventions, tas, aceh
Wolves in Finland with a taste for domestic dogs could soon be in for a shock, following reports an electrified dog coat could soon be on sale in Helsinki shops.
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A pair of New York inventors believe they can thwart music pirates by secretly burying an anti-piracy warning in a track, which is revealed if the copyright has been abused, New Scientist reports.
Topics: inventions, music, music-industry, crime, internet-technology, united-states
Posted| Updated
The Japanese will soon have a refrigerator that can keep meals hot as well as cold to accommodate families who dine apart most of the time.
Topics: offbeat, inventions, japan
Posted| Updated
The proponents of a new airconditioning system say the South Australian invention could result in massive financial and environmental savings if adopted worldwide.
Topics: inventions, environment, adelaide-5000
Dutch researchers have developed vision equipment that makes video imaging at night as clear and as colourful as in broad daylight, the British weekly New Scientist says.
Topics: inventions, netherlands
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A Launceston woman has invented a water-saving device that has been awarded a Federal Government innovation grant.
Topics: inventions, company-news, water, launceston-7250


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FBI: BlackShades infected half-million computers
NEW YORK (AP) — More than a half-million computers in over 100 countries were infected by sophisticated malware that lets cybercriminals remotely hijack a computer…
In this Aug. 28, 2011 file photo, Kevin Hart poses backstage at the MTV Video Music Awards in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Chris Pizzello, File) PHILADELPHIA (AP) — Actor and comedian Kevin Hart donated 500 computers to schools and recreation centers in his hometown of Philadelphia, a move that he hopes will inspire others to follow his lead.
Lynn Boyden, an information architect in web services at the University of Southern California, poses with a dating website on her computer at the USC information technology services center in Los Angeles.Boyden says she has developed two identities online: a public one for her professional life and a private one that only a few close friends can access. She tries to block advertising trackers when she can and limits what personal data might wind up on public sites. (AP Photo/Reed Saxon) by Barbara OrtutayAP Technology Writer NEW YORK (AP) — The Internet has become so entwined in their lives that many Americans might have trouble coping without it. But a new survey found that some 15 percent of Americans — about 1 in 7 — don't use the Internet at all. Most of them prefer it that way.
ARRESTED FOR DUI- This April 8, 2013 photo shows U.S. actor Kevin Hart posing for photographers during the MIPTV, world's audiovisual and digital content market in Cannes, southern France. (AP Photo/Philippe Farjon, file) by Ben Brumfield (CNN) — Comedian and actor Kevin Hart says he'll straighten up his act. And he's not being funny.
CONNECTING MORE–Mahrinah von Schlegel, managing director of Cibola, an incubator for tech entrepreneurs that will open this spring, checks a social networking site at her…
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