text:
Effect of migration on children's educational performance in rural China.
Migration is widely known by researchers and policy makers as one of the main ways of alleviating poverty in developing countries (Todaro, 1989). Many positive effects have been identified. Having a migrant mi·grant
1. One that moves from one region to another by chance, instinct, or plan.
2. An itinerant worker who travels from one area to another in search of work.
Migratory. may increase a household's income per capita [Latin, By the heads or polls.] A term used in the Descent and Distribution of the estate of one who dies without a will. It means to share and share alike according to the number of individuals. significantly (eg, Duet al., 2005). Migrant remittances
- Remittance can also refer to the accounting concept of a monetary payment transferred by a customer to a business
Remittances are transfers of money by foreign workers to their home countries. have been shown to help reduce income inequality inequality, in mathematics, statement that a mathematical expression is less than or greater than some other expression; an inequality is not as specific as an equation, but it does contain information about the expressions involved. in countries such as Mexico (eg, Benjamin et al., 2005; McKenzie and Rapoport, 2007). Increases in out-migration can lead to increased investment in assets related to agricultural production and other investments in source communities (de Brauw and Giles, 2007). Giles (2006) shows that access to migration offers a risk-coping mechanism that allows households to reduce the variability of income caused by shocks affecting agricultural production.
Migration itself, however, is not costless. In recent years, a group of researchers have raised concerns about the potential negative effects of migration on the educational outcome of the school-aged children that are left behind in rural areas when one or both of their parents out-migrate to cities for work. McKenzie and Rapoport (2006) found that children in migrant households are less likely to be attending school and complete fewer total years of schooling than children in non-migrant households. One of the main reasons may be that migration results in significantly less parental supervision of school attendance and the loss of any positive influence through learning at home (Hanson and Woodruff, 2004). There may be other effects. For example, students may have less time to spend on studying because they have to do more housework when parents out-migrate. Similar findings of adverse effects of migration on children's schooling are also observed in Philippines (Battistella and Conaco, 1998).
On the other hand, researchers have also found a positive relationship between migration and education of migrant children. Remittance Money sent from one individual to another in the form of cash, check, or some other manner.
Financial statements sent by a creditor to a debtor frequently refer to the process of submitting a monthly remittance.
REMITTANCE, comm. law. transfers, by relaxing a household's liquidity constraint A liquidity constraint in economic theory is a form of imperfection in the capital market. It causes difficulties for models based on intertemporal consumption.
Many economic models require individuals to save or borrow money from time to time. , allow investment in education and thereby can increase educational attainment Educational attainment is a term commonly used by statisticans to refer to the highest degree of education an individual has completed.[1]
The US Census Bureau Glossary defines educational attainment as "the highest level of education completed in terms of the of children in migrant households. For example, Cox Edwards and Ureta (2003) found that receiving remittances reduces the likelihood of quitting school among individuals aged 6-24 years in E1 Salvador. Similar arguments are also found in Glewwe and Jacoby (2004). In addition, migration, by increasing household income, can contribute positively to child development (Blau, 1999; Duncan et al., 1994). Overall, migrant children could benefit from the positive income effect of migration.
The impact of migration on the educational performance of children that are left behind is also an important and emerging issue in China. The migrant labour migrant labour
Semiskilled or unskilled workers who move from one region to another, offering their services on a temporary, usually seasonal, basis. In North America, migrant labour is generally employed in agriculture and moves seasonally from south to north following the force has been growing rapidly since the 1990s in China, surpassing 100 million individuals (de Brauw et al., 2002). Migrants also are moving further away from home and leaving for a longer period of time (Rozelle et al., 1999). Since most of China's migration is by individuals instead of entire households, in most cases the school-aged children are left behind in the village when their parents move to the city for work (Wu, 2004). Researchers have claimed that school performance of migrant children is adversely affected (Li, 2004; Tan TAN
See tax anticipation note (TAN). and Wang, 2004; Wang and Wu, 2003; Zhou and Wu, 2004).
If migration indeed has a negative impact on education of the next generation, the government may want to respond. In fact, in the long run, Heckman (2005) actually argues that the government probably should start to modify education policies to favour children of migrants.
The overall goal of this paper is to examine the effect of migration activities of parents on the educational performance of their children and provide policy makers with information about whether or not they need to do anything to change the school systems and childcare systems in China's rural and urban areas. To meet the overall goal, we will pursue two specific objectives. First, we compare the distribution of children's scores across different types of households (migrant and non-migrant households) and over time (before and after one or both parents out-migrate). Second, we examine whether migration negatively affects the school performance of migrant children.
The data used in this paper come from a survey conducted by the authors in 2006. The sample was drawn from 36 primary schools in 12 townships in Shaanxi province, one of the nation's poorest provinces. The sample was drawn using a four-stage clustering design with random sampling procedures employed at each stage. In each stage, we randomly chose six counties that were selected from 93 counties in Shaanxi province; two townships from each county; and three primary schools were randomly chosen from a list of all primary schools with six years of schooling (or all wanxiao) in each township township: see town. .
The sample students were selected during the final stage of sampling. The sample included all students that were in the entering year of the sixth grade classes in each of the sample schools. On average, there were 1.4 sixth grade classes per school, ranging from one to three. Since the survey was conducted in September and the school year in China runs between early September and mid-July, all of the sample students had just completed the fifth grade about 2 months ago. In total, the sample included 1,649 children and their families. Approximately 45% of the sample students were girls. The ages of the students ranged between 10 and 16 years. (1) In addition, since we sampled from the population of students that made it to the sixth grade, we did not track down those that either dropped out or accompanied their parents to the city before the sixth grade. Fortunately, according to according to
1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians.
2. In keeping with: according to instructions.
3. the information from the principal questionnaire-based interviews, this is not a serious problem. The drop-out rate in our sample is low. More than 98 % of the children that started first grade were still in school in the sixth grade.
In addition to interviewing students directly, we also elicited e·lic·it
tr.v. e·lic·it·ed, e·lic·it·ing, e·lic·its
a. To bring or draw out (something latent); educe.
b. To arrive at (a truth, for example) by logic.
2. information about the students from their homeroom home·room
A school classroom to which a group of pupils of the same grade are required to report each day.
Noun 1. homeroom teachers (or banzhuren). In more than 90 % of the cases, the homeroom teacher had been with the students for at least 2 years. In China, homeroom teachers are in charge of administering students' school programme in addition to teaching one or two subjects. For many reasons, the homeroom teacher was intimately familiar with the school performance and family life of each student.
The measure of one of the key variables, educational achievement, is based on the math and Chinese language scores of the students from the calendar year 2001/2002 (the year in which the students were in the first grade) to 2005/2006 (the year students were in the fifth grade). Fortunately, students in all the sample schools keep in their possession a booklet that records their math and Chinese scores for each semester se·mes·ter
One of two divisions of 15 to 18 weeks each of an academic year.
[German, from Latin (cursus) s during their schooling. The scores were copied by our enumerators with the assistance of the homeroom teachers. Therefore, the educational achievement variables are measured with great accuracy since they are record-based.
In our analyses, we use the second term (or the spring semester) math and Chinese language scores to measure educational achievement because they are based on standardised tests (and not any other work during the year). The tests are standardised in two dimensions. First, the questions are the same for all schools within the same township. Second, the final exams were graded according to the same set of criteria by a township-wide panel of teachers. (2)
In order to measure another key variable, the migration status, we collected detailed information on the migration histories of each student's family. The first set of information came from the survey questionnaire that was filled by students and their family with the supervision of enumerators. In the questionnaire, we have a section that asked for the migration status of each parent during the first grade and during the fifth grade. If the parents were both out of the village, we called one of the parents and asked them these questions over the telephone. As a way of cross checking, the homeroom teacher was asked to verify the information on migration status.
On the basis of migration status, there are two types of households in this study: migrant households (or those households in which at least one parent out-migrated during the period between 2002 and 2006) and non-migrant households. Recognising that the effect of migration on student performance may be affected by which family member out-migrates (ie, father, mother or both), we further subdivided the migrant households into six types of households: Any Parent Migrated households (ie, households in which both parents lived at home in 2002 and at least one parent--either the father; mother or both parents--out-migrated by 2006); Father Migrated Only (or mother-stayed-at-home) households where only the father out-migrated by 2006 but was at home in 2002; Father Migrated (Unconditional HEIR, UNCONDITIONAL. A term used in the civil law, adopted by the Civil Code of Louisiana. Unconditional heirs are those who inherit without any reservation, or without making an inventory, whether their acceptance be express or tacit. Civ. Code of Lo. art. 878.
UNCONDITIONAL. ) households where the father was at home in 2002 but out-migrated by 2006 (including households in which the mother was either at home or not at home in 2006); Mother Migrated Only (or father-stayed-at-home) households where only the mother out-migrated by 2006 but was at home in 2002; Mother Migrated (Unconditional) households where the mother was at home in 2002 but out-migrated by 2006 (including households in which the father was either at home or not at home in 2006); and Both Parents Migrated households where both parents were at home in 2002, but out-migrated by 2006. It should be noted that the six types of households are not mutually exclusive Adj. 1. mutually exclusive - unable to be both true at the same time
incompatible - not compatible; "incompatible personalities"; "incompatible colors" . For brevity Brevity
Adonis' garden
of short life. [Br. Lit.: I Henry IV]
symbolic of transitoriness of life. [Art: Hall, 54]
cherry fair
cherry orchards where fruit was briefly sold; symbolic of transience. , when we talk about all of these households as a group, we call them New Migrant households to distinguish them from households that were already in the migrant labour force in 2002 (which are not included in our study). In addition, we define Never Migrant households as those in which both parents stayed at home in both 2002 and 2006.
In addition to educational achievement and migration status, we also collected information on variables that can help us explore whether the effects of migration on the school performance of children are heterogeneous Not the same. Contrast with homogeneous.
heterogeneous - Composed of unrelated parts, different in kind.
Often used in the context of distributed systems that may be running different operating systems or network protocols (a heterogeneous network). across households that are different in several aspects. First, as family wealth may improve the learning outcomes of students (Brown and Park, 2002), we asked the parents whether their house was worth more than 5,000 yuan or not as a proxy for family wealth.(3) Admittedly, this is a crude measure of wealth. However, given that our sample size is larger than 1,600, financial and time constraints CONSTRAINTS - A language for solving constraints using value inference.
["CONSTRAINTS: A Language for Expressing Almost-Hierarchical Descriptions", G.J. Sussman et al, Artif Intell 14(1):1-39 (Aug 1980)]. dictated dic·tate
v. dic·tat·ed, dic·tat·ing, dic·tates
1. To say or read aloud to be recorded or written by another: dictate a letter.
a. that we used this measure instead of implementing a long questionnaire to collect detailed information on income and assets from all different sources as well as information on consumption. Second, since previous studies have also documented the effect of the number of children in a family on the school performance of each child (eg, Hanushek, 1992; Steelman and Mercy, 1980), we collected information on whether a student had any siblings siblings npl (formal) → frères et sœurs mpl (de mêmes parents) or not and the number of siblings.
Finally, we also collected information on other variables that may affect school performance. We collected information on each student's gender, age, whether they were student cadres and whether they had mentors to help them study. The survey questionnaire also included questions on the characteristics of parents and households: each parent's age, educational attainment, the household's land holdings and the total number of other household members.
Similar to the migration status in many other poor rural areas in China (Rozelle et al., 1999), many households were already in the migrant labour force in 2002, the first year of our sample. In 236 households (about 15% of the 1,594 sample households), either one parent or both parents migrated (Table 1, column 1, rows 1-3). In most migrant households (149), the father was the parent that out-migrated (while the mother stayed at home).
In addition, similar to the migration trend in the rest of China (as reported in de Brauw et al., 2002), the number of new migrant households rose rapidly during the period between 2002 and 2006. Among the 1,358 non-migrant households in 2002 (column 1, row 4), one or both parents in 220 households entered the migrant labour force between 2002 and 2006 (row 4, columns 2-4). After subtracting the 81 households that migrated in 2002 but returned to the village in 2006 from the 220 New Migrant households (column 5, rows 1-3), the total migrant households rose to 375 households in 2006 (row 5, columns 2-4), a 9 % rise from the 2002 migration level.
More than 70% of the households did not participate in migration activities at all during this period (column 5, row 4). The existence of these non-migrant households as well as new migrant households offers a unique opportunity to examine the relationship between the migration activity of parents and the school performance of children. In the rest of the paper, we will focus on comparing the school performance of the children of the 1,138 Never Migrant households and those of the 220 New Migrant households.
If one were naively to have sought out parents of New Migrant households and asked them for the record of their children's scores over the years, one would likely have found that the scores have fallen since the first grade. It is understandable how the findings of such an inquiry could raise concerns about the potential negative impact of migration on school performance. However, the falling scores may not be a problem that can be solely blamed on migration. As our data show, not only have the scores of the students from the New Migrant households fallen (by about 1 point--from 71.6 to 70.8), but also those from other households including never migrant households have fallen (by about 3 points from 73.7 to 70.6). According to our data, this is true for both math and Chinese scores. When asking teachers about this trend, we were told the pattern of falling scores is easily explained by two factors: The materials covered in the fifth grade are much more advanced and difficult than those in the first grade; and, in general, the fifth grade teachers grade harder than the first grade teachers. Since these two factors affect students from both New Migrant and Never Migrant households, the general trend of falling scores is not surprising and clearly cannot be solely attributed to parents' migration activities.
If the interviewers had sought out Both Parents Migrated households or Mother Migrated households, the results of interviews might raise an additional source of concern about the effect of migration on the grades of the children of new migrants. In our sample, students from Both Parents Migrated households had lower average test scores during their fifth grade year (69.9 points) than those from Never Migrant households (70.9 points). Similar results were found in a number of Chinese studies (eg, Li, 2004; Tan and Wang, 2004; Wang and Wu, 2003; Zhou and Wu, 2004). Although the difference is not statistically significant, the fifth grade scores of the children of Mother Migrated (Unconditional) households (70.6 points) were also lower than those of Never Migrants. While we will explore this result further in the forthcoming analyses, it may be that it is these types of findings, which appear in our cross section of fifth grade households, that have made the effect of migration on school performance a high-profile issue. Interestingly, if the interview team had chosen Father Migrated (Unconditional) households (72.0 points), they would have found that on average scores of children from these households were slightly higher than those from Never Migrant households. The differences in the relationship between students' scores and parents' migration activities among different types of households indicate that the effect of migration on school performance is a complicated issue and those relying exclusively on cross-sectional data should exercise caution in any interpretation.
The need to exercise caution is reinforced when we compare the first grade scores in 2002 in addition to comparing the fifth grade scores in 2006. Although students from Both Parents Migrated households scored lower than those from the Never Migrant households in 2006, Figure 1 shows they already scored lower in 2002 when they were in the first grade. In other words Adv. 1. in other words - otherwise stated; "in other words, we are broke"
put differently , on average the scores of the students from Both Parents Migrate households were already lower before their parents migrated. This finding from our panel data indicates we should not jump to the conclusion that migration hurt children's school performance. Moreover, the distribution of the scores of the non-migrant children appears to actually move slightly closer to that of the migrant children over years. The distribution of the scores of non-migration students shifts to the left in contrast to its distribution in 2002 (a higher peak in the middle and thinner tail at the upper end). Although the distribution of the scores of migrant children has a thicker tail at the lower end in contrast to its distribution in 2002, its distribution does not shift as much as that of non-migrant children. Overall, it appears that the gap between the scores of migrant children and non-migrant children actually was narrowing slightly between 2002 and 2006. From this seemingly seem·ing
Apparent; ostensible.
Outward appearance; semblance.
seeming·ly adv. narrowing gap, one might infer that migration helps improve school performance. However, t-tests show that the means of the two distributions are not statistically significantly different either in 2002 or in 2006.
Further analyses of our data reveal that school performance may be explained by many factors other than migration activities. These factors may change over time and differ between migrant and non-migrant households. More importantly, these variations may be masking mask·ing
1. The concealment or the screening of one sensory process or sensation by another.
2. An opaque covering used to camouflage the metal parts of a prosthesis. the relationship between migration and school performance. For example, as mentioned earlier, the difficulty of class materials and teachers' grading attitude change over time, which affect students' scores. In addition, school performance may differ by a household's wealth--or more specifically in our study, the value of the housing assets of the household. (4) According to our data, students from wealthier households score systematically higher than those from poorer households (on average about 2 points higher). This result is consistent with previous findings that the grades of children from better-off families often are higher since these children have access to better nutrition and better studying facilities, including access to extra reading materials and exercise books (Princiotta et al., 2006).(5)
If either a household's wealth or some of other factor differs systematically with a household's migration status, two-way correlations between a family's migration status and the grades of its children could be misleading. For example, de Brauw and Giles (2007) find that migrant households, while poorer, improve their family's income status after migration. Higher income could have a positive effect on the grades of migrant children over time that might offset any other adverse effects. Therefore, further analyses are needed to explore the impact of migration on educational achievement while holding as many other factors constant as possible.
The objective of this study is to examine the effects of migration on the student's educational performance. In order to evaluate the effects of migration, conceptually we are making migration the treatment. In other words, our sample students are divided into a treatment group (those that were in households in which the parent(s) out-migrated) and a control group (those in Never Migrated Households). With this set-up, we are interested in understanding the mean impact of 'treatment on the treated; which is the average impact of grade retention among those treated (Smith and Todd, 2005):
TT = E(([Y.sub.1] - [Y.sub.0])|X, D = 1) = E([Y.sub.1]|X, D = 1) - E([Y.sub.0]|X, D = 1) (1)
where we denote de·note
tr.v. de·not·ed, de·not·ing, de·notes
1. To mark; indicate: a frown that denoted increasing impatience.
2. [Y.sub.1] as the outcome (the scores of students--in our case) after the parent of the student out-migrated and [Y.sub.0] as the outcome if a student's parent did not out-migrate. In equation 1, our treatment is denoted by D = 1, which stands for the students whose parent(s) out-migrated and for whom [Y.sub.1] is observed and D = 0 stands for the student whose did not out-migrate and for whom [Y.sub.0] is observed. As in reality we do not observe either the counterfactual mean, E([Y.sub.0]|X, D = 1), or the mean outcome for the students had they not been retained in a grade after they were retained, we need to employ a difference-in-difference estimation estimation
In mathematics, use of a function or formula to derive a solution or make a prediction. Unlike approximation, it has precise connotations. In statistics, for example, it connotes the careful selection and testing of a function called an estimator. approach (DD). Using the DD approach allows us to compare the outcomes before and after a student repeated a grade with students not affected by the treatment (those who were not retained).
In addition to the standard DD estimator (Smith and Todd, 2005), we implement three other DD estimators: an 'unrestricted' version that includes [Y.sub.t], as a right-hand variable, an 'adjusted' version that includes other covariates in addition to the treatment variable (in our case they are a series of control variables from 2002 or the pre-programme period), and an unrestricted/adjusted model that combines the features of both the 'unrestricted' and 'adjusted' model. The unrestricted and adjusted DD estimators relax the implicit restrictions in the standard DD estimator that the coefficient coefficient /co·ef·fi·cient/ (ko?ah-fish´int)
1. an expression of the change or effect produced by variation in certain factors, or of the ratio between two different quantities.
2. associated with [Y.sub.t], (pre-programme outcome) and covariates in t' (preprogramme period) equals one. The combination of unrestricted and adjusted DD estimators relaxes both of these assumptions. In summary, the models to be estimated are as follows:
Model (1), Restricted and Unadjusted:
[[Delta]Score.sub.i] = [alpha] + [[delta]MIGRATE.sub.i] + [[epsilon].sub.i]
Model (2) Restricted and Adjusted:
[[Delta]Score.sub.i] = [alpha] + [[delta]MIGRATE.sub.i] + [[beta]X.sub.i] + [[epsilon].sub.i]
Model (3) Unrestricted and Unadjusted:
[[Delta]Score.sub.i] = [alpha] + [[delta]MIGRATE.sub.i] + [[gamma]Score_beforemigrate.sub.i] + [[epsilon].sub.i]
Model (4) Unrestricted and Adjusted:
[[Delta]Score.sub.i] = [alpha] + [[delta]MIGRATE.sub.i] + [[gamma]Score_beforemigrate.sub.i] + [[beta]X.sub.i] + [[epsilon].sub.i]
In addition to the set of DD estimators, we also use a matching approach to check and see whether our results are robust to our choice of estimators. Matching estimators match a student in the treatment group with an observably similar student from the control group and interpret the difference in their school performance as the effect of the parents' migration activities. The key assumption underlying the matching estimator is the Conditional Independence In probability theory, two events A and B are conditionally independent given a third event C precisely if the occurrence or non-occurrence of A and B are independent events in their conditional probability distribution given C. Assumption (CIA CIA: see Central Intelligence Agency.
(1) (Confidentiality Integrity Authentication) The three important concerns with regards to information security. Encryption is used to provide confidentiality (privacy, secrecy). ), which states that non-participation outcome, [Score.sub.0], is independent of parents' migration status after being conditional on a set of observable characteristics (Rosenbaum and Rubin, 1983).
In order to implement our matching estimator, we follow a series of well-established steps (Caliendo and Kopeinig, 2008). First, since matching is only justified over the common support region, we check whether there is a large overlap in the support of the covariates, Z, between the New Migrant and Never Migrated households. In our study, we use propensity scores as a tool to enforce a common support. Fortunately, the common support is fairly wide in our sample. (6) In the second step, we choose the method of matching. In our analysis, we use the nearest neighbour matching method with replacement. Following Smith and Todd (2005), we match students based on the log odds ratio and standard errors are bootstrapped using 1,000 replications. The last step is to assess the matching quality. Since we do not condition on all covariates but on the propensity score The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter.
Please help [ improve the introduction] to meet Wikipedia's layout standards. You can discuss the issue on the talk page. alone in PSM PSM PlayStation Magazine
PSM Process Safety Management (chemical industry)
PSM Porsche Stability Management
PSM Platform-Specific Model(s)
PSM Platform Support Module
PSM Professional Science Master's , it has to be checked whether the matching procedure is able to balance the distribution of the relevant covariates in both the control and treatment group. To do so, we use balancing tests described in Dehejia and Wahba (1999, 2002). The balancing tests were satisfied for all covariates. In order to guard against the potential source of bias (shown by Abadie and Imbens, 2002), we also implement the Bias-Corrected Matching estimator developed by Abadie and Imbens (2006). (7)
Finally, since all matching methods only match observations based upon observable covariates, they do not account for all unobservable covariates. To control for part of the unobservable factors, in particular, those factors that are time-invariant, we extend the cross-sectional matching estimator to a longitudinal lon·gi·tu·di·nal
Running in the direction of the long axis of the body or any of its parts. setting and implement a difference-in-differences matching (DDM (Distributed Data Management) Software in an IBM SNA environment that allows users to access data in remote files within the network. DDM works with IBM's LU 6.2 session to provide peer-to-peer communications and file sharing. See also distributed database. ) estimator. With DDM we can exploit the data on the Migrant households in 2002 to construct the required counterfactual, instead of just using the data in 2006 (as is used in matching). When implementing DDM, we use both PSM matching and bias-corrected matching. In our PSM estimators, we match using the log odds ratios. In both PSM and bias-corrected matching, the nearest neighbour matching methods with replacement is used. In addition, we also compute To perform mathematical operations or general computer processing. For an explanation of "The 3 C's," or how the computer processes data, see computer. the 'adjusted' version where observations in the control group are weighted by the number of times they are matched to an observation in the treatment group. For more information about the exact specification and the theory of our approaches, see a more complete working paper at www.reap-china.com.
Although we do not report the full version of the regressions from models 1 to 4 for brevity purposes, the DD analyses perform fairly well. The results from the DD regressions (and throughout the rest of the analyses) show that the estimates of the treatment effect (ie, the coefficient on the Any Parent Migrated dummy variable This article is not about "dummy variables" as that term is usually understood in mathematics. See free variables and bound variables.
In regression analysis, a dummy variable ) are largely the same across all four specifications (models 1-4). However, the Unrestricted and Adjusted specification (model 4) generates a much higher goodness-of-fit statistic statistic,
n a value or number that describes a series of quantitative observations or measures; a value calculated from a sample.
a numerical value calculated from a number of observations in order to summarize them. (or [R.sup.2]) than other specifications (almost certainly because of the importance of capturing beginning scores, which embodies the unobserved ability of a student, and other covariates). Therefore, in the rest of the analyses, when reporting the results, we will mostly focus on the results from the Unrestricted and Adjusted model. The DD analyses also produce estimates with expected signs and significance. For example, the scores of older students drop relatively more than those of younger students (row 4, column 4). This finding is reasonable since students that enter primary school at an older age may have an initial advantage because they are relatively more mature (Fredriksson and Ockert, 2005), but the initial advantage gradually disappears as younger children catch up over the course of primary school.
The most important finding from the basic regression regression, in psychology: see defense mechanism.
In statistics, a process for determining a line or curve that best represents the general trend of a data set. models is that we reject the hypothesis that migration affects school performance negatively (Table 2). (8) In all four models, the coefficient on the Any Parent Migrated household dummy variable is not negative. In fact, the coefficients are all positive and significantly different from zero. The magnitudes of the coefficients range from 1.16 to 3.18, meaning that, everything else held constant, after any parent in a household out-migrated between the first and fifth grade, the scores of the children of the migrants actually rose relative to the children of Never Migrant households. In other words, unlike claims made by some researchers, migration did not hurt school performance. At least in the migrant households in our sample area, migration has improved school performance.
The results hold when we examine other types of migrant households: no negative effect of migration on school performance is found. In the rest of Table 2, for each of the four specifications, we look at the effect of migration on school performance in all six types of migrant households. (9) In 20 out of the 24 cases the coefficient is positive. The coefficients are only negative for Mother Migrated Only households (row 4) and Mother Migrated (Unconditional) households (row 5) when the Restricted and Adjusted (column 3) or Unrestricted and Adjusted specification (column 4) is used. In each of these four cases, however, the t-statistic is smaller than 0.50, indicating there is no statistically significant effect of migration on school performance. Interestingly, as in the case of Any Parent Migrated households (row 1), when the father out-migrates (rows 2-3), the scores of migrant children improve.
So why is it that migration does not appear to have a negative effect on the scores of migrant children, and in some cases even appears to have a positive effect? Although we cannot answer this question from our analyses, one possible reason is that the income effect is relatively large compared to the adverse effect of less parental supervision. If migration leads to higher income, as found in Du et al. (2005), the migrant households that experience rising incomes may be able to provide better nutrition, improved access to educational supplies and burden their children with less housework. This may have a positive effect on school performance. The positive income effect is probably behind our finding that the largest positive effects are found in the Father Migrated Only households (Table 2, row 2). This result may arise since not only would children in such households benefit from higher incomes from migration, they would also suffer relatively less from falling parental care since the mother is still at home. Such an interpretation is also consistent with other findings. For example, Kandel and Kao (2001) found a positive relationship between fathers' migration and students' grades.
Matching results
The results of cross-sectional matching analysis, regardless of the method of matching, also reveal that migration has no significant negative effect on the school performance of students. When Propensity Score Matching is used to examine the effect of migration on school performance for all six types of New Migrant households, there are no cases in which the coefficient on the treatment variable is negative and statistically significant (Table 3, column 1, rows la, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a and 6a). The same is true when Bias-Corrected Matching is used (column 1, rows lb, 2b, 3b, 4b, 5b and 6b). In fact, results from matching are quite similar to those from the DD analyses. When we use Bias-Corrected Matching, which perhaps generates better estimates and standard errors, we find that the coefficients on the treatment variables in the Father Migrated Only household model and Father Migrated (unconditional) household model are positive and statistically significant and the magnitudes are similar to those from the DD analyses. In addition, and importantly, the findings remain largely the same when the DDM estimator is used (results not reported for brevity sake--please see our working paper at www.reapchina.com).
In this paper, we have tried to understand whether or not the school performance of children suffers when their father, mother or both parents migrate from the village into the city. Despite the perception that is commonly found in the literature and the press, our results, somewhat surprisingly, show that there is no effect of migration on the school performance of the children from migrant households. Comparing the change in the grades before and after parents out-migrate between children from migrant households and those from non-migrant households, we can reject the hypothesis that migration harms the grades of migrant children. In fact, in the analysis of some migrant households, especially in those in which the father out-migrates, migration is shown to have a statistically significant and positive effect on the performance of migrant children. We also find that the effects of migration on children's school performance are not systematically different for households that are more or less wealthy households. Neither are the effects different across households that have one or more than one child.
Based on these results, it might be tempting to conclude that policy makers do not need to take any action since there is no measurable effect of migration on school performance. If there were, education officials might want to reduce class sizes or hire more qualified teachers to improve the mentoring programme in schools in which there were many children of migrants. Boarding schools might offer some of the services that parents originally carried out before they entered the migrant labour force. Ultimately, measures can be promoted to offer the children of migrants who lived in China's cities better access to urban schools so parents would not have to leave their children behind. However, all of these programmes are costly. Although there might be good reason to implement such policies anyhow an·y·how
1. In whatever way or manner; however: I'll cook it anyhow you like. They came anyhow they couldby boat, train, or plane. , according to our results, they should not be carried out on the ground of the negative effect of migration on school performance.
Although we have tried a number of alternative approaches to identify the effect of migration, and although the findings are largely robust, if the assumptions underlying our methodologies were not valid, our estimates could be bias. Even though we control for many observed and time-invariant unobserved factors, there still may be factors that are known to the parents of migrants and potential migrants but are not be observable to the econometrician e·con·o·met·rics
n. (used with a sing. verb)
Application of mathematical and statistical techniques to economics in the study of problems, the analysis of data, and the development and testing of theories and models. . For example, it may be that all parents who were in the village with their children in 2002 worry about whether or not their migration decision would negatively affect the school performance of their children. If it is the case that those parents who--though having an opportunity to migrate--believed that the grades of their children would suffer decided not to migrate, while those that believed their children's grades would not suffer decided to migrate, then our results would be subject to selection bias.
If there was, in fact, such a selection bias and we did not account for it (as we were unable to--due to the absence of any effective instrumental variable), would our results be useless? We believe not. We believe even if there was a selection bias our results are showing that when rural parents out-migrate, the grades of their children do not suffer. It is true that part of the reason for the zero effect may be exactly this selection effect--parents do not go when they believe the grades of the children would suffer. But, from society's point of view, there is less cost in terms of school performance of its children due to migration. (10)
The authors would like to thank Chengfang Liu, Renfu Luo who have spent uncountable uncountable - countable days coordinating the survey and cleaning data. A special thanks to all the enumerators, school principals and students. We are also grateful for the useful comments from Belton Fleisher and two anonymous referees. We acknowledge grants to support field research from The Ford Foundation (Beijing), Chinese Academy of Sciences The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (Simplified Chinese: 中国科学院; Pinyin: Zhōngguó Kēxuéyuàn), formerly known as Academia Sinica (KSCX2-YW-N-039) and support for follow-up research from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (70803047). The Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Y607420) and the Social Sciences Foundation of Zhejiang Province (07CGLJ005YBQ).
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IZA Institut zur Zukunft der Arbeit (Institute for the Study of Labor)
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(1) Although the ages of children ranged from 6 to 16, only few children in the sample were older than 14.
(2) The results of our analyses, however, do not depend on the choice of using the second term scores from the first and fifth grades. As a robustness check, we also used average scores for the whole year instead of just for the second semester. In another check, we compared scores that averaged scores from first and second grade to scores that averaged scores from fourth and fifth grade. Our results remain largely the same in these cases.
(3) There are several issues to discuss when considering our measure of income. The value of the house only includes the part of the house used for domicile domicile (dŏm`əsīl'), one's legal residence. This may or may not be the place where one actually resides at any one time. The domicile is the permanent home to which one is presumed to have the intention of returning whenever the purpose purposes and the value of assets that were used for farming and non-farm businesses was not included. Yuan is the Chinese currency Currency has been used in China since the New Stone Age, in which Chinese also invented paper money in the 9th century.
Today Renminbi (Chinese: 人民幣), literally People's currency, abbreviated to RMB, is the currency in mainland of the People's . One dollar was about 7.6 yuan during the time of our survey. Finally, we admit that we only have a rough proxy for income. Because of this it is possible that we will not be able to identify the impact of income on grades (since the coefficient of the variable could be biased down to zero). The cross sectional sec·tion·al
1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of a particular district.
2. Composed of or divided into component sections.
n. variation for income (using our measure), however, does show that there is at least a negative correlation Noun 1. negative correlation - a correlation in which large values of one variable are associated with small values of the other; the correlation coefficient is between 0 and -1
indirect correlation (richer households have children with higher grades). In fact, there are reasons to expect a positive effect of income on grades. The literature (eg, Kandel and Kao, 2001) has shown that the positive relationship between the father's migration and the school performance partly stems from the financial resources provided migration, which lowers the likelihood of children's labor force participation and increases resources for consumption of education-related goods.
(4) The term, wealth, when used in the rest of the paper will refer to the value of housing assets only.
(5) Scores may also differ among households with different household demographic compositions. According to our data, students from households in which there are no siblings (70.3 points) scored slightly lower than those from households with siblings in 2006 (71.5 points). Such a finding is consistent with Brown and Park's study (2002), which found that children with older siblings have significantly higher test scores than their peers.
(6) Graphs of distributions of propensity scores that show the common support are available upon request.
(7) This is achieved by using the STATA Stata (Statistics/Data Analysis) is a statistical program created in 1985 by Statacorp that is used by many businesses and academic institutions around the world. Most of its users work in research, especially in the fields of economics, sociology, political science, and command 'nnmatch."
(8) In Table 2 we only report the coefficients on the treatment variable. The rest of the results are suppressed sup·press
tr.v. sup·pressed, sup·press·ing, sup·press·es
1. To put an end to forcibly; subdue.
2. To curtail or prohibit the activities of.
3. for brevity but are available from the authors upon request. We report the results for 24 different regressions.
(9) For completeness in Table 3, we include the results of the effect of Any Parent Migrated on school performance, but, in fact, this is a duplication duplication /du·pli·ca·tion/ (doo-pli-ka´shun)
1. the act or process of doubling, or the state of being doubled.
2. of the results from Table 2, row 1.
(10) There is also another potential source of endogeneity that we are not able to account for in the analysis. It is possible that unaccounted for An inclusive term (not a casualty status) applicable to personnel whose person or remains are not recovered or otherwise accounted for following hostile action. Commonly used when referring to personnel who are killed in action and whose bodies are not recovered. shocks, either in the local economy or in individual households, affect both parents' migration activities and students' grades. If these shocks systematically affect all the households, then it is possible that our coefficients also are biased due to the fact that we did not account for this type of unobservable heterogeneity het·er·o·ge·ne·i·ty
The quality or state of being heterogeneous.
the state of being heterogeneous. . In this case, it is difficult to determine the direction of the bias. These shocks could be either negative (eg, the family suffers a crop failure or family sickness SICKNESS. By sickness is understood any affection of the body which deprives it temporarily of the power to fulfill its usual functions.
2. Sickness is either such as affects the body generally, or only some parts of it. ) or positive (eg, the family receives an inheritance inheritance, in law
inheritance, in law: see heir.
inheritance, in biology
inheritance, in biology: see heredity.
Devolution of property on an heir or heirs upon the death of its owner. or enjoys a bumper crop In agriculture, a bumper crop refers to a particularly good harvest yielded for a particular crop.
Example: "With all the rain we've had over the last few months, we are expecting a bumper crop this year. ) and can lead to negative or positive bias in our estimates.
XINXIN CHEN Chen - Peter Chen [1], QIUQIONG HUANG [2], SCOTT ROZELLE [3], YAOJIANG SHI [4] & LINXIU ZHANG [5]
[1] College of Economics, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou 310035, China.
[2] Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota (body, education) University of Minnesota - The home of Gopher.
Address: Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. , 1994 Buford Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.
[3] Freeman Spogli Institute, Stanford University Stanford University, at Stanford, Calif.; coeducational; chartered 1885, opened 1891 as Leland Stanford Junior Univ. (still the legal name). The original campus was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted. David Starr Jordan was its first president. , Encina A Unix-based TP monitor from Transarc Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA that is layered over OSF's Distributed Computing Environment (DCE). IBM acquired Transarc in 1994 and based its CICS/6000 TP monitor on Encina. Hall East, E301, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
[4] School of Economics and Management, Northwest University Northwest University may refer to:
- Northwest University, China a university founded 1902 in China
- Northwest University, United States a university founded 1934 in the United States
[5] Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy Agricultural policy describes a set of laws relating to domestic agriculture and imports of foreign agricultural products. Governments usually implement agricultural policies with the goal of achieving a specific outcome in the domestic agricultural product markets. , Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. Jia11, Datun Road, Anwai, Beijing 100101, China.
Table 1: Patterns of migration in sample households in 2002 and 2006, Shaanxi Province, China Migration status in 2002 (1) Number of households in 2002 (a) (1) Only father migrated 149 (2) Only mother migrated 18 (3) Both parents migrated 69 (4) Neither parent migrated 1,358 (5) Total number of households 1,594 Migration status in 2006 (2) (3) Father Mother Migrated Only Migrated Only (mother (father stayed home) stayed home) (1) Only father migrated 94 (c) (2) Only mother migrated 9 (c) (3) Both parents migrated 7 5 (4) Neither parent migrated 131 (d) 35 (d) (5) Total number of households 232 49 Migration status in 2006 (4) (5) Return migrants Both Parents (rows 1-3) (b) Migrated Never migran (row 4) (1) Only father migrated 55 (2) Only mother migrated 9 (3) Both parents migrated 40 (c) 17 (4) Neither parent migrated 54 (d) 1,138 (5) Total number of households 94 1,219 Data source: Authors' survey (a) Column (1)=Column (2)+Column (3)+Column (4)+Column (5). (b) The households in column 5, rows 1, 2 and 3 are return migrants (or those households in which households had a migrant in 2002 and by 2006 had returned home. These households are dropped from the multivariate analysis. (c) The diagonal elements in the first three rows of the 2006 matrix (row 1, column 2; row 2, column 3; row 3, column 4) are Always Migrant households. These households are dropped from the multivariate analysis. (d) Total new migrants (or those households in which the parents did not migrate in 2002 and migrated by 2006) is found in row 4 by summing columns 2, 3 and 4). Table 2: Evaluating the effects of migration activities of parents on school performance of students in all six types of migrant households using difference-in-difference, Shaanxi Province, China (a) Treatment variable Outcome variable ([DELTA][Score.sub.i]) = ([MIG.sub.i]) (b) [Score.sub.I,2006] - [Score.sub.i,2002] (1) (2) Restricted Unrestricted and and unadjusted unadjusted (1) Any_Parent_migrated 3.183 2.327 No. of observations (3.72) *** (3.03) *** [R.sup.2] 1,575 1,575 0.01 0.27 (2) Father Migrated Only 4.634 3.812 (mother stayed home) (4.27) *** (4.09) *** No. of observations 1,577 1,577 [R.sup.2] 0.01 0.28 (3) Father Migrated 3.812 2.879 (Unconditional) (4.10) *** (3.52) *** No. of observations 1,595 1,595 [R.sup.2] 0.01 0.27 (4) Mother Migrated Only 0.839 0.156 (father stayed home) (0.45) (0.08) No. of observations 1,576 1,576 [R.sup.2] 0.00 0.27 (5) Mother Migrated, 0.903 0.444 (Unconditional) (0.73) (0.37) No. of observations 1,587 1,587 [R.sup.2] 0.00 0.27 (6) Both_parents_migrated, 1.367 0.615 No. of observations (0.79) (0.38) [R.sup.2] 1,575 1,575 0.00 0.27 Treatment variable Outcome variable ([DELTA][Score.sub.i]) = ([MIG.sub.i]) (b) [Score.sub.I,2006] - [Score.sub.i,2002] (3) (4) Restricted Unrestricted and and adjusted (c) adjusted (c) (1) Any_Parent_migrated 2.169 1.164 No. of observations (2.58) ** (1.65) * [R.sup.2] 1,549 1,549 0.10 0.43 (2) Father Migrated Only 3.630 2.356 (mother stayed home) (3.45) *** (2.73) *** No. of observations 1,549 1,549 [R.sup.2] 0.10 0.43 (3) Father Migrated 2.984 1.508 (Unconditional) (3.24) *** (1.98) ** No. of observations 1,551 1,551 [R.sup.2] 0.10 0.43 (4) Mother Migrated Only -0.861 -0.121 (father stayed home) (0.45) (0.07) No. of observations 1,549 1,549 [R.sup.2] 0.09 0.43 (5) Mother Migrated, -0.147 -0.541 (Unconditional) (0.12) (0.48) No. of observations 1,551 1,551 [R.sup.2] 0.09 0.43 (6) Both_parents_migrated, 1.040 -0.536 No. of observations (0.58) (0.35) [R.sup.2] 1,549 1,549 0.09 0.43 Data source: Authors' survey (a) Four versions of specifications are used in the difference-in-difference estimation. An unrestricted model includes [Score.sub.i,2002] as a right-hand side variable. This removes the restriction in the standard DD model that the coefficient on [Score.sub.i,2002] equals one. An adjusted model includes other covariates in addition to the treatment variable. Model (1) is the standard DD model and is restricted and unadjusted. Mathematically, model (1) is expressed as [DELTA][Score.sub.i] = [alpha] + [delta][MIG.sub.i] + [epsilon], where i is the index for students [DELTA][Score.sub.i] is the before--after change in the school performance of student I, that is, scores from the fifth grade minus scores from the first grade: [MIG.sub.I] is the treatment variable and [delta] is the parameter of interest, which measures the treatment effect. Model (2) is unrestricted and unadjusted, which is expressed as [DELTA][Score.sub.i] = [alpha] + [delta][MIG.sub.i] + [gamma][Score.sub.i,2002] + [[epsilon].sub.i]. Model (3) is unrestricted adjusted. Model (3) is expressed as [DELTA][Score.sub.i] = [alpha] + [delta][MIG.sub.i] + [X.sub.i][beta] + [[epsilon].sub.i], where [X.sub.i] is a vector of covariates that include the characteristics of students, parents and households, and a set of township dummy variables. Model (4) is unrestricted and adjusted and is expressed as [DELTA][Score.sub.i] = [alpha] + [delta][MIG.sub.i] + [gamma][Score.sub.i,2002] + [X.sub.i][beta] + [[epsilon].sub.i]. (b) The treatment variable [MIG.sub.i] takes the following six forms:. Any Parent_Migrated, which is a dummy variable that is equal to 1 if both parents lived at home in 2002 and at least one parent (either the father; mother or both parents) out-migrated by 2006. Father Migrated_Only (mother stayed at home) is a dummy variable that is equal to 1 if only the father out-migrated by 2006 but was at home in 2002. Father Migrated (Unconditional) is a dummy variable that is equal to 1 if the father was at home in 2002 but out-migrated by 2006 (including households in which the mother was either at home or not at home in 2006). Mother Migrated Only (Fatherstayed at home) is a dummy variable that is equal to 1 if only the mother out-migrated by 2006 but was at home in 2002; Mother_Migrated (Unconditional) is a dummy variable that is equal to 1 if the mother was at home in 2002 but out-migrated by 2006 (including households in which the father was either at home or not at home in 2006). Both Parents Migrated is a dummy variable=1 if both parents were at home in 2002, but out-migrated by 2006. (c) The coefficients on the township dummy variables are not reported here for the sake of brevity. (d) Robust t-statistics in parentheses. * Significant at 30%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%. Table 3: Evaluating the effects of migration activities of parents on school performance of students in all six types of migrant households using matching and difference-in-difference matching, Shaanxi Province, China (a) Treatment variable (b) Matching (a) Average t-stat/ treatment z-value (c) effect for the treated Any_parent migrated (1a) Propensity score matching 1.16 (1.02) (1b) Bias corrected matching 1.57 (1.60) Father Migrated_Only (mother stayed home) (2a) Propensity score matching 2.04 (1.36) (2b) Bias corrected matching 3.59 (2.96) *** Father_migrated, (Unconditional) (3a) Propensity score matching 1.57 (1.20) (3b) Bias corrected matching 2.19 (2.04) *** Mother_Migrated Only (father stayed home) (4a) Propensity score matching -0.63 (-0.22) (4b) Bias corrected matching -0.94 (-0.43) Mother_migrated (Unconditional) (5a) Propensity score matching -0.45 (-0.26) (5b) Bias corrected matching -0.46 (-0.32) Both_parents migrated (6a) Propensity score matching -0.22 (-0.09) (6b) Bias corrected matching -0.28 (-0.13) Treatment variable (b) Difference-in-difference matching Average t-stat/ treatment z-value (c) effect for the treated Any_parent migrated (1a) Propensity score matching 0.31 (0.28) (1b) Bias corrected matching 2.12 (1.86) * Father Migrated_Only (mother stayed home) (2a) Propensity score matching 1.12 (0.77) (2b) Bias corrected matching 3.12 (1.93) ** Father_migrated, (Unconditional) (3a) Propensity score matching 2.35 (1.93) ** (3b) Bias corrected matching 2.52 (1.99) *** Mother_Migrated Only (father stayed home) (4a) Propensity score matching -1.1 (-0.39) (4b) Bias corrected matching 1.93 (0.58) Mother_migrated (Unconditional) (5a) Propensity score matching -1.51 (-0.88) (5b) Bias corrected matching 0.82 (0.48) Both_parents migrated (6a) Propensity score matching -0.56 (-0.23) (6b) Bias corrected matching 0.97 (0.43) Data source: Authors' survey (a) Propensity scores are estimated using the same set of covariates as in Table 2. (b) The treatment variables are described in note b in Table 2. (c) t-Statistics are reported for propensity score matching and z-values are reported for bias-corrected matching in parentheses. * Significant at 10% Level; ** significant at 5% Level; *** significant at 1% level.
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It's psychologically proven that people like things with large eyes, things like babies, owls, and those overtly sexual anime girls. The Neff Hoot Short-Sleeve T-Shirt just sticks with an owl because there are tons of shirts with anime girls, and no one really likes babies.
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Is this a slim fitting shirt? im 6'2 160...
Is this a slim fitting shirt? im 6'2 160 lbs so the slimmer the better
Nope it's a regular fit shirt.


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Babson Park, Florida
For population 25 years and over in Babson Park:
For population 15 years and over in Babson Park CDP:
93 residents are foreign born (2.1% Latin America, 1.3% Europe).
Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with mortgages in 2012: $1,105 (1.2%)
Nearest city with pop. 50,000+: Lakeland, FL (30.1 miles , pop. 78,452).
Nearest city with pop. 200,000+: Tampa, FL (58.1 miles , pop. 303,447).
Nearest city with pop. 1,000,000+: Houston, TX (849.8 miles , pop. 1,953,631).
Nearest cities: Hillcrest Heights, FL (0.7 miles ), Highland Park, FL (1.8 miles ), Crooked Lake Park, FL (1.9 miles ), Frostproof, FL (2.4 miles ), Lake Wales, FL (2.5 miles ), Waverly, FL (3.3 miles ), Alturas, FL (3.4 miles ), Dundee, FL (3.8 miles ).
Latitude: 27.83 N, Longitude: 81.53 W
Area code commonly used in this area: 863
Property values in Babson Park, FL
Unemployment by year (%)
Work and jobs in Babson Park: detailed stats about occupations, industries, unemployment, workers, commute
Average climate in Babson Park, Florida
Based on data reported by over 4,000 weather stations
Tornado activity:
Babson Park-area historical tornado activity is above Florida state average. It is 124% greater than the overall U.S. average.
On 2/22/1998, a category F3 (max. wind speeds 158-206 mph) tornado 27.8 miles away from the Babson Park place center killed 25 people and injured 150 people and caused $55 million in damages.
On 3/9/1998, a category F2 (max. wind speeds 113-157 mph) tornado 1.7 miles away from the place center injured 4 people and caused $2 million in damages.
Natural disasters:The number of natural disasters in Polk County (19) is greater than the US average (12).
Major Disasters (Presidential) Declared: 11
Emergencies Declared: 4
Causes of natural disasters: Hurricanes: 7, Fires: 6, Tropical Storms: 3, Floods: 2, Tornadoes: 2, Freeze: 1, Hurricane: 1, Tornado: 1, Wind: 1, Storm: 1 (Note: Some incidents may be assigned to more than one category).
Hospitals/medical centers near Babson Park:
Political contributions by individuals in Babson Park, FL
Amtrak station near Babson Park:
College/University in Babson Park:
See full list of schools located in Babson Park
Colleges/universities with over 2000 students nearest to Babson Park:
User submitted facts and corrections:
Drinking water stations with addresses in Babson Park and their reported violations in the past:BOB'S LANDING MOBILE HOME PARK (Population served: 75, Groundwater):
Past health violations:SPIKERS MHP (Population served: 37, Groundwater):
Past monitoring violations:
Percentage of residents living in poverty in 2012: 14.8%
(13.6% for White Non-Hispanic residents, 1.7% for Black residents, 49.2% for Hispanic or Latino residents, 100.0% for other race residents, 0.0% for two or more races residents)
Average household size:
Percentage of family households:
Percentage of households with unmarried partners:
Likely homosexual households (counted as self-reported same-sex unmarried-partner households)
Detailed information about poverty and poor residents in Babson Park, FL297 people in college/university student housing in 2010
148 people in college dormitories (includes college quarters off campus) in 2000
3 people in agriculture workers' dormitories on farms in 2000
Babson Park compared to Florida state average:
Educational Attainment (%) in 2012
School Enrollment by Level of School (%) in 2012
Most commonly used house heating fuel:
Presidential Elections Results
1996 2000 2004 2008 2012
1996 Presidential Elections Results
2000 Presidential Elections Results
2004 Presidential Elections Results
2008 Presidential Elections Results
2012 Presidential Elections Results
Graphs represent county-level data. Detailed 2008 Election Results
Neighborhoods in Babson Park:(Babson Park, Florida Neighborhood Map)
Religion statistics for Babson Park CDP (based on Polk County data)Percentage of population affiliated with a religious congregations: 41.86%
Breakdown of population affiliated with a religious congregations
Tables represent county-level data.
Food Environment Statistics:
Number of grocery stores: 94
Number of supercenters and club stores: 6
Number of convenience stores (no gas): 104
Number of convenience stores (with gas): 215
Number of full-service restaurants: 281
Adult diabetes rate:
Adult obesity rate:
Low-income preschool obesity rate:
9.47% of this county's 2006 resident taxpayers lived in other counties in 2005 ($38,836 average adjusted gross income)
0.11% of residents moved from foreign countries ($269 average AGI)
Top counties from which taxpayers relocated into this county between 2005 and 2006:
6.50% of this county's 2005 resident taxpayers moved to other counties in 2006 ($36,124 average adjusted gross income)
0.06% of residents moved to foreign countries ($203 average AGI)
Top counties to which taxpayers relocated from this county between 2005 and 2006:
Strongest AM radio stations in Babson Park:
Strongest FM radio stations in Babson Park:
TV broadcast stations around Babson Park:
Babson Park fatal accident list:
May 2, 2002 05:35 PM, Sr-17, Vehicles: 2, Persons: 2, Fatalities: 1
Mar 9, 1998 05:53 PM, N.Lake Patrick Dr., Vehicles: 2, Persons: 2, Fatalities: 1
Feb 8, 1993 03:05 PM, Sr17, Vehicles: 2, Persons: 5, Fatalities: 2
Feb 12, 1983 04:40 PM, 555, Vehicles: 2, Persons: 4, Fatalities: 1
Jan 7, 1978 06:28 PM, Vehicles: 1, Persons: 2, Fatalities: 1
FCC Registered Antenna Towers:62 (See the full list of FCC Registered Antenna Towers in Babson Park)
FCC Registered Paging Towers:1
FCC Registered Amateur Radio Licenses:15 (See the full list of FCC Registered Amateur Radio Licenses in Babson Park)
FAA Registered Aircraft:7
2006 National Fire Incident Reporting System Incidents:
Incident types - Babson Park
See full 2006 National Fire Incident Reporting System statistics for Babson Park, FL
Babson Park on our top lists:
Total of 3 patent applications in 2008-2014.
Back to Babson Park, FL housing info, Polk County, Florida, FL smaller cities, FL small cities, All Cities.


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Rentech, Inc. Announces Conference Schedule For June 2014
Rentech, Inc. (NASDAQ:RTK) today announced its conference schedule for June 2014.
June 3, 2014
|Bank of America Merrill Lynch 2 nd Annual Global Energy and Power Leverage Finance Conference
|New York, NY
|Presenter: Dan Cohrs, EVP and CFO
|Speaking Time: 9:30 a.m. EDT
About Rentech, Inc.
Rentech, Inc. (NASDAQ: RTK) owns and operates wood fibre processing, wood pellet production and nitrogen fertilizer manufacturing businesses. Rentech offers a full range of integrated wood fibre services for commercial and industrial customers around the world, including wood chipping services, operations, marketing, trading and vessel loading, through its subsidiary, Fulghum Fibres. The Company's New England Wood Pellet subsidiary is a leading producer of bagged wood pellets for the U.S. heating market. Rentech is developing wood pellet facilities in East Canada to supply pellets to utilities. Rentech manufactures and sells nitrogen fertilizer through its publicly traded subsidiary, Rentech Nitrogen Partners, L.P. (NYSE: RNF). Please visit
www.rentechinc.com and
www.rentechnitrogen.com for more information.
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text:
Articles in PKRA
The second day of the Noumea Kitesurf Pro went on with the single elimination. It was an action pack day, with many amazing heats.
Alex Pastor presents the first day of the 2011 Noumea Kitesurf Pro in New Caledonia.
The second day of the Nissan Noumea Kitesurf Pro started with light wind and a few rain showers but we quickly saw the sun come out and twenty knots of wind.
The final stop of PKRA 2011 is taking place in Noumea, New Caledonia. This South Pacific Island offers perfect conditions for freestyle with flat water, wind blowing fifteen to twenty five knots and air and …
Some of the competitiors of the 2011 PKRA New Caledonia already arrived.
Check out some pictures of them getting some early practice at event site in Noumea.
The PKRA will visit Adicora Venezuela during the 2012 season, and the dates have been tentatively set from March 14th to 18th, 2012. This World Cup event will host the Freestyle discipline
Highlights TV show of the 2011 PKRA in Brazil, Barra Do Cunhau.
Brazilian rider Bruna Kajiya presents the fifth and last day of action in Barra do Cunhau, Brazil, during the PKRA 2011. This was the end of the double elimination were Youri Zoon and Bruna Kajiya …


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Articles related to berlin blockade
An Account of the Berlin Blockade - European History - About.com
The Berlin Blockade was an early stress point in the Cold War and a clear victory for organized air power thanks to the West's airlift.
An Introduction to the Cold War in Europe - European History
The first time the former allies acted as certain enemies was the Berlin Blockade. Post-war Germany was divided into four parts and occupied by the former Allies ...
Origins of the Cold War in Europe - European History - About.com
He didn't and the blockade was ended in May 1949 when Stalin gave up. The Berlin Blockade was the first time the previous diplomatic and political divisions in ...
Berlin Airlift and Blockade in the Cold War
Berlin Airlift - Background: With the conclusion of World War II in Europe, Germany was divided into four occupation zones as had been discussed at the Yalta ...
Stalin and the Cold War - Joseph Stalin Biography
While the Berlin Blockade was the last major military confrontation between Stalin and the West, Stalin's policies and attitude toward the West would continue as ...
Deutsche Geschichte - German History Glossary: Berliner Blockade
The Berlin Airlift (die Luftbrücke) was a response to the Soviet blockade of all Berlin land routes (die Berliner Blockade) in late June 1948. In 1948 there had ...
A History of the Berlin Wall
After attempts to force a renegotiation of terms failed after the Berlin Blockade, overtures were made to reunite Germany under a truly neutral government.
Deutschland: Bundeslaender - German Language - About.com
Even Berlin was soon split in half with the creation of East Germany in 1949. ... this historical summary of the events surrounding: the Berlin Blockade and Airlift, ...
Berlin Airlift Artifacts, National Museum of the United States Air Force ...
Aviation history involves more than airframes. These articles are examples of items dropped by the U.S. and its allies during the Berlin Airlift of 1948-1949.
Air Force Enlisted History - US Military - About.com
Worried that an attempt to force the blockade on the ground may precipitate ... The Berlin airlift was arguably air power's single most decisive contribution to the ...


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Ink cartridge froze to right side - won't move...?
Hi. I'm new here...
I am having a problem w/ my HP Officejet 6500 Wireless printer. The ink cartidges are frozen to the right side. Following all the HP 'help' notes about fixing it, have not resolved the issue. as I have gone through all the processes to try & fix the issue but nothing has worked so far...it's still stuck. There are no paper jams that I can see. I printed something out this morning & it worked fine, then all of a sudden, it locked up & screen said I had a cartridge problem...? Help...
Thanx, Rich
Re: Ink cartridge froze to right side - won't move...?
What is the exact error on the printer?
What operating system does the computer use? This will be helpful to know in case we need to run any tools or steps from the computer.
What specific steps have you taken already?
Re: Ink cartridge froze to right side - won't move...?
I have gone through all the fix-it step, tutorials, HP Youtube Vid & nothing has worked. It's still stuck on the right side & will not budge. The maching is only a couple years old & I ust bought new ink refills for it. It worked fine yesterday, Then, all of a sudden it jammed. No jammed paper to be found in the machine whatsoever...
I have Windows 7 OS & the PC unit was custom made for me (no name). I usually use Google Chrome or IE for internet browsers.
The error that comes up on the 'puter screen says: Cartridge Jammed. On the the printer it says 'Paper Jam', clear paper jam, but there is no paper jamming it up...? It's locked up good!
Re: Ink cartridge froze to right side - won't move...?[ Edited ]
07-26-2012 04:09 PM - edited 07-26-2012 04:11 PM
The A 'Carriage jam' or '0X610000F6' Message Displays on the Control Panel document from HP is the best document that I could find. While it says that the carriage jam error displays on the printer, all the steps still apply for this issue.
There is a video included in the document that shows exactly how to do any of the steps if you had any questions regarding the steps. However, feel free to skip any steps that you have already done.
You can also try using the HP Hardware Diagnostic Utility as it is designed to assist with carriage issues as well.
You mentioned that the cartridges are refilled rather than replaced. If you look inside the printer, do you see any ink that may have leaked? You may need to remove the cartridges and check the print head (what the cartridges go into) and the cartridge for any signs of leaking.
The document lists out of warranty options at the very end if it is out of warranty. However, it may be best to invest the support cost into a newer printer as it is more than likely a hardware issue if all of these steps do not resolve the issue.
If it is under warranty, contact HP support at 1-800-474-6836.
Re: Ink cartridge froze to right side - won't move...?
With your response, at this point, I'm just going to invest in a new Printer to replace this 6500 Wireless. My wife & I were never really that happy w/ the 6500's performance. Faxes always jammed-up in the machine & the machine went through soo many noisey gyrations to complete a print-out. I only hope that the new Model 6700 Wireles is more improved because that's the printer I have my sight's on. To pay for a consultation & then a repair would most likely end-up costing us what I can get a new printer for...that will out-perform the one we have? The fix might be something real simple, but we need one asap....
Thx for your replies...!
Re: Ink cartridge froze to right side - won't move...?
I do wish this had a better outcome for you. However, it sounds like you would have many benefits for upgrading to a newer model printer. The Officejet 6700 also has new features that did not exist for your current printer such as ePrint.
Re: Ink cartridge froze to right side - won't move...?


text:
Affordable Care Act (ACA or ObamaCare) Center - Fairfield, OH
WebMD Physician Directory
Fairfield, Ohio
Affordable Care Act (ACA or ObamaCare)
What is the Affordable Care Act (ACA or ObamaCare)?
The entire health-care industry is poised for the most profound changes in several generations. These changes can be categorized into Market Changes and the Affordable Care Act (ACA)...
Other Related Affordable Care Act (ACA or ObamaCare) Articles
Emergency Contact for Fairfield
Nearby Fairfield Hospitals *
Mercy Hospital Fairfield
Fort Hamilton Hospital
Mercy Hospital Mount Airy
Drake Center
UC Health Surgical Hospital
West Chester Hospital
Summit Behavioral Health Care
Bethesda North Hospital
Jewish Hospital Kenwood
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Children's Hospital Medical Ctr
Mercy Health Western Hospital
Shriners Hospital For Children
UC Health University Hospital
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Lebanon Correctional Institute
Mccullough-Hyde Memorial Hosp
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St Elizabeth Hlthcare Ft Thomas
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Community Mental Health Center
Dearborn County Hospital
Lifecare Hospitals Of Dayton
Sycamore Medical Center
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Kettering Medical Center
VA Medical Center-Dayton
Miami Valley Hospital
*Provider Directory Terms of Use:
The WebMD 'Provider Directory' is provided by WebMD for use by the general public as a quick reference of information about Providers. The Provider Directory is not intended as a tool for verifying the credentials, qualifications, or abilities of any Provider contained therein. Inclusion in the Provider Directory does not imply recommendation or endorsement nor does omission in the Provider Directory imply WebMD disapproval.


text:
Today I will get up and drink my 8 glasses of water with lemon. I am trying to do the Master Cleanse. I really need to lose this weight once and for all. I have been on a diet for 10 years and have only gained weight. Ten years ago I needed to lose 25 lbs, and now I need to lose 100lbs. I have a good life, children, job, secure relationship, own home and car. I really need to save my life right now and stop eatting myself to death. I also plan to work out daily on the tread mill and boflex and with wieghts. If you have any advice please share I need to be healthly and live to enjoy my children. Right now I cannot ride a bike or walk long distances. I have taken the puppy and children to the paw playground and walked on the beach but not more than 30 minutes. Usually 10-15minutes and I am out of breath and sweating. I cannot believe that I let myself go!!
tess7104's Life List
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4. get rid of all my clutter
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6. drink more water
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7. enjoy life
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8. Think less and do more
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11. live by a budget
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12. Fall deeper in love
4 people
13. train my dog well
13 people


text:
(0 holds on 2 copies)
|Call Number
|Item Status
|Due 12-26-14
Edition: 2-disc digital copy special ed
Description: 1 videodisc (128 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in
Language: English
Title from container
Based on the novel by David Ignatius
Originally released as a motion picture in 2008
Special features: Commentary by director Ridley Scott, screenwriter William Monahan and original novel author David Ignatius; "Actionable intelligence: deconstructing Body of lies:" key sequences are explored in depth via on-set footage and cast/crew interviews
Leonardo DiCaprio, Russell Crowe, Mark Strong, Golshifteh Farahani, Oscar Isaac, Simon McBurney
The CIA's hunt is on for the mastermind of a wave of terrorist attacks. Roger Ferris is the agency's man on the ground. He moves from place to place, scrambling to stay ahead of ever-shifting events. A satellite link is the agency's eye in the sky and keeps track of Ferris. The CIA's Ed Hoffman is at the other end of the real-time link. He strategizes events from thousands of miles away. Ferris nears the target and discovers trust can be just as dangerous as it is necessary for survival
MPAA rating: R; for strong violence including some torture, and for language throughout
DVD, widescreen (letterbox, enhanced); Dolby Digital 5.1 surround, dual-layer
English, dubbed French or dubbed Spanish dialogue, English, French or Spanish subtitles; English subtitles for the deaf and hard of hearing
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Terrorists -- Drama
Artificial satellites -- Drama
Artificial satellites -- Drama -- Tracking
Survival -- Drama
Action and adventure films
Thrillers (Motion pictures)
Video recordings for the hearing impaired
Feature films
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text:
NASA Satellite Sends Back Most Detailed View of CO2
Fresh data from NASA reveals a comprehensive global view of CO2 in full color.
An independent organization of leading scientists and journalists researching and reporting the facts about our changing climate and its impact on the American public.
Climate Central surveys and conducts scientific research on climate change and informs the public of key findings. Our scientists publish and our journalists report on climate science, energy, sea level rise . . . . Read More
Members of the Climate Central staff and board are among the most respected leaders in climate science. Staff members are authorities in communicating climate and weather links, sea level rise, climate . . . . Read More
All Topics: Climate Statistics,Basics,Causes,Greenhouse Gases,Impacts,Responses,Trends,Projections,Climate,Extremes,Drought,Flooding,Heat,Hurricanes,Wildfires,Carbon Storage,Water,Snow & Ice,Oceans & Coasts,Sea Level,Food & Agriculture,Flora & Fauna,Health,Business,Policy,Energy,Efficiency,Biofuels,Fossil Fuels,Nuclear,Renewable Energy,Weather,Extreme Weather,Solutions,Landscapes,Society,Geoengineering,States of Change
Fresh data from NASA reveals a comprehensive global view of CO2 in full color.
Long-term trends continue to paint a picture of rapid change throughout the Arctic region.
New York City and its power grid is among the cities most sensitive to increasing hurricane intensity.
Ocean acidification could silence the fish and crustaceans that call coral reefs their home.
Two new findings show how Greenland could be melting from the bottom up.
While November didn't set a global hot mark, 2014 is still on track to be the warmest year on record.
Updates from Lima, the skinny on drought, and new research on sea level, hurricanes, energy and more.
The State Secretary dropped by the Lima climate talks to implore delegates to reach accord.
State mandates and tax incentives make California the most popular state for buying an electric car.
High-level climate talks began on Tuesday, dominated by doubts about rich countries' financial pledges.
A new NOAA study shows that natural variability could be the cause of the devastating California drought.
Europe is now 10 times more likely to have a catastrophic heat wave than it was just a decade ago, study says.
From warming rates to robotic floats, stay current on climate with the top news of the week.
Here's how winter temperature and precipitation have changed in the U.S. since 1970.
The Obama administration's plan to cut CO2 emissions moves to next step.
American political dysfunction could keep legally binding rules out of the next climate pact.
The U.N.'s WMO is the latest agency to announce that 2014 is likely to be the warmest year on record.
Rain is set to deluge California again but it won't be enough to end the state's drought.
New Yorkers and Bostonians will pay higher natural gas prices this winter because of a pipeline crunch.
How CO2 in different modes of transportation stack up, plus how weather affects Turkey Day travel.


text:
|flash to video
|Date added:
|07 September, 2013
|Editor rating:
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