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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
|Background information
|Birth name
|Katrina Laverne Taylor
|December 3, 1978
|Miami, Florida,
United States
|Hip hop
|Rapper, model
|Years active
|Coke Boys,[1] EMI, DP Entertainment (current)
Atlantic Records, Slip-n-Slide Records (former)
|Background information
|Birth name
|Katrina Laverne Taylor
|December 3, 1978
|Miami, Florida,
United States
|Hip hop
|Rapper, model
|Years active
|Coke Boys,[1] EMI, DP Entertainment (current)
Atlantic Records, Slip-n-Slide Records (former)
Katrina Laverne Taylor (born December 3, 1978),[2] better known by her stage name Trina, is an American rapper and model from Miami, Florida. Trina first gained notoriety in 1998 with her appearance on Trick Daddy's second studio album www.thug.com on the single "Nann Nigga". Since then, she has released five moderately successful studio albums. XXL Magazine calls her "the most consistent female rapper of all time".[3] Source Magazine celebrated Trina's career for the 2012 Women's History month.[4] In 2013,Complex Magazine ranked Pull Over #27 in their Top 50 Best Rap Songs by Women.[5]
Trina is of Dominican descent on her father's side;[6] her mother is of Bahamian descent[7] Trina's parents were separated while she was growing up. She lived in Liberty City and in Pembroke Isle, Florida.[8] She attended Miami Northwestern Senior High School.[9]
In her spare time, Trina wrote rap rhymes, which caught the attention of Miami rapper Trick Daddy whom then approached her in 1998 to be featured on his song "Nann Nigga". The song was later released as the lead single from his second studio album, www.thug.com, which was released in September 1998. The single later became a hit as it reached number sixty-two on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number three on the Rap Songs chart. Thanks to the success of the single, Trina gained popularity and signed a record deal with Slip-n-Slide Records with distribution from Atlantic Records. Trina subsequently began work on her debut album.
In an interview for Crusade magazine online, Trina commented that on this album, much of the work was done for her; she did not have creative control, but simply delivered lyrics. "Everybody was like we got this beat, we got this, we got that, we want you to get in there and write to this track, write to this song, write to this topic."
On March 21, 2000, Trina's debut album Da Baddest Bitch was released.[10] The album debuted at number thirty-three on the US Billboard 200 and number eleven on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.[11] Da Baddest Bitch was certified Gold in November 2000 by the RIAA.[12] It stayed on the Billboard 200 chart for twenty-nine weeks and on the Hip-Hop/R&B album chart for forty-nine consecutive weeks.[13]
The album was preceded by the lead single "Da Baddest Bitch" in February 2000. The single failed to chart on any chart but the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, on which it reached number sixty-four. The second and final single from the album, "Pull Over", was released in June 2000 and became a mild hit as it reached number ninety-three on the Hot 100, number forty-six on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and number forty-one on the Rap Songs chart.[14][15]
After promotion for her debut album ended in mid-2000, Trina began recording music with Missy Elliott to create her second studio album.[2] Recording sessions lasted from 2000 to 2002. Trina was able to choose her own production, name of the songs, and write whatever she wanted to write. She told TheCrusade.net, "It's more what Trina's about, how Trina looks, how Trina feels, the things that Trina consists of."[16]
On August 27, 2002, Trina released her second album Diamond Princess.[17] The album debuted at number fourteen on the Billboard 200 and number five on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. It sold 67,000 units in its first week.[18]
The album spawned three singles. The lead single, "Told Ya'll", featuring Rick Ross reached number sixty-four on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. [2], was released in July 2002. The second single, "No Panties", featuring Tweet (singer) was released in January 2003 but only reached number eighty-eight on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. However, it became her first single to chart outside of the US, as it reached number forty-five on the UK Singles Chart. The third and final single from the album, "B R Right", featuring Ludacris, was also released in January 2003 and reached number eighty-three on the Hot 100, number fifty on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and number twenty-four on the Rap Songs chart, becoming a fairly successful single.
Trina also started her own record label, Diva Enterprises now DP Entertainment, and by September 2002 had signed an artist, Lil Brianna, who was nine years old and working on her first album. Lil Brianna had already appeared on the Diamond Princess track "Kandi." Lil Brianna is now known as Brianna Perry who is now signed to Atlantic Records, Trina's now former label.
Trina's third studio album, Glamorest Life, was released on October 4, 2005.[19] The album debuted at number eleven on the Billboard 200,[20] number two on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number two on the Top Rap Albums chart. It sold 77,000 units in its first week.[18]
The album was preceded by the lead single, "Don't Trip", featuring Lil Wayne, in June 2005. The single wasn't largely successful, however, as it only reached number seventy-four on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The second and final single from the album, "Here We Go", featuring Kelly Rowland, was released in September 2005. The single reached seventeen on the Hot 100, number eight on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and number three on the Hot Rap Songs chart. The single also reached the Top 20 in most countries worldwide, becoming Trina's first majorly successful single. The single was certified Gold in the US in June 2006.[12] In 2007, Trina left Atlantic Records and signed to EMI in conjunction with her original label, Slip-n-Slide Records.[21]
In 2007, Trina began work on her fourth studio album. To give fans a preview of the upcoming album, Trina released two mixtapes: Rockstarr Royalty and the Baddest Chick 2: Reloaded. Both were largely successful, with the first being released in early 2007 and the latter being released in the fall of 2007. Trina originally planned for her fourth studio album to be released in February 2008, but the album was delayed by a few months in order for Trina to put "finishing touches" on the record.[22]
Trina's fourth studio album, Still da Baddest was released on April 1, 2008.[22] The album reached number six on the Billboard 200, number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number one on the Top Rap Albums chart, becoming Trina's first album to top charts. First week sales were 47,000.[23]
Trina's fourth studio album was preceded by the lead single "Single Again" in November 2007. The single reached number twenty-five on the Bubbling Under Hot 100, number fifty-nine on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and number nineteen on the Rap Songs chart, becoming a mild hit. The second single from the album, "I Got a Thang for You", featuring Keyshia Cole, was released in February 2008 and reached number twenty-one on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 and number fifty-nine on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, making it a fairly successful single. The third and final single from the album, "Look Back at Me", featuring Killer Mike, produced by Hard Hat Productions was a regional hit club record.
In 2008, Trina created the Miami-based female rap duo, Pretty Money, with members Nisha and An-G. The group was to be featured on Trina's fifth studio album, but this never came about. The duo has yet to release any music.[24] Following the creation of the group, Trina began work on her fifth studio album in 2009, and 2010.
The lead single from her fifth studio album, "That's My Attitude", was released in October 2009 but failed to chart. Because of this, the song was dubbed a buzz single. A mixtape, Amazin' (The Mixtape), was released in November 2009 in promotion of her fifth studio album. Another mixtape, The Definition Of A Million Dollar Girl, was released in January 2010 following the release of her fifth studio album's lead single. Nude pictures of Trina leaked in February 2010, and Trina appeared on The Mo'Nique Show in March 2010 to address the leaking of the pictures.
Trina's fifth studio album, Amazin', was released on May 4, 2010. Amazin' debuted at number thirteen on the Billboard 200, number four on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, number two on the Top Rap Albums chart and number one on the Billboard Independent Albums chart. The album sold over 32,000 copies in its first week of release.[25][26] Despite its low sales, the album received near positive reviews from critics.
The album was preceded by the official lead single, "Million Dollar Girl" featuring Diddy and Keri Hilson, in January 2010. The single was very successful, as it reached number sixty-one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and number twenty on the Rap Songs chart. A second single, "White Girl", featuring Flo Rida and Git Fresh, was released in June 2010 but failed to chart. "My Bitches" was going to be released as the album's third single in July 2010 but its release was canceled. The album's third official single, "Always", featuring Monica, was released in August 2010 and has reached number forty-two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.
In preparation for her upcoming sixth studio album, Trina released a mixtape entitled Diamonds Are Forever on March 28, 2011.[27] Prior to the full release, Trina released three singles from the mixtape, which includes "Ghetto" featuring T-Pain, "Waist So Skinny" featuring Rick Ross, and "Can I" featuring Mýa. The mixtape was successful, receiving 4.8 million views in two days.[28] In a recent interview with MTVuk, Trina says that her sixth album is expected to be out by the end of the year and that there will be more pop/crossover music on the album.
On November 9, 2011, Trina announced on MTV RAPFIX Live that she is no longer signed to Slip-N-Slide Records,[29] Trina had been signed to Slip-N-Slide Records since the beginning of her career.
"Slip-n-Slide is like my family. I grew up with those guys, and it's been a long journey. I love them dearly, but it's time, in my career, for me to move forward."
Trina released a song called "Outerspace," which aired on an episode of June Ambrose's new show on VH1, Styled by June. "Outerspace" also features new pop artist Kid Cadet and is produced by Vinny Venditto, and a sneak peek of the "Outerspace" video will be featured on VH1′s Styled by June.
On Memorial Day 2012, Trina released "I'm Back (Back 2 Business)" via iTunes in preparation for another mixtape before her sixth studio album.[31]
On July 4, 2012, Trina released "Beam" via Twitter featuring GunPlay from Rick Ross label Maybach Music Group and Ice Berg, as well as a remix from her mixtape Diamonds Are Forever, "Bad Bitch", featuring Lola Monroe and Shawnna.[32] Trina stated that her highly anticipated mixtape Back2Business will be released on September 28, 2012, however on September 28 she announced that she has decided to release the mixtape on December 3 due to unknown reasons.[33]
Trina is a co-host on Tameka Cottle's late night talk show Tiny Tonight alongside singer/reality star Tamar Braxton, Claudia Jordan and Cottle herself. The show premiered December 17, 2012 on VH1.[34]
Trina is set to be featured on Brianna Perry's upcoming vlog series, Girl Talk.[35]
Trina dated Rapper Lil Wayne on and off from early 2005 to the summer of 2007.[36] On October 5, 2005, during an interview with Wendy Williams, Trina confirmed that she and Wayne were happy and engaged to be married. Trina later became pregnant by Wayne, but suffered a miscarriage.[37] The couple also have each other's name tattooed on them. Trina has "Wayne" on her wrist, and Lil Wayne has "Trina" spelled out on his ring finger.[38] Trina songs "Single Again", "Here We Go", "Don't Go", "So Many Memories", "Way I felt, and "All Alone" are all about the relationship.
Trina Dated NBA Star Kenyon Martin from 2007-2010.[39] He had her lips tattooed on his neck.[39]
Trina started the Diamond Doll Foundation, a non-profit organization that helps younger girls with their life struggles.[40] The organization is also in partner with the Florida Entertainment Summit to organize the Jingle Bell Toy Drive in an effort to bring joy to children in the South Florida area.[41]


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St. Cloud Police Release Suspect Photos In Bank Robbery
October 3, 2013 5:43 PM
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MINNEAPOLIS (WCCO) – St. Cloud Police have released surveillance pictures in a TCF Bank robbery that occurred Thursday afternoon.
Police are now investigating the incident and are being assisted by the FBI. No injuries have been reported.
The suspect is described as a white man wearing a black, zip-up hooded sweatshirt with "Asian Foods" across the back and on the front left side.
Anyone with information regarding the above incident is urged to contact the St. Cloud Police Department at 320-251-1200, the Tri-County Crimestoppers at 320-255-1301 or 1-800-255-1301, or the Crime Stoppers website.

subset: commoncrawl


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Track closings, delays on WXII Mobile, wxii12.com
Published On: Jan 30 2013 04:12:26 PM EST
Updated On: Feb 11 2014 01:50:01 PM EST
Updated On: Feb 11 2014 01:50:01 PM EST
Track closings and delays for schools and other organizations anywhere with WXII Mobile and wxii12.com.
If you're on the WXII app on your iPhone or Android device, click the Weather button on the home page and then closings.
Also, everyone can tap or click here for the latest closings.
The views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use.blog comments powered by Disqus


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VOF Week 1: (Web 2.0: A New Approach to Women's Empowerment Issues)
Web 2.0 contains some thrilling opportunities that cover rich user experience, user participation and vibrant content. Web 2.0 offers an exhilarating means of learning and expressing oneself in an interactive manner over information from diverse sources. Interactive becomes interesting and exciting when you can meet people from every corner of the world, make friends with them and learn about their cultures through discussions and visuals. This way, I get to be acquainted with so many places and people that I'll probably never visit physically in my life time. And this is the most exciting thing.
The freedom and openness that characterizes Web 2.0 offer some unique avenues that have before now been absent in the global movement for the empowerment of the woman. It is understood that women empowerment on a global scale cannot be considered as a uniform issue and treated with stereotyped measures because of the diverse background of women all around the world. The very nature of Web 2.0 offers a solution here. Web 2.0 cuts across physical, social, cultural and emotion backgrounds in one instant. It offers the opportunity for women to interact and share experiences with other women from all over the world. It becomes some kind of giant support group that can provide inspiration that unlocks creative energy, encouragement and consolation all at the same time. By linking different communities and exchanging lived experiences, solutions are swapped and in an instant a local platform becomes a global platform with just one click.
A key concept in the women's empowerment movement is schooling. Information is knowledge and knowledge is empowering. With its ability to create, share and interact with information between communities, Web 2.0 allows for a spread of knowledge in an entertaining fashion across limitless boundaries in a snowball effect. Through this approach Web 2.0 provides a relaxed but effective way of learning from a vast reservoir of sources.
Personally, Web 2.0 empowers because it provides a platform where issues can be viewed from many angles, thereby making it easy to keep an open mind on these issues. The possibility to hold discussions with so many people on any subject opens you up to all sides of the matter. Web 2.0 presents a channel for expressing opinion and emotion. After growing up in society where lived experiences are considered private and hardly shared, and differing from mainstream schools of thought is severely frowned upon, Web 2.0 becomes a refreshing stage to explore myself and thoughts. In so doing, I discover and build on my strengths, work on my weaknesses and liberate the creative energy within me.
Very Thoughtful Post
I really enjoyed reading your post -- thanks so much for sharing your thoughts about Web 2.0! It is definitely an innovative way to educate ourselves and one another. I hope you will spread the message in Cameroon, as I am sure there are many young women who will benefit from having their voices heard.
Your thought provoking commentary was very moving
Dear Nelly
I got completely immersed in your entry because of your articulateness and thought provoking ideas.
You have a special touch with words that make ideas come alive.
Nelly, Your Words Have Muscle!
I admire the clarity of your writing. So much said with so few words! This post leaves me wanting to learn more about your situation and that of women in your country. Well done and thank you.
Hi Nelly,
Your narrative was quite captivating.
Unfortunately my computer screwed up so i miss out on the first assignment.
I guess you said it all.


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Humidity 67%
Winds 8.1mph
Humidity 67%
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Humidity 56%
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Humidity 72%
Winds 0.0mph
Nov 7, 2012 1:47 PM by Associated Press
GUATEMALA CITY (AP) - A strong earthquake has struck off the Pacific coast of Guatemala.
The U.S. Geological Survey says the quake had a 7.5 magnitude.
It shook buildings in Guatemala City and was strong enough to send people running into the streets as far away as Mexico City. Guatemala's emergency management agency says it's received reports of at least one death.
A reporter in the town of San Marcos, about 80 miles north of the epicenter, told a local radio station that houses had collapsed with people inside. Fire officials say a school also collapsed and eight injured people had been taken to a nearby hospital.
Nicaragua's disaster agency has issued a local tsunami alert, but so far there have been no reports of a tsunami.
El Salvador's Civil Protection agency said officials were evacuating some coastal communities as a precautionary measure.
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Genus, native to tropical and subtropical areas, that comprises 150 species of shrubs, annual and perennial herbs and more rarely trees with a long-lasting flowering, from spring to autumn. These species feature lobed leaves with long petioles and pendent, funnel-shaped flowers.
They grow in full sun, in moderately moist soils and frost-protected sites.
Plant in groups and flowerpots.
Prune lightly in late winter, to remove thin branches and overmature flowers.
Propagated by semi-woody cuttings in summer.
Abutilon pictum "Thompsonii"
Shrub with bicoloured, yellow and green, speckled leaves and orange flowers.
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Spurs-Clips tops this week's NBA TV viewing schedule
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Fired-up Richardson erupts for nine 3s, leads Saturday's S&Ds
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Howard's 25-24 monster game leads Magic victory, tops S&Ds
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Kingdom Gone: Biscayne Boulevard's Best Bar Closed
Categories: Restaurant Closings
|Photo by Aran S. Graham
|Burger at Kingdom.
The place, which offered 20 kinds of beer and normal sports bar type chow, was a favorite on Main Street Miami. You could watch both high rollers and bums commiserate about everything from Dolphins losses to the high price of bean soup.
It won our award for best bar food in 2006. Even the Herald's usually staid Enrique Fernandez called the joint "raucous" and "fun."
I couldn't reach anybody at the place to ask about the closure because the phone is temporarily disconnected, according to the message on the line. But a source confirms the closure. More on this when we reach the owners.
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Jaehaerys Targaryen
From A Wiki of Ice and Fire
(Redirected from Jaehaerys)
The name Jaehaerys or Jaehaerys Targaryen can refer to the following members of House Targaryen:
- King Jaehaerys I, fourth Targaryen King on Iron Throne, who ruled from 48AC until 103AC.
- Prince Jaehaerys Targaryen, eldest son of Aegon II, who lived from 123AC until 129AC.
- King Jaehaerys II, sixteenth Targaryen King on Iron Throne, who ruled from 259AC until 262AC.


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Redskins Talk Giants
By Sky Kerstein December 15, 2011 11:52 AM
Sky Kerstein
Sky Kerstein grew up in Chantilly, Virginia and is a 2001 graduat...Read More
Redskins Defensive Coordinator Jim Haslett spoke this morning and said that DJ Gomes would be the starting Redskins strong safety for the rest of the season over the banged up LaRon Landry. He also talked about other injuries, where his defense is right now, the breakdowns against the Patriots and preparing for the Giants. Listen here to what he had to say.
Jim Haslett Press Conference Audio
Jim Haslett Press Conference Audio
Also listen to what Barry Cofield, Santana Moss, OJ Atogwe & Donte Stallworth had to say before practice today as they prepare for the Giants on Sunday.
Barry Cofield Open Locker Room Audio
Barry Cofield Open Locker Room Audio
Santana Moss Open Locker Room Audio
OJ Atogwe Open Locker Room Audio
Donte Stallworth Open Locker Room Audio


text:
Estimate parameters of AR model for scalar time series
m = ar(y,n)
[m,ref1] = ar(y,n,approach,window)
m= ar(y,n,Name,Value)
m= ar(y,n,___,opt)
m = ar(y,n) returns an idpoly model m.
[m,ref1] = ar(y,n,approach,window) returns an idpoly model m and the variable refl. For the two lattice-based approaches, 'burg' and 'gl', refl stores the reflection coefficients in the first row, and the corresponding loss function values in the second row. The first column of refl is the zeroth-order model, and the (2,1) element of refl is the norm of the time series itself.
m= ar(y,n,Name,Value) specifies model structure attributes using one or more Name,Value pair arguments.
m= ar(y,n,___,opt) specifies the estimations options using opt.
iddata object that contains the time-series data (one output channel).
Scalar that specifies the order of the model you want to estimate (the number of A parameters in the AR model).
One of the following text strings, specifying the algorithm for computing the least squares AR model:
One of the following text strings, specifying how to use information about the data outside the measured time interval (past and future values):
Estimation options.
opt is an options set that specifies the following:
Use arOptions to create the options set.
Specify optional comma-separated pairs of Name,Value arguments. Name is the argument name and Value is the corresponding value. Name must appear inside single quotes (' '). You can specify several name and value pair arguments in any order as Name1,Value1,...,NameN,ValueN.
Positive scalar that specifies the sample time. Use when you specify Y as double vector rather than an IDDATA object.
Boolean value that specifies whether the noise source contains an integrator or not. Use it to create "ARI" structure models:
Default: false
An idpoly model.
An 2–by-2 array. The first row stores the reflection coefficients, and the second row stores the corresponding loss function values. The first column of refl is the zeroth-order model, and the (2,1) element of refl is the norm of the time series itself.
Given a sinusoidal signal with noise, compare the spectral estimates of Burg's method with those found from the forward-backward approach and no-windowing method on a Bode plot.
y = sin([1:300]') + 0.5*randn(300,1); y = iddata(y); mb = ar(y,4,'burg'); mfb = ar(y,4); bode(mb,mfb)
Estimate an ARI model.
load iddata9 z9 Ts = z9.Ts; y = cumsum(z9.y); model = ar(y, 4, 'ls', 'Ts', Ts, 'IntegrateNoise', true) compare(y,model,5) % 5 step ahead prediction
Use option set to choose 'ls' estimation approach and to specify that covariance matrix should not be estimated.
y = rand(100,1); opt = arOptions('Approach', 'ls', 'EstCovar', false); model = ar(y, N, opt);
The AR model structure is given by the following equation:
AR model parameters are estimated using variants of the least-squares method. The following table summarizes the common names for methods with a specific combination of approach and window argument values.
|Approach and Windowing
|Modified Covariance Method
|(Default) Forward-backward approach and no windowing.
|Correlation Method
|Yule-Walker approach, which corresponds to least squares plus pre- and postwindowing.
|Covariance Method
|Least squares approach with no windowing. arx uses this routine.
Marple, Jr., S.L., Digital Spectral Analysis with Applications, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1987, Chapter 8.


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Most Popular
.- Various British media outlets reported on Wednesday that Pope Benedict XVI has decided that he will visit Britain next September. Upon hearing the news, Archbishop Vincent Nichols, President of the Bishops' Conference of England and Wales, said the "prospect of a visit by Pope Benedict fills us with joy."
Although the news of a visit has not been officially announced by either the Vatican or Downing Street, the Pope has received several invitations to visit Britain, most recently from Prime Minister Gordon Brown.
Archbishop Vincent Nichols of Westminster reacted to the reports by saying, "We are encouraged and pleased at the news which has emerged about the possible official visit of Pope Benedict XVI to the U.K. next year."
"We are glad the Holy Father is giving such consideration to the invitations he has received from Her Majesty's Government, which accord closely to the wishes and requests also expressed by the Bishops of England & Wales," the archbishop said.
"The prospect of a visit by Pope Benedict fills us with joy."
The Archdiocese of Malta also recently announced that the Vatican is looking into a possible papal trip to the island nation in 2010.
It has been 27 years since a Pontiff visited Britain, with Pope John Paul II making the last trip in 1982.
* The number of messages that can be online is limited. CNA reserves the right to edit messages for content and tone. Comments and opinions expressed by users do not necessarily reflect the opinions or beliefs of CNA. CNA will not publish comments with abusive language, insults or links to other pages


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X-Men: First Class: January Jones Emma Frost Diamond Form and more images
Posted by:
Posted by: Matt McGloin, Editor/Publisher
created 04/15/2011 - 12:53am, updated 04/15/2011 - 12:54am
created 04/15/2011 - 12:53am, updated 04/15/2011 - 12:54am
The latest issue of Total Film shows off January Jones as Emma Frost in her diamond form.
This movie is going to be interesting, to say the least.
X-Men: First Class opens June 3rd, 2011 and is directed by Matthew Vaughn and produced by Bryan Singer.
Source: MovieWeb


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Yummy food for your brood
Oct 5, 2012
Chili Recipes Perfect for the Family Dinner Table
Cold weather in southeast Michigan means more time for cooking and eating hearty, slow-cooked meals. Try these new spins on the classic bean stew.
(page 7 of 9)
Chili Dog Pizza
Another chilidog creation, this pizza from Food.com is a great way to make use of leftover chili and hotdogs. Combine the ingredients, slap them on a pizza crust and voila! Try experimenting with toppings you'd normally put on a chilidog, like sauerkraut, onions, mustard or relish.


text: Circuits Choke Input Filter November 30th, -0001 Mic Kaczmarczik's Choke Input Filter Information Choke Input Filter Circuits Choke Input Filter This directory contains USENET articles Mic has saved about guitars, equipment, pickup, techniques, players, and so on. Mic has graciously granted permission to post the stuff on the JT30 page on the off chance that it might be useful in the context of Blues Harmonica. Mic is not responsible for the content, just the collection. Circuits Choke Input Filter From cign–(at)–elios.phy.OhioU.Edu Sat Dec 21 21:33:19 CST 1996 Article: 20554 of rec.audio.tubes Newsgroups: rec.audio.tubes From: cign–(at)–elios.phy.OhioU.Edu (Dave Cigna) Subject: Re: Tube amp design notes. X-Nntp-Posting-Host: helios.phy.ohiou.edu Message-ID: Sender: new–(at)–oss.cs.ohiou.edu (News Admin) X-Nntp-Posting-Date: Sat Dec 21 11:22:59 1996 Organization: Ohio University Physics and Astronomy References: <58kc76$i3--(at)--mtlh10.bnr.ca> <32B5633A.33--(at)--mich.edu> <593skm$h7--(at)--mtlh10.bnr.ca> <32B76CDC.2B5--(at)--bm.net> Date: Sat, 21 Dec 1996 16:23:00 GMT Lines: 82 Andy Moss wrote: >Henry Pasternack wrote: > >Henry, you wrote a few messages back about two 10K bleeder resistors in >your tube amplifier. I had mentioned that I found that rather suspect >and you, if I recall, stated it was a generally accepted way of doing >things. > >I still don't believe. I would like you to provide some kind of *proof* >to this end. I had hoped that someone that understands the subtleties of power supplies would answer this, but I'll take a swing at it. The mathematics are too involved to honor your demand for a proof, but I might be able to help you understand what's happening. Consider full wave rectified AC as it comes from an ideal transformer and rectifier. If you perform Fourier analysis on it, you'll find that it contains a large DC component and a series of even order AC components (i.e. for 60 Hz input you get DC + 120Hz + 240Hz + 360Hz + …). It happens that the DC component is close to .9 of the RMS transformer voltage. The wonderful thing about choke input filters is that they are great low-pass filters. They almost completely block all of the AC components so that all you're left with is the DC part. Notice that this does not depend on any capacitors charging and discharging, so the output voltage is pretty much a constant .9 Vrms DC with a small AC ripple independent of the load. Almost. With very small loads (low current) the capacitor after the choke starts charging and discharging so that the whole filter acts like a capacitor input type. The output voltage is higher than .9 Vrms and approaches 1.44 Vrms at zero load. To make this plausible, let's imagine removing the choke so that we're left with a simple capacitor input filter. We know that the cap charges during some part of the AC cycle and discharges during the rest of the cycle. No diodes are conducting when the cap is discharging. Only when the transformer voltage is higher that the cap voltage (plus any diode drop) does a diode conduct. This is called the conduction angle. With a very light load the cap charges to almost the peak transformer voltage, so the transformer voltage is higher than the cap voltage for only a tiny fraction of the total AC cycle and the conduction angle is only a few degrees. OK, now let's insert a *small* choke before the capacitor. The effect of the choke is that the conduction angle will be stretched out slightly (remember that inductors resist changes in current). At the same time, the peak voltage at the output of the choke will be reduced slightly, so the cap won't charge to quite as high a voltage. Now imagine increasing the size of the choke. At some value of inductance the conduction angle of each of the two diodes will reach 180 degrees so that there will always be least one diode conducting. As long we have at least this minimum value of inductance the filter will behave like a choke input type and we will have something close to .9 Vrms DC at the output. Clearly, the critical value of of inductance depends on the load current. What's not obvious is that it also depends on the supply voltage. After evaluating all the pi's and square roots of two you get the relationship: V L = ——— (I is load current in amps) .0008 * I If we express the current in mA, then the denominator becomes .8 * I. But .8 is close to 1, so most people use the easy to remember rule of thumb for the critical value of inductance V L = — (I is measured in mA) I Note that we can rearrange this equation to give us the minimum current for a given supply voltage and choke. For example, with a 440 volt supply and a 10 henry choke we need to make sure that at least 440/10 = 44 mA of current is being drawn from the supply at all times. As Henry discovered though, filter chokes often exhibit higher inductance at low currents so, depending on the specific components, you might not need to draw this much in practice. Hope this is the science you were looking for. — Dave Cigna From cign–(at)–elios.phy.OhioU.Edu Sat Dec 21 21:33:36 CST 1996 Article: 20555 of rec.audio.tubes Newsgroups: rec.audio.tubes From: cign–(at)–elios.phy.OhioU.Edu (Dave Cigna) Subject: Re: Tube amp design notes. X-Nntp-Posting-Host: helios.phy.ohiou.edu Message-ID: Sender: new–(at)–oss.cs.ohiou.edu (News Admin) X-Nntp-Posting-Date: Sat Dec 21 11:53:01 1996 Organization: Ohio University Physics and Astronomy References: <58kc76$i3--(at)--mtlh10.bnr.ca> <593skm$h7--(at)--mtlh10.bnr.ca> <32B76CDC.2B5--(at)--bm.net> Date: Sat, 21 Dec 1996 16:53:02 GMT Lines: 29 Dave Cigna wrote: >Clearly, the critical value of of inductance depends on the load current. >What's not obvious is that it also depends on the supply voltage. After >evaluating all the pi's and square roots of two you get the relationship: > > V > L = ——— (I is load current in amps) > .0008 * I > >If we express the current in mA, then the denominator becomes .8 * I. Oops. I was working from memory. That should've been .0008 * V L = ——— (I is load current in amps) I Now if we use mA the numerator becomes .8 * V. My conclusion was correct though: >But .8 is close to 1, so most people use the easy to remember rule of >thumb for the critical value of inductance > > V > L = — (I is measured in mA) > I — Dave Cigna Index: AB crossover Amp Classes Defined Amp Classes Explained Amp Mods Harmful Bass Cutoff Frequencies Bias adjust safeguard Bias Cathode Resistors Bias Shift Biasing methods Biasing Channel Switching LDRs Choke Input Filter Circuit Memory circuits Drop B+ Eyelet board Fender Response Curves FET source follower Filament Cathode Ground Fixed to Cathode Bias FM Transmitter Voltages Grid Blocking Identify Power Trans Leads Load Impedance LV No PC boards Output impedances PC Boards PCB amp problems Phase Inverter Resistors Pilot Light Tone Rectifier voltage drops Resistor Design Resistor Max Voltage Resistor noise Reverb Tank Types Reverb tanks Screen Grids Standby Switch Ratings Standby switches TAME Digest Tone Circuits Transformer Design Book Transformer Info Transformer Placement Zener Voltage Drop micK pages Amps Caps Circuits D-I-Y Effects Fender Guitars Q & A Speakers Tubes Vendors Posted in | No Comments » Premier Gallery A Blues Harp Player's Guide to Amplifiers Silvertone & Harmony Amp Gallery Masco Gallery Twin 8 Project Lectrolab Gallery Gibson Schematics Stalking the Wild Premier Harp Amp Secrets and Tips by Gerald Weber 2001 Auburn Guitar Show Pictures 2001 Saratoga Springs Guitar Show 2001 South Jersey Guitar Show Transformer Specs 2003 Auburn Guitar Show Lectrolab R800 Project Epiphone Valve Junior Review Harpin Help 2001 Fall Philly Guitar Show Little Charlie and the Night Cats Gary Primich at Isabels 90.5 "the Night" 6th Annual Guitar Show Anson Funderburgh and the Rockets Feb 22, 2003 Mic Kaczmarczik's USENET Articles Circuits Guitars Fender Amps Tubes DIY (do it yourself) Caps qanda (Questions and Answers) Speakers Vendors Effects On Ebay


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mate, but should not be much higher than prenatal testing on chorionic villi sampling or amniotic material with the same DNA technology. The cost of IVF was a recurrent topic of concern. In the United States it can range from $1,500 to $12,000 a cycle. On average, three or four cycles are performed in the course of treatment. An interesting comparison may emerge between IVF pregnancy rates of parents utilizing preimplantation genetic analysis, who have normal reproductive systems, and rates among the more common IVF parents who have reproductive difficulties.
A persistent question concerning genetic analysis is confidentiality, for example, when an embryo is implanted that is known to be an unaffected carrier of genetic disease. Such concerns exist against a broader background involving a growing number of genes being sequenced and the way in which decisions will, or should, be made—and by whom—regarding access by government or private insurance companies to a patient's genetic profile.3 As one participant pointed out, everyone carries genetic traits potentially detrimental to one's self or one's offspring. As information accrues, the way in which insurance risks are calculated may have to be reconsidered.
For more thorough discussion of these issues, see U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Cystic Fibrosis and DNA Tests: Implications of Carrier Screening, OTA-BA-533, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., August 1992; Institute of Medicine, Assessing Genetic Risks: Implications for Health and Social Policy, National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 1993; and Institute of Medicine, Social and Ethical Impacts of Advances in Biomedicine, National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 1994 (in press).