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East Resources Responds To Wall Street Journal Article
BOCA RATON, Fla., April 2, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- On April 2, 2013, the Wall Street Journal published an article entitled, "As Big Drillers Move In, Safety Goes Up." The article featured a number of statements about East Resources, Inc. ("East") and its environmental compliance record with respect to the Marcellus Shale well program conducted prior to the sale of East's Pennsylvania assets in July of 2010 to an affiliate of Royal Dutch Shell. East would like to correct a number of inaccuracies and provide additional information about its Marcellus Shale program.
East's active development of the Marcellus Shale began in 2008 and concluded in July of 2010 upon the asset sale to Shell. It was East's top priority to conduct its operations as a good corporate citizen, contributing to the economy and local communities, while striving to protect the environment and personal and public safety. Consistent with that philosophy, in 2009, East made a $750,000 contribution to the Susquehanna River Basin Commission to provide funds to create a network of remote water quality monitoring stations in areas of the basin where East's (and other operator's) Marcellus Shale development was most active. The objective of the monitoring network was to verify whether natural gas development activity was causing adverse impacts on water quality. This donation earned East the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission's Chairman's Stewardship Award, representing the IOGCC's highest honor for exemplary efforts by the oil and gas industry in environmental stewardship.
East was a founding member of the Marcellus Shale Coalition ("MSC"). East suggested the creation of and chaired the MSC's Stray Gas task force, a group that was commissioned to review and set standards for well construction and operational practices that would seek to prevent any migration of natural gas from wells. While its Marcellus Shale program was active, East:
- Instituted a practice of installing monitoring wells on its well pads in order to protect the integrity of local water resources.
- Engaged an independent environmental consultant to perform inspections of East's well locations in order to insure environmentally safe management of water, waste water, drilling fluids, and fuel and compliance with environmental regulations. In 2010, this engagement represented an annual cost to East of over $1 million.
- Actively participated in industry groups and activities aimed at responsible development of the Marcellus Shale.
During East's period of development, its operations were frequently inspected by personnel from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection ("PA DEP"). A significant number of inspections were completed with a "no violation" result. It is important to note that Notices of Violation were almost always the result of unintentional and undesired occurrences and many were minor administrative oversights.
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text: There seems to be a huge gap in the Church in America. It can be measured in the 18 to 39 year old age demographic. Have you noticed that in many cases, once children receive the Sacrament of Confirmation, or graduate high school, we seem to let them slip off our pastoral radar scopes? What are we thinking? [Read more...]

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Cameron's® 24-Quart Stock Pot
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Samoa Hotels
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Sitting in the South Pacific Ocean, the gorgeous Samoa is made up of nine different islands, each one with a different vibe. Dramatic volcanic scenery, dense forests, and stunning beaches help to add to the island's beauty. Throw in a warm and welcoming population, vibrant culture, a tropical climate, and an abundance of things to see and do, and you really can't beat it! Book a Samoa hotel and treat yourself to a great holiday to remember!
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Along with the successful growth of our food co-ops, in what direction can we expand beyond groceries? Looking for a sustainable avenue to grow our businesses while maintaining our existing values...
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Book your room at Copperfields Guest House
Guesthouse located in Great Yarmouth
Situated in Great Yarmouth, this guesthouse is close to Venetian Waterway Gardens. Regional attractions also include Norfolk Broads.
Property Features
Copperfields Guest House provides complimentary wireless Internet access.
Room Amenities
In addition to complimentary wireless Internet access and refrigerators, guestrooms feature coffee/tea makers along with hair dryers and irons/ironing boards.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
At your hotel
At your hotel
Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wireless Internet access.
Copperfields Guest House is a smoke-free property.
- Total number of rooms - 7
- Number of floors - 3
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Free Wi-Fi
- Free parking nearby
- Year Built 1860
- Smoke-free property
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
Stay connected
Available in all rooms: Free Wi-Fi
Available in some public areas: Free Wi-Fi
Park your car
Free parking nearby
In your room
- Refrigerator
- Coffee/tea maker
- Private bathroom
- Complimentary toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Iron/ironing board
- Television
- Free Wi-Fi
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
The fine print for Copperfields Guest House
When you arrive
Check-in time starts at noon
Check-in time ends at 10 PM
When you leave
Check-out time is 10 AM
How you can pay
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Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
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We should mention
No pets and no service animals are allowed at this property.


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
|Thomas Henry Huxley
Woodburytype print of Huxley (1880 or earlier)
|4 May 1825
Ealing, Middlesex
|29 June 1895 (aged 70)
Eastbourne, Sussex
|United Kingdom
|Zoology; Comparative anatomy
|Royal Navy, Royal College of Surgeons, Royal School of Mines, Royal Institution University of London
|Alma mater
|Sydenham College London
Charing Cross Hospital
|Academic advisors
|Thomas Wharton Jones
|Notable students
|Michael Foster
H. G. Wells
|Known for
|Evolution, science education, agnosticism, Man's Place in Nature
|Edward Forbes
Charles Darwin
|Patrick Geddes
Henry Fairfield Osborn
H. G. Wells
E. Ray Lankester
William Henry Flower
Aldous Huxley
Julian Huxley
|Notable awards
|Royal Medal (1852)
Wollaston Medal (1876)
Clarke Medal (1880)
Copley Medal (1888)
Linnean Medal (1890)
|The neutrality of this article is disputed. (July 2014)
|This article possibly contains original research. (July 2014)
|Thomas Henry Huxley
Woodburytype print of Huxley (1880 or earlier)
|4 May 1825
Ealing, Middlesex
|29 June 1895 (aged 70)
Eastbourne, Sussex
|United Kingdom
|Zoology; Comparative anatomy
|Royal Navy, Royal College of Surgeons, Royal School of Mines, Royal Institution University of London
|Alma mater
|Sydenham College London
Charing Cross Hospital
|Academic advisors
|Thomas Wharton Jones
|Notable students
|Michael Foster
H. G. Wells
|Known for
|Evolution, science education, agnosticism, Man's Place in Nature
|Edward Forbes
Charles Darwin
|Patrick Geddes
Henry Fairfield Osborn
H. G. Wells
E. Ray Lankester
William Henry Flower
Aldous Huxley
Julian Huxley
|Notable awards
|Royal Medal (1852)
Wollaston Medal (1876)
Clarke Medal (1880)
Copley Medal (1888)
Linnean Medal (1890)
Thomas Henry Huxley PC FRS FLS (/ˈhʌksli/; 4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895) was an English biologist (comparative anatomist), known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.[1]
Huxley's famous debate in 1860 with Samuel Wilberforce was a key moment in the wider acceptance of evolution. Huxley was slow to accept some of Darwin's ideas, such as gradualism, and was undecided about natural selection in the early parts of his career.
Huxley is accredited with coining the term 'agnostic', which described his own views on theology, and is a term whose use has continued to the present day (see Thomas Henry Huxley and agnosticism).[2]
Huxley had little formal schooling and was virtually self-taught. He is known as one of the most influential comparative anatomist of the latter 19th century.[3] He worked on invertebrates, clarifying relationships between groups previously little understood. Later, he worked on vertebrates, especially on the relationship between apes and humans. After comparing Archaeopteryx with Compsognathus, he concluded that birds evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs, a theory widely accepted today.
Thomas Henry Huxley was born in Ealing, then a village in Middlesex. He was the second youngest of eight children of George Huxley and Rachel Withers. Like some other British scientists of the nineteenth century such as Alfred Russel Wallace, Huxley was brought up in a literate middle-class family which had fallen on hard times. His father was a mathematics teacher at Ealing School until it closed,[4] putting the family into financial difficulties. As a result, Thomas left school at age 10, after only two years of formal schooling.
Huxley was determined to educate himself. He read Thomas Carlyle, James Hutton's Geology, and Hamilton's Logic. In his teens he taught himself German, eventually becoming fluent and used by Charles Darwin as a translator of scientific material in the language. He learned Latin, and enough Greek to read Aristotle in the original.
As a young adult, he educated himself on the science of invertebrates, and later on vertebrates. He drew many of the illustrations for his publications on marine invertebrates himself.[5][6]
He was apprenticed for short periods to several medical practitioners: at 13 to his brother-in-law John Cooke in Coventry, who passed him on to Thomas Chandler, notable for his experiments using mesmerism for medical purposes. Chandler's practice was in London's Rotherhithe amidst the squalor endured by the Dickensian poor. Here Thomas would have seen poverty, crime and rampant disease at its worst.[7] Next, another brother-in-law took him on: John Salt, his eldest sister's husband. Now 16, Huxley entered Sydenham College (behind University College Hospital), a cut-price anatomy school whose founder, Marshall Hall, discovered the reflex arc. All this time Huxley continued his programme of reading, which made up for his lack of formal schooling.
A year later, buoyed by a silver medal prize in the Apothecaries' yearly competition, Huxley was admitted to study at Charing Cross Hospital, where he obtained a small scholarship. At Charing Cross, he was taught by Thomas Wharton Jones, Professor of Ophthalmic Medicine and Surgery at University College London. Jones had been Robert Knox's assistant when Knox bought cadavers from Burke and Hare.[8] In 1845, under Wharton Jones' guidance, Huxley published his first scientific paper demonstrating the existence of a hitherto unrecognised layer in the inner sheath of hairs, a layer that has been known since as Huxley's layer.
At twenty he passed his First M.B. examination at the University of London, winning the gold medal for anatomy and physiology. However, he did not present himself for the final (Second M.B.) exams and consequently did not qualify with a university degree. His apprenticeships and exam results formed a sufficient basis for his application to the Royal Navy.[5][6]
Aged 20, Huxley was too young to apply to the Royal College of Surgeons for a licence to practise, and was 'deep in debt'.[9] He applied for an appointment in the Royal Navy. He had references on character and certificates showing the time spent on his apprenticeship and on requirements such as dissection and pharmacy. Sir William Burnett, the Physician General of the Navy, interviewed him and arranged for the College of Surgeons to test his competence (by means of a viva voce).
Huxley was made Assistant Surgeon ('surgeon's mate') to HMS Rattlesnake, about to start for a voyage of discovery and surveying to New Guinea and Australia. The Rattlesnake left England on 3 December 1846 and, once they had arrived in the southern hemisphere, Huxley devoted his time to the study of marine invertebrates.[10] He began to send details of his discoveries back to England, where publication was arranged by Edward Forbes FRS (who had also been a pupil of Knox). Both before and after the voyage Forbes was something of a mentor to Huxley.
Huxley's paper "On the anatomy and the affinities of the family of Medusae" was published in 1849 by the Royal Society in its Philosophical Transactions. Huxley united the Hydroid and Sertularian polyps with the Medusae to form a class to which he subsequently gave the name of Hydrozoa. The connection he made was that all the members of the class consisted of two cell layers, enclosing a central cavity or stomach. This is characteristic of the phylum now called the Cnidaria. He compared this feature to the serous and mucous structures of embryos of higher animals. When at last he got a grant from the Royal Society for the printing of plates, Huxley was able to summarise this work in The Oceanic Hydrozoa, published by the Ray Society in 1859.[11][12]
On returning to England in 1850, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In the following year, at the age of twenty-six, he received the Royal Society Medal and was elected to the Council. He met Joseph Dalton Hooker and John Tyndall,[13] who remained his lifelong friends. The Admiralty retained him as a nominal assistant-surgeon, so he might work on the specimens he collected and the observations he made during the voyage of the Rattlesnake. He solved the problem of Appendicularia, whose place in the animal kingdom Johannes Peter Müller had found himself wholly unable to assign. It and the Ascidians are both, as Huxley showed, tunicates, today regarded as a sister group to the vertebrates in the phylum Chordata.[14] Other papers on the morphology of the cephalopods and on brachiopods and rotifers are also noteworthy.[5][6][15]
Huxley effectively resigned from the navy by refusing to return to active service and, in July 1854, he became Professor of Natural History at the Royal School of Mines and naturalist to the British Geological Survey in the following year. In addition, he was Fullerian Professor at the Royal Institution 1855–58 and 1865–67; Hunterian Professor at the Royal College of Surgeons 1863–69; President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 1869–1870; President of the Royal Society 1883–85; Inspector of Fisheries 1881–85; and President of the Marine Biological Association 1884–1890.[6]
The thirty-one years during which Huxley occupied the chair of natural history at the Royal School of Mines included work on vertebrate palaeontology and on many projects to advance the place of science in British life. Huxley retired in 1885, after a bout of depressive illness which started in 1884. He resigned the Presidency of the Royal Society in mid-term, the Inspectorship of Fisheries, and his chair.
In 1890, he moved from London to Eastbourne where he edited the nine volumes of his Collected Essays. In 1894 he heard of Eugene Dubois' discovery in Java of the remains of Pithecanthropus erectus (now known as Homo erectus). Finally, in 1895, he died of a heart attack (after contracting influenza and pneumonia), and was buried in North London at St Marylebone. This small family plot had been purchased upon the death of his youngest son Noel, who died of scarlet fever in 1860; Huxley's wife is also buried there. No invitations were sent out, but two hundred people turned up for the ceremony; they included Hooker, Flower, Foster, Lankester, Joseph Lister and, apparently, Henry James.[16]
From 1870 onwards, Huxley was to some extent drawn away from scientific research by the claims of public duty. He served on eight Royal Commissions, from 1862 to 1884. From 1871 to 1880 he was a Secretary of the Royal Society and from 1883–85 he was President. He was President of the Geological Society from 1868 to 1870. In 1870, he was President of the British Association at Liverpool and, in the same year was elected a member of the newly constituted London School Board. He was President of the Quekett Microscopical Club from 1877 to 1879. He was the leading person amongst those who reformed the Royal Society, persuaded government about science, and established scientific education in British schools and universities.[17] Before him, science was mostly a gentleman's occupation; after him, science was a profession.[18]
He was awarded the highest honours then open to British men of science. The Royal Society, who had elected him as Fellow when he was 25 (1851), awarded him the Royal Medal the next year (1852), a year before Charles Darwin got the same award. He was the youngest biologist to receive such recognition. Then later in life came the Copley Medal in 1888 and the Darwin Medal in 1894; the Geological Society awarded him the Wollaston Medal in 1876; the Linnean Society awarded him the Linnean Medal in 1890. There were many other elections and appointments to eminent scientific bodies; these and his many academic awards are listed in the Life and Letters. He turned down many other appointments, notably the Linacre chair in zoology at Oxford and the Mastership of University College, Oxford.[19]
In 1873 the King of Sweden made Huxley, Hooker and Tyndall Knights of the Order of the Polar Star: they could wear the insignia but not use the title in Britain.[20] Huxley collected many honorary memberships of foreign societies, academic awards and honorary doctorates from Britain and Germany.
As recognition of his many public services he was given a pension by the state, and was appointed Privy Councillor in 1892.
Despite his achievements, he was given no award by the British state until late in life. Huxley had commented often on his dislike of honours and the traditional beliefs of organized religion, resulting in many enemies. He had vigorous debates in print with Benjamin Disraeli, William Ewart Gladstone and Arthur Balfour, and his relationship with Lord Salisbury was less than tranquil.[6][21]
Huxley was for about thirty years evolution's most effective advocate, and for some Huxley was "the premier advocate of science in the nineteenth century [for] the whole English-speaking world".[22]
The first half of Huxley's career as a palaeontologist is marked by a predilection for 'persistent types', in which he seemed to argue that evolutionary advancement (in the sense of major new groups of animals and plants) was rare or absent in the Phanerozoic. In the same vein, he tended to push the origin of major groups such as birds and mammals back into the Palaeozoic era, and to claim that no order of plants had ever gone extinct.
Much paper has been consumed by historians of science ruminating on this idea.[23] Huxley was incorrect about the loss of orders in the Phanerozoic as low as 7%, and he did not estimate the number of new orders which evolved. Persistent types sat rather uncomfortably next to Darwin's more fluid ideas. It took Huxley a long time to appreciate some of the implications of evolution. However, gradually, Huxley moved away from his conservative style of thinking as his understanding of palaeontology, and the discipline itself, developed.
Huxley's work on fossil fish showed a distinctive approach. While pre-Darwinian naturalists collected, identified and classified, Huxley worked mainly to reveal the evolutionary relationships between groups.
The lobed-finned fish (such as coelacanths and lung fish) have paired appendages whose internal skeleton is attached to the shoulder or pelvis by a single bone, the humerus or femur. His interest in these fish brought him close to the origin of tetrapods, an important area of vertebrate palaeontology.[24][25][26]
The study of fossil reptiles led to his demonstrating the fundamental affinity of birds and reptiles, which he united under the title of Sauropsida. His papers on Archaeopteryx and the origin of birds were of great interest then and still are.[15][27][28]
Apart from his interest in persuading the world that man was a primate, and had descended from the same stock as the apes, Huxley did little work on mammals, with one exception. On his tour of America Huxley was shown the remarkable series of fossil horses, discovered by O. C. Marsh, in Yale's Peabody Museum.[29][30] Marsh was part palaeontologist, part robber baron, a man who had hunted buffalo and met Red Cloud (in 1874). Funded by his uncle George Peabody, Marsh had made the discoveries of the Cretaceous aquatic bird Hesperornis, and the dinosaur footprints along the Connecticut River.
The collection at that time went from the small four-toed forest-dwelling Orohippus from the Eocene through three-toed species such as Miohippus to species more like the modern horse. By looking at their teeth he could see that, as the size grew larger and the toes reduced, the teeth changed from those of a browser to those of a grazer. All such changes could be explained by a general alteration in habitat from forest to grassland. And, we now know, that is what did happen over large areas of North America from the Eocene to the Pleistocene: the ultimate causative agent was global temperature reduction (see Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum). The modern account of the evolution of the horse has many other members, and the overall appearance of the tree of descent is more like a bush than a straight line. The experience resulted in Huxley giving credence to Darwin's gradualism, and introducing the story of the horse into his lecture series.
Huxley was originally not convinced by arguments in favor of evolution. Huxley had also rejected Lamarck's theory of transmutation, on the basis that there was insufficient evidence to support it. All this skepticism was brought together in a lecture to the Royal Institution,[31] which made Darwin anxious enough to set about an effort to change young Huxley's mind.
Huxley became one of the few who knew about Darwin's ideas before they were published. The first publication by Darwin of his ideas came when Wallace sent Darwin his paper on natural selection, which was presented by Lyell and Hooker to the Linnean Society in 1858 alongside excerpts from Darwin's notebook and a Darwin letter to Asa Gray.[32][33] Huxley's response to the idea of natural selection was "How extremely stupid not to have thought of that!"[34] However, the correctness of natural selection as the main mechanism for evolution was to lie permanently in Huxley's mental pending tray. He never conclusively made up his mind about it, though he did admit it was a hypothesis which was a good working basis.
Logically speaking, the prior question was whether evolution had taken place at all. It is to this question that much of Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species was devoted. Its publication in 1859 convinced Huxley of evolution. The book, as well as his admiration of Darwin's way of amassing and using evidence, formed the basis of his support for Darwin in the debates that followed the book's publication.
Huxley's support started with his anonymous favourable review of the Origin in the Times for 26 December 1859,[35] and continued with articles in several periodicals, and in a lecture at the Royal Institution in February 1860.[36] At the same time, Richard Owen, whilst writing an extremely hostile anonymous review of the Origin in the Edinburgh Review,[37] also primed Samuel Wilberforce who wrote one in the Quarterly Review, running to 17,000 words.[38] The authorship of this latter review was not known for sure until Wilberforce's son wrote his biography. So it can be said that, just as Darwin groomed Huxley, so Owen groomed Wilberforce; and both the proxies fought public battles on behalf of their principals as much as themselves. Though we do not know the exact words of the Oxford debate, we do know what Huxley thought of the review in the Quarterly:
"I am Darwin's bulldog" said Huxley, and it is apt; the second half of Darwin's life was lived mainly within his family, and the younger, combative Huxley operated mainly out in the world at large. A letter from THH to Ernst Haeckel (2 November 1871) goes "The dogs have been snapping at [Darwin's] heels too much of late." At Oxford and Cambridge Universities, "Bulldog" was and still is student slang for a university policeman, whose job was to corral errant students and maintain their moral rectitude.
Huxley responded to Wilberforce in the debate at the British Association meeting, on Saturday 30 June 1860 at the Oxford University Museum. Huxley's presence there had been encouraged on the previous evening when he met Robert Chambers, the Scottish publisher and author of "Vestiges", who was walking the streets of Oxford in a dispirited state, and begged for assistance. The debate followed the presentation of a paper by John William Draper, and was chaired by Darwins's former botany tutor John Stevens Henslow. Darwin's theory was opposed by the Lord Bishop of Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, and those supporting Darwin included Huxley and their mutual friends Hooker and Lubbock. The platform featured Brodie and Professor Beale, and Robert FitzRoy, who had been captain of HMS Beagle during Darwin's voyage, spoke against Darwin.[41]
Wilberforce had a track record against evolution as far back as the previous Oxford B.A. meeting in 1847 when he attacked Chambers' Vestiges. For the more challenging task of opposing the Origin, and the implication that man descended from apes, he had been assiduously coached by Richard Owen – Owen stayed with him the night before the debate.[42] On the day Wilberforce repeated some of the arguments from his Quarterly Review article (written but not yet published), then ventured onto slippery ground. His jibe at Huxley, asking whether Huxley was descended from an ape on his mother's side or his father's side, became infamous. Huxley's reply to the effect that he would rather be descended from an ape than a man who misused his great talents to suppress debate. The exact wording is not certain, but it was widely recounted in pamphlets and a spoof play.
The letters of Alfred Newton include one to his brother giving an eye-witness account of the debate, and written less than a month afterwards.[43] Other eyewitnesses, with one or two exceptions (Hooker especially thought he had made the best points), give similar accounts, at varying dates after the event.[44] The general view was and still is that Huxley got much the better of the exchange though Wilberforce himself thought he had done quite well. In the absence of a verbatim report differing perceptions are difficult to judge fairly; Huxley wrote a detailed account for Darwin, a letter which does not survive; however, a letter to his friend Frederick Daniel Dyster does survive with an account just three months after the event.[45][46][47][48][49][50]
One effect of the debate was to increase Huxley's visibility amongst educated people, through the accounts in newspapers and periodicals. Another consequence was to alert him to the importance of public debate: a lesson he never forgot. A third effect was to serve notice that Darwinian ideas could not be easily dismissed: on the contrary, they would be vigorously defended against orthodox authority.[51][52] A fourth effect was to promote professionalism in science, with its implied need for scientific education. A fifth consequence was indirect: as Wilberforce had feared, a defense of evolution did undermine literal belief in the Old Testament, especially the Book of Genesis. Many of the liberal clergy at the meeting were pleased with the outcome of the debate. Thus both on the side of science, and on the side of religion, the debate was important, and its outcome significant.[53] (see also below)
For nearly a decade his work was directed mainly to the relationship of man to the apes. This led him directly into a clash with Richard Owen. The struggle was to culminate in some severe defeats for Owen. Huxley's Croonian Lecture, delivered before the Royal Society in 1858 on The Theory of the Vertebrate Skull was the start. In this, he rejected Owen's theory that the bones of the skull and the spine were homologous, an opinion previously held by Goethe and Lorenz Oken.[54]
From 1860–63 Huxley developed his ideas, presenting them in lectures to working men, students and the general public, followed by publication. Also in 1862 a series of talks to working men was printed lecture by lecture as pamphlets, later bound up as a little green book; the first copies went on sale in December.[55] Other lectures grew into Huxley's work Evidence as to Man's place in Nature (1863) where he addressed the key issues long before Charles Darwin published his Descent of Man in 1871.
Although Darwin did not publish his Descent of Man until 1871, the general debate on this topic had started years before (there was even a precursor debate in the 18th century between Monboddo and Buffon). Darwin had dropped a hint when, in the conclusion to the Origin, he wrote: "In the distant future... light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history".[56] Not so distant, as it turned out. A key event had already occurred in 1857 when Richard Owen presented (to the Linnean Society) his theory that man was marked off from all other mammals by possessing features of the brain peculiar to the genus Homo. Having reached this opinion, Owen separated man from all other mammals in a subclass of its own.[57] No other biologist held such an extreme view. Darwin reacted "Man...as distinct from a chimpanzee [as] an ape from a platypus... I cannot swallow that!"[58] Neither could Huxley, who was able to demonstrate that Owen's idea was completely wrong.
The subject was raised at the 1860 BA Oxford meeting, when Huxley flatly contradicted Owen, and promised a later demonstration of the facts. In fact, a number of demonstrations were held in London and the provinces. In 1862 at the Cambridge meeting of the B.A. Huxley's friend William Flower gave a public dissection to show that the same structures (the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle and hippocampus minor) were indeed present in apes. The debate was widely publicised, and parodied as the Great Hippocampus Question. It was seen as one of Owen's greatest blunders, revealing Huxley as not only dangerous in debate, but also a better anatomist.
Owen conceded that there was something that could be called a hippocampus minor in the apes, but stated that it was much less developed and that such a presence did not detract from the overall distinction of simple brain size.[59]
Huxley's ideas on this topic were summed up in January 1861 in the first issue (new series) of his own journal, the Natural History Review: "the most violent scientific paper he had ever composed".[32] This paper was reprinted in 1863 as chapter 2 of Man's Place in Nature, with an addendum giving his account of the Owen/Huxley controversy about the ape brain.[60] In his Collected Essays this addendum was removed.
The extended argument on the ape brain, partly in debate and partly in print, backed by dissections and demonstrations, was a landmark in Huxley's career. It was highly important in asserting his dominance of comparative anatomy, and in the long run more influential in establishing evolution amongst biologists than was the debate with Wilberforce. It also marked the start of Owen's decline in the esteem of his fellow biologists.
The following was written by Huxley to Rolleston before the BA meeting in 1861:
During those years there was also work on human fossil anatomy and anthropology. In 1862 he examined the Neanderthal skull-cap, which had been discovered in 1857. It was the first pre-sapiens discovery of a fossil man, and it was immediately clear to him that the brain case was large.[62]
Huxley classified the human races into nine categories, and discussed them under four headings as: Australoid, Negroid, Xanthocroic and Mongoloid types.[63] Such classifications depended mainly on appearance and anatomical characteristics.
Huxley was not slavish in his dealings with Darwin. As shown in every biography, they had quite different and rather complementary characters. Darwin was a field naturalist, but Huxley was an anatomist, so there was a difference in their experience of nature. Darwin's views on science were different from Huxley's views. For Darwin, natural selection was the best way to explain evolution because it explained a huge range of natural history facts and observations. Huxley, on the other hand, was an empiricist who trusted what he could see, and some things are not easily seen.
Huxley's reservations on natural selection were of the type "until selection and breeding can be seen to give rise to varieties which are infertile with each other, natural selection cannot be proved".[64][65] Huxley's position on selection was agnostic; yet he gave no credence to any other theory.
Darwin's part in the discussion came mostly in letters, as was his wont, along the lines: "The empirical evidence you call for is both impossible in practical terms, and in any event unnecessary. It's the same as asking to see every step in the transformation (or the splitting) of one species into another. My way so many issues are clarified and problems solved; no other theory does nearly so well".[66]
Huxley's reservation, as Helena Cronin has remarked, was contagious: "it spread itself for years among all kinds of doubters of Darwinism".[67] One reason for this doubt was that comparative anatomy could address the question of descent, but not the question of mechanism.[68]
In November 1864 Huxley succeeded in launching a dining club, the X Club, which included nine like-minded people working to advance the cause of science. The club consisted of most of his closest friends. The members were: Huxley, John Tyndall, J. D. Hooker, John Lubbock (banker, biologist and neighbour of Darwin), Herbert Spencer (social philosopher and sub-editor of the Economist), William Spottiswoode (mathematician and the Queen's Printer), Thomas Hirst (Professor of Physics at University College London), Edward Frankland (the new Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution) and George Busk, zoologist and palaeontologist (formerly surgeon for HMS Dreadnought). All except Spencer were Fellows of the Royal Society. Tyndall was a particularly close friend; for many years they met regularly and discussed issues of the day. On more than one occasion Huxley joined Tyndall in the latter's trips into the Alps and helped with his investigations in glaciology.[69][70][71]
There were also some quite significant X-Club satellites such as William Flower and George Rolleston, (Huxley protegés), and liberal clergyman Arthur Stanley, the Dean of Westminster. Guests such as Charles Darwin and Hermann von Helmholtz were entertained from time to time.[72]
They would dine early on first Thursdays at a hotel, planning what to do; high on the agenda was to change the way the Royal Society Council did business. It was no coincidence that the Council met later that same evening. First item for the Xs was to get the Copley Medal for Darwin, which they managed.
The next step was to acquire a journal to spread their ideas. This was the weekly Reader, which they bought, revamped and redirected. Huxley had become part-owner of the Natural History Review[73] bolstered by the support of Lubbock, Rolleston, Busk and Carpenter (X-clubbers and satellites). The journal was switched to pro-Darwinian lines and relaunched in January 1861. After a stream of good articles the NHR failed after four years; but it had helped at a critical time for the establishment of evolution. The Reader also failed, despite its broader appeal which included art and literature as well as science. The periodical market was quite crowded at the time, but most probably the critical factor was Huxley's time; he was simply over-committed, and could not afford to hire full-time editors. This occurred often in his life: Huxley took on too many ventures, and was not so astute as Darwin at getting others to do work for him.
However, the experience gained with the Reader was put to good use when the X Club put their weight behind the founding of Nature in 1869. This time no mistakes were made: above all there was a permanent editor (though not full-time), Norman Lockyer, who served until 1919, a year before his death. In 1925, to celebrate his centenary, Nature issued a supplement devoted to Huxley.[74]
The peak of the X Club's influence was from 1873–85 as Hooker, Spottiswoode and Huxley were Presidents of the Royal Society in succession. Spencer resigned in 1889 after a dispute with Huxley over state support for science.[75] After 1892 it was just an excuse for the surviving members to meet. Hooker died in 1911, and Lubbock (now Lord Avebury) was the last surviving member.
Huxley was also an active member of the Metaphysical Society, which ran from 1869–80.[76] It was formed around a nucleus of clergy and expanded to include all kinds of opinions. Tyndall and Huxley later joined The Club (founded by Dr. Johnson) when they could be sure that Owen would not turn up.[77]
When Huxley himself was young there were virtually no degrees in British universities in the biological sciences and few courses. Most biologists of his day were either self-taught, or took medical degrees. When he retired there were established chairs in biological disciplines in most universities, and a broad consensus on the curricula to be followed. Huxley was the single most influential person in this transformation.
In the early 1870s the Royal School of Mines moved to new quarters in South Kensington; ultimately it would become one of the constituent parts of Imperial College London. The move gave Huxley the chance to give more prominence to laboratory work in biology teaching, an idea suggested by practice in German universities.[17] In the main, the method was based on the use of carefully chosen types, and depended on the dissection of anatomy, supplemented by microscopy, museum specimens and some elementary physiology at the hands of Foster.
The typical day would start with Huxley lecturing at 9am, followed by a program of laboratory work supervised by his demonstrators.[78] Huxley's demonstrators were picked men—all became leaders of biology in Britain in later life, spreading Huxley's ideas as well as their own. Michael Foster became Professor of Physiology at Cambridge; E. Ray Lankester became Jodrell Professor of Zoology at University College London (1875–91), Professor of Comparative Anatomy at Oxford (1891–98) and Director of the Natural History Museum (1898–1907); S.H. Vines became Professor of Botany at Cambridge; W.T. Thiselton-Dyer became Hooker's successor at Kew (he was already Hooker's son-in-law!); T. Jeffery Parker became Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at University College, Cardiff; and William Rutherford[79] became the Professor of Physiology at Edinburgh. William Flower, Conservator to the Hunterian Museum, and THH's assistant in many dissections, became Sir William Flower, Hunterian Professor of Comparative Anatomy and, later, Director of the Natural History Museum.[21] It's a remarkable list of disciples, especially when contrasted with Owen who, in a longer professional life than Huxley, left no disciples at all. "No one fact tells so strongly against Owen... as that he has never reared one pupil or follower".[80]
Huxley's courses for students were so much narrower than the man himself that many were bewildered by the contrast: "The teaching of zoology by use of selected animal types has come in for much criticism";[81] Looking back in 1914 to his time as a student, Sir Arthur Shipley said "[Although] Darwin's later works all dealt with living organisms, yet our obsession was with the dead, with bodies preserved, and cut into the most refined slices".[82] E.W MacBride said "Huxley... would persist in looking at animals as material structures and not as living, active beings; in a word... he was a necrologist.[83] To put it simply, Huxley preferred to teach what he had actually seen with his own eyes.
This largely morphological program of comparative anatomy remained at the core of most biological education for a hundred years until the advent of cell and molecular biology and interest in evolutionary ecology forced a fundamental rethink. It is an interesting fact that the methods of the field naturalists who led the way in developing the theory of evolution (Darwin, Wallace, Fritz Müller, Henry Bates) were scarcely represented at all in Huxley's program. Ecological investigation of life in its environment was virtually non-existent, and theory, evolutionary or otherwise, was at a discount. Michael Ruse finds no mention of evolution or Darwinism in any of the exams set by Huxley, and confirms the lecture content based on two complete sets of lecture notes.[84]
Since Darwin, Wallace and Bates did not hold teaching posts at any stage of their adult careers (and Műller never returned from Brazil) the imbalance in Huxley's program went uncorrected. It is surely strange that Huxley's courses did not contain an account of the evidence collected by those naturalists of life in the tropics; evidence which they had found so convincing, and which caused their views on evolution by natural selection to be so similar. Desmond suggests that "[biology] had to be simple, synthetic and assimilable [because] it was to train teachers and had no other heuristic function".[85] That must be part of the reason; indeed it does help to explain the stultifying nature of much school biology. But zoology as taught at all levels became far too much the product of one man.
Huxley was comfortable with comparative anatomy, at which he was the greatest master of the day. He was not an all-round naturalist like Darwin, who had shown clearly enough how to weave together detailed factual information and subtle arguments across the vast web of life. Huxley chose, in his teaching (and to some extent in his research) to take a more straightforward course, concentrating on his personal strengths.
Huxley was also a major influence in the direction taken by British schools: in November 1870 he was voted onto the London School Board.[86] In primary schooling, he advocated a wide range of disciplines, similar to what is taught today: reading, writing, arithmetic, art, science, music, etc. In secondary education he recommended two years of basic liberal studies followed by two years of some upper-division work, focusing on a more specific area of study. A practical example is his famous essay On a piece of chalk[87] first published in Macmillan's Magazine in London, 1868. The piece reconstructs the geological history of Britain, from a simple piece of chalk and demonstrates science as "organized common sense".
Huxley supported the reading of the Bible in schools. This may seem out of step with his agnostic convictions, but he believed that the Bible's significant moral teachings and superb use of language were relevant to English life. "I do not advocate burning your ship to get rid of the cockroaches".[88] However, what Huxley proposed was to create an edited version of the Bible, shorn of "shortcomings and errors... statements to which men of science absolutely and entirely demur... These tender children [should] not be taught that which you do not yourselves believe".[89][90] The Board voted against his idea, but it also voted against the idea that public money should be used to support students attending church schools. Vigorous debate took place on such points, and the debates were minuted in detail. Huxley said "I will never be a party to enabling the State to sweep the children of this country into denominational schools".[91][92] The Act of Parliament which founded board schools permitted the reading of the Bible, but did not permit any denominational doctrine to be taught.
It may be right to see Huxley's life and work as contributing to the secularisation of British society which gradually occurred over the following century. Ernst Mayr said "It can hardly be doubted that [biology] has helped to undermine traditional beliefs and value systems"[93] — and Huxley more than anyone else was responsible for this trend in Britain. Some modern Christian apologists consider Huxley the father of antitheism, though he himself maintained that he was an agnostic, not an atheist. He was, however, a lifelong and determined opponent of almost all organised religion throughout his life, especially the "Roman Church... carefully calculated for the destruction of all that is highest in the moral nature, in the intellectual freedom, and in the political freedom of mankind".[92][94] In the same line of thought, in an article in Popular Science, Huxtley used the expression "the so-called Christianity of Catholicism," explaining: "I say 'so-called' not by way of offense, but as a protest against the monstruous assumption that Catholic Christianity is explicitly or implictly contained in any trust-worthy record of the teaching of Jesus of Nazareth."[95]
Vladimir Lenin remarked (in Materialism and empirio-criticism) "In Huxley's case... agnosticism serves as a fig-leaf for materialism" (see also the Debate with Wilberforce above).
Huxley's interest in education went still further than school and university classrooms; he made a great effort to reach interested adults of all kinds: after all, he himself was largely self-educated. There were his lecture courses for working men, many of which were published afterwards, and there was the use he made of journalism, partly to earn money but mostly to reach out to the literate public. For most of his adult life he wrote for periodicals—the Westminster Review, the Saturday Review, the Reader, the Pall Mall Gazette, Macmillan's Magazine, the Contemporary Review. Germany was still ahead in formal science education, but interested people in Victorian Britain could use their initiative and find out what was going on by reading periodicals and using the lending libraries.[96][97]
In 1868 Huxley became Principal of the South London Working Men's College in Blackfriars Road. The moving spirit was a portmanteau worker, Wm. Rossiter, who did most of the work; the funds were put up mainly by F.D. Maurice's Christian Socialists.[98][99] At sixpence for a course and a penny for a lecture by Huxley, this was some bargain; and so was the free library organised by the college, an idea which was widely copied. Huxley thought, and said, that the men who attended were as good as any country squire.[100]
The technique of printing his more popular lectures in periodicals which were sold to the general public was extremely effective. A good example was The physical basis of life, a lecture given in Edinburgh on 8 November 1868. Its theme — that vital action is nothing more than "the result of the molecular forces of the protoplasm which displays it" — shocked the audience, though that was nothing compared to the uproar when it was published in the Fortnightly Review for February 1869. John Morley, the editor, said "No article that had appeared in any periodical for a generation had caused such a sensation".[101] The issue was reprinted seven times and protoplasm became a household word; Punch added 'Professor Protoplasm' to his other soubriquets.
The topic had been stimulated by Huxley seeing the cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells, which is indeed a sensational sight. For these audiences Huxley's claim that this activity should not be explained by words such as vitality, but by the working of its constituent chemicals, was surprising and shocking.
When the Archbishop of York thought this 'new philosophy' was based on Auguste Comte's positivism, Huxley corrected him: "Comte's philosophy [is just] Catholicism minus Christianity" (Huxley 1893 vol 1 of Collected Essays Methods & Results 156). A later version was "[positivism is] sheer Popery with M. Comte in the chair of St Peter, and with the names of the saints changed". (lecture on The scientific aspects of positivism Huxley 1870 Lay Sermons, Addresses and Reviews p149). Huxley's dismissal of positivism damaged it so severely that Comte's ideas withered in Britain.
During his life, and especially in the last ten years after retirement, Huxley wrote on many issues relating to the humanities.[102][103][104][105]
Evolution and Ethics, one of the best known of these topics, deals with the question of whether biology has anything particular to say about moral philosophy. Both Huxley and his grandson Julian Huxley gave Romanes Lectures on this theme.[106][107][108] For a start, Huxley dismisses religion as a source of moral authority. Next, he believes the mental characteristics of man are as much a product of evolution as the physical aspects. Thus, our emotions, our intellect, our tendency to prefer living in groups and spend resources on raising our young are part and parcel of our evolution, and therefore inherited.
Despite this, the details of our values and ethics are not inherited: they are partly determined by our culture, and partly chosen by ourselves. Morality and duty are often at war with natural instincts; ethics cannot be derived from the struggle for existence. It is therefore our responsibility to make ethical choices (see Ethics and Evolutionary ethics). This seems to put Huxley as a compatibilist in the Free Will vs Determinism debate. In this argument Huxley is diametrically opposed to his old friend Herbert Spencer.
Huxley's dissection of Rousseau's views on man and society is another example of his later work. The essay undermines Rousseau's ideas on man as a preliminary to undermining his ideas on the ownership of property. Characteristic is:
Huxley's method of argumentation (his strategy and tactics of persuasion in speech and print) is itself much studied.[111] His career included controversial debates with scientists, clerics and politicians; persuasive discussions with Royal Commissions and other public bodies; lectures and articles for the general public, and a mass of detailed letter-writing to friends and other correspondents. A large number of textbooks have excerpted his prose for anthologies.[112]
Huxley worked on ten Royal and other commissions (titles somewhat shortened here).[113] The Royal Commission is the senior investigative forum in the British constitution. A rough analysis shows that five commissions involved science and scientific education; three involved medicine and three involved fisheries. Several involve difficult ethical and legal issues. All deal with possible changes to law and/or administrative practice.
In 1855, he married Henrietta Anne Heathorn (1825–1915), an English émigrée whom he had met in Sydney. They kept correspondence until he was able to send for her. They had five daughters and three sons:
Huxley's relationships with his relatives and children were genial by the standards of the day—so long as they lived their lives in an honourable manner, which some did not. After his mother, his eldest sister Lizzie was the most important person in his life until his own marriage. He remained on good terms with his children, more than can be said of many Victorian fathers. This excerpt from a letter to Jessie, his eldest daughter is full of affection:
Huxley's descendants include children of Leonard Huxley:
Other significant descendants of Huxley, such as Sir Crispin Tickell, are treated in the Huxley family.
Biographers have sometimes noted the occurrence of mental illness in the Huxley family. His father became "sunk in worse than childish imbecility of mind",[116] and later died in Barming Asylum; brother George suffered from "extreme mental anxiety"[117] and died in 1863 leaving serious debts. Brother James, a well known psychiatrist and Superintendent of Kent County Asylum, was at 55 "as near mad as any sane man can be";[118] and there is more. His favourite daughter, the artistically talented Mady (Marian), who became the first wife of artist John Collier, was troubled by mental illness for years. She died of pneumonia in her mid-twenties.[119][120]
About Huxley himself we have a more complete record. As a young apprentice to a medical practitioner, aged thirteen or fourteen, Huxley was taken to watch a post-mortem dissection. Afterwards he sank into a 'deep lethargy' and though Huxley ascribed this to dissection poisoning, Bibby[121] and others may be right to suspect that emotional shock precipitated the depression. Huxley recuperated on a farm, looking thin and ill.
The next episode we know of in Huxley's life when he suffered a debilitating depression was on the third voyage of HMS Rattlesnake in 1848.[122] Huxley had further periods of depression at the end of 1871,[123] and again in 1873.[124] Finally, in 1884 he sank into another depression, and this time it precipitated his decision to retire in 1885, at the age of only 60.[125] This indicated the way depression interfered with his life.
The problems continued sporadically into the third generation. Two of Leonard's sons suffered serious depression: Trevennen committed suicide in 1914 and Julian suffered a breakdown in 1913,[126] and five more later in life.
Darwin's ideas and Huxley's controversies gave rise to many cartoons and satires. It was the debate about man's place in nature that roused such widespread comment: cartoons are so numerous as to be almost impossible to count; Darwin's head on a monkey's body is one of the visual clichés of the age. The "Great Hippocampus Question" attracted particular attention:
Next HUXLEY replies
That OWEN he lies
And garbles his Latin quotation;
That his facts are not new,
His mistakes not a few,
Detrimental to his reputation.
To twice slay the slain
By dint of the Brain
(Thus HUXLEY concludes his review)
Is but labour in vain,
unproductive of gain,
And so I shall bid you "Adieu"!
Say am I a man or a brother,
Or only an anthropoid ape?
(Tom Huxley's 'low set' included Hooker 'in the green and vegetable line' and 'Charlie Darwin, the pigeon-fancier'; Owen's 'crib in Bloomsbury' was the British Museum, of which Natural History was but one department.)
Policeman X — Huxley, your Worship, I take to be a young hand, but very vicious; but Owen I have seen before. He got into trouble with an old bone man, called Mantell, who never could be off complaining as Owen prigged his bones. People did say that the old man never got over it, and Owen worritted him to death; but I don't think it was so bad as that. Hears as Owen takes the chair at a crib in Bloomsbury. I don't think it will be a harmonic meeting altogether. And Huxley hangs out in Jermyn Street.
Huxley wrote back:
Dear Grandpater – Have you seen a Waterbaby? Did you put it in a bottle? Did it wonder if it could get out? Could I see it some day? – Your loving Julian.
My dear Julian – I could never make sure about that Water Baby... My friend who wrote the story of the Water Baby was a very kind man and very clever. Perhaps he thought I could see as much in the water as he did – There are some people who see a great deal and some who see very little in the same things.
When you grow up I dare say you will be one of the great-deal seers, and see things more wonderful than the Water Babies where other folks can see nothing.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas Henry Huxley.
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Thomas Henry Huxley
|Academic offices
|Preceded by
Thomas Wharton Jones
|Fullerian Professor of Physiology
|Succeeded by
Richard Owen
|Preceded by
John Marshall
|Fullerian Professor of Physiology
|Succeeded by
Michael Foster
|Awards and achievements
|Preceded by
George Newport
|Royal Medal
|Succeeded by
Charles Darwin
|Preceded by
L-G de Koninck
|Wollaston Medal
|Succeeded by
Robert Mallet
|Preceded by
George Bentham
|Clarke Medal
|Succeeded by
Frederick McCoy
|Preceded by
Alphonse de Candolle
|Linnaean Medal
|Succeeded by
Jean-Baptiste Bornet
|Preceded by
Joseph Dalton Hooker
|Darwin Medal
|Succeeded by
Giovanni Grassi


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Musicians, AAJ contributors, industry pros and fans share their favorite iTunes playlists.
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Yeah, I know I went WAY over the 10-20 song, 70 minute limit, but this is a VERY important list. These are the tunes I practiced EVERY day (in this order) for several years from a list given to me by my teacher Ted Dunbar in 1990. TrackNameTimeArtistAlbum1 Confirmation5:53Charlie ParkerThe Charlie Parker Story2 Donna Lee2:32Charlie Bird" ParkerThe Complete Savoy & Dial Master Takes3 Four7:14Miles DavisWorkin'4 Little Willie Leaps2:50Charlie Bird" ParkerThe Complete Savoy & Dial Master Takes5 Freedom Jazz Dance (Evolution Of The Groove)7:13Miles DavisMiles Smiles6 Sippin' at Bell's2:21Charlie Bird" ParkerThe Complete Savoy & Dial Master Takes7 Scrapple From ...read more
Downtown veteran, multi-instrumentalist Charles Gayle's style suits all sorts of situations. It works equally well as an irresistible morning wake-up call or an unusual choice of late night, post-coital soundtrack. Whether he is playing tenor saxophone or viola, once heard, Gayle is not quickly forgotten. With the holiday season upon us, the selection below is a great package to gift to in-laws. You may not see them often, but they are in your thoughts! TrackNameTimeArtistAlbum1Take Refuge24:58Charles GayleMore Live2Drink3:57Charles GayleDaily Bread3O Father15:16Charles GayleConsecration4Our Sins6:42Charles GayleDaily Bread5Drink3:57Charles GayleDaily Bread Photo CreditDave Kaufman ...read more
Alto saxophonist Paul Desmond's solos kept me connected to the Dave Brubeck Quartet's music. A perfect dry martini" mix of boundless lyricism and musical excellence. The following tunes were selected from several albums included in the The Dave Brubeck Quartet: The Complete Columbia Studio Albums Collection 1954 to 1967 box set. TrackNameTimeArtistAlbum1The Night We Called it a Day6:11Dave BrubeckAngel Eyes2Take Five5:27The Dave Brubeck QuartetTime Out3Georgia On My Mind6:42The Dave Brubeck QuartetGone With The Wind4Angel Eyes7:27Dave BrubeckAngel Eyes5Coracao Sensival (Tender Heart)4:17The Dave Brubeck QuartetBossa Nova U.S.A.6Marble Arch7:02Dave BrubeckJazz Impressions Of Eurasia7Trolley Song3:08The Dave Brubeck QuartetBossa Nova U.S.A.8Autumn In Washington ...read more
Vol. One, 1959-60 | Vol. Two, 1960-61 | Vol. Three, 1961This music was recorded over a six month span but illustrates the breakneck speed with which the bleeding edge of jazz was transforming. In late May and early June 1961, McCoy Tyner was part of the John Coltrane group that recorded the ground-breaking Impulse! album Africa/Brass. By early November, the month that record was released, the core group of Coltrane, Tyner, Elvin Jones, Reggie Workman and notably, Eric Dolphy, were turning the jazz world upside down with the aggressive music they made across four nights at New ...read more
I find it funny when reviewers assert my influences; they are never correct and I'd prefer to acknowledge my sources. So here is a list of the music that helped inspire my forthcoming album, You Are Here. The whole list makes me euphoric, but highlights for me would be Jack DeJohnette's fevered drumming on Down San Diego Way" and Andy Sheppard's seductive soprano on Sol." Tomasz Stanko's trumpet similarly slays me: rich, magnificent and tragic like a crumbling empire. I don't say my music sounds like this--if only--but this is what makes me want to write. TrackNameTimeArtistAlbum1Sol8:57Andy ...read more
Time-honored classics for the most wonderful time of the year. Lights and snow not included. TrackNameTimeArtistAlbum1Santa Claus Is Comin' To Town2:38Tony BennettSnowfall: The Tony Bennett Christmas Album2A Holly Jolly Christmas2:14Burl IvesClassic Christmas3Looks Like A Cold, Cold Winter3:50Bing Crosby with Sonny Burke's OrchestraClassic Christmas4Winter Wonderland2:16Ella FitzgeraldElla Wishes You A Swinging Christmas5Baby, It's Cold Outside2:20Dinah Shore & Buddy ClarkClassic Christmas6Sleigh Ride3:20Tex Beneke & Yhe Glenn Miller OrchestraClassic Christmas7Happy Holiday/The Holiday Season2:39Andy WilliamsThe Andy Williams Christmas Album8White Christmas2:30Dean MartinMy Kind of Christmas9I'll Be Home For Christmas2:26Doris DayClassic Christmas10The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting On An Open Fire)3:12Mel TorméClassic Christmas11It's Beginning To ...read more
Enduring holiday classics from Ella Fitzgerald, Chet Baker, Kenny Burrell, Bill Evans, Jimmy Smith, Vince Guaraldi and more. TrackNameTimeArtistAlbum1The Christmas Song3:30Ella FitzgeraldElla Wishes You A Swinging Christmas2Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!4:37Joe WilliamsVerve Presents: The Very Best Of Christmas Jazz3Santa Claus Is Coming To Town4:27Bill EvansThe Best Of Bill Evans On Verve4What Are You Doing New Years Eve2:24Nancy WilsonUltra-Lounge: Christmas Cocktails, Part One5Winter Wonderland2:28Chet BakerYule Struttin'6Greensleeves5:28Vince GuaraldiA Charlie Brown Christmas7Christmas Is3:12Lou RawlsStarbucks Holiday8Jingle Bells3:12Jimmy SmithVerve Presents: The Very Best Of Christmas Jazz9Santa Claus Is Coming To Town2:20Ella FitzgeraldElla Wishes You A Swinging Christmas10Merry Christmas Baby3:28Kenny ...read more


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Originally published Thursday, April 24, 2014 at 3:06 PM
'Last Passenger': Quirky twists throw train thriller off track
A 2.5-star movie review of "Last Passenger," a hyperbolic British thriller that takes place on the last night train from London.
Special to The Seattle Times
Movie Review
'Last Passenger,' with Dougray Scott, Lindsay Duncan, Kara Tointon, Joshua Kaynama, Iddo Goldberg. Directed by Omid Nooshin, from a screenplay by Nooshin and Andy Love. 97 minutes. Rated R for language. Meridian.
Something about train movies raises expectations. The mixture of claustrophobia and constant movement worked especially well in "North by Northwest," "Source Code," "The Narrow Margin" and "Murder on the Orient Express."
A new British thriller, "Last Passenger," works pretty well for its first two-thirds or so. Then it (almost literally) runs off the rails with a series of twists that ultimately invite more laughs than tension.
The hyperbolic script takes an Agatha Christie approach to the few remaining passengers on the last night train from London. They're flirtatious or they're suspicious-looking or they're disappearing without a trace.
But who's orchestrating the mayhem when the train picks up speed, loses its brakes and starts shooting sparks? Criminals? Terrorists? Someone on a suicide mission? Or someone who remembers that runaway bus movie, "Speed"?
Dr. Lewis Shaler (Dougray Scott) is a workaholic widower who lives to regret taking his young son Max (Joshua Kaynama) on the trip. Across the aisle is an all-too-available bureaucrat, Sarah (Kara Tointon). Not far away is the faintly sinister immigrant magician, Jan (Iddo Goldberg).
The director, Omid Nooshin ("Panic," "The Patient"), explores the train with an extra-mobile camera that suggests the movements of a runaway submarine. The effect is so exaggerated that the actors are barely able to register.
Scott and Goldberg fare best, though the usually excellent Lindsay Duncan is wasted in a throwaway grandmother role.
The final act is so crowded with catastrophic events, all piled on top of each other, that even the sound effects and music struggle to make themselves felt.
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Updated: February 17, 2014 8:18AM
Men's Basketball
Valpo (9-9, 1-2) at Detroit (8-10, 1-2)
When: 6 p.m. Wednesday
Radio: 95.1-FM; 95.9-FM
The skinny: After two less-than-stellar efforts by the Crusaders, resulting in a disappointing 1-2 start to the Horizon League campaign, it would be easy for fans and even players to be down, especially when there are two teams at the top of the standings with 3-0 (Green Bay) and 3-1 (Wright State) records. But the other seven teams in the conference have two or more losses. So a more positive outlook is that it's a long conference season, and one good effort on the road could turn things around for a young Valparaiso team. No time better than the present with a trip to Detroit, which is also struggling. The Crusaders have played well in the Motor City, winning there each of the last three seasons, and that was against a squad with an explosive leader in Ray McCallum Jr., who was picked in the NBA draft. But the Titans are led by the son of a NBA player in Juwan Howard Jr., who averages 16.7 points and 5.8 rebounds per game. Valparaiso senior LaVonte Dority will need to bounce back from a tough game against Wright State in which he scored six points, nine below his season average (15.1).
Steve T. Gorches, Post-Tribune deputy sports editor


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At age 23, Lindsay Avner took charge of her genetic fate: She elected to have her healthy breasts removed before cancer could strike first. Six years later, the Chicago woman has zero regret, she said.
"I feel so fortunate to have had this opportunity that generations of women before me never had," said Avner, who was 11 when her mother was diagnosed with breast cancer, the same disease that claimed the lives of her grandmother, great-grandmother and others in her family tree.
So when Avner tested positive for the gene mutation that increased her odds of becoming another victim, she opted for a double mastectomy. She was heralded as a "pioneer" by her physician at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York.
Now, the decision to remove disease-free breasts is not nearly as controversial as it was back in 2006, when Avner had surgery. Many more women, including a recent Miss America contestant, have disclosed that they have made the same decision either because of hereditary factors or finding early stage cancer in one breast.
Still, some clinicians think the pendulum has swung too far for women who do not have the gene mutation, with more of them opting for double mastectomies as the first line of defense. The increase is attributed to a number of factors, including a barrage of health campaigns that cause some women to overestimate risks and the misconception that removing both breasts guarantees you will never have breast cancer, experts said.
The rate of prophylactic – or preventive – mastectomy among U.S. women with cancer in one breast rose by about 150 percent from the late 1990s to the mid-2000s, according to multiple research studies.
Dr. Todd Tuttle, chief of surgical oncology at the University of Minnesota, said he found in a study that 1.8 percent of women with cancer in one breast had a double mastectomy in 1998. The percentage rose to 4.5 percent in 2003.
'Never have to do this again'
About 1 in 8 U.S. women – or roughly 12 percent – will develop breast cancer in their lifetimes. That's compared with 60 percent of women, such as Avner, who have inherited a harmful mutation in human genes that are known as tumor suppressors, according to the National Cancer Institute. Even without the genetic mutation, the breast cancer risk roughly doubles if there's a strong family history, such as a mother, sister or daughter who has been diagnosed with the disease.
Most preventive double mastectomies in the United States are being chosen by young women in the earliest stages of the disease, clinicians said. But this group has an excellent prognosis without a double mastectomy, said Dr. Seema Khan, professor of surgery at the Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, who, like the other physicians interviewed, wants patients to have a better understanding of the risks and benefits of the procedure.
"Women with unilateral breast cancer … are coming into doctors' offices with disturbing frequency with the declared intent of undergoing a 'double mastectomy' so that they will 'never have to do this again,' " Khan wrote in 2011.
"This has us really scratching our heads," she said in a interview. "There's no medical evidence that a bilateral mastectomy for this group increases length of life or survival rates … or has any better outcomes than breast-conserving treatment and radiation," which is the standard.
Typically, a double mastectomy is a four-hour surgery versus one hour for a breast-conserving procedure, also called lumpectomy. It carries a significantly higher risk of surgical complications, such as infection and bleeding, than a single mastectomy, Khan said.
Many who undergo mastectomy in the unaffected breast do so because they mistakenly think they'll never have to worry about a recurrence. "That's a fallacy, because a malignancy can return on the skin of the (chest) wall," Khan said.
Several factors are driving the phenomena, including pervasive health campaigns that are helpful but also can provoke unnecessary anxiety. The risk that a woman with breast cancer will develop cancer in the second breast is about 5 percent over a 10-year period, but according to one study, women estimate their chances at about 30 percent.
"Breast cancer awareness is a good thing, but women just get pounded with these messages all the time," Tuttle said. "When the NFL has 'pink days,' you know it's over the top."
Less aggressive alternatives
For women without the gene mutation who are considering removing one or both cancer-free breasts, Dr. Dennis Citrin, medical oncologist for Cancer Treatment Centers of America advised surveillance and preventive drug therapy.
A double mastectomy would be an aggressive approach and unnecessary, according to clinicians and published medical reports.
But it's women with cancer in one breast and considering double mastectomy who give clinicians the most concern. Some oft-cited reasons for the uptick range from improved reconstruction techniques to less stigma surrounding the surgery, as women announce publicly what was once only whispered.
Celebrities Christina Applegate and Sharon Osbourne have all talked openly about their operations. Miss Washington, D.C., Allyn Rose, 24, disclosed in January that she would have both breasts removed after the Miss America pageant. She had not had any genetic testing but didn't want to take any chances with the disease that killed her mother, who was diagnosed at 27.
"I don't have the luxury … of waiting around," she told reporters.
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Very interesting evolution is especially, that they distinguish a privacy statement concerning the Web and a privacy policy that covers all the processing in a company. Rigo ------------------------------------CUT----------------------------------- Guidelines for the contents and use of Privacy Statements on Websites. (August 2004) http://www.dataprivacy.ie/images/PrivStatementGuidelines.pdf ------------------------------------CUT-----------------------------------Received on Wednesday, 22 September 2004 11:54:14 GMT
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.2.0+W3C-0.50 : Tuesday, 8 January 2008 14:13:30 GMT


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I am really hot to go to Hell. As I will be cremated, I will imagine the funeral director as a little man in a red suit with tail and little horns, who pokes at me as I crisp. Then, I will have breakfast with Nietzsche, lunch with Hemingway, and dinner with Chris Hitchens. You gotta admit, that's one hell of a day.
Views: 642
Good point. It's like calling not playing golf a sport.
Well said. We don't believe in any god or gods, period. Some people just don't get that. In my case I've studied the Bible so much that belief was no longer an option. God is a myth!
But it's strange that you go to other so called atheist sites and eventually find someone who thinks "you are angry at god." They then do a switch on you and tell you how to "get back with god." The sites were theist after all. Wake up and get it. We have no belief system. There are no gods and therefore there is no deity to believe in! We die and we cease to exist.
If atheists worship anything at all it is reason. Belief is fantasy.
Matthew 18:28
when you can introduce me to these at least 2 of these people that are still living, because some.... is greater than one, we have something to talk about...otherwise you have nothing to say, because you are no different than all the other religious cult members through history that make claims they can't back up.
It seems that member Benoni is no longer with us. (Thank god?) His profile is gone but the posts he made during his short stay with us have somehow managed to live on eternally.
Benoni, you need to go preach your bible myth somewhere else, by the way when I die I am going to the school of medicine jeje
Booklover is right! When you die, you are dead. Like deader than a door nail! You know NOTHING at this time. You were here but now you are gone. Pretty simple really.
But some have fancy ideas of death. You could take frozen peas (for example) and put them back on the vine again. This won't work! They are already dead. Once a cure for cancer has been found you can cure a man that died of cancer. Problem is - you forgot that he was already dead. You missed again.
Along this idea I have developed a time machine. It is and electric cord that you plug into the wall and it has a switch. Hook it up properly, throw the switch, and you are instantly into the future. It needs a little work though. I have yet to figure out how to bring you back.
I think death is why God caused the fall.
This happens....
Although i have told my wife i want to be cremated and the ashes mixed with concrete to make a garden ornament.. at the moment the preferred shape is a cast of my buttocks sticking up out of the ground.
I like that. Still trying to figure out where my ashes should go.
Perhaps they could be added to a vat of porcelain. That way, they could be poured into the molds used to make terlets.
I've heard of a ceramicist having this done with his own work. I'm not sure if the ash was mixed in with the glaze or his bones left in the kiln to flash his work, but it certainly is an interesting thought!
© 2014 Atheist Nexus. All rights reserved. Admin: Richard Haynes.


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Hello everyone. I am Professor Geoffrey and my last post on Pokémon Elite 2000 was July 25th, 2011, almost exactly half a year ago.
Coming back was a bit of an impulse move, and I am not sure if it will stick, to be quite honest. When I left, it was kind of literally like I fell off the face of the earth. I got extremely busy at a breakneck pace, and to be frank I still am really busy. I have just gotten much better at managing my time, and am in need of something to help me pass some of the time I have leftover. Things are much simpler, however, with marching band out of the way. It was life consuming, and would have been much worse if I had been selected for drum major.
I thought about doing this constantly over the past couple of days. I went on a trip with the marching band, as we do a big trip every other year, this time to New York. My primary reason for going, of course, was Nintendo World, and I did manage to go stop in despite only having five minutes to do so, even when I was promised an hour. I had been wanting to go there for ten years ever since before it was a Nintendo World, when it used to be a Pokémon Center. One of my friends who came along the trip started talking about spriting, and I started thinking about the forum. This was the place that made me start thinking about spriting and graphic art, and everything, and I thought I owed it to PE2K to come back. Whether as Website Staff, or otherwise.
Well. Let's hope that this time I stay. ;)
~Professor Geoffrey


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|2011 Porsche 911 Carrera 4S
|armin360 | Email
|01.04.2014 | 5183 Downloads
7.53 based on 15 votes
|Author(s):FM4 and NFS HP 2010 & project cars
Convert To SA:Armin
*-> Custom Shadow & Coll
*-> High Poly model(lod0 body and interior)
*-> Full 3D Engine
*-> Full 3D Interior
*-> Custom & realistic handling
*-> Movable Steering wheel
*-> Working windshield wipers
*-> Realistic Damage Parts
*-> Realistic Chrome
*-> Support Paintjobs (create yourself)
*-> Included Template
*-> Working with ImVehFt, it has front lights, rear lights, brake lights, indicator lights, reverse lights, fog lights and interior lights
*-> 2 Color body (primary:body Secondary:interior)
and more....
"King of GTA"
Comments: 573
good job mate, 10/10
Comments: 46
Nice carro men!
Comments: 174
well I had decided to convert all nfs undercover cars to gta sa. I uploaded some of those but people always said they have bugs with doors or right or left doors disappear so I have to test those cars again but I don't find any bugs that was strange to me anyway after a long time I back to modding and converting high poly cars after that no one reporting bugs to just said they are big dff files
"King of GTA"
Comments: 351
"King of GTA"
Comments: 351
Well, I guess I'm inclined to agree with the others saying that the .DFF is rathe large (I for one can run this and every single one of you other Porsches/RUFs with absolutely no trouble at all though), but I remember a time when your conversions had much smaller .DFF sizes, what ever happened to that?
Comments: 29
will try it
Comments: 26
dff is tooooo BIG like TRUCK, LOL
"King of GTA"
Comments: 334
dff is too big, but its nice.
"King of GTA"
Comments: 351
And that makes 9 Porsches installed.. I don't have half that many for any other brand :X
"King of GTA"
Comments: 365
to big dff size


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|I was picking my berries today, and there are tons of black/orange bugs on them. They seem to be only on the ripest berries. How do you get rid of them? I have put my picked berries in a bowl of ice water, and picked the bugs off each berry. But what a time consuming process, and I have a lot more berries to pick!
Follow-Up Postings:
|Can you get a picture? How big are the bugs? You might not want to use those ripe (overripe?) berries.
You might want to post a picture over on Fruit and Orchards forum too to ID and find out how to control them.
The bugs aren't floating to the surface when you put the berries into ice water?
Here is a link that might be useful: Fruit and orchards forum
|Black and orange on overly ripe fruit sounds like Picnic Beetles. Goggle them for pics to compare to yours and info on controls.
They are sap suckers that inject saliva into the fruit so you probably don't want to use those berries. Instead spray the plant now and harvest the later berries.
|Insecticides won't keep more from moving in (and I wouldn't want to eat the berries), but picking (or picking off the ground) any overripe or damaged fruit and sealing it in a plastic bag to go in the trash, or buying it (not composting) will help control them since picnic or sap beetles only go after really ripe (or overripe) or damaged fruit.
But are these "bugs" tiny (flea-sized), larger, flying, beetles,what do antennae (if any) look like?? More info and/or pix would help.
|You are right, they are the picnic beetles. And no they don't drown, they stick to the berries when put into the water. Looks like I will have to make sure I pick the berries earlier, as it doesn't seem there is much else I can do.
thanks everyone
Here is a link that might be useful: sap beetles
|Insecticides won't keep more from moving in (and I wouldn't want to eat the berries),
Both those issues would all depend on the insecticide used and when it was applied.
Jenny - the plain old mix of 1 T liquid dish soap and 1-2T of vegetable oil added to a gallon of water, shake well, pour into a misting bottle, and spray the beetles. Works fine and poses no threat to the berries. Just don't spray in direct sun or the heat of the day and aim for the bugs rather than drenching the plants.
You can also hose them off the bushes with a jet spray from the hose but it knocks berries off too.
And next year there are any number of organic pesticides that can be sprayed on the bushes just after fruit set to protect them. They are all discussed in the various links about the beetles found on Google.
|What would happen if you accidentally eat the berries before noticing they have the larva on / in them. My son ate about 15-20 before we noticed them on the plate
|What would happen if you accidentally eat the berries before noticing they have the larva on / in them. My son ate about 15-20 before we noticed them on the plate.
Probably nothing as stomach acid would probably kill them. But that is a medical question so it is best answered by a physician, not here.
- Posted by caneberries none (My Page) on Fri, Jul 4, 14 at 3:03
|food grade diatomaceous earth
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Press Release Distribution
Filter NewsShow All Results
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dental websites Press Releases+ XML/RSS
By Identiwrite
Dental Marketing Expert Shauna Duty Publishes Practical Marketing Advice for Dentists on a New Blog
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VivioSites' "Get Found" advanced search engine optimization service allow dentists to reach the first page of Google, Yahoo, and Bing.
By VivioSites
Helping Dentists attract new patients using advanced marketing practices
By Clue Dental Marketing, Inc.
Clue Dental Marketing, Inc., a dental marketing company in Illinois, is relocating to Burr Ridge as of January 1st, 2013.
By Avengersoft Pvt Ltd
Avengersoft started new website development section for the increasing demand of personalized websites for dental clinics. With vast experience in Dentistry, we offer innovative web designs with guaranteed online visibility.
By GreatDentalSites.com
Dental Website Company Launches Innovative Dental Website Services
By Chris Ratchford
Chris Ratchford, founder of the dental SEO company Prodentite is slated to speak at a May 16 McGill & Hill webinar titled "Take Ownership of Your Online Presence.
By Michael Hughes
BiteBank Websites©, an innovative leader in dental website design and online marketing, today announced that it was named the top new innovative product at the 2011 Henry Schein National Sales Meeting
By Bradford Sq. Dr.
Dentilo.com, a Michigan based company, has recently announced its decision to continue the free trial period for its dental web design and development services.
By MDPM
Instead of depending on a single website for search engine optimization, MDPM creates multiple dental website blogs, mini-websites, that are indexed with higher priority than traditional websites. The results are amazing.
By Cambridge MedCom
Participating Dentists to Receive Free 30-Seconds Video For Their Website at Health Compliance Team Booth #826 @ The Greater NY Dental Meeting
By Michelle Gill
Periowebsites.com Launch at the 94th Annual AAP Meeting in Seattle.
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to a T
Also, to a turn. Perfectly, exactly right, as in The description fitted him to a T, or The roast was done to a turn. The first expression, dating from the late 1600s, may allude to the T-square, used for accurate drawing, but some think it refers to crossing one's T's. The variant alludes to meat being turned on a spit until it is cooked to the proper degree. The variant was first recorded in 1780.
Dictionary.com presents 366 FAQs, incorporating some of the frequently asked questions from the past with newer queries.


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William Smith, 1778.
Trials: t17780115-45 Name, Date of Document and Offence: William Smith. Document Type and Location: bail piece, London Metropolitan Archives, MJ/SP/1778/07/019.
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