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The capital of ancient Babylonia in Mesopotamia on the Euphrates River. Established as capital c. 1750 B.C. and rebuilt in regal splendor by Nebuchadnezzar II after its destruction (c. 689 B.C.) by the Assyrians, Babylon was the site of the Hanging Gardens, one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
For more information on Babylon, visit Britannica.com.
Babylon, Iraq
One of the largest and most ancient cities in Mesopotamia, 80km south of modern Baghdad on the River Euphrates. Excavations by the German archaeologist Robert Koldewey between 1899 and 1917, together with more recent work, provide the plan of the ancient city and allow some understanding of its main elements.
In the early 2nd millennium bc it was the centre of a city-state, the so-called old Babylonian, reaching prominence in 1792 bc under the 6th ruler of the 1st Dynasty, Hammurabi. It was destroyed by the Hittites in c.1595 bc and then ruled by the Kassites until c.1157 bc. Thereafter followed a period of further decline under short-lived dynasties and with frequent wars with Elamites and Assyrian civilization.
In the 7th century bc the city-state rose again under the rulers of the 11th Dynasty, destroying Assyria and, under Nebuchadnezzar, conquering an empire from the Persian Gulf through to the Mediterranean, the so-called neo-Babylonian. The city itself covered some 850ha and is estimated to have had a population in excess of 100 000 souls. Within it were many famous monuments including the Ishtar Gate, the ziggurat long identified with the biblical Tower of Babel, and the palace of Nebuchadnezzar which contained a structure that Koldewey identified as the famous Hanging Gardens (see Seven Wonders of the World).
In 539 bc Babylon was overthrown by the Persians under Cyrus, after which it continued to exist only as a regional capital for successive occupants of the area. Alexander the Great died in the town in 323 bc. The site was abandoned after the Muslim conquest of the area in ad 641.
[Rep.: J. Oates, 1986, Babylon. London: Thames & Hudson]
One Sacrilege After Another
Location: Al Hillah, Iraq
Disappearing Places > Going to Ruins > Crumbling Classics
Airport: Baghdad
Lodging: It is not advisable to travel to Iraq at the present time
Babylon, a city of both history and legend, has been seriously damaged by war and development, and those remain the two major threats to the ancient city. The U.S. war in Iraq continues to endanger Babylon and other ancient sites in Iraq, and Iraqi officials' own plans for post-war Babylon could be just as destructive.
Desperate Iraqi citizens aren't the only ones destroying their country's patrimony. In 2003, American troops committed even greater sacrilege: building a helipad atop a mound of mud-brick debris in the ruins of ancient Babylon. Heavy vehicles rumbled over centuries-old pavements, trenches were dug into artifact-filled soil, and carved figures in the Ishtar Gate were destroyed by soldiers prying out bricks for souvenirs.
The most fabled of ancient cities, Babylon has occupied this prime Mesopotamian site on the Euphrates river since the 3rd millennium B.C. In the 18th century B.C. it was the capital of Hammurabi's empire, where the world's first code of law was written. Under Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 B.C.), the city was transformed into a brilliant capital, with such landmarks as the Etemenanki ziggurat, the Ishtar Gate, and the Hanging Gardens, named one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World (though some historians believe those were actually in Nineveh). Even under Persian rule, Babylon was an administrative capital and center of learning, especially astronomy and mathematics. Twice it was the largest city in the world—from 1770 to 1670 B.C. and from 612 to 320 B.C., with a population that may have topped 200,000. In the ancient world, that would have been huge.
Babylon had lain abandoned for centuries, its sunbaked bricks carted away until only foundations remained. Then in 1985, Saddam Hussein started rebuilding on top of the old ruins, ordering a combination of restoration and new construction to duplicate the city of Nebuchadnezzar—a copy, granted, but with that special Hussein flair. He erected an immense picture of himself and Nebuchadnezzar at the entrance to the ruins, and had his own name inscribed on building bricks, just as that ancient ruler had done, horrifying many archaeolo-gists. The Ishtar Gate was recreated, and the ceremonial stone boulevard leading from it, Processional Way, was restored. Hussein built a ziggurat-style palace for himself over some old ruins, and was just about to string a cable car over Babylon when war broke out (since the downfall of Hussein, the work has ground to a halt).
At first the presence of U.S. troops protected Babylon from looters, but soon the protectors were causing more trouble than they were preventing. U.S. Marines lived in Saddam's palace, and the rest of the city was turned into a military depot, which was transferred to Polish forces in September 2003. World outrage, however, prompted the occupying forces to return the site to Iraq's antiquities officials in January 2005.
Iraqi leaders have spun ideas for continuing Hussein's rebuilding project once the war is over, creating a new cultural center with shopping malls, hotels, and perhaps a theme park—why not? Archaeologists are already shaking their heads.
The capital of the ancient empire of Babylonia, which conquered Israel in the sixth century b.c. The Jews were exiled to Babylon, which they found luxurious and corrupt. The prophet Daniel became a counselor to the king of Babylon (see the handwriting on the wall), and eventually the Israelites were allowed to return to their homeland. (See also Daniel in the lions' den.)
A city in ancient Mesopotamia, famed for its hanging gardens (one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) and for the sensual lifestyle of its people.
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بابل, (Arabic)
|A partial view of the ruins of Babylon from Saddam Hussein's Summer Palace
|Hillah, Babylon Province, Iraq
|32°32′11″N 44°25′15″E / 32.53639°N 44.42083°ECoordinates: 32°32′11″N 44°25′15″E / 32.53639°N 44.42083°E
|9 km2 (3.5 sq mi)
|Site notes
|Public access
Babylon (Arabic: بابل, Babil; Akkadian: Bābili(m);[1] Sumerian logogram: KÁ.DINGIR.RAKI;[1] Hebrew: בָּבֶל, Bāvel;[1] Ancient Greek: Βαβυλών Babylṓn) was an Akkadian city-state (founded in 1894 BC by an Amorite dynasty) of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which are found in present-day Hillah, Babylon Province, Iraq, about 85 kilometres (53 mi) south of Baghdad. All that remains of the original ancient famed city of Babylon today is a large mound, or tell, of broken mud-brick buildings and debris in the fertile Mesopotamian plain between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The city itself was built upon the Euphrates, and divided in equal parts along its left and right banks, with steep embankments to contain the river's seasonal floods.
Available historical resources suggest that Babylon was at first a small town which had sprung up by the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. The town flourished and attained independence with the rise of the First Amorite Babylonian Dynasty in 1894 BC. Claiming to be the successor of the ancient city of Eridu, Babylon eclipsed Nippur as the "holy city" of Mesopotamia around the time an Amorite king named Hammurabi first created the short lived Babylonian Empire; this quickly dissolved upon his death and Babylon spent long periods under Assyrian, Kassite and Elamite domination. Babylon again became the seat of the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 608 to 539 BC which was founded by Chaldeans and whose last king was an Assyrian. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. After the fall of Babylon it came under the rules of the Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian, Roman and Sassanid empires.
The Greek form Babylon (Βαβυλών) is an adaptation of Akkadian Babili. The Babylonian name as it stood in the 1st millennium BC had been changed from an earlier Babilli in early 2nd millennium BC, meaning "Gate of God" or "Gateway of the God" (bāb-ili) by popular etymology.[2] The earlier name Babilla appears to be an adaptation of a non-Semitic source of unknown origin or meaning.[3]
In the Hebrew Bible, the name appears as בָּבֶל (Babel; Tiberian בָּבֶל Bāvel; Syriac ܒܒܠ Bāwēl), interpreted in the Book of Genesis (11:9) to mean "confusion" (viz. of languages), from the verb בלבל bilbél, "to confuse".
An indication of Babylon's early existence may be a later tablet describing the reign of Sargon of Akkad (ca. 23rd century BC short chronology). The so-called "Weidner Chronicle" states that it was Sargon himself who built Babylon "in front of Akkad" (ABC 19:51). Another later chronicle likewise states that Sargon "dug up the dirt of the pit of Babylon, and made a counterpart of Babylon next to Akkad". (ABC 20:18–19). Van de Mieroop has suggested that those sources may refer to the much later Assyrian king Sargon II of the Neo-Assyrian Empire rather than Sargon of Akkad.[4]
Some scholars, including linguist I.J. Gelb, have suggested that the name Babil is an echo of an earlier city name. Herzfeld wrote about Bawer in Iran, which was allegedly founded by Jamshid; the name Babil could be an echo of Bawer. David Rohl holds that the original Babylon is to be identified with Eridu. The Bible in Genesis 10 indicates that Nimrod was the original founder of Babel (Babylon). Joan Oates claims in her book Babylon that the rendering "Gateway of the gods" is no longer accepted by modern scholars.
By around the 19th century BC, much of Mesopotamia was occupied by Amorites, nomadic tribes from the northern Levant who were Semitic speakers like the Akkadians of Babylonia and Assyria, but at first did not practice agriculture like them, preferring to herd sheep. Over time, Amorite grain merchants rose to prominence and established their own independent dynasties in several south Mesopotamian city-states, most notably Isin, Larsa and Babylon.
Classical dating
Ctesias, who is quoted by Diodorus Siculus and in George Syncellus's Chronographia, claimed to have access to manuscripts from Babylonian archives which date the founding of Babylon to 2286 BC by Belus who reigned as Babylon's first king for fifty five years.[5] Another figure is from Simplicius,[6] who recorded that Callisthenes in the 4th century BC travelled to Babylon and discovered astronomical observations on cuneiform tablets stretching back 1903 years before the taking of Babylon by Alexander the Great in 331 BC. This makes the sum 1903 + 331 which equals 2234 BC as the founding date for Babylon. A similar figure is found in Berossus, who according to Pliny,[7] stated that astronomical observations commenced at Babylon 490 years before the Greek era of Phoroneus, and consequently in 2243 BC. Stephanus of Byzantium, wrote that Babylon was built 1002 years before the date (given by Hellanicus of Mytilene) for the siege of Troy (1229 BC), which would date Babylon's foundation to 2231 BC.[8] All of these dates place Babylon's foundation in the 23rd century BC; however, since the decipherment of cuneiform in recent centuries, cuneiform records have not been found to correspond with such classical (post-cuneiform) accounts.
Old Babylonian period
The First Babylonian Dynasty was established by an Amorite chieftain named Sumu-abum in 1894 BC, who declared independence from the neighbouring city-state of Kazallu. The Amorites were, unlike the Sumerians and Akkadian Semites, not native to Mesopotamia, but were semi nomadic Semitic invaders from the lands to the west. Babylon controlled little surrounding territory until it became the capital of Hammurabi's empire a century later (r. 1792–1750 BC). Hammurabi is famous for codifying the laws of Babylonia into the Code of Hammurabi that has had a lasting influence on legal thought. Subsequently, the city of Babylon continued to be the capital of the region known as Babylonia. Hammurabi's empire quickly dissolved after his death, although the Amorite dynasty remained in power in a much reduced Babylonia until 1595 BC[9] when they were overthrown by the invading Hittites from Asia Minor.
Following the sack of Babylon by the Hittites, the Kassites invaded and took over Babylon, ushering in a dynasty that was to last for 435 years until 1160 BC. The city was renamed Karanduniash during this period. The Kassites, a people speaking a Language Isolate, originated from the Zagros Mountains to the north east of Mesopotamia in what is now Iran. However, Kassite Babylon eventually became subject to domination by Elam to the east and the fellow Mesopotamian state of Assyria to the north, both nations often interfering in or controlling Babylon during the Kassite period. The Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta I took the throne of Babylon in 1235 BC, becoming the first native Mesopotamian to rule there.
It has been estimated that Babylon was the largest city in the world from ca. 1770 to 1670 BC, and again between ca. 612 and 320 BC. It was perhaps the first city to reach a population above 200,000.[10] Estimates for the maximum extent of its size range from 890[11] to 900 hectares (2,200 acres).[12]
Assyrian period
Throughout the duration of the Neo Assyrian Empire (911 BC to 608 BC) Babylonia was under Assyrian domination or direct control. During the reign of Sennacherib of Assyria, Babylonia was in a constant state of revolt, led by a Chaldean chieftain named Merodach-Baladan in alliance with the Elamites, and suppressed only by the complete destruction of the city of Babylon. In 689 BC, its walls, temples and palaces were razed, and the rubble was thrown into the Arakhtu, the sea bordering the earlier Babylon on the south. This act shocked the religious conscience of Mesopotamia; the subsequent murder of Sennacherib by two of his own sons whilst praying to the god Nisroch was held to be in expiation of it, and his successor in Assyria Esarhaddon hastened to rebuild the old city, to receive there his crown, and make it his residence during part of the year. On his death, Babylonia was left to be governed by his elder son, the Assyrian prince Shamash-shum-ukin, who, after becoming infused with Babylonian nationalism, eventually started a civil war in 652 BC against his own brother and master Ashurbanipal, who ruled in Nineveh. Shamash-shum-ukin enlisted the help of other peoples subject to Assyria, including Elam, the Chaldeans and Suteans of southern Mesopotamia, and the Arabs dwelling in the deserts south of Mesopotamia.
Once again, Babylon was besieged by the Assyrians, starved into surrender and its allies violently crushed. Ashurbanipal purified the city and celebrated a "service of reconciliation", but did not venture to "take the hands" of Bel. An Assyrian governor named Kandalanu was entrusted with ruling the city. After the death of Ashurbanipal, the Assyrian empire began to unravel due to a series of bitter internal civil wars. Three more Assyrian kings Ashur-etil-ilani, Sin-shumu-lishir and finally Sin-shar-ishkun were to rule. However, eventually Babylon, like many other parts of the near east, took advantage of the anarchy within Assyria to free itself from Assyrian rule. In the subsequent overthrow of the Assyrian Empire by an alliance of peoples, the Babylonians saw another example of divine vengeance. (Albert Houtum-Schindler, "Babylon," Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.)
Neo-Babylonian Chaldean Empire
|This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2008)
Under Nabopolassar, a Chaldean king, Babylon threw off Assyrian rule and destroyed the Assyrian Empire between 620 and 605 BC, in an alliance with Cyaxares, king of the Medes and Persians together with the Scythians and Cimmerians. Babylon thus became the capital of the Neo-Babylonian (sometimes and possibly erroneously called Chaldean) Empire.[13][14][15]
With the recovery of Babylonian independence, a new era of architectural activity ensued, and his son Nebuchadnezzar II (604–561 BC) made Babylon into one of the wonders of the ancient world.[16] Nebuchadnezzar ordered the complete reconstruction of the imperial grounds, including rebuilding the Etemenanki ziggurat and the construction of the Ishtar Gate – the most spectacular of eight gates that ringed the perimeter of Babylon. A reconstruction of The Ishtar Gate is located in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. All that was ever found of the Original Ishtar gate was the foundation and scattered bricks.
Nebuchadnezzar is also credited with the construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the seven wonders of the ancient world), said to have been built for his homesick wife Amyitis. Whether the gardens did exist is a matter of dispute. Although excavations by German archaeologist Robert Koldewey are thought to reveal its foundations, many historians disagree about the location, and some believe it may have been confused with gardens in the Assyrian capital, Nineveh.
Chaldean rule did not last long and it is not clear if Neriglissar and Labashi-Marduk were Chaldeans or native Babylonians, and the last ruler Nabonidus and his son and regent Belshazzar were Assyrians from Harran.
Persia captures Babylon
In 539 BC, the Neo-Babylonian Empire fell to Cyrus the Great, king of Persia, with an unprecedented military engagement known as the Battle of Opis. The famed walls of Babylon were indeed impenetrable, with the only way into the city through one of its many gates or through the Euphrates, which ebbed beneath its thick walls. Metal gates at the river's in-flow and out-flow prevented underwater intruders, if one could hold one's breath to reach them. Cyrus (or his generals) devised a plan to use the Euphrates as the mode of entry to the city, ordering large camps of troops at each point and instructed them to wait for the signal. Awaiting an evening of a national feast among Babylonians (generally thought to refer to the feast of Belshazzar mentioned in Daniel V), Cyrus' troops diverted the Euphrates river upstream, causing the Euphrates to drop to about 'mid thigh level on a man' or to dry up altogether. The soldiers marched under the walls through the lowered water. The Persian Army conquered the outlying areas of the city's interior while a majority of Babylonians at the city center were oblivious to the breach. The account was elaborated upon by Herodotus,[17] and is also mentioned by passages in the Hebrew Bible.[18][19]
Cyrus later issued a decree permitting captive people, including the Jews, to return to their own land (as explained in 2 Chronicles 36), to allow their temple to be rebuilt back in Jerusalem.
Under Cyrus and the subsequent Persian king Darius the Great, Babylon became the capital city of the 9th Satrapy (Babylonia in the south and Athura in the north), as well as a centre of learning and scientific advancement. In Achaemenid Persia, the ancient Babylonian arts of astronomy and mathematics were revitalised and flourished, and Babylonian scholars completed maps of constellations. The city was the administrative capital of the Persian Empire, the preeminent power of the then known world, and it played a vital part in the history of that region for over two centuries. Many important archaeological discoveries have been made that can provide a better understanding of that era.[20][21]
The early Persian kings had attempted to maintain the religious ceremonies of Marduk, but by the reign of Darius III, over-taxation and the strains of numerous wars led to a deterioration of Babylon's main shrines and canals, and the disintegration of the surrounding region. There were numerous attempts at rebellion and in 522 BC (Nebuchadnezzar III), 521 BC (Nebuchadnezzar IV) and 482 (Bel-shimani and Shamash-eriba) BC native Babylonian kings briefly regained independence. However these revolts were relatively swiftly repressed and the land and city of Babylon remained solidly under Persian rule for two centuries, until Alexander the Great's entry in 331 BC.
Hellenistic period
In 331 BC, Darius III was defeated by the forces of the Ancient Macedonian Greek ruler Alexander the Great at the Battle of Gaugamela, and in October, Babylon fell to the young conqueror. A native account of this invasion notes a ruling by Alexander not to enter the homes of its inhabitants.[22]
Under Alexander, Babylon again flourished as a centre of learning and commerce. But following Alexander's death in 323 BC in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar, his empire was divided amongst his generals, and decades of fighting soon began, with Babylon once again caught in the middle.
The constant turmoil virtually emptied the city of Babylon. A tablet dated 275 BC states that the inhabitants of Babylon were transported to Seleucia, where a palace was built, as well as a temple given the ancient name of Esagila. With this deportation, the history of Babylon comes practically to an end, though more than a century later, it was found that sacrifices were still performed in its old sanctuary.[23] By 141 BC, when the Parthian Empire took over the region, Babylon was in complete desolation and obscurity.
Persian Empire period
Under the Parthian, and later, Sassanid Persians, Babylon (like Assyria) remained a province of the Persian Empire for nine centuries, until after 650 AD. It continued to have its own culture and people, who spoke varieties of Aramaic, and who continued to refer to their homeland as Babylon. Some examples of their cultural products are often found in the Babylonian Talmud, the Gnostic Mandaean religion, Eastern Rite Christianity and the religion of the prophet Mani. Christianity came to Mesopotamia in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, and Babylon was the seat of a Bishop of the Church of the East until well after the Arab/Islamic conquest.
Arab conquest
In the mid 7th century AD Mesopotamia was invaded and settled by the Arabs who brought with them Islam. A period of Arabisation and Islamification followed. Babylon was dissolved as a province and Aramaic and Church of the East Christianity eventually became marginalised, although both still exist today (more so however among the Assyrians of northern Iraq) as does Mandeanism. A Babylonian/Mesopotamian/Assyrian identity is still espoused by the ethnically indigenous Mesopotamian and Eastern Aramaic speaking members of the Chaldean Catholic Church and Assyrian Church of the East to this day.
Biblical narrative
In Genesis 10:10, Babylon is described as a neighboring city of Uruk, Akkad and Kalneh, in Shinar.[24]
The site at Babylon consists of a number of mounds covering an oblong area roughly 2 kilometers by 1 kilometer, oriented north to south.[citation needed] The site is bounded by the Euphrates River on the west, and by the remains of the ancient city walls otherwise. Originally, the Euphrates roughly bisected the city, as is common in the region, but the river has since shifted its course so that much of the remains on the former western part of the city are now inundated. Some portions of the city wall to the west of the river also remain. Several of the sites mounds are more prominent.
These include:
- Kasr – also called Palace or Castle. It is the location of the Neo-Babylonian ziggurat Etemenanki of Nabopolassar and later Nebuchadnezzar and lies in the center of the site.
- Amran Ibn Ali – to the south and the highest of the mounds at 25 meters. It is the site of Esagila, a temple of Marduk which also contained shrines to Ea and Nabu.
- Homera – a reddish colored mound on the west side. Most of the Hellenistic remains are here.
- Babil – in the northern end of the site, about 22 meters in height. It has been extensively subject to brick robbing since ancient times. It held a palace built by Nebuchadnezzar.
Occupation at the site dates back to the late 3rd millennium, finally achieving prominence in the early 2nd millennium under the First Babylonian Dynasty and again later in the millennium under the Kassite dynasty of Babylon. Unfortunately, almost nothing from that period has been recovered at the site of Babylon. First, the water table in the region has risen greatly over the centuries and artifacts from the time before the Neo-Babylonian Empire are unavailable to current standard archaeological methods. Secondly, the Neo-Babylonians conducted massive rebuilding projects in the city which destroyed or obscured much of the earlier record. Third, much of the western half of the city is now under the Euphrates River. Fourth, Babylon has been sacked a number of times, most notably by the Hittites and Elamites in the 2nd millennium, then by the Neo-Assyrian Empire and the Achaemenid Empire in the 1st millennium, after the Babylonians had revolted against their rule. Lastly, the site has been long mined for building materials on a commercial scale.
While knowledge of early Babylon must be pieced together from epigraphic remains found elsewhere, such as at Uruk, Nippur, and Haradum, information on the Neo-Babylonian city is available from archaeological excavations and from classical sources. Babylon was described, perhaps even visited, by a number of classical historians including Ctesias, Herodotus, Quintus Curtius Rufus, Strabo, and Cleitarchus. These reports are of variable accuracy and some political spin is involved but still provide useful data.
The first reported archaeological excavation of Babylon was conducted by Claudius James Rich in 1811–12 and again in 1817.[25][26] Robert Mignan excavated at the site briefly in 1827.[27] William Loftus visited there in 1849.[28]
Austen Henry Layard made some soundings during a brief visit in 1850 before abandoning the site.[29] Fulgence Fresnel and Julius Oppert heavily excavated Babylon from 1852 to 1854. Unfortunately, much of the result of their work was lost when a raft containing over forty crates of artifacts sank into the Tigris river.[30][31]
Henry Creswicke Rawlinson and George Smith worked there briefly in 1854. The next excavation, a major one, was conducted by Hormuzd Rassam on behalf of the British Museum. Work began in 1879, continuing until 1882, and was prompted by widespread looting occurring at the site. Using industrial scale digging in search of artifacts, Rassam recovered a large quantity of cuneiform tablets and other finds. The zealous excavation methods, common in those days, caused much damage to the archaeological context.[32][33]
A team from the German Oriental Society led by Robert Koldewey conducted the first scientific archaeological excavations at Babylon. The work was conducted every year between 1899 and 1917 until World War I intruded. Primary efforts of the dig involved the temple of Marduk and the processional way leading up to it, as well as the city wall. Hundreds of recovered tablets, as well as the noted Ishtar Gate were sent back to Germany.[34][35][36][37][38][39]
Further work by the German Archaeological Institute was conducted by Heinrich J. Lenzen in 1956 and Hansjörg Schmid 1962. The work by Lenzen dealt primarily with the Hellenistic theatre and by Schmid with the temple ziggurat Etemenanki.[40]
In more recent times, the site of Babylon was excavated by G. Bergamini on behalf of the Centro Scavi di Torino per il Medio Oriente e l'Asia and the Iraqi-Italian Institute of Archaeological Sciences. This work began with a season of excavation in 1974 followed by a topographical survey in 1977.[41] The focus was on clearing up issues raised by re-examination of the old German data. After a decade, Bergamini returned to the site in 1987–1989. The work concentrated on the area surrounding the Ishara and Ninurta temples in the Shu-Anna city-quarter of Babylon.[42][43]
It should be noted that during the restoration efforts in Babylon, some amount of excavation and room clearing has been done by the Iraqi State Organization for Antiquities and Heritage. Given the conditions in that country the last few decades, publication of archaeological activities has been understandably sparse at best.[44][45]
In 1983, Saddam Hussein started rebuilding the city on top of the old ruins (because of this, artifacts and other finds may well be under the city by now), investing in both restoration and new construction. He inscribed his name on many of the bricks in imitation of Nebuchadnezzar. One frequent inscription reads: "This was built by Saddam Hussein, son of Nebuchadnezzar, to glorify Iraq". This recalls the ziggurat at Ur, where each individual brick was stamped with "Ur-Nammu, king of Ur, who built the temple of Nanna". These bricks became sought after as collectors' items after the downfall of Hussein, and the ruins are no longer being restored to their original state. He also installed a huge portrait of himself and Nebuchadnezzar at the entrance to the ruins, and shored up Processional Way, a large boulevard of ancient stones, and the Lion of Babylon, a black rock sculpture about 2,600 years old.
When the Gulf War ended, Saddam wanted to build a modern palace, also over some old ruins; it was made in the pyramidal style of a Sumerian ziggurat. He named it Saddam Hill. In 2003, he was ready to begin the construction of a cable car line over Babylon when the invasion began and halted the project.
An article published in April 2006 states that UN officials and Iraqi leaders have plans for restoring Babylon, making it into a cultural center.[46][47]
As of May 2009, the provincial government of Babil has reopened the site to tourism.
Effects of the U.S. military
US forces under the command of General James T. Conway of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force were criticized for building the military base "Camp Alpha", comprising among other facilities a helipad, on ancient Babylonian ruins following the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
US forces have occupied the site for some time and have caused irreparable damage to the archaeological record. In a report of the British Museum's Near East department, Dr. John Curtis describes how parts of the archaeological site were levelled to create a landing area for helicopters, and parking lots for heavy vehicles. Curtis wrote that the occupation forces
- "caused substantial damage to the Ishtar Gate, one of the most famous monuments from antiquity [...] US military vehicles crushed 2,600-year-old brick pavements, archaeological fragments were scattered across the site, more than 12 trenches were driven into ancient deposits and military earth-moving projects contaminated the site for future generations of scientists [...] Add to all that the damage caused to nine of the moulded brick figures of dragons in the Ishtar Gate by soldiers trying to remove the bricks from the wall."[citation needed]
A US Military spokesman claimed that engineering operations were discussed with the "head of the Babylon museum".[48]
The head of the Iraqi State Board for Heritage and Antiquities, Donny George, said that the "mess will take decades to sort out".[49] In April 2006, Colonel John Coleman, former Chief of Staff for the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force, offered to issue an apology for the damage done by military personnel under his command. However he claimed that the US presence had deterred far greater damage from other looters.[50]
Babylon in popular culture
Due to the importance of Babylon in its time as well as the stories in the Bible the word "Babylon" in various languages has acquired a generic meaning of a large, bustling diverse city. As such, the word "Babylon" is used for various entertainment events or buildings. For example, sci-fi series Babylon 5 tells a tale of a multi-racial future space station. Babilonas (Lithuanian name for "Babylon") is also a name for a major real estate development in Lithuania.
In the video game Age of Empires, 8 Babylon campaigns are available. Babylon is mentioned in the history section and in the victory aftermath campaigns.
See also
- I.L. Finkel, M.J. Seymour, Babylon, Oxford University Press, 2009 ISBN 0-19-538540-3
- Joan Oates, Babylon, Thames and Hudson, 1986. ISBN 0-500-02095-7 (hardback) ISBN 0-500-27384-7 (paperback)
- The Ancient Middle Eastern Capital City — Reflection and Navel of the World by Stefan Maul ("Die altorientalische Hauptstadt — Abbild und Nabel der Welt," in Die Orientalische Stadt: Kontinuität. Wandel. Bruch. 1 Internationales Kolloquium der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft. 9.–1 0. Mai 1996 in Halle/Saale, Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag (1997), p. 109–124.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Babylon". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- "UNESCO: Iraq invasion harmed historic Babylon". Associated Press. July 10, 2009. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31842219/18424719.
- ^ a b c The Cambridge Ancient History: Prologomena & Prehistory: Vol. 1, Part 1. Accessed 15 Dec 2010.]
- ^ Dietz Otto Edzard: Geschichte Mesopotamiens. Von den Sumerern bis zu Alexander dem Großen, Beck, München 2004, p. 121.
- ^ Liane Jakob-Rost, Joachim Marzahn: Babylon, ed. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. Vorderasiatisches Museum, (Kleine Schriften 4), 2. Auflage, Putbus 1990, p. 2
- ^ Stephanie Dalley, Babylon as a Name for other Cities Including Nineveh, in Uchicago.edu, Proceedings of the 51st Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Oriental Institute SAOC 62, pp. 25–33, 2005
- ^ Records of the Past, Archibald Sayce, 2nd series, Vol. 1, 1888, p. 11.
- ^ Simpl. ad Arist De Caelo. ii. 503A)
- ^ N.H. vii. 57
- ^ The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World, George Rawlinson, Vol. 4, p. 526-527.
- ^ 1595 BC: Please see Chronology of the ancient Near East for more discussion on dating events in the 2nd millennium BC, including the Sack of Babylon
- ^ Tertius Chandler. Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census (1987), St. David's University Press (etext.org). ISBN 0-88946-207-0. See Historical urban community sizes.
- ^ Mieroop, Marc van de (1997). The Ancient Mesopotamian City. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 95. ISBN 9780191588457. http://books.google.com/books?id=_YKlbIp9pYMC&pg=PA95.
- ^ Boiy, T. (2004). Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Babylon. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. 136. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. p. 233. ISBN 9789042914490. http://books.google.com/books?id=1frplXFGf4sC&pg=PA233.
- ^ Bradford, Alfred S. (2001). With Arrow, Sword, and Spear: A History of Warfare in the Ancient World, pp. 47–48. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-95259-2.
- ^ Curtis, Adrian; Herbert Gordon May (2007). Oxford Bible Atlas Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-100158-1 p. 122 Google Books Search
- ^ von Soden, Wilfred; Donald G. Schley (1996). William B. Eerdmanns ISBN 978-0-8028-0142-5 p. 60 Google Books Search
- ^ Saggs, H.W.F. (2000). Babylonians, p. 165. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20222-8.
- ^ Herodotus, Book 1, Section 191
- ^ Isaiah 44:27
- ^ Jeremiah 50–51
- ^ Cyrus Cylinder The British Museum. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
- ^ "Mesopotamia: The Persians". Wsu.edu:8080. 1999-06-06. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MESO/PERSIANS.HTM. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
- ^ Beck, Roger B.; Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, Dahia Ibo Shabaka, (1999). World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. ISBN 0-395-87274-X.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Babylon". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+10%3A10&version=NIV
- ^ Claudius J. Rich, Memoirs on the Ruins of Babylon, 1815
- ^ Claudius J. Rich, Second memoir on Babylon; containing an inquiry into the correspondence between the ancient descriptions of Babylon, and the remains still visible on the site, 1818
- ^ Google Books Search, Robert Mignan, Travels in Chaldæa, Including a Journey from Bussorah to Bagdad, Hillah, and Babylon, Performed on Foot in 1827, H. Colburn and R. Bentley, 1829 ISBN 1-4021-6013-5
- ^ Google Books Search, William K. Loftus, Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and Susiana, Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and Susiana: With an Account of Excavations at Warka, the "Erech" of Nimrod, and Shush, "Shushan the Palace" of Esther, in 1849–52, Robert Carter & Brothers, 1857
- ^ Google Books Search, A. H. Layard, Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, J. Murray, 1853
- ^ J. Oppert, Expédition scientifique en Mésopotamie exécutée par ordre du gouvernement de 1851 à 1854. Tome I: Rélation du voyage et résultat de l'expédition, 1863 (also as ISBN 0-543-74945-2) Tome II: Déchiffrement des inscriptions cuneiforms, 1859 (also as ISBN 0-543-74939-8)
- ^ H V. Hilprecht, Exploration in the Bible Lands During the 19th Century, A. J. Holman, 1903
- ^ Archive.org, Hormuzd Rassam, Asshur and the Land of Nimrod: Being an Account of the Discoveries Made in the Ancient Ruins of Nineveh, Asshur, Sepharvaim, Calah, [etc]..., Curts & Jennings, 1897
- ^ Julian Reade, Hormuzd Rassam and his discoveries, Iraq, vol. 55, pp. 39–62, 1993
- ^ Google Books Research, R. Koldewey, Das wieder erstehende Babylon, die bisherigen Ergebnisse der deutschen Ausgrabungen, J.C. Hinrichs, 1913, with online English translation: Agnes Sophia Griffith Johns, The excavations at Babylon By Robert Koldewey, Macmillan and Co., 1914
- ^ R. Koldewey, Die Tempel von Babylon und Borsippa, WVDOG, vol. 15, pp. 37–49, 1911 (German)
- ^ R. Koldewey, Das Ischtar-Tor in Babylon, WVDOG, vol. 32, 1918
- ^ F. Wetzel, Die Stadtmauren von Babylon, WVDOG, vol. 48, pp. 1–83, 1930
- ^ F. Wetzel and F.H. Weisbach, Das Hauptheiligtum des Marduk in Babylon: Esagila und Etemenanki, WVDOG, vol. 59, pp. 1–36, 1938
- ^ F. Wetzel et al., Das Babylon der Spätzeit, WVDOG, vol. 62, Gebr. Mann, 1957 (1998 reprint ISBN 3-7861-2001-3)
- ^ Hansjörg Schmid, Der Tempelturm Etemenanki in Babylon, Zabern, 1995, ISBN 3-8053-1610-0
- ^ G. Bergamini, Levels of Babylon Reconsidered, Mesopotamia, vol. 12, pp. 111–152, 1977
- ^ G. Bergamini, Excavations in Shu-anna Babylon 1987, Mesopotamia, vol. 23, pp. 5–17, 1988
- ^ G. Bergamini, Preliminary report on the 1988–1989 operations at Babylon Shu-Anna, Mesopotamia, vol. 25, pp. 5–12, 1990
- ^ Excavations in Iraq 1981–1982, Iraq, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 199–224, 1983
- ^ Farouk N. H. Al-Rawi, Nabopolassar's Restoration Work on the Wall "Imgur-Enlil at Babylon, Iraq, vol. 47, pp. 1–13, 1985
- ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey. Unesco intends to put the magic back in Babylon, International Herald Tribune, April 21, 2006. Retrieved April 19, 2008.
- ^ McBride, Edward. Monuments to Self: Baghdad's grands projects in the age of Saddam Hussein, MetropolisMag. Retrieved April 19, 2008.
- ^ Leeman, Sue (January 16, 2005). "Damage seen to ancient Babylon". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2005/01/16/damage_seen_to_ancient_babylon/.
- ^ Heritage News from around the world, World Heritage Alert!. Retrieved April 19, 2008.
- ^ Cornwell, Rupert. US colonel offers Iraq an apology of sorts for devastation of Babylon, The Independent, April 15, 2006. Retrieved April 19, 2008.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Babylon
- Babylon on In Our Time at the BBC. (listen now)
- Webpage – Babylon The Great
- Iraq Image – Babylon Satellite Observation
- Site Photographs of Babylon – Oriental Institute
- Encyclopædia Britannica, Babylon
- Plans of Babylon Ruins – Oates, J. Babylon. London: Thames and Hudson, 1979
- 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, Babylon
- Iraq war
- Babylon wrecked by war, The Guardian, January 15, 2005
- Mirosław Olbryś, The Polish contribution to protection of the archaeological heritage in central south Iraq, November 2003 to April 2005, Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, Volume 8, Number 2, 2007 , pp. 88–104(17)
- "Experts: Iraq invasion harmed historic Babylon". Associated Press. July 10, 2009. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31842219/18424719.
- UNESCO Final Report on Damage Assessment in Babylon
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
Français (French)
n. - Babylone
Português (Portuguese)
n. - Babilônia
Español (Spanish)
n. - Babilonia
中文(简体)(Chinese (Simplified))
中文(繁體)(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 巴比倫
한국어 (Korean)
바빌론 (고대 Babylonia의 수도), 영화와 사치와 죄악의 도시, 경찰
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Since the NRA National Firearms Museum has a lovely new gift shop right here at NRA Headquarters, NRAblog has decided to send our newest staff member, Nick Ivey, to the shop once a week to see what he finds.
Whether given as a gift or purchased for oneself, one of the NRA Challenge Coins and Knife sets are a nice novelty item to show your support for the National Rifle Association. There are three different sets to choose from with two being similar but different in size.
Two sets offer a pocket knife option with the small version having a blade of 2 ¾ in and the large version having a blade of 3 ½ in. In each set the same Challenge Coin is included. The smaller knife sells at $34.95 and the larger knife sells at $39.95. Both knives include an inscription of the Second Amendment on the handle.
The third set offers another NRA challenge coin in addition to the unique coin-like design that holds three different tools to include both a blade and scissors. This set sells for $29.95. One Challenge Coin is included in all three sets, and all coins are minted in the U.S.A.
Remember, these items are unique to the Museum store. To purchase, visit the Museum or call Store Manager Benjamin Van Scoyoc at 703-267-1608.
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Rec Shooting Sports Specialist Samantha Olsen's take on the NRA's Women's Wilderness Escape.
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Aeon Scientific wins 2014 Swiss Technology Award12043 views this monthNAO Next Gen now available for a wider audience4522 views this monthEvolving swimming robots to study origins of extinct vertebrates2257 views this monthRobots, soldiers and cyborgs: The future of warfare2092 views this monthTen lessons for farm drones2070 views this month25 holiday gift ideas for RoboGeeks (2014)1937 views this monthUp and flying with the AR.Drone and ROS: Getting started1722 views this monthOcean-going robot fleet successfully completes fish-tracking mission1714 views this month5 areas in robotics that will transform society and their economic impact1709 views this month
Writing in issue 2888 of New Scientist, James Mitchell Crow introduces us to the notion that robots will, sooner or later, be tending the crops we depend upon for food, and takes us on a whirlwind world tour of some of the people working to bring this about and some of the technologies that have already been developed.
He begins with Simon Blackmore, of Harper Adams University College, who tells us about robotic technologies that have already found their way into new tractors, implements, and combine harvesters. Blackmore also discusses the energetics of cultivation, saying "Why do we plough? Mainly to repair the damage that we have caused with big tractors. Up to 80 per cent of the energy going into cultivation is there to repair this damage." He proposes an altogether different approach, using light-weight, autonomous machines. Crow summarizes the requirements list for these machines thusly: "These agribots need to have three key abilities: to navigate, to interpret the scene in front of them, and to be able to help the farmer, by blasting a weed, applying a chemical or harvesting the crop."


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December 17, 2014
Panama City Beach Police need your help to find a suspect they believe fired a shot with a rifle at Spinnaker Beach Club Sunday morning.
It actually happened in their parking lot around 2:30 a.m.
The suspect was allegedly driving a truck when he had an argument with another man. The short exchange was followed by a shot from the driver's rifle into the air before he sped off.
Police tell NewsChannel 7 witnesses are describing the fire arm as an AK-47 type rifle.
Police say the man had about four or five other people with him in a gray Chevy Silverado extended cab.
No one was injured, however police are still looking for the suspect.
If you have any information on the early morning incident you're asked to call Panama City Beach Police at 233-5000.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


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What does AWTR mean in Unclassified?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand AWTR in the Miscellaneous field in general and in the Unclassified terminology in particular.
American Waste Transport And Recycling
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text:
I'm coming to the end of the third year of my journey into Austrian economics. At times it has become almost obsessive as so much of what I believed before has been turned on its head.
Its been a bit like playing a new golf course — one which has been cunningly designed with all sorts of traps and hazards — to play this course properly a new approach is needed. Every hole has been a challenge. Each has had its own tricks and quirks. Each has its own special name — like the opening one — the ominous sounding "What is Seen and What is Unseen." Then a few holes on the terrifying "Keynesian Menace"; then later the forlorn and deadly "More Tragedy Than Hope." The front nine finished with a deceptively easy looking Par 3 which had a name similar to many pop groups which thrived in the 1970s and faded in the 1980s — "Milton Friedman and the Monetarists!"
I reached a turning point in my round when I found that I could read people like Frank Shostak without having to go on a paper chase. In a recent article he demolishes "Obamanomics" with remarkable calmness and patience.
I find it difficult to be as calm and patient. I'm in good company.
The fact that they're only making things worse is depressing. I'm not saying that I sit by myself in the kitchen, in the small hours of the morning, with a bottle of scotch in one hand and a loaded revolver in the other — but it is depressing.
All is not lost however. I haven't completed the round yet. I'm somewhere on the back nine but just not too sure where. I'll never get to the eighteenth — I don't think anyone ever does — it's the nature of the subject.
At the moment I'm standing at the tee of a monstrous Par 5. Double-bogey strength — at least.
It's called "The Barbarous Relic."
I've been dreading this one because I've known all along that all of my unlearning, learning and relearning would inevitably have to converge at some point.
Well this is it and the question is critical.
How do we escape from our fiat money system?
The legitimacy of Austrian economics as a realistic and workable alternative centers on a return to sound money.
" … [S]o many of the policy ideas suggested within the Austrian framework can be subsumed under the need to abolish the central bank." ~ Lew Rockwell.
Things have begun to happen on this front. The campaign to "End the Fed" is growing — ably aided and abetted by Ron Paul's efforts.
If successful it would be a start, in fact it's the only way that a return to sound money can ever begin.
Austrian economists are united in their views about the disaster of fiat money; its history, without exception, has been one of abuse by those running it. They simply cannot be trusted, — it has happened time and time again — they just can't help themselves.
We used to have a global currency system that worked — the gold standard. Currencies were backed by something which was reliable and stable. It could not be created out of nothing. If governments and banks behaved irresponsibly there was no protection — they went bankrupt — they were forced to behave with honesty and integrity or else.
The case for abandoning fiat money is clear. However, even Austrian economists begin to break ranks when it comes to the feasibility or probability of returning to a commodity based system.
It's all very confusing.
Will we ever, or can we ever, return to a gold standard? Here's just five examples of the diversity of views amongst Austrian advocates.
1. Back in 1977 F. A. Hayek said here:
"[Any] hope of returning to the kind of gold standard system which has worked fairly well over a long period is absolutely vain." (Emphasis added).
2. Murray Rothbard argued here (1995), that the job of privitizing money, of returning it to the market economy, was not as impossible as it seemed. By way of example he says the job would be:
" … much less difficult than [was] the daunting task of denationalizing and decommunizing … the former Soviet Union." (Emphasis added).
3. When asked if he would see a return to the gold standard in his lifetime Peter Schiff replied in this interview:
" Yes, I will — it has to happen.." (Emphasis added).
This is a prediction. Given his track record it is worth bearing in mind.
4. Byron King suggests that China has taken the first tentative steps back to something partly resembling a gold standard system by building up and then monetizing its gold as reserves.
5. Gary North, writing here (Chapter 14 — Conclusion), doubts if gold will become money in his lifetime.
"A return to gold as money in the West will take a cataclysm … " (Emphasis added).
Where does all this leave us?
Hayak said it would never happen, Rothbard said it's not as difficult as we think, Schiff says it has to happen, King says it may already have started to happen and North says it will only happen following some monumental disaster.
Who's right?
If I had to go for just one right now it would be the "North Criteria." Given the power of the vested interests and the apathy and ignorance of the general public the whole thing would first have to come crashing down before it could be rebuilt with sound money. It's a frightening prospect:
" [L]ife-threatening, in my view" — Gary North here (Chapter 14 — Conclusion).
Anyway, a mist has descended on The Barbarous Relic. I'm not quite sure which line of attack to take. But here goes anyway. I tee the ball up. I select a driver with a sweet-spot almost as big as the ball itself — I'm going to need it. I check my grip, check my stance and then address the ball. I'm going to give this sucker one God-Almighty smack!
Let's just see where it leads me.
Chris Clancy [send him mail] is Associate Professor of Financial Accounting at Zhongnan University of Economics and Law in Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.


text:
Kenya's Co-op Bank to expand into Ethiopia and Uganda
Addis Ababa, 13 August 2014 (WIC) – Co-operative Bank of Kenya's said it would expand into Ethiopia and Uganda after reporting a rise in first-half pretax profit due to higher fees and net interest income.
Co-op Kenya said on Wednesday that pretax profit rose 15 percent to 6.7 billion shillings ($76.18 million) in the period to the end of June, compared with a year earlier.
Our South Sudan subsidiary, which started operations in September 2013 is on the verge of breaking even and contributing positively
The bank - Kenya's third-biggest by assets - said that, following a successful entry into South Sudan late last year, it would now target Ethiopia and Uganda.
Its two bigger rivals KCB, the country's largest lender by assets, and Equity Bank, have been expanding in the east African region, exploiting growing trade ties between countries and buoying their earnings.
"Our South Sudan subsidiary, which started operations in September 2013 is on the verge of breaking even and contributing positively to our profitability this year.
Ethiopia and Uganda remain our new frontiers," Gideon Muriuki, Co-op Kenya's managing director said in a statement.
The bank's fees and commissions increased by 18.4 percent to 1 billion shillings while net interest income rose 12 percent to 9.9 billion shillings, it said.
Co-op Kenya, which mainly serves co-operatives and individuals in east Africa's biggest economy, said its loan book grew by 32.7 percent to 165 billion shillings, mirroring a rise in lending across the country's banking sector.
KCB, Equity and Barclays Kenya, have all reported a surge in lending for the first half of the year.
Analysts have said the steady interest rates prevailing in the market have buoyed lending.
Kenya's government says it will cut the government's local borrowing requirement in the second half of the year to help reduce interest rates even further after it successfully issued its first sovereign bond in June worth $2 billion. (The Africa Report)
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Deerfield Capital To Merge With Commercial Industrial Finance Corp.
CHICAGO and NEW YORK, Dec. 21, 2010 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Deerfield Capital Corp. (Nasdaq: DFR) ("DFR") and Commercial Industrial Finance Corp. ("CIFC") today announced their entry into a definitive agreement pursuant to which CIFC will merge with DFR. Following consummation of the merger, Peter Gleysteen, the Chief Executive Officer of CIFC, will become the Chief Executive Officer, and Jonathan Trutter, the Chief Executive Officer of DFR, will become Vice Chairman of the combined company, which will have its headquarters in New York and maintain operations in Chicago. The merger, which is subject to various closing conditions, including approval by DFR's stockholders, is expected to close in the first part of 2011.
DFR, through its subsidiaries, Deerfield Capital Management LLC and Columbus Nova Credit Investments Management, LLC, is a Chicago-based investment manager with approximately $9.4 billion of assets under management ("AUM") as of December 1, 2010, including approximately $5.5 billion in collateralized loan obligations ("CLOs"). Bounty Investments, LLC, an investment vehicle managed by Renova U.S. Management LLC (" Columbus Nova"), currently owns approximately 40% of the outstanding common stock of DFR. Columbus Nova has signed a voting agreement supporting the merger.
CIFC is a New York-based investment manager specializing in leveraged loan credit products with approximately $6.2 billion of AUM as of December 1, 2010, including CLO assets recently acquired from an affiliate of Primus Guaranty, Ltd. CIFC is currently owned by CIFC Parent Holdings LLC ("CIFC Parent Holdings"), which is majority-owned by funds managed by Charlesbank Capital Partners LLC, a private equity firm based in Boston ("Charlesbank").
As consideration for the merger, CIFC Parent Holdings will receive (i) 9,090,909 shares of newlyissued DFR common stock and (ii) $7.5 million in cash in three equal installments, plus certain other consideration set forth in the agreements governing the merger.Material benefits of the merger include:
- Significant advantages of scale, synergies and market positioning with a leading track record
- Combined AUM of approximately $15.6 billion, including CLO AUM of $11.7 billion
- Improved profitability, cash flow and financial strength
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Customer Reviews
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Posted on 1/31/14
great battery
by Breanna
This battery I bought for my husband although I thought it would be brighter it holds a great charge and my husband is happy with it the green light makes it even better I also bought the tank to match great combo ty halo!
Posted on 1/29/14
Cool color great performance
by Dustin
I bought this battery as a gift for my girlfriend and she and i both love it. The color is very cool, its not as bright as i thought it would be but that is a good thing. This along with the green triton tank looks very nice. Usually i am not a big fan of green but i would use it for myself if i didn't already have a red battery. The battery life is also great, it last a day or two depending on how much it is used but it has never died in under 24 hours on a full charge. Great product!
Posted on 1/9/14
All Day Strong
by MOCO
This Midnight Blue Triton battery is wonderful! It has the same great rubber coating that the G6 offers, but lasts much longer. A single 650 mah battery will last me all day before needing a recharge. You can attach any of the G6 cartos or mini tanks on this battery too. The 650 mah measures 2 15/16" long. This is a nice step up from the G6 and well worth it. I bought this not because this is my first battery and not because my other battery went bad, but to just have an extra on hand. The first battery is going on 4 months now and still going strong. You can't go wrong with Triton batteries...ever.
Posted on 11/30/13
Great Battery Life
by Vid
These Triton batteries are a life saver. The G6's are great but they won't last you all day if you vape pretty heavy. Anytime I'm leaving the house and I know it's going to be a while before I'm going to get to charge my batteries it doesn't even cross my mind twice. I have a 650 and it last all day and well into the night. I highly recommend the Triton to anybody who has any doubts!
Posted on 11/27/13
Great battery, but short life
by Michael
Great capacity.
Small form factor.
I loved it, but it died after 2.5 months.
Posted on 11/20/13
Long Lasting
by Jennifer
I bought the 1300 mAh battery. It lasted me 34 hours. I draw hard and long. That is 34 hours awake time. NOT including sleep. It was 50 hours between the time I got it and when it died.
Posted on 11/17/13
I love my 1300mah Electric Lime Battery
by Jason
First let me start by saying I vape heavily all day every day. Before I ordered this battery I was using my two 650 mahs that came with the starter kit and they were lasting anywhere from 18-24 hours, with the 1300 mah battery I'm getting anywhere from 36 to 42 hours. I mean it's great plenty of power to get the most out of my Halo e liquid. Also it is substantially longer than the 650's, but that does not bother me in fact I kind of like the longer battery. These Halo batteries are just awesome!
Posted on 11/9/13
Awesome if you live in the Americas . . .
by Jen
. . . . but lousy if you live anywhere else. This battery is great as it lasts a long time (2 days so far on a small battery and over-zealous vaping) and is easily charged. But when it comes to find replacement tanks/clearomisers closer to home, Europe, none of them fit the special Halo thread that no other company uses. And, of course, I cannot find a hardware distributor for Halo in Europe.
That's the sole reason for taking off a star. If the site had stated what threading they used, they would get their star back.
Posted on 8/29/13
by Brad
My wife loves this color! I never even noticed while ordering this, but the button lights up green instead of blue when you push it! How cool! Got the 1300 and couldn't be happier! Lasts for days!
Posted on 7/15/13
Dare to be different
by Jennifer
Another GREAT color from the Halo family. I love this green because it is bright and looks awesome! I would highly suggest pairing it with the smoke gray or clear tanks, but the green tank is a good match as well. I bought it in the 400 size and do not regret it. Its small and discrete while being bold at the same time!


text:
See Other PIXMA MX Series
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Black: 22 ppm (as fast as 2.7 seconds per page)2
Color: Up to 17 ppm (as fast as 3.5 seconds per page)2
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Color: 384 x 3 (C/M/Y)
Total: 1,472
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Color: 4800 x 1200 dpi1
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|Black: Up to 22 cpm (as fast as 2.7 seconds per page)2
Color: 17 cpm (as fast as 3.5 seconds per page)
|Reduction / Enlargement
|25% - 400%
|Scanning Element
|Contact Image Sensor (CIS)
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|Optical:600 x 1200 dpi
Interpolated:19,200 x 19,200 dpi
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|Modem Speed
|33.6 Kbps (Super G3 color fax)4
|Transmission Speed (approx.)
|Black: Approx. 3 sec. / page7
Color: Approx. 1 min. / page8
|Memory Capacity
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|Speed Dialing
|20 Locations
|OS Compatibility
|Windows® 7, Windows Vista™, Windows XP/2000 and Mac OS® X v.10.2.8 to 10.5.x9,11
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|USB 2.0 Hi-Speed, PictBridge (Cable not included)
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|CD-ROM including Printer Driver, MP Navigator EX, Setup Software and User's Guide, NewSoft® Presto!® PageManager® (Windows only), Easy-PhotoPrintEX10, ScanSoft® OmniPage® SE9
|Dimension (W x D x H)
|18.4" (W) x 17.3" (D) x 6.9" (H)
|15.5 lbs.
|Toll-free technical phone support plus 1-year limited warranty with InstantExchange program.12
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ESPN Video: WNBA rookies Stefanie Dolson and Bria Hartley take you through their transition into the pros during training camp for the Washington Mystics. watch
ESPN Video: Stefanie Dolson talks about bringing her game to Washington and what she will miss about playing for Geno Auriemma. watch
ESPN Video: Bria Hartley talks about the opportunity to play with former teammate Stefanie Dolson for the Washington Mystics. watch
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Pioneers in the talk-show landscape Phil Donahue and Dr. Oz are the final subjects of TV Guide Network's Hollywood Icons and Innovators series.
Donahue, whose eponymous talk show ran from 1970 to 1996, holds the record for the longest continuously running syndicated talk show. He received nine Emmy awards in his broadcasting career. Oz, whose television career began as an expert on The Oprah Winfrey Show, has led the charge — sometimes controversially — in health infotainment.
Download the TV Guide app for iPhone, iPad and Android!


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By Audi Media
The first plug-in hybrid from Audi, the A3 Sportback e-tron*, is now available to order for customers in Europe. Approximately 410 Audi dealers in Europe – including no fewer than 105 in Germany – are selling the A3 e-tron on the German market at a basic price of 37,900 euros
24Jul 2014
Show Preview – Wolfsgart 5 – 2014
By Kris Hansen
This weekend – July 25 – 27, Essex Junction VT will host the 5th iteration of Wolfsgart, which is a tremendously well run, yet totally relaxed Euro (and others) friendly show. There will be camping, show and shine, vendors, a judged show, food, music, and many other fun car related activities. We will be there [...]
15May 2014
Audi at Wörthersee Tour 2014
By Audi Media
Audi A3 clubsport quattro concept show car with 525 hp Board Member for Development Prof. Dr. Ulrich Hackenberg "Extreme power and dynamics in compact format" Audi with total of two show cars and 10 production models on 2,000 square meters Ingolstadt/Reifnitz – Audi is presenting the A3 clubsport quattro concept at this year's Wörthersee [...]
By Audi Media
In March, Audi delivered more cars to customers than ever before in a single month: around 170,450 deliveries worldwide, a 15.4 percent year-on-year increase. This result also made March the 51st consecutive month with global sales growth for the four rings. China (+36.6%), Germany (+10.2%) and the United Kingdom (+12.7%) achieved particularly high growth in the past month. Audi's cumulative sales increased by 11.7 percent in the first quarter to around 412,850 units. This was the first time that the company has exceeded the mark of 400,000 vehicles in the first three months
By Audi Media
Audi of America introduces the complete pricing for the 2015 A3 sedan in both the 1.8 TFSI® and 2.0 TFSI® powertrains. The premium compact sedan offers the latest in progressive technology at a competitive price. The base MSRP for the Audi A3 1.8 TFSI will start at $29,900 and the 2.0 TFSI® will start at $32,900.


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This guide is a extremely helpful time-saver that will enable you to get good at side dishes, fish recipes, cheap recipes, more than 1 hour, no cooking recipes, anchovy. Watch our video on How To Prepare Salted Anchovies With Olive Oil And Parsley from one of Videojug's industry leaders.
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text: Z1R Aerosol T-Shirt Rating 0.00 of 5 (0Reviews) Never show this again Product Images Share: Email Was $17.95 $14.00 - $17.95 Was $17.95 Rating 0.00 of 5 (0 Reviews) This Product Qualifies for Free Shipping Please Select a Size Please select your bike Sorry, this item is no longer available. You may be interested in some of the items below. Product Information Z1R Aerosol T-Shirt **Closeouts are limited to stock on hand** Item # 17080 Product Reviews Be the first to review this product. Review It Related Items and Accessories Motorcycle Superstore Gift Cards $25.00 Quick View Related Links View Z1R All Z1R Shirts View All Casual Shirts


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The case fits perfectly for the iphone 5 and has a slim design. The built in 8 gig drive slides in and out of the case and locks into place. It is very well constructed. It came delivered in its original packaging. When plugging in the flash drive it says there is only 7.53 gigs available the package ... Read more
It looks good, fits very snugly around the phone and the USB stick works well. I ordered 2 and the one was of lesser build quality: The middle of the case edge around the volume bottoms broke and the glue sticking the electronics in the USB stick was a bit loose. The other one was perfect, though. This ... Read more


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Welcome to the Sibley SWCD
Web Site
Tiling requests now require a
certified determination. PLAN AHEAD!! For more
information call NRCS at 507-237-5435.
CRP rental rates have increased.
Stop at FSA for details.
There will be a special meeting of the Sibley
SWCD Board with the Nicollet SWCD Board at the Nicollet County
Courthouse on Friday, December 12, 2014 at 1:00 PM.
Signup cutoff dates for 2015 EQIP program are:
1st Ranking Period October 17, 2014
2nd Ranking Period November 14, 2014
3rd Ranking Period December 19, 2014
SWCD Board Meeting Date
2nd Tuesday of the Month at 4:00
PM at the District Office
Meeting Minutes
The SWCD Office will be closed on the following
Veterans Day
November 11, 2014
Thanksgiving Day
November 27, 2014
Christmas Day December, 25, 2014
NOTE TO WEB SITE USERS: Many documents on
this site are in portable document format
(pdf) and
require Adobe Reader for viewing. Click the Adobe Reader icon
above to go directly to their web site and download a free copy


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my 96 dodge ram 4x4 has a vacuum leak somewhere
the air blows from the vents until i accelorate then it shifts to the winshield defroster vents once i let off the gas it switches back to the vents at chest level is there a vacuum system diagrahm for these vehicles ? or what can i check could it be the diaphram that controls the heat and air
Ram 1500
1996 Dodge Ram 1500
Dodge Q&AAsk Your Question
1996 Dodge Ram 1500 Question: vacuum leak need diagram or help
my 96 dodge ram 4x4 has a vacuum leak somewhere
Answer #1Pvt-Public August 07, 2010, 04:54Master
It could be any vacuum line. On an older Dodge I had it was the vacuum actuator at the blend door. But it could be any line, valve, actuator, switch or even the vacuum reservoir. Get yourself a hand vacuum pump and a bunch of different size connectors and start seeing where it holds vacuum and where it doesn't. I know its a tedious process but it works. From an actual diagram, either a dealer or a repair manual.
Answer #2bambamvff December 26, 2010, 12:37Rookie
vacuum leak in 4+4
ReplyPvt-Public, December 27, 2010, 05:33Master
Sure, why not? It is a very common problem with the heat and A/C systems.
Best Answer
Visitor, February 25, 2011, 15:56
On the right side of the intake there is a vacum check valve that goes bad. You can get them at any dodge dealer. Most of them will know about it because these go bad all the time. My jeep and 97 dodge truck both had to be changed. Now air vents work and my cruise control work on both.
This week's top 10
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Video Categories
TurboBlast Bead Seating System - Only On Ranger NextGen Tire Changers
Related Videos:
Author Ultra Motor Source (1 year)
I wonder who thought the music would be an improvement over silence - yuck!
Author vcval (2 years)
wow i know as little now as i did before watching this video , thanks
Author HondaTurboToys (2 years)
Love this feature on my Ranger tire machine. I am glad I rarely have to use
it since most tires aren't stubborn enough to warrant this, but love having
it there when you get a tough one. Works great.
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In Kim Boykin's latest Southern-steeped novel, Palmetto Moon, a young woman struggles for independence and the right to choose her own life path in 1947 South Carolina. Vada Hadley is young, beautiful, college-educated and determined to choose a future that is certain to shock her very rich, privileged parents in post-war Charleston, South Carolina. Before she can move forward, however, she must summon the courage to walk away from the society wedding of the year—her own. To do so will disappoint her mother, outrage her father and deeply annoy her wealthy fiancé.
This month's best new romances include a friendship taken to the next level, a romantic suspense featuring NSA black ops and an earl tries to find love without his title.
New Zealand author Nalini Singh returns to the world of the Psy-Changelings in her new novel, Shield of Winter. A highly gifted teleporter, Vasic was removed from his family as a 4-year-old and trained to become an Arrow, an elite warrior class within the Psy race. After a lifetime spent as an assassin, his "soul is drenched in blood."
Fresh settings, quirky characters and original twists abound in our favorite new cozies. Whether you prefer to sample exotic recipes, explore antique-filled English mansions, take a little break at a charming B&B or create a custom floral bouquet, a delightful adventure awaits in these books—oh, and murders, too. But don't worry: The strong, determined and often hilarious women at the center of the action are sure to figure things out before it's too late—if only just.
Virginia Kantra's latest Dare Island novel, Carolina Man, is our March Top Pick in Romance! While stationed in Afghanistan, Luke Fletcher receives a letter that throws a wrench into his bachelor Marine lifestyle—he has a 10-year-old daughter named Taylor, and he's just become her only living parent. When beautiful and discerning lawyer Kate Dolan becomes involved in his custody case, an undeniable attraction takes root, and both of them must weigh the costs of pursuing a romance with Luke's demanding career and role as a new father.
This month's best new romances include secret spies, a standout romantic suspense debut and a "sensational" trip to Dare Island.
Maya Banks is a powerhouse contemporary romance and erotica writer whose Breathless Trilogy sprinted to the top of several bestseller lists. Because Banks is renown for her explicitly steamy love scenes and suspenseful storytelling, the launch of a new series is a highly anticipated event. Her latest novel, Letting Go—the first in her new Surrender Trilogy—definitely delivers the heat. (In fact, be advised that it contains graphic erotic content à la Fifty Shades of Grey.)
Sharon Sala writes a charming story about a second chance at life and love in The Curl Up and Dye.When LilyAnn Bronte lost her high school sweetheart 11 years ago, she became mired in grief. But now, at 28, the sound of a hot-rod engine awakens her to all that's wrong with her existence. Is the newcomer behind the wheel the next man of her dreams? Her neighbor and best friend, Mike Dalton, sure hopes not. Owner of the town's fitness center, Mike's been in love with LilyAnn forever, but she's never considered him to be romance material.
San Francisco during the roaring '20s comes to vivid life in Bitter Spirits by Jenn Bennett. Aida Palmer is a spirit medium who performs around the country. When she's summoned after hours to the speakeasy where she's currently engaged . . .
When Ingrid Ricks' parents divorced, her devout Mormon mother married an abusive creep who made home the last place Ingrid would ever want to be. Her father was a traveling salesman, always chasing down a dream, and when he invited Ingrid to join him on the road for the summer, she jumped at the chance. When their summer plans went sideways, Ingrid was forced to rely on herself for...


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Our Grace Candelina, is the pure essence of the Casablanca Lily, the Roman symbol of hope, is personified by the classic elegance of Grace Kelly. An exhilarating fresh scent from the fragrant blossom of the queen of flowers.
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healthy people. Studies demonstrating the possible antioxidant effects of carotenoids in humans are available, at least with regard to beta-carotene, as are a large number of observational studies associating carotenoid intake or carotenoid status with a variety of health effects. In addition, some experimental studies of beta-carotene in humans are also available. Thus, an examination of the scientific evidence regarding beta-carotene and other carotenoids is warranted. The panel will review the available scientific evidence and, if it is adequate, will recommend DRIs for beta-carotene and possibly other carotenoids.
Vitamin C is found in abundance in fruits and vegetables. It is a cofactor in the biosynthesis of a number of different compounds including collagen, carnitine, and neurotransmitters. In addition, because it can donate electrons, it effectively quenches a variety of ROS and RNS in aqueous body compartments, and it has been shown in some cases to prevent oxidative damage in vivo to lipids and DNA. Under certain circumstances, vitamin C can promote the formation of ROS or RNS in vitro. Vitamin C is found widely throughout the body and is concentrated in tissues susceptible to oxidative damage including leukocytes, the lung, eye, brain, and heart. It is readily regenerated in vitro, and because of its high reductive capacity, has the potential ability to regenerate other body antioxidants. Vitamin C's role in preventing scurvy is relatively well defined and is distinct from its role in oxidant defense. A great deal of observational and experimental evidence is available regarding vitamin C's health effects. Thus, the panel will review the available scientific data and, if it is adequate, will establish DRIs for vitamin C.
Vitamin E is composed of a group of fat-soluble molecules that occur naturally in eight different forms (four tocopherols and four tocotrienols) that have similar chromanol structures. It occurs widely in the diet from both plant and animal sources, and adequate food composition data are available. Vitamin E has been demonstrated to possess antioxidant activity in vivo and can protect unsaturated lipids throughout the body. Under certain circumstances, vitamin E can act as a prooxidant in vitro. In addition, there is epidemiological and experimental evidence regarding the health-promoting effects of vitamin E. Thus, the panel will review the available scientific data and, if it is adequate, will establish DRIs for vitamin E.


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All locations will be closed Dec 14, 21, 24-25, 28 & Jan 1 and close early during the last 2 weeks of December.
Discussion content should not be viewed as an endorsement of the views of Tulsa City County Library. TCCL reserves the right to edit or refuse to post any material, in whole or in part, that does not meet these guidelines. TCCL reserves the right to make changes to the guidelines at any time.
See the Comment Guidelines for more information.
Happy Thanksgiving, everyone! The Florida Literacy Coalition's blog has some fun Thanksgiving activities listed, including this game. You must find the key and unlock the kitchen door to escape in time for Thanksgiving!
Did you know that the Ruth G Hardman Literacy Service has digital voice recorders available for checkout? Tutors and learners can use these recorders in a variety of ways, including practicing pronunciation, reviewing previous lessons, exploring letter sounds, and recording life stories for later transcription.
If you are a tutor or literacy student and you are interested in checking out one of our digital voice recorders, contact the Literacy Office at 549-7400. We can arrange to have the recorder sent to your local library for your use.
Did you know the GED will be changing in January 2014? A new test will be offered that has been updated to reflect what students are learning in high school. The new test will only be available to take via a computer.
The Literacy Office will be updating all our GED preparation materials, and several staff members have received training on the new GED, so please feel free to contact us with questions.
More information on the new test, and how it differs from the old test, can be found here.
CAP Tulsa's high-quality early childhood education services are available in the home at NO COST to eligible families in the Tulsa and Union public school districts, who are expecting or have children up to 3 years old. Our home-based programs focus on the critical development of your baby's brain through play, music, reading and making toys.
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400 Civic Center ~ Tulsa, OK 74103 ~ 918.549.7323


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The Law Office Of Abe Shainberg Launches An Investigation Into Possible Breaches Of Fiduciary Duty By The Board Of Genoptix, Inc. In Connection With The Sale Of The Company To Novartis AG - GXDX
The Law Office of Abe Shainberg is investigating the Board of Directors of Genoptix, Inc. ("Genoptix" or the "Company") (Nasdaq: GXDX) for possible breaches of fiduciary duty and other violations of state law in connection with the sale of the Company to Novartis AG ("Novartis") (NYSE: NVS). Under the terms of the transaction, Genoptix shareholders will receive $25.00 cash for each share of Genoptix common stock they own, for a total transaction value of approximately $470 million.
The investigation concerns whether the Genoptix Board of Directors breached their fiduciary duties to Genoptix stockholders by failing to adequately shop the Company before entering into this transaction and whether Novartis is underpaying for Genoptix shares, thus unlawfully harming Genoptix stockholders. At least one analyst set a price target of $28.00 per share and Genoptix stock traded as high as $38.79 per share as recently as April 30, 2010.
If you own common stock in Genoptix and wish to obtain additional information, please contact Abe Shainberg, Esq. either via email at firstname.lastname@example.com or by telephone at (212) 425-7286, or visit http://www.ashainberglaw.com/genoptix-gxdx.html.
Mr. Shainberg has expertise in prosecuting investor securities litigation, is a certified and registered arbitrator and mediator involving financial matters, and represents investors in various matters nationwide. Attorney advertising. Prior results do not guarantee similar outcomes.
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I'm having a problem with the headset on my 2013 5.7. If i tighten it slightly it binds up creating lots of drag when turning the bars. When I loosen it to where i can turn it freely, it's not tight enough and the headset is loose. It looks as if the piece in the top part of the headset that has the slit and slides down is causing the issue but cant tell for certain.
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- The classical interiors - like an aristocratic Sicilian residence
- The location - right opposite the hotel's private sandy beach
- Relaxing pool-side, with views over the calm Mediterranean sea
Luxury Sicily holiday
Hellenia Yachting Hotel, Italy
Seven-night stay at a classical-style hotel on the Sicilian coast, including breakfast, a choice of rooms and all travel
Found on the Via Jannuzzo, directly opposite the pale sands of the private Recanati Beach, this charming Sicilian retreat is perfect for a languid break on the Mediterranean coast. Its hardly-disturbed, aristocratic interiors hark back to a romantic age, while the exclusive row of loungers opposite the sands make for a very chic reading spot indeed.
As well as classical rooms and glorious panoramic views of the higgledy-piggledy coastline, Hellenia Yachting Hotel features an elegant restaurant serving traditional regional fare and fine local wines. In addition, there's a piano bar, a sun terrace and cocktail bar, plus a pretty pool area and brightly-blooming gardens.
We like
Second opinion
- To find out more about the hotel, please visit their website
- Read guest reviews on TripAdvisor
- Compare our rates with those available elsewhere online, starting with the holiday supplier's own website
Can't commit to booking right now?Hold a date for only £25 while you decide.
- Pay £25 to hold a date until the end of the sale.
- If you choose to buy it, the money will go towards your purchase, if not, the cash will be credited to your Secret Escapes account.
Important: Please note, this is not a deposit, complete or guaranteed booking; holding the date simply prevents other members from swooping in and booking your preferred date while you're still having a think about it. Secret Escapes will not be liable for expenses incurred should that date not be available to book and a hold is cancelled.
For more details, please see our FAQ page and our terms and conditions


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Art Norman
Revolving Door (0)
Who's coming and who's going. Tell us about your job move! Receive the Revolving Door Newsletter with expert analysis by email twice a week.No Revolving Door results were found.
Sightings (1)
Spotted around the media universe
2 Years After Retiring, Art Norman Returns to WMAQ - Posted August 15, 2011
Art Norman, who retired two years ago from WMAQ after 30 years with the NBC O&O, is returning to the station part-time beginning this fall. Norman will broadcast his segments, "Art Nor... [TVSpy]


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Next generation learning agency Brightwave has released a significant update to its total learning system tessello.
The latest industry and Brightwave news.
Brightwave Senior Learning Designer elected as eLearning Network Board Director
Brightwave is delighted to learn that Caroline Freeman, Senior Learning Designer has been elected to sit on the eLearning Network Board.
Silver for Brightwave and UNISON at the 2014 e-Learning Awards
Next-generation learning expert Brightwave is celebrating success after Thursday night's exciting e-Learning Awards ceremony. Over 550 guests gathered at the Marriott Hotel Grosvenor Square in London's Mayfair on 6th November to recognise the best of e-learning.
Brightwave showcases total learning and 3D solution at DevLearn 2014
Brightwave, the leading agency for learning solutions and products, announces its sponsorship of this year's DevLearn Conference and Expo, helping to shape the conversation about the future of organisational learning and performance.
Brightwave and the Pearl Group talk Tin Can
Join Brightwave's CEO, Charles Gould, and the Pearl Group's MD/Founder, David Pearl, at the 2014 World of Learning Conference and Exhibition as they explore the true value of informal learning.
UNISON launches online learning community powered by the total learning system tessello from Brightwave
UNISON, one of the UK's largest trade unions and Europe's largest public service union, has launched a new online learning community using the award-winning total learning system tessello from Brightwave.
Brightwave and The Student Room team up to host Brighton Digital Festival open studio event
Brightwave and The Student Room team up to show how a next generation individual loves to learn/collaborate/share experiences online - and that this is no different for students than for today's workforce.


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Employment After Graduation
Ashley Thiel and Monica Bixby
Weak US job market? We're off to Spain!
2011 graduates, Ashley Thiel and Monica Bixby, are heading to Spain this September to further their foreign language experience. Ashley will be teaching high school English in El País Vasco, while Monica's role will be that of a Language and Culture Assistant in Madrid. Previously, the girls had met with D. Jesús Álvarez, director of the Education Office of the Embassy of Spain, at Marywood.
AS LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN SAID, "The limits of my language mean the limits of world". A DEGREE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE MAKES YOU A CITIZEN OF THE WORLD. EXPAND YOUR HORIZONS AT MARYWOOD.
Your Future, Your Degree
Businesses, governments, social service agencies and schools seek employees who are fluent in a second language and reward them financially. Enjoy a competitive edge by majoring or minoring in a foreign language at Marywood University.
Ninety percent of graduates from Marywood University's Foreign Language Program are currently employed using their language skills.
Many foreign language graduates pursue teaching careers. Over the past five years, 100 percent of Marywood University's foreign language secondary education majors have secured teaching positions their first year after graduation.
Student Success Stories
Much more than the extra pay our students often receive for their extra talents is the satisfaction of being able to help others. Regardless of your major, a Foreign Language Minor makes sense (and cents!).
Not only did I immediately find employment, but my paycheck reflects the recognition of my superior skills.
Weak US job market? We're off to Spain!
We have traveled the world because of our languages!
Congratulations to our Foreign Language graduates!
Victor Arenas and Monica Bixby address the graduates at the Hooding Ceremony.
Victor Arenas smiles proudly with President Anne Munley.


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You must log in to access this feature. Sign in with Twellow or Facebook to get started.
By signing in to Twellow, you indicate your agreement to our terms of service.
Simply connect with Facebook and kiss those password blues away,
or go here to reset your password.
Online internet marketing has a whole new meaning. This social network technology is so great!


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Read More »
Smooth seas do not make skillful sailors.
The Power of Adversity
Read More »
May 1, 2008 Leave a comment
Read More »
Smooth seas do not make skillful sailors.
April 16, 2008 Leave a comment
Brands exist in the mind and our minds are full of familiar images that we instantaneously recall when prompted by sights, sounds, smells and other stimuli. How do these imprints get etched in customer's mental product grids? And, what is the role of the CEO in this process of creating and maintaining these brand images or positions in the mind? Marketing authors ...Read More »
April 3, 2008 Leave a comment
Ask yourself this question. Would you rather make a cold call or follow up with a qualified referral; that is, someone who has already expressed some level of interest in your product as a result of an endorsement from someone else? Okay, so maybe this question can be classified as a rhetorical question. If you would rather build your business off ...Read More »
March 21, 2008 Leave a comment
iContact began in 2003 as a permission-based e-mail marketing application. At the application's core, it allowed you to upload a list of contacts that had requested to receive e-mails from your organization, add a sign-up form to your Web site, select a template, paste in your content, and distribute your newsletter, then view the opens and clicks while managing the ...Read More »
March 18, 2008 Leave a comment
One of the greatest challenges for any CEO is to get his entire organization to "walk the talk" in order to make every customer experience enjoyable as well as satisfying. It's true that many firms have mission statements that incorporate their credos about customer satisfaction. Some even post these throughout all their locations as well as on their web sites. But, as ...Read More »
February 19, 2008 Leave a comment
We fondly recall our time as students and a few professors that made a lasting impression on us. We are also proud alums and may even have our school decal on our cars. But, we do not often think of this wonderful resource right in our backyards and the Academic CEO's who are creating a new educational model for lifelong learning ...Read More »
February 6, 2008 Leave a comment
Conceiving new business ventures is not as mysterious and elusive as most wannabe entrepreneurs believe. You don't have to create a novel industry or learn a new skill. In fact, one of the easiest ways to uncover business opportunities is to leverage what you already know. Over the years, I've become a firm believer in applying existing knowledge to new ...Read More »
January 24, 2008 Leave a comment
When you're doing business on the web, it should be obvious that you will have a great deal of competition. In order to set yourself apart from all of the other small businesses that offer products and services similar to those that you offer, you need to have an Internet marketing plan. A good Internet marketing plan, these days, must ...Read More »
January 16, 2008 Leave a comment
Everyone knows that leadership involves values. But many business leaders do not understand exactly how values relate to leadership. That's not their fault. It's the fault of today's conventional wisdom of managing by values. The truth is that leaders should manage for values. To manage for values is to treat values as ends in themselves. To manage by values is to ...Read More »
January 8, 2008 Leave a comment
Most customers don't really know what they want next, but one thing is for sure – they have a list of problems that they are looking for a solution for. These problems represent opportunities for new product development for the savvy CEO and most of the time the solution is quite simple. How simple was the "Swiffer"? Who wants to mess around ...Read More »


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|Name: _________________________
|Period: ___________________
This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions through Act 3, Scene 2.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. How does Angelo threaten to kill Claudio if Isabella refuses his offer?
(a) Long and painful.
(b) He will starve him slowly.
(c) Immediately.
(d) He will make his wife and child watch.
2. Why is Juliet sent away from the prison at the beginning of Act 2?
(a) She is being arrested as well.
(b) She is in labor.
(c) Her father is ill.
(d) She is not allowed to see Claudio.
3. What is Pompey arrested for in Act 3?
(a) Defiling a church.
(b) Lechery.
(c) Insulting a group of women.
(d) Prostitution.
4. Who tells Claudio's sister about his arrest?
(a) Angelo.
(b) A priest.
(c) Lucio.
(d) A messenger.
5. What kind of life does Claudio's sister want to live?
(a) A happy and content life.
(b) A free and lively life.
(c) A strict and pious life.
(d) A serious and rigid life.
Short Answer Questions
1. Who leads Mistress Overdone into the prison in Act 3?
2. Whose child does Mistress Overdone raise?
3. What is Pompey's occupation?
4. Who does Isabella plan to tell of Angelo's offer to her?
5. Why is Angelo being so harsh in punishing Claudio?
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