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Doggies Blog: Recent Posts
Grand Rapids: Labrador Retriever Breeders
Below is a sample search of our Labrador Retriever breeders with puppies for sale. The search tool above returns a list of breeders located listings located nearest to the zip or postal code you enter. From there you can see photos of their pups, find out detailed information on their web page and contact them by email, phonoe or even get driving directions.
(Detailed contact information has been omitted Use Enter your zip or postal code above to access our up to date directory).
This is a FREE search tool! Use the form at the top to get complete listings for breeders in your area!
Hubbard Haven
Additional Information: Labradoodle pups. Red's. All shots, wormed, dewclaws removed and ready for new families April 11. Sire is a 54 lb. Red standard poodle, dam 64 lbs and foxy.
LABRADOODLE PUPS Our 64 lb. yellow lab, Sadie is 3.5 yrs. old, and has been a great family dog. She is very healthy, muscular and active and... ...
Upland Kennels
Additional Information: We breed AKC registered labs in all colors. Our pups come with their first shots; hips and eyes are guaranteed. We breed for intelligence and calm temperament, making our pups excellent family pets.
Oldsquaw Kennels
Additional Information: Quality breeders since 1969 America's finest bloodlines. Our puppies are bred to be talented in the field and loving companion dogs.
KandrinWood Labradors
Additional Information: KandrinWood Labradors and Dog School is located in Bangor, Michigan on 30 beautifully wooded acres. We are excited to introduce you to your canine Companion for a Lifetime.Call to schedule and appt.
Just a Dream Labradors
Additional Information: Our Labradors have a specific temperament and work/training drive. Our puppies have made successful therapy, tracking, service and family dogs. All colors. AKC Registered. Health & Temperament tested
Mighty Oak Labs
We do not have any puppies available at this time. Rowdy is available for stud service. For more information, contact Paula... ...
Brennan Labradors
Additional Information: AKC Certified Pedigree Puppies live in the Manistee Forest Area in Cadillac. Call for more information 248-773-1067
Puppies are located in Northern Michigan in the Manistee Forest Area in Cadillac Mi. Our puppies are raised indoors with children, elders,... ...
Brennan's Labradors
Additional Information: AKC Black & Yellow Puppies. Puppies are exposed to children, cats, gunfire, cars, snowmobile, quads and wildlife. Puppies are Available BD 8/21/2014
We are located in the Manistee Forest Area in Cadillac Mi. Our puppies are raised indoors with children, elders, other pets, cats... ...
Hoover Acres
Additional Information: We raise and sell AKC quality pups. We take pride in breeding healthy pups for you. We offer a health guarentee and we are experienced in shipping pups in the US. Shots are a must before leaving.
Puppies have arrived! $700.00 Our pups come with, Copy of mom and dad's 5 generation pedigree, 1 year health guarantee, Dew claws removed, vet... ...
Countryview Labradors
Additional Information: Breeding AKC English labs with the family in mind. Beautiful disposition and temperament. I raise 1 litter per year and sometimes have pups available. Stud service to approved bitches only.
Countryview Labradors is a very small kennel located in Southern Michigan. We have loved the breed for many years and currently have 2 females... ...
Wing Watcher Labradors/ Always Waggin Board-N-Groom
Additional Information: We are known for quality and commitment to the breed. If you would like more information after visiting our web page, wingwatcherlabs.com, please feel free to contact us.
We are known for quality and commitment to the breed. If you would like more information after visiting our web page, wingwatcherlabs.com, please... ...
Kohler Creek Labradors
Additional Information: Black puppies ready for new homes mid November.Check our website for detailswww.kohlercreeklabradors.com
Kohler Creek is a small hobby kennel, breeding quality English AKC Labradors for companions, hunting and showing. All breeding stock is OFA... ...
* DM Nofziger
Additional Information: We have 1 chocolate boy available
1 chocolate lab available Will come with 6 weeks shots / wormer, dew clawed, Veterinarian Health Check, Health Guarantee, and AKC Parents... ...
Buckeye Kennels
Additional Information: AKC/OFA/OFEL blk female-12 wks needs a family TODAY! GORGEOUS, BLOCKED HEAD,3 YR OLD PROVEN BLK STUD FOR SALE-Amazingly gentle personality UTD on vet care. Health guaranteed! Check out our website!
Additional Information: SOLD!
Ridge Road Retrievers
Additional Information: We have a litter of puppies that come from parents with great disposition and great bloodlines.
We have a great litter of british lab puppies for sale. The parents have great disposition and very good bloodlines. Check out our web... ...
Saddlebrooke Labrador Retrievers
Additional Information: Saddlebrooke Labrador Retrievers English Show TypeTop Quality Excellent Temperamentssee webpageLITTER DUE September 2013 219 916 6763
www.Saddlebrookelabs.com Valparaiso, Indiana area (1 hour out of Chicago.) ...
creekside kennels (Blythe's)
Additional Information: Creekside is a kennels on 20 acres in the country we breed all 3 colors of Labs. we have 9 litters a year. Indoor kennels with heated floors Mostly English style dogs AKC reg stud service 20 yrs Exp
Creekside Kennels has been raising Labs for Years. we do raise all 3 colors of labs. including a few Silver Labs now. We have indoor heated... ...
Additional Information: AKC registered, colors yellows and blacks, parents OFA certified, eyes always CERF'd. All parents DNA tested and cleared of Myopathy. Parents are titled dogs. First shots, wormed twice, dew claws removed. Two year guarantee on eyes and hips. Stud service offered, call for details.
AKC registered, all 3 colors, parents OFA certified, eyes always CERF'd. All parents DNA tested and cleared of Myopathy. Parents are titled dogs.... ...
Willie's Box of Chocolates
Additional Information: We are pleased to announce that we will be having puppies around Jan 8th 2015 ready to go home around Feb 21st.2015 Deposits of $100 are now being accepted to hold your picking order.1-630-470-2737
Lab Haven
Additional Information: At Lab Haven we breed AKC purebred quality Labrador Retrievers in white, yellow, black and chocolate. We're located in Minnesota and ship our puppies nationwide. Our pups are raised with lots of love
At Lab Haven we breed quality purebred Labrador Retrievers. We are located in east central Minnesota and can ship almost... ...
Erin's Edge Labradors
Additional Information: Specializing in Chocolate Field Labradors since 1980. AKC, OFA, CERF, Guaranteed. Chocolate, Black and Yellow Pups. Chocolate and Black stud service to approved females. Natural Canine Supplements & Store with Unique Products.
Erins Edge Labradors has specialized in breeding Chocolate Labradors for the field as well as for family companions since 1980, and now also has... ...
Dexter's Chasing Chocolates
Additional Information: Now taking Reservations for a January litter of Chocolates of Hank & Chana. Solid Chocolates that throw all Chocolates. $100 deposit secures your order of choice.
WE ARE NOW ACCEPTING DEPOSITS HANK & CHANA BREEDING. WINTER 2014-2015 Corner 40 Fortune Hunter Hank (HANK) is a large blocky style... ...
Additional Information: MOONLIGHTER LABRADORS-'SIMPLY THE BEST'. In Mishicot, Wisconsin. 2103 AWARD "BEST IN THE BAY"..SEE MAIN WEBSITE AT ww.moonlighterlabs.com, or "Google/Bing" moonlighterlabs.com
Welcome to Moonlighter Labradors! Awarded in 2013 "Best in the Bay" for Labrador Retriever Puppy & Adult... ...
Pond Valley Labradors
Additional Information: Located in Northwest Ohio, we have been Ohio Labrador Retriever breeders for many years. We produce healthy, good tempered Labrador Retrievers that make great family pets.
Please visit our website @ www.pondvalleylabradors.com for more information. ...
Radda Labradors
Additional Information: BLACK AND YELLOW LITTER DUE MAY 7TH!! We are a family run kennel, breeding Champion AKC English Labradors for Show, Hunting and most of all Family Companions! Please visit our website for detail!
YELLOW & BLACK LITTER DUE MAY 7TH, 2014!! Now taking deposits! Ready for their new homes in July. All puppies will be vet checked, first shots, due... ...
Randall Ridge Labs & Shelties
Additional Information: ENGLISH TYPE AKC BLACK LAB PUPPIES 1M & 1FWE CAN HOLD W/DEPOSIT FOR CHRISTMAS HOLIDAYChampion Lines from 16 countriesSeveral Generations Westminster Winners847-658-7711 firstname.lastname@example.com
Applications & Deposits Accepted Reserved on First Come - First Serve Basis ENGLISH TYPE BLOCKY HEADED... ...
Muddy Paw Labs
Additional Information: We have puppies.We also offer stud service for Labradors, lab hibred breedings
stud ONLY NOT FOR SALE Kodee - NOT FOR SALE - AVIALABLE FOR STUD - Yellow - AKC / UKC Registered, DNA on file with AKC, OFA hips and... ...
Summer's Den
Additional Information: Cute, Yellow labs,AKC,Crate trained, quiet temperaments,easy to train,socialized with people, kids, dogs, noises,Dew claws removed,Up to date on Shots,Vet Checked,
Monster/Summer breeding We have a litter ready to go home now born Sept 22 Kodee/Amber Breeding... ...
Allen Labs
Additional Information: AKC yellow, chocolate and black labrador puppies. Here at Allen Labs, we have been raising English blocky style labs for over 15 years. We strive to raise intelligent, quiet, trainable labs.
Important: breeders.NET has not screened the listed breeders and accepts no responsibility for their reputation or quality. It is your responsibility to investigate. See How to Find a Dog.
New Articles
DOG HEALTHThere are many benefits to spaying and neutering, but there are also more than a few risks. We want to give you often overlooked information you need to make a full and informed choice.
ADOPTION Are you intimidated by the prospect of "rescuing" a dog from a shelter? One reason that you may be wary of adopting a dog from a shelter is not knowing how to choose. Adopting a dog from a shelter can be a rewarding process, if you're prepared to do a reasonable amount of research.
DOG HEALTH As we get older, most of us probably have at least one prescription medication we take regularly, and for many, some form of pain reliever is a daily necessity. We might think that these same medications can help out our dogs as they get older, but their systems react to these chemical compounds in ways much different than ours.
DOG HEALTH Bringing home a new puppy is so exciting, but it doesn't take all that long for your exuberant puppy to grow into a senior dog who may have special needs. Here are the doggies.com top ten tips for taking care of your companion who has been with you through so much.
DOG FUN Whether you like to go out on your pontoon, a fishing boat, or even a canoe, life on a boat can be even better if you bring your dog along. Here's the doggies.com guide to dogs on boats. (A little different than Snakes on a Plane.)
DOG FUN There 's no doubt about it, taking your dog to the dog park involves a certain amount of good manners. Here's our guide to "keeping your nose clean" while your dog hangs out with his or her friends.
DOG BEHAVIOR Getting bitten by a dog can be scary, and you may be tempted to run around in circles for a while, trying to figure out what to do. Here's our guide to help you manage the situation.
DAY CARE Sometimes our schedules change and we need some help watching after our dogs. Or, maybe we want to bring some other k-9s into their daily lives. Here's our guide to what you should look for before leaving your four-footed family member with strangers.


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golden eagleSyllabification: gold·en ea·gle
Definition of golden eagle in English:
A large Eurasian and North American eagle with yellow-tipped head feathers in the mature adult.
- Aquila chrysaetos, family Acciptridae
Example sentences
- They face a host of predators, including sea eagles, golden eagles, peregrine falcons, black-backed gulls and rats.
- He works with a white headed vulture called Ethel, a white tailed sea eagle, a golden eagle, an American kestrel and a European eagle owl.
- Scotland is home to a great number and variety of bird species, including the most golden eagles and peregrine falcons in Europe and some of the greatest concentrations of seabirds in the world.
Definition of golden eagle in:
- British & World English dictionary
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Word of the day terpsichorean
Pronunciation: ˌtəːpsɪkəˈriːən
relating to dancing

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Search results for fug
Manti Te'o Found Out His "Girlfriend" Was Fugazi After Receiving A Call From Her Phone Months After Her Death!
Let this be a lesson to you Dot-Com Don Juans
Kissing And Telling: Wyclef Jean Still Talking Lauryn Hill "The Love Is What Destroyed The Fugees" [Video]
Is this his only claim to fame now, Lauryn Hill?
Epitome Of An Ain't Isht Grandson: This Heartless Muhfugga Killed His Granny By Stabbing Her 111 Times!!!
SMH, Granny took him in after no one else wanted to put up with his crazy azz.
You Can't Be Serious: Dead Memphis Grizzlies Fan Awarded Unspecified Amount In Fugazi Assault And Battery Lawsuit Against Kobe Bryant
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Jealousy Is A Muhfugga: Miley 'Teenage Skank Turned Bride' Cyrus Threatens Her Fiance's Co-Star…"Hands Off My Man, Beyotch"
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Dirty Dog Diaries: John Edwards Flirts With Female Juror While On Trial For Being A Shady Muhfugga
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text:
Miqdad ibn Aswad
Arabic: مقداد
|Title: al-Kindi
|Yemeni Arab
|Known For
|Being a loyal companion of Muhammad and Imam Ali
|Allah, Muhammad, Imam Ali, and the Ahl al-Bayt
|Amr al-Behraúe
|Enemies of Allah, Islam, Muhammad, and the Ahl al-Bayt
Part of a series on
Shīa Islam
|Beliefs and practices
|Holy days
|Current Branches of Shi'ism
|Ahl al-Kisa
|Holy Women
Miqdad ibn Amr al-Behraúe (Arabic: مقداد بن عمرو البهرائي) was one of the Sahabah of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Miqdad is venerated by Shi'a Muslims as one of the Four Companions, early Muslims who were followers of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Miqdad ibn Aswad is among Shi'as regarded as one of the most respected Sahaba. He is mentioned in one Hadith regarding the perfect Shia, he was one of the Muhajirun and he is also among the List of Sahabah that did not give Bay'ah to Abu Bakr.
Miqdad belonged to an Arabian tribe named Bahra. He escaped from his tribe and inhabited Mecca. In Mecca, Miqdad belonged to a man named al-Aswad Al Kindi. So, people started calling him Miqdad ibn Aswad al-Kindi. Islam rose from the top of the Hira Mount. Miqdad ibn Aswad al-Kindi became twenty-four years old. He heard about Muhammad's mission. He hurried to believe in the new religion. He kept his Islam a secret. He met Muhammad secretly. Thus, he was among the earlier Muslims. He always felt the Muslims' sufferings.
Muhammad ordered his companions to immigrate to Medina. They immigrated one by one or group by group. After some time, he received orders from Allah to immigrate to Medina also. When he reached Medina, Miqdad ibn Aswad Al-Kindi rejoiced by seeing him reaching Medina safely. Miqdad admired Ali ibn Abu Talib (the first Shia Imam and the fourth Sunni Caliph).
His loyalty towards Muhammad could be seen at the battle of Badr, when Miqdad ibn Aswad Al-Kindi stood up and said: "Allah's Apostle, go on and obey Allah's Order! We'll support you! By Allah, we won't say as the Jews had said to their prophet: You and your Lord, go and fight! We'll stay here! We say: You and your Lord, go and fight, we'll support you"!
Happy expression appeared on the Islamic Prophet Muhammad's face. Then Muhammad said to the Ansars: "What shall I do"?
Saad ibn Maadh answered: "Allah's Apostle, we've believed in you, we've believed you. We've confessed to what to have said as the truth. We've promised to hear and obey! Then, Allah's Apostle, go on what you've wanted! By Allah! If you asked us to cross the Red Sea, we would do"!
The Muslims were full of enthusiasm. They got ready to face the polytheists with hearts filled with faith.
Attempted destruction[edit]
The polytheists tried to kill the Prophet Muhammad to destroy Islam totally. But the sincere companions such as Ali bin Abi Talib, al-Miqdad, Al-Zubair, Mus`ab ibn `Umair, Abu Dujana al-Ansari, Sahal bin Hunaif, and others resisted the polytheists bravely. They defended Muhammad against them.
Miqdad ibn Aswad Al-Kindi deeply believed in Allah and teachings of Muhammad. One day, Muhammad said: "Allah has ordered me to love four (persons), and He has told me that He loves them. The persons are Ali, al-Miqdad, Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, and Salman al Farisi."
Miqdad taught people the Qur'an. His reading became famous all over Damascus. Miqdad stayed loyal to Allah and Muhammad and died at the age of ninety.
See also[edit]


text:
Disclosed is a method of operating a catalytic ignition internal combustion engine wherein the fuel is injected into a combustion chamber at a time near maximum compression such that at least part of the fuel impinges upon an oxidation catalyst surface comprising a portion of the wall of said combustion chamber, said catalytic surface being insulated from the surroundings external to the combustion chamber by a low thermal conductivity material, said catalytic surface preferably comprising platinum. Also disclosed are combustion chambers constructed specially for the use of this method and the methods of constructing them.
1. A piston for use in compression ignition engines which comprises a crown, an oxidation catalyst intimately bonded to said crown, insulating means as part of said crown to reduce heat loss through said crown, said catalyst having a surface sufficiently nonporous so as to be substantially non-wettable by fuel at engine operating conditions whereby said catalyst is effective for ignition of said fuel when said catalyst is hot.
2. The piston of claim 1 wherein said insulating means comprises a ceramic.
3. The piston of claim 2 wherein said ceramic comprises stabilized zirconia or stabilized hafnia.
4. The piston of claim 1 wherein said insulating means comprises a thermal break underlying and spaced from said catalyst.
5. The piston of claim 1 wherein said catalyst comprises platinum or a base metal oxide or a perovskite.
6. The piston of claim 1 wherein said catalyst is applied as a patterned coating.
7. The piston of claim 1 wherein said crown comprises silicon nitride.
8. The piston of claim 1 including an air cell in said crown.
9. The piston of claim 8 including means for cooling said air cell.
10. The piston for use in compression ignition engines having a crown, said crown having an intimately bonded oxidation catalyst comprising a noble metal or a base metal oxide, said catalyst being thermally insulated to control heat loss through said crown, said catalyst being applied in a patterned coating to an insulation comprising a stabilized zirconia or a stabilized hafnia and being sufficiently nonporous so as to be non-wettable by fuel at engine operating conditions whereby said catalyst is effective for ignition of said fuel when said catalyst is hot.
11. A combination chamber for a catalytic ignition engine comprising: chamber walls, said walls comprising chamber sides, a chamber head and the crown of a piston means,
an oxidation catalyst intimately bonded to at least a portion of the inner surface of said walls,
insulating means underlying said catalyst to reduce heat loss through said wall portion,
said catalyst having a surface sufficiently nonporous so as to be substantially non-wettable by fuel at engine operating conditions whereby said catalyst is effective for ignition of said fuel when said catalyst is hot.
12. The combustion chamber of claim 11 in which said insulating means comprises a ceramic.
13. The combustion chamber of claim 12 in which said ceramic comprises stabilized zirconia or stabilized hafnia.
14. The combustion chamber of claim 11 in which said insulating means comprises a thermal break underlying and spaced from said catalyst.
15. The combustion chamber of claim 11 wherein said catalyst comprises platinum or a base metal oxide or a perovskite.
16. The combustion chamber of claim 11 wherein said catalyst is applied as a patterned coating.
17. The combustion chamber of claim 11 including an auxiliary chamber and communicating therewith.
18. The combustion chamber for a catalytic ignition engine having walls comprising chamber sides, a chamber head and the crown of a piston means and comprising,
insulation comprising stabilized zirconia or stabilized hafnia intimately bonded to at least a portion of said walls to reduce heat loss through said wall portion,
an oxidation catalyst comprising a novel metal or a base metal oxide,
said catalyst being applied in a patterned coating and intimately bonded to at least a portion of said insulation, the surface of said catalyst being sufficiently nonporous so as to be non-wettable by fuel at engine operating conditions whereby said catalyst is effective for ignition of said fuel when said catalyst is hot.
This is a division of application Ser. No. 907,062, filed Sept. 12, 1986, and now U.S. Pat. No. 4,773,368, and a continuation-in-part of copending application Ser. No. 895,468 filed Aug. 11, 1986, a divisional of Ser. No. 526,530 and also of copending application Ser. No. 526,530, filed Aug. 26, 1983 and now U.S. Pat. No. 4,646,707 which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 249,075, filed Mar. 30, 1981, now abandoned.
This invention relates to a method of operating cyclic fuel injected engines wherein fuel is injected into compressed air in a combustion chamber and into contact with a hot catalytic surface, such contact serving to vaporize and to ignite said fuel thus effecting more rapid combustion and minimizing formation of soot.
More specifically, this invention relates to a method of operating a catalytic ignition engine which comprises injecting fuel into compressed air in a combustion chamber. Typically the inner walls comprise chamber sides, a chamber head and the crown of a piston means, the chamber walls preferably having at least about 15% of their surface covered with a firmly affixed oxidation catalyst for ignition of fuel. The catalyst is thermally insulated to minimize or reduce heat losses through the underlying wall by a suitable underlying thermal insulation. In one embodiment the catalyst is firmly affixed to a ceramic insulation which for example may be about one mil thick having a melting point of about 3500� F. or even higher, the ceramic insulation being intimately bonded to the underlying wall. The catalyst typically comprises a noble metal or base metal oxide oxidation catalyst. Injection of the fuel is carried out such that at least part of the fuel impinges on the catalyst at about the point of maximum compression when the surface of the catalyst is hot, thereby effecting very rapid ignition and substantially complete combustion of the fuel.
More specifically also, this invention relates to a catalytic ignition engine having a catalytic chamber and to the method of constructing the chambers, and to a piston for use in such an engine.
Existing cyclic fuel injected engines, i.e. compression ignition engines as represented by diesel engines, achieve a significantly higher thermal efficiency than spark ignition engines in automotive use and acceptable levels of carbon monoxide and light hydrocarbons. However, soot and nitrogen oxide levels are high. Various methods for reducing soot emission have been proposed. Such methods include optimization of combustion chamber shape, controlled injection of fuel, the use of catalytic exhaust gas converters and even modification of the fuel. All have failed to satisfactorily solve the problem. Similarly, methods proposed for control of nitrogen oxides have been similarly ineffective or have resulted in unacceptable losses in fuel economy.
Use of catalysts in engine combustion chambers has previously been proposed by others. For example, Bradstreet et al (U.S. Pat. No. 2,978,860) describe a catalyst based on rare earth oxides suitable for use in the combustion chamber of spark ignition engines. Similarly, Morotski et al (U.S. Pat. No. 3,684,743) teach the use of silico-alumina coatings on the combustion chamber walls of diesel engines and claim improved fuel economy. Note that the Bradstreet coating must not cause ignition of the fuel-air mixture otherwise ignition timing by spark control would not be possible, i.e. preignition or "knocking" would occur. The Morotsky coating is claimed to speed up the decomposition of fuel molecules during the preflame period and prepares the fuel for ignition, thus reducing the quantity of unsaturates in the liquid products of exhaust. Neither patent provides a coating suitable for vaporization and ignition of fuel in a fuel injected engine. Murray (ASME paper 80-DGP-44) has investigated the performance of a diesel engine using a platinum catalyst on zirconia coated combustion chamberwalls and reported that ignition and combustion were delayed. Catalytic surface reactions alone are far too slow to accomplish reasonably complete combustion in gas turbines let alone in internal combustion engines.
My issued U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,923,011 and 4,011,839 teach the use of catalysts positioned within the cylinders of piston type engines to promote gas phase combustion as does Haslett's patent U.S. Pat. No. 4,092,967. Although emissions and combustion efficiency are thus improved, the presence of a catalyst in the cylinder increases resistance to the flow of gases within the cylinder and thus pumping losses. Further, because catalyst is submerged in the gas flow path, the possibility of catalyst damage is increased.
The method of the present invention overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art in that a catalytic surface induces multipoint ignition of gas phase combustion without obstruction of gas flow in the combustion chamber.
Methods of applying a catalyst to a surface, which are useful in the present invention, are known in the art. Examples are disclosed in Leak patent U.S. Pat. No. 3,362,783, Hindin patent U.S. Pat. No. 3,615,166 and Sergeys patent U.S. Pat. No. 3,903,020. The method of my U.S. Pat. No 4,341,662 is an especially preferred method.
Methods, useful in the present invention, of applying thermal barrier coatings to the walls of internal combustion engine combustion chamber are also known in the art. For example, the methods disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,074,671 may be used.
Combustion of fuel in ordinary internal combustion engines is far too slow for maximum efficiency and may even require 40 to 50 crank angle degrees at certain engine speeds or as much as three or more milliseconds. About 20 crank angle degrees is typical for well-designed small engines. If combustion starts after top dead center, combustion will approach the constant pressure mode typical of diesel engines. As noted in the article of Kummer in the February 1975 issue of the MIT Technology Review, p. 30, such combustion does not allow full expansion of the burned gases and results in loss of both fuel economy and engine power.
In spite of the fact that the Diesel cycle is considerably less efficient than the Otto cycle, existing Diesel cycle engines, i.e. compression ignition engines as represented by the diesel engine, achieve a significantly higher thermal efficiency than present spark ignition Otto cycle engines because diesel engines operate at higher compression ratios and do not need a throttled air intake. Diesel engines also have lower emissions of carbon monoxide and light hydrocarbons than do commercial spark ignition engines, but have high emissions of soot and nitrogen oxides and usually will not burn alcohols as will spark engines.
It should be noted that spark ignition engines typically have a combustion burn time of about three milliseconds. Thus, although spark timing in spark ignition engines permits a closer approach to true Otto cycle (constant volume combustion) operation than is possible in diesel engines, combustion still requires about 20 crank angle degrees or more and typically exhibits considerable cycle to cycle variation as is shown in the figure on page 33 of the cited Kummer article. Accordingly, even the spark ignition engine departs appreciably from the Otto cycle requirement of heat addition at constant volume. In fact no conventional engine fully exploits the potential of the Otto cycle or even comes close to achieving theoretical Otto cycle efficiency.
For a compression ignition engine, such as the diesel, placing a catalyst in the line of gas flow, such as in a prechamber or in the main combustion chamber itself, offers only marginal improvement at best since turbulence and thus flame speed is reduced. This is confirmed by the reported results on a Haslett type engine published by Thring, p 133 of Platinum Metal Review, Vol 24 (1980). The need to improve fuel economy and catalyst durability are also noted.
Achievement of the full efficiency theoretically possible from an internal combustion engine requires combustion times nearly an order of magnitude shorter than even those of prior art spark ignition engines and a close approximation to true Otto cycle operation. The present invention provides a method of more rapid combustion in internal combustion engines without increasing pumping losses and is thus of considerable importance.
Definition of Terms
The terms piston and "piston means" in the present invention include not only the pistons of conventional piston engines but also the rotors of rotary engines such as the diesel Wankel and any other equivalent device. The "crown" of the piston means refers to that portion of the piston means which in use forms a wall of a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine.
For the purpose of this invention, the term "compression ignition engine" means any cyclic combustion engine which operates with periodic injection of fuel into compressed air. The heat of compression is sufficiently high in a normal operation that combustion occurs as a result of the fuel contacting the hot compressed air and/or the hot combustion chamber walls. An example is the diesel engine. Although the invention is described herein with respect to air as the engine working fluid, it is well understood that oxygen is the required element to support combustion. Where desired, the oxygen content of the working fluid can be varied and the term "air" is used herein to refer to any free oxygen containing working fluid.
In the present invention, the term "true Otto cycle" means a periodic engine cycle in which combustion occurs at constant volume, i.e. the theoretical textbook Otto cycle. The term "Diesel cycle" in the present invention means a periodic engine in which combustion occurs at constant pressure, i.e. the theoretical textbook Diesel cycle.
My invention overcomes or eliminates the deficiencies of conventional Diesel type engines and of the various attempts to improve to improve these engines with catalysts, and also the limitation of Otto cycle engines to low compression ratios with near stoichiometric fuel-air mixtures and throttled air operation. According to my invention, a non-spark, compression ignition type engine with a combustion chamber is provided with an intimately bonded oxidation catalyst on the surface of the walls of the combustion chamber. The catalyst is underlaid by thermal insulation means forming part of the chamber walls to control or reduce heat loss through the walls to the surroundings. Preferably at least about 15% of the combustion chamber walls, as measured with the piston means at top dead center (TDC) are coated with a catalyst. In operation of the engine, fuel is injected such that at least part of the fuel impinges on the oxidation catalyst surface at about the time of maximum compression, which is about TDC. The timed area-wide multiple point chain reaction initiation in the turbulent environment of the combustion chamber causes very rapid and substantially complete combustion which is closer to Otto cycle than Diesel cycle performance in that a sharp combustion pressure wave occurs in the immediate vicinity of top dead center. Combustion even may be so close to instantaneous (of the order of 200 microseconds) that the combustion pressure wave approximates true Otto cycle operation. Inasmuch as combustion according to my invention occurs faster even than in conventional spark-ignited so-called Otto cycle engines, for practical purposes the combustion of my invention is instantaneous. The resulting engine operation is substantially quieter than that of a Diesel engine with the noticeable absence of the typical Diesel clatter. The engine combustion chambers so constructed, engines incorporating such chambers, the method of constructing the chambers, and the pistons for use in the engine are also part of my invention.
In my invention, ignition of the fuel by the catalyst surface is believed to result from surface oxidation of a minor amount of the fuel, thus increasing the local temperature and propelling ignited fuel away from the surface. It is also believed that the catalyst injects radical species into the gas phase. Such species are known to speed up combustion. For effective ignition according to the process of my invention, the catalyst temperature is as high or nearly as high as the temperature for auto-ignition of the fuel used, and preferably higher because a hotter catalyst promotes faster ignition of gas phase combustion. Although such catalysts are known to oxidize fuels on the surface at much lower temperatures, even as low as liquid nitrogen temperatures in the case of certain precious metal catalysts with hydrogen as the fuel, the time required for the catalyst to reach the fuel ignition temperature may be too long for operation of an engine. At catalyst temperatures below those required for fuel ignition, the presence of a catalyst can even delay gas phase combustion. This result is believed to stem from quenching by the relatively cold surface of radicals generated in the gas phase. It has long been known that such quenching of free radicals is promoted by active catalyst surfaces. Wetting of a porous catalyst surface by fuel also would be expected to delay ignition. Thus the mere presence of a catalytic oxidation catalyst not only does not quarantee catalytic ignition but is reported as being disadvantageous. In the present invention the catalyst is maintained at a sufficiently high temperature for ignition of the fuel. Moreover, it is preferred that the catalyst be sufficiently nonporous so as to be substantially non-wettable by fuel at engine operation conditions.
In certain engines using my invention, such as large slow speed engines (eg. locomotive engines) or engines operating at relatively low compression ratios, it may be difficult to conveniently maintain the catalyst at a high enough temperature for rapid ignition of gas phase fuel combustion although at more than a sufficient temperature for ignition of surface oxidation reactions. In such engines, the catalyst may be brought up to the required temperature by a suitable heat source such as a pilot injection of fuel which is surface oxidized consuming no more than about 5% of the oxygen in the compressed air present in the combustion chamber. Such pilot injection should preceed injection of the fuel charge to be ignited and should preferably terminate no later than about 15 crank angle degrees before the point of maximum compression (top dead center), or more preferably 20 or even 25 degree before top dead center.
This invention can be further understood with reference to the drawings in which
FIG. 1 is an enlarged fragmentary cross-sectional view showing how the catalytic coating is bonded to the thermal insulating coating;
FIG. 2 is a face view of the section of FIG. 1 showing a small uncatalyzed area of the thermal insulating coating;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a typical arrangement of modified piston in a cylinder of a direct injection catalytic ignition engine;
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a typical arrangement of a modified combustion chamber for a prechamber catalytic ignition engine;
FIG. 5 is a sectional view of an alternate modified piston for use in the engine of FIG. 3.
FIG. 6 is an enlarged fragmentary cross-sectional view showing an air barrier thermal break in the wall underlying a catalyst coated thermal insulating layer.
The present invention is further described in connection with the drawings. Conventionally, the inner surface 12 of combustion chamber wall 11 is coated with a thermal insulating coating 13, preferably a ceramic coating, as seen in FIG. 1. A useful thermal insulating coating is comprised of zirconium oxide with 6% by weight yttrium oxide for stabilization of the crystal structure. According to the invention, a catalytic coating 14 is bonded to the thermal insulating coating 13. The catalytic coating, which preferably comprises a noble metal catalyst such as platinum chemically bonded to the thermal insulating coating, facilitates vaporization of fuel drops and igniting of the vaporized fuel. This ignition is believed to result from the heat generated by the oxidation of small amounts of fuel on the catalyst surface. The thermal insulating coating 13 permits the intimately bonded catalyst to operate at high enough temperature to be effective in this function. The thermal insulating coating 13 must therefore be of sufficient thickness, typically at least about 1 to 10 mils thick. Coatings thicker than 10 mils permits use of less active catalysts but may be subject to thermal shock damage and thus less durable. Coatings thinner than 1 mil may be used if supplemented with one or more thermal breaks in the underlying wall, as described below. The vaporization and ignition action of the catalyst results from the combined effects of fuel, air, and catalyst at or above a sufficiently high temperature. The thermal insulating coating 13 allows combustion heat and compression heat during operation of the engine to maintain the catalyst at operational temperatures.
Advantageously, the thermal insulating coating 13 may be supplemented by one or more thermal breaks such as air barrier 51 in the wall underlying catalyst coating 14, as shown in FIG. 6. Alternately, the thermal break can comprise as alternate sections or layers of ceramic and metal. The air barrier thermal break may be any discontinuity in a combustion chamber wall such as the gas film between abutting or spaced apart plates, the gas bubbles in foamed ceramics or metals, or an evacuated space within the wall. Preferably, at least one of the surfaces 50 defining air barrier 51 is infrared reflective and advantageously bears a flash coating of gold. This thermal break helps to maintain a high catalyst temperature thereby permitting the engine to operate at relatively low compression ratios. The ceramic insulating coatings can be as thin or thinner than one mil and/or use less active ignition catalysts. With a plurality of air barrier thermal breaks, the ceramic insulating layer may advantageously be as thin as 0.1 mil with resultant superior thermal shock tolerance.
Compression of the air raises its temperature and this rise may be sufficient even to start the engine especially if alcohol is the fuel or if the compression ratio is high enough for the engine to start-up as for a diesel engine. If needed at initial start-up, a conventional electrical glow plug or other heat source may be used to start the engine. Start-up heat, as a non-igniting heat source during catalytic operation, may also be supplied by heating the inlet air to the engine either with an electrical heater or by combustion of fuel in the air intake.
The catalytic coating is applied over a portion of the thermal insulating coating 13. It may be advantageous that certain areas 15 of thermal insulating coating or layer 13 be left uncoated as shown in FIG. 2, because fuel consumption on a catalyzed area heats the adjacent uncatalyzed area raising the temperature of the uncatalyzed area thereby facilitating ignition of fuel vapor and flame propagation throughout the combustion chamber. This patterned coating of the catalyst can be particularly advantageous at lower catalyst temperatures such as at idling, especially with thinner thermal layers.
One preferred embodiment of the invention, generally indicated as in FIG. 3, is the combustion chamber 24 of a direct injection engine. Piston 20 is of composite structure. Combustion chamber wall 11 is in the form of a stainless steel face plate to permit higher catalyst operating temperatures with minimum thickness of thermal insulating coating 13 on the surface 12 (see FIG. 1) facing the interior of combustion chamber 24. Where desired, the combustion chamber surfaces of head 22 may have a thermal insulating (thermal barrier) coating and said coating may be coated with catalyst. Fuel injector 23 is positioned such that the fuel spray impinges on the catalyst coating on surface 12. Alternately, piston 40 with air cell auxiliary chamber 44, shown in FIG. 5, may be used in place of piston 20. As with piston 20, piston 40 is of composite structure with chamber wall 11 in the form of a stainless steel face plate with insulating coating 13 on surface 12. Using piston 40, fuel injector 23 is positioned such that substantially all or the major portion of the fuel spray is advantageously directed into air cell 44 and fuel injection terminated prior to the top dead center position of piston 40. Fuel and air are ejected from air cell 44 during the expansion stroke, contacting the catalyst coating on surface 12 close to top dead center. This results in exceptionally rapid combustion and is a preferred embodiment for high speed engines in that a sharp combustion pressure wave occurs in the immediate vicinity of top dead center even with a relatively simple fuel injection system.
Another preferred embodiment of the combustion chamber is the prechamber 34 as an auxiliary chamber to secondary chamber 35 generally indicated in FIG. 4. Piston means 30 operates in the cylinder defined by cylinder wall 31 and at top dead center displaces most of the air in secondary combustion 35 into chamber 34. Head 36 defines one wall of both chambers 34 and 35. Interior surfaces 32 of auxiliary combustion chamber 34 are coated with a thermal barrier and catalyst as in the case of surface 12 shown in FIGS. 1 and 3. Fuel injector 33 is positioned such that fuel spray impinges on the catalyst coating on surfaces 32. Prechamber 34, FIG. 4, is preferably isolated from the inlet and exhaust gas flows to minimize cooling during the inlet and exhaust strokes.
An auxiliary chamber, such as air cell 44 or prechamber 34, offers many advantages in engine design. Uncatalyzed auxiliary chambers, as for example air cell 44, enable the use of simpler fuel injection systems and even may be cooled, thus reducing the work of compressing the air during the compression stroke. Ignition of fuel injected into an uncatalyzed auxiliary chamber may thus be inhibited from igniting prior to contact with the catalyst. Auxiliary chambers with catalyzed walls also offer many advantages. Catalyzed auxiliary chambers, such as prechamber 34, are more readily maintained at a high temperature because the flow of the cold inlet air during the inlet stroke need not pass through the auxiliary chamber. This permits design of small high speed engines with low idle speeds. Moreover, combustion can be timed not only by injection directly into a catalyzed auxiliary chamber, as shown in FIG. 4, but alternatively by injection of the fuel into the secondary combustion chamber during the latter portion of the compression stroke and displaced or injected into the auxiliary chamber by the piston means during or in the latter portion of the compression strokes.
In the engine of the present invention, thermal insulation means underlies the catalyst surface. That is, the catalyst surface is insulated to minimize or reduce heat loss or heat flux through the walls to the external surroundings. A suitable insulating means comprises a ceramic material as part of the interior combustion chamber walls. Without suitable insulation means underlaying the catalytic surface, the latter would cool rapidly between firings and ignition would not be close to instantaneous. With metal combustion chamber walls, ceramic insulation also protects the underlaying metal surface against oxidation at operating temperatures and thus allows the metal wall to operate at high temperatures, permitting use of high efficiency thermal breaks within the metal walls. If the chamber walls are provided with air barriers as a thermal break, the ceramic thermal insulation permits high catalyst operating temperatures even at low engine speeds. Stabilized zirconia is a preferred material for the thermal barrier layers because of its high melting point, but other materials known in the art may be used, including stabilized hafnia, urania, thoria, alumina, and compounds thereof, and silicon nitride and spinels. Silicon nitride is especially useful for light weight piston crowns. A porous surface is more easily wet by impinging fuel thereby prolonging completion of combustion. Therefore it is preferred that the catalyst surface and the surface layer of the ceramic insulation be of sufficiently low porosity to minimize or inhibit wetting. However, high porosity beneath the surface of the insulation improves insulation efficiency and therefore reduces heat loss.
High melting point insulating materials are required. Catalytic surfaces exposed to the flame in the combustion chamber will reach very high temperatures; and the insulating material in contact with the catalytic surfaces typically should have melting points in excess of 3500� F. or even more preferably in excess of 4000� F. The thermal insulating layer is at least one mil thick to achieve adequate thermal insulation of the catalytic surface. Thicknesses greater than ten mils permit the use of less active catalysts but the insulation can be sensitive to thermal shock damage and such greater thicknesses are not preferred unless thermal shock tolerant ceramic is used. Similarly, the use of all ceramic pistons or other all ceramic components is not presently recommended because suitable tough, thermal shock resistant materials are not now commercially available. Nevertheless, all ceramic combustion chamber walls can be used for the ceramic thermal insulating layer of this invention. Thermal shock tolerant inserts or liners also may be used.
Inasmuch as present internal combustion engines are typically constructed of metals, the thermal insulation of the present invention has been described in terms of coating on combustion chamber walls. In the present invention, the term "thermal insulating coating" includes any ceramic surface layer, whether a layer applied by any applicable coating technique or whether the surface layer of a composite ceramic structure. For metal structures, it has been found that flame spraying makes possible thermal insulating coatings as thick as ten or fifteen mils which are remarkably stable under thermal cycling in a combustion environment. At least about 15% and more preferably about 25% of the combustion chamber walls, i.e. 15% and more preferrably 25% of the inner surface or area of said walls as measured with the piston means at top dead center, is covered with the thermal insulating coating. The coating can be on the crown of a piston means and/or on the walls or the head of the cylinder. Although typical insulating materials are catalytically inactive, such materials can be doped with catalytic substances to render them catalytically active for oxidation of fuels. Thus, the thermal insulating materials of this invention include catalytic materials such as nickel doped stabilized zirconia and the high melting point perovskite oxidation catalysts known in the art. If only the piston crown is to have catalyst, at least about 40% of the piston crown is covered with a ceramic insulating coating to provide a total coverage of about 15% on the combustion chamber walls. Although not required for this invention, essentially complete coverage of all combustion chamber surfaces with ceramic insulation is preferred, since this reduces heat losses. The term "stabilized zirconia or hafnia" includes the partially stabilized materials.
In one specific aspect of this invention, as explained above, at least about 15% of the combustion chamber walls, as measured with the piston means at top dead center, is occupied by a catalyst active for the rapid oxidation of fuels. Preferably, the catalyst is chemically bonded to the surface of the insulation. A surface catalytic coating is advantageous in that the most effective thermal barrier coating can be used irrespective of catalytic properties. Moreover, this permits patterned catalyst coatings containing small uncoated areas, preferably less than about 50% of the catalyst coated areas, thereby reducing the amount of catalyst required. Fuel contacting such uncoated areas promotes rapid flame propagation away from the surface and thus contribute to the near instantaneous combustion of the whole fuel-air mixture. Fuel impinging on the catalyst is oxidized and provides heat for propagation of flame away from both catalyst coated areas and adjacent uncoated areas.
The catalyst preferably comprises a noble metal such as iridium or platinum, especially the latter. It can, however, comprise nickel or cobalt or other catalytic elements known in the art to be active for fuel oxidation. The catalysts used preferably have a melting point of at least 3000� F. Perovskite oxidation catalysts of suitable melting point are known in the art and may be used. A preferred composition for use in coating stabilized zirconia is as follows:
a. 2 gm platinum metal in the form of chloroplatinic acid
b. 1 gm aluminum nitrate
c. 5 cc zirconyl nitrate solution in water containing about 1.5 gms zirconyl nitrate
A method suitable for applying the oxidation catalyst coating of this invention is shown by the following example. The inner surfaces 12 of combustion chamber 24 are previously coated with an yttria stabilized zirconia by conventional flame spraying to a thickness of about 5 mils. The surface to be coated is cleaned if necessary by vapor degreasing to assure freedom from dirt, oil or grease. Suitable masks are employed on areas 15 where no catalyst coating is desired.
A catalyst coating is applied comprising chloroplatinic acid, zirconyl nitrate and aluminum nitrate, preferably in aqueous solution taking care not to contaminate the coating. This material may be applied by brushing in one or more light even coats to prevent running. After each coat is applied it is dried in a forced circulation over at about 200� F. for fifteen minutes at heat and then at approximately 300� F. for thirty minutes.
After the final coat is dried, any mask material is carefully removed and the coated part is cured by heating gradually to 1300� F. and holding at that temperature for one hour.
The catalytic coating, applied as described, has the film or layer of catalytic metal (i.e. platinum) chemically bonded to the thermal barrier layer. Any thermal barrier material can be coated using various catalyst compositions. However, sufficiently nonporous catalyst coatings are most readily obtained if the surface of the thermal barrier layer is nonporous or of low porosity. For replacement pistons, at least about 40% of the piston crown is preferably occupied by the catalyst on top of the thermal insulation to assure that catalyst occupies at least about 15% of the combustion chamber surface.
The minimum compression ratio of engines used in this invention will vary depending on the fuel. For example methanol and ethanol can be used as fuels for the present invention at compression ratios as low as 10 or 12/1. Methane may require ratios above 16/1. Higher than minimum compression ratios promote ease of starting and therefore are advantageous. Further, because the catalyst does not contribute to pumping losses, the maximum thermal efficiency is obtained at compression ratios greater than 14/1.
In the method of this invention an engine is operated in a conventional manner except that fuel is ignited by contact with a hot catalytic surface. Thus, aromatic fuel containing about 30 percent or even 50 percent or more aromatic hydrocarbons by weight may be used as well as conventional diesel fuels. Unleaded gasoline and alcohols are especially suitable fuels. In the method of this invention compression ratios in excess of 30/1 are feasible allowing improved fuel economy and ease of starting at subzero ambient temperatures. The preferred compression ratio is most often in the range of about 10/1 to about 25/1. However, inasmuch as ignition of fuel is solely a function of a sufficiently high catalyst temperature, with adequate thermal insulation a compression ratio as low as 8/1 or even 6/1 is feasible. This means that even though present rotor seal technology limits Wankel engines to a compression ratio of no more than 10 or 11/1 for reliable operation, it is nevertheless possible to build a reliable unthrottled fuel injected Wankel engine by utilizing the catalytic ignition technology of the present invention.
An engine of 32/1 compression ratio, utilizing a combustion chamber of the type shown in FIG. 3 with a catalyst coating comprising platinum, is operated using unleaded gasoline as a fuel. Thermal efficiency is high and no soot is visible in the exhaust. The test illustrates surface initiated area wide combustion by contact of a hydrocarbon fuel with a catalyst to approximate true Otto cycle performance from a non-spark internal combustion engine (true Otto cycle performance requires combustion proceeding to completion before any movement of the piston mean occurs).
In the following tests, the test engine was a Hatz E673 single cylinder air cooled Diesel engine having a compression ratio of 19/1 and a maximum power output of 5 HP at 3600 RPM. The piston has a small air cell in its crown into which fuel is injected prior to the top dead center position of the piston. To monitor cylinder pressure, a Kistler piezoelectric transducer was installed in the cylinder head and connected to an oscilloscope. All tests were run on a single batch of commercial automotive Diesel fuel with the engine connected to a small dynamometer to provide a load for the engine. At 2300 RPM, it was observed that the combustion pressure wave approximated the Diesel cycle constant pressure mode, starting at about top dead center and ending at about 20 crank angle degrees after top dead center for a duration of about 1.5 milliseconds. At 3300 RPM, it was observed that the combustion wave persisted even further into the expansion stroke. During operation, the typical Diesel engine clatter was noted. On disassembly of the engine after the tests, the piston was found to be coated with soot.
In a subsequent test, the same procedure was followed using the same engine but with a different piston which had been modified by attaching to its crown a stainless steel plate with a stabilized zirconia coating of about ten mils with a platinum coating bound thereto (as described elsewhere in these specifications). A matching hole in the plate was aligned with the opening of the air cell in the piston so that the air cell could function as in the tests with the unmodified piston. The piston crown was machined prior to attaching said steel plate so that the dimensions of the piston with plate attached were about the same as those of an unmodified piston. On installing the modified piston, the cylinder head gasket was adjusted to make sure that the clearance between the head and the piston crown was not less than in the previous tests. On operation of the engine at 2500 RPM, using the same batch of fuel as in the previous tests, the combustion pressure wave was observed to closely approximate true Otto cycle performance with a sharp increase in cylinder pressure occuring just after top dead center and in less than about 0.2milliseconds, i.e. within about three crank angle degrees. At 3300 RPM, a similar Otto cycle type pressure wave was observed. Much less noise was heard during the operation of the engine than in the tests with the standard piston. On disassembly of the engine after the test, the piston was observed to be free of soot.
It should be noted that combustion time in a Diesel engine is a function of cylinder size and design. The larger cylinders of larger engines typically require increased time for complete combustion and operate at slower speed than do smaller engines. The Hatz engine used in the above tests is quite small and showed combustion times comparable to those of spark engines, yet still exhibited Diesel cycle type combustion as would the retarded spark operation of a spark ignition engine. Still, even in this engine, the use of the catalytic ignition of this invention produced a combustion time roughly an order of magnitude shorter, so short in fact that the combustion pressure wave approximated true Otto cycle operation more closely that even the typical spark ignition engine.
The present invention can be applied to most existing fuel injected compression ignition engine designs. Even most existing diesel engines can readily be modified to operate in accordance with the present invention. This is important since the future of the automotive diesel engine is being threatened by the diesel's high emissions of soot and by limited availability of diesel fuel. Further the present invention that it overcomes the limitations of the prior art inventions by providing a catalytic method which provides efficient combustion without the increased pumping losses of in cylinder catalysts or the risks of damage to the engine. Still further this invention permits the use of a wide range of fuels, even those of low cetane number. In addition it is possible to obtain low levels of noxious emissions in combination with exceptionally high thermal efficiency. Also, a compression ignition type engine with can be operated with ignition characteristics more like and in fact superior to those of a spark ignition engine.
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The U.S. economy is on course to generate a trade deficit of $700 billion which can be considered as America's net contribution to the world economy.» Read More
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European Central Bank Vice President expects the euro zone inflation rate to turn negative but he did not see a risk of deflation.
CNBC's Tyler Mathisen looks back at the week's top business and financial stories. Stocks surged this week after the Fed kept rates where they are and said it would be patient.
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Goldman Sachs has promoted one of its star deal makers to become a co-head of its investment bank, The New York Times reports.
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Cambiando de máscara en cada foto, un mismo carrete / Changing the filter mask in each photo, the same film. música / music: http://www.myspace.com/elzoologico (via: @reneg88)This photo was shot on film. Taken by susielomovitz with a Lomography Diana F+ (available in our Online Shop) loaded with Lomo X-pro 200 (120mm) film in Torrelodones, Madrid, Spain. These tags describe this photo: zoo, zoologico, animales, animals, máscaras, masks, 120mm, slide, diapo, diana, and diana f+. This photo can also be found in the album * EL ZOOLÓGICO * / * THE ZOO *.
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muy chulos los colores del Xpro.
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Re: [Eurasia] [Whips] EUROPE BANKING TASKS?
Released on 2013-02-13 00:00 GMT
|2009-05-12 20:31:31
|firstname.lastname@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com
Marko Papic wrote:
Tomorrow is the announcement of the German bad bank plan. I think we can
tie much of this into that. I will concentrate on that first because we
want to have something out on that when the plan is officially
For task #2 I need to contact Moody's contacts to get my login to their
website updated (for some reason it is not working now) so that I can
get most up to date spread data on the banks (what Peter has is a few
weeks old). Then I plan to tie the discussion on which banks are in
trouble with the proposal for European bank stress tests, which is how I
see #2 being tackled most logically. Also, please note that the list
that Peter has is not a sure sign of banks in total trouble, we will
have it published but there are a number of steps between how their
credit default swaps are trading and what actually happens.
For task #1 I think we can start research immediately, publish later. I
will do the research request asap.
----- Original Message -----
From: "Lauren Goodrich" <email@example.com>
To: "EurAsia AOR" <email@example.com>
Cc: "Whips List" <firstname.lastname@example.com>
Sent: Tuesday, May 12, 2009 1:08:29 PM GMT -05:00 Colombia
Subject: Re: [Eurasia] [Whips] EUROPE BANKING TASKS?
So Marko... #2 task... then #1... rock on
Karen Hooper wrote:
Aye, if we can figure out what banks are going under, we can then look
at where they're invested elsewhere. Am looking at mexico's banking
sector now... plenty of euro banks there.
----- Original Message -----
From: "Reva Bhalla" <firstname.lastname@example.com>
To: "Whips List" <email@example.com>
Cc: "EurAsia AOR" <email@example.com>
Sent: Tuesday, May 12, 2009 1:51:30 PM GMT -05:00 US/Canada Eastern
Subject: Re: [Whips] EUROPE BANKING TASKS?
figuring out the list of who's crashing will be pretty key in
analyzing the ripple effect for a country like turkey and others that
trade heavily with the europeans
On May 12, 2009, at 12:43 PM, Lauren Goodrich wrote:
1) Echo effect on international banking by Europeans.... where is it
being seen most outside of Eurasia? Effects on Africa & Latam.
2) Can we do something with the European banking list of who is
going to crash...... god, we're going to get hate mail.... i love
Lauren Goodrich
Director of Analysis
Senior Eurasia Analyst
Lauren Goodrich
Director of Analysis
Senior Eurasia Analyst
Lauren Goodrich
Director of Analysis
Senior Eurasia Analyst


text:
- One light wall mount lantern with white 6" glass globe
- Height from center of j-box to top of fixture 2-1/4", extends 6-1/2"
- 1 medium base, 100w max
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For Zack Fair's LoversFor Zack Fair's Lovers2 years ago in Short Stories More Like This
For Zack Fair's Lovers
Zack Fair X Reader
Short story (One Chapter)
"I love you, _______." He whispers in your ear and then kisses you so gently, making you melt into his hold. "I love you too, Zack." You lean forward to him in attempt to let your lips meet again, but you are shocked when your head suddenly falls downwards, awaking you from the sweet dream you were having.
"Daydreaming… again?!" You find yourself sitting alone on the bench in the public garden of the city. You look around, making sure that nobody has seen you doing the embarrassing stuff that daydreamers usually do. "Great… what if somebody saw me kissing the air or something? That must be embarrassing!" You rest your chin on your palm with boredom, muttering quietly: "When will he ever know how I feel about him? Why isn't he able to see how much I love him? Ugh, wake up girl… it's only a dream. Dreams never come true


text:
Summer Infant Complete Nursery Care Kit, Neutral
Gifting note: This item ships in the manufacturer's original packaging. If intended as a gift, the packaging may reveal the contents.
About this item
The Neutral Summer Infant Complete Nursery Care Kit includes 21 grooming and health care items essential for any nursery. A durable storage case is included so parents can keep each item conveniently close at hand at home or on the go.
Summer Infant Complete Nursery Care Kit, Pink:
- The Neutral Summer Infant Complete Nursery Care Kit includes 21 grooming and health care items
- Durable storage case is included with the Summer Infant Kit
- Medicine syringe and pacifier medicine dispenser help parents measure and easily administer the proper dosage to baby
- Nasal aspirator relieves baby's nasal congestion
- Forehead thermometer and digital thermometer for an easy, accurate temperature reading
- Emergency information card for quick reference to doctor's number
- Nail clippers and emery boards (5), just the right size for tiny, newborn fingers
- Comb and brush
- Teether, gum massager, and finger brush provide relief for teething baby are included in this Summer Infant Nursery Care Kit
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Registration Remains Open for the RallyCross National Championships
TOPEKA, Kan. (Sept. 16, 2013) – Online registration for the ninth annual SCCA RallyCross® National Championship, scheduled for Oct. 4-6 at Tulsa (Okla.) Raceway Park, is still available for those wanting to take part. The online portion of registration will remain open through Oct. 2, at 11:59 a.m. (CDT).
Register online for the event by following this link.
With RallyCross insider Peter Zlamany releasing his prognostications for the 2013 National Champions, excitement for the ninth installment of the event is building. With 66 entries, there is still plenty of space to join in the fun of the dirt-slinging National Championships. Organizers are anticipating over 100 racers from all over the nation when the cars finally take to the course.
Titles are scheduled to be awarded in nine classes, featuring stock to modified cars running three courses over the span of two days. Aside from receiving a trophy and the adulation of fellow competitors, the newly-crowned National Champions will also be awarded brand new GoPro cameras to capture their future on-course exploits.
TRP has been a motorsports fixture in Tulsa for over 40 years. The established facility hosts a full stable of amenities, and sits at the crossroads of I-244 and US 169 for easy highway access. Local restaurants, hotels and the Tulsa airport are located nearby the facility.
The NEOKLA Region will play host to the event, though many of the operations of the event will be handled by officials from around the country, the RallyCross Board, and the SCCA National Staff in the same fashion as other SCCA National Championship events, including The Tire Rack SCCA Solo National Championships and the SCCA National Championship Runoffs.
The cost of registration is $128. While online registration ends Oct. 2, at 11:59 a.m. (CDT), registration forms will be accepted until Friday, Oct. 5, at 5:00 p.m. (CDT) by emailing them to Brian Harmer.
Related Event
RallyCross National Championship
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- Spec Miata Rules, Tow Fund Among SCCA December BoD Decisions - 12/18/2014
- SCCA President Recognized by the Women's Sport Foundation Project Podium - 12/16/2014
- New Class of SCCA Hall of Fame Inductees Announced - 12/10/2014
- SCCA Top Brass to Speak at Race Track Business Conference in Indianapolis - 12/08/2014
- Ad-hoc Committees for Prototype Classes Dissolved - 12/01/2014


text:
|Jan 28, 2004, 04:55 AM
only low or high side fets should be triggerd by pwm. Therefore onle 3 diodes are required....
And I never would put them on the Fets, but on the driver to the fets. Look:
Ah, D1, D3 and D5 are the PWM diodes, the others are for the driverIC to drive the floating gate
greets Julian
|Jan 28, 2004, 05:09 AM
Here's a baby I can use:
It's a 6-bit wide buffer/inverter with strobe and tristate. It should be great for disabeling the output when it should NOT commutate (as when one looses synch...) and it will allow turning on/off all 6 channels directly to feed the N-transistors (3 of wich then would control the P's for the upper side)
The tristate function is rather useless though.
|Jan 28, 2004, 05:19 AM
The whole point was avoiding the drivers...
And the current-drain in the diode solution won't be nice either.
I know you only need to do 1 sided PWM, but for noise and the trigger-balance 2-sided should give less problems.
The cost would be minimal too.
But, maby you are right. only N-sided PWM should do nicely. I would just need the circuit to compensate for the slope offset at other than 100% duty...
|Jan 28, 2004, 05:21 AM
no, imho this is no good Idea...
Because its not reasonable pulling both Fets up and down, by that your doubling your switching losses.
On the other Hand a both side PWMed esc is regulating in a very special and not linear manner...
We've tested that and the Motor is taking Gas exponential instead of linear.
If you're taking only low or high side fets for PWM (doesn't matter which side) it regulates more smooth and linear.
The last thing is that 3 diodes are much more easy to layout and rout than this little bugs with 10 or more feets...
Greetings, Julian
|Jan 28, 2004, 06:15 AM
True dicker...
The small 150 mil chips are a pain, but I like them (My main controller is a 208mil)
I agree with you on the upper / lower issues. I have not yet decided what to do.
I was supposed to power an op-amp from B+ and B- and then use diodes from the phases after the FET's but before the motor and a simple voltage-divider between them to create a fully 3-phased center estimate. This would be the threshold for making the EMF into a square wave then clamping the output to TTL. It should work and be self balancing if I am not too much mistaken.
|Jan 28, 2004, 06:16 AM
Dho! I forgot that the motor phases aren't wired inbetween the FET's like a brushed one.
Hmm, how can I still get this to work...
|Jan 28, 2004, 06:47 AM
There is a problem with the 4502 driver. A uC usually works at Vcc: 3...5V, while the motor on 6...15V. The 4502 inputs treshold level too high in most cases for the uC output level.
|Jan 28, 2004, 08:08 AM
Err... The 4502 is a 5v ttl circuit from the sheets where I selected it...
I will be running my chip at 5v and it has 4.8v or so minimum high output and 0.2v or so low output.
My FET's trigger at about 1v and -1v so they should have no issues with the TTL-levels.
I do however look for ideas on how to balance the comparator so it will detect 1/2v crossing correctly...
|Jan 28, 2004, 08:43 AM
Cu Ron
|Jan 28, 2004, 08:48 AM
Its about some financial matters from my self-employed incomings....
greets Julian
|Jan 28, 2004, 12:20 PM
Great news... Via the university I am now borrowing Multisim
It is a analog and digital simulator that is supposed to be very good and accurate. It has most of the components I will be using so I can simulate some of the pwm control, filtering and signal management. I believe it even has the ability to simulate the motor.
I'll do some experimenting to see what I will be using, but I am actually leaning towards a active low-pass filter followed by a high-pass filter to remove the DC component alltogether. Then Another amp with self-adjusting bias that will prepare the signal for TTL reading. This should be fun...
|Jan 28, 2004, 02:58 PM
|Jan 28, 2004, 05:30 PM
No, there is a N-transistor doing pulldown there. Look again...
|Jan 28, 2004, 05:36 PM
|Jan 28, 2004, 06:25 PM
Hehe. Oh, and I now offichially hate Multisim...
I slapped up a circuit with the 6 main power Mos-FET's in a 3-phase H-bridge. I powered the bridge with only 5v and used ttl-source from the data-word generator to step the FET's. I added 3 resistors in a star topology to create some sort of load for the FETs without inductance. I also added some series resistors between the gates and the generator. And, I did not forget grounding.
Still I am getting "Timestep too small" errors during transient analysis. It is driving me bonkers!
Are there any free tools that would do some simple simulations?
This huge bucket of bolts isn't worth the bits it occupies in my computer...
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text: Strict Standards: Redefining already defined constructor for class XML_Parser in /home/sites/www.americanpoems.com/web/store/aom/includes/os.php on line 1188 Strict Standards: Declaration of XML_Parser::raiseError() should be compatible with PEAR::raiseError($message = NULL, $code = NULL, $mode = NULL, $options = NULL, $userinfo = NULL, $error_class = NULL, $skipmsg = false) in /home/sites/www.americanpoems.com/web/store/aom/includes/os.php on line 1604 Strict Standards: Declaration of XML_Unserializer::startHandler() should be compatible with XML_Parser::startHandler($xp, $elem, &$attribs) in /home/sites/www.americanpoems.com/web/store/aom/includes/os.php on line 3503 Strict Standards: Declaration of Cache_Lite_File::get() should be compatible with Cache_Lite::get($id, $group = 'default', $doNotTestCacheValidity = false) in /home/sites/www.americanpoems.com/web/store/aom/includes/cache.php on line 1020 American Poems: Books: The Republic of Rock: Music and Citizenship in the Sixties Counterculture Home Apparel Appliances Books DVD Electronics Home & Garden Kindle eBooks Magazines Music Outdoor Living Software Tools & Hardware PC & Video Games Search All Products Apparel Appliances Arts & Crafts Automotive Baby Beauty Books Computers DVD Electronics Gourmet Food Grocery Health Home & Garden Industrial & Science Jewelry Kindle eBooks Kitchen Magazines Miscellaneous Mobile Apps MP3 Downloads Music Musical Instruments Office Products Outdoor Living Pet Supplies Photo & Camera Shoes Software Sporting Goods Tools & Hardware Toys VHS Video On Demand PC & Video Games Watches Wireless Wireless Accessories Advanced Search Sitemap View Cart Checkout Location: Home » Books » The Republic of Rock: Music and Citizenship in the Sixties Counterculture The Republic of Rock: Music and Citizenship in the Sixties Counterculture enlarge Author:Michael J. Kramer Publisher:Oxford University Press Category:Book List Price: $29.95 Buy New: $20.92 as of 12/24/2014 23:55 EST details You Save: $9.03 (30%) In Stock New (26) Used (16) from $19.92 Seller:allnewbooks Sales Rank:220,488 Languages:English (Unknown), English (Original Language), English (Published) Media:Hardcover Number Of Items:1 Pages:304 Shipping Weight (lbs):1.2 Dimensions (in):9.4 x 1.1 x 6.3 Publication Date:May 7, 2013 ISBN:0195384865 EAN:9780195384864 ASIN:0195384865 Availability:Usually ships in 1-2 business days Also Available In: Kindle Edition - The Republic of Rock: Music and Citizenship in the Sixties Counterculture Audible Audio Edition - The Republic of Rock: Music and Citizenship in the Sixties Counterculture Similar Items: Natural Acts: Gender, Race, and Rusticity in Country Music (Class : Culture) Swing, That Modern Sound Hip-Hop Revolution: The Culture and Politics of Rap (Culture America) America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam (American Empire Project) Editorial Reviews: SynopsisIn his 1967 megahit "San Francisco," Scott McKenzie sang of "people in motion" coming from all across the country to San Francisco, the white-hot center of rock music and anti-war protests. At the same time, another large group of young Americans was also in motion, less eagerly, heading for the jungles of Vietnam. Now, in The Republic of Rock, Michael Kramer draws on new archival sources and interviews to explore sixties music and politics through the lens of these two generation-changing places--San Francisco and Vietnam. From the Acid Tests of Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters to hippie disc jockeys on strike, the military's use of rock music to "boost morale" in Vietnam, and the forgotten tale of a South Vietnamese rock band, The Republic of Rock shows how the musical connections between the City of the Summer of Love and war-torn Southeast Asia were crucial to the making of the sixties counterculture. The book also illustrates how and why the legacy of rock music in the sixties continues to matter to the meaning of citizenship in a global society today. Going beyond clichéd narratives about sixties music, Kramer argues that rock became a way for participants in the counterculture to think about what it meant to be an American citizen, a world citizen, a citizen-consumer, or a citizen-soldier. The music became a resource for grappling with the nature of democracy in larger systems of American power both domestically and globally. For anyone interested in the 1960s, popular music, and American culture and counterculture, The Republic of Rock offers new insight into the many ways rock music has shaped our ideas of individual freedom and collective belonging. CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON SERVICES LLC. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME. 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Ri-tan parkThis photo was shot on film. Taken by neja with a Lomography Colorsplash (available in our Online Shop) loaded with Fuji Provia film in Beijing, China. These tags describe this photo: lomo, wall, lwc2004, colorsplash, and beijing. This photo can also be found in the album BEIJING-lomowall-2.
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You can go against the guns but the Glocks gon' win
from Rhymefest (Ft. Kanye West) – On 10 in a Benz Lyrics on Genius
A Glock is an Austrian semi-automatic pistol.
Note how at this point in his career, Kanye was still experimenting with rapping about guns and being tough.
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RPT-UPDATE 2-Ukraine says EU reverse gas flows lower, blames Gazprom pressure
(Repeats to fix transmission glitch)
* Ukraine says reverse gas flows from EU down to 7 mcm daily
* Energy minister blames Gazprom "threat"
* Naftogaz says lower supplies "unpleasant but not critical" (Updates with Naftogaz, other detail)
By Pavel Polityuk
KIEV, July 23 (Reuters) - Ukraine said it was receiving less gas via reverse flows from the European Union, which Energy Minister Yuri Prodan blamed on reluctance by firms within the EU to antagonise Russian gas producer Gazprom, a heavy critic of the flows.
Ukraine uses around 50 billion cubic metres (bcm) of gas per year and has increased efforts to secure more gas from the EU after Gazprom raised prices for its supplies in a spat which has added to the crisis in the ex-Soviet state.
Russia covered half of Ukraine's gas needs last year. On June 16 it halted supplies to Ukraine over price disagreements and Kiev's outstanding debt for earlier deliveries.
Prodan said on Wednesday Ukraine first noticed the decline in deliveries from Europe some two weeks ago and that reverse supplies stood at 7 million cubic metres (mcm) daily on Wednesday, versus a possible 18 million.
That compares to supplies of 16 mcm daily via reversed flows from the EU in June, including 12 mcm from Hungary, according to Ukraine's state energy company Naftogaz.
"Reverse gas supplies are reduced at present. This is linked to certain actions by Gazprom," Prodan told reporters. "You heard the threats Gazprom made to European energy companies that this reverse is illegal."
Gazprom declined to comment on Wednesday. In April the company voiced doubts over the legality of reversed gas flows from the West to substitute for Russian supplies.
Gazprom head Alexei Miller said his company could curb supplies to Europe via Ukraine over reversed flows and denounced such movements as "semi-fraudulent".
Naftogaz on Wednesday said flows from Poland were proceeding as usual but were lower from Hungary, which was filling its own storage. It did not attach blame to Gazprom.
"We hope the lowering of reverse flows is temporary," Naftogaz head Andriy Kobolev told a briefing. "This is unpleasant but not critical."
On April 28, Bratislava and Ukraine signed a deal allowing the EU to send a limited amount of gas to Ukraine. Bratislava said combined reverse flows from Slovakia, Hungary and Poland could reach up to around 16-17 bcm annually.
Naftogaz also said in June it hoped to be receiving 27 mcm of gas daily from Slovakia when the reverse flows start in September. (Reporting by Pavel Polityuk in Kiev and Vladimir Soldatkin in Moscow, additional reporting by Natalia Zinets,; writing by Gabriela Baczynska; editing by Keiron Henderson)
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Finland G Rask misses semifinal with illness
SOCHI, Russia (AP)
Goalie Tuukka Rask won't play in Finland's Olympic men's hockey semifinal against Sweden because of an unspecified illness.
The Boston Bruins' Rask was ruled out shortly before Friday's game at Bolshoy Ice Dome, giving Kari Lehtonen his second start of the Olympics.
Rask made 37 saves in Finland's 3-1 victory over host Russia in the quarterfinals on Wednesday. He stopped 71 of 78 shots over three games in Sochi, winning twice and losing in overtime to Canada.
Lehtonen plays for the Dallas Stars. He made 19 saves in Finland's 6-1 victory over Norway in the preliminary round.
San Jose Sharks goalie Antti Niemi was Lehtonen's backup against Sweden. Niemi hasn't played in the tournament.
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(01-18-2012 09:23 PM)pyweed Wrote: Looks like Bustin had the score at 34-3; you had 35-21. He edges you out on the tiebreak.
(01-19-2012 06:39 AM)jdberia Wrote: Thanks. I misunderstood the part about posting first. Hope you hit something huge in the last boxes. It's been fun!
(01-19-2012 11:16 PM)pyweed Wrote: Comments: It would be really depressing if Keenyn Walker was the contest winner auto.
(01-20-2012 08:27 AM)just4cards Wrote: Not depressing to me. I hope you pull all colors of Refractor auto's from here on out!