text:
Deep penetrating antimicrobial compositions are disclosed which provide instant and persistent (long lasting) antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial compositions are comprised of antimicrobial components and a combination of surfactants that do not include anionic surfactants.
1. An antimicrobial composition comprising:
a) an alcohol;
b) an effective amount of a cationic quaternary ammonium compound, phenoxy ethanol, and optionally a biguanide compound; and
c) an effective amount of a surfactant system, the system comprising surfactants other than anionic surfactants.
2. The composition of
3. The composition of
4. The composition of
5. The composition of
6. The composition of
7. The composition of
8. The composition of
9. The composition of
10. The composition of
11. The composition of
12. The composition of
13. The composition of
14. The composition of
15. The composition of
16. The composition of claims 10 or 11 wherein the composition contains an effective amount of a biguanide.
17. The composition of
18. The composition of
19. The composition of
19. The composition of
20. The composition of claim 20, where in the skin conditioning system is comprised of propylene glycol, glycerin, phenylethyl dimethicone and a silicone quaternary compound.
21. The composition of 21, wherein the propylene glycol is present in an amount from about 1.0 to about 20 weight percent; glycerin in an amount from about 1.0 to about 40 weight percent; phenyl ethyl dimethicone in an amount from about 0.01 to about 0.2 weight percent; and silicone quaternary compound in an amount from about 0.1 to about 1.0 weight percent.
20. A method of disinfecting a substrate comprising the use of an effective amount of the antimicrobial composition of
21. The method of claim 20 wherein the substrate is the skin.
[0001] This patent application is a continuation in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/009,596, filed Jan. 20, 1998, entitled ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOSITION, which is assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated by reference.
[0002] This application is also related to U.S. patent applications Ser. No. 09/______, entitled NOVEL SKIN DISINFECTION PROCEDURES (Attorney Doc. No. JJM-511); 09/______, entitled STABILIZED ANTIMICROBIAL SYSTEMS AND METHODS OF MAKING THE SAME (Attorney Doc. No. JJM-512); and 09/______, entitled THERAPEUTIC ANTIMICROBIALS COMPOSITIONS (Attorney Doc. No. JJM-513), all concurrently filed herewith and which are assigned to assignee of the present invention and incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
[0003] 1. Field of the Invention
[0004] This invention is related to antimicrobial compositions which provide instant and long-lasting antimicrobial activity.
[0005] 2. Related Art
[0006] The normal skin flora consists of both resident and transient populations of bacteria. It is thought that chronic exposure to pathogenic organisms in a hospital environment can lead to their becoming part of the resident flora of the stratum corneum. In a healthcare setting, nosocomial infections are mostly spread through the more loosely-attached transient flora. Most transient organisms can be rinsed away mechanically by simple handwashing with a non-antimicrobial soap. In surgical environments, it is also critical to reduce the resident populations of bacteria, which are frequently pathogenic. The dramatic reduction of these deeper and more adherent bacteria requires potent antiseptics, or chemical disinfection. Residual efficacy depends on penetration, release and retention of antimicrobial agents into the stratum corneum to prevent recolonization of bacteria.
[0007] The most commonly used active ingredients in today's surgical scrubs are chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) and iodophors, such as povidone-iodine(PVP-Iodine). CHG exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and extended antimicrobial persistence, by binding to young epithelial cells for an extended time. While considered to be generally safe, allergic reactions do occur. The antimicrobial activity of PVP-Iodine is also quite good, but its persistence is poor, and is easily inactivated by blood and organic materials. The oxidizing nature of iodine also leads to the typical harshness of iodophor types of scrubs.
[0008] There are only two Category I active ingredients specifically mentioned in the monograph for Surgical Hand Scrubs (21CFR 333.414 Vol. 59, No. 116), alcohol and iodine.
[0009] The most safe, rapid-acting and broad spectrum antimicrobial is undoubtedly alcohol. It chemically dissolves and disrupts cell walls of both gram positive and negative bacteria. It's residual activity is extremely limited but the log10 reduction of bacteria is so severe that populations cannot reestablish themselves for several hours after application. Currently, alcoholic hand disinfection is more universally used in surgical wards in Europe than in the United States. Because of its strong antiseptic action and reasonably good skin tolerance when properly formulated, high alcoholic products are also becoming well accepted in the U.S., as shown by the recent surge of popularity of antiseptic hand gels in the consumer and healthcare provider markets.
[0010] Accordingly, there is a need for an efficacious, convenient, surgical handwash, which will exhibit excellent instantaneous antibacterial kill as well as persistent antimicrobial activity equal to or surpassing the current state of the art. The improved antimicrobial composition should be achieved without the known drawbacks and disadvantages such as requiring a lengthy surgical scrub application procedure, requiring use of scrub brushes which are harsh to the skin due to mechanical abrasion; being drying to the skin; causing the possibility of allergic reaction such as with CHG; or causing the possibility of irritation or sensitization particularly when using CHG or iodophors.
[0011] That is, improved antimicrobial compositions should be non-irritating, moisturizing, and should leave a protective barrier on the skin after washing, possibly extending to latex protein blocking ability. Acceptability of such a product would be superior to surgeons and health care workers and thus increase compliance with handwashing protocols. The invention (product) is intended to replace traditional pre-operative scrubs containing CHG, hexachlorophene, iodophors, and parachlorometaxylenol (chloroxylenol).
[0012] This invention relates to an antimicrobial composition comprising:
[0013] a) an alcohol;
[0014] b) an effective amount of a cationic quaternary ammonium compound, phenoxy ethanol, and optionally a biguanide compound; and
[0015] c) an effective amount of a surfactant system, the system comprising surfactants other than anionic surfactants.
[0016] In one embodiment, the cationic quaternary ammonium compound is selected from the group consisting of benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride and mixtures thereof, with the surfactant system being a mixture of nonionic, and cationic surfactants and optionally amphoteric surfactants, and with the optional biguanide compound present.
[0017] Desirably, the compositions of the invention further comprise an effective amount of a compatible skin conditioning system, the system comprising of skin conditioners and percutaneous enhancers such as glycerin, phenylethyl dimethicone, silicone quaternary compounds(e.g. LAMBENT QUAT AD, available from Lambent Technologies), and propylene glycol.
[0018] The present invention is directed to antimicrobial compositions comprising a blend of antimicrobial agents and a particular combination of surfactants, the surfactant not including any anionic surfactants.
[0019] The compositions of the present invention have shown excellent antimicrobial efficacy in both alcohol-containing and non-alcohol containing systems.
[0020] In a preferred embodiment, the antimicrobial compositions of this invention contain alcohol and such alcohol-containing compositions have extremely high antimicrobial effectiveness even when used as a wash-off product. Thus, despite the inclination of those skilled in the art that the wash-off nature of a product is a disadvantage due the active antimicrobial being rinsed away, the compositions of this invention appear to compensate for loss of active antimicrobial due to rinsing by providing enhanced penetrating and depositing properties.
[0021] The antimicrobial components of the present invention contain an effective amount of cationic quaternary ammonium compounds, and a surfactant system of nonionic, cationic, and optionally amphoteric surfactants, and desirably a biguanide compound.
[0022] Examples of cationic quaternary ammonium compounds include benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, methylbenzethonium chloride, polymeric ammonium chloride, and bisquaternary ammonium compounds.
[0023] Examples of biguanide compounds include chlorhexidine or its derivatives, such as chlorhexidine gluconate, chlorhexidine digluconate, chlorhexidine diacetate, chlorhexidine dihydrochloride and polyhexamethylene biguanide.
[0024] Other optional antimicrobial compounds include, alkyl pyridinium salts such as cetylpyridinium chloride; antimicrobial polypeptides such as Nisin (34 amino acid peptide) and of different families such as amphiphilic Cysteine containing beta sheet peptides (Defensins), Cysteine-Disulfide ring peptides (Cyclic dodecapeptide, Ranlexin, Brevinins), Amphiphilic alpha-helix peptides (Magainins, Cecropins), linear peptides with one or two predominant amino acids, Mammalian and Avian disulfide-linked antimicrobial molecules (Human neutrophil peptide, Human defensin, Neutrophil peptide, Macrophage cationic peptide and beta-defensins).
[0025] Preferred antimicrobial compounds include benzalkonium chloride and/or benzethonium chloride, polyhexamethylene biguanide, phenoxyethanol, propylene glycol, Coco PG-dimonium chloride phosphate (phospholipid CDM), chlorhexidine gluconate and/or cetyl-pyridinium chloride.
[0026] The effective amounts of the foregoing antimicrobial agents will typically be in the following weight ranges, but to those skilled in the art variation in the following ranges may occur but with the benefits of this invention still being achieved: benzalkonium chloride typically 0.02 to 2.0%, preferably 0.05 to 1.0%; most preferably 0.05 to 0.15%, benzethonium chloride typically 0.02 to 5.0%, preferably 0.02 to 1.0%, most preferably 0.05 to 0.12 %; polyhexamethylene biguanide typically 0.01 to 5.0%, preferably 0.02 to 1.0%, most preferably 0.03 to 0.5 %;phenoxyethanol typically 0.1 to 5.0%, preferably 0.2 to 3.0%, most preferably 0.5 to 2.0%; propylene glycol typically 0.1 to 40%, preferably 1.0 to 20.0%, most preferably 5.0 to 15.0%; Coco-PG dimonuim chloride phosphate typically 0.1 to 5.0%, preferably 0.2 to 2.5%, most preferably 0.5 to 2.0%; and cetylpyridinium chloride typically 0.01 to 0.5%; preferably 0.02 to 0.35%, most preferably 0.05 to 0.3%.
[0027] In addition to the foregoing antimicrobial agents, the following optional antimicrobial agents may be used: Quaternium-15 (Dowcil-200) typically 0.1 to 1.0%; Boregeamidoprophyl phosphatidyl PG-Dimonium Chloride (Phospholipid GLA) typically 0.1 to 2.0%; Coco PG-dimonuim chloride phosphate (Phospholipid CDM) typically 0.1 to 5.0%; triclosan typically 0.1 to 2.0%; chlorhexidine gluconate typically 0.01 to 5.0%; polyhexamethylenebiguanide hydrochloride typically 0.02 to 5% and methylbenzethonium chloride typically 0.05 to 2.0% by weight.
[0028] The surfactant system useful in this invention is comprised of amphoteric, nonionic, and cationic surfactants. Each of these surfactants are typically present in the antimicrobial system of this invention ranging from 0.1 to 15, preferably 0.1 to 8, most preferably 0.2 to 5% by weight.
[0029] Examples of suitable amphoteric surfactants include those related or derived from betaines such as amine betaines and amido betaines. Also useful amphoteric surfactants include glycinate and/or imidazole derivatives such as coco-imidazoline mono-carboxylate and/or dicarboxylate. Preferred amphoteric sufactants for use with this invention include hydroxysultaine, cocamidropropyl betaine, and sodium laurimino-dipropionate, and disodium lauroamphodiacetate.
[0030] Nonionic surfactants are neutral molecules without any charge, and these compounds are very mild with poor foaming properties. Non-ionic compounds diminish surface tension and dissolve in water quite easily, but not in same way as common salt. They are equally soluble in oil, which is important in producing emulsions. In the presence of water, they do not form simple solutions, they form complexes known as hydrates. Applications for nonionics include solubilization and for cationics, conditioning. Examples: Alkyl phenol ethoxylates, fatty acid dialkanolmides, fatty acid monoalkanolamides, fatty acid ethoxylates, fatty alcohol ethoxylates, fatty amine ethoxylates, substituted phenol ethoxylates, vegetable oil ethoxylates, polyalkylglycosides, sucrose esters and glyceryl laurate.
[0031] Generally, preferred nonionic surfactants include condensation products of one or more alkylene oxide groups with an organic hydrophobic compound, such as an aliphatic or alkyl aromatic compound. Exemplary nonionic surfactants based upon polyethoxylated, polyproproxylated, or polyglyceroxylated alcohols, alkylphenols, or fatty acids.
[0032] Further specific examples of nonionic surfactants include, for example, alkyl phenoxypolyethoxy ethanols having alkyl groups from about 7 to 18 carbon atoms and from about 6 to about 60 oxyethylene units such as, for example, heptyl phenoxypolyethoxyethanols, ethylene oxide derivatives of long chained carboxylic acids such as lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and the like, or mixtures of acids such as those found in tall oil containing from about 6 to 60 oxyethylene units; ethylene oxide condensates of long-chained alcohols such as octyl, decyl, lauryl, or cetyl alcohols containing from 6 to 60 oxyethylene units; ethylene oxide condensates of long-chain or branched chain amines such as dodecyl amine, hexadecyl amine, and octadecyl amine, containing from about 6 to 60 oxyetheylene units; and block copolymers of ethylene oxide sections combined with one of more hydrophobic propylene oxide sections.
[0033] Examples of cationic surfactants include, for example, lauryl pyridinium chloride, cetyldimethyl amine acetate, and alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, in which the alkyl group has from 8 to 18 carbon atoms.
[0034] Other useful cationic surfactants include aliphatic fatty amines and their derivatives, homologues of aromatic amines having fatty chains�dodecylaniline, fatty amides derived from aliphatic diamines, fatty amides derived from disubstituted amines, quaternary ammonium compounds, amides derived from aminoalcohols and their quaternary ammonium derivatives, quaternary ammonium bases derived from fatty amides of disubstituted diamines, quaternary ammonium bases of the benzimidazolines, basic compounds of pyridinium and its derivatives, quaternary ammonium compound of betaine, dimethylphenylbenzyl ammonium chloride, urethanes or basic salts of ethylene diamine, polyethylene diamines and their quaternary ammonium compounds.
[0035] A particularly useful mixture of surfactants comprise from about 0.1 to about 10% active weight % of cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine (amphoteric surfactant), from about 0.1 to about 10% active weight % of polyalkylglycoside (preferably Plantaren 2000 from Henkel), nonionic surfactant, and from about 0.1 to about 10 by active weight % of PPG-40 diethylmonium chloride (Preferably Emcol CC-42 from Witco Chem. Co.), cationic surfactant.
[0036] The mixture of amphoteric, nonionic, and cationic surfactants of this invention have been shown to be compatible with high alcohol and low water systems, thereby resulting in a stable formulation.
[0037] The alcohol used with the composition of this invention is typically present in an amount ranging from about 20 to about 80%, preferably 40 to 80%, most preferably 60 to 70% by volume of the composition. The alcohols useful in the present invention include ethyl alcohol, iso-propyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol and combinations thereof. Ethyl alcohol may be used as the only alcohol or the alcohol may be a mixture from about 10 to 70% by volume ethyl alcohol, from about 10 to 70% by volume iso-propyl alcohol, and from about 10 to 70 % by volume n-propyl alcohol.
[0038] Other materials may be added to the compositions of this invention to improve such characteristics as skin conditioning and moisturization of the compositions. Thus, humectants such as glycerin, anti-inflammatory/anti-irritants such as isolene (C12-C18 diglycerides), anchoring agents, conditioners such as phenylethyl dimethicone (Silsoft PEDM from Witco OSi), silicone quaternary compound (e.g., Lambent Quat AD from Lambent Technologies, A Petroferm Company), cetrimonuim chloride, and glyceryl laurate. Glyceryl laurate (a non-ionic surfactant) in addition to contributing to conditioning and penetration of the antimicrobial compositions disclosed herein, also acts as a foam booster.
[0039] Typically, these additional agents may be present in the compositions of this invention according to the following amounts: glycerin from about 0.1 to about 40% by weight, phenylethyl dimethicone from about 0.01 to about 0.5% by weight, silicone quaternium 8 from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight, cetrimonium chloride from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight and glyceryl laurate from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the composition of this invention.
[0040] The antimicrobial compositions of the present invention are effective in controlling microorganisms when an effective amount of the composition is topically applied to a substrate or location, such as the hands, acne sites, patient prepping sites, or injection site for catheters, etc. The amount applied to be effective depends upon such environmental factors as the length of application, the amount of contact of the antimicrobial composition and the substrate, the condition of substrate (e.g., normal or dry skin) as well temperature and evaporation rates. Those with skill in the art will readily be able to determine the effective level necessary to control the microorganisms. Typically, from about 0.5 to about 10 milliliters, preferably from about 1.0 to about 9, and most preferably from about 2.5 to about 5 milliliters of the antimicrobial composition is applied. This amount of the antimicrobial composition if found to be effective, to provide a log10 reduction of >1.0 or more in the microbe population. Also, the amount is enough to exhibit residual and cumulative antimicrobial effects on resident skin flora.
[0041] The present invention can also be prepared as an emulsion using techniques well known in the art, see for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,308,890. The active ingredients, excipients, etc., may be emulsified with amphoteric, cationic, and nonionic surfactants in the amounts previously noted.
[0042] The following examples are illustrative of the present invention and are not intended to limit the invention to the following compositions. Unless noted to the contrary, all percentages presented in this application are understood to be weight percent.
[0043] The following formulations were applied to the skin following a modified surgical scrub procedure identified and described as Scrub Procedure One in co-pending, commonly assigned U.S. patent application No. ______, entitled �Novel Skin Disinfection Procedures� the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The formulations were subsequently tested by the methods hereinafter described for antimicrobial effectiveness.
[0044] Scrub Procedure One [Dry application, rub, dry application, rub, wet, lather, rinse]
[0045] Step 1.1
[0046] Volunteers' fingernails are checked to determined if they are <1.0 mm free edge. If not, they are clipped. Remove all jewelry from hands and arms.
[0047] Step 1.2
[0048] Subjects wet their hands including two-thirds of forearms under running tap water 40�2� C for 30 seconds. Clean under fingernails and around the cuticle area with a nail cleaner. Rinse fingernails, cuticles, and hands.
[0049] Step 1.3
[0050] Subjects dry hands thoroughly with paper towels.
[0051] Step 1.4
[0052] Dispense into the subject's hands 5 ml of the assigned test article. Subjects are to distribute the material over all surfaces of the hands and lower two-thirds of the forearms taking care not to lose the substance.
[0053] Step 1.5
[0054] The material is vigorously rubbed over the hands and lower two-thirds of the forearms. Particular attention is paid to the nails, cuticles and interdigital spaces. Note: This step is performed over a period of approximately one-minute.
[0055] Step 1.6
[0056] Dispense a second 5 ml aliquot of the test article in the subject's cupped hands. Subjects are to distribute it over all the surfaces of the hands and lower one-third of the forearm, taking care not to lose the substance.
[0057] Step 1.7
[0058] Repeat the treatment procedure described in step 1.5 except limit the scrub to the hands and lower one-third of the forearms. (An additional one minute of rubbing time)
[0059] Step 1.8
[0060] Subjects wet hands under tap by passing hands one or two times through water.
[0061] Step 1.9
[0062] The test article is vigorously rubbed over the hands and lower one-third of the forearms paying particular attention to the finger nail region. Note: this lathering step is performed over a period of one minute.
[0063] Step 1.10
[0064] Rinse each hand and forearm separately for one minute per hand and shake to remove excess water.
[0065] Step 1.11
[0066] Proceed with antimicrobial effectiveness testing.
[0067] Total Rubbing/Lathering Time: 3 Minutes.
[0068] The following compositions were used in the formulations hereinafter described:
[0069] AMP 95 is a mixture of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-(methylamino)-2-methyl-1-propanol and water in a ratio of from about 90:5:5, commercially available from Angus Chemical Company.
[0070] ACRITAMER� 505E. a polyvinyl carboxy polymer crosslinked with ethers of pentaerythritol, R.I.T.A available from Crystal Lake, Ill.
[0071] AMPHOTERGE K-2, coco imidazoline dicarboxylate, available from Lonza.
[0072] ESS 9090IC is a fragrance, available from Givuan-Roure Corporation.
[0073] CERAPHYL 28 is a mixture of cetyl alcohol and cetyl lactate, a waxy solid commercially available for ISP Van Dyk Inc.
[0074] CERAPHYL 41 is a mixture of C12-C15 alcohol lactates, available from ISP Van Dyk Inc.
[0075] CETIOL HE- PEG-7 glyceryl cocoate, from Henkel.
[0076] COSMOCIL CQ is polyhexamethylene biguanide, available from Zeneca.
[0077] DISODIUM EDTA, U.S.P., available from Dow Chemical as Versene NA.
[0078] DOW CORNING� 580 wax is a mixture of stearoxy trimethoxy silane and stearyl alcohol.
[0079] DOWICIL 200, quaternium 15, Dow Chemical.
[0080] EMCOL CC42- PPG-40 dimonium chloride, or quaternium 21, available from Witco Corp.
[0081] GERMABEN II is a mixture comprised of diazolindinyl urea (about 30%); methyl paraben (about 11%); propyl paraben (about 3%) and propylene glycol (about 56%), available from Sutton Laboratories.
[0082] GERMALL PLUS is a mixture of diazolidinyl urea (about 99%), 3-Iodo-propynylbutylcarbamate available from Sutton Laboratories.
[0083] NCROMECTANT LAMEA�a mixture of acetamide monoethanolamine, and lactamide monoethanolamine (Croda)
[0084] LEXOREZ 100 is a saturated crosslinked hydroxy functional; polyester, comprised of glycerin, diethylene glycol, adipate crosslinked polymer, which is a viscous, hydrophobic liquid at room temperature and is dispersible in many lipids and emollients.
[0085] LEXQUAT AMG-IS, isostearamidopropyl PG dimonium chloride (Inolex Chemical Company)
[0086] MACKAM CBS-50G, cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine, 50% (McIntyre)
[0087] MEARLMAID OL contains isopropyl alcohol, guanine, and Polysorbate 80 (Engelhard).
[0088] MIRATAINE CB�cocamidopropyl betaine (Rhone-Poulenc)
[0089] NATROSOL 250 HHR�hydroxyethylcellulose (Aqualon, Div. Of Hercules).
[0090] NISIN, a 34 amino acid polypeptide, sold as Ambicin by Applied Microbiology, Inc.
[0091] ORANGE ZEST B FRAGRANCE, a blend of oily volatile compounds, sold by Firmenich, Inc.
[0092] PEG-7 Glyceryl Cocoate (see Cetiol HE)
[0093] PEO-1�polyethylene glycol, 21,000 M.W. INCI: PEG-5M (R.I.T.A.)
[0094] PHOSPOLIPID CDM is cocophosphatidyl (PG)-dimonium chloride, a co-synthetic, phospholipid available from Mona Industries, Inc.
[0095] PHOSPHOLIPID GLA�borageamidopropyl phosphatidyl PG-dimonium chloride (Mona).
[0096] PHOSPOLIPID PTC is cocamidopropyl phosphatidyl PG-dimonium chloride, available form Mona Industries.
[0097] PLANTAREN 2000 is decyl polyglucose, available from Henkel/Cospha.
[0098] SILSOFT PEDM is phenylethyl dimenthicone, available from Witco Cooperation, Osi Specialties, Inc.
[0099] SEAFOAM 143.258/GGE, fragrance available from Firmenich, Inc.
[0100] TOCOPHEROL (dl-alpha-tocopherol), Vitamin E, available from Roche Vitamins and Fine Chemicals.
[0101] TRICLOSAN�2, 4, 4′-trichloro-2-hydoxydiphenyl ether.
[0102] ULTREZ� 10 a carbomer polymer, available from BF Goodrich, Cleveland Ohio, and disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,004,598, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0103] VAROX 270 lauramine oxide, 30% active of 70% C12, available from Witco.
[0104] This is a comparative example to demonstrate the shortcoming of using antimicrobial systems containing anionic surfactants (i.e., ammonium laureth sulfate) in terms forming formulations of long-lasting (i.e., 6 hours) antimicrobial effectiveness.
[0105] Formulation 1-1
[0106] Ethanol (53.1%, 62% V/V), D.I. Water (23.2%), Zinc Oxide (0.5%), Glycerin (5%), PEG-7 Glyceryl Cocoate (1.0%), Lexorez 100 (1.5%), Silsoft A-843 (0.5%), Lexquat AMG-IS (1%), Incromectant LAMEA (1.5%), Tocopherol (0.2%), Ceraphyl 41 (0.5%), Natrosol 250 HHR (1%), PEO-1 (0.1%), Seafoam fragrance (0.15%),Plantaren 2000 (4%), Ammonium Laureth Sulfate (5%), EtOH (53.1% WIW), Phenoxyethanol (0.55%), Benzalkonium Chloride [50% solution] (0.22%), Germall Plus (0.11%), Germaben II (0.11%), Phospholipid CDM (0.5%), Phospholipid GLA (0.1%).
[0107] Formulation 1-2 (w/triclosan)
[0108] Ethanol (46.2%, 55% V/V),D.I. Water (29.24%), Zinc Oxide (0.5%), Glycerin (5%), Cetiol HE (1.0%), Lexorez 100 (1.5%), Silsoft A-843 (0.5%), Lexquat AMG-IS (1%), Incromectant LAMEA (1.5%), Tocopherol (0.2%), Ceraphyl 41 (0.5%), Natrosol 250 HHR ( 1%), PEO-1 (0.1%), Seafoam fragrance (0.15%),Plantaren 2000 (4%), Ammonium Laureth Sulfate (5%), EtOH (46.2% W/W), Phenoxyethanol (0.55%), Benzalkonium Chloride [50% solution] (0.22%), Germall Plus (0.11%), Germaben II (0.11%), Phospholipid CDM (0.5%), Phospholipid GLA (0.1%), Triclosan (1.0%).
[0109] Formulation 1-3 (w/ Australian Tea Tree Oil)
[0110] Ethanol (53.2%, 62% V/V), D.I. Water (22.4%), Zinc Oxide (0.5%), Glycerin (5%), Cetiol HE (1.0%), Lexorez 100 (1.5%), Silsoft A-843 (0.5%), Lexquat AMG-IS (1%), Incromectant LAMEA (1.5%), Tocopherol (0.2%), Ceraphyl 41 (0.5%), Natrosol 250 HHR ( 1%), PEO-1 (0.1%), Seafoam fragrance (0.15%),Plantaren 2000 (4%), Ammonium Laureth Sulfate (5%), EtOH (53.1% W/W), Phenoxyethanol (0.55%), Benzalkonium Chloride [50% solution] (0.22%), Germall Plus (0.11%), Germaben II (0.11%), Phospholipid CDM (0.5%), Phospholipid GLA (0.1%), Australian Tea Tree Oil (1.0%).
[0111] The pH of the preceding formulations was adjusted with phosphoric acid to 6.5.
[0112] The results of antimicrobial effectiveness of the foregoing formulations are summarized in TABLE 1 in terms of the cumulative and persistent activity for 1, 2, and 5 days at 0 and 6 hours as measured by the log10 reductions. Briefly, the log10 reduction test method is conducted on subjects selected from a group of volunteers who have refrained from using any antimicrobials for at least two weeks prior to initiation of the test. Sufficient number of subjects are selected from this group on the basis of high initial bacteria count, 1�105 per hand as determined by baseline measurements of the bacteria on their hands.
[0113] The selected subjects perform a simulated surgical handwash under the supervision of an individual competent in aseptic technique. One hand is sampled after the surgical handwash and the other hand after 6 hours. The difference between the base line and the recovered organisms after surgical hand wash gives the antimicrobial effectiveness of test formulations.
[0114] Those with skill in the art will appreciate that the compositions with higher log10 reduction value indicates improved efficacy. The log10 reduction is the difference in the initial bacterial counts and the count recovered after each treatment.
[0115] Cumulative activity of the tested formulations was evaluated by comparing the log10 reductions achieved at 0 hours on day 1 to the log10 reductions achieved at 0 hours on day 2 and 5. The paired �t-test� results of these comparisons indicated significantly more antimicrobial activity on days 2 and 5 at 0 hours compared to day 1 at 0 hours for Formulation 1-3. Significantly more antimicrobial activity was indicated on day 5 but not day 2 at 0 hours compared to day 1 at 0 hours for Formulation 1-1 and Formulation 1-2. Those with skill in the art will appreciate that the �t-test� is a statistical method used to compare the test material from the control to establish the significance at 0.05 level of significance. This compares the differences between means of the two distributions divided by the flux about those means. This then is the �t� value for that difference. The larger the �t� value the greater the probability that the two means are different because they come from distinct rather than just random sampling chance.
[0116] Mathematically speaking �t� values become large as: 1) the difference between the two means gets larger; and 2) the flux about the mean (standard deviations) get smaller.
[0117] However, the low log10 reductions and weak persistent activity of all tested formulations, which fall well short of FDA requirements for a surgical scrub, are believed to be attributed to inactivation of the antimicrobial compositions, i.e., by the high-foaming anionic-based surfactant system, i.e., the ammonium laureth sulfate. Thus, the foregoing formulations do not provide an adequate solution to the problem of providing long-lasting antimicrobial effectiveness.
[0118] In view of the results of Example 1, the following formulations free of anionic surfactants were screened for in vivo antimicrobial efficacy both at 0 Time and 6 Hours (to test for cumulative or residual effects).
[0119] Formulation 2-1
[0120] EtOH (61.8% W/W or 70% V/V), D.I. Water (18.51%), Mirataine CB (6.0 %), Glycerin (2.5%), Amphoterge K-2 (2%), HCl 1 N (1.8%), Cetiol HE (1.0%), Zinc Oxide (0.5%), Lexorez 100 (0.75%), Silsoft A-843 (0.5%), Ceraphyl 41 (0.5%), Natrosol 250 HHR ( 0.8%), PEO-1 (0.1%), Seafoam fragrance (0.15%),), Varox 270 0.5%), , Phenoxyethanol (0.55%), Benzalkonium Chloride [50% solution] (0.22%), Germall Plus (0.11%), Germaben II (0.11%), Phospholipid CDM (0.5%), Phospholipid GLA (0.1%), Propylene Glycol (0.5%), and Propylene carbonate (0.5%).
[0121] Formulation 2-2
[0122] EtOH (52.9% W/W or 60 v/v), Isopropyl alcohol (4.38 W/W or 5 v/v), n-Propyl alcohol (4. 49 w/w or 5 v/v), D.I. Water (18.51%), Mirataine CB (6.0 %), Glycerin (2.5%), Amphoterge K-2 (2%), HCl 1 N (1.8%), Cetiol HE (1.0%), Zinc Oxide (0.5%), Lexorez 100 (0.75%), Silsoft A-843 (0.5%), Tocopherol (0.2%), Ceraphyl 41 (0.5%), Natrosol 250 HHR ( 0.8%), PEO-1 (0.1%), Seafoam fragrance (0.15%),), Varox 270 ( 0.5%), Phenoxyethanol (0.55%), Benzalkonium Chloride [50% solution] (0.22%), Germall Plus (0.11%), Germaben II (0.11%), Phospholipid CDM (0.5%), Phospholipid GLA (0.1%), Propylene Glycol (0.5%), and Propylene carbonate (0.5%).
[0123] Formulation 2-3 (w/Triclosan)
[0124] EtOH (48.42% W/W or 55 v/v), Isopropyl alcohol (8.76 W/W or 10 v/v), n-Propyl alcohol (4.48 w/w or 5 v/v), D.I. Water (18.51%), Mirataine CB (6.0 %), Glycerin (2.5%), Amphoterge K-2 (2%), HCl 1 N (1.8%), Cetiol HE (1.0%), Zinc Oxide (0.5%), Lexorez 100 (0.75%), Silsoft A-843 (0.5%), Tocopherol (0.2%), Ceraphyl 41 (0.5%), Natrosol 250 HHR 0.8%), PEO-1 (0.1%), Seafoam fragrance (0.15%),), Varox 270 ( 0.5%), , Phenoxyethanol (0.55%), Benzalkonium Chloride [50% solution] (0.22%), Germall Plus (0.11%), Germaben II (0.11%), Phospholipid CDM (0.5%), Phospholipid GLA (0.1%), Propylene Glycol (0.5%), Propylene carbonate (0.5%), and Triclosan (1.0
[0125] Formulation 2-4 (w/Triclosan & Australian Tee Tree Oil)
[0126] EtOH (48.42% W/W or 55 v/v), Isopropyl alcohol (8.76 W/W or 10 v/v), n-Propyl alcohol (4.48 w/w or 5 v/v), D.I. Water (18.51%), Mirataine CB (6.0 %), Glycerin (2.5%), Amphoterge K-2 (2%), HCl 1 N (1.8%), Cetiol HE (1.0%), Zinc Oxide (0.5%), Lexorez 100 (0.75%), Silsoft A-843 (0.5%), Tocopherol (0.2%), Natrosol 250 HHR ( 0.8%), PEO-1 (0.1%), Orange Zest fragrance (0.2%),), Varox 270 ( 0.5%), Phenoxyethanol (0.55%), Benzalkonium Chloride [50% solution] (0.22%), Germall Plus (0.11%), Germaben II (0.11%), Phospholipid CDM (0.5%), Phospholipid GLA (0.1%), Propylene Glycol (0.5%), Propylene carbonate (0.5%), Australian tea tree oil (1.0%), and triclosan (1.0 %).
[0127] The results of the antimicrobial efficiency for the foregoing formulations are summarized in TABLE 2.
[0128] Referring to TABLE 2, it was surprising that none of these formulations met the FDA requirement for 1 Log10 reduction even for zero time on day 1. Although not reported in Table 2, the formulations containing Triclosan, i.e., Formulations 2-3 and 2-4, showed greater cumulative activity than the others at days 2 and 5. Thus, simple elimination of anionic surfactants did not appear the only factor affecting antimicrobial activity. Since poor 0 hour results were achieved for formulations 2-1 to 2-4, the 6 hour results are not reported.
[0129] In view of the results of Examples 1 and 2 and in order to more quickly receive and evaluate results, it was decided to perform in vitro evaluations of various combinations of surfactants and antimicrobials.
[0130] The in vitro time kill study was conducted with 9 microorganisms by evaluating the log10 reductions of bacterial counts using 8 log10 bacterial inoculation into each test product. All subsequent time-kill studies for the brushless scrub were conducted under this protocol. The microorganisms (ATCC and clinical isolates) tested are identified in the following tables by both the commonly used descriptive names of the microorganisms and by the ATCC identification numbers.
[0131] The previously referenced formulations, Formulations 2-1, 2-2, 2-3 and 2-4, as well as alcohol-containing Formulations 2-5 and 2-6 were evaluated by this time-kill method. Formulation 2-5 contained ethyl alcohol 49.1%, isopropyl alcohol 8.9%, n-propyl alcohol 4.5%, and water 37.5% based on W/W% and Formulation 2-6 contained simply 70% V/V % ethanol in water. TABLE 3 represents the results of the antimicrobial efficacy of the foregoing formulations in terms of log10 and percentage bacterial kill.
[0132] Referring to TABLE 3, it is clear that log10 reductions at 15 seconds were from 5 to 6 across the board for these formulations, except in the case of the microorganism A. niger (ATCC #16404), in which the log10 reduction which was typically 3 for all formulations measured at 15 seconds. The kill was overwhelming in these formulations due to the presence of alcohol (typically 6 log in 15 s), and differences between them were lost.
[0133] Based on the results of Example 3 and in an attempt to isolate the effectiveness of antimicrobial systems without alcohol the following in vitro samples submitted were in an aqueous base only, and contained no alcohol. In the Formulation 4 series, a common antimicrobial base was combined with three surfactant variations. The base contained Benzalkonium Chloride (0.09% active), Benzethonium Chloride (0.09% active), Phenoxyethanol (0.5%), Phospholipid CDM (1.0%), Propylene Glycol (3.33%), Glycerin (1.67%), and water. Formulation 4-1 contained Ammonium Laureth Sulfate(2%), an anionic surfactant, and 0.1% Cetylpyridinium Chloride additionally. Formulation 4-2 contained the base plus Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine (Mackam CBS 50G, 2.0%) and Cetylpyridinium Chloride (0.25%). Formulation 4-3 contained the base plus PPG-40 Diethylmonium Chloride (Emcol CC42, 2.0%) and Cetylpyridinium Chloride (0.5%).
[0134] It was noticed that version Formulation 4-1 formed a precipitate. It is likely due to the incompatibility of the cationic quaternary compounds (Benzalkonium Chloride, Benzethonium Chloride, Cetylpyridinium Chloride) with the anionic Ammonium Laureth Sulfate. Formulations 4-2 and 4-3 remained clear. Results of the antimicrobial efficiency of the foregoing formulations are presented in TABLE 4.
[0135] Referring to TABLE 4, it is clear that Formulation 4-1 exhibited very poor antimicrobial activity in the time-kill studies compared to Formulations 4-2 and 4-3, confirming the likely inactivation of the cationic antimicrobials.
[0136] These results suggest the complete compatibility and possible enhancement of the antimicrobial system by Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine and PPG-40 Dimonium Chloride at 2.0% levels.
[0137] To improve foaming and mildness, a third surfactant was tested in Formulation 4-2A, Plantaren 2000 (polyalkylglycoside), substituting this surfactant for Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine in Formulation 4-2 . The results showed excellent activity for this formula as well, with no apparent suppression of the antimicrobials. (See TABLE 4).
[0138] At this point we had three viable surfactants compatible with our antimicrobial system, Plantaren 2000 ( a non-ionic), Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine (an amphoteric), and PPG-40 Dimonium Chloride (a cationic). The combination of the three was found to give good foaming and lather.
[0139] This example investigates the effect of pH on the antimicrobial systems of this invention. Up to this point, all formulas tested were in the pH 6-7 range. A new formulation, Formulation 5-1 was made which contained the previously mentioned antimicrobial system, of Formulation 4-2 plus Nisin (0.1%) , Disodium EDTA (0.1%), a surfactant system consisting of Plantaren 2000 (nonionic) and Mackam CBS-50G (amphoteric), and pH adjuster Glycolic Acid (0.19% of a 70% solution). The pH of this batch was 3.5.
[0140] The time-kill efficacy results for this formula showed weak activity. The log10 reductions were less than 1 for many of the microorganisms at the 15 second interval. This implied that there was no benefit and probably deleterious effects on efficacy from low pH with this antimicrobial system. We also attempted a high pH formula, Formulation 5-2, contained the following based on weight %: Deionized water 97%; PEG-4 cellulose 0.5%; benzalkonium chloride (50%) 0.18%; Benzethonium chloride 0.09%; Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine 2.0%; with the pH adjusted to 8.3 with 10% NaOH. The efficacy at this pH was also weaker than at the apparent optimum pH of approximately 7. As we had seen excellent efficacy results from formulas of pH approximately 7, we decided to make that the target pH. In addition, this is the pH where this particular system with these surfactants and antimicrobials is most stable, requiring no adjustment. Thus, best antimicrobial performance would be expected in pH ranges around 7, most likely from about 5.5 to about 8.
[0141] Now that we had identified an excellent surfactant system by in vitro testing (the Plantaren 2000, Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine, and PPG-40 Dimonium Chloride combination), it was decided to test some variations on this theme, using an in vivo scrub study with two more formulations, Formulations 6-1 and 6-2. Formulation 6-1 contained EtOH (26.5% W/W or 30% V/V), n-Propyl Alcohol (25.1% W/W or 28% V/V), Triclosan (1.0%), D.I. Water (27.67%), Opacifier-295 (Morton), Hydroxypropylcellulose (1.0%), Plantaren 2000 (3.0), Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine -Mackam CBS50G (2.0%), PPG-40 Diethylmonium Chloride-Emcol CC42 (1.0%), Benzalkonium Chloride [50% solution] (0.18%), Benzethonium Chloride (0.09%) ,Phenoxyethanol (0.5%), Phospholipid CDM (0.5%), Phospholipid GLA (0.5%), Cetrimonium Chloride (0.86% of 29% sol.), Dowicil 200 (0.1%), Cetylpyridinium Chloride (0.25%), Glycerin (5%), Propylene Glycol (0.5%), fragrance (0.15%). Formulation 6-2 contained the same composition as Formulation 6-1 except that Formulation 6-2 is a high glycerin formula (25%), high-alcohol (65% V/V-active levels), and low water formula and whereas Formulation 6-1 is a mixed alcohol formula (total of 58% V/V, or an inactive level), and the glycerin has been reduced to 5%.
[0142] Also tested in this study was Prevacare Antimicrobial Hand Gel (Lot No. P8-006), Healthpoint's Triseptin Surgical Scrub, and pure ethanol at 70% V/V. Only 1st day results at 0 time were evaluated and are shown in Table 6.
[0143] The results of Table 6 indicate that all the formulations met the FDA surgical scrub requirement for 1-log10 reduction in bacteria at zero time with the exception of Ethanol 70%.
[0144] These were the first formulas tested in vivo which met the FDA requirements for rapid kill. This confirmed the compatibility of this particular surfactant mixture with the antimicrobial mixture. In the presence of alcohol, this combination met the surgical scrub requirements when utilizing a double-dry application, lather, and rinse method.
[0145] Also, notable from these results is that the formula did not have statistically significant gains in activity from the presence of Triclosan, at least at 0 time. The cumulative efficacy effects of each formula are unknown from this study which only evaluated 0 time results.
[0146] In an effort to further increase the antimicrobial efficacy of the formula and the moisturization, further adjustments to the formula were made.
[0147] The improved formula is as follows: Formulation 7-1:
[0148] EtOH (62.25% W/W or 70% V/V), D.I. Water (12.74%), Glyceryl Laurate (1.0%), Isolene (1.0%), Silsoft PEDM (0.05%), Mearlmaid OL (0.1%), Hydroxypropylcellulose (1.0%), Plantaren 2000 (3.0), Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine -Mackam CBS50G (2.0%), PPG-40 Diethylmonium Chloride-Emcol CC42 (1.0%), Benzalkonium Chloride [50% solution] (0.18%), Benzethonium Chloride (0.09%) , Phenoxyethanol (0.5%), Phospholipid CDM (0.5%), Phospholipid GLA (0.5%), Cetrimonium Chloride (0.86% of 29% sol.), Dowicil 200 (0.25%), Cetylpyridinium Chloride (0.25%), Glycerin (5%), Propylene Glycol (5%) and fragrance (0.15%),
[0149] Silsoft PEDM and Isolene both contribute to appearance and feel. They are both partially soluble in a hydroalcoholic system forming droplets, which help the opacity and lotion-like appearance of the product. Glyceryl Laurate was added at 1.0% to enhance the foaming and trans-dermal penetration abilities of the formula. The Phospholipid CDM and Benzalkonium Chloride were also increased in this formula to enhance efficacy and moisturization. Isolene and Phospholipid CDM also have anti-irritant benefits to compensate for increases in the Benzalkonium Chloride levels. Log10 reduction data is shown in Table 7 for Formulation 7-1 for both 0 hour and 6 hours.
[0150] Thus, the results of Table 7 show extremely improved log10 reductions at both 0 hour and 6 hour compared to the measured properties of previously tested formulations that do not contain the claimed elements of this invention most notably the formulations of Table 1.
[0151] Two more formulations (Formulations 8-1 and 8-2) were evaluated. Formulation 8-2's surfactant system consisted of only cationic and nonionic surfactants. Formulation 8-1 contained (based on W/W%): 8.15% deionized water; 62.00% Ethanol (200 proof); 5.00% Glycerin; 10.00% Propylene Glycol; 5.00% Cocamidopropyl hydroxy sultaine (50% Concentration) Mackam CBS-50 G(amphoteric); 1.00% Phospholipid CDM; 0.50% Phospholipid GLA; 1.20% PPG-40 Diethylmonium Chloride (Emcol CC-42) (cationic); 0.80% Hydroxypropylcellulose HXF Grade; 1.00% Phenoxyethanol; 1.50% Glyceryl Laurate (non-ionic) Monomuls 90-L12; 1.70% Cetrimonium Chloride (29%-Varisoft 300); 0.20% benzalkonium chloride (50%); 0.10% Benzethonium Chloride; 0.50% Lambent Quat AD; 0.15% Fragrance (Seafoam GGE); 1.00% Cosmocil CQ (polyhexamethylene biguanide 0.2%); 0.05% Silsoft PEDM; 0.15% Mearlmaid OL. Formulation 8-2 contained (based on W/W%): 9.83% deionized water; 62.75% Ethanol (200 proof); 10.00% Propylene Glycol; 5.0% Glycerin; 1.5% Phospholipid CDM; 1.5% PPG-40 Diethylmonium Chloride (Emcol CC-42); 0.80% Hydroxypropylcellulose HXF Grade; 1.0% Phenoxyethanol; 2.5% Glyceryl Laurate; 2.5% Cetrimonium Chloride (29%-Varisoft 300); 0.2% Benzalkonium Chloride (50%); 0.1% Benzethonium Chloride; 0.5% Lambent Quat AD; 0.15% Fragrance (Seafoam GGE); 1.5% Cosmocil CQ; .0.07% Silsoft PEDM; 0.100% Mearlmaid OL. Surprisingly Formulation 8-2 exhibited excellent foaming properties similar to surfactant systems containing amphoteric, nonionic, and cationic surfactants. The surprising observation was that one skilled in the art would have expected worse foaming properties due to the higher relative proportion of cationic surfactants in the system. However, no appreciable foaming differences were observed in the increased amounts of nonionic/cationic surfactant system when compared to the amphoteric/nonionic/cationic surfactant system. In fact, these observations in foaming ability and its believed correlation to skin penetration is at least borne out in the excellent antimicrobial results shown in TABLE 8 for Formulation 8-1 and compared with commercially available 4% chlorhexidine gluconate and 70% ethyl alcohol based products.
[0152] Formulation 8-1 was evaluated following the aforementioned new brushless surgical handwashing procedure (3 minute procedure with out a brush) that was based on surgical science and compared with conventional procedure ( 6 minute scrub with a brush) using 4% chlorhexidine gluconate product. Also the results were compared with a 70% alcohol based product following a 3 minute surgical scrub procedure with out a brush. To our surprise Formulation 8-1 has shown slightly better results at 0 hour and comparable activity at 6 hours. The results clearly suggest that Formulation 8-1 has the right combination of antimicrobial ingredients at appropriate concentrations to exhibit immediate and residual antimicrobial activity against resident skin flora which is relatively hard to achieve. This level of efficacy is an important feature in brushless applications to eliminate abrasive surgical scrub procedures with brushes and to offer the same level of efficacy of bench mark products, particularly, in half time of the conventional surgical scrub procedures with a brush.
[0153] It should be understood that the foregoing disclosure and description of the present invention are illustrative and explanatory thereof and various changes in the size, shape and materials as well as in the description of the preferred embodiment may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention.
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☼Arbitrary Day Present☼ - or - OMG STOKES HOW THE HELL DID YOU KNOW?!?
June 24, 2013 by CypherWulf , 1 comment , From: silentforsaken
This is a masterwork gift. All components are of the highest quality. It menaces with spikes of thoughtfulness, it is decorated with rings of awesome.

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More Articles for workplace fatalities at road-construction sites
The Other Dangers
Don't overlook these jobsite hazards when working near traffic.
By Lauren Heartsill Dowdle, Contributing Editor
When you work road construction zones there is never really a time to relax when it comes to safety. The job, more or less cordoned off from ... Read More...
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I rode Chicopee Woods north of Atlanta today in some awesome weather with a bunch o guys. Forum folks mudpie, D-Rock, and LoneStar were there. D-Rock was kind enough to loan me his Burner while I'm down a Turner. We rode at a fun pace and enjoyed a great trail. There's lots of swoopy singletrack, plenty of roots, and some tricky switchbacks.
Gearing up for the ride. My pedals get on the Burner and we saddle up.
Dead beaver alert. Trust me, the black bar is worth it. A couple guys bunny hopped over the beaver
mupie on his Pack. He paid a little for the weight but got to have some fun on the downhills. Did I mention those switchbacks?
Ventana content: LoneStar and D-Rock attack the switchbacks.
Here is Chris on D-Rock's Burner. Now he knows what he's been missing!
Me on D-Rock's Burner
Chillin on the trail
Here's hoping your day was as good as ours!
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Cross-linked polyethylene is continuously produced by injecting dicumyl peroxide (Dicup) into the polyethylene in the mixing barrel of the extruder. The Dicup injection nozzle extends into the flight of the screw of the extruder and the flight is interrupted, or notched, at this position. This enables the Dicup to be injected at a position about half way between the extruder barrel wall and the core of the screw and also avoids pulsed back-pressure on the feed pump for the Dicup. A closely controlled and constant ratio of cross-linking agent to raw polyethylene is obtained.
1. Apparatus for the continuous production of cross-linked polyethylene, comprising:
an extruder including an extruder barrel having inlet and outlet ends and a mixing and feeding screw extending axially in the barrel, said barrel including three zones;
said screw including a core and a spiral flight on said core;
a raw material inlet at the inlet end of said barrel for feeding polyethylene to a first of said zones;
an injection nozzle extending through a side wall of the barrel at a middle one of said zones for injection of dicumyl peroxide cross-linking agent into the barrel;
said flight of said screw including a notch circumferentially aligned with said nozzle;
said nozzle extending inwardly from said side wall part way into the depth of said flight, an orifice substantially at the inner end of said nozzle;
an outlet for mixed material at the outlet end of the barrel for feeding mixed material from the third zone.
2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, including a positive displacement constant flow pump, the flow rate being controllably variable, said pump connected to said nozzle.
3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, said orifice directed normal to the axis of the barrel.
4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2, comprising:
a heated reservoir for melting the raw crosslinking agent; and
a heated chamber enclosing said pump, a control valve between said reservoir and said pump and connecting pipes.
5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 or 4 including an extruding head and means for feeding a conductor through the extruding head for extrusion of an insulating layer of polyethylene thereon, and vulcanizing means for vulcanizing said layer.
6. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, including thermocouples for measuring the temperature of the material in the barrel at predetermined positions.
7. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, including means for measuring the pressure in said barrel.
8. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, said core of said screw having a diameter increasing from a minimum at said inlet end to a maximum at a position intermediate said inlet and outlet ends.
This invention relates to the continuous production of cross-linked polyethylene and is particularly concerned with the production of cross-linked polyethylene by the direct injection of dicumyl peroxide (Dicup) into the polyethylene in the extruder prior to extruding over the conductor of a cable.
Previously the cross-linking agent has been added to the mix in a batch process in which the raw material polyethylene, and additives such as anti-oxidants, fire retardants and colouring pigments, are mixed. After a predetermined period of mixing, with the batch at the desired temperature, the cross-linking agent is added. After further mixing, the mix is removed from the Banbury, cooled and stored as a cross-linkable raw material for future use.
However, such a process is not fully satisfactory for the use of Dicup as a cross-linking agent. The agent is volatile and considerable variations can occur, from mix to mix, in the amount of cross-linking agent actually present. That is, the ratio of agent to the polyethylene varies and can result in unsatisfactory raw material, and hence an unsatisfactory finished product.
In the present invention, the Dicup is injected or introduced into the polyethylene, which will include any additives, at a particular position in the extruder in which the material is prepared for extrusion and from which the material is extruded as an insulation coating on a conductor. The extruder has a spiral screw which both feeds and mixes the material in the barrel of the extruder, and the flight of the spiral screw is notched at a position aligned with the injection port for the Dicup. This feature is important to avoid unacceptable back pressures on the Dicup pump, which should be a positive displacement constant flow type.
The invention will be readily understood by the following descriptions in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic cross-section through a form of apparatus for preparing the Dicup for injection into the extruder;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic longitudinal cross-section through a typical extruder barrel;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross-section of the Dicup injection position in the arrangement of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the system from conductor forming to conductor covering.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, the Dicup cross-linking agent is prepared for injection into the extruder by melting a raw material, in an original solid or crystallized form, in a reservoir 10 heated by a heating unit 11. The molten agent 12 flows down a pipe 13 to a valve 14. In one open position, valve 14 permits flow of the agent to metering pump 15 - driven by motor 16. From the pump 15 the agent is fed via pipe 17 to the extruder.
The agent 12 in the reservoir 10 is maintained molten by the coil 11. A typical coil has hot water at 130� F. circulated through it. The pump 15 is a constant flow positive pressure type, one example being a pump with a 3 mm cylinder at 150 strokes per minute. The flow from the pump is accurately controlled so that the correct rate of injection of agent is always obtained.
The valve 14 can be changed over to an alternative open position, when a flushing agent 18 in tank 19 is fed through the system via pipe 20 and pipe 17. The pipes and fittings are preferably of stainless steel to minimize interaction with the Dicup.
The pipes 13 and 20, and valve 14, pump 15 and some of pipe 17 are enclosed in a heated chamber 25, heated by coil 26. If any considerable length of pipe 17 extends outside the chamber 25 it would preferably have a warming jacket around it to maintain the agent at the desired temperature.
FIG. 2 illustrates the barrel 30 of an extruder with a rotatably mounted screw 31 having a spiral flight 32. The central body or core of the screw is tapered from a minimum diameter at the inlet end 33 to a maximum at an intermediate position 34, thereafter containing parallel. The flight 32 is of a constant diameter at its periphery and thus the radial depth of the flight decreases from the inlet end 33 to the intermediate position 34. A raw material inlet hopper 35 is provided at the inlet end.
The barrel length defines generally three zones, as indicated. Zone 1 extrudes from the hopper for about one-third of the barrel length from the hopper. Zone 2 extrudes over approximately the centre third of the length of the barrel from the hopper to the outlet end and zone 3 extends for a further third. From the outlet end of the barrel material passes to the extruding head 36.
Raw material - polyethylene in pellet form - is fed into the hopper 35, as indicated at 36. The pellets are fed into the barrel by the screw and are both transported and formed into a mass as a result of the decrease in volume as the central body or core of the screw increases in diameter. Zone 1 is generally concerned with this transport and forming into a mass. In zone 2 the increased compression of the material by the continued reduction in volume creates a melting zone. Zone 3 generally constitutes a mixing zone.
The agent is injected in zone 2 and the position of injection is important. If injected too near the inlet, some of the agent can be lost by escape of vapour through the pellets and out of the hopper 35. Further, the agent can act as a lubricant on the pellets preventing proper massing of the pellet material, which can cause jamming. Injection too near the outlet end will not provide sufficient mixing. The flight 32 of the screw 31 is notched, as by removing the flight for a short distance at 37. This permits continuous, uninterrupted, injection of the agent and prevents back pressure being applied to pump 15 each time the screw 31 revolves.
As shown in FIG. 2, the agent is injected at approximately the centre of zone 2, by an injector nozzle 40. In the particular example, the nozzle 40 is of stainless steel and has an orifice 41 of 0.02" diameter in one side. The nozzle protrudes into the barrel 30 so that the orifice is at a position about half-way between the barrel wall and the core of the screw 31. This is seen more clearly in FIG. 3, where the orifice is indicated at 41. The orifice is in the side of the nozzle so that injection is laterally, that is normal to the axis of the barrel of the extruder. The orifice can be on either side of the nozzle. Also, the nozzle is of oval cross-section beyond the wall of the barrel to minimize the dead volume behind the nozzle, that is on the downstream side.
The extruder is maintained at a temperature of about 240� F. to 250� F., and the Dicup is injected at about 130� F. The temperature of the material in the different zones is monitored by means of thermocouples 42 and the pressure in the barrel at the outlet end is indicated by a pressure gauge 43. From the barrel 30 the mixed compound is fed to the extruding head 44 where the compound is extruded as an insulating layer on a conductor 45. The temperature in the extruding head is monitored by thermocouple 46. The temperature in the barrel and the extruding head are controlled by heating means, not shown.
FIG. 4 illustrated diagrammatically one particular flow path or system incorporating the present invention. Wire to form the conductor, generally of a size larger than that of the conductor, is paid-off from a spool 50 and passes through a drawing machine 51 where the wire is drawn down to the conductor diameter. The conductor 45 then passes through an annealing apparatus 52 and then to the extruder, indicated generally at 53. The coated conductor 54 is then fed through a vulcanizer 55 where the coating is cured. The coated conductor is then wound up on a spool 56.
The Dicup cross-linking agent is added to the polyethylene at a rate of from about 11/2% to about 3% by weight of the polyethylene, with a preferred rate of about 2% which will give a gel content of about 75%. Other additives, such as antioxidants and fire retardants can be added to the polyethylene in the extruder barrel. For accurate and repeatable results, the injection rate of the Dicup into the polyethylene must be maintained constant and this is obtained by the use of a positive displacement, constant flow pump. The flow rate of the pump can be controllably varied, so as to be able to adjust the rate of injection of the Dicup but once set, this remains constant. To prevent back pressure on the pump, the removal of the section 37 from the flight is necessary and is an essential feature for acceptable operation.
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"Singing is my service to the World. I believe that Music has an important role in this time and age
when people are suffering from a lack of love in their lives. Music is such a powerful key to love and happiness.
My humble prayer is, that through my singing I can reach out to as many people as I can to bring hope,
love and joy to their lives." ~Kirsi Ranto


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Phone Number:
Location: Czech Republic > Bohemia > Prague > Praha 1
Free Breakfast Free High Speed Internet ( WiFi ) Pets Allowed ( Dog / Pet Friendly ) Restaurant Room Service Shuttle Bus service
#120 Romantic Hotel in Prague
#123 Family Hotel in Prague
Price Range (Based on Average Rates): $
Hotel Class:3.5 star — Antik Hotel Prague 3.5*
Number of rooms: 30
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Antik hotel is situated in centre of historical Prague just few steps from Old Town Square. Guests who are staying in the hotel Antik don't need to use public transportation to get around Prague – all interesting tourist places are within easy reach on foot which can be inspiration for romantic walks.The bright and elegant rooms are air conditioned 26 rooms ( 4 rooms are not air conditioned )and have an LCD TV, a laptop-sized safe, and a minibar. Bathrooms include a hairdryer and exclusive toiletries.Guests can rent bicycles and use an internet terminal at the 24-hour front desk. Early check-in and late check-out are available upon request.Wi-fi is available in all rooms and in public areas and is free of charge. One computer is available at the reception.Public parking is possible at a location nearby 300m (reservation is not possible) and charges are applicable. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, Booking.com, Orbitz, Hotels.com, Cheap Tickets, Priceline, Despegar.com, Travelocity, HostelWorld, Agoda, Odigeo, TripOnline SA and Tingo so you can book your Antik Hotel Prague reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Antik Old Town Hotel Prague


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Two years ago I renewed my license
from David Guetta (Ft. Flo Rida & Nicki Minaj) – Where Them Girls At? Lyrics on Genius
Two years ago Nicki Minaj released her 3rd mixtape, "Beam Me Up Scotty". The album garnered positive reviews and people in the industry started taking Nicki Minaj seriously as an artist.
Of course, it might be something more mundane like her gun license. Or her driving license.
To help improve the quality of the lyrics, visit "Where Them Girls At?" by David Guetta (Ft. Flo Rida & Nicki Minaj) Lyrics and leave a suggestion at the bottom of the page


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2013 Rubi Unlimited is now fun to drive
Reviewed By Chad L (MARICOPA, AZ) Reviewed for a 2013 Jeep Wrangler —12/22/2014 6:03 AM
The Superchips TrailDash unit has made the Jeep fun to drive. The entire unite was super simple to install and took minutes before I was ready to start the tuning. The touchscreen seems to be good quality and the screen is responsive. The initial saving of the factory settings takes a little time but the time to switch between modes is not too bad. It would be great if it could switch a little faster for more on demand changes. The performance changes are great but no real fuel savings.
Nice Addition
Reviewed By Dylan S (Highland, NY) Reviewed for a 2010 Jeep Wrangler —12/13/2014 2:29 PM
I have only been using the 87 Octane tune for a week but I definitely feel better throttle response and more pull and performance. I readjusted the tire size for proper speedometer readings and will be curious to see what change if any I get with my gas mileage.
GREAT Product...very easy to use.
Reviewed By Joshua R (STREAMWOOD, IL) Reviewed for a 2013 Jeep Wrangler —7/11/2014 5:02 AM
I have been running 33" tires instead of the stock 31" for the past year, and the shifting of the transmission was just not right in terms of shift points. I knew that with my plans to switch to 35" tires in the very near future would further amplify the issues with the shifting as well as traction control. So I bought this device to bring everything back within spec. It really did work well. I look forward to using it again next week when the 35's are mounted.


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This 1965 Plymouth Belvedere II 2 Door Hardtop (Stock # F13037) is available in our Fairfield, CA showroom and any inquiries may be directed... More
1965 Plymouth Belvedere 2 318 Poly, Numbers matching. Original paint & interior. Owned by my grandfather since 1969 & has always been garaged. I... More
Engine: 440 V8 Stroked to 471 11.5 Compression Transmission: 727 Transmission/Racing Clutches/Reverse Valve Body Exterior Color: Black Interior Color: Black Will street run on 93 Octane 3800 Stall 411 Gear Holley 850 Double... More
PRO TOURING FURY. BUILT 440, $5,000 STEREO, POWER 4 WHEEL DISC BRAKES. MECHANICS ARE REBUILT. MOTOR IS BORED .30 OVER, 452 HEADS WITH HARDENED... More
This 1965 Plymouth Barracuda V-8 Coupe features a 273 V-8 cyl Gasoline engine. It is equipped with a 3 Speed Automatic transmission. The vehicle... More
If you were at the Indianapolis 500 in 1965 you saw a Plymouth Sport Fury convertible very much like this serving as the pace... More
We are open to offers and trades. Call Derek at 727-361-8026 for details! With only 1860 convertibles ever produced in 1965. This... More


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Lighting a Bathroom With Two Sinks
Our expert explains where to place pendants in a bathroom with a double sink.
I am using pendant fixtures in a bathroom with two sinks. Tell me the suitable height from the floor and distance out from the mirror.
Because your sinks are so far apart, what I recommend is that you hang two pairs of pendants. Take a center line measurement off each sink and space the pendants out 15 inches on either side from that center line. This will space the pendants 30 inches apart from each other. The pendants themselves can be spaced out 9 inches on center from the mirror. You want the illuminated part of the fixture to be the same height as your face. A good starting point is 5 feet 6 inches above the finished floor. Your electrician can hold one up while you're standing at the mirror to gauge the perfect mounting height.
Randall Whitehead, IALD
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|Half Baths
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|7 nights
High up on the hill overlooking beautiful Fish Bay, is a lovely yellow villa with light purple shutters. Welcome to Daffodil Villa, a lovely two bedroom two and half bath home, nestled hillside in upper Estate Fish Bay, on St. John's south shore. A haven for peace and privacy.
The wide spacious deck and swimming pool overlook the Bay and beyond. The pool is 22 X 14 and is only 5 foot deep in the middle and about 4 feet deep around the edges. Very people friendly for everyone and of course is designed with the panorama in mind. Four reclining lounge chairs and two pool floats are available for relaxing by land or water.
The light-filled great room is bright and airy, decorated with comfortable sectional seating, modern art prints, end tables and coffee table. Over the entertainment center is a commissioned oil showing the view of Fish Bay as interpreted by San Antonio born artist Bruno Andrade, who has shown in galleries all over the county. A 32" flat panel TV with Cable, DVD, and Stereo System are all included as well as a collection of CD's, DVD's and an assortment of paperback books for your viewing and listening pleasure.
The kitchen is large and fully equipped. A big breakfast bar area with seating for four, track lighting and a large window above the sink to gaze out to the ocean. Over the bar you will notice an original oil. This is the owner's version of the ever-present ubiquitous fish picture which seems to appear in every villa in the Caribbean. Just around the corner is a small half bath for guests, with cobalt blue tile and a special hand painted sink.
Aside from watching the frigate birds and pelicans swoop and weave over Fish Bay, you may get to see the rays in the crystal blue waters below. There is a telescope and binoculars for bird or boat watching. You may be lucky enough to see members of the small herd of deer which live in the scrub area down by the salt pond.
Two dining tables are available on the expansive pool deck. Enjoy dining by day or night. One large round table with comfortable cushion seating on the sun deck or a rectangular table under the covered veranda. This gives you the choice of dining in the sun or shade. There is also a gas grill for cooking all your Caribbean delights!
The villa has two queen bedrooms, one on either side of the great room area, to afford maximum privacy for couples. Sliding glass doors from either bedroom access the deck and pool areas. Both of the bedrooms are air conditioned, although the breezes that flow from the east are usually sufficient to stay cool. A picture of the daffodils, also done by the owner, accents the walls along with several other colorful prints.
The bathrooms are huge and designed with floating vanities to make them appear even larger. Inset into the dark blue tile are specially made, hand painted sinks in the Talavera style, a type of majolica earthenware which was introduced by the Spanish, but has its origins from the time of the 9th century.
Both bathrooms are full of bright colors and each one is different, bright and reflective of the Caribbean islands themselves. Each bathroom is complimented with soap dispenser, toothbrush holder and hair dryer. The showers are open to the air and designed so you can appreciate the view, the breeze and the wonderful sounds of the island. Each master suite contains a ceiling fan and multiple windows to take advantage of our cooling trade winds. The West Suite also includes a 19" TV with cable.
Picture yourself pool side, gazing out at the endless turquoise sea sparkling below, and the clear blue sky above. At night, when it is clear, you can see the lights from far off St. Croix to the south. You can also watch the cruise ships sailing to and from St. Thomas.
If you step outside, at the back of the villa, you will see more of the lush tropical gardens. You may notice a bottle embedded in the wall. This was the last bottle of a birthday case of champagne, and was carefully brought down and consumed on the property, just after the driveway was started. It serves as a reminder of that great beginning.
Every room at Daffodil Villa affords dazzling ocean views
Come experience the magic of Daffodil Villa! All attempts to duplicate the view, which is a full 180 degrees from sunrise to sunset, have been thwarted. But when you reach the top of the villa's personal "Stairway to Heaven" this view will take your breath away.
Keywords: Villa
Our 3rd trip to St John and 2nd at Daffodil. We love the Daffodil and all it has to offer....amazing views...amazing comfort... what more could you want! St John is so special- it makes you relax. Of all the islands we've been too...we find the best beaches anywhere. Kathy is the best to deal with. Thanks to Kathy and the owner of Daffodil we will be back a 3rd time!
|Rate Period
|Weekend Night
Winter 2015 (1-2 Guests)*Notes
Jan 3 2015 - Apr 11 2015
7 night minimum stay
|Refundable damage deposit
|Tax Rate
*NOTE: INSTANT QUOTES CANNOT BE GUARANTEED. PLEASE SEE RATES BELOW OR EMAIL email@example.com.
*Summer 2014... $2995/wk (1-2 Guests) ... $3495/wk (3-4 Guests)
*Winter 2015...$4195/wk (1-2 Guests)... $4795/wk (3-4 Guests)
Please call or email for holiday pricing (Thanksgiving, Christmas, New Years, President's Week). Thank you.
Note: 10% Hotel Tax is not included with the rental rate
Note: $750 refundable security deposit is required.
For availability please log onto www.islandgetawaysinc.com/daffodilvilla.html
Payment is usually accepted in the quoted currency (USD) unless the currency and the amount is specifically agreed in advance with the owner / advertiser.


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Cops Corner: Sarasota
Date: October 25, 2012
by: Observer Staff
Oct. 12
Lock it up
4 p.m. — 900 block of N. Beneva Road. Burglary. A man parked his van at a grocery store, left his wallet under the seat and took his debit card inside to make a purchase. He said he thought he had locked the vehicle but must not have because his wallet, containing his driver's license and Social Security card, was missing when he returned. The man told police he was sure that was the last place he had left the wallet.
Cashing out
5 p.m. — 1300 block of Boulevard of the Arts. Petit Theft. A manager reported that $96 was missing from the petit cash box. The cash, in increments of four $20s, one $10, one $5 and one $1 was discovered missing around 2:20 p.m. on the above date. The manager told police that the cash box, located in an unlocked drawer in his desk, was locked when he found it but the lid was looser than it used to be. There were no pry marks evident on the cash box. Besides office staff, security has access to the office. No further action was taken at the time.
Oct. 15
Bright eyed and 'bush'-y tailed
4:47 a.m. — School Avenue. Trespassing. A security guard found a homeless man sleeping in the bushes by a parking garage. The officer checked to see if the homeless man had any warrants and issued a trespass warning.
Wheeler and dealer
9 p.m. — 2700 block Coconut Bay Lane. Theft. A woman parked her car outside her apartment complex, and in the morning, the car's wheels were missing. The suspect, or suspects, had jacked up the vehicle and removed the two right side wheels. The suspect left behind a small black jack, which the police officer checked for fingerprints, but could not find any. It appears that the car was wiped down so there would be no fingerprints left behind. A similar incident occurred the day before.
Oct. 16
Breakfast of champions
7:05 a.m. — 500 block Kumquat Court. Open Container. A police officer observed a man holding a 16-ounce can of Steel Reserve beer. The man told the officer that the beer was from the previous night, and it was empty. The officer picked up the beer car and observed that it was a quarter full.
Keen observation
12:30 p.m. — 2500 block Clematis Street. Burglary of Structure. A woman left her home, and when she returned several hours later, she saw that her bedroom light was on. She knew that she had turned off the light when she left. The woman noticed that a window shade was up, and upon closer inspection saw that the screen was not in place and part of the window was missing. An officer found that the jalousie window had been broken and removed. The window appeared to have been hit with an object and popped off the frame, and the suspect then used a lawn chair to climb through the window. The officer took fingerprints and told the woman about safety measures she can take in the future.
Hit and run
8:08 p.m. — 1900 block Main Street. Car Crash. A four-door Nissan car was parked illegally on Main Street when the driver of Chevy pickup truck tried to park near the car and crashed into the driver's door. The driver of the pickup truck, described as a woman with long dark hair and wearing a turquoise shirt, left the scene. An officer searched the area but was unable to find the truck or the driver.
What a tool
11 p.m. — 2700 block Hillview Street. Burglary of a Vehicle. Officers responded to a call of a possible burglary in progress. The homeowner told police officers that he saw a male looking into his car, which was parked outside his home. The suspect then walked to a pickup truck and tried to open the locked toolbox. The homeowner yelled out, asking the suspect what he was trying to do to his vehicles. The suspect ran off and headed toward Tuttle Avenue. The homeowner followed the suspect for a while, and then he returned home and called the police.
Oct. 17
Leaving on bad terms
8:04 p.m. — 1300 block Main Street. Threats. A bar manager fired a worker, and the former employee was upset about the firing. The former employee made several threatening statements to the manager and said the place would go out of business soon. The manager believes the former employee also stole from the business. The manager said he would conduct an audit of the inventory and make a report after he knew what was missing.
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- Dec
18 American Business Women's Assocation-Sunset Chapter Monthly Meeting
6:00 pm - 8:00 pm
- Dec
19 Lights In Bloom
6:00 pm - 9:00 pm
- Dec
20 Bring Them Home for the Holidays Adoption Event
11:00 am - 5:00 pm
- Dec
20 La Fille mal Gardee Pre-Performance Children's Buffet
12:30 pm
Stepping up to the plate
The Cal Ripken Sr. Foundation and the Boys & Girls Clubs of Sarasota County teamed up to bring the anti-bullying event Rachel's Challenge to Sarasota Dec. 3.
Helping out by working out
Few workouts help a good cause and provide a good sweat at the same time.
They CAN do it!
When challenged with the task of building a can structure for food donations, the employees at LexJet, a part of S-One Holdings Corp., delivered.


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Guy St-Julien
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Guy St-Julien (born February 19, 1940 in Val-d'Or, Quebec) is a Canadian politician. He is a former director of human resources and a senior clerk.
St-Julien was a member of the Liberal Party of Canada in the Canadian House of Commons, representing the riding of Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik from 2000 to 2004, and Abitibi as a Liberal from 1997 to 2000 and as a Progressive Conservative from 1984 to 1993.
He lost his seat (now called Nunavik—Eeyou) in the 2004 election to Bloc Québécois candidate Yvon Lévesque.
External links[edit]
|Parliament of Canada
|Preceded by
René Gingras, Liberal
|Member of Parliament for Abitibi
|Succeeded by
Bernard Deshaies, Bloc Québécois
|Preceded by
Bernard Deshaies, Bloc Québécois
|Member of Parliament for Abitibi
|Succeeded by
The electoral district changed name to Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik in 1998.
|Preceded by
The electoral district changed name from Abitibi to Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik in 1998.
|Member of Parliament for Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik
|Succeeded by
The electoral district was abolished in 2003.


text:
The 101st entry in our DJBooth.net Freestyle Series comes courtesy of Dynas, the Florida native who recently teamed up with the legendary Slick Rick on album inclusion Family Jewels. On his brand new Henny & Coke freestyle, the BBE Music signee flows over original boardwork by Illastrate. Dynas is currently busy promoting his latest full-length, The Apartment, released Sept. 29 and available now in stores and online.
Readers can download a copy of the newly-released In the Booth (Volume 2), featuring freestyles 31 through 60, here! In the Booth (Volume 1), featuring freestyles 1 through 30, can be downloaded here.
Dynas DownloadsDJ Booth Freestyle
Written by richard on 10/22/09
Submit your Rating
BBE Music
First DJ Booth Appearance:
"Heat ft. Bishop Brigante & Dyna" (2009)
Total DJ Booth Features:
6 Songs
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AWN Headline News
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Nickelodeon debuts a "SpongeBob SquarePants" Hot Wheels collection that features six character inspired vehicles.
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Disney and Marvel's "Iron Man 3" earns a record-breaking $21.5 million in China on Wednesday, topping Marvel's "The Avengers" as the highest opening day in the country's box office history.
Headline News Academy Honors Matte Painting and Digital Environments
The Academy hosts the final event in its three-week VFX Convergence craft series, "From Matte Paintings to Full Environments and Set Extensions," moderated by visual effects branch governor Craig Barron and visual effects branch member Theresa Rygiel.
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Quantity Available:
A Swedish company, NUD Collection introduces minimalist...everything...for the bulb enthusiast. By combining a few strong and simple materials, NUD has fashioned a contemporary lighting line that gets back to basics. The result is organized, uncomplicated lighting accessories that are unconventional in their boldness.
The NUD Classic Pendant is available with the following:
- Durable White plastic socket
- White plastic ceiling canopy
- 118.11" textile cable
Cord Color: Turquoise, Raven, Black Market, Golden Poppy, Mega Magenta, Silver Cloud
- Accepts any decorative or traditional medium base incandescent bulb up to a maximum of 60 watts (not included).
Compare Brightness:
LumensThe amount of light that comes from a bulb, which has commonly been measured in watts. The more lumens, the brighter the bulb.
WattageA measurement of the power delivered to a component of an electric circuit (allowing a one-ampere current to flow through the component under the pressure of 1 volt.)
Bulb ShapeBulb shapes are denoted with a letter, which describes the shape, and a number, which indicates the size. The number indicates the diameter of the light bulb at its widest part in eighths of an inch.
BaseThe part of the bulb that connects to the fixture and its power supply. Bulb bases are denoted with the letter E, and a number which indicates the diameter of the bulb base at its widest part in millimeters.
VoltageIndicates how much voltage a bulb can accept via the fixture it's installed in.
Light Color TemperatureThe relative color from a light source, measured on the Kelvin temperature scale. Warm light is lower in color temperature (2700-3000 K) and cool, blue light is higher (5000 K).
Average Rated LifeThe average amount time that a bulb is expected to last.
CRICRI = color rendering index. This number, which can go from 0 to 100, measures the ability of a light or bulb accurately renders colors. The higher the number, the better, with most quality bulbs these days measuring at least in the 80s.
- Cable: Length 118.11"
Ratings: Based on 5 reviews, this product is rated 4.0 out of 5.
Need help with some of our terminology? Check out Lumens' Lighting & Design Glossary.
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Stock Market & Financial Investment News
News Breaks
June 24, 2014
KNOT Offshore Partners 4.6M share Spot Secondary priced at $28.43
BofA/Merrill, Citigroup, Barclays, Raymond James, RBC Capital, UBS and Wells Fargo acted as joint book running managers for the offering.
News For KNOP From The Last 14 Days
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December 10, 2014
KNOT board believes there are significant growth opportunities for partnership
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KNOT Offshore Partners to acquire Dan Cisne
KNOT Offshore Partners announced that its wholly owned subsidiary, KNOT Shuttle Tankers AS, had entered into a share purchase agreement to acquire KNOT Shuttle Tankers 20 AS, the company that owns the shuttle tanker Dan Cisne, from Knutsen NYK Offshore Tankers AS for a purchase price of $103.0M less approximately $82.1M of existing bank debt related to the Dan Cisne. The acquisition is expected to close on or before December 31, subject to customary closing conditions. The Dan Cisne is a 59,000 deadweight ton shuttle tanker, built by Cosco Nantong in China. The Partnership's management believes that the acquisition will be accretive to unitholders and has recommended that, upon completion of the acquisition, the board of the Partnership consider an increase in the quarterly cash distribution of between 1c-1.5c with respect to the quarter ending March 31, 2015. This corresponds to an annual increase of between 4c-6c per unit, or 2.0%-3.0% per unit to an annualized distribution of between $2.00-$2.02 per unit. Any such increase would be conditioned on, among other things, the closing of the acquisition of the Dan Cisne, approval of such increase by the board and the absence of any material adverse developments or potentially attractive opportunities that would make such an increase inadvisable.
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