text: eOn Communications Practices SECTION 32-112-153 Issue 9, February 2009 MILLENNIUM SYSTEM DIGITAL TRUNK APPLICATIONS CONTENTS PAGE CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 1 A. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION ................................ 16 RELATED DOCUMENTS ................................................. 2 B. CABLE CONSTRUCTION .................................... 16 2. DESCRIPTION .................................................................... 2 9. UNPACKING AND INSPECTING ...................................... 16 T1 DIGITAL TRUNK CARD .............................................. 2 E1 DIGITAL TRUNK CARD .............................................. 2 10. INSTALLATION PROCEDURES ....................................... 18 SYSTEM CLOCK III ......................................................... 3 A. SYSTEM CLOCK III CARD .................................. 18 B. DIGITAL TRUNK CARD (T1 or E1) ...................... 18 3. T1 TUTORIAL ...................................................................... 3 C. CONNECTING CABLES ...................................... 21 DIGITAL CHANNELS ...................................................... 3 VOICE SAMPLING ........................................................... 3 11. GLOSSARY ....................................................................... 22 FRAMING ......................................................................... 4 A. D4 Framing Format ................................................ 4 Appendix 1 ............ Compatibility Matrix for Protocol Variants B. Extended SuperFrame Format ............................... 4 LINE CODE ...................................................................... 6 CODE SUBSTITUTION .................................................... 6 A. Zero Code Suppression (ZCS) ............................... 6 B. Bipolar With 8 Zero Substitution (B8ZS) ................ 8 4. E1 TUTORIAL ...................................................................... 8 1. INTRODUCTION DIGITAL CHANNELS ....................................................... 8 1.1 This section includes information that: VOICE SAMPLING ........................................................... 8 FRAMING ......................................................................... 9 (a) Describes the Digital Trunk/ISDN PRI Line A. Double Frame Format ............................................ 9 Card and the System Clock III Card. B. CRC Multiframe Format ....................................... 11 (b) Relates the application to T1/E1 trunking. LINE CODE .................................................................... 11 (c) Provides a brief tutorial and glossary of terms. 5. ALARMS ............................................................................ 11 (d) Describes signaling protocols supported for 6. NETWORKING .................................................................. 11 international standards. CLOCK SOURCE ........................................................... 11 CONFIGURATIONS ....................................................... 11 (e) Gives procedures for installing the Digital Trunk Card and the System Clock III Card and 7. SIGNALING ....................................................................... 12 for constructing and installing cabling. GENERAL ...................................................................... 12 ISDN PRIMARY RATE ................................................... 12 (f) Offers programming suggestions for system A. DMS-100 .............................................................. 13 operation in a T1/E1 environment. B. 4ESS .................................................................... 13 C. DMS-250 .............................................................. 13 1.2 This section is reissued to include feature D. National ISDN ....................................................... 13 enhancements available with Millennium software E. NET5 (Euro-ISDN) ................................................ 13 version 3.12. Also, this section is reissued to remove F. VN4 ....................................................................... 13 references to products that have been manufac- G. Q.SIG ................................................................... 13 tured discontinued (MD) for longer than one year. H. AUSTRALIA .......................................................... 14 These items are covered in Issue 8 of the Technical INTERNATIONAL (BIT ORIENTED) .............................. 14 Manual which is available online at http:// A. TAIWAN ................................................................ 14 partner.eoncc.com/login/login. For a complete list- B. RUSSIA ................................................................ 14 ing of items that have been removed from this C. Q.421 R2 SIGNALING LOCATIONS .................... 15 issue, please refer to Appendix 3 in Section 32-112- 100. Whenever this section is reissued, the reason 8. INSTALLATION PLANNING ............................................. 15 for reissue will be given in this paragraph. Page 1 SECTION 32-112-153, ISS 9 RELATED DOCUMENTS tion for sneak circuit and overvoltage, using in-line fuses and 3-electrode gas tubes for the receive and 1.3 For additional information regarding the transmit pair. Millennium System, refer to the list of related docu- ments in Volume 1, Section 32-112-100, System 2.8 One or more T1 Digital Trunk Cards can be Description. equipped in a system. The cards can be installed in any available odd-numbered card slot in the equip- 2. DESCRIPTION ment cabinet. A maximum of four T1 Digital Trunk Cards can be installed in an 8-slot cabinet. A maxi- 2.1 Millennium digital trunks support bit ori- mum of eight cards can be installed in a 16-slot ented and ISDN Primary Rate (PRI) signaling pro- cabinet. tocols as well as level attenuation and tone detec- tion. E1 DIGITAL TRUNK CARD 2.2 PRI trunks are supported on both T1 and 2.9 The E1 Digital Trunk Card provides 2.048 E1 cards. Mbps digital interface capability with a 32-channel 2.3 T1 digital line cards can contain a mixture E1 trunk span. It provides digital transmission be- of ISDN and non-ISDN (robbed-bit signaling) appli- tween the Millennium and distant office interfaces. cations. For example, INWATS and OUTWATS The far-end termination may be a digital channel trunks could be programmed for ISDN PRI signal- bank or another Millennium Digital Trunk Card. ing, while tie trunks on the same span line could 2.10 The card works under control of an 80C188, use E&M signaling. 8-bit microprocessor. The bootstrap software that initializes the microprocessor at power-up resides T1 DIGITAL TRUNK CARD in ROM located on the card. Operating software 2.4 The T1 Digital Trunk Card provides 1.544 unique to the E1 Digital Trunk Card is available on Mbps digital interface capability with a 24-channel the system PCM common bus link. It is transferred T1 trunk span. It provides digital transmission be- to the E1 Digital Trunk Card and stored in on- tween the Millennium and distant office interfaces. board RAM. The far-end termination may be a digital channel 2.11 The front-edge panel on the E1 Digital Trunk bank or another Millennium Digital Trunk Card. Card contains four LED indicators. The LEDs indi- 2.5 The card works under control of an 80C188, cate operating conditions: microprocessor running, 8-bit microprocessor. The bootstrap software that circuit busy, presence of an E1 yellow alarm, pres- initializes the microprocessor at power-up resides ence of an E1 red alarm, and occurrences of line in ROM located on the card. Operating software errors. unique to the T1 Digital Trunk Card is available on 2.12 The E1 Digital Trunk Card is available in the system PCM common bus link. It is transferred two variants: a 15-pin DB-type male connector with to the T1 Digital Trunk Card and stored in on-board a 120-ohm interface; two BNC-type connectors and RAM. a 75-ohm interface. 2.6 The front-edge panel on the T1 Digital Trunk 2.13 As one option, the E1 Digital Trunk Card Card contains four LED indicators and a 15-pin DB- connects to the CSU via a cable containing two type male connector. The LEDs indicate operating shielded, twisted-pair E1 cables. The cable must be conditions: microprocessor running, circuit busy, constructed with one end terminated in a female presence of a T1 yellow alarm, presence of a T1 red DB15 connector for compatibility with the E1 Digi- alarm, and occurrences of line errors. tal Trunk Card front panel connector. The opposite 2.7 The T1 Digital Trunk Card connects to the end must be terminated for compatibility with the Channel Service Unit (CSU) via a cable containing CSU. The Digital Trunk Card provides line protec- two shielded, twisted-pair T1 cables. The cable must tion for sneak circuit and overvoltage, using in-line be constructed with one end terminated in a female fuses and 3-electrode gas tubes for the receive and DB15 connector for compatibility with the T1 Digi- transmit pair. tal Trunk Card front panel connector. The opposite 2.14 One or more E1 Digital Trunk Cards can be end must be terminated for compatibility with the equipped in a system. The cards can be installed in CSU. The Digital Trunk Card provides line protec- any available, odd-numbered card slot in the equip- Page 2 ISS 9, SECTION 32-112-153 ment cabinet. A maximum of four E1 Digital Trunk channels are demultiplexed into 24 separate chan- Cards can be installed in an 8-slot cabinet. A maxi- nels. mum of eight cards can be installed in a 16-slot cabinet. 3.4 Each of these channels can be used for voice or data transmission. SYSTEM CLOCK III 3.5 In certain applications such as bit-oriented clear-channel and ISDN PRI, a channel is dedicated 2.15 The System Clock III, provides synchroni- to signaling. zation of system timing to one or more external T1 and/or E1 sources. The System Clock III replaces the previous T1 and E1 Clock Cards, supporting all VOICE SAMPLING their existing capabilities, in addition to providing 3.6 Analog voice is encoded into a digital timing signals for the 2-Wire Digital Station Card. bitstream by means of a pulse code modulation 2.16 The System Clock III supports both T1s and (PCM) coder/decoder (CODEC). In the coding pro- E1s, even when both card types are installed in the cess, samples of the analog voice input are taken at same system. It automatically detects the valid 1/8000-second intervals. Each sample is converted clock source but also allows the installer to define into an 8-bit (1 data byte) code word representing the clock source. (For a discussion of clock sources, the voltage of the analog voice input at the precise see Part 6, Networking.) time of sampling and producing a digital bitstream of 64 Kbps (8 bits x 8000 samples/second). The 2.17 System Clock III is compatible with both duration of one sample (5.18 microseconds) is called the Common Services I and Common Services II a timeslot. Figure 1 shows the contents of a typical cards; however, modifications to the Common Ser- timeslot. vices I card are required. Also, Common Services I Card is manufactured discontinued. Configuration 3.7 PCM encoding and decoding are done per 2 and later revisions of the Common Services II ITU-T (CCITT) recommendation G.711. In Millen- Card supports the System Clock III. nium software versions before 1.09, either A-law or μ-law (typical with T1) encoding and decoding are Note: System Clock III requires software selected on a system-wide basis. Software version version 1.08-006 or later. TABL E A 3. T1 TUTORIAL T1 SIGNAL COMMON CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 T1 is the two-way transmission of digital signals at 1,544,000 bits per second (1.544 Mbps). It CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFICATIONS is a communications carrier system that concen- Bit Rate 1.544 Mbps +/-50 ppm trates 24 digital channels onto two pairs of wires—a transmit pair and a receive pair. Line Code AMI ZCS or B8ZS Line Impedance 100 ohms resistive DIGITAL CHANNELS Pulse Amplitude 2.4 - 3.6 Volts peak 3.2 A single digital channel requires 64,000 bits per second (64 Kbps). This is DS-0 or data signal Pulse Shape Rectangular level zero. The T1 bandwidth of 1.544 Mbps accom- Pulse Imbalance Less than 0.5 dB difference modates 24 digital channels (64 Kbps x 24 = 1.536 between the total power of the Mbps) plus 8,000 bits per second (8 Kbps) for con- positive and the negative pulses trol and error reporting. This is DS-1 or data signal Signal Statistics Minimum average pulse density level one at 1.544 Mbps. Table A lists the common of 3 in 24 and no more than 15 characteristics of DS-1 signals at 1.544 Mbps. consecutive zeros 3.3 The T1 equipment encodes the 24 digital Frame Length 193 bits channels into digital format for transmission. At Frame Rate 8 KHz the transmitting end, the 24 channels are time- division multiplexed into a single stream of infor- Frame Organization 24 eight-bit timeslots plus 1 mation (bitstream). At the receiving end, the 24 framing bit per frame awc6-182 Page 3 SECTION 32-112-153, ISS 9 1.09, however, supports A-law/μ-law conversion for ing information is carried in the same bitstream T1 and E1 line cards: with the user information. It is transmitted by a process called robbed-bit signaling. In the sixth (a) Programming for A-law or μ-law in GS OP- and twelfth frames of each superframe, the user TIONS affects all cards except T1 and E1 cards. information in the least significant bit (eighth bit) (b) Line card programming for T1 and E1 cards of each timeslot is overwritten with the signaling specifies A-law or μ-law. information. This process provides two signaling bits per superframe. The receiving equipment in- (c) Signal conversion occurs when the specified terprets these signaling bits separately. encoding system for the T1 or E1 differs from the system-wide coding in GS OPTIONS. 3.12 The robbed bits in the sixth frame are des- ignated signaling channel A; the robbed bits in the 3.8 The digital signal processor (DSP) on the T1 twelfth frame are designated signaling channel B. card converts the PCM value using values found in Four signaling conditions can be transmitted with a lookup table. When conversion is required, the the two possible states of each of the two bits. number of attenuations performed by the card is Transitions between these two supervisory states reduced to four. If the same encoding is specified by can indicate or control disconnect, busy, dial pulses, GS OPTIONS and all line card programming, the and supervisory signals. Table B shows the f-bit number of attenuations remains at eight. and signaling channel assignments for the D4 for- mat. FRAMING 3.13 If ISDN PRI (common channel signaling) 3.9 Framing is the organization of the 1.544 carries address and supervisory signaling, the ISDN Mbps bitstream into a format that can be under- message-oriented signaling is carried in the 24th stood by the receiving end. There are two framing timeslot (D-channel), which cannot be used for user formats: D4 and Extended SuperFrame (ESF). Ei- information transfer. ther framing format may use robbed-bit, bit-ori- ented, or ISDN PRI signaling. ESF can additionally B. Extended SuperFrame Format use clear channel bit-oriented signaling. 3.14 In the Extended SuperFrame (ESF) for- A. D4 Framing Format mat, one frame consists of one 8-bit timeslot from each of the 24 channels, with a framing bit (f-bit) to 3.10 In the D4 framing format (Figure 2), one mark the beginning of each frame. The superframe frame consists of one 8-bit timeslot from each of the is extended to 24 consecutive frames (Figure 3). 24 channels (one PCM sample for channels used for Address and supervisory signaling may be carried voice), with a framing bit (f-bit) to mark the begin- in-band or by bit-oriented clear-channel or ISDN ning of each frame. Twelve frames constitute a PRI signaling. superframe. The 12 framing bits included are di- 3.15 The 24 framing bits are divided into three vided into two groups: Terminal Framing bits with groups: Framing Pattern Sequence (FPS) with a a pattern to mark the beginning of each frame pattern to synchronize the mainframe, the (101010), and Signaling Framing bits with a pat- superframe, and the address and supervisory sig- tern to mark the beginning of each superframe naling bits; Facility Data Link (FDL) with a pat- (001110). tern to carry performance information and control 3.11 If address and supervisory signaling is car- signals; and Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC-6) for ried in-band in the D4 framing format, the signal- error checking. 3.16 The FPS uses the framing bit of every fourth frame in each superframe, beginning with the fourth frame, and forms the pattern 001011. Mainframe 5.18 μsec synchronization locates the 24 DS-0 channels of 1 0 1 1 0 1 each frame. Superframe synchronization identifies 1 0 the location of each frame within the superframe to allow extraction of diagnostic information, and to awc0-97 identify the frames that contain address and su- Figure 1: Typical PCM Time Slot pervisory signaling. Page 4 ISS 9, SECTION 32-112-153 125 μsec 5.18 μsec Timeslot = 1 PCM sample from one voice channel Frame = 24, 8-bit Time slots + 1 framing bit = 193 bits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Framing Bit Superframe = 12 frames, each separated by a framing bit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1.5 msec awc0-100 Figure 2: D4 Framing Format TABLE B D4 FRAMING FORMAT F-BIT AND CHANNEL SIGNALING ASSIGNMENTS SF F-BITS INFORMATION LOCATION OF SIGNALING FRAME TERMINAL SIGNALING CODING BITS SIGNALING BIT CHANNELS NO. FRAMING FRAMING 1 1 - 1-8 - - 2 - 0 1-8 - - 3 0 - 1-8 - - 4 - 0 1-8 - - 5 1 - 1-8 - - 6 - 1 1-7 8 A 7 0 - 1-8 - - 8 - 1 1-8 - - 9 1 - 1-8 - - 10 - 1 1-8 - - 11 0 - 1-8 - - 12 - 0 1-7 8 B Notes: 1. The above sequence is repetitive. awc0-94 2. Frames 6 and 12 are denoted as signaling frames. Page 5 SECTION 32-112-153, ISS 9 3.17 Only 2 Kbps of the 8 Kbps are used for Note: The Millennium Digital Trunk Card framing synchronization. Of the remaining 6 Kbps, interface supports both pulse and DTMF 4 Kbps are used for FDL, and 2 Kbps are used for address signaling with robbed-bit and bit- CRC-6. The CRC-6 is used to monitor the perfor- oriented clear channel transmission. Address mance of the T1 system end-to-end. In the Millen- signaling is carried in D-channel messages nium, the FDL normally transmits all ones, except when ISDN PRI signaling is used. when a yellow alarm signal is being transmitted. 3.18 Address and supervisory signaling may be LINE CODE transmitted by robbed-bit signaling or by bit-ori- 3.23 The 8-bit digital bitstream is converted to a ented clear-channel or ISDN PRI signaling. In the bipolar format by a process called Alternate Mark sixth, twelfth, eighteenth, and twenty-fourth frames Inversion (AMI). Every second voltage pulse (mark), of each superframe, the voice information in the representing a digital one, is inverted. This conver- least significant bit (eighth bit) of each timeslot is sion produces an 8-bit digital bitstream in which overwritten with the signaling information. This voltage pulses alternate positive and negative, and process provides four signaling bits per timeslot in each superframe. The receiving equipment inter- a digital zero is represented by a zero voltage level prets these signaling bits separately. (Figure 4). A bipolar violation (BPV) in the bitstream occurs when two successive one pulses are of the 3.19 The four signaling channels are designated same polarity (Figure 5). This error in the transmit- A, B, C, and D. The TIA464 signaling standard ted data causes an alarm indication. employed in North America uses only 2 signaling channels. The most common practice is to repeat CODE SUBSTITUTION signaling bits: the information in signaling channel A is repeated in signaling channel C, and the infor- 3.24 Code substitution provides keep-awake mation in signaling channel B is repeated in signal- pulses to maintain clock synchronization when long ing channel D. Table C shows the f-bit and signal- strings of zeros are transmitted. The clocks in the ing channel assignments in the ESF format. regenerators and in the receiving-end equipment must be synchronized with the clock in the trans- 3.20 Clear-channel capability is an application of mitting end. The clock recovery circuits depend on the ESF format that allows all 64 Kbps in the the voltage pulses (digital ones) for synchronization channel to be used for information transfer. In clear and lose accuracy when few ones are transmitted. channel transmission, signaling is carried out-of- band, providing a 64 Kbps voice channel in which 3.25 To ensure clock synchronization, a line code every bit is significant. restriction is imposed that specifies at least 3 one pulses in 24 bits (1/8 average ones density) and no 3.21 Robbed-bit signaling is not a significant fac- more than 15 consecutive zeros in 24 bits. When- tor in voice channel distortion. In fact, to avoid ever a string of eight consecutive zeros is transmit- dealing with the signaling bit (the least significant ted, bit substitution is used to insert false one pulses bit of each timeslot in every sixth frame), the com- to provide keep-awake pulses for the regenerator mon practice is to avoid using the eighth bit alto- and receiving-end clocks. The Millennium offers gether so that in a 64 Kbps voice channel, one bit in two alternatives for code substitution: AMI ZCS eight is discarded, resulting in a 56 Kbps voice and Bipolar with 8 Zero Substitution. channel. 3.22 In digital data channels, including the ISDN A. Zero Code Suppression (ZCS) D channel, however, each bit is significant, so robbed- 3.26 One method of providing keep-awake pulses bit signaling and the constraints imposed by the is Zero Code Suppression (ZCS). In D4 and ESF average ones density and maximum consecutive framing, ZCS replaces the contents of any timeslot zeros rules are unacceptable. Because all 64 Kbps that contains all zeros with the code 00000001. The are used for data in clear-channel transmission, distortion introduced in a voice transmission by both bit-oriented and ISDN PRI signaling must be ZCS is negligible. carried out-of-band, and one of the 24 channels (typically the 24th) must be reserved for signaling. 3.27 It may also be feasible to use ZCS for some For ISDN applications, this channel is called the D digital transmissions. In this case the nature of the channel. digital sequence must provide adequate ones den- sity so that no zero suppression will be invoked. An Page 6 ISS 9, SECTION 32-112-153 Timeslot = 1 PCM sample from one voice channel Figure 3: Extended Superframe Format TABLE C ESF FRAMING FORMAT F-BIT AND CHANNEL SIGNALING ASSIGNMENTS ESF BIT USE IN EACH SIGNALING BIT F-BITS FRAME CHANNEL TIMESLOT OPTIONS NO. FPS FDL CRC TRAFFIC SIGNALING T 2 4 16 1 - - - bits 1-8 2 - m C1 bits 1-8 3 - - - bits 1-8 4 0 m - bits 1-8 5 - - - bits 1-8 6 - m C2 bits 1-7 bit 8 - A A A 7 - - - bits 1-8 8 0 m - bits 1-8 9 - - - bits 1-8 10 - m C3 bits 1-8 11 - - - bits 1-8 12 1 m - bits 1-7 bit 8 - A B B 13 - - - bits 1-8 14 - m C4 bits 1-8 15 - - - bits 1-8 16 0 m - bits 1-8 17 - - - bits 1-8 18 - m C5 bits 1-7 bit 8 - A A C 19 - - - bits 1-8 20 1 m - bits 1-8 21 - - - bits 1-8 22 - m C6 bits 1-8 23 - - - bits 1-8 24 1 m - bits 1-7 bit 8 - A B D Notes: 1. FPS = Framing Pattern Sequence (sequence ...001011...). 2. FDL = 4 Kbps Facility Data Link (message bits m). 3. CRC = CRC-6 Cyclic Redundancy Check. 4. Option T = Transparent (bit 8 for traffic). 5. Option 2 = 2-state signaling (Channel A). 6. Option 4 = 4-state signaling (Channels A and B). 7. Option 16 = 16-state signaling (Channels A, B, C, and D). Option 2 is not supported by Millennium. awc0-95 Page 7 SECTION 32-112-153, ISS 9 example of such a digital signal is inverted HDLC 4. E1 TUTORIAL (high-level data link control). 4.1 E1 is the two-way transmission of digital signals at 2,048,000 bits per second (2.048 Mbps). It B. Bipolar With 8 Zero Substitution (B8ZS) is a communications carrier system that concen- 3.28 In data transmission as well as ISDN sig- trates 32 digital channels onto two pairs of wires—a naling, every bit is significant. The distortion of the transmit pair and a receive pair. least significant bit that the ZCS signaling format introduces is unacceptable for data transmission DIGITAL CHANNELS unless restrictions are placed on the transmitted data. Bipolar with 8 Zero Substitution (B8ZS), which 4.2 A single digital channel requires 64,000 bits replaces long strings of zeros to allow clear-channel per second (64 Kbps). This is DS-0 or data signal transmission, is used for data transmission. level zero. The E1 bandwidth of 2.048 Mbps accom- modates 32 digital channels (64 Kbps x 32 = 2.048 3.29 The B8ZS scheme replaces any string of Mbps). One of the channels is used for synchroniza- eight consecutive zeros with a code that is recogniz- tion and error reporting. Another is used for chan- able by the receiving equipment as a deliberate nel associated signaling. This is DS-1 at 2.048 Mbps. change, so that the string of zeros that it replaces Table D lists the common characteristics of DS-1 may be reintroduced into the data. In B8ZS, any signals at 2.048 Mbps. block of eight consecutive zeros is replaced by a line code that contains two consecutive bipolar viola- 4.3 The E1 equipment encodes the 32 channels tions. into digital format for transmission. At the trans- mitting end, the 32 channels are time-division mul- 3.30 As shown in Figure 6, if the last one pulse tiplexed into a single stream of information (bit- preceding the string of zeros is positive, the B8ZS stream). At the receiving end, the 32 channels are line code is 0 0 0 +1 -1 0 -1 +1; if the last one pulse demultiplexed into 32 separate channels. preceding the string of zeros is negative, the B8ZS line code is 0 0 0 -1 +1 0 +1 -1. Thus bipolar viola- 4.4 Thirty (30) of the 32 channels can be used tions always occur in the fourth position (with the for voice or data transmission. last one pulse of data) and in the seventh position. At the receiving end, a detection circuit identifies VOICE SAMPLING the B8ZS code words and replaces them with eight 4.5 Analog voice is encoded into a digital consecutive zeros. In this case, no bipolar violation bitstream by means of a pulse code modulation error is logged. (PCM) coder/decoder (CODEC). In the coding pro- Note: For ISDN PRI applications, B8ZS is cess, samples of the analog voice input are taken at recommended, and it is required for circuit 1/8000-second intervals. Each sample is converted switched data applications. However, if AMI into an 8-bit (1 data byte) code word representing ZCS line coding is used, the D channel must the voltage of the analog voice input at the precise be programmed for 56 Kbps or 64 Kbps in- time of sampling. This conversion produces a digital verted in line card programming so that the bitstream of 64 Kbps (8 bits x 8000 samples/second). ones density requirements are satisfied. 5.18 μsec 5.18 μsec 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 BPV awc90-98 awc90-99 Figure 4: Alternate Mark Inverted Data Byte Figure 5: Bipolar Violations Page 8 ISS 9, SECTION 32-112-153 The duration of one sample (called a timeslot) is FRAMING 3.91 microseconds. 4.8 Framing is the organization of the 2.048 4.6 PCM encoding and decoding are done per Mbps bitstream into a format that can be under- ITU-T (CCITT) recommendation G.711. In Millen- stood by the receiving end. There are two framing nium software versions before 1.09, either A-law or formats: Double Frame and CRC Multiframe. In μ-law encoding and decoding are selected on a both formats, the first timeslot (0) is used for frame system-wide basis. Software version 1.09, however, synchronization. The seventeenth timeslot (16) is supports A-law/μ-law conversion for T1 and E1 line used for channel associated signaling or ISDN mes- cards: sage-oriented signaling. The remaining 30 chan- nels are used for voice/data traffic. (a) Programming for A-law or μ-law in GS OP- TIONS affects all cards except T1 and E1 cards. A. Double Frame Format (b) Line card programming for T1 and E1 cards specifies A-law or μ-law. 4.9 In the Double Frame format (see Table E), two frames constitute a superframe. In even frames, (c) Signal conversion occurs when the specified 7 of the 8 bits in the framing timeslot contain the encoding system for the T1 or E1 differs from the framing pattern 0011011. In odd frames, one bit is system-wide coding in GS OPTIONS. used to send alarm indications to the remote equip- ment. Five bits, (N4–N8) are used for National pur- 4.7 The digital signal processor (DSP) on the E1 poses. The Millennium allows any constant pattern card converts the PCM value using values found in to be transmitted in the National Bits. The National a lookup table. When conversion is required, the Bits in the received data stream are ignored. One number of attenuations performed by the card is bit in all frames is designated the International bit. reduced to four. If the same encoding is specified by The Millennium allows either a constant 0 or 1 to be GS OPTIONS and all line card programming, the sent in the International bit. The International bit number of attenuations remains at eight. in the received data stream is ignored. TABLE D X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 E1 SIGNAL COMMON CHARACTERISTICS 8 CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFICATIONS X BPV BPV Bit Rate 2.048 Mbps +/- 50 ppm Line Code HDB3 X = Last data pulse preceding a string of 8 consecutive zeros Line Impedance 75 Ohm 120 Ohm Detail A: B8ZS Following A Positive Data Pulse resistive resistive Nominal Pulse Amplitude 2.37 V 3V X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Nominal Pulse Width 244 ns Frame Length 256 bits BPV BPV X Frame Rate 8 KHz Frame Organization 1 eight-bit framing timeslot, X = Last data pulse preceding a string of 8 consecutive zeros 1 eight-bit signaling timeslot awc90-102 Detail B: B8ZS Following A Negative Data Pulse and 30 eight-bit bearer timeslots per frame. Figure 6: Bipolar With 8 Zero Substitution aw6-1 Page 9 SECTION 32-112-153, ISS 9 TABLE E DOUBLE FRAME STRUCTURE FRAME BITS 1 TO 8 OF THE FRAME (FRAMING TIMESLOT) NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 I 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 I 1 A N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 aw6-2 I: International Bit A: Remote Alarm Indication N4 - N8: National Bits TABLE F CRC-4 MULTIFRAME STRUCTURE SUB FRAME BITS 1 TO 8 OF THE FRAME (FRAMING TIMESLOT) MULTIFRAME NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 C1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 A N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 2 C2 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 3 0 1 A N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 I 4 C3 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 5 1 1 A N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 6 C4 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 7 0 1 A N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 8 C1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 9 1 1 A N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 10 C2 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 11 1 1 A N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 II 12 C3 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 13 E 1 A N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 14 C4 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 15 E 1 A N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 aw6-3 C1-C4: Cyclic Redundancy Check-4 (CRC-4) bits E: CRC-4 Error Indication bits A: Remote Alarm Indication N4-N8: National Bits Page 10 ISS 9, SECTION 32-112-153 B. CRC Multiframe Format 6.2 Information received by the system is syn- chronized to the clock source of the sending system. 4.10 In the CRC Multiframe format (Table F), The Digital Trunk Card receiving the information sixteen frames constitute a superframe. has a free-running receive circuit that synchronizes to the received clock. LINE CODE 6.3 Information transmitted on the TX side of 4.11 The line code used on E1 digital trunks is the digital trunk circuit is synchronized to the High Density Bipolar of Order 3 (HDB3). In this system's internal System Clock III Card circuit. scheme, a code is substituted for any four consecu- The clock card can be synchronized through one of tive zeros in an E1 transmission, which ensures the Digital Trunk Cards to a network reference sufficient ones density for clock recovery. The choice clock source received on the card. In a private net- of 000V or B00V as a substitution code is made so work, however, it may furnish the network refer- that the number of B pulses between successive V ence clock. When the system is master of a tie-line pulses is odd. configuration, the internal clock card is the net- work reference clock source furnished to other sys- tems. 5. ALARMS 6.4 In the Millennium, up to five Digital Trunk 5.1 If the Digital Trunk Card detects a Loss of Cards can be used as potential sources for the net- Signal or Out of Frame condition that persists for at work reference clock. The cards used must be prop- least 2.5 seconds, the card will declare a red alarm erly connected, and must then be designated by condition, indicated by the red LED on the front of first-to-last priority in system programming. The the line card. system selects the first priority with an available clock source, and then synchronizes the system's 5.2 During the red alarm condition, the line internal System Clock III Card to the selected source. card will transmit a yellow alarm signal to the The first priority listed should provide the system remote equipment. with the most reliable clock source available. 5.3 On a T1 span with D4 framing, the yellow 6.5 The system clock can be included in the list alarm signal is generated by forcing the second bit of prioritized clock sources. of all channels to zero. 5.4 On a T1 span with ESF framing, the yellow CONFIGURATIONS alarm signal is generated by repetitively transmit- 6.6 The Millennium T1 facilities may be in- ting 8 ones followed by 8 zeros over the Facility stalled in either of two configurations: Private net- Data Link. work connection or CO connection. 5.5 On an E1 span, the yellow alarm signal is 6.7 In the private network connection, two or generated by forcing bit 3 of alternating framing more T1-equipped systems are connected with the timeslots to one. digital trunks programmed as tie lines with no 5.6 If the Digital Trunk Card receives a yellow connection to the public network. The connection alarm signal from the remote equipment, this con- must allow for a master-slave arrangement with dition is indicated by the yellow LED on the front of the network reference clock source supplied from the line card. the master system. The master system is desig- nated by assigning SYSTEM as the first priority 6. NETWORKING clock source in programming. Each slave system is then designated by assigning a Digital Trunk Card to receive the network reference clock source from CLOCK SOURCE the master system. 6.1 Digital trunk circuits have a receive side 6.8 In the CO connection, a T1-equipped Mil- (RX) and a transmit side (TX). Information received on the RX side is generated by the distant system lennium is connected to the public network and (CO or PBX). Information transmitted on the TX communicates with a distant T1-equipped system side is generated by the local system (Millennium). (Millennium or other). In the CO connection, the Millennium is always the slave system. The net- work reference clock source (normally the CO) is furnished through designated Digital Trunk Cards. Page 11 SECTION 32-112-153, ISS 9 The system's internal clock is then synchronized to 7.6 On T1, the ISDN D channel is carried in the selected clock source. timeslot 24, but can be carried in any timeslot. The D channel can be run in 56-Kbps, 64-Kbps, or 64- 6.9 The Millennium can support T1 and E1 cards Kbps-inverted mode to suit the ones density re- in the same system. In this configuration, the sys- quirements. On E1, the ISDN D channel is carried tem must be equipped with a System Clock III. in timeslot 16 (Table G) and always runs at 64 Note: Systems that were configured before Kbps. the release of the System Clock III may 7.7 The switch provides a full implementation already be equipped with a T1 Clock Card, of the network side of switched network configura- which can serve as the clock synchroniza- tion, including proper matching of ISDN protocol tion source. states. This configuration can be used, for example, to connect to another vendor's PBX that does not 7. SIGNALING support symmetric (private line) variants of ISDN protocols. GENERAL 7.8 If the Millennium is connected to a public or 7.1 The Millennium supports various signaling private network PRI, it will display information formats. The most commonly used format in North received identifying the parties involved in the call. America is defined in standard EIA/TIA464B. This This information may include the following: standard defines A and B signaling states for loop- start, ground-start, and E&M trunks. E&M trunks (a) Calling party number and name. can be wink start, delay dial, or immediate start. (b) Original called party number and name for The Millennium supports both the trunk side incoming calls that have been forwarded within (T1E1_TRUNK) and the line side (T1E1_STATION) a public or private network. of these signaling types. (c) Connected party number and name. Note: T1 loop-start trunks support CO dis- connect, current open feed, as defined in (d) Redirecting party number and name for out- EIA 464B. going calls that have been redirected with a public or private network by forwarding, trans- 7.2 The Millennium supports ISDN primary rate fer, or other features. interface (PRI) trunk signaling for voice calls over dedicated trunks (known as B channels.) Beginning (e) The number and name of the party to which with software version 1.08, circuit switched data a call was redirected in the scenario described in applications are also supported. For more informa- (d). tion on circuit switched data, see section 32-112-163 7.9 The Millennium will generate calling party in this volume. numbers and names on a public or private network 7.3 The Millennium supports numerous vari- PRI, if this capability is enabled in the B_PRI trunk ants of non-ISDN signaling protocols used interna- profile. tionally, including the Ericsson loop signaling as 7.10 On a private network PRI, the Millennium defined by ITU-T (formerly CCITT) recommenda- will generate call redirection information (original tion Q.421. called, redirecting, and redirection number and 7.4 The Millennium supports the signaling em- name) during invocation of the following features: ployed by Russian outgoing, incoming local, and (a) Call Transfer incoming long distance trunks. (b) Call Forwarding ISDN PRIMARY RATE (c) Remote and Directed Call Pickup 7.5 The switch supports non-facility associated (d) Station Hunting signaling (NFAS), which allows a D channel on one facility to control the signaling for B channels resi- (e) BDA Intercept dent on other span lines. The allowable members in an NFAS group in the Millennium is fixed at 5. (f) Night Service (g) Park Answer Page 12 ISS 9, SECTION 32-112-153 (h) Recall D. National ISDN 7.11 Call information received over a public or 7.17 This is a common protocol used for connec- private network PRI varies based on the central tion to several different types of central office equip- office or PBX to which the Millennium is connected, ment in North America. See Appendix 1 for details. and the protocol selected. Availability of this infor- mation may be subject to a subscription option at a E. NET5 (Euro-ISDN) public network central office. 7.18 The NET5 protocol type, also known as ETSI 7.12 The switch supports the following protocol or Euro-ISDN, is used for connection to the public variants (see Appendix 1 for compatibility matrix). network in Europe and other markets outside North America. A. DMS-100 7.19 PRI trunks running ETSI NET5 protocol 7.13 This protocol is used to connect to Nortel receive date/time information. The Millennium can DMS-100 local central offices. Refer to Appendix 1 designate a location as the source of this informa- for additional information regarding connection of tion. The Millennium uses the date/time informa- the Millennium to the DMS-100. tion from the first call received after 3 A.M. daily on the specified location to set the Millennium system B. 4ESS clock. 7.14 This protocol is used to connect to the AT&T 4ESS used in the AT&T long distance network. F. VN4 When connected to a 4ESS switch, the Millennium supports AT&T's Alternate Destination Call Redi- 7.20 This protocol is a French national PRI vari- rection (ADCR) feature, which allows incoming calls ant used in countries outside North America. that are rejected because of busy condition to be redirected to another presubscribed location. G. Q.SIG 7.15 4ESS is also used when connecting to 5ESS 7.21 The Millennium implements the ISO ver- central offices implementing the FTS 2000 protocol. sion of PSS1 (Private Signaling System 1, also known FTS 2000 is a private network serving the U.S. as Q.SIG). This protocol is a worldwide standard for government. connecting multiple vendor PBXs in private net- works using ISDN. It is the recommended protocol C. DMS-250 for connecting two or more Millenniums in a pri- vate network. The mnemonic for the Q.SIG/PSS1 7.16 This protocol is used to connect to the Nortel protocol option is IQSIG_PROTOCOL, to indicate DMS-250 used in the MCI and Sprint long distance that this is the ISO variant. networks. Refer to Appendix 1 for additional infor- mation regarding connection of the Millennium to Notes: the DMS-250. 1. Millennium Q.SIG implementation may not be compatible with PBXs that imple- TABLE G BIT ALLOCATION OF SIGNALING TIMESLOT 16 Timeslot 16 Timeslot 16 Timeslot 16 Timeslot 16 - - - - - of frame n of frame n+1 of frame n+2 of frame n+15 00001Y11 ABCD ABCD ABCD ABCD ABCD ABCD Channel Channel Channel Channel - - - - - Channel Channel 1 16 2 17 15 30 aw6-4 Y: Set to 0 during normal operation; 1 indicates loss of signaling multiframe alignment. Page 13 SECTION 32-112-153, ISS 9 ment the Q.SIG variant developed by ECMA 7.28 To benefit from context-sensitive help, the and ETSI. If you want to connect the Mil- database must be programmed in the following or- lennium to another supplier's PBX using der: Q.SIG, consult eOn Technical Support to (a) Program the line card, selecting the appro- determine whether the two implementations priate ABCD_SIGNALS STANDARD. are compatible before you install them. (b) Program trunks on the digital line card and 2. Proprietary enhancements have been assign appropriate profiles. made to the call transfer feature to include a call identifier in the notifications sent from (c) Program the profiles. a transferring Millennium to transferred parties in an eQueue. 7.29 Most profile items apply to all trunks and have their traditional definition. The following de- scriptions point out profile items applicable to each H. AUSTRALIA signaling system. 7.22 The switch supports the Australia Macrolink ISDN PRI service provided by Telstra. This service A. TAIWAN uses a national standard ISDN protocol, defined in the TPH 1856 specifications. The Australian Proto- 7.30 The R1 modified signaling system is used in col is enabled with the following programming: Taiwan. It is selected with the following program- ming: LCx ISDN AUSTRALIA_PROTOCOL LCx ABCD_SIGNALS STANDARD Q.421 7.23 The Australian protocol supports overlap PROFILE T1E1_TRUNKx R1_MODIFIED sending, which is enabled by selecting OVERLAP in the B_PRI trunk profile. 7.31 This programming provides a two-way trunk with disconnect and answer supervision. 7.24 This protocol does not support non-facility associated signaling (NFAS) or D-channel backup. 7.32 These trunks typically use MF R1 tone ad- Therefore, the ISDN level of the line card program- dress signaling rather than pulses, so the profile ming should remain at NFAS_GROUPNAS and should specify MFR1_OUT. PRINAS. 7.33 Because the timing of MF digit sending must Note: Telstra in Australia plans to offer be precise, no digits can be transmitted to the Cen- another PRI service, OnRamp™ Macro, tral Office until all are collected, so the profile based on Euro-ISDN standards. To connect should also specify NOVERLAP. to a line using this service, select NET5_ PROTOCOL. 7.34 For outgoing calls, the Central Office may request that the Millennium send the ANI of the calling party. In this case, the ANI will be gener- INTERNATIONAL (BIT ORIENTED) ated as specified by the profile item OUT_CALL- 7.25 The Millennium system supports many digi- ING_TRANSLATEx and the associated translate tal trunk signaling system variants, with standards table. ANI sent to the Central Office must start as specified by ITU-T (CCITT). Applications for spe- with the KP tone and end with the ST tone, so the cific locations are described in the following para- OUT digits in the translate table entries must start graphs under the heading for each applicable loca- with Q and end with #. tion. 7.35 For incoming calls, the Millennium will send 7.26 The programming items in T1E1_TRUNK a request for ANI digits to the Central Office if the profiles depend on the signaling standard selected profile is programmed ANI_MFR1. It will not re- for the trunk. quest ANI if the profile specifies ANI_NONE. 7.27 Only the relevant programming items are allowed and displayed by HELP once a profile is B. RUSSIA assigned to a trunk using a particular signaling 7.36 The Russian signaling system is selected standard. with the following programming: LCx ABCD_SIGNALS STANDARD RUSSIA Page 14 ISS 9, SECTION 32-112-153 7.37 Russian trunks are one-way trunks; direc- C. Q.421 R2 SIGNALING LOCATIONS tion is programmed in the profile as either INCOM- ING or OUTGOING. 7.45 The R2 signaling system is selected with the following programming: 7.38 Outgoing address signaling may be done either with MFR1 tones (MFR1_OUT) or pulses LCx ABCD_SIGNALS STANDARD Q.421 (PULSE_OUT and PPS10). If MF tones are used, PROFILE T1E1_TRUNKx Q.421_LOOP the timing of MF digit sending must be precise. No digits can be transmitted to the CO until all are This programming provides trunks with disconnect collected. Thus the profile should specify and answer supervision. NOVERLAP. This restriction does not apply when pulse dialing is used. 7.46 Trunks can be specified as INCOMING_ AND_OUTGOING or as OUTGOING_ONLY. 7.39 Requests from the Central Office for ANI will be ignored if the profile specifies NANI_ RE- 7.47 Incoming and outgoing trunks can effec- SPONSE. If ANI_RESPONSE is specified, ANI will tively be made incoming only by denying LCR and be built as specified by the profile item OUT_ trunk route access and programming DIL buttons CALLING_TRANSLATEx and the associated trans- NOUTC. late table (see Volume 3, Section 32-112-180, Pro- 7.48 The switch supports R2 variants for several gramming Instructions, for trunk digit translation assignment information). countries, including China, Saudi Arabia, Chile, Philippines, Poland, Bulgaria, Russia, Venezuela, 7.40 The trunk's class of service should specify and Australia. The appropriate R2 variant must be the CATEGORY (0–9). programmed (see Volume 3, Section 32-112-180). 7.41 The translate table entries must specify OUT 7.49 Outgoing address signaling may be done digits strings that contain 7 digits, typically the either with MFR2 tones (MFR2_OUT) or pulses office code followed by the extension digits. If the (PULSE_OUT and PPS10). If MF tones are used, combination of the office code digits plus the exten- the timing of MF digit sending must be precise. No sion digits is shorter than 7 digits, the number must digits can be transmitted to the CO until all are be left padded to 7 digits with the digit 0 or 2, collected. Thus the profile should specify depending on the Central Office. For example, if the NOVERLAP. This restriction does not apply when office code is 654 and 3-digit extensions are used, pulse dialing is used. and 2 is the appropriate filler character, the trans- late table entry would be programmed: 7.50 For outgoing calls, the CO may request that the Millennium send the ANI of the calling INxxx OUT2654xxx party. In this case, the ANI will be generated as 7.42 Incoming trunks are designated to be either specified by the profile item OUT_CALLING LOCAL or LONG_DISTANCE. _TRANSLATEx and the associated translate table (see Volume 3, Section 32-112-180, for trunk digit 7.43 The Millennium requests the Central Office translation assignment information). to send DNIS digits with one of three tones, selected 7.51 For incoming calls, DNIS digit collection with the programming item START_SIGNAL(1–3). should be done in the call routing plan via a trans- Typically, end offices use START_SIGNAL1 and late table with a fixed number of RECEIVE digits transit offices use START_SIGNAL3. DNIS digit so that the Millennium can signal the Central Of- collection should be done in the call routing plan via fice when the last digit has been collected (refer to a translate table with a fixed number of RECEIVE Volume 3, Section 32-112-180). digits. Specifying a fixed number of digits is re- quired so that the Millennium can signal the Cen- 8. INSTALLATION PLANNING tral Office when the last digit has been collected (refer to Volume 3, Section 32-112-180). 7.44 For incoming calls, a request for ANI digits ! WARNING: The cable connections for the Digital Trunk Card must be terminated will be sent to the Central Office if the profile is in the same building as the Millennium programmed ANI_MFR1. No ANI request is made if system equipment. The cable end opposite the profile specifies ANI_NONE. Page 15 SECTION 32-112-153, ISS 9 the card connection must not exit the build- tion 4162-D, product number 7056880, or equiva- ing. lent. The cable must have a characteristic imped- ance of 100 ohms at 772 KHz. It must be equipped A. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION with a solid #22 AWG drain wire. 8.1 System programming allows the 16 loca- 8.7 Terminate the cable that connects to the tions in the card slot adjacent to a T1 or E1 line card Digital Trunk Card with a female gender, DB-type, to be individually assigned. Each location in the 15-pin connector, similar to AMP Part Number adjacent slot may be assigned to the card installed 745493-5. Use a 90° exit, RFI/EMI shielded cable in the card slot or may be used as one of the chan- clamp with a slide latch, similar to AMP Part Num- nels in a T1 or E1 trunk span. ber 745652-3. This type of clamp positions the cable for routing beneath the cabinet with minimum strain 8.2 T1 Digital Trunk Cards can be installed and provides secure retention when fastened to the only in odd-numbered card slots in the equipment Digital Trunk Card front-edge panel connector us- cabinet. For full use of the 24-channel capability of ing the locking posts. the card, 8 locations in the card slot to the right of the installed T1 Digital Trunk Card must be avail- 8.8 When connecting the Digital Trunk Card to able. In bit-oriented clear-channel or ISDN applica- a CSU, terminate the opposite end of the cable for tions where a card contains a D channel, only the compatibility with the CSU receptacle. Select the first 7 need be available. cable terminating connector and clamp to match the CSU container arrangement. Figure 7 shows 8.3 A T1 Digital Trunk Card can be placed in the correct connector pin functions for constructing card slot 7, to the left of the Common Services Card, a cable to connect the Digital Trunk Card with the so that the 16 locations on the T1 Card can be CSU. combined with 8 locations on the Common Services Card to make 24 locations, L97–L120, available for 8.9 When connecting two Millennium Digital T1 programming. Trunk Cards for Tie Line applications, construct the cable as a null MODEM. Figure 8 shows the 8.4 E1 Digital Trunk Cards can be installed correct connector pin functions for constructing a only in odd-numbered card slots in the equipment null MODEM cable. For this application, terminate cabinet. For full utilization of the 30-channel capa- both cable ends with female gender, DB-type, 15- bility of the card, 15 locations in the card slot to the pin connectors, similar to AMP Part Number 745493- right of the installed E1 Digital Trunk Card must 5. Use 90° exit, RFI/EMI shielded cable clamps with be available. a slide latch, similar to AMP Part Number 745652- 8.5 An E1 Digital Trunk Card can be placed in 3, on both ends of the cable. card slot 7, to the left of the Common Services II Card, so that the 15 locations on the E1 card can be 9. UNPACKING AND INSPECTING combined with 15 locations on the Common Ser- vices II Card to make 30 locations, L98–L112 and L114–L128, available for E1 programming. ! WARNING: The Digital Trunk Card and System Clock III Card contain static- B. CABLE CONSTRUCTION sensitive components. Personnel who are required to handle components or wiring must have knowledge of proper handling ! CAUTION: The maximum length of techniques and must have the necessary the T1 connecting cable must not exceed safeguard equipment for protecting static- 655 feet (200 meters). sensitive devices. Refer to section 32-112-200. 8.6 A connecting cable must be constructed for 9.1 All equipment is packaged in corrugated each T1 Digital Trunk Card installed in the equip- cardboard containers. See Table H for part num- ment cabinet. The constructed cable is used to con- bers. nect the card front-edge panel connector with ei- 9.2 Check all items received against the pack- ther a CSU or another Millennium Digital Trunk ing slip. Examine cartons for visual signs of dam- Card. The cable must be #22 AWG, shielded, high- age. If cartons appear to be damaged, make a note frequency type, General Cable Company specifica- Page 16 ISS 9, SECTION 32-112-153 DIGITAL TRUNK CARD FRONT-EDGE PANEL RECEPTACLE PIN FUNCTIONS 1 VIEW FROM FRONT OF CARD 9 2 10 3 11 PIN 1 - TRANSMIT DATA (A) (OUTPUT TO NETWORK) TXT (T) 4 12 PIN 2 - FRAME GROUND GND 5 13 PIN 3 - RECEIVE DATA (A) (INPUT FROM NETWORK) RXT (T1) 6 PIN 4 - FRAME GROUND GND 14 7 PIN 9 - TRANSMIT DATA (B) (OUTPUT TO NETWORK) TXR (R) 15 PIN 11 - RECEIVE DATA (B) (INPUT FROM NETWORK) RXR (R1) 8 FEMALE MALE CABLE CONNECTOR CABLE CONNECTOR AT DIGITAL TRUNK CARD AT CSU TRANSMIT 8 15 8 RECEIVE 15 7 14 7 14 6 13 6 13 5 12 GND 5 12 4 RXR GND RXR 11 RXT 4 11 #22 AWG, SHIELDED, 3 RXT 1 10 GND HIGH FREQUENCY CABLE 3 GENERAL CABLE COMPANY 10 TXR GND 2 SPECIFICATION 4162-D TXT TXR 9 2 PRODUCT NUMBER 7056880 TXT 9 1 1 FEMALE CSU CONNECTOR PIN FUNCTIONS VIEW FROM FRONT OF CSU PANEL PIN 1 - TRANSMIT DATA (A) (INPUT) TXT 8 PIN 2 - FRAME GROUND GND 15 PIN 3 - RECEIVE DATA (A) (OUTPUT) RXT 7 PIN 4 - FRAME GROUND GND 14 6 PIN 9 - TRANSMIT DATA (B) (INPUT) TXR 13 PIN 11 - RECEIVE DATA (B) (OUTPUT) RXR 5 12 4 11 3 10 CABLE CONNECTOR PIN-TO-PIN ASSIGNMENTS 2 9 SYSTEM CABLE CSU CABLE 1 CONNECTOR CONNECTOR PIN PIN 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 9 9 AWC3-152 11 11 Figure 7: Pin Functions and Cabling Arrangement - Digital Trunk Card To CSU Page 17 SECTION 32-112-153, ISS 9 of such damage on the packing slip and on the (c) Position the System Clock III Card as shown carrier way bill. in Figure 9 with the component side up, connec- tor P1 aligned with connector P2 on the Common 9.3 Observing electronic equipment handling Services II Card, and the unattached end of each precautions, open each carton and remove each of the four metal standoffs aligned with the thru- piece of equipment. Inspect the contents for physi- holes in the Common Services II Card. cal damage. Make a note of any damages. As each item is unpacked, place it on a level work surface. (d) Apply gentle rocking pressure at connector P2 to seat the two connectors, keeping the stand- 9.4 Report all damages noted to your supplier offs aligned. or distributor. (e) From the bottom side of the Common Ser- 10. INSTALLATION PROCEDURES vices II Card (as placed when removed), insert each screw (provided) through one of the mating 10.1 This part provides instructions for install- holes and thread into the end of a standoff. ing the System Clock III Card, the Digital Trunk Tighten each screw. Card, and connecting interface cables. Only one System Clock III Card is required per system. (f) Install the Common Services II Card. Note: The System Clock III Card must be B. DIGITAL TRUNK CARD (T1 or E1) installed before attempting system opera- tion with a digital trunk span. 10.3 To install a Digital Trunk Card (T1 or E1), proceed as follows: A. SYSTEM CLOCK III CARD Note: No strapping configuration changes 10.2 To install the System Clock III Card, refer are required on the Digital Trunk Card. An to Figure 9 and proceed as follows: outline diagram of the card and the front panel is shown for reference in Figure 10. (a) Remove the Common Services II Card from the equipment cabinet and place it with the (a) Remove the blank cover panel from the se- component side up on a protective work surface. lected card slot. (b) At connector P2, remove the strapping block (b) Position the Digital Trunk Card with the at terminals J6(K) and J7(M). The strapping component side to the right. block will no longer be used. (c) Align the card with the top and bottom edges inserted in the card guides of the selected card slot. TABLE H DIGITAL TRUNK ORDERING INFORMATION PART PART NUMBER T1 Digital Trunk Card 500023-000-101 120 Ohm E1 Digital Trunk Card 500023-000-102 75 Ohm E1 Digital Trunk Card 500023-000-103 System Clock III 500102-000-102 aw7-405 Page 18 ISS 9, SECTION 32-112-153 DIGITAL TRUNK CARD FRONT-EDGE PANEL RECEPTACLE PIN FUNCTIONS VIEW FROM FRONT OF CARD 1 PIN 1 - TRANSMIT DATA (A) (OUTPUT TO NETWORK) TXT (T) 9 2 10 PIN 2 - FRAME GROUND GND 3 11 PIN 3 - RECEIVE DATA (A) (INPUT FROM NETWORK) RXT (T1) 4 PIN 4 - FRAME GROUND GND 12 5 PIN 9 - TRANSMIT DATA (B) (OUTPUT TO NETWORK) TXR (R) 13 6 PIN 11 - RECEIVE DATA (B) (INPUT FROM NETWORK) RXR (R1) 14 7 15 8 FEMALE CABLE CONNECTOR FEMALE CABLE CONNECTOR AT SYSTEM 'A' DIGITAL TRUNK CARD AT SYSTEM 'B' DIGITAL TRUNK CARD VIEW FROM SOCKET SIDE VIEW FROM SOCKET SIDE TXT 8 1 TRANSMIT TXR 15 9 RECEIVE GND 7 2 10 RXT 14 RXR 6 3 11 13 GND 5 4 12 12 GND 4 5 RXR 13 11 RXT #22 AWG, SHIELDED, 3 3 HIGH FREQUENCY CABLE 6 GND GENERAL CABLE COMPANY 10 14 SPECIFICATION 4162-D 2 7 TXR PRODUCT NUMBER 7056880 TXT 15 9 1 8 NULL MODEM CONSTRUCTION CABLE CONDUCTOR-TO-CONNECTOR PIN ASSIGNMENTS FOR CONNECTING TWO SYSTEMS SYSTEM 'A' SYSTEM 'B' CABLE CONNECTOR CABLE CONNECTOR PIN PIN 1 3 2 4 3 1 4 2 9 11 11 9 AWC3-153 Figure 8: Pin Functions - Null MODEM Cable Between Two Digital Trunk Cards Page 19 SECTION 32-112-153, ISS 9 CONNECTOR P7 PIGGYBACK CONNECTOR P6 MEMORY BOARD SYSTEM CLOCK III CARD RUN INDICATOR SIGNALING BUS ACTIVITY INDICATOR MUSIC 1 INPUT JACK MUSIC 2 INPUT JACK CONNECTOR P1 DEPOPULATED CONNECTOR P3 FOR ILLUSTRATION PURPOSES CONNECTOR P2 R823 FUSE F1001 R822 aw5-1143 Figure 9: System Clock III Orientation on Common Services II Card Page 20 ISS 9, SECTION 32-112-153 RUN BUSY YEL ALM RED DEPOPULATED FOR ILLUSTRATION PURPOSES CONNECTOR P1 T1 ISDN PRI EMI SHIELD REMOVABLE F601 FOR ACCESS TO CONNECTOR P2 LINE FUSES F602 F603 F604 awc3-640 Figure 10: Digital Trunk Card (d) Grasp the small vertical handle and slide the (b) Note the 15-pin, D-type connector on the card in until the two connectors (card-edge and front-edge panel and the two locking posts lo- backplane) are seated. cated top and bottom. (e) Engage and tighten the two quarter-turn (c) Position the correct T1 cable-in connector retaining screws to secure the card in place. (female, 90° exit clamp) to mate with the card connector. Apply inward pressure to seat the two C. CONNECTING CABLES mating connectors. (d) With the locking posts protruding through ! WARNING: The cable connected to the large slots in the slide latch, move the slide the Digital Trunk Card must be terminated latch on the connector to insert the small key slot in the same building housing the Millen- under the locking post. Check to ensure it is nium equipment cabinet. The cable end secure. opposite the card connection must not exit (e) Measure the total length of the cable and the building. record for entry during Digital Trunk Card As- 10.4 To install the Digital Trunk Card connect- signment programming. ing cable, refer to Figure 11 and proceed as follows: (f) Route the cable beneath the cabinet and (a) At the equipment cabinet, locate the Digital secure at the cable tie point provided using small Trunk Card to be connected. cable ties. Page 21 SECTION 32-112-153, ISS 9 (g) Route the cable to the terminating equip- 000VB0VB, where B represents an inserted pulse ment (normally CSU) and connect the unattached conforming to the AMI rule, and V represents an end at the correct equipment receptacle. AMI violation. (h) Dress and secure the cable. Bipolar Violation (BPV): A violation of the alter- nating +1 -1 pattern in a three-level code. 11. GLOSSARY Channel Service Unit (CSU): A unit located on Alarm Indication Signal (AIS): An AIS signal is the customer premises that provides a DDS chan- transmitted to the network interface (NI) when a nel for use with the customer's logic and timing Digital Trunk Card is put out of service. recovery circuit. Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI): Line code used Clear Channel: T1 format in which all 8 bits of with digital trunk transmission. Successive digital each byte are data, and signaling is carried out-of- ones (mark pulses) are of alternating positive (+) band. and negative (-) polarity and equal in amplitude, CRC Multiframe. An E1 framing structure con- and a digital zero (space no pulse) is of zero ampli- sisting of 16 frames that includes a cyclical redun- tude. dancy check. Bipolar with 8 Zero Substitution (B8ZS): A code CRC -4. On an E1 with CRC Multiframe format, all that is substituted for any eight consecutive zeros bits of the transmitted submultiframe are used in a in a T1 transmission, which ensures sufficient ones calculation, the 4 bit result of which is transmitted density for clock recovery. The code used is RUN BUSY YEL ALM RED T1 NETWORK T1 CPE ISDN PRI CHANNEL SERVICE UNIT #22 AWG, SHIELDED, HIGH FREQUENCY CABLE GENERAL CABLE COMPANY SPECIFICATION 4162-D PRODUCT NUMBER 7056880 AWC3-642 Figure 11: Cable Connections - Digital Trunk Card To CSU Page 22 ISS 9, SECTION 32-112-153 in the CRC bits of the subsequent submultiframe. Inter-Exchange Carrier (IXC): A long-distance All bits of a received submultiframe are used in a carrier; the carrier between two LATAs. calculation, the result of which is compared with Intra-LATA Channel: A T1 link within a LATA. the CRC bits of the subsequently received submultiframe. If the result of the calculation Jitter: Short term variation of a digital signal from matches the received CRC value, the integrity of ideal positions in time. the previous submultiframe is ensured. If there is a Local Access and Transport Area (LATA): The difference, the error bit (corresponding to the local telephone area, served by one telephone errorred submultiframe) will be set to zero in a company. subsequently transmitted multiframe. Network Interface (NI): The point of demarcation CRC -6. On a T1 with ESF, all bits of the transmit- between the customer equipment and the public ted superframe are used in calculation, the 6 bit switched network. result of which is transmitted in the CRC bits of the subsequent superframe. All bits of a received Out-Of-Band Signaling: Signaling scheme in superframe are used in a calculation, the result of which the signaling information is carried outside which is compared with the CRC bits of the subse- the range of voice signals, as opposed to in-band quently received superframe. If the result of the signaling, where the signaling information is car- calculation matches the received CRC value, the ried with the voice signals. Out-of-band signaling is integrity of the previous superframe is ensured. required for clear-channel transmission. Data Service Unit (DSU): A terminal on cus- Pulse Code Modulation (PCM): The process in tomer premises for the purpose of accessing the which analog signals are sampled, digitized, and coded into a digital bit stream. digital data system through a standard EIA or ITU- T interface. Robbed-Bit Signaling: In each superframe of a T1 transmission, the data in the eighth (least sig- Digital Data System (DDS): The customer's nificant) bit of each sixth and twelfth frame is over- T1-equipped or T1-compatible system. written with signaling (off-hook and on-hook) infor- DS0: Digital signal level zero. A single digitized mation. voice channel operating at 64 Kbps. T1: The digital 1.544 Mbps 24-channel transmis- DS1: Digital signal at the first level. A bipolar sion which carries both voice and data. return-to-zero T1 signal at the 1.544 Mbps rate. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM): The process D4: A T1 framing structure consisting of 12 frames. of combining a number of digital signals into a single digital stream by orderly assignment of E1: The digital 2.048 Mbps 30-channel transmis- timeslots. sion that carries both voice and data. Zero Code Suppression (ZCS): Zero code sup- Error-Free Seconds (EFS): Time in seconds dur- pression modifies the bit sequence 00000000 to ing which no errors occurred. 00000001 in all data channels to ensure sufficient Extended SuperFrame (ESF): A T1 framing struc- transitions for clock recovery. ZCS cannot be used ture consisting of 24 frames. for clear channel transmission. Frame: On a T1 line, a frame refers to the 193 binary digit bitstream (24 eight-bit timeslots plus 1 framing bit). On an E1 line a frame refers to the 256 binary digit bitstream (32 eight-bit timeslots). High Density Bipolar of Order 3 (HDB3): A code that is substituted for any four consecutive zeros in an E1 transmission, which ensures sufficient ones density for clock recovery. The choice of 000V or B00V as a substitution code is made so that the number of B pulses between successive V pulses is odd. Page 23 SECTION 32-112-153, ISS 9 SECTION 32-112-153, Appendix 1 APPENDIX 1 CO SWITCH TYPE WHERE SEEN >LCn ISDN NOTES (MANUFACTURER) ? 5ESS LEC NATIONAL_PROTOCOL PRI should be set to STANDARD (National (Alcatel-Lucent, ISDN) rather than CUSTOM. formerly Lucent Technologies) FTS 2000 4ESS_PROTOCOL FTS 2000 is a private network serving the U.S. government. NCOPY_PREFIX_4ESS Set the B_PRI profile to PUBLIC_NUMBERING_PLAN. DMS-100 LEC NATIONAL_PROTOCOL National ISDN protocol is generally the default service offering (Nortel) DMS100_PROTOCOL from the DMS-100. The DMS-100 protocol is a secondary option. If there is any doubt, confirm that the CO has its protocol variant in table LCCOPT set to NTNAPRI. This is the recommended protocol for new installations. Existing installations using 4ESS protocol emulation need not be changed, unless except to take advantage of features available with the native protocol (name and call redirection information delivery). EWSD LEC NATIONAL_PROTOCOL Request National ISDN PRI from the CO (the EWSD also (Siemens, formerly supports a 5ESS custom PRI emulation). The following Siemens Stromberg- parameters should be set to "yes" at the CO: user-provided Carlson) audible ring (UPARECT) and remote network interworking (RNIECT). GTD-5 LEC NATIONAL_PROTOCOL None. (Ag Communications (Telus, Verizon) Systems) 4ESS IEC 4ESS_PROTOCOL None. (AT&T) (AT&T) NCOPY_PREFIX_4ESS DMS-250 IEC DMS250_PROTOCOL The DMS-250 supports both a native protocol and a 4ESS (Nortel) (e.g. Sprint, 4ESS_PROTOCOL emulation. The long-distance carrier can provide information Verizon) NCOPY_PREFIX_4ESS regarding the variant for which the PRI is configured. DEX-600E IEC NATIONAL_PROTOCOL Emulates 5ESS National ISDN implementation. (Alcatel-Lucent, (e.g. Verizon) formerly DSC) LEC = Local Exchange Carrier; IEC = Inter-Exchange Carrier aw8-1153 Notes: 1. Do not use protocol settings other than those recommended for a given CO switch type. Other settings may appear to work partially, but differences in the PRI protocols could cause difficulties in error condition and other unusual circumstances. 2. Distributors should consult their sales application engineer before installation if there is a request to use Millennium PRI with equipment, protocols, or special applications not listed here, allowing eOn Communications to determine if the Millennium is compatible with the requested application. 3. The "Where Seen" list is not exhaustive. Some of the LEC CO switch types may also be seen with competitive LECs such as Verizon. 4. The DMS-500 CO switch combines the functionality of the DMS-100 and DMS-250, for use by companies that provide both long-distance and local address. 5. The term "National ISDN-1 PRI" is sometimes used to describe the current (vendor-specific) PRI protocol on the DMS CO switches. PRI was not standardized in National ISDN until National ISDN-2. 6. eOn Communications Corporation does not guarantee the accuracy of information about capabilities of equipment from other companies. Page 24


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McDonald's is turning to the crowd to come up with ideas for 10 mini movies set to launch next year along with the debut of its McBites chicken snacks. Makers of the top 10 30-second films will win $250 each, and the creator of the best video will get $15,000.
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Scumbag Steve - Blake Boston AKA Scumbag Steve "My Whip" Feat. Naked Dave
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|Posted By:
|Eileen Wilson
|Re: Mary Margaret Tetzlaw b. 04 Oct 1888...
|Post Date:
|December 19, 2012 at 06:51:43
|Message URL:
|Germany Genealogy Forum
|Forum URL:
Regarding her naturalization, the 1920 census indicates she was naturalized in 1917 -- likely when she married Morgan Thomas who was already an American citizen. I don't believe there would be a separate naturalization record for her.
I see that their daughter (Rose) Marie, married in Butler County in 1939, aged 21, born August 6, 1918. This can't be 100% correct, as she is listed as only 5 months of age in the 1920 census (ie, born 1919). Both of her parents are listed as deceased which explains why we can't find them in the 1940 census. However, it also says that her mother, Mary Tetzlaw, was born in Pittsburgh. In the 1940 census, Marie indicates that she had been living in Pittsburgh five years previous.
I have yet to find her in the 1930 census, but believe I have identified her in the 1910 and 1900 census, both times working as a maid or a servant in Pittsburgh.


text:
Gift Certificate may be used by recipient for online purchases or printed and used at our store locations..
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- Made on the Barrie Last.
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Aka the striper-6
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text:
Coleman Instant Cabin 10 Tent with Fly, 10-Person
Fits up to 4-queen airbeds
Pre-assembled poles allow for a fast easy setup
Welded floors and inverted seams keep water out
Floor dimensions: 14 x 10
Center height: 67"
Coleman Instant Dome 3 Tent, 3-Person
Fits a queen-sized airbed
Pre-assembled poles allow for a fast easy setup
Auto-roll windows for ventilation
Floor dimensions: 7 x 7
Center height: 38"
Coleman RoadTrip LXX Grill
Portable, propane grill sets up in seconds
Folds to compact size
Large handle and wheels for easy transport
Large 285 sq. ft. cooking surface
Built-in tool holders and sliding tables
Evenston 8 Screen Porch Tent
Exclusive WeatherTec system
72" center height
Fully screened front porch area
Modified dome structure
Insta-Clip attachments for easy setup
Coleman Instant Dome 4 Tent, 4-Person
Fits a queen-sized airbed
Illumiline reflective lines for greater visibility
Welded floors and inverted seams keep water out
Floor dimensions: 8 x 7
Center height: 42"
Coleman CPX 6 Rugged LED Lantern, Realtree AP Camo
Resistant against water and impact
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Cree LED reduces glare and stays cool
Large handle for easy carrying
Coleman Quad Lantern
Four detachable panels, each with 6 LEDs
Each panel has its own on/off switch
Each section lights a 26 ft. area
Runs for 75 hrs. on 8 D-cell batteries
24 5mm white LEDs produce 190 lumens of light
Coleman Dual Fuel Powerhouse 2-Burner Stove
Two powerful burners for 17,000 total BTU
WindBlock system shields burners for max heat
Huge cooking surface handles two 10" pots
Runs for up to 2.3 hours on high
Operates on Coleman fuel or unleaded gas
Coleman Signature Propane Coffee Maker
Delivers hot coffee in just 15 minutes
Portable; easy to use, set up, and pack away
4,500 BTU aluminized steel burner
10-cup stainless steel kettle is shatterproof
Operates on one 1-lb. propane canister
Coleman CPX 6 CSP75 Xtreme Spotlight
High-power, lifetime CREE LED bulbs
Compatible with CPX 6 rechargeable power cartridge
Runs up to 150 hours on low
Trigger lock and push-button selector
Coleman XPS Duo Lantern
Functions as a single lantern or 2 separate lights
Total of 12 LEDs, shedding 120 lumens of light
Panels begin recharging when returned to base
Wide handle openings provide easy grip options
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Coleman Premium Powerhouse Dual Fuel Lantern
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Burns up to 14 hrs. on 2 pints of fuel
2 mantles for optimal lighting area
Fully adjustable flame controls lighting output
Porcelainized ventilator wont rust
Coleman Triton 2-Burner Stove
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Coleman PerfectFlow One-Mantle Propane Lantern
Runs on propane
Runs for up to 12 hours
Fully adjustable light output
Slip-on mantle #51 included


text:
- Shopping Bag ( 0 items )
Financial Times -
A rigorous study.
In the mid-1990s, as many as one million North Koreans died in one of the worst famines of the twentieth century. The socialist food distribution system collapsed primarily because of a misguided push for self-reliance, but was compounded by the regime's failure to formulate a quick response-including the blocking of desperately needed humanitarian relief.
As households, enterprises, local party organs, and military units tried to cope with the economic collapse, a grassroots process of marketization took root. However, rather than embracing these changes, the North Korean regime opted for tentative economic reforms with ambiguous benefits and a self-destructive foreign policy. As a result, a chronic food shortage continues to plague North Korea today.
In their carefully researched book, Stephan Haggard and Marcus Noland present the most comprehensive and penetrating account of the famine to date, examining not only the origins and aftermath of the crisis but also the regime's response to outside aid and the effect of its current policies on the country's economic future. Their study begins by considering the root causes of the famine, weighing the effects of the decline in the availability of food against its poor distribution. Then it takes a close look at the aid effort, addressing the difficulty of monitoring assistance within the country, and concludes with an analysis of current economic reforms and strategies of engagement.
North Korea's famine exemplified the depredations that can arise from tyrannical rule and the dilemmas such regimes pose for the humanitarian community, as well as the obstacles inherent in achieving economic and political reform. To reveal the state's culpability in this tragic event is a vital project of historical recovery, one that is especially critical in light of our current engagement with the "North Korean question."
Columbia University Press
A rigorous study.
This book belongs on the list of required reading.
This is a haunting, exasperating, sobering look at an ongoing tragedy.
The quality of analysis and prose is consistently high throughout.
Famine in North Korea: Markets, Aid, and Reform offers a systematic bird's eye view of the fundamental causes and consequences of North Korea's famine.
Famine in North Korea is as good as the best of its genre.
[An] essential book.
This book will be of interest to those in the Korean studies field as well as among humanitarian and public policy circles
— Anna Fifield
— Claudia Rosett
— Terry Hong
— Brian Myers
A comprehensive and penetrating account.
A readable, well-researched, and insightful analysis... Highly recommended.
— Chung Min Lee
Backed by data treated with appropriate caution, Haggard and Noland cogently present the sad North Korean story... [An] impressive work.
— Raghav Gaiha
— Stephen Devereux
— Suzy Kim
A readable, well-researched, and insightful analysis... Highly recommended.
This is a book that must be read by people interested in the economics of poverty and hunger, or in the politics of authoritarianism, or in the role-and the difficulties-of international assistance in the miserable world in which we live. It is an admirable contribution on a truly important subject. -- From the foreword by Amartya Sen, winner of the Nobel Prize in economics


text:
SullCrom Sees Litigation Boom Despite Waning Credit Crisis
Your Deposition: What to Expect
Proposed FRCP Changes: Effect on eDiscovery, RIM & IG (CLE)
A Moment of Simple Justice - Stop Talking
The Burden of Proof -- What must plaintiffs prove to win their case?
How This Investment Firm Hopes to Revolutionize Litigation in America
Karl Rove's Efforts to "Buy" Courts Harmed America, Says Legendary Attorney
Winston & Strawn's Kessler Sees Change and Opportunity in College Athletics
Decision Time: Patton Boggs Partners Mull Merger With Squire Sanders
Polsinelli Podcasts - Jury or Bench Trial? A Business Litigation Survival Guide
Polsinelli Podcast - Business Litigation Survival Guide
A More Perfect Union: Why Punish Russia for Crimea?
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 45, Interview with Justice Ken Wise
End Game in the Fight Over Same Sex Marriage?
Bill on Bankruptcy: Delaware Garners Almost All Big Chapter 11s
Bill on Bankruptcy: Listening in the Dark at the NCBJ
International Patent Laws – Interview with Julian Crump, Managing Member, Mintz Levin's London, UK Office
Two-Pronged Approach to Defending Lawsuits – Interview with Dominic Picca, Member, Mintz Levin
Patent Mediation – Interview with John Delehanty, Member, Mintz Levin
What to Do When the Government Comes Calling – Interview with Peter Chavkin, Member, Mintz Levin
The long-running battle, started in 2003, between Belgian rough diamond dealer Spira and diamond producer De Beers came to an end recently. Spira had sought to convince the Belgian Competition Authority (BCA) to intervene...more
On December 8, 2014, Oregon Senator Ron Wyden testified on behalf of some U.S. solar cell manufacturers at a public hearing of the U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC). The USITC scheduled the hearing as part of its...more
In a widely awaited opinion, the Seventh U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Chicago has issued an opinion which affects the scope of government enforcement actions and which purchasers may pursue private civil treble damage...more
Today, the EU considers that those affected by competition law infringement in some Member States are not able to effectively exercise their right to compensation. New EU legislation seeks to address obstacles to successful...more
On November 26, 2014, the Seventh Circuit (Posner, J.) issued its order upon rehearing of Motorola Mobility LLC v. AU Optronics Corp. (Case No. 14-8003). Motorola still effectively lost the appeal, but the Court's more...more
On the day before Thanksgiving—less than two weeks after oral argument—the Seventh Circuit issued its ruling on Motorola's interlocutory appeal in Motorola Mobility LLC v. AU Optronics Corp., affirming dismissal of the vast...more
The Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act, 15 U.S.C. § 6a (FTAIA), enacted in 1982, has provided ambiguous direction to courts and practitioners regarding the applicability of U.S. antitrust laws to conduct occurring...more
The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that Motorola cannot recover overcharges to its non-U.S. subsidiaries that purchased price-fixed LCD panels abroad, even though finished cellphones incorporating those panels were...more
On February 5, 2015 the en banc Federal Circuit will hear oral argument in the matter of Suprema, Inc. v. ITC., Case No. 2012-1170 (Fed. Cir.). This rehearing reviews the controversial Federal Circuit opinion holding that "an...more
Sitting at my desk in Washington, DC, I imagine myself being a business executive in Europe or Asia, trying to make sense of news reports that I regularly hear about United States courts and enforcement...more
ITC Trial Lawyers Association Annual Meeting: November 13, 2014 – ITCTLA held its Annual Meeting on November 13, in Commission Main Hearing Room. Highlights of the meeting, included Chairman Broadbent's opening remarks...more
On November 12, 2014, the parties in Motorola Mobility v. AU Optronics reargued their case to a three judge panel of the Seventh Circuit – the same panel that ruled on the case earlier this year. The United States Department...more
Today the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals hears oral argument from the parties and amicus curiae the United States concerning the reach of the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act ("FTAIA"), 15 U.S.C. § 6a, in Motorola...more
EU High Court reduces cartel fine by 30 percent on appeal and stresses need for timely resolution of cases by the General Court.
Summary -
On 12 November 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ)...more
The Council and European Parliament have finally adopted a Directive on rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of competition rules (the "Directive"). EU Member States have two years to...more
On 10 November 2014, the Council of Ministers of the European Union adopted the long-awaited directive on rules governing private antitrust damage actions (Damages Directive or Directive). Although the text still needs to be...more
uPI Semiconductor Corp. v. U.S. International Trade Commission and Richtek Technology Corp. v. U.S. International Trade Commission -
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed in part and reversed in...more
In July, we wrote about two putative class action lawsuits alleging that Panasonic, Samsung, and other electronics manufacturers had formed a cartel to boost prices of certain electronic capacitors. Since then, the cases have...more
What types of intellectual property claims can be brought before the International Trade Commission? -
The U.S. International Trade Commission ("ITC") investigates claims of unfair competition under Section 337 of the...more
On November 13, 2014, the Seventh Circuit will hear oral arguments on a motion for rehearing in Motorola Mobility LLC v. AU Optronics Corp. et al., to consider the reach of the Sherman Act outside of the United States borders...more
Conference on Subpoena Practice in Section 337 Investigations – On October 14, 2014 (2:00 – 4:00 p.m.), a conference was held in the Commission's Main Hearing Room on subpoena practice in Section 337 Investigations. The...more
Case sets precedent for antitrust disputes in China, particularly on how to define the relevant market, and assess market dominance and abusive conduct.
Introduction –
On 16 October 2014, China's highest court...more
Our regular readers know that we have been carefully following the developments in Motorola Mobility LLC v. AU Optronics Corp., currently pending in the Seventh Circuit. The case addresses the reach of the Foreign Trade...more
Recent U.S. Criticism of China's Enforcement of Its Antitrust Laws Against Foreign Companies -
For some time, many in the antitrust community have expressed concerns about how China is enforcing its antitrust laws...more
We have written extensively about the scope of the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvement Acts and the extraterritorial reach of U.S. antitrust laws. Now, the scope of the U.S. antitrust laws has arisen in a different context:...more
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Printable Area
By Jazz Lover on February 26, 2012
Photo by sofie-a-toast
Photo by sofie-a-toast
"I have not tried these yet, but I love cake batter ice cream, so I bet these are as good."
Serving Size: 1 (453 g)
Servings Per Recipe: 1
"One of my friends brought these for a potluck, original recipe found here: http://www.the-girl-who-ate-everything.com/2011/03/cake-batter-truffles.html. They were sooo rich and delicious! Just like cake batter. very intense and sweet treat! Perfect for parties"


text:
I PM'd you the direct link to the game, I don't wanna risk linking it in the thread.
Also, the SFW videos can be found on this channel. https://www.youtube.com/user/AnnaYseult/videos
Last edited by Adoxe; 2014-04-13 at 03:25 AM.
I'm also interested in this!
WoW porn actually exists?... -.o
I'm now speechless.
Everyone is basically correct. The photos are not from World of Warcraft. So that means this has become rather pointless for World of Warcraft > General Discussions.
If you have anything to contribute to a thread topic, please do so. Discussing moderation or calling out specific people is against the rules and makes a post liable for an infraction. Please report problem posts. If anyone is unclear about the rules please read our FAQ. Thanks.
It's a magical world, Hobbes, ol' buddy...let's go exploring!


text:
Lemme guess, you're SDA or JW?
I am an SDA.
Our viewpoint is it is another title that Christ had. In Bible times, they took names and titles very seriously back.
And Christ had a pre-existing form, which means He also had a pre-existing name.
My arguement is that Michael is His name from eternity.
It's not simply the name of an angel, for not even Lucifer could fit the profile of One who is like God and there is no more important messanger than God himself.


text:
Even teachers are cottoning onto these problems now - http://www.tes.co.uk/section/staffro.../&threadPage=1
I would like some input from anyone who has experienced open plan class room teaching. We are having a new school built and the BSF(building schools for futures) is saying that if we want 4 ICT rooms then 3 of them will have to be open plan. This means 120 kids and 3 teachers in a room with 120 computers. There will be no division at all.
I would like to know what the implications would be and also what the negative aspects of such a layout would be?
I have thought of a few problems. I am opposed to the idea of having an open plan room. I suppose I should also ask for all of the positive points of view although I can't really see that there are any.
Thanks in advance for taking the time to read and respond.
It is very easy to have 'extras' that bolt onto the side, the roof and so on to give it a better look and feel, and rooms can be shaped internally to still be interesting and functional.
They manage it in Sweden, US and Australia when throwing up large numbers of buildings, but every school wants something 'special'.
I think a reality check of function vs form maybe needed by some LAs and Heads, but most Heads of academies I have spoken with have admitted they would have preferred something that was cheaper to put up, more functional and with th flexibilty of change at a later date. At least they do get these Heads together now to talk about it ... and share experiences ... and it does get fed back via SSAT and other groups.
during consultation with staff they asked if we wanted resource areas in subject areas instead of just in 1 central area..... staff said Yes good idea if they could have it in addition to a Learning Resource Centre (aka Library) but guess what the Head + Architects interrupted that as.
"staff dont want a central LRC"
So now we are also fighting "BB98" (which was done before work force reform!! great idea to follow that then!!!) work space outside of classrooms is seriously lacking for support staff.
oh the joy!
Last edited by gaz350; 6th February 2008 at 11:44 AM.
My my local primary schools were rebuilt and a new secondary built under a PFI scheme and they all got identical bunker/warehouse designs. Can't say they are heidious but my old primary went from a lovely 1930s school with lots of open areas and huge field to the current boxes. Design was archeitect driven so very impractical in places, implementation was commercial so no clue about school needs. Promises were dumped and threats made that if schools didn't tow the line the company would pull out and leave them with nothing. Staff are seeing if the school lasts 10 years let alone the contracted 20. I'm sure it woudln't happen either but the expectation is that the last few years will be hell due to nothing being done before hand over.
Not sure if the company accounts could be got but it is almost certain they are coining it.
Not sure how related the PFI and BSF plans are related but if private sector are involved I can't see them being too far off & the same problems occuring
I'll hunt through my mail archives but off the top of my head the key groups of research that stick out are Calgary, Maine, Illinois, Warwick (who worked with Leading Edge schools as well as the ICT Test Bed) and the English Language School at B'ham Uni. Other reports, such as the ICT Test Bed reports frequently mention team teaching being enhance by ICT and team teaching enhancing ICT.
Also remember that some of the lessons that are being learnt are from Academies, and sometimes the new Heads / Principles are not involved at the planning stage ... they have had to pick up a school part way through the process and had to deal with the aftermath (David Young Academy is one that springs to mind!)
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Live updates
New undercroft opens at York Minster
York Minster exhibition
A new exhibition will show off the 2000 year history of one of our region's most famous buildings for the first time.
Finishing touches are being made to a series of a chambers underneath York Minster.
The displays show the archaeological remnants of buildings that used to stand on the site and use the latest technology to show how they have transformed into the famous building that stands there today.
Troops attend thanksgiving at York Minster
Troops who have just returned from Afghanistan have been attending a thanksgiving service at York Minster.
The Archbishop of York, Dr John Sentamu and the Forces Minister Andrew Robathan MP joined hundreds of armed forces personnel who have recently returned home from service.
The 4th Mechanised Brigade lost nine soldiers during their six month tour of Helmand Province.
Yorkshire connections of King Richard III
The Yorkshire Branch of the Richard III Society claim, naturally, that Yorkshire was his favourite county of all. And that it was in Yorkshire that he was happiest, where he and his wife, Anne Neville, daughter of Warwick the Kingmaker made their first - and favourite - home, at Middleham Castle .
It was also in Yorkshire that that their only son, Edward was born in 1473, and spent most of his tragically short life. Debate is already underway as to whether the last Yorkist monarch should be brought 'home' - with some calling for the burial place to be York Minster.
The last English King to die in battle - he lived for 12 years in the North of England.Some historians say that although entitled to be buried at Westmister Abbey alongside other Kings and Queens of England, he had announced his intention to be buried at York.
Soldiers and families gather in York Minster
Yorkshire soldiers honoured in homecoming parade
Parade gets underway in York
Crowds turn out for Yorkshire Regiment's homecoming
York Minster service for Yorkshire Regiment soldiers
A service of thanksgiving and homecoming for the 3rd Battalion, The Yorkshire Regiment is taking place at York Minster today.
The regiment, who routinely recruit in Yorkshire, has just come back from a six month tour in Afghanistan where seven of the 3rd Battalion's soldiers were killed whilst on active duty.
Duke of York at parade for Yorkshire soldiers
The Duke of York will be at York Minster today to take part in a series of events to celebrate the return of soldiers from The Yorkshire Regiment from Afghanistan.
A Thanksgiving Service is being held at the Minster during which the Warminster Military Wives Choir will be singing.
Ten soldiers from The Yorkshire Regiment were killed on operation during the regiment's six month tour in Helmand Province in Afghanistan.
Five hundred soldiers of the 3rd Battalion, The Yorkshire Regiment will also parade through the streets of York before being inspected by the Lord Mayor of York, Ccounillor Keith Hyman and the Colonel of The Yorkshire Regiment, Major General Graham Binns.


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my daughter thinks this is cool…
A YouTube video of Reich's seminal Clapping Music accomplished via juggling (Thanks to MySpace friend James Combs for pointing me to it). Imagine what they could do with 4'33" orDrumming?
Posted: February 8th, 2007 under Contemporary Classical.
Comments: 2
Comment from Matt
Time: February 8, 2007, 11:33 am
HERE is what percussionist David Cossin did with Piano Phase. He and Steve Reich call it 'Video Phase'.
Comment from Tom DePlonty
Time: February 8, 2007, 7:58 pm
That was delightful, David. Thanks for posting it.


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And view the irony of that....
Submitted by Spirit of '76 on Wed, 09/05/2012 - 11:22. Permalink
...certain RP supporters wanting to do EXACTLY what John Beener and Rience Priebus did to Ron Paul.
But it's ok if it's your guy, right?
The hypocracy amongst so-called libertarians (not everyone obviously) is sickening, moreso because they claim to know better, and yet they do it anyway.
Oh, but I'm "cynical" for pointing this out. (eyeroll)
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