text:
Live updates
How to boost voter numbers in the Midlands ahead of the General Election?
One of the biggest issues to be resolved before the General Election is voter turnout. In the UK 16 million of us don't bother to vote - seven million aren't even registered. Graham Allen - the Nottingham North MP - is now leading a consultation on how to shake up the system.
Could we vote online or on a smartphone? Should 16-year-olds be included?
Hannah Stokes reports for ITV Central's political programme - The Lobby.
- ITV Report
More than 100 mobile phones found in Birmingham prison
133 mobile phones and sim cards were found inside Birmingham Prison in the last year, according to new figures released by the government.Read the full story ›
Northants MP suggests Conservatives and UKIP should work together
Time for the Tories and UKIP to work together?
Peter Bone, the MP for Wellingborough and Rushden, has tweeted that it could be time for UKIP and the Conservatives to work together.
It follows a second Westminster seat for UKIP in yesterday's by-election in Rochester and Strood.
Mr Bone has denied that he is considering defecting to UKIP.
Ladbrokes have David Cameron at 500-1 to be the next MP to defect to UKIP. That is a better bet than the 6-1 on me to defect!
Odds on UKIP success in Midlands slashed after by-election result
After UKIP claimed its second seat in the House of Commons overnight, the party is looking more likely to claim success in the Midlands next year. Current odds are:
- Boston and Skegness 4/7
- Cannock Chase 11/4
- Dudley North 4/1
- Newcastle-under-Lyne 11/2
- Stoke-on-Trent South 12/1
- Source: oddschecker.com
Mitchell admits to 'bad language', but denies 'pleb' insult
Former government chief whip Andrew Mitchell has admitted to occasionally using "bad language" in conversation, but denied having used the word "pleb".
The MP told the High Court today he could be "impatient" when he felt he was being hampered from going about his business.
I even admit that I can be - or at least that I can appear to be - rude on these occasions.
To the best of my recollection, I have never called anybody a 'pleb', however, let alone a policeman.
Since the incident I have thought long and hard about this and cannot recall a single instance when I have called anybody a 'pleb'. It just isn't a word I use.
The Sun claims 'plebgate' story was 'substantially true'
The legal team arguing on behalf of The Sun newspaper has claimed an article published accusing former government chief whip Andrew Mitchell of a foul-mouthed rant at the gates of Downing Street was 'substantially true'.
News Group Newspapers (NGN) is relying on an account given by PC Toby Rowland, who said that Mr Mitchell had demanded and been denied the right to leave via the main gates.
He then lost his temper, PC Rowland claims, saying: "Best you learn your f**king place - you don't run this f**king government - you're f**king plebs."
The Sutton Coldfield MP stood down as whip a month after the reports. He denies "demanding" to use the gates or using those words – though admits muttering under his breath: "I thought you guys were supposed to f**king help us". He has apologised for swearing.
Court told police 'lies' ruined 'outstanding' minister's career
The barrister representing former government chief whip Andrew Mitchell has told the High Court that police officers' "lies" destroyed the "outstanding" minister's 27-year political career.
ITV News political correspondent Libby Wiener is at the hearing:
Mitchell QC says words attributed to MP were 'ghastly caricature of an attitude of mind which has been out of date for years'
Andrew Mitchell 'not a snob', his counsel argues at High Court. Says was an 'outstanding' Minister.
Mitchell QC: 'lies brought Mr Mitchell down, destroying a political career of 27 years'
Plebgate police's 'web of lies' outlined at High Court
Police officers were today accused of spinning a "web of lies, deceit and indiscipline" which led to the resignation of former government minister Andrew Mitchell over the so-called 'plebgate' scandal.
Representing Mr Mitchell at the High Court, James Price QC today opened the Sutton Coldfield MP's libel action against News Group Newspapers (NGN) over the story.
The court heard Mr Mitchell, the former chief whip, and his family were subjected to an "unpleasant and vitriolic" press campaign as a result of the allegations, which were leaked to The Sun by officers in September 2012.
Mr Mitchell claims the piece portrayed him as guilt of launching a grossly offensive and arrogant attack at Downing Street police officers two days earlier, branding them "f**king plebs" and"morons".
VIDEO: Ed Miliband spells out Labour Party policies in Coventry
Labour leader Ed Miliband spoke about tackling low pay, zero-hours contracts and industrial policy in Coventry today.
He said: "we've got to make this recovery work for everyday people and that's what a Labour government will do". Watch what Ed Miliband had to say:


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International News Archive - May 18, 2006
KABUL (Reuters) - Taliban insurgents attacked a town in the southern Afghan province of Helmand and 13 policemen and 40 Taliban were killed in nine hours of fighting, the province's deputy governor said on Thursday.
By Gopal Sharma KATHMANDU (Reuters) - Nepal's parliament was set to pass a special resolution on Thursday that aims to curtail the king's powers and wrest control of the army from the monarch.
SHANGHAI (Reuters) - A typhoon slammed into south China on Thursday killing eight people and forcing the evacuation of more than 900,000, Xinhua news agency said, while Vietnam was searching for 99 fishermen missing at sea.
CAIRO (Reuters) - Egyptian riot police closed down parts of central Cairo on Thursday as a precaution against demonstrations in solidarity with two judges facing disciplinary action for talking about election abuses.
BEIJING (Reuters) - The multi-millionaire head of a Chinese private tuition firm has been sentenced to death for paying gangs to attack competitors in a bid to win their business, a newspaper said on Thursday.
By Opheera McDoom KHARTOUM (Reuters) - Sudan has tightened restrictions on foreign press traveling to Darfur and has not issued any travel permits to its violent western region since a peace deal was signed earlier this month.
TOKYO (Reuters) - Despite a recent surge in violence, the government of Sri Lanka remains committed to talks with Tamil rebels, Foreign Minister Mangala Samaraweera said on Thursday.
By Tom Heneghan PARIS (Reuters) - A senior French arms industry executive has admitted writing an anonymous letter at the heart of a dirty tricks scandal shaking the government, but denied it was to help Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin smear a rival.
JERUSALEM (Reuters) - Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas will meet Israeli Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni at a Middle East economic conference in Egypt on Sunday, a Palestinian official said on Thursday.
By Tom Perry and Yara Bayoumy CAIRO (Reuters) - Plainclothes security men beat, kicked and clubbed protesters demonstrating in support of Egyptian judges and judicial independence in Cairo on Thursday.
- Sleep; the state or condition of being asleep.
- The state or condition of numbness of a part due to pressure on a nerve: as, the obdormition of a limb.

subset: commoncrawl


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A Frozen Food Guide
Nutritionist Janis Jibrin, author of The Supermarket Diet, answers your health and dieting questions.
By Janis Jibrin, M.S., R.D.
Special Offers
Frozen foods can save you time and money without sacrificing your health. But to get the most nutrition from a packaged meal, you have to know how to choose the right one.
With these guidelines from The Supermarket Diet, you'll wheel your way through the frozen aisles with confidence.
Guidelines for Frozen Food
|Frozen Food
|The Nutrition Facts Label
|Serving size: 1/2 cup (cooked)
Calories: 25
Sodium: no more than 30 mg
|Avoid the cheese sauce packets -- most have too much saturated fat and too many calories.
|Serving size: 2/3 to 1 cup
Calories: 50
Sugar: 9 grams or less
|Avoid varieties that are packed in syrup. The ingredients list should include only the fruit you're buying.
|Fish Fillet or Fish Burger
|Fish Fillet
Serving size: 3.8 ounces (108 g)
Calories: about 110
Fat: about 3 g
Saturated fat: about 1/2 g
Protein: about 17 g
Fish Burger
Serving size: 3.2 ounces (91 g)
Calories: about 100
Fat: about 3 g
Saturated fat: zero to 1 g
Protein: about 17 g
|To find the freshest-tasting product:
|Chicken and Turkey Burgers
|Serving size: 4 ounces (113 g)
Calories: 160 to 170
Fat: 8 g or less
Saturated fat: 2 1/2 g or less
Protein: 21 g or more
|Read cooking instructions carefully. Some versions are precooked; some are raw.
|Veggie Burgers
|Serving size: 2 1/2 ounces (70 g)
Calories: 110 to 120
Protein: 12 g or more
Sodium: less than 400 mg
|Look for soy as the first or second ingredient.
|Calories: 300 to 400
Saturated fat: 5 g or less
Fiber: 5 g or more
Protein: 14 g or more
Sodium: 600 mg
Carbohydrates: about 45 g
|Look for a balanced meal that has:
|Calories: 450 to 470
Saturated fat: 7 g or less per 450 calorie serving
Sodium: compare labels the lower the better
Carbohydrates: about 70 g
|Don't pick varieties with extra cheese or with pepperoni, beef or sausage toppings.
For more aisle-by-aisle shopping advice, see Chapter 7 of The Supermarket Diet.
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An integration of a micromachined actuator and a signal transmission structure includes a thermal actuator on a side of a displaceable signal line opposite to a fixed signal line. The actuator includes first and second legs. The first leg has a cross-sectional area greater than the second leg, providing a differential in electrical resistance. As current is channeled through the legs, the second leg will elongate more and will deflect both of the legs. The deflection is in a direction to press the displaceable signal line into signal communication with the fixed signal line. Optionally, a thermally operated reset actuator can be positioned to provide a mechanical return of the displaceable signal line. In a preferred embodiment, a microwave transmission environment is provided.
1. An integration of a micromachined device and a signal transmission scheme comprising:
a substrate;
first line means formed on said substrate for conducting an electrical signal;
second line means formed on said substrate for conducting an electrical signal, said second line means having an input/output site having a coupled position for signal communication with said first line means and having a decoupled position in which said first and second line means are isolated with respect to signal communication therebetween; and
thermally actuated means, formed on said substrate, for selectively switching said input/output site from one of said coupled and decoupled positions to the other of said coupled and decoupled positions, said thermally actuated means having electrically conductive first and second legs that are sufficiently different with respect to cross-sectional dimensions to effect said switching in response to a differential of thermal expansions of said first and second legs upon the conduction of electrical current therethrough.
2. The integration of claim 1 wherein said substrate and said first and second line means are structured to achieve a microwave transmission environment.
3. The integration of claim 1 wherein said first and second legs are spaced apart from said second line means by a dielectric material to inhibit electrical communication between said second line means and said first and second legs.
4. The integration of claim 1 wherein said first and second legs have a relaxed condition in the absence of said conduction of electrical current, said first and second legs being spaced apart and being generally parallel when in said relaxed condition.
5. The integration of claim 1 wherein said first and second legs are connected at free ends by a bridge at first ends of said first and second legs.
6. The integration of claim 1 wherein said difference with respect to cross-sectional dimensions is one in which said first leg has a height from said substrate that is greater than the height of said second leg.
7. The integration of claim 1 wherein said thermally actuated means is positioned on a surface of said substrate such that deformations of said first and second legs upon said conduction of electrical current are in a direction generally parallel to said surface.
8. The integration of claim 1 wherein said difference in cross-sectional dimensions of said first and second legs is one in which electrical resistance through said first leg is less than electrical resistance through said second leg, wherein the difference in electrical resistance causes said second leg to increase in temperature to a greater extent than said first leg when an equal electrical current is conducted through said first and second legs.
9. The integration of claim 1 wherein said substrate has a trench below said second leg to reduce thermal energy flow from said second leg to said substrate.
10. The integration of claim 1 further comprising a second thermally actuated means having third and fourth legs positioned for selectively displacing said second line means toward said first and second legs in response to current flow through said third and fourth legs, thereby providing a mechanical reset.
11. An integration of a micromachined actuator and a signal transmission structure comprising:
a semiconductor substrate having a first surface;
a first signal line on said first surface;
a displaceable second signal line adjacent to said first signal line on said first surface; and
flexible first and second legs electrically and mechanically connected at free ends to form an electrical path for conducting a switching signal through said first and second legs, said first and second legs being on a side of said second signal line opposite to said first signal line, said first and second legs being geometrically incongruent such that the electrical resistance of said first leg is different than the electrical resistance of said second leg, wherein differences in localized heating in response to conducting said switching signal through said first and second legs cause leg deformation in a direction to press said second signal line toward said first signal line.
12. The integration of claim 11 further comprising geometrically incongruent third and fourth legs disposed on said first surface to press said second signal line away from said first signal line in response to conduction of electrical current through said third and fourth legs, said third and fourth legs being fixed to said first surface at first ends and having second ends displaceable with respect to said first surface, said second ends being fixed together.
13. The integration of claim 11 wherein said second signal line contacts a source of ground potential in the absence of conduction of said switching signal through said first and second legs.
14. The integration of claim 11 wherein said first leg has a height greater than that of said second leg.
15. The integration of claim 11 further comprising a trench formed in said substrate under at least one of said first and second legs.
16. The integration of claim 11 further comprising structure on said first surface to form a microwave transmission environment for said first and second signal lines.
17. A method of forming an integration of a micromachined actuator and a signal transmission structure comprising:
providing a substrate;
forming a fixed signal line and a switchable signal line on said substrate, including positioning said switchable signal line to allow movement between a coupled position in signal communication with said fixed signal line and a decoupled position in which said fixed and switchable signal lines are electrically isolated; and
forming a thermally actuated switch on said substrate, including forming geometrically incongruent first and second legs such that said legs are each fixed at first ends and electrically connected at free second ends;
wherein forming said first and second legs includes selecting dimensions such that conducting current through said first and second legs causes deformation in a direction to displace said switchable signal line from one of said coupled and decoupled positions to the other of said coupled and decoupled positions.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein forming said first and second legs includes forming a mold for plating at least one metal layer.
The present invention relates generally to mechanical switches and more particularly to devices for switching of electrical signals.
Conventionally, electrical switching is utilized to enable and disable a signal path along an integrated circuit chip. For example, diode switches may be employed for electrically triggering signal communication along a signal path on a semiconductor substrate.
As an alternative to semiconductor electronic components, mechanical switches are available even at a miniature level. U.S. Pat. No. 5,047,740 to Alman describes a miniature switch for controlling microwave signal transmission. A spring-loaded mechanism is controlled by a magnetic solenoid to connect a first microwave signal line to either a second or a third microwave signal line. Solenoid activation pivots an armature which determines the positioning of jumpers relative to the microwave signal lines.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,121,089 to Larson describes a micromachined rotary switch that is electrostatically actuated. The rotary switch is fabricated on an integrated circuit wafer using integrated circuit fabrication processing. Microwave transmission lines are positioned to contact a rotating blade of the switch when the rotating blade is properly aligned. Rotation of the blade is controlled by electrostatic fields created by control pads and other switch elements formed on a substrate that also contains the microwave transmission lines.
In a paper entitled "Thermo-Magnetic Metal Flexure Actuators," 0-7803-0456-X/92, 1992 IEEE, Guckel et al. of the University of Wisconsin described an actuator that utilizes one or both of thermal effects and magnetic forces to cause deflection of beams when an electrical current is applied. While this structure functions well in certain applications, there are difficulties. For example, if the Guckel et al. actuator were to be used as a switch to conduct a signal from the beams to a structure that contacts the beams following deflection, signal transmission would be susceptible to feed-through of the actuator-deflection current into the signal transmission. Another difficulty involves inconsistent and even conflicting design requirements for different components of a transmission scheme. A signal line design requires the selection of materials and dimensions to yield a suitable impedance and to minimize signal loss. On the other hand, the actuator of Guckel et al. is designed to achieve a desired deflection in a reliable and efficient manner.
The previously identified patent to Alman lists a number of concerns in the design of a micromachined switch. The switch must be non-particulating and must be adjustable to compensate for changes in the forces which initiate the switching, e.g. magnetic forces. Also, the switch must be reliable over many switching cycles.
What is needed is an integration of a signal transmission scheme and a switching mechanism, wherein compromises between fabrication of the transmission scheme and fabrication and operation of the switching mechanism are minimized.
The present invention provides an integration of a micromachined actuator and a signal transmission structure that achieves an isolation of operations, so that the transmission structure and the switching structure can each be designed and fabricated to optimize properties specific to the structure. This is particularly important in microwave applications, since microwave transmission requires a suitable environment.
The integration is preferably fabricated on a semiconductor substrate. Standard photolithographic techniques may be employed. The signal transmission structure includes a first signal line that is fixed in place on a surface of the substrate. A second signal line is displaceable with respect to the first signal line. The second signal line may be stationary other than at an end that is adjacent to the first signal line. The displaceable end could then act as an input/output site having a coupled position for signal communication with the first signal line and having a decoupled position in which the first and second signal lines are isolated. In a microwave switching application, the signal lines are fabricated to minimize signal loss and to achieve a desired impedance, e.g., 50 ohms.
A micromachined actuator that is thermally actuated is formed on the substrate surface to selectively switch the second signal line between the coupled and decoupled positions. In a preferred embodiment, the micromachined actuator is on a side of the second signal line opposite to the first signal line. The actuator includes first and second legs having different cross-sectional areas. The actuator is activated by conducting current through the first and second legs. The legs are sufficiently different with respect to cross-sectional dimensions to ensure that the electrical resistance of the first leg is significantly less than that of the second. The conduction of current through the legs causes the micromachined actuator to deflect as the second leg rises in temperature and thermally expands more than the first leg. In a simplest configuration, the legs are parallel to the substrate surface and to each other and are joined together at ends by a conductive bridge. The second leg will undergo a greater increase in temperature for a given electrical current than will the first leg, causing the second leg to expand a greater degree than the first leg. The second leg acts as a working member to deflect the device in the direction of the second signal line to couple the two lines. Disabling current flow through the two legs allows the device to cool and to return to a relaxed position. The second signal line also has a relaxed condition in which the lines are decoupled.
In an alternative embodiment, the relaxed condition of the second signal line is one in which the two lines are in electrical communication. That is, the lines may be formed to be normally closed, rather than normally open. In this embodiment, the thermally actuated micromachined actuator is positioned on the substrate to deflect in a manner to separate the second signal line from the first signal line.
In another embodiment, the integration includes a second micromachined actuator with third and fourth legs having different cross-sectional areas. The two actuators may be placed on opposite sides of the second signal line, with one device operating as a reset mechanism to provide a positive break to return the second signal line to the relaxed position. The use of a reset mechanism prevents the signal lines from cold welding closed, as sometimes happens with microminiature structures. Ideally, the second signal line is brought into contact with a grounded line when not in contact with a first signal line, thereby achieving an increase in signal isolation.
A dielectric material may be deposited on the side of the legs of the thermally actuated switch or on the side of the second signal line to prevent feed-through of the actuating signal of the switch to the signal lines.
An advantage of the present invention is that the signal transmission structure may be optimized for microwave applications, while the switching structure may be concurrently designed and fabricated to achieve desired mechanical characteristics. The second signal line may be made of electroplated gold over polyimide, undercut at the end to allow the end to move into contact with the stationary, first signal line. These materials have sufficiently low Young's moduli to allow the displacement, and the materials permit 50 ohm terminations for microwave applications. The actuator should be made of a material having high Young's modulus. For example, the actuator may be made of nickel to ensure proper operation with a gold/polyimide displaceable second signal line. Nickel provides the desired relationship of Young's moduli and is compatible with known micromachining techniques. However, none of these materials is critical.
By using micromachining techniques to fabricate the switches, switch matrices may be fabricated at a low cost and with a high degree of integration with circuitry for transmitting and processing electrical signals. The switches are integratable with standard processing for such circuitry.
FIG. 1 is a top view of a semiconductor substrate having an integration of a signal transmission structure and a micromachined actuator in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the semiconductor wafer of FIG. 1 taken along lines 2--2.
FIG. 3 is a top view of a second embodiment of an integration of a signal transmission structure and a micromachined actuator in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a top view of a third embodiment of an integration of a signal transmission structure and a micromachined actuator.
FIGS. 5-9 are side sectional views of steps of one process for fabricating a micromachined actuator in accordance with the present invention.
With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, a semiconductor wafer 10 is shown as supporting a stationary transmission line 12. In a preferred embodiment, a microwave transmission environment is created for low signal loss in conducting microwave signals along the semiconductor substrate 10. For example, ground traces may be added to establish a coplanar structure having a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms. The choice of materials and the width of the stationary transmission line 12 is also important in establishing the desired embodiment, as well understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art.
A micromachined actuator 14 includes a first leg 16 and a second leg 18. Typically, micromachined actuators are fabricated on silicon substrates, since silicon provides excellent mechanical characteristics. However, a gallium arsenide substrate may be preferred for microwave applications. The use of a gallium arsenide substrate requires no unusual etchants or fabrication procedures, since the semiconductor substrate of the present invention need not be shaped in any special manner. Other substrates may be used. For example, alumina substrates are often employed in monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) devices. The selection of a substrate material is independent of the switching approach of the present invention.
While the substrate 10 is shown as having a trench 20 below the second leg 18, the trench is not critical. That is, substrate 10 may remain generally planar. Signal transmission and switch actuation current can be carried on in surface layers of plated and spun-on materials, and sacrificial and masking layers may be made of plasma-deposited and spun-on materials. The use of a semi-insulating germanium arsenide substrate also allows integration of the micromachined actuator 14 with other components, such as field effect transistors. However, the gallium arsenide substitutes are more fragile than silicon substrates and may increase the fabrication costs.
A second transmission line 24 is undercut at an end extending beyond line 26 in FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 2, the undercutting extends under the second transmission line so as to space the second transmission line from the substrate. As will be explained below, fabrication of the structure of FIG. 2 includes detaching the first leg 16 from the substrate to allow free movement of the first leg relative to the substrate.
Both the stationary transmission line 12 and the displaceable transmission line 24 are made of electroplated gold atop a dielectric layer 28. The dielectric layer 28 is preferably polyimide, but the use of polyimide presents a problem. Typically, KOH is used as the etchant for forming the trench 20 in the semiconductor wafer 10. However, KOH etches polyimide. One solution is to form the second transmission line to be self-supporting, so that the polyimide can be removed during the trenching of the wafer. Another solution is to substitute a dielectric material that maintains the desired Young's moduli relationship, but that is not removed during the KOH etching steps. A laminated dry film resist may be an acceptable substitute. Likewise, the etchant can be substituted. Yet another solution is merely to eliminate the steps which form trenches, so that the legs 16 and 18 and the polyimide layer 28 slide above the untrenched surface of the wafer. However, greater separations between the legs and the substrate are desired because the separations provide thermal isolation. For example, the trench 20 thermally isolates the second leg 18 from the substrate 10 to increase the efficiency of the micromachined actuator 14. Other materials may be utilized, but the materials and the dimensions of the transmission lines must be designed to achieve the desired transmission environment. An important consideration is that the structure of the second transmission line must be such that the micromachined actuator 14 is able to readily displace the transmission line. Thus, the Young's moduli of the materials is an important consideration.
The transmission lines 12 and 24 are schematically shown as being shaped at the connecting ends. The indicated tapering provides a more signal-transparent connection at microwave frequencies. That is, discontinuity is decreased, so that signal reflection is reduced.
Each of the legs 16 and 18 of the micromachined actuator 14 is formed of electroplated nickel. As shown in FIG. 2, the geometries of at least portions of the two legs are different. The first leg 16 is significantly greater in height than the second leg 18. Each of the two legs is sandwiched between dielectric strips 30 and 32, but the strips are not critical. Moreover, the shape of the dielectric material can be different than the embodiment shown in FIG. 2. For example, the dielectric may coat the top surface of the actuator. What is important to optimal operation of the switching arrangement is the inclusion of some structure to prevent transmission of the actuation signal from a leg to the transmission lines. In the embodiment of FIG. 2, the strip 32 prevents direct contact between the leg 16 and the transmission line 24.
In a relaxed condition, the legs extend parallel to each other and to the upper surface of the semiconductor substrate 10. Each leg has an input/output pad 34 and 36 at one end. At the opposite end, the legs are connected by a bridge 38. In the preferred embodiment, the bridge is also formed of electroplated nickel.
In operation, a source of an actuation current is connected to the input/output pads 34 and 36 to initiate current flow through the first and second legs 16 and 18. Because at least a portion of the first leg 16 has a greater cross-sectional area than the second leg 18, the first leg has a lower electrical resistance than the second leg. When a current is passed through the first and second legs, the second leg 18 will undergo a greater temperature change than the first leg, creating a differential of thermal expansion.
As the second leg 18 expands to a greater degree than the first 16, the resulting differences in the two lengths (ΔL) will cause the micromachined device 14 to deflect at the bridge 38 end. The deflection will be in a counterclockwise direction to contact the movable end of the second transmission line 24. Further deflection brings the second transmission line into signal communication with the stationary transmission line 12. Optionally, a structure for preventing direct contact between the transmission lines can be incorporated. For example, a mechanical stop may be formed to prevent the transmission lines from touching during actuation. The mechanical stop can be a separate feature on the semiconductor substrate 10 or can be in the form of an insulative bumper built up on one of the two transmission lines. The mechanical stop should be disposed to define a fixed gap between the transmission lines when the micromachined device 14 is fully actuated, wherein the fixed gap inhibits transmission of signals below a given frequency.
For a given ΔL, i.e. the difference in the two lengths of the legs due to a temperature differential, the amount of deflection of the micromachined device 14 is proportional to the original lengths of the legs. Each leg may have a length of 4800 μm. Optionally, the second leg 18 may have a length greater than that of the first leg 16, with the second leg meandering or arcing to direct contact with the first leg.
There is an inverse relationship of the gap between the two legs 16 and 18 and the deflection of the device 14 resulting from the difference in thermal expansions of the legs. An acceptable gap is 120 μm, but this dimension is not critical to operation.
There are a number of constraints in the design of the restoring first leg 16 and the working second leg 18. As previously noted, the necessary temperature differential between the two legs is achieved by forming the working leg 18 to have a cross-sectional area that is less than the cross-sectional area of the restoring leg 16. The difference in cross-sectional dimensions ensures that the electrical resistance of the restoring leg is sufficiently less than that of the working leg. In the above-referenced paper authored by Guckel et al. of the University of Wisconsin, this was met by widening a restoring member relative to a working member. While this approach creates the desired area ratio to achieve a higher temperature in the working member with the conduction of electrical current, the approach has the drawback of rendering the restoring member considerably stiffer than the working member. Consequently, the working member of Guckel et al. was formed such that a "buckling" or Euler force of the member was approached. At least to some extent, the concern that the buckling force would be reached was avoided by reducing the width of the restoring member at some distance from the end of the device.
It has been discovered that a preferred configuration for increasing the flexibility of the restoring first leg 16 is one in which the working second leg 18 is actually wider than the restoring leg. While this is contrary to the goal of forming a working leg having a resistance greater than the resistance of the restoring leg, a favorable ratio of cross-sectional areas can be achieved by providing a greater height of the restoring leg relative to the working leg. That is, it is possible to maximize the flexibility, or compliance, of the restoring leg with respect to the working leg by increasing the width of the working leg, while still providing the desired relative resistances. The electrical resistance of the working leg increases only linearly with increasing width, but the relative stiffness increases cubically. How these constraints dictate the relative dimensions can be best seen by an example. If the desired relative ratio of resistances is 2:1, the restoring leg could have a cross-sectional area that is twice the cross-sectional area of the working leg. If it is desirable that the flexibility of the restoring leg 16 be two times greater than the working leg 18, a solution would be one in which the working leg is twice as wide as the restoring leg, but only 25% as tall as the restoring leg.
As the first leg 16 is deflected by the working second leg 18, the first leg exerts a restoring force that is proportional to each of the amount of deflection, the moment of inertia in the direction of displacement of the first leg 16, and the Young's modulus. As previously noted, the moment of inertia has a HW3 dependence, where H is the height of the first leg and W is the width. In one embodiment, the first leg has a height in the range of 25 μm to 50 μm and the second leg has a height that is approximately 50% of that of the first leg. The width of each leg may be approximately 240 μm. However, persons of ordinary skill in the art will readily understand that these dimensions are not critical and may vary dependent upon the desired application and the above-stated constraints.
As will be explained more fully below, the differential in thermal expansion can also be achieved by having one leg that is wider than the other leg. However, since the moment of inertia provides a HW3 dependence, the restoring force is greater for a micromachined device having legs that are different with respect to cross-sectional area because of a difference in width. Thus, it is preferred that the legs vary in height.
As shown in FIG. 2, a trench 20 is formed below the second leg 18. The trench below the second, or "hotter," leg reduces the amount of thermal energy that escapes into the substrate 10. As described above, the trench is not critical to operation of the invention. At least in embodiments without trenches, a possible concern is that the legs not have a major downward component of force during deflection. One technique to possibly reduce this concern is to introduce a small amount of upward out-of-plane motion into the actuation. This is effected in FIG. 2 by fabricating the legs 16 and 18 to have a mushroom configuration. That is, there is more material at the top of each leg than at the bottom. Consequently, the legs will be cooler at the top than at the bottom. This achieves the desired component of motion in the upward direction.
Referring now to FIG. 3, in addition to the transmission lines 12 and 24 and a micromachined device 39, additional thermally actuated switches 40, 42 and 44 and a third transmission line 46 may be fabricated on the semiconductor substrate 10. The switch 40 is positioned to reset the above-described displaceable transmission line 24. Actuation of the switch 40 provides a positive break in the contact of the two transmission lines 12 and 24. Thus, cold welding, which can be a problem in microminiature switching, is prevented. The reset switch 40 can be smaller than the device 39, since the force required to open the contact is not as great as the force required to move the displaceable transmission line 24 from its relaxed condition. Up to five grams of force may be required to bring the transmission line 24 into reproducible electrical communication with the stationary line 12, while significantly less force is required to break the contact. If the transmission lines are chemically clean gold, the break force may be one-half the contact force, or less.
Alternatively, to reduce the risk of cold welding of one transmission line to another transmission line, the lines may be formed of different conductive materials. In this case, since transmission lines formed of dissimilar materials are less likely to be cold welded together, the potential benefit of a reset switch would be reduced.
The reset switch 40 is shown as having a working leg 48 that is narrower than a section of leg 50 that is adjacent to the transmission line 24. Because the working leg presents an electrical resistance greater than that of the outer portion of the leg 50, the working leg will undergo a greater degree of thermal expansion. As the working leg expands to a greater extent than the wider leg 50, the outer portion of the switch 40 will rotate in a counterclockwise direction to break the contact of the transmission line 24 against the stationary transmission line 12. Optionally, the legs of the switch 40 may be equal in width but different in height, such as described with reference to the micromachined actuator 14 of FIGS. 1 and 2.
The third transmission line 46 can be undercut at an end beyond line 52, in the same manner that the transmission line 24 is undercut beyond line 26. The switches 39 and 44 operate in the same manner as the micromachined switch 40, except that legs 54 and 56 of switch 44 are dimensioned to cause the end of the switch to rotate in a clockwise direction, rather than a counterclockwise direction. Likewise, a reset switch 42 rotates in a clockwise direction to prevent any cold welding of the third transmission line 46 against the stationary transmission line 12.
In FIG. 4, two ground lines 58 and 60 have been added to the semiconductor substrate 10. In this embodiment, reset switch actuators 57 and 59 displace the transmission lines 24 and 46 to contact the ground lines 58 and 60. An inactive transmission line can then be selectively grounded in order to increase signal isolation. Each of the switch actuators 14, 57, 59 and 61 has a pair of legs that are equal in width, but at least portions of the two legs of each actuator are different in thickness to achieve the operation described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2. The ground lines have a length that brings the ground lines into contact with the transmission lines 24 and 46 when in the relaxed condition of FIG. 4.
FIG. 5 illustrates preliminary steps in fabricating a thermally actuated switch on a semiconductor substrate 62. While the processing will be described with reference to a silicon wafer, the wafer may also be a gallium arsenide wafer, with only minor processing changes that are readily understood by persons skilled in the art.
Low-stress silicon nitride layers 64 and 66 are deposited on opposed sides of the substrate 62. A stoichiometric nitride also may be used as the layers 64 and 66. Low pressure chemical vapor deposition may be utilized. An acceptable thickness of the silicon nitride is 800 Å. A low-stress material is preferred in order to minimize lateral undercutting during subsequent etching steps, but a low-stress material is not critical.
Photolithographic techniques are then employed to pattern a photoresistive layer so that a portion of the silicon nitride layer 64 can be etched away to form an opening between sidewalls 68 and 70. For example, a photoresist may be spun onto the unetched layer 64, and then exposed. Conventional developing and etching steps may then be employed to pattern the photoresist and the silicon nitride layer 64. The photoresist is not shown in FIG. 5. A plasma etch at 50 W, 0.025 Torr O2, 0.225 Torr CF4 has been used. The photoresist has been stripped using cold KOH.
A layer 72 of PSG or PECVD oxide is then deposited. An acceptable thickness is 2500 Å. The layer 72 is a sacrificial layer that is selectively removed to expose portions of the substrate 62 for processing steps that may be unrelated to fabrication of the thermally actuated switch actuator or for anchoring the stationary ends of the legs to be fabricated. As previously noted, an important advantage of the present invention is that the switch and the transmission lines can each be fabricated to optimize the different requirements of the structures. In the preferred embodiment, there is an integration of the fabrication steps of forming the transmission lines and the thermally actuated switch, providing planar surfaces for each during fabrication. However, the integration does not significantly inhibit separate optimizations.
Preferably, the sacrificial layer 72 is wet etched in an HF solution that is diluted to 10:1 or in a buffered oxide etch solution at 5:1 dilution. Etching of selected areas is achieved by using a patterned photoresist masking layer, not shown. The resist is then removed. Cold KOH may be used for the resist removal.
A chromium layer 74 and a nickel layer 75 are then deposited on the substrate 62. Conventional sputtering techniques may be utilized. Photolithographic techniques, including exposing and developing a photoresist which is not shown in FIG. 5, are then used to pattern the Ni layer 75. The Ni layer may be etched in 33% HNO3 in H2 O at 35� C. The resist may be stripped in cold KOH. As seen in FIG. 6, first and second Ni islands 76 and 78 are thereby formed to act as a seed layer for forming the legs of a thermally actuated switch. The unpatterned Cr layer 74 functions firstly as an adhesive film in depositing the Ni layer 75 and can subsequently act as an electrical conductor for establishing the desired electrical potential at the two islands 76 and 78 during the electroplating process for forming the actuator legs.
As shown in FIG. 7, a thin layer of PECVD nitride is deposited and patterned to form a cap 80 on the second Ni island 78, so as to prevent nickel from being electroplated on the island. The nitride layer may have a thickness of 5000 Å, but this is not critical. Optionally, a patterned photoresist layer may be used in place of the nitride cap 80.
A thick layer 82 of photoresist, photoimageable polyimide or a dry film resist is then spun or laminated onto the substrate 62 and patterned to cover the substrate other than at regions above the first and second islands 76 and 78. A first electroplating process is utilized to form a portion 84 of a first switch leg on the first island 76.
After nickel has been plated on the first island 76, the thin nitride layer 80 is stripped from the second island 78. Referring to FIG. 8, a second electroplating process is then initiated, again using conventional techniques. The combination of the two electroplating steps provides a structure in which a first leg 86 above the first island 76 has a thickness, or height, that is greater than that of a second leg 88 on the second island 78 by an amount equal to the thickness of the nickel 84 shown in FIG. 7. Following the fabrication of the legs, the photoresistive or dielectric material used in confining the legs is removed. Next, the exposed Cr areas are etched to prevent electrical shorting and to allow access to selective etching of the substrate 62, if desired. KOH etching may be employed to form a trench 90 below the "hot" leg 88, as shown in FIG. 9. However, as noted in describing the second transmission line 28 of FIG. 1, the formation of trenches creates a problem, since the KOH will attack polyimide. Solutions are available, but if polyimide is to be used in forming the transmission lines, the preferred embodiment is one in which trenches are not formed.
While the invention has been described primarily with reference to microwave applications, the use of micromachined thermally actuated switches to selectively displace signal lines can be extended to signal environments other than microwave environments.
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Pittsburgh to Ankara Flights
Pittsburgh and Ankara airports and terminals
Airports in Pittsburgh PA, US
Pittsburgh Int'l Apt. (PIT)
Distance from City Center: 13.8 miles
Airports in Ankara , TR
Esenboga (ESB)
Distance from City Center: 15.8 miles
Cheap flights from Pittsburgh to Ankara
Highlighted price = Cheapest round-trip flights
Prices are round trip per person (conditions apply)
Featured Ankara Airport Hotels
Allstar Esenboga Airport Hotel
Esenboga Havalimani Yolu 16. km Map
Allstar Esenboga Airport Hotel; which came open at the year of 2003 March; has started its way with the conseption of airport hotel management, also it made a rapid progress to became a convention... More
Flights to Ankara
Pittsburgh International Airport
The Pittsburgh International Airport is located just twenty miles west of downtown on Airport Boulevard. Twelve airlines service the airport, including Midwest, Northwest, JetBlue, Delta, Continental and American Airlines. Orbitz.com can locate both domestic and international flights from Pittsburgh for the budget traveler.
Parking at the Airport
Short-term, long-term and extended parking lots are available at the airport. Rates are charged by the hour or by the day. Valet parking is also available for an additional fee. The short-term lot is perfect for people who are dropping off or picking up travelers. Long-term lots are ideal for travelers going on short vacations, and the extended lots are most economical for long business trips. Shuttle services are available to and from the parking lots.
Transportation to the Airport
Getting to the airport can often be a challenge. Orbitz.com can help you select a car rental service if you want to rent a car during your stay. Most hotels offer their guests free shuttle service to and from the airport. Limos are available for rent, and fees are usually charged by the hour. Other transportation options include metered taxi services and the city bus system, which charges a flat rate.
Pittsburgh International Airport Restaurants
Travelers can enjoy a meal or a snack in the airport terminals before they board their plane. Restaurant choices include McDonald's, which offers a variety of breakfast items and coffee, and Mayorga Coffee Roasters, which offers a selection of gourmet coffees and pastries. Orbitz.com can help with dining options while providing low-fare flights from Pittsburgh for people traveling on a budget.
Ankara Esenboga Airport
Orbitz.com searches various airlines for sales and low-cost tickets, making it simple to find cheap flights to Ankara. The Ankara Esenboga Airport is located on Esenboga Havaalani, 17 miles northeast of Ankara, the capital of Turkey. It is the country's fifth busiest airport and serves more than seven million passengers each year. Sixteen airlines service the airport, including Germanwings, Borajet, Iran Air and Turkish Airlines.
Transportation from the Airport
You can take the Havas Shuttle from the airport into Ankara for $10; it departs approximately every 30 minutes. Outside the arrivals floor in the international and domestic terminals, you'll find taxicabs and buses. Public Bus Line 442 goes into Ankara. Cab fare from the airport to the center of the city costs approximately $35. If you'd rather have access to your own vehicle, the airport houses nine rental car companies, including Hertz, Avis and Budget. You can save money by purchasing your flight and rental car together on Orbitz.com.
Climate in Ankara
Ankara has a continental climate with cold, snowy winters and hot, dry summers. During the winter, the low temperatures range from the mid-20s to the low 30s, and the high temperatures range from the high 30s to the low 40s. During the summer months, the low temperatures range from the mid-50s to the low 60s, and the high temperatures range between the high 70s and the mid-80s. Most rainfall occurs in the spring and fall.
Attractions in Ankara
If you are a history buff, visit the Museum of the War of Independence, Ankara Citadel and Hattussas. Other area attractions include the Roman Baths, Genclik Park and the Column of Julian. Orbitz.com does more than find cheap flights to Ankara; you can use the website to plan your itinerary and purchase tickets to local attractions.
More to explore for Pittsburgh to Ankara
Fare, taxes & fees: Fares include all taxes and fees, except baggage fees. Rates shown reflect fares found by other Orbitz users over the past 48 hours. Due to rapidly changing airline prices & seat availability, these fares may no longer be available.
Refunds/changes/cancellations: Itinerary changes, if permitted for the fare, will have a $30 service fee charged by Orbitz. Additional airline charges may apply.
Other conditions: Schedules, fares and rules are subject to change without notice. Seats are limited and may not be available on all flights/dates or in all markets. Lower fares may be available. Fares will not be honored retroactively or in exchange for any wholly/partially unused ticket. Tickets are non-transferable and non-refundable. Fare rules are provided for the selected itinerary before booking.


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Pocket-sized art with more uses than you can wave a Bic at. Birthdays, thanks yous, Valentines or even Wednesdays, there's always an occasion for a stunning card. From promotional weapon to distant friend-contactor, our cards are more versatile than Optimus Prime.
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I like to make things that I think are cool in hopes that maybe you will think they're cool too.
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24th Annual Business Valuation Conference
Wednesday, February 5, 2014
7:30 a.m. – 4:30 p.m.
University of St. Thomas, Minneapolis Campus
Learn more about this conference »
About the Conference
The Annual Business Valuation Conference is a day-long conference offered each year in early February. This conference covers topics of interest to attorneys, accountants, business brokers, business owners, commercial real estate brokers, lenders, investment bankers, appraisers and others who regularly encounter business valuation issues. The conference is held at the University of St. Thomas campus in downtown Minneapolis.
The conference is co-sponsored by:
- University of St. Thomas Opus College of Business
- Minnesota Association of Business Value Professionals (MABVP)
- Twin Cities Chapter of the American Society of Appraisers (ASA)
- National Association of Certified Valuation Analysts (NACVA)


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Search Results for red dot sight accessories
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EOTech CNVD-T2 Clip-On Thermal Imaging Sight with Laser Pointer CQT-001-A12
on to your weapon to compliment the capabilities of a red dot sight or magnified rifle scope ... with riflescopes or red dot sights Able to capture and store photos Package Contents: EOTech CNVD-T2 Clip-On Thermal Device CQT-001-A12 ... take photos. This thermal imaging device includes an integrated laser sight for precision target ... with thermal imaging capabilities, so it makes the perfect accessory if you're doing any precision night-time...
EOTech CNVD-T3 Clip-On Night Vision Thermal Device CT3-001-A3
for use in high magnification rifle scopes and red dot sights, lending high resolution thermal imagery ... with high magnification scopes and red dot sights 4.5 hours of battery life Photo taking capabilities ... accessory that easily clips on and off your weapon for a versatile, all-purpose sight in low...
Showing all 2 results.


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Q. My husband and I do not want to use oral contraceptives to prevent pregnancy, but all of the information available seems to guide me toward medicines. What other resources do I have? Where do I start?
A. Yes, there are other options commonly used to space out pregnancies or to avoid pregnancy, depending on your situation. I don't know your needs, so I will give some background information on why medications are not necessary. And, in the interest of full disclosure, I should explain that I have stopped prescribing medicines for contraception.
When women take hormones for contraception, they are changing their body chemistry when they don't need to. Depending on the drug, many women have issues with weight gain, headaches and other side effects. Women who smoke, especially over age 35, may be at a much higher risk of a cardiovascular event. Those who suffer from migraines with auras may have a much higher risk of stroke. In 2005, the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer classified combined oral contraceptives as a Group 1 carcinogen after a thorough review of the published scientific evidence. In addition, many people do not realize that hormonal contraceptives do not always suppress ovulation; they also work by thinning the lining of the uterus to prevent the implantation of an embryo should conception occur, and therefore can cause a very early abortion.
The option I promote in my medical practice is called Natural Family Planning. It is a scientific method of regulating conception based on daily observation and interpretation of the natural signs of fertility and infertility which occur in a woman's body. Using this knowledge, a couple can identify the days on which conception is possible should they desire to either achieve or to avoid a pregnancy. International studies confirm that, when used to avoid pregnancy, NFP has an effectiveness rate of 98 percent to 99 percent for a couple who has been properly instructed and who follows the method carefully.
Besides equipping a couple either to achieve or to avoid a pregnancy, this knowledge enables a woman to monitor her gynecological health and identify any abnormalities early on. Even women with irregular periods can use NFP with great accuracy.
There is a huge number of resources regarding NFP on the Internet, in books and in Fort Wayne. The most well-known methods that chart and interpret the cervical mucus pattern are the Billings ovulation method and the Creighton Model Fertility Care System. The Couple to Couple League is one method that monitors cervical mucus, basal body temperature and other signs. There is even an iPhone app called NFP Charting.
One more thing: your biological clock is always ticking. A woman's fertility is very high in her 20s, slightly less in her early 30s, then much lower. Many couples in the U.S. are putting off pregnancy until their 30s for various reasons and some of those couples may find it more difficult to conceive when they are ready to start or add onto their family.


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Home / Education News / Datesheets /
BZU BA And BSc Supplementary Exams Date Sheet 2012
By azy on November 4, 2011 3:51 am in Datesheets / 1 comment
BZU BA And BSc Supplementary Exams Date Sheet 2012 is announced by the officials. Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU) Multan is the greatest institution of multiple studies. There are lots of Programs studied in Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU) Multan which is beneficial to get education and also for the betterment of the society. Now Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU) Multan announces the Dates and Schedule of conducting Supplementary Exams 2012. There are two Shifts discussed below in BZU BA And BSc Supplementary Exams Date Sheet 2011 which is a sing of good management of University that takes Supplementary Exams with Effective way.
As the final exams of BA/BSC were taken by the BZU in month if April & June respectively and there is a number of students who apply for the registration under BA/BSc programs this year but everyone could not passed their graduation degree and got a supply in may be one subject or more. So to be called as graduate they firstly have to reappear in the exams and pass all the subject so here is the Supplementary exams date sheet for the year 2012 of BA/BSc.
BZU BA And BSc Supplementary Exams Date Sheet 2012
Click on the image above to see the full view of the date sheet so students this is your second chance to complete your graduation degree do work hard and prepare yourself as the supplementary exams starts from 20th October 2012 and you have just few days for preparing. Forgot all the other activities other than studies for these four to five days and just concentrate on your studies so that you may passed your graduation in this chance so students best of luck for your exam and do well.
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Linville Falls Pet-Friendly Lodgings
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Linville Falls, NC 28641
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- North Carolina
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Fugitive lip biter arrested in California
Nov 6, 2014
Jonathan E. Benedict
Oct 30, 2014
Darrell W. Cook
Oct 2, 2014
Michael Polchies
Sep 25, 2014
Home » News » Crime
UPDATED: Nevada student shoots, kills teacher and self; wounds 2 students
Both of the wounded students from Sparks Middle School were rushed to Renown Regional Medical Center in nearby Reno, where one of them underwent emergency surgery, said Tom Miller, acting Sparks police chief.
"There are four casualties," Washoe County's emergency manager, Aaron Kenneston said. He could not immediately say whether any of the four were fatally wounded or provide information about their identities. He did say students were among those hurt.
The Reno Gazette-Journal reported that two people, including the shooter, had died in the incident in Sparks, a town in northern Nevada just east of Reno.
Two boys wounded in the shooting were hospitalized at Renown Regional Medical Center in critical condition, said Angela Rambo, a spokeswoman for the hospital.A police dispatcher said there was no ongoing threat. The dispatcher could not provide any information about the shooter.
Kenneston said the emergency call reporting the shooting came in at about 7:30 a.m. local time.Terry Bartek, a spokeswoman for the Washoe County School District, which includes Sparks, did not know if classes were already in session when the shooting occurred. Classes at the middle school and a neighboring elementary school were canceled as a precaution, Bartek said.
"Students from the actual school where the incident happened are being moved to another site to be picked up by parents," she said.
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Teacher 'thrilled' at being reinstated
- Whom do you think bears the brunt of the blame for the mayhem this weekend in Keene?
- KSC students
- 37%
- KSC administration
- 2%
- Police
- 6%
- Visitors from out of town
- 18%
- A combination of any/all of the above
- 37%
- Total Votes: 2483


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The CMS said physician payment data from drug and device manufacturers, required under the Physician Payments Sunshine Act, will be submitted in two phases: the first Feb. 18 through March 31 and the second beginning in May. Vendors must submit data on transfers of value that occurred between Aug. 1, 2013, and March 31, 2014, by Aug. 1, and physicians will then have 45 days for review and corrections.
View Full Article in:AAFP News
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& (Ayumi Hamasaki EP)
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2012)
|Single by Ayumi Hamasaki
|from the album Memorial Address
|Theme of A-Nation '03
|July 9, 2003
|JPN CD Single
USA Digital Single [1]
|Avex Trax
|Ayumi Hamasaki (lyrics)
BOUNCEBACK (music)
CREA + DAI (music)
|Max Matsuura
|Ayumi Hamasaki singles chronology
"&" is the 29th single released by Ayumi Hamasaki and her 16th number 1 single. It came out on July 9, 2003. "&" was a triple A-side single and also featured the theme to A-Nation 2003, which Ayu sang. "&" also featured the three songs "Ourselves", "Greatful [sic] Days", "Hanabi: Episode II".
The single debuted at the number one spot for the daily, weekly and monthly Japanese charts and went on to sell almost 600,000 copies. It is her last single to sell over 500,000 copies.
The songs "Hanabi: Episode II" and "Theme of A-Nation '03" were composed by Ayumi under the nickname Crea.
Track listing[edit]
- "Ourselves" – 4:33
- "Greatful days" – 4:39
- "Hanabi: Episode II" – 4:54
- "Theme of A-Nation '03" – 6:15
- "Ourselves" (Instrumental) – 4:33
- "Greatful days" (Instrumental) – 4:39
- "Hanabi: Episode II" (Instrumental) – 4:54
The music video for Ourselves begins with Ayumi leaving her friends and going into her car, when she is in the car she sees a red colored, photo of herself (what is relieved to be the album cover of A Best), then she looks shocked and tries to open the door but it"s locked, then the song begins and she finds herself in a room and masked people come to the car and break it with weapons, after Ayumi is seen chained to the wall with sceniest laughing and testing her, Throughout the video, the masked people wreck ayumi`s life and rebirth, In the end of the video, ayumi is back in the place, where she was from before and looks back and sees 2 masked people. There were also inter cut scenes of Ayumi in a dark gothic witchy persona looking at the camera and moving around.
The music video for Greatful Days features Ayumi sitting on a sofa reading a magazine, also when she reading a crocodile is seen coming but it disappears and a man on motorbike crashing through the wall. There were also other scenes of Ayumi at a party.
The music video for Hanabi" Episode || depicts Ayumi on a grey beach set and In the end sparks start falling behind her.
Chart positions[edit]
|Chart (2003)
|Peak position
|First week
|Sales total
|Chart run
|Oricon Daily Singles Chart
|Oricon Weekly Singles Chart
|Oricon Yearly Singles Chart
- Total Sales : 592,000 (Japan)
- Total Sales : 690,000 (Avex)
- RIAJ certification: 2x Platinum
- ^ "ayumi hamasaki - Download ayumi hamasaki Music on iTunes". Phobos.apple.com. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
External links[edit]
- Information at Avex Network.
- Information at Oricon.
- Full lyrics at MetroLyrics: "Ourselves", "Greatful days", "Hanabi: Episode II", "Theme of A-Nation '03"


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24" Fully Integrated Bottom-Freezer Refrigerator with 3 Glass Shelves, Intelligence Sensor Technology, VarioSpace System and Custom Panel Required: Factory Installed Ice Maker
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24" Built-in Bottom-Freezer Refrigerator with 3 Glass Shelves, 2 Transparent Crisper Drawers, Antibacterial Interior, Reversible Door and Custom Panel Ready
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27" Built-in Bottom Freezer Refrigerator with Spill-Proof Glass Shelves, 2 Temperature Zones, Door Alarm, 2 Freezer Drawers, Star-K Certified and Requires Panels/Handles: With Automatic Ice Maker
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21.8 cu. ft. Counter-Depth French Door Refrigerator with 4 Adjustable SpillClean Glass Shelves, Interior Water Dispenser, Automatic Ice Maker, Humidity-Controlled Crisper and FreshChill Temperature Management System: Requires Custom Panels
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Welcome To GMTruckClub.com!
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Online since 2004, we're the #1 Chevy Truck & SUV user community. If you have any questions about your Chevy or GMC Truck, SUV or Crossover, or just want to connect with other GM owners and enthusiasts around the world, you've found the best place on the internet to do that.
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How much lift will I need to get away with stuffing these tires under my truck?
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"Love the series"
I think the entire Jack Daniels series is great. Good mix of mystery, thriller, and comedy. I don't think I could actually bring myself to read the book because the acting (not reading) of this series by Susie Breck and Dick Hill I think enhance the books tremendously. Their accents are spot on and Dick Hill's characters are hilarious. Good material is important (and Konrath delivers), but jokes delivered badly don't work. But Breck/Hill have impeccable comic timing and I often find myself laughing out loud (thus, I recommend you not listen to this in public, unless you want strange stares from people). If some graphic language and sex descriptions bother you, you might want to pass on this (i.e., not one to play in the car with the kids). I hope the editor whips Konrath to crank out the next in the series.
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They were very professional, on-time, very nice. Did a great job!
These guys did a fantastic job for the 3 days. I was very satisfied with the attitude they had. They were always very pleasant! Kind whenever talking with them. All of them did a really good job setting up, they always offered to push up things, help me when emptying the cupboards. They should get 10+
Great job! They're making what could be a difficult task for me as a homeowner, one that is easy and as enjoyable as it can be – all things considered.
Outstanding job! I was feeling like the house was so dirty, and now it shines! Thank You!
Delightful crew, responsible, hard working and personable!
Serving the state of Colorado since 1992, Professional Restoration provides excellence in property damage repair. Water, Fire, Mold, and everything in-between. Randy Benedict, Certified Restorer and owner of Professional Restoration guarantees that every job is completed with a Certificate of Satisfaction.
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Any Way You Want ItPaperback Brand Brothers
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- Publisher: Kimani Press
- Format: Paperback | 331 pages
- Dimensions: 104mm x 168mm x 23mm | 136g
- Publication date: 13 November 2012
- Publication City/Country: Toronto, Ont.
- Sales rank: 718,706
Product description
Zandra Kennedy owes the success of her elite escort agency to some simple rules. Her girls offer companionship, not sex. And business always comes first. Zandra won't allow any man to rule her life the way her father dominated her mother. But that doesn't mean she's immune to fantasies--especially when it comes to her childhood friend, gorgeous former navy SEAL Remington Brand. For years, Remy has been breaking other women's hearts while guarding a secret. He's in love with Zandra's feisty spirit and the vulnerability she keeps hidden under those lush curves. A Caribbean vacation leads to an erotic encounter that's every bit as mind-blowing as they'd imagined. Remy wants more. But he has another secret, too--a betrayal that could shatter Zandra's career, their lifelong friendship and a passion too explosive to deny....
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Author information
Maureen Smith is the author of over 20 novels and novellas, garnering great critical acclaim with her deft combination of sensual romance and heart-pounding suspense. She has been nominated for four RT Book Reviews Reviewers' Choice Awards and numerous Emma Awards. Maureen lives with her family in Texas where she is hard at work on her next novel.
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Best-Dressed Fashion: Week of November 19, 2011
This Week's Best Dressed
by POPSUGAR Fashion News 6 Reactions 0 Shares Print
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This Week's Best Dressed
>> Ivory, black, and nude reigned queen amongst this week's best looks. See who's wearing which — and where — in the slideshow.
Read More In The Looking GlassBest-dressedNicki MinajChloe MoretzCharlotte CasiraghiFlorence WelchLady GagaAnja RubikCelineCarolyn MurphyValentinoOscar De La RentaChanelGwyneth Paltrow
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- Sophia Amoruso outlines the basics of being a boss — Who What Wear
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Promotion Terms & Conditions
- There is a limit of one coupon per order.
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The Cooperative of Artists welcomes you to our site.
Curious Art is one of the many contemporary Art Galleries along the north coast. It is an integral part of the Kingscliff Arts scene, located opposite the Tweed River at Chinderah, NSW.
The Artist's Cooperative Gallery features a uniquely curious quality of original, fresh, and affordable art. Influences from various art movements are evident in the exhibiting artists work.
The Cooperative currently represents Artists from Kingscliff, Brisbane, Murwillumbah, Bilambil and the Gold Coast.
Enjoy a free expresso coffee with any purchase. Views across the Tweed River to Mt. Warning
Photography Studio
Session2 Definitive Photography class now concluded
Photography Workshops
Run by Tracy Jay and Michael Bryant
Bookings :
Tracy 041234 SNAP
Michael 0488 073756
Main Art Gallery
All hours are on Daylight Saving Time
Starting October Sunday 5th 2014
Tuesday/Wednesday Closed
11am - 5pm Thursday to Friday
11am - 3.30pm Saturday
11.30am - 5pm Sunday
Closed : Public Holidays
Wheelchair Access and off street parking.
Admission free.
94a Chinderah Bay Dr. Chinderah 2487
Gallery: 0266745340
Appmt: 0407492432
E : Curious Art Gallery
All artwork and verse is subject to Copyright © 2014
by represented artists.
Curious Art Gallery recommends Gap Training
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Curious Art Gallery Established 2001.
Web Design by Art on the Brain
Spring exhibition
Curious Art Gallery at Chinderah Bay has successfully operated as a Not For Profit Art Cooperative for 13 years this September. Fittingly it will host an exhibition called Milestone featuring the works of current and past members of the Cooperative.
Visitors will be delighted to see a range of 2D and 3D works, including: Found Objects sculpture, paintings, drawings, photography, textiles, jewellery, books and installations.
02/10/14 to 11/12/14
Artists: Amelia Reid, Dianne Smith, Tracy Jay, Clare Bryant, Ness Bryant, , Clare Johnson, Larraine Bryant, Joanne Cutler and Michael Bryant
With works by Curious Kids:
Ariel Rivero Bryant and Leonardo Rivero Bryant


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Tag Archives | spending cuts
Like an Addict, DC is Out of Touch with Reality
By C4L_Intern on February 22, 2013 in National Blog
By John Watts As usual, "histrionics" and high drama are being played up in Washington, D.C. this week, as Obama paints Republicans as reckless for not returning to the negotiating table with purportedly horrific sequestration cuts looming. Meanwhile, Republicans stoutly declaim Obama's manifest incompetence and equivocating – after all, they say, Obama forced the sequestration […]
Get Local
Liberty NewsWire
National blog
- Campaign for Liberty to Congress: Preserve Internet Freedom
- Will the Internet Tax Mandate ruin (ugly) Christmas Sweaters?
- Defeat of USA FREEDOM Act is a Victory for Freedom
- Campaign for Liberty stands against Internet Sales Tax
- Campaign for Liberty to Congress: NO Lame Duck ObamaCare bailouts!


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Bossanova – Live from Ljubljana, Križanke
New video, Bossanova, launched today. Video was filmed at the Laibach SPECTRE concert in famous Križanke venue in Ljubljana's historic Crusader's Monastery, on May 16th, 2014. Laibach performed in the same venue first time in 1982 on a legendary 'Novi Rock Festival'.
Directed by Tomislav Gangl


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Cavs Coach Dismisses Andrew Wiggins-Kevin Love Trade Speculation
Andrew Wiggins came to summer league to get an early education on the NBA game, from playing against better competition ...Read more ›
Andrew Wiggins came to summer league to get an early education on the NBA game, from playing against better competition ...Read more ›
A Philadelphia Eagles player is facing charges in Arizona after authorities say he pushed a police officer investigating a bar brawl. ...Read more ›
Rev. Al Sharpton was in the middle of his speech recounting how Eric Garner, 43, had been killed in a chokehold by NYPD officer when Garner's wife ...Read more ›
Civil rights leaders at the NAACP annual convention in Las Vegas worried that dwindling African-American turnout in November ...Read more ›
A suburban Detroit man who killed an unarmed woman on his porch immediately suggested to police it was an accident ...Read more ›
Massachusetts Gov. Deval Patrick (D) campaigned for Rep. Mike Michaud (D-Maine), who is running to unseat Maine Gov. Paul LePage (R). ...Read more ›
A man left profanity-filled voicemails with Tennessee's homeland security office threatening to kill President Barack Obama ...Read more ›
A Compton school board member arrested last week on suspicion of sexually assaulting a sleeping man, said he will not step down despite numerous calls ...Read more ›
Attorney General Kamala D. Harris convened state and federal officials from the U.S., Mexico and El Salvador for a multinational summit focused ...Read more ›
As the House of Representatives considers the harmful Republican financial services and general government funding proposal, Congresswoman Maxine Waters ...Read more ›
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San Fermin On Mountain Stage
San Fermin makes its first appearance on Mountain Stage, recorded live at the Culture Center Theater in Charleston, W.Va. Bandleader Ellis Ludwig-Leone, a Brooklyn composer and songwriter, only began focusing on pop music after wrapping up his music ...
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IMAGES OF THE YEAR 2014 - NEWS - Pamplona Running Of The Bulls
Getty Images
PAMPLONA, SPAIN - JULY 07: Revellers run with Torrestrella's fighting bulls along the Calle Estafeta during the second day of the San Fermin Running Of The Bulls festival on July 7, 2014 in Pamplona, Spain. The annual Fiesta de San Fermin, made famous ...
Review: San Fermin draws crowd to Woodward Theater with big sound
After a quick 10-minute break between acts, San Fermin appeared on stage. The band played the MidPoint Music Festival in September 2013; since then, the group has recorded another album (due out next year), and singer Rae Cassidy left the band, to be ...
Cincinnati CityBeat
Music Tonight: Avi Buffalo, San Fermin and More
Cincinnati CityBeat
Avi Buffalo began when Californian teenager Avigdor Zahner-Isenberg began home-recording songs in high school. After completing high school, he had a full band and an offer from esteemed indie label SubPop Records quickly followed. Avi Buffalo's ...
and more »
Ellis Ludwig-Leone On The Creation Of Chamber-Pop Phenomenon San Fermin
San Fermin is the chamber-pop brainchild of Ellis Ludwig-Leone, a young classical composer from Berkley, Massachusetts, now living in Brooklyn. The Yale graduate, who will appear with his band at the Sinclair in Cambridge on Nov. 14, is one of a crop of ...
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