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The Sound of Earth's Magnetic Field
A NASA spacecraft records the radio emissions caused by Earth's magnetic field. These "Songs of Earth" could be resposible for the proliferation of deadly electrons in the Van Allen Belts.Read More
A NASA spacecraft records the radio emissions caused by Earth's magnetic field. These "Songs of Earth" could be resposible for the proliferation of deadly electrons in the Van Allen Belts.Read More
Casey Faris demonstrates how he implements Plural Eyes 3 into their television production workflow.Read More
Are you shooting dual system and capturing audio off camera? – Plural Eyes 3, now part of the Red Giant Software company, has added some significant improvements to help you automatically sync video and audio tracks. The long and short of it is this: For videographers and filmmakers with audio and multi-camera recordings, PluralEyes revolutionizes Read MoreRead More
Kogonada compiled the sound effects of Daren Aronofsky's films in this super cut.
Read More
As early as the Apocalypse Now movie in 1979 when Francis Ford Coppola and sound designer Walter Murch pioneered a quadraphonic sound system for the film tour, Coppola has made sound and audio technology an important part of filmmakingRead More
Ben Burtt talks about creating the sounds for the lightsabers in Star Wars. As he worked on "A New Hope", Burtt probably wasn't aware that he was inventing modern sound design.Read More
Dan Chung, the DSLR Newshooter talks to Bruce Sharpe of Singular software about the newly improved Plural Eyes – a plug in designed to quickly sync audio files and video files.Read More
Mr Foley is an award winning short film directed by Dublin directing duo Mike Ahern & Enda Loughman aka D.A.D.D.Y. It's a darkly funny but nightmarish scenario, a man wakes up in hospital with a group of sound artists soundtracking his life.Read More
Christian Bell outlines some of the bad sound habits of directors and how it makes post sound that much harder…Read More
Movie Director Gary Ross and his sound team including Supervising Sound Editor Lon Bender, Re-recording Mixer Michael Keller, and Re-recording Mixer Mike Prestwood Smith discuss their approach to creating the lush soundscapes for this highly anticipated film adaptation.Read More
Automatic Dialogue Replacement or Over-dubbing may get a considerably easier as demonstrated here in this sneak preview of Adobe Audition CS6:Read More
Alan Menken's music for Disney movies has won him eight Academy Awards, more than any one alive. Martha Teichner of CBS News discusses the composer's work for movies and theater, including an excerpt of the upcoming Broadway musical "Leap of Faith."Read More


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What We Love about January
Your winter must list: What you need to do, see, read, and talk about.
Ways to Kick Off 2013
The war might be over, but the third season of the PBS period piece DOWNTON ABBEY promises plenty of drama: Matthew and Mary are finally together — but will it be happily ever after? (January 6)
Courtesy of Company

subset: commoncrawl


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Property is in demand due to reduced inventory, as there are more potential buyers than sellers. Bidding wars with other buyers are possible, and listings begin to sell at greater than the asking price.
Rental property is in high demand and availability is low. Rent prices have decreased by 20% over the past 3 months. This is 144% lower than the county average of $4,213 and 64% lower than the state average of $2,825.
Trend data coming soon.
|For Sale: 111
|New: 4
|Recently Sold: 57
|Reduced: 27
|Average Home Price
|Average Sold Price
|Property Records: 3,758
|Foreclosed: N/A
The average home price in Wheatley Heights is $282,076, which is 17.8% lower than the average sold price in Wheatley Heights ($343,056) . The average home price per square foot in Wheatley Heights is $93 and about 1% of all homes in Wheatley Heights sold in the last 6 months. For Wheatley Heights home values, real estate prices, and city market trends, research the 3,758 property records or search our 57 recently sold or 111 homes for sale listings. The listings and properties in Wheatley Heights are only a part of the 4,186,870 properties and 91,085 homes for sale in New York. Because of this, the average home price and average home value of Wheatley Heights also influence the average home price $270,886 and average sale price $437,488 of New York. Listing counts, Wheatley Heights home prices and home values in Wheatley Heights are sourced daily from listing and property data on realtor.com®, which is the most up-to-date and accurate aggregation of real estate listings in the industry and includes approximately 800 regional MLSs and is the official website of the National Association of Realtors®.
|Median Age
|Median Household Income


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The Jets hosted Hockey Fights Cancer night at MTS Centre when they took on the Nashville Predators on Tuesday, November 4th, 2014. That night, all Winnipeg Jets players wore special Hockey Fights Cancer jerseys during pre-game warm up. During the game, Jets coaches and broadcasters wore official lavender-coloured Hockey Fights Cancer ties. Additionally, players will continue to support Hockey Fights Cancer by wearing decals on their helmets between the league-wide recognition period of October 20th to November 17th. The Winnipeg Jets will also converted all their rink-boards & visual media to lavender on November 4th in order to generate increased awareness for the cause.
All proceeds raised will be directed to CancerCare Manitoba's pediatric clinical trials. Currently the Foundation funds over 50 percent of the cost of clinical trials for children and teens with cancer here in Manitoba. Manitoba continues to have the highest participation rate of pediatric trials in the country. This has been in large part because of the significant donations CancerCare Manitoba Foundation directs to this effort year after year - all funds raised by CancerCare Manitoba Foundation stays in our province to benefit Manitobans with cancer and their families.


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Added Jan 26, 2013
by neveenkarnes
Houston, Texas, ...
I had this fabric and didn't know what to do with it, so I decided to make a blouse. I like the top of Butterick dress pattern B5780 and thought I would use it and make some adjustments for a Top.
I am happy with the results, now I made it as a dress and now a Top. I know you can't have enough tops and you can't find lots of patterns for what you want. I say use dress pattern with some tweek it a bit.
Jan 26, 2013, 09.29 AMby chula123
that is a great top ! well done
Jan 26, 2013, 03.19 PMby neveenkarnes
Thank you very much.
Jan 26, 2013, 09.21 AMby Mary Athey
I love tweaking patterns and.you.ve done.a.wonderful job.in this. I love.your.top x
Jan 26, 2013, 03.19 PMby neveenkarnes
Thank you :)
Jan 26, 2013, 03.59 AMby MientjiB
Great idea! The lines of the neck work really well as a top, and with the fabric you've chosen. Looks great :-)
Jan 26, 2013, 04.23 AMby neveenkarnes
thank you :)
Jan 26, 2013, 03.20 PMby neveenkarnes
Thank you :)
Add to Favorites 1 person added it
BurdaStyle Magazine US
Get an inside look at the patterns from the first 4 issues of BurdaStyle US
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This is a quintessential ladylike coat with turned down shawl collar and fit and flare silhouette.
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AD Tag – GNN
2AD – grey matter book ad
3Ad – caverns of blood
4AD – Brain Damage
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8Ad Hillbilly horror
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Interview: Jamie Madrox (Horrorcore Rap Group Twiztid)
November 27th, 2014
Interviewed by: Rio
Interview: David and Daniela Tully (Writers for Dario Argento's The Sandman)
November 27th, 2014
Interviewed by: Dave Gammon
Interview: Ian Fetterman - Pumpkin Carver Extraordinaire
November 24th, 2014
Interviewed by: Horrornews.net
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Book Review: Axes of Evil - Edited by Alex S. Johnson
November 22nd, 2014
Reviewed by: Dave Gammon
Category: Book Reviews
Book Review: Prisoner 489 - Author Joe Lansdale
November 17th, 2014
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Category: Book Reviews
Book Review: Equilibrium Overturned - Authors Anthony Rivera and Sharon Lawson
November 13th, 2014
Reviewed by: Dave Gammon
Category: Book Reviews
Film Review: Bloodlust: Subspecies III (1994)
SYNOPSIS: Still in the thrall of the evil vampire Radu, Michelle yearns to be taught the skills of the vampire. Meanwhile, her sister Becky tries to free her from his evil clutches, and this time, she has brought some help. REVIEW: 1994's Bloodlust: Subspecies III was shot back-to-back with its predecessor, Bloodstone: Subspecies II, so the two films share the majority of the same cast, crew, technical aspects, etc. However, the end result an entirely … Continue reading


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I'm thinking about trying to put this on my prestigio, but wanted to ask a couple of questions
How stable are any of these ROMs? Is 10.1 the most stable (only has headphone issue)?
Also, do any of these ROMs solve the issue with the 'sdcard' / 'extsdcard', i.e. apps not using the external sdcard. I've heard other android roms for other devices sometimes change the partition structure of the internal storage. This would be very useful on this device.
Welcome to CyanogenMod
|Welcome to our forum. Like most online communities you must register to post, but don't worry this is a simple free process that requires minimal information for you to signup. Be a part of the CyanogenMod Forum by signing in or creating an account. You can even sign in with your Facebook or Twitter account.
Guest Message by DevFuse
Cyanagenmod For Prestigio Multipad Pmp5580C Duo
Started by krema , Dec 15 2012 05:54 AM
102 replies to this topic
Posted 17 August 2014 - 08:57 AM
Posted 19 August 2014 - 04:02 PM
How install this Cyanagenmod for Prestigio Multipad 8 Pro Duo?
Posted 09 October 2014 - 07:36 AM
Hello there. I'm new to all this so excuse me if I ask something dumb. Would it be possible to install this ROM on a Prestigio Multipad 8.0 HD (PMT5587_Wi) ?


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Carnival of Space #372 – Everyday Spacer
The Everyday Spacer blog hosts the latest Carnival of Space.
The Everyday Spacer blog hosts the latest Carnival of Space.
Here's a SETI Institute video of a panel discussion on the topic of accurately depicting exoplanets: Artists Imaging Exoworlds-Getting It Right (SETI Con 2)
From the caption:
An amazingly beautiful aurora image by James Woodend wins the Royal Museum Greenwich's contest for the 2014 Astronomy Photographer of the Year. See the top images at Earth & Space : 2014 winners : Exhibitions : What's on : RMG
9 January 2014
Canon 5D Mk III camera; 33mm f/3.2 lens; ISO 1000; 10-second exposure
Although this is not a strong aurora, they sometimes make the best reflection shots. The water was very still – you can see the icebergs floating in the lagoon and their reflections. In the background is the Vatnajökull Glacier.
The pale-green glow of the aurora comes from oxygen atoms high in the atmosphere, energized by subatomic particles blasted out by the Sun. The particles are funnelled down towards the north and south poles by the Earth's magnetic field, which is why these spectacular light shows are so often juxtaposed with the frozen scenery of the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Here the photographer has skilfully captured the delicate, icy colouration of land, water and sky.
Here's a series of videos about the contest leading up to the winners:
For the recent Burning Man event, the "Desert Wizards of Mars" brought their Black Rock Observatory. Funded via a Kickstarter, the project include two domed-covered 21 inch telescopes and the Mars Rover Art Car.
Here's an article about the project : Bringing Space Science Education to Burning Man–and Beyond – Co.Create.
And their Kickstarter video:
With the revived Kepler space observatory once again looking for planets orbiting other stars, the citizens science program Planet Hunters is graduating to Planet Hunters 2.0: A Brand New Planet Hunters – Planet Hunters
On December 16, 2010, the Zooniverse launched Planet Hunters to enlist the public's help to search for extrasolar planets (exoplanets) in the data from NASA's Kepler spacecraft. Back then we didn't know what we would find. It may have been the case that no new planets were discovered and that computers had the job down to a fine art. The project was a gamble on the ability of human pattern recognition to beat machines just occasionally and spot the telltale dip in a star's brightness due to a transiting planet that was missed by automated routines looking for repeating patterns.
Nearly four years later, Planet Hunters has become a success beyond anyone's expectation. To date 8 published scientific papers have resulted from the efforts of nearly 300,000 volunteers worldwide. Planet Hunters has discovered 9 planet candidate co-discoveries with the Kepler effort, over 30 unknown planet candidates not previously identified by the Kepler team, a confirmed transiting circumbinary planet in a quadruple star system (PH1b), a confirmed Jupiter-sized planet in the habitable zone of a Sun-like star (PH2b), and identified the 7th planet candidate of a 7 planet star system.
Today in collaboration with JPL's PlanetQuest, the Planet Hunters science team and the Zooniverse are proud to announce the launch of Planet Hunters version 2.0. We've taken your feedback and the lessons learned over the past 3.5 years to build a fast new interface that we think will take the project to the next stage. Using the Zooniverse's latest technology, Planet Hunters 2.0 is built specifically with the next generation of transiting exoplanet surveys in mind, including the new K2 mission, which repurposes the Kepler spacecraft.
Kepler had been monitoring ~170,000 stars for the signatures of transiting exoplanets over the past 4 years in the Kepler field located in the constellations of Cygnus and Lyra. The new-two wheel Kepler mission dubbed 'K2' will have Kepler observing brand new sets of 10,000-20,000 stars every 75 days. These stars are different from the sources that Kepler had been monitoring in the past. Your eyes will be one of the first to gaze upon these observations. Most of the K2 target stars will have never before been searched for planets, providing a new opportunity to find distant worlds. K2 observations will be made available by NASA and the Kepler team to the entire astronomical community and the public shortly after being transmitted to Earth and processed. We aim to get them on Planet Hunters 2.0 as fast as we can.
See also
This week's Space to Ground video report on activities aboard the Int. Space Station focuses on preparations for the upcoming arrival of a SpaceX Dragon spacecraft with two and a half tons of cargo. The Dragon is currently set to launch on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on Saturday morning at 2:16 am EDT.
Looks like the pass of the comet Siding Spring by Mars on October 19th will not in fact bring along a dust cloud of fast moving particles thick enough to damage the spacecraft orbiting the planet:
By the middle of this summer, published estimates (based on new images and additional modelling) were indicating a flux of around 10-6 particles per m2, which, for Mars Express, very roughly equates to a 1-in-300,000 chance of being hit. It's starting to look like our comet C/2013 A1/Siding Spring will manifest itself as a more friendly passer-by than initially thought and that it won't be hurling clouds of large particles at unthinkable speeds towards Mars and its man-made satellites.
More at
An image of the comet Siding Spring
A diagram illustrating the relative closeness of the pass of comet Siding Spring to Mars vs going by the Earth:
Rick Boozer posts the second installment of his tutorial on photometry with the AIP4WIN software package:
From Part 1:
The science of photometry can be used by both amateur astronomers and professionals for some very advanced scientific work. You can detect the light changes caused by eclipsing binary stars, plot the changes in luminosity of a variable star and even detect an exoplanet orbiting another star. This tutorial will be your step-by-step guide on how to employ the powerful Magnitude Measurement Tool that comes with the renowned astronomical imaging software known as AIP4WIN by Richard Berry and Robert Burnell. Special thanks to Mr. Berry for giving me permission to include screen images and extensive operating details from AIP4WIN.
The announcement in 1996 that a multi-billion year old meteorite from Mars showed signs of ancient microbial life attracted tremendous public attention but the results were subsequently discounted, though never completed refuted, by the studies of other groups. For a summary of the Allan Hills 84001 meteorite controversy, see Life on Mars? – Smithsonian – May.2005.
An electron microscope image from the Allan Hills 84001 meteorite
Back in February of this year there came a study by a team of scientists from NASA's Johnson Space Center in Texas and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California that reported signs of "biological processes" in a Mars meteorite that would have occurred hundreds of millions of years ago : Mars Meteorite Structures: Optimism for Alien Life? – Discovery News.
This week comes a study of a 1.3 billion year old meteorite with electron microscopes that sees cell-like structures that resemble fossilised biological cells seen in old earth rocks : Martian meteorite yields more evidence of the possibility of life on Mars – The University of Manchester.
Chemical maps of the ovoid structure obtained with an electron microprobe.
Chatzitheodoridis Elias, Haigh Sarah, and Lyon Ian.
Astrobiology. August 2014, 14(8): 651-693. doi:10.1089/ast.2013.1069.
More such results probably won't change the dominant view that inorganic processes can't be ruled out as the creators of these tiny structures. It will take studies on Mars, or more appropriately, below the surface of Mars, to prove whether or not there is life on the Red Planet now or that it existed sometime in the distant past.
A video from the European Space Agency (ESA):
ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst gives an overview of some of the science he has performed during his Blue Dot mission on the International Space Station so far. From robotic surgery to vaccines and accurate thermometers, research in space is bringing benefits for humans on Earth.
Watch as Alexander takes you through some of the highlights of his mission.
Read more about his Blue Dot mission here http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Hum…
Follow Alexander here: http://alexandergerst.esa.int/
NextBigFuture.com hosts the latest Carnival of Space.
A report from the European Southern Observatory (ESO):
Violent Origins of Disc Galaxies Probed by ALMA
New observations explain why Milky Way-like galaxies are
so common in the Universe
For decades scientists have believed that galaxy mergers usually result in the formation of elliptical galaxies. Now, for the the first time, researchers using ALMA and a host of other radio telescopes have found direct evidence that merging galaxies can instead form disc galaxies, and that this outcome is in fact quite common. This surprising result could explain why there are so many spiral galaxies like the Milky Way in the Universe.
An international research group led by Junko Ueda, a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science postdoctoral fellow, has made surprising observations that most galaxy collisions in the nearby Universe — within 40–600 million light-years from Earth — result in so-called disc galaxies. Disc galaxies — including spiral galaxies like the Milky Way and lenticular galaxies — are defined by pancake-shaped regions of dust and gas, and are distinct from the category of elliptical galaxies.
It has, for some time, been widely accepted that merging disc galaxies would eventually form an elliptically shaped galaxy. During these violent interactions the galaxies do not only gain mass as they merge or cannibalise each-other, but they are also changing their shape throughout cosmic time, and therefore changing type along the way.
Computer simulations from the 1970s predicted that mergers between two comparable disc galaxies would result in an elliptical galaxy. The simulations predict that most galaxies today are elliptical, clashing with observations that over 70% of galaxies are in fact disc galaxies. However, more recent simulations have suggested that collisions could also form disc galaxies.
Merger between two galaxies (artist's impression)
To identify the final shapes of galaxies after mergers observationally, the group studied the distribution of gas in 37 galaxies that are in their final stages of merging. The Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) and several other radio telescopes [1] were used to observe emission from carbon monoxide (CO), an indicator of molecular gas.
The team's research is the largest study of molecular gas in galaxies to date and provides unique insight into how the Milky Way might have formed. Their study revealed that almost all of the mergers show pancake-shaped areas of molecular gas, and hence are disc galaxies in the making. Ueda explains:
"For the first time there is observational evidence for merging galaxies that could result in disc galaxies. This is a large and unexpected step towards understanding the mystery of the birth of disc galaxies."
Nonetheless, there is a lot more to discover. Ueda added:
"We have to start focusing on the formation of stars in these gas discs. Furthermore, we need to look farther out in the more distant Universe. We know that the majority of galaxies in the more distant Universe also have discs. We however do not yet know whether galaxy mergers are also responsible for these, or whether they are formed by cold gas gradually falling into the galaxy. Maybe we have found a general mechanism that applies throughout the history of the Universe."
Guests and topics on the The Space Show this week:
1. Monday, Sept. 15, 2014: 2-3:30 PM PDT (5-6:30 PM EDT, 4-5:30 PM CDT): We welcome back DR. ERIK SEEDHOUSE regarding his new book, Beyond Human: Engineering Our Future Evolution.
2. Tuesday, Sept. 16 , 2014:,7-8:30 PM PDT (10-11:30 PM EDT, 9-10:30 PM CDT): We welcome back DR. MIKE GRIFFIN, former NASA Administrator and current CEO of Schafer Corp.
3. Friday, Sept. 19, 2014, 9:30 -11 AM PDT (12;30-2 PM EDT; 11:30-1 PM CDT): We welcome STEWART MONEY to discuss is new best selling book, Here Be Dragons: The Rise of SpaceX and the Journey to Mars".
4. Sunday, Sept. 21, 2014, 12-1:30 PM PDT (3-4:30 PM EDT, 2-3:30 PM CDT). We welcome back noted space and science writer MICHAEL BELFIORE. Check out his website at http://michaelbelfiore.com.
See also:
/– The Space Show on Vimeo – webinar videos
/– The Space Show's Blog – summaries of interviews.
/– The Space Show Classroom Blog – tutorial programs
The Space Show is a project of the One Giant Leap Foundation.
The latest show from TMRO is now on line: The killer app for Space – TMRO
The Spaceship Earth Grant program opens today with a spaceflight contest:
Spaceship Earth Grants Launches Global Crowdfunding Spaceflight Contest
Early applicants can also compete to win a weightless/parabolic flight
Spaceship Earth Grants Launches Global Crowdfunding Spaceflight Contest Early applicants can also compete to win a weightless/parabolic flight SAN DIEGO, CA (September 15, 2014) – Childhood dreams are now within reach and a unique approach to changing the world is underway as Spaceship Earth Grants (SEG) launches a new program to send private citizens to space. With its mission of enabling as many people as possible to have the spaceflight experience, the SEG crew is proud to launch its first contest to crowdfund an open number of spaceflight awards.
"Space is thrilling; however, this is not just about creating thrill rides for people. There are aspects of spaceflight that can generate shifts in perspective to positively and profoundly influence the way people behave and think about our world" said former NASA Astronaut Leland Melvin, President of Spaceship Earth Grants. "We want to facilitate that positive impact by awarding space travel to enthusiastic individuals who will be influential ambassadors by sharing their new insights with others in a compelling and inspiring way."
The contest, presented by Star Harbor Space Training Academy, begins today and is very unique. SEG will initially award one space flight for each 50,000 applications, but will increase the number of awards given per 50,000 applications as the number of applicants grows. This unique approach of offering ever-increasing odds will encourage applicants to share the contest opportunity enthusiastically among their family members, friends and communities worldwide, knowing their own chances of being selected increase as the more people apply.
The SEG Council (judge's panel) is made up of former NASA astronauts, industry experts, space enthusiasts, celebrity artists, musicians and other influential people representing a wide variety of interests who share our mission of tapping the world's love of space exploration to benefit our planet, #SpaceshipEarth.
Contest Process:
Award Packages include:
PARABOLIC FLIGHT AWARDS for EARLY APPLICANTS
A percentage of funds generated will be granted to outstanding organizations around the world that share our mission of creating a world that works for everyone. Initial grants will be made to partner organizations: Fragile Oasis, The Overview Institute, The Planetary Society and Project Nominate. SEG looks forward to launching its organization and project grant program next year after individual winners of the contest are selected.
For more information and full contest terms and conditions, visit spaceshipearthgrant.com.
About Spaceship Earth Grants: Spaceship Earth Grants Corp. (SEG), a Public Benefit Corporation, is committed to making the space experience accessible to as many people as possible. SEG offers applicants a chance to travel to space while helping to fund efforts and organizations that are making a significant positive impact on planet Earth. SEG will be providing grants to individuals and organizations that are likewise committed to bettering their communities. For more information, visit spaceshipearthgrants.com.
About Star Harbor Space Training Academy: Star Harbor Space Training Academy will be the first-in-the-world publicly accessible, fully comprehensive and environmentally immersive space training academy. The Star Harbor team is led by CEO Maraia Hoffman and includes former NASA Astronauts Leland Melvin and Ron Garan. More information about Star Harbor will be announced in October.
A new video series titled Xploration Outer Space Online is opening on Hulu for free viewing:
Host Emily Calandrelli, Harvard scholar and former Nasa employee, takes viewers on incredible journeys through space. She visits various NASA facilities as we search for answers about our universe. Xploration Outer Space is part of the Xploration Station two hour syndicated block airing on Fox stations throughout the country.
Here's the first episode – Prepping for Mars – Hulu:
Rob Godwin, the owner and founder of Apogee Space Books. was on the Space Show Friday and discussed the book, 2001: The Heritage And Legacy Of The Space Odyssey, published by www.apogeeprime.com and written by the late Fred Ordway and Godwin: Rob Godwin, Friday, 9-12-14 – Thespaceshow's Blog
Listen to the audio:
The earth has been hit with a couple of large coronal mass ejections (i.e. solar flares) from the sun in the past couple of days and this is creating some spectacular auroral displays.
From Spaceweather.com:
As predicted, a pair of CMEs hit Earth's magnetic field in quick succession on Sept. 11th and 12th. The result was a G3-class geomagnetic storm, the most intense of the year so far. At the peak of the storm on Sept 12-13, bright auroras ringed the Arctic Circle and spilled down over several northern-tier US states.
Here's a great shot by Harald Albrigtsen:
And here is a photo from " John Stetson [taken] on September 12, 2014 @ Quaker Ridge, Casco, Maine facing north towards the Presidential Range in [New Hampshire]":
The latest update on activities on the International Space Station:
The sunspot number held close to steady in August: The solar maximum lingers on – Behind The Black
Latest plot of sunspots in the solar cycle:
Try the Satellite Tracking Tool from BINARY SPACE hosted here at HobbySpace.
Sun and Space Weather
Real time images, charts and data displays
Aurora, Meteors & Fireballs
Real time images, charts and data displays
Check out Virtual Space 3D reports and other videos on the HobbySpace Youtube Channel.
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News & Events
ConnectWhat's this?
You might also like
- Top Ohio farm photos of the week
- Talking water issues with Congress, U.S. EPA
- Farmers testify in support of agritourism bill
- Dozens of fertilizer, pesticide certification classes now offered
- Bid now on great Foundation auction items
Lessons learned from OSHA overstep
OSHA overstepped its authority in trying to regulate an Ohio farmer. He called Farm Bureau and made the problem go away. OFBF director of ag law Leah Curtis talks with Joe Cornely about the lessons learned from another federal agency going too far.
Read more about the OSHA incident.
More Legal with Leah:
- Ohio water and drainage laws


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Category Archives: Columns
Food Forum: Looking for the silver lining
By David Donnan Commodity volatility can create business opportunities for grocers. Effectively managing escalating commodity volatility is rapidly becoming an increasingly mission-critical agenda item … Continue reading
Checking gas prices
Though hard to fathom, higher oil prices may present a growth opportunity for grocers. For what it is worth, here is my read on … Continue reading
Nonfoods Talk: The man cave
Enticing adult men into your grooming section is only half the battle. Retailers need to target teenagers as well if they want to maximize … Continue reading
On Point: Photo finish
There is much to be learned from Kodak's misfortune. If your company is flying high and all signs point to a bright future, maybe … Continue reading
Food Forum: Creating opportunities for collaboration
To nurture the next generation of food retailers, industry leaders and educators must find new ways to work together. By Richard J. George, Ph.D. … Continue reading
Food Forum: Avoiding poor promotion execution
Discounts and other incentives that are handled incorrectly at the POS can result in significant losses for retailers. By Derek M. Rodner Retailers are … Continue reading
Not to be repeated
Supermarkets have avoided most of the major blunders that other companies keep making over and over. Can their winning streak continue? Some say the … Continue reading
Food Forum: Going wireless
By increasing the number of tasks they can perform in the store and warehouse, mobile-powered workstations can save labor costs while still improving morale … Continue reading
Talking Shop with… Mike Steele
The national sales manager for REMIS America says the company is expanding to meet increasing retailer demand for doors on coolers and cases. Grocery … Continue reading
From the Publisher: Racking up miles
Save Mart executives travel to each store and headquarters unit during the holidays, which says a great deal about their commitment to employees and … Continue reading
Food Forum: Keeping infants safe
New warnings are aimed at reducing the number of deaths and injuries caused by infant carriers falling from shopping carts. By Paul Giampavolo This … Continue reading
Sounding Board: Think small
Declining home ownership has more people living in tighter quarters. Retailers and manufacturers need to adjust. If there is one thing synonymous with the … Continue reading
Nonfoods Talk: Getting no respect
It is time for the media to understand that supermarkets offer the same services as drugstores when it comes to health and beauty care. … Continue reading
On Point: Now you see it…
The best service is sometimes invisible to the customer. By Tom Weir To the male half of the couple it was surprising, disappointing actually, … Continue reading
Nonfoods Talk: Back from the crypt
Seeking to build sales and profits, grocery retailers may want to start expanding some long-dormant categories. It may be time for grocery retailers to … Continue reading
Sounding Board: Boom towns
Retailers weight their next moves as the real estate markets begin to heat up. Where is the next best place to operate? Now that … Continue reading
Future Forces: The Amazon effect
Center store profits could be at risk as consumers do more of their research and buying online. By Patrick Kiernan As our industry continues … Continue reading
From the Publisher: Gas pump economics
Consumers are paying more for gas and other energy needs. Sounds like more bad news for retailers. Except there may be a silver lining … Continue reading
An Independent Voice: The art of appreciation
We tend to focus on showing gratitude around the holidays, but we should recognize workplace excellence throughout the year. By Jane Olszeski Tortola We … Continue reading
Food Forum: Increase the power of the candy aisle
Clearing up the chaos and having an efficient assortment are just some ways to boost candy sales. By Timothy LeBel In these uncertain economic … Continue reading
Nonfoods Talk: When the pipeline is overflowing
New nonfoods items keep arriving, but there is no more room on the shelves. What can grocers do? By Seth Mendelson An executive from … Continue reading
On Point: Checking out the future
In a world of change, customer focus is the constant. Technologies come and go. Today's bells and whistles will be tomorrow's antiques—obsolete, unnecessary, unwanted. … Continue reading
Food Safety Forum: Expanding the food safety net
While the Food Safety Modernization Act is a good start, a centralized database is needed to ensure food safety and protect the industry's reputation. … Continue reading


text: 2012 Intern Retreat View full-size image < previous next > Is this photo a winner? "24th Annual Intern Retreat We had a great experience working with Custom Ink last year which is why we chose them for our shirts again this year." - 2012 Intern Retreat (Aug 28, 2013) Share this photo on: Twitter Facebook Pinterest Similar Photos: college adminstration | professional group | interns | intern retreat | large group Feeling inspired? Visit the CustomInk Design Lab to start your own group order. Design Your Own


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November 26, 2014
It's Wednesday and that means it's time to meet our Pet Projects! This week, we met Magenta and Ben.
Magenta is at the Humane Society of Marathon County. She was taken to the shelter because her owner moved and couldn't take cats along.
Magenta is described as more of a couch potato who enjoys toys that "crackle." She prefers women over men, but is so gentle and friendly!
To meet her, just stop out at HSMC on Packer Drive in Wausau.
Monday, Tuesday, Friday, Saturday - Noon to 5:00
Thursday - Noon to 7:00
Closed Sunday, Wednesday and Holidays
Ben is at the Langlade County Humane Society. He's a 4 year old neutered cat. He's very sweet and plays well with other cats. The shelter says they're not sure how he's with dogs.
To meet Ben, just stop out at the shelter on Clermont Street in Antigo.
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An ignition system for a rotating internal combustion engine is provided with a digital timing circuit for determining speed-responsive ignition advance angles, responsive to a rotating armature having teeth which are unequally spaced, the unequal spaces between teeth being used to identify one particular tooth. The time required for the passage of a tooth is a measure of rotational speed, which determines advance angle. The circuit causes a dwell period to start at the leading edge of the identified tooth, computes an advance angle from previously determined rotational speed, and provides an ignition spark at an angle corresponding to the difference between the tooth angle and the actual advance angle, and stores this angle. Upon the passage of the leading edge of the next tooth, the ignition spark will occur at the stored angle.
1. A method of producing an ignition advance signal, including the steps of:
rotating an armature having a plurality of spaced-apart indicia having separate and distinct angular spacing to generate at least first and second timing signals, from at least respective first and second separate and distinct angularly spaced indicia;
identifying a selected one of said timing signals corresponding to a selected one of said indicia, and generating a trigger signal responsive to said selected one of said timing signals to provide said ignition advance signal;
said step of rotating said armature including the step of rotating an armature having a plurality of teeth and slots defined by said teeth; and
said step of generating said trigger signal includes the step of sensing the passage of a first one of said slots past a defined angular position and the subsequent step of measuring the time required for a second one of said slots to pass said defined angular position to define the order of each slot passing said angular position and the order of each said timing signal.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein:
said step of generating said trigger signal includes the step of producing a reference angle signal corresponding to a predetermined portion of one said selected indicia;
producing an advanced angular displacement signal from said selected timing signal and an advance related signal to the rotational speed of said armature and producing said trigger signal in response to said advanced angular displacement signal and said reference angle signal corresponding to said armature rotating an additional angular amount past a reference angle equal to an advance angle.
3. A method of producing a trigger signal for a rotating machine, comprising the step of:
driving an armature having a plurality of spaced-apart edge pairs defining teeth and slots past a single sensor to generate at least first and second timing signals indicative of rotational speed and rotational position of said machine, and further including the steps of:
(a) identifying a selected one of said timing signals corresponding to one said edge pair;
(b) generating a trigger signal responsive to said selected timing signal; then
(c) generating a second subsequent trigger signal responsive to said selected timing signal; and
(d) repeating the step of identifying a selected one of said timing signals and repeating said step of generating said trigger signal and said second subsequent trigger signal responsive to said selected timing signal.
4. A system for producing a trigger signal for a rotating machine, comprising:
first means mounted for rotation with the machine and having indicia spaced apart from each other at separate and distinct angular displacements;
a single sensing means disposed adjacent said first means for sensing the passage of said indicia;
a processor connected to receive an output of said sensing means;
said sensing means producing a successive set of signals corresponding to the passage of successive indicia past said sensing means;
said processor including means for producing timing signals indicative of rotational speed from said set of signals responsive to said indicia and correlating said timing signals with respective indicia;
said processor including means for deriving an advance angle displacement signal in response to said timing signal representative of an angular displacement;
said signals produced by said sensing means being reference angle location signals;
said processor including means for combining said advance angle displacement signal with a respective reference angle location signal to produce said trigger signal at a predetermined rotational angle of said machine.
5. A system for producing a trigger signal at a preselected rotational angle of a rotating machine, comprising:
means rotating with said machine, said means having a plurality of spaced-apart indicia at separate and irregular angular spacings;
a single sensing means for producing respective signals responsive to the passage of said rotating indicia, said signals being reference angle signals indicative of reference rotational angles;
means responsive to said respective signals for producing timing signals indicative of the rotational speed of said indicia;
means for selecting one of said timing signals corresponding to a predetermined one of said indicia;
means for producing an advance angular displacement signal responsive to said selected timing signal;
means for producing an advance angular displacement signal with a respective reference angle signal to produce said trigger signal at said preselected rotational angle;
said means for selecting including a processor;
said processor including means for comparing said timing signals responsive to the passage of said irregularly-spaced indicia past said sensing means and for correlating said timing signals with respective indicia.
6. A system according to claim 5, including:
means responsive to said timing signals for computing the rotational speed of the machine and where said computing means computes said rotational speed at a maximum frequency corresponding to every second one of said trigger signals.
7. A system according to claim 5, wherein:
said means rotating with said machine is an armature;
said spaced-apart indicia being edges defining teeth and slots;
said processor including counting means for accumulating a first count responsive to the passage of two said edges defining a first slot past said sensing means and for accumulating a second count responsive to the successive passages of two said edges defining a second slot past said sensing means;
said first and second timing signals being responsive to said respective first and second counts;
said processor including means for computing the difference between said first and second accumulated counts and identifying a count responsive to a selected one of said slots as indicative of the speed of said rotating indicia;
said processor including means for counting the number of said slots being rotated past said sensor means until said selected slot is rotated past said sensing means; and
means responsive to a count responsive to said selected slot for generating a new speed signal responsive to the occurrence of said selected slot and substituting said new speed signal for a previous speed signal.
8. A system according to claim 7, wherein:
said trigger signal is a spark advance signal and said rotating machine is an internal combustion engine.
9. A system according to claim 8, including:
a light emitting diode operatively connected to said processor;
said processor being responsive to the occurrence of each said trigger signal for changing the electrical impedance to said light emitting diode to be energized responsive to said occurrence of said trigger signal.
10. A system according to claim 9, wherein:
said processor includes means responsive to said set of successive signals produced by said sensing means for altering the impedance to said set of signals and causing said light emtting diode to be periodically energized and de-energized in response to the occurrence of said set of signals.
11. A system according to claim 10, wherein:
said system includes a spark coil energizing means operatively connected to and responsive to said trigger signal, and a spark coil connected to said spark coil energizing means;
said spark coil energizing means causing a spark to be produced by said spark coil in response to one said trigger signal;
said processor being operatively connected to said spark coil and responsive to said signal produced by said spark coil, and changing the impedance to said light emitting diode.
This invention relates to the production of timing signals synchronized with the rotational angle of a rotating machine, and particularly to the production of spark advance signals for triggering a spark ignition at predetermined angles of a rotating internal combustion engine and responsive to varying engine speed.
Systems designed to produce speed-responsive signals at predetermined rotational angles of a rotating machine have generally relied upon a sensor which initiates the process, by producing a signal referenced to a rotational angle of the machine. That signal has generally been produced in response to one or more indicia regularly angularly spaced on a rotating armature, the signal being produced when an indicia was close to the sensor. The indicia has typically taken the form of mechanical protrusions on a rotating wheel, a star wheel, or indentations in a rotating wheel, each indicia causing a corresponding signal used to produce a corresponding speed responsive signal. These indicia-forming projections are conventionally referred to as teeth, from their visual similarity to gear teeth.
The rotational movement, and rotational angle of a machine is detected by means of a sensor, sensing a rotating armature to produce a signal indicative of the armature rotation.
The armature may be of any suitable form and shape when used with a suitable sensor capable of developing signals in response to the movement of the armature. Such armatures may be disks rotating about their center, with protrusions at specific rotational angles or with evenly spaced protrusions, or with indentations evenly spaced or at specific angles. The protrusions may be in the form of teeth, the edges of opposite teeth defining inter-tooth slots. Or, the armature itself may be deeply indented, as in the shape of a star wheel. The number of protrusions or teeth can be made equal to the number of trigger signals desired for a cycle of engine operation, with each tooth located at a corresponding rotational angle. In the present invention, a slot is defined by the spacing of edges of adjoining teeth, and the timed movement of a tooth through a defined rotational angle is used to determine the rotational speed of the machine. The rotational speed of the engine is determined by measuring the time between the passage of the trailing edge of one tooth and the leading edge of the following tooth. A timing count is initiated by the passage of the trailing edge of the tooth, and that count is terminated by the occurrence of the leading edge of the next or trailing tooth. The accumulated count is then indicative of the rotational speed of the machine.
In the case of an internal combustion engine, the speed can be related to an advance angle by a speed advance curve, to determine the position of a trigger signal in terms of engine rotational angle. The advance angle is then combined with the reference rotational angle, to determine the rotational angle position of the trigger signal. For example, the reference rotational angle may be the angle where a signal is produced by the leading edge of a slot or pair of teeth passing a sensor.
The advance angle may be in the form of a digital count, which is loaded into a counter register, and may either be counted down in synchronism with an internal clock from the occurrence of the reference angle signal, or a second counter register may be counted upwards until its count reaches the accumulated count, and a trigger signal generated at that time. Depending upon the degree of advance required, and the arc distance of the tooth, the trigger signal will be generated either at the occurrence of the trailing edge of the tooth, corresponding to zero degrees of advance, or some earlier time when a portion of a tooth is opposite the sensor.
According to the principals of the invention, a rotational speed of the machine may be determined during the passage of a single indicia. This indicia may be either a single tooth, or, in the preferred embodiment, may be a slot defined by edges of two adjacent teeth. Rotational speed, as determined from the single indicia, may then be used to derive a spark advance signal, to produce the trigger signal at the appropriate advance rotational angle. Of course, a plurality of reference signals may be derived from a plurality of respective indicia, each producing a respective reference signal for a trigger signal. In the case of an internal combustion engine, the reference signal angle would be a rotational angle corresponding to the angular location of a cylinder with respect to a crankshaft. Then, an advance angle signal would produce a trigger signal referenced to the reference angle appropriate to the angular location of the cylinder.
Where no advance is required, such as when an engine is being cranked for starting and is not yet running at a steady speed and is below a predetermined speed, the detection of the indicia itself could be used to produced the spark, without ignition advance.
According to a feature of the invention, once a single indicia, whether a tooth or a slot, has traveled past a sensor to allow derivation of rotational speed, that derived speed may be retained, and used for producing a trigger signal for each of the other trigger signals during an engine revolution. Or, the speed may also be computed at either shorter or longer intervals. According to the principals of the invention, the speed may be derived from a single indicia such as a tooth, or preferably by the timed passage of a slot. Then, at least two successive trigger signals may be produced without the need for recomputing the speed.
Additionally, where indicia on an armature are spaced apart by separate and distinct rotational angles, a method and means is provided for identifying the angular location of several indicia, whether teeth or slots, to derive the timing signal. This is especially important in the case of an internal combustion engine having cylinders unevenly angularly spaced from each other. Such an engine may be fitted with a rotating armature having indicia, with spacing of the indicia on the armature corresponding to the spacing of the cylinders.
Additionally, a method is provided for determining whether the sensor is operating, and whether a trigger signal is being generated, which is useful to verify the proper operation of an ignition system on an engine such as a motorcycle engine, during starting.
The method of the invention may be briefly characterized as follows:
a. Initialize a computer processor.
b. Determine whether an engine is running at a steady speed. Repeat this determination until steady speed operation is determined.
c. Identify the slot to be used for speed measurement purposes.
d. Upon detecting leading edge of the slot to be used for speed measurement, supply current to ignition coil to begin dwell, when necessary, at high speeds.
e. Upon occurrence of trailing edge of slot used for speed measurement, store a count and restart the counter.
f. Determine engine speed from the stored count, and computer count time at which to fire spark.
g. Fire the spark at the computed count time if ignition advance is required. If not required, allow trailing edge of tooth to fire spark. If ignition advance is required, prevent trailing edge of tooth from causing a spark.
h. Determine if step g spark was for the first cyclinder in a sequence, using the identification of step c. If so, prepare to provide a spark to a second cylinder using the same computed advance timing count. If not the first cylinder, prepare to remeasure speed.
i. Repeat this sequence from step d above.
These and other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the description of the preferred embodiment.
FIG. 1 is a schematic of a two cylinder engine.
FIG. 2 shows an armature mounted for rotation past a sensor, to produce reference angle location signals.
FIG. 3 shows the armature of FIG. 2 at a different rotational angle.
FIG. 4 is a schematic of the circuitry of the preferred embodiment.
FIG. 5 is a logical timing diagram illustrating the operation of the preferred embodiment of the wave forms produced by a sensor.
FIGS. 6, 6a, 6b, 6c and 6d constitute a flow chart of the process described with reference to FIGS. 1-5.
The preferred embodiment is described as reference to an armature rotating in synchronism with a machine, illustrated as a two cylinder internal combustion engine, such as may be used on a motorcycle. The armature has a plurality of indicia of predetermined dimension, each indicia defining a reference angle location. In the preferred embodiment, the indicia are teeth. Defined by each tooth is a slot having an angular spacing defined by the spaced apart locations of the adjacent teeth. It should be noted that the structure of the preferred embodiment can be defined as two parallel teeth defining a channel or slot therebetween, or as a single tooth pierced by a slot, or as a slot defined between a wall-like tooth and the main body of the armature, as illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3. It should also be noted that the sensing means which detects leading and trailing edges of teeth is preferably disposed in a slot in a tooth, thus having a greater mass to sense, but may also be placed on the exterior periphery of a tooth.
In the preferred application of the invention, an internal combustion engine, such as may be used on a motorcycle, has two cylinders. As shown in FIG. 1, cylinders 10 and 12 are separated by 45�. Cylinder 10 contains a piston 14 approaching top dead center in its travel, and connected to crankshaft 16 by crank arm 18. Cylinder 12 contains a piston 20 shown moving away from top dead center towards bottom dead center, and connected to crankshaft 16 by crank arm 22, causing crankshaft 16 to rotate in direction 24. The armature shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 may be directly connected to crankshaft 16, but preferably is connected to a camshaft, not shown, which is connected by a positive drive such as gears or timing belts to crankshaft 16, so that it rotates in synchronism with the engine. FIGS. 2 and 3 show an armature 30 in two different angular positions. Armature 30 rotates in synchronism with the engine about center 32 and has teeth 34 and 36 defining four edges. The armature is shown as having a first edge A, a second edge B, a third edge C and a fourth edge D. In the preferred embodiment, tooth 34 defines an angle of 55� between edges A and B, edges B and C define an angular interval, aperture or gap of 148�, edges C and D of tooth 36 define a tooth angle of 55�, and edges D and A define an angular interval, aperture or gap of 102�. As will become further apparent below, a system according to the invention distinguishes tooth 34 from tooth 36 by sensing the difference in angular aperture between edges A and D and between edges B and C, in relation to the known direction of rotation shown by arrow 38. In the preferred embodiment, slots or channels are formed in teeth 34 and 36. A slot or channel 40 extends between edges A and B, and a slot or channel 42 extends between edges C and D. In FIG. 2, a sensor 44 is shown adjacent edge A of tooth 34. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, sensor 44 is configured so as to extend into channel 40 or 42, but neither this configuration nor the existence of channels 40 and 42 are strictly necessary to practice the invention.
FIG. 3 shows the armature 30 of FIG. 2 rotated slightly in excess of 180�, to rotate edge C to the position of edge A shown in FIG. 2.
In the case of a rotation machine such as an internal combustion engine, a trigger signal must be provided at the precise instant an ignition spark is desired. As engine speed increases, this ignition spark must be delivered in advance of the moment the piston reaches top dead center in the cylinder, to allow for the time it takes a fuel-air mixture to ignite and burn. As a consequence, an ignition spark is provided at some rotational angle in advance of piston top dead center.
Conventionally, the rotational speed of the engine is sensed, and the correct spark advance is derived from the speed in combination with a reference rotational angle location. This reference location may be correlated to a portion of the rotating armature, so that the location of a particular indicia on the armature indicates the position of a piston in its travel towards or away from top dead center. In the preferred embodiment, the reference location is given by the passage of an edge such as edge B past sensor 44, for a cylinder 10 approaching top dead center, but slightly in advance of that location and separated by several degrees such as 15 or 20 degress from the top dead center location.
As will be apparent, the advance angle signal, when combined with the reference angle signal, produces a trigger signal. The reference angle signal occurs when edge A is opposite sensor 44, producing a trigger signal a predetermined number of degrees subsequent to the position of edge A at sensor 44. This may occur, for example, where a point 46 is adjacent sensor 44. However, the location at this point 46 may vary over the radial distance of the tooth or indicia 34, depending on the rotational speed of the engine. In the case that no advance is required, a trigger signal is produced when trailing edge B is opposite sensor 44, and which may correspond to top dead center of the piston 14 in cylinder 10, or may correspond to a position either slightly before or slightly after top dead center, commonly known as base timing or idle timing. The ends of channels 40 and 42 are defined by the locaton of edges A, B, C and D, edges B and D corresponding to base or idle timing of cylinders 10 and 12, respectively. The position of edge A is defined at a rotational position which occurs sufficiently in advance of the required trigger signal at its maximum ignition advance to allow sufficient flux buildup in the primary winding of an ignition coil. This required flux buildup is known as dwell.
Correspondingly, the position of edge C is determined by the maximum ignition advance and desired dwell period. In the preferred embodiment, channels 40 and 42 are separated by 102� between edges A and D, and by 148� between edges B and C.
FIG. 4 shows a system for producing the firing signal or ignition spark. The sensor 44 is shown providing an input signal 50 to a processor 52. Sensor 44, in the preferred embodiment of the invention, includes what may be characterized as a starved feedback oscillator with a sensing coil in its feedback circuit, so that its amplitude of oscillation depends on the proximity of a conductor to the sensing coil. This oscillator signal is suitably amplified and processed by a Schmitt trigger to provide input signal 50. Sensor 44 may be accomplished with accordance with the teaching of U.S. Pat. No. 3,473,110, issued to Hardin et al on Oct. 14, 1969, and others, and may also be accomplished by use of an integrated circuit available from RCA Solid State Division, Somerville, N.J., U.S.A. under part number TA6424 or TA6922. The processor 56 may be a Motorola MC6805, available from Motorola Semiconductor Products, Incorporated, 3501 Ed Bluestin Boulevard, Austin, Tex., 78721, U.S.A.
In operation, the system shown in FIGS. 1 through 4 first determines whether the engine of FIG. 1 is running at a steady speed. If its speed is below approximately 300 rpm, it may be assumed to be at an uneven cranking speed and not yet started. Therefore, no ignition advance is required. As armature 30 rotates past sensor 44, leading and trailing edges A, B, C and D will be detected. The system distinguishes tooth 44 from tooth 36 by timing, during a single revolution, the time during which an armature tooth is not adjacent sensor 44, storing this time, and comparing it with a timed count of the succeeding portion of the rotation of armature 30 where a tooth is not adjacent sensor 44. As will be apparent, engine speed cannot change quickly enough within a single revolution to invalidate this measurement. By this method, the 102� interval between edges A and D is identified, and tooth 34 is identified as the primary reference. As will be apparent, in determining which of the intervals corresponds to the 102� interval between edges A and D the speed will also be measured. This measured speed may be used to determine a desirable ignition advance. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the speed measurement is multiplied by a proportionality constant depending on the speed to determine the proper advance angle. Once the advance angle has been determined, the same angle will be used with respect to ignition sparks initiated by all armature teeth during a single revolution.
In the illustrated embodiment, the passage of edge A past sensor 44 is detected, and delay corresponding to the desired advance is initiated. Thus, an ignition spark will be provided, for example, when a point 46 is adjacent sensor 44. If no advance is required, an ignition spark will be provided when edge B is adjacent sensor 44. Then, as rotation of armature 30 continues, edge C will pass under sensor 44, and the same delay corresponding to the desired advance will be initiated. This will result in the provision of an ignition spark at a point 46a which is as far from edge D as point 46 was from edge B. Then, as rotation of armature 30 continues, the 102� interval between edges A and D will serve as a basis for redetermining engine speed and proper advance, if necessary, and the sequence repeats.
In FIG. 4, a power supply B+ terminal 56 provides input power to terminal 5' of processor 52 through resistor R1, and directly to terminals 2' and 3'. Input power is also supplied to terminal 18' through resistance R2 and series diode D1. Input signal 50 from sensor 44 is applied to base 60 of transistor Q1. Capacitor C1 is provided to bypass noise signals appearing with input signal 50 to ground 58. Transistor Q1 has an emitter 62 connected to ground 58, and a collector 64 connected to base 66 of transistor Q2 and connected to power supply terminal 56 through resistor R6. Transistor Q2 has a collector 68 and an emitter 70. Collector 68 is connected to junction 72, and emitter 70 is connected to a base 74 of transistor Q3. The collector 76 of transistor Q3 is connected to junction 72, and emitter 78 is connected to ground 58. The primary 80 of an ignition coil 82 is connected between power supply terminal 56 and junction 72. The secondary winding 84 of ignition coil 82 has terminals 86 and 88 which, as will be apparent, are to be connected to a conventional spark plug, through a distributor, if desired. In the illustrated embodiment, ignition coil 82 is a double-ended coil, terminals 84 and 86 being connected to center electrodes of first and second spark plugs. As will be apparent, both such spark plugs will be fired simultaneously, one of the two simultaneous sparks having no effect, occurring on the exhaust stroke of a cylinder. The other will be effective, occurring on the compression stroke of a cylinder, at the proper advance angle.
The path just described, through resistor R3, diode D2, and transistors Q1, Q2 and Q3, is the path followed by a sensor signal to provide a trigger signal in the absence of advance. An advance trigger signal is provided by the processor 52, from terminal 12', through resistor R4 and series diode D3 to base 60 of transistor Q1.
The anode of a diode D4 is connected to the anode of diode D2 at junction 90. As will become apparent, components connected to junction 90 are for the purpose of preventing input signal 50 from directly causing trigger signals and ignition sparks when advance is desired. A subsequent, unadvanced spark would not be harmful to engine operation, but may, particularly at higher engine speeds, reduce the available dwell time, and thus reduce the strength of ignition sparks. The cathode of diode D4 is connected to terminal 14' of processor 52. A collector 92 of a transistor Q4 is also connected to junction 90 and the anode of diode D4. Emitter 94 of transistor Q4 is connected to ground 58. Base 96 is directly connected to terminal 16' of processor 52, and is also connected to power supply terminal 56 through resistor R5. As shown, a low signal appearing at terminal 14' may be used to provide increased dwell at engine speeds at which this is desirable, and a high signal appearing at terminal 16' may be used to prevent an ignition spark when the voltage applied to terminal 56 falls below a predetermined level such as a five volt level.
A first terminal 100 of a resistive device 102 known as a GMOV, a type of metal oxide varistor is connected to junction 72. Its second terminal 104 is connected to a junction 106, which is directly connected to terminal 13' of processor 52. The cathode 108 of a Zener diode 110 is connected to junction 106, the anode of diode 110 being connected to ground 58. A diode 114 also has a cathode connected to junction 106 and an anode connected to ground 58. The aforementioned devices constitute a voltage divider and transient overvoltage protection circuit, connected to a junction 72 for sensing the changes in ignition coil primary voltage and current that should result in an ignition spark, and for providing a signal indicative of an ignition spark to terminal 13' of processor 52.
The armature 30 rotates in synchronism with the machine. In the case of an internal combustion engine shown in FIG. 1, the armature rotates in synchronism with the crankshaft 16, and in the preferred embodiment is directly coupled to a conventional camshaft. As is known, the desired spark advance is a function of the rotational speed of the engine. Since the purpose of the subject invention is to derive a triggering signal related to a rotational angle, it is necessary to determine the speed of the machine.
The rotational speed of the machine is determined between the passage of the indicia. Referring to FIGS. 2, 3 and 5, as the armature 30 revolves in a direction shown by the arrow 38, edge D of tooth indicia 36 will pass by sensor 44, producing a high signal from sensor 44, at t1. When the leading edge A of tooth 34 and slot 40 passes sensor 44, a low signal is produced, at time t2. It will be apparent that the order and polarity of these high and low signals may be interchanged without affecting the principals of the invention.
The output of sensor 44 is provided to terminal 10' of processor 52. Referring to FIG. 5, during the period between times t1 and t2, an internal clock in processor 52 generates a series of pulses which are accumulated in a counter. This count corresponds to the period of time between the passage of trailing edge D and leading edge A, a 102� rotational angle. This angle being known, the count corresponds to the speed of the armature. The desired advance may then simply be determined by multiplying this count by a predetermined constant K. The time between times t2 and t3 is related to the time between t1 and t2 by the constant K, and represents the desired advance angle, to produce an ignition spark at time t3. At time t4, the sensor signal again rises, indicating the passage of the trailing edge B of tooth 34 and slot 40. This edge is, as described above, a base timing edge where an ignition spark would be produced had it not been produced earlier at time t3, corresponding to a point 46 on FIG. 2, between leading edge A and trailing edge B of tooth 34's passage past sensor 44. At time t5, leading edge C of tooth 36 and slot 42 pass sensor 44. The interval between times t5 and t6 is the calculated interval based on the interval between the passage of edges D and A, times t1 and t2, multiplied by the constant K, so that time t5 -t6 is the same as time t2 -t3, and the effective advance angle is the same, producing a trigger signal when point 46a is adjacent sensor 44, point 46a occuring at a point as far from leading edge C as point 46 was from leading edge A.
Thus, the derived speed used to produce a trigger signal at time t3 is used to produce at least one subsequent trigger signal, such as at time t6, before the speed is recomputed. In the preferred embodiment, one computed speed signal is used to derive two advance or trigger signals, corresponding to a full cycle of operation. As explained above, the edges B and D have an angular location related to a predetermined rotational angle of the machine. In the case of an internal combustion engine, this angular location corresponds to a point in the travel of a piston, and to an angular rotation of the crankshaft, sometime before the piston reaches top dead center. The occurrence of an edge passing the sensor generates a reference angle location signal corresponding to a rotational angle. An advance signal, representing an angular displacement, is combined with the reference angle location signal to generate a trigger signal corresponding to a further angular displacement over the armature, and to the advance angle selected for the measured speed. If no advance angle is required, then an advance signal such as Kt2 -t1 will not be produced, and the passage of the tooth indicia edge B may be used to produce the necessary trigger signal and spark signal.
Having generally described the operation of the device, the operation will now be particularly described with reference to the circuit shown in FIG. 4, and to the flow charts shown in FIGS. 6, 6a, 6b, 6c and 6d.
In the case of the preferred embodiment, utilizing a digital computer processor such as the Motorola MC6805, the program would be as shown in FIG. 6, and would start with an initializing routine. The program may allow ten teeth to pass, before measuring engine speed, to allow it to establish an even speed after starting, and then, as a third step, would measure the number of pulses from an internal clock during the passage of each of the slots or gaps between edges A and D and between edges B and C, for example, As the size of the tooth, and the length of the slot formed by the tooth spacing is known, the number of pulses received during the time required for edges D and A to sequentially pass sensor 44 will be determinative of engine speed. As a check routine, where the speed of the engine was not over a predetermined speed, such as 400 rpm, the program would jump back in the routine, on the assumption that the engine has not started, and would continue to measure slots until the passage of a slot indicated as speed in excess of 400 rpm, indicating that the engine was started. This routine could be repeated again, if desired.
Once the speed is determined to be above a minimum speed, then the passage of time for a slot to pass, such as the spacing between edges B and C or A and D, is measured, by the number of pulses accumulating between the passage of a trailing edge of a tooth such as D and the leading edge of a tooth such as A. The count is accumulated during the time the signal on terminal 10' remains high, indicating the presence of a slot, in a register located within the MC6805 processor. This "measure slot" routine accumulates a count in the appropriate MC6805 register until a tooth is detected. This "measure slot" routine is enabled again upon the detection of another slot as indicated by the change in the signal from sensor 44 from a low to a high value. The second slot in the direction of rotation shown would be the slot between edges B and C. As above, this second slot is measured, and a count is accumulated in an appropriate register until a successive tooth edge appears, such as edge C. The count accumulated during the passage of the slot between edges D and A is compared to the count accumulated during the passage of the slot between edges B and C. This may be done by simple subtraction. If the first count is less than the second count, the result will be negative, and the first count then represents the first slot between edges D and A. If the result were positive, the count stored during passage of the first slot would be representative of the larger slot between edges B and C. If the result of the subtraction was zero, the result would indicate an engine stall, a malfunction, or a large change in speed. Treating these conditions as a stall results in a return to the beginning of the program, and reestablishment of values. The result, where positive or negative, indicates the slot order, and which slot will appear next at the sensor, and permits the respective accumulated counts to be correlated to the selected slot widths.
In the case of slots defined by an armature, and having different spaced apart edge portions defining separate and distinct rotational angles for each respective slot, comparisons can be made of the times accumulated, or the counts accumulated for each slot, to determine at which measurement interval the selected slot appeared. Where the slots are spaced evenly around the armature and defined by an equal separation of teeth, then any slot will provide the same speed indication as any other slot, and that speed signal may be used to produce the trigger signal for other reference locations, for more or less than a full cycle of operation, as the case requires.
Once having determined the slot order and speed, the "speed check" portion of the program can then determine the speed of the armature based on the next passage of the selective slot past the sensor, and derive the proper advance signals necessary to produce the trigger signal at the correct rotational angle. As shown in FIG. 6, the "speed check" starts only when the next slot passing the sensor is the slot selected for measuring speed. In the preferred embodiment, trailing edge D should be opposite sensor 44 when the "speed check" begins.
This causes the output of sensor 44 to assume a high value, which is applied to terminal 10' of processor 52. Processor 52 then accumulates counts from its internal clock during the passage of the slot between edges D and A to measure the slot's speed during the Nth cycle.
If the speed from the previous measurement on the N-1 cycle was over a predetermined speed, then the Darlington transistor, shown as transistors Q2 and Q3, would be turned on early to insure that sufficient current is built up in the primary of ignition coil 82 before the trigger signal. If the speed of the machine measured on the previous N-1 cycle was not over this predetermined speed, this early turn-on time step is skipped, the processor 52 then waiting for the leading edge A of tooth 34 to pass sensor 44. A clock timed interrupt program called "timer IRQ", shown on FIG. 6d, operates during the passage of a slot such as between edges D and A. An internal counter counts an oscillator signal up to a count equal to the hexadecimal value FF in a much shorter time than required for the passage of the slot between edges D and A. This count of FF interrupts the program shown on FIGS. 6 to 6a. During the interruption, a register denominated 040 is incremented. If the armature 30 has stopped, the value accumulated in register 040 will exceed hexadecimal FF, which will be indicated as a stall, and the program will essentially begin again. As shown in FIG. 6d, as in a typical interrupt routine, values are stored and retrieved at its beginning and end, before returning to the main program. Also, due to the time required for processing an interrupt request, checks to determine whether a tooth edge has yet passed are made at both the beginning and end of this "timer IRAQ" routine. If a tooth is sensed either at the time the "timer IRQ" routine is started, or subsequently during this routine, the accumulated count is stored, the timer is reset, and the "set tooth during IRQ" flag is established, so the count may be stored for subsequent use. The timer is then restarted. As shown in FIG. 6a, if a tooth was detected during the "timer IRQ" routine, the Darlington transistor shown as transistors Q2 and Q3 is then turned on to build up current in primary 80. The accumulated count during passage of the slot between edges D and A pass sensor 44 will indicate a speed, which may be over 2000 rpm. Then, the speed is multiplied by a constant such as a K=0.187 and loaded into a register. The signal at the passage of the edge A past sensor 44 defining the slot between edges A and D is used to stop the accumulation of the count, marking the speed of the armature and then restarts the counter.
As the counter is then once again accumulating pulses from the internal clock, its accumulated count is compared to the count loaded into the register, which is a function of the count accumulated during the passage of the slot defined by edges D and A and of the constant K. When the register count is reached by the internal clock count, a trigger signal is generated which renders the Darlington transistor shown as transistors Q2 and Q3 nonconductive, causing a spark.
Then, the routine responds to a passage of a second slot, and again renders transistors Q2 and Q3, the Darlington transistor, nonconductive when the internal clock count, responsive to the leading edge of the tooth, reaches the count which was previously determined by multiplying speed by a constant and loaded into a register. This sequence repeats for at least a second slot during the rotation of armature 30, before remeasuring speed. In the preferred embodiment, the speed check is performed after every second trigger signal and its resulting ignition spark. However, as will be apparent, where a single indication is used for a plurality of successive trigger signals, suitable programming can be established to inhibit the speed check for a plurality of successive trigger signals, and until the selected speed check slot is opposite the sensor, such as the slot defined by edges A and D.
Referring again to FIGS. 4 and 5, at the moment that the Darlington transistor, shown as transistors Q2 and Q3 is de-energized, and a spark is generated by the collapse of flux in ignition coil 82, a voltage due to this collapsing field is transmitted from junction 72 to terminal 13' of processor 52. The level of this voltage is maintained between +5 volts and -0.5 volts by Zener diode 110, varible voltage responsive resistance 102 and diode 114. Terminal 18', output B6 is normally low when power is initially applied, causing light emitting diode D1 to be lighted. As the sensor 44 transmits pulses when the machine is first rotated, the light emitting diode D1 is turned off. If a spark occurs, then the ringing or kickback voltage appearing at junction 72 causes the processor 52 to change the state of the signal at terminal 18'. Then, successful operation of the system would cause a spark signal at its output, and a blinking light emitting diode D1.
The light emitting diode D1 then serves as a convenient diagnostic tool, which will indicate a faulty condition in either the sensor, the system, or the engine, if an internal combustion engine which may be used with this device will not start.
If the voltage available from power supply terminal 56 falls below the operating voltage of processor 52, in this case, 5 volts, it is important that any resulting erroneous spark signal be prevented. If the output voltage is normal, terminal 16' of processor 52 will be a low voltage, preventing transistor Q4 from conducting. Thus, while output terminal 14' disables base timing when advance timing is required, when output B4 to terminal 16' becomes nonconductive due to low voltage, transistor Q4 will become conductive, preventing input signal 50 from sensor 44 from causing ignition sparks.
As will be apparent, one skilled in the art may easily construct the required routines from the flow charts provided, and may make numerous modifications to the structure and method disclosed without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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entomologyLine breaks: en¦to|mol¦ogy
Pronunciation: /ˌɛntəˈmɒlədʒi /
Definition of entomology in English:
noun[mass noun]
The branch of zoology concerned with the study of insects.
Example sentences
- A large team can now be involved in investigations and she can draw on the expertise of many forensic specialists in anthropology, dentistry and even entomology (the study of insects).
- The book also describes different areas of scientific study, including entomology (the study of insects).
- Forensic entomology, the study of the insects associated with human corpses, is used to establish the elapsed time since death in murder cases.
mid 18th century: from French entomologie or modern Latin entomologia, from Greek entomon (denoting an insect) + -logia (see -logy).
- 1
- Example sentences
- The debate about the significance of insect flatulence has been waged for over three-quarters of a century not in obscure special interest entomological journals but rather in the premier scientific journals of our era.
- However impressive 13 authors may be among entomological papers, it barely qualifies as a multi-author paper compared with the competition.
- I'm often invited to give public lectures on entomological topics and, always anxious to do my part for science literacy, I rarely refuse such invitations.
- 2
entomologist noun
- Example sentences
- Other figures walk that way too, sleepyheaded botanists, entomologists and ornithologists lured through the misty light by the smell of coffee and bacon.
- By the 1970s, teams of entomologists had started searching for a biological control, an insect that would eat molesting salvinia into oblivion.
- The organization brings together molecular biologists, entomologists, behavioral scientists, and farmers in an interdisciplinary effort to control the various threats to African crops.
Pronunciation: /ˌɛntəməˈlɒdʒɪk(ə)l/adjective
Definition of entomology in:
- US English dictionary
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Word of the day jaunt
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a short excursion or journey made for pleasure


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This basic workshop introduces students to the interface, marking In/ Out points, basic video editing techniques such as slip editing & trimming, as well as applying basic transitions.
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1850 Census for Stoney Creek, Henry Co., IN
NEWBY, Nathen (45)b. VA, blacksmith ... Susanna (44)b. NC, cannot read or write... Emely (18) b. IA
Possible marriage record in Wayne Co., IN:
Susanah Jackson married Nathan Newby on 1832-03-08.(Book B ; Page 136)
Emily is born JAN 1832 but the above marriage isn't until MARCH 1832.
Emeline NEWBY marries Samuel Harrison DAVISON in 1853 in Miami Co., IN.
Anyone tracking these people?? ~~ sandymento at comcast.net
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It has been a little over two years since I last saw Lyle Lovett play in Santa Fe. It was the night he "closed down" the Paolo Soleri – giving the final performance at the beloved local venue. On Friday evening he played for a sold out crowd at the Santa Fe Opera; performing a… Read more »
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