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1386- 1964 c. G. CASH ETAL MATERIAL FOR LINING CANALS AND amass Filed Dec. 19. 1960 INVENTOR5 Wlieril.
ATTORNEY United States Patent Ofiice Patented Dec. 8, 1964 MATERIAL FGR LliNlNG CANAL AND DITCl-ES Carl G. Cash, Whippany, Arnold J. Hoiberg, Montville,
and Walter L. Butterfield, Whippany, N-IL, assignors,
by mesne assignments, to The Flintlrote Company, a
corporation of Massachusetts Filed Dec. 19, 1960, Ser. No. 76,911 Claims. (Cl. 117-25) This invention relates to material for use in lining canals and ditches, particularly such as employed in water conservation systems.
In such systems, wherein irrigation canals and ditches are utilized for conveying water, it is essential that the surface of the canal or ditch be treated so as to prevent loss of water by drainage or seepage which would other- 7 vide a canal or ditch liner material in the form of a flexible sheet material which can be supplied in the form form of convoluted rolls thereof to the job site and from which the material may there be readily unrolled and applied as an exposed membrane to serve as a heavy duty lining for ponds, canals, reservoirs and irrigation ditches.
Another object of the invention is to provide for such purposes, a sheet material of the character described, and
' exhibiting a high degree of flexibility both on aging and over a considerable temperature range, high bursting strength properties sufficient to resist mechanical injury in service, adequateweathering ability, and the ability to be manufactured and handled without cracking.
Still another object of the invention is to provide a material of the character and for the purposes set forth, which can be fabricated at relatively low cost and which can readily be installed asa canal or ditch liner without requiring the use of special equipment such as required for installing cement concrete lining, and without requiring the use of skilled labor.
Briefly stated, the canal or ditch liner material of the present invention is composed of a base of woven jute fiber treated so as to render it rot-proof and substantially free from attack by microorganisms when in contact with soil and water. The woven jute base is saturated with asphalt of a softening point (R. & B.) 135 to 16071 and other physical characteristics as hereinafter set forth. In accordance with the invention, the saturated sheet of woven jute fiber is coated on each of its surfaces with a layer of asphalt having a softening point, penetration and ductility characteristics hereinafter more particularly set forth and stabilized by incorporating therein, in an amount I of from about 25 to 4 5% by weight, finely divided minferal particles, such as traprock, of a mesh size such that at least by weight thereof passes a 200 mesh screen. Moreover, in respect of the asphalt component of the coating layers, it is essential that this be air-blown in the presence of a catalytic agent selected from the group consisting of phosphorus pentoxide, red phosphorus, phosphoric acid, and stable sulfides of phosphorus, such as phosphorus sesquisulfide, phosphorus sulfide'and phosphorus pentasulfide.
So-called catalytic asphalts produced by air-blowing high molecular weight-petroleum hydrocarbons in the presence of various in organic salts are well known. We have found, however, that in order to provide a membrane capable of serving as a liner for canals or ditches as herein set forth, and which will have the required'fiexibility at low temperatures, the required high temperature resistance to flow of the coating layers, as Well as the,
ability to be manufactured and handled without cracking of the coating, it is essential that the asphalt component of the coating layers be an air-blown asphalt produced by air-blowing in the presence of a stable phosphorus catalyst, such as the phosphorus compounds above mentioned. Ordinary straight blown asphalts, even though possessing the softening point and penetration characteristics herein referred to do not possess the ductility characteristic which is an essential property of the asphalt component of the coating for the jute fiber base in order to render it capable of serving as a canal or ditch liner. For that purpose, the asphalt of the coating layers should have a minimum ductility of 3.5 centimeters at 77 F. Thisrelatively high ductility is essential in accordance with the'invention in order that the asphalt be capable of accommodating itself to the stretch of the jute fiber base in manufacture; arid service. if
Likewise, we have found that asphalts which are produced by air blowing in the presence of other catalysts, such as iron chlorides or other compounds or iron, zinc chloride, and aluminum chloride, are not effective or capable of serving'for thecoating of the jiite fiber base to be used as canal or ditch liner material, owing to the fact that such asphalts lack the, required heat stability and are also inferior in their weathering properties.
Accordingly, the asphalt component ofthefcoating layers for the base may be produced as described in Patent No. 2,450,756, granted October 5, 1948 to one of the present applicants. As stated briefly above, the coating asphalt is" filled,
i.e. uniformly combined with a mineral stabilizer, such as finely divided traprock having a screen grading showing sive convolutionswhen the sheet is rolled up, and pre I vents age-hardening in storage, such as 'would cause cracking of the coating during handling, especially at low atmospheric temperatures. j The thus coated base may be dusted on both surfaces with a layer of mica or talc in those instances where it v is desired that the camel liner be relatively smooth, the
mica or talc serving also to provide additional protection against stricking of the convolutions when the product is in the form of rolls. In those instances where the canal or ditch liner is to be used under conditions requiring increased Weather-resistant properties, the coating layer on one side of the membrane may be provided with a layer of mineral granules, such as oiled traprock granules of a grading known as No. 11 roofing granules, this grading being such that essentially all are of a size to pass an 8 mesh and to be retained on a 35 mesh sieve. Desirably, when one surface of the membrane isthus provided with a layer of mineral granules of thecharacter described, this surfaceis also provided with a selvage edge, of saytwo inches width, over which relatively fine sand is applied as a surfacing, in order to enable overlapping margins of the membrane, when applied on the job, to be sealed as by application of heat or suitable mastic adhesive.
Referring more in detail to the liner material of the invention in its actual embodimentsthe jutefabric utilized asthe base may be burlap, which is a plain woven fabric weighing 7 to 12' ounces per lineal .yard, or sacking, which is'made from lower grades of fibers and which'is a rela= tively heavy, loosely woven cloth, weighing from 12 to 15' ounces per lineal yard (based, in each instance, on a 40 inch width). 7 More specifically, for example, there may be employed a jute fiber sacking of x 8 weave, weighing ounces per lineal yard of 40 inchwidth and known in 4 (R. & B.) of from 135 to 160 F. and further characterized by the following physical properties:
Penetration at: i
. 77 F., 100 g./5,s'ec., min/10 -100. 32 F., 200 g./ sec., mm./l0' 15 min. .F., 50 g./5 sec., man/l0 150 max. Flash point, Cleveland O.C. 475 F., min. Ductility at 77 F.,' 5 cm. per minute 3 /2 cm. Viscosity, Brookfield, No. 20 Spindle,20
1'.p.m cps., max.
at 400 F.
' Moreover, the'saturant rnust'be one that is compatible with the asphalt used in'the coating layers, the compatibility being determined bythe Oliensis compatibility test run at room temperature. 7
The base may be saturated in a molten bath of asphalt of, the above-mentioned properties maintained at a temperature in the range of 400 to 475 F., the saturating step being conducted so as to saturate the base with the asphalt in an amount of from 85%, preferably 110%,
' j to by weight.
the trade as-heavy goods. This material is a very strong fabric, which when saturated and provided with the layers of filled asphalt coating as, hereiridescribed, possesses a Mullen bursting strength greater than 250 pounds per square inch, and a tensile strength in excess of 100 pounds ('l"-l2/min.). Likewise, there may be employed a jute fabric of 11 X 12 weave, weighing 12 ounces per lineal yard of 36 inch width. Although this latter fabric is slightly more costly than the heavier weight fabric of lower thread count first mentioned, and the finishedproducts made from each of them are of substantially the same strength, the lighter weight jute with the higher thread count is of advantage'in manufacture of the' liner material, in that it provides a smoother fabric base for saturation with asphalt andpermits'moreuniform layers of'the stabilized asphalt coating to be applied. Also, it exhibits ditch liner when saturated and coated with the catalytic asphalt he'reindescribed, whereas these fabrics when coated with straight b lown'asphaltshow numerous cracks which permit water permeation when a standing head of water is placed overfthe finished membrane sheet.
The. woven jute base may be 'rot-proofed by any conventionalmeans, utilizing mercury salts or copper salts as the active rot-proofing agent. Thus, for example, the base may be treated with a solution of copper naphth'enate -in mineralspirits, by immersing the fabric in the solution. 7
Desirably, the solution is of such concentration and the duration ofimmersionshould be suerrthat'after evaporation of the mineral spirits, an amount of the copper-cornpound in the range from 0.5 to l.0 expressed as copper,
will be provided in-order to impart adequate protection against decay organisms. Alternatively, theba'se maybe treated with cuprammoni um solutions to provide a similar quantity of copper. In lieu of copper salts, there may be i The asphalt for the coating layer is, as aboveset forth, as asphalt. air-blownrin the presence of one of the phosphorus'compounds above-mentioned as. catalyst, and ex hibiting the following physical properties:
Softening point, Ring and Ball -210 F. Penetration at:
77 F., 100 g./5 sec., mml/lO 43-53.
32 F., 200 g./60 see, mm./l0 30 min.
115 F., 50 g./5 sec., mm./l0 100 maX. Flash point, Cleveland 00 .4 475 F. min Ductility at 77? F., 5 cm. per minute,
min. 3 /2 cm.
As above indicated, this coating asphalt is stabilized with finely divided mineral, such as traprock, of a grading such that 90% passes a 100 mesh sieve, the quantity therei of admixed with the asphalt being in the range of from 25 to 45% by weight of the asphalt.
The stabilized asphalt coating may be applied to the oppositefaces of the saturated base in any convenient fashiomwhile at a temperature in the range of from 275 to 350 F. The amount of coating material applied, pref- 'erably in layers of substantially equal thickness on both faces, should be such as to provide, together with the mineral surfacing subsequently applied thereover, a comin those instances where the material is'to be furnished for use: as" an exposed membrane underconditions requiring increased weather resistance.
As will be understooifthe steps of rot-proofing, saturating, coating and surfacing the base ofwoven jute fiber will be most economically conducted on continuously running sheets of the base. The finished sheet may be employed mercurysalts of limited water solubility'and which can be selectively absorbed on the fibers. 7
After treatment with the rot-proofing solution, the
' woven jute base is saturated with' iasphalt by running it through a bath of the asphalt saturantl The asphalt 'satur'ant is preferably an air-blown, steam and vacuum reduced asphalt having a softening point;
wound up in convoluted rolls of convenient size, using a suitably dimensioned core on a mandrel Winder. Preferably' informing each'wound up roll, the leading edge of the sheet is stapled to the core and reverse wound, i.e with the' mineral surfaced side facing outwardly. 7 In the-following tabulation are'f set forth data with re,- spectto thephysical properties'and amounts of the com-- 5 ponents making up three forms of liner material em bodying the invention.
viscosity, and ductility as above set forth.
Catalytic air-blown, softening point 194 (R. & 13,), penetration, flash point, and ductility as above set forth.
Coating: Asphalt Stabilizer Traprock, 90% passing 200 mesh.
Surfacing N o. 11 roof- Talc No. 11 roofing granules ing granules Wfiight, pounds per 100 sq. 'J'ute base (including rot-proofing agent) 8. 3 8.3 10. 4 t t 12. 5 12. 5 15.6 41. 3 75. 2 32. 4 30. 5 4. 28. Sand (selvedge edge)"- 0.3 (2) 0. 6 (4") Total 92. 9 100. 0 87. 5
In the accompanying drawing:
FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 are views depicting the sheets of liner material made according to the data in columns A, B and C, respectively, of the above tabulation, these views being taken transversely of the sheets;
FIG. 4 is a view, in perspective, illustrating a canal or the like, lined with sheet material made according to the invention; and
FIG. 5 is an enlarged detail view.
In FIGS. 1 and 2, the woven jute base referred to in columns A and B of the tabulation is indicated by numeral 10. In FIG. 3, the relatively heavier base of lower thread count referred to in column C of the tabulation is indicated by numeral 20. In each instance, the jute base is one that has been treated to render it rot-proof and to saturate it with asphalt as above described.
The layers of mineral stabilized catalytic asphalt coating above described are at 12. In FIGS. 1 and 3, the layer of mineral granules as surfacing for the top face or" the sheet is indicated at 13, the selvedge edge of relatively fine sand is indicated at 14, and the surfacing of mica or talc on the bottom face is indicated at 15. In FIG. 2, depicting the relatively smooth surface liner material, the surfacing layer of mica or talc is indicated by reference numeral 16.
In applying the material for lining the canals or ditches of irrigation or water conservation systems, the material in sheets of convenient width, preferably thirty-six inches, is supplied in the form of convoluted rolls to the job site. There it may readily be unrolled and cut into sheets of desired or required length.
Referring to FIG. 4, the sheets 25 are placed cross-wise in the canal or ditch 30, and with an excess at the ends 31 thereof extending along opposite sides of the canal or ditch so as to project out over the berms 32 and later to be covered with earth.
As will be understood, the surface of the ditch will have previously been compacted as by a vibratory com-.
pactor, and the berm will have been compacted as by the tread of a cat tractor such as used in pulling the ditchdigging apparatus.
As indicated in FIG. 4, the pre-cut sheets are placed so as to overlap one another a distance of about two inches, the overlap, as shown in FIG. 5, extending in the direction of the flow of water. At the overlaps, the sheets are joined and sealed to one another, preferably by heat, such as may be obtained from a propane torch applied to the margin of a sheet previously placed and the margin of the next overlapping sheet (rolled back sufficiently for the purpose) until the asphalt on both becomes molten. Thereupon these marginal portions are placed in contact with one another.
If desired, instead of joining the sheets as they are being placed in the canal or ditch, a convenient number of them, say six, may be joined in the overlapping relation on the ditch shoulder, and the thus joined assembly moved as a unit over and into place in the canal or ditch.
Where the sheets are of the smooth surface variety, a weather-resistant surface coating, preferably comprising a clay-type aqueous emulsion of asphalt of to F. melting point, and with or without an admixture of sand or the like, may desirably be sprayed or otherwise applied thereover.
The end portions of the sheets, extending over the berms 32 may be held down temporarily in any convenient fashion, until a desired length of the canal or ditch has been lined in the manner described, and until they are covered by the soil applied over the berms.
What is claimed is:
1. Flexible sheet material forlining canals and ditches, comprising a woven jute fiber base of from 5 x 8 to 11 x 12 thread count and weighing from 7 to 15 ounces per lineal yard of forty inches width, said base containing an effective amount of a rot-proofing compound and being saturated, in an amount of from 85% to by weight thereof, with asphalt having a softening point (R. & B.) of 135 to F., and a layer of asphaltic coating on each face of the thus saturated base, said coating consisting essentially of (1) an asphalt air-blown in the presence of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of phosphorous pentoxide, red phosphorous, stable phosphorous sulfides and phosphoric acid, and (2) from about 25 to 45% by weight of finely divided mineral particles at least 90% of which pass a 200 mesh sieve, said catalytically air-blown asphalt being characterized by a ductility of not less than 3.5 centimeters at 77 F. (5 centimeters per minute), a softening point (R. & B.) of to 210 F., and a pene t'ration of about 43 to 53 at 77 F. (100 g./5 sec.,
mm./l0), said coating layers each having a layer of mineral surfacing material applied thereover.
2. Sheet material as defined in claim 1, wherein th layer of mineral surfacing material applied over each of said coating layers is talc. J
3. Sheet material as defined in claim 1, wherein the layer of mineral surfacing material applied over the coating layer on one face is talc, and the surfacing material applied over the coating layer on the other face comprises mineral granules graded in size to pass an 8 mesh sieve and be retained on a 35 mesh sieve.
4. Sheet material as defined in claim 3, wherein said surfacing of mineral granules extends over the full width of the sheet except for a relatively narrow selvedge along one edge of the sheet, and wherein said selvedge is surfaced with a layer of finely divided sand.
5. Sheet material as defined in claim 1, wherein the combined weight of said coating'and mineral surfacing layers constitutes from about 70% to about 80% of the total weight of the sheet material per unit area.
6. Sheet material as defined in claim 1, wherein said 7. Sheet material as defined in claim 1, further characterized by a Mullen bursting strength of at least about 250 pounds per square inch.
- width, andwherein the layer of mineral surfacing material applied over each of said coating layers is talc.
9. Sheet material as defined in claim 7, wherein said woven base has a thread count of 11 X 12 and weighs approximately 12 ounces per lineal yard of 40 inches width, and wherein the layer of mineral surfacing material applied over the coating layer on one face is talc, and the surfacing material applied over the coating layer on the other face comprises mineral granules graded in size to pass an 81mesh sieve and be retained on a 35 mesh sieve.
10. Sheet material as defined in'claim 7, wherein said,
woven base has a thread count of 5 x 8 and weighs approximately 15 ounces per lineal yard of, 40 inches width, and wherein the layer of mineral surfacing material applied over the coating layer on one face is talc, and the surfacing material applied over the coating layer ,on the other face comprises mineral granules graded in size to pass an 8 meshsieve and be retained on mesh sieve.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES'VPATENTS Finley Apr. 24, Overbury Mar. 25, Rahr May 27, Kirschbraun June 24, Kirschbraun Sept. 23, Fordyce July 14, Kirschbraun I an. 4, Baker May 9, Greider et al. n. May 23, Swope Aug. 6, Burnet Apr. 25, 'Hoiberg Oct. 5, Baskin Feb. 13, Bramble Nov. 27, Oldfield July 2,
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Calvary Chapel Tackles Human Trafficking by Sponsoring Nearly 1,300 Children Through Compassion International
May 02, 2011
Church members at Calvary Chapel, located in Fort Lauderdale, Fla., sponsored nearly 1,300 children over the Easter weekend during a Compassion Sunday event for Compassion International, the world's largest Christian child development and sponsorship organization. The focus of the sponsorships was to engage the church in helping curb human and sex trafficking of children in high risk countries including Thailand, Brazil and Colombia.
Today: Hundreds of Colorado Springs Professionals Go Barefoot for a Cause
On the Haiti Earthquake Anniversary, Compassion for Haiti Grows
Jan 28, 2011
On the one year anniversary of the worst natural disaster of modern times, the "Remember Haiti With Compassion" campaign brought needed awareness to the ongoing suffering and need of the Haitian people through radio.
Compassion International Photographer Captures Images of Riots in Haiti
Dec 10, 2010
Photographer Chuck Bigger went to Haiti to capture images of Compassion International's work among the children of that beleaguered nation. Instead he has found himself in the midst of increasing violent riots.
Compassion President Attends Last White House State Dinner
Sep 16, 2008
In what was noted as only the sixth and final White House State Dinner, President and Mrs. John Kufuor of Ghana were honored by President George W. Bush ...
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STARmeterSEE RANK
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Jonathan Kesselman
Jonathan Kesselman was born in 1974 in Los Angeles, California, USA. He is a producer and director, known for The Hebrew Hammer (2003), Roasted: America Under the Influence (2011) and On the Streets with Jonathan Kesselman (2009). See full bio »
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Latest Issue
Latest Issue
PharmTech Europe
|Email Newsletters from Pharmaceutical Technology and Pharmaceutical Technology Europe
Providing the latest business, scientific, and regulatory news for the pharmaceutical and biotech industries.
News from Europe's pharmaceutical manufacturing industry coupled with upcoming events, and exclusive articles and interviews from industry experts.
Inhibiting the Precipitation of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs from Labrasol Formulations
By Wei-Guo Dai, Liang C. Dong and Abla A. Creasey
The authors sought to identify a precipitation inhibitor for Labrasol formulations that include poorly water-soluble drugs. Two low solubility compounds were combined with Pluronic F127, polyethylene glycol 400, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The study results suggested that Pluronic F127 might be a potent inhibitor of drug precipitation for Labrasol formulations.
This article was also published in our US sister publication Pharmaceutical Technology and can be read here.


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Converts a 5500° Kelvin light source to a 3800° K source. Touch Fastener this color correction screen to the front of a Chimera, Photoflex, Westcott or Speedotron 36 x 48" softbox that has a recessed front.
- Used to match different lighting sources in use on the same set.
- This is a CTO Half Orange.


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Virus Decimating Spanish Amphibians
October 20, 2014|
Several toad, newt, and salamander populations are being hit hard by an emerging pathogen in a pristine national park in Spain.
October 20, 2014|
Several toad, newt, and salamander populations are being hit hard by an emerging pathogen in a pristine national park in Spain.
October 17, 2014|
Scientists reveal the neural underpinnings—and muscles tightly linked with—the involuntary flexing of the pelvic floor, which comprises muscles that help us delay urination.
October 17, 2014|
Snail not extinct after all; results too good to be true?; mice need myelin production for motor learning; keeping the brain young; the evolution of archaea
October 16, 2014|
The production of new myelin in the brain—a function of non-neuronal glial cells—may be necessary for motor learning, a mouse study shows.
October 15, 2014|
The brain's ability to make new neural connections can be restored in mice by blocking a protein that normally acts as a natural brake on neuroplasticity.
October 13, 2014|
Researchers craft hormone-producing pancreas cells from human embryonic stem cells, paving the way for a cell therapy to treat diabetes.
October 9, 2014|
Mitochondrial mutations inherited from the mother can shorten a mouse's lifespan.
October 1, 2014|
Vision researcher John Dowling has spent a lifetime studying the neural architecture of the retina. He is closing his laboratory after 53 years, opting to extend these studies as a postdoc.
October 1, 2014|
In mice, adult cone cell outer segments and their visual functions deteriorate if two microRNAs are not present.
October 1, 2014|
Meet some of the people featured in the October 2014 issue of The Scientist.


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In one of my early morning adventures , while out capturing ducks , I finally met Mr. Woodchuck's aquaintance ! This is the second time I spotted him this month , once sunning himself against a large oak tree upright with his eye's closed enjoying the sun , I had my Akita with me and he made a quick exit , you can imagine my dissapointment not getting that capture , So today much to my surprise when I was on my own , him and I ran into each other again , I was very careful not to spook him and he seemed interested enough in my soft voice wishing him a good day to stay for approx. 5 minutes or so , How delighted I was to get up so close as to capture this beautiful Canadian Groundhog. This was captured on the shores of Lake of The Woods , Kenora, Ontario , Canada
Among North American rodents, only beavers and porcupines are larger than the marmots. Woodchucks are stocky little animals with a flattened head. They commonly weigh 2 to 4 kg, and large ones may be heavier in the autumn. They measure 40 to 65 cm total length, including a short bushy tail about 15 cm long. Fur colour varies from place to place and between individual animals. It ranges from yellowish to dark reddish brown, with an intermediate brown colour being the most common shade. The fur is usually grizzled in appearance because of light-coloured tips on the hairs. The belly fur is commonly straw-coloured and the feet black.
What a sweet face!!!! A wonderful capture!!
Thanks Lorilee , I was so thrilled to run into him again ! :) :) cutie pie he is ! :)
– Marie Morrison
"Excellent! Thank you for submitting your work to the Art & Collectables Sales Group. ":http://www.redbubble.com/groups/the-collectors-...
Beautiful capture!
Thank You Joy ! :)
– Marie Morrison
What fabulous close up encounter Marie, cute little guy !
Thanks Trudi ! what a joy it was to see this little guy again ! so appreciate your compliment ! :) I love your work !!
– Marie Morrison
Lucky you! A great capture!
Yes I considered myself very lucky that morning , it was so very nice to cross his path and be able to capture these ! So appreciate your kind words ! :)
– Marie Morrison
Cute little guy! Great shot
Thanks Mikrin ! he sure was cute ! Thanks for stopping in !
– Marie Morrison
What a beautiful animal.
Yes I agree , sure is not all that easy to capture them here , so considered myself very lucky ! :)
– Marie Morrison
WOW! You really capture Mr. Woodchuck at his best! He is so cute! Amazing Capture Marie!
Oh Thanks so much Rose ! I hope him and I meet again soon ! he is so lazy just loves to sit in the sun ! :)
– Marie Morrison
We have these guys everywhere around here, we call them groundhogs. You got a fantastic capture here!
Wow ! you are so lucky hard to see them around this area , they are also called the Groundhog here , another slang name is Woodchuck ! it was so wonderful to run into him ! :)
– Marie Morrison
tubby isn't he! wonderful capture!
LOL ! Yes he sure is ! I think that's why he spends so much time enjoying his seista's ! Thanks so much for the wonderful comment ! was really excited to capture him ! :)
– Marie Morrison
Fantastic work!
WOW ! Thank You so much Parmi ! for the honor of this feature ! it is so very much appreciated ! :)
– Marie Morrison


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... depression, Those meds include: Labetolol, Norvasc, Spironaldactone, Topamax, MVI, B12, Effexor XR, Neurontin, Nortriptyline, Lovastatin, Rotating Allergy Meds Allegra D, Zyrtec. If I take one for a length of time I get the Paradoxl Effect. Oh I get Botox injections every 3 months fpr the migraines and the facial tic. I also take Imitrex, Phenergen and Percocet prn for the migraines. Ok here is my problem. A random drug screen turned up (+)for benzodiazepines. I a dumbfounded. I have not changed any meds or routines. I verified my meds with my pharmacy. I had to be tested again and the next 2 were also (+). The State Board is involved. I don't know what to do!! Has anyone ever had this happen? If so, Please enlighten me please!!!
Medication - I am on a number of meds treating me for htn, migraines, hemi facial spasms, and?
- Posted:
- 20 Apr 2012 by skipparn
- Topics:
- allegra, allegra-d, effexor, effexor xr, neurontin, norvasc, topamax, zyrtec, depression, high blood pressure, migraine, allergies, obesity, hot flashes, lovastatin, nortriptyline, allergic rhinitis, hypertension, migraine prophylaxis, spasms, medication
Answers (2)
27 Apr 2012
If im correct, benzodiazepines are basically called benzos. theres a lot of different drugs that fall under that catigory, such as muscle relaxers like soma, or antianxiety medications like xanex(bars) or klonopin. chances are if there are muscle relaxers or anti anxiety meds you take thats why you showed positive. but thats only if what i remember the meaning of benzodiazepines to be true or not. sorry if i couldnt help more.
27 Apr 2012
Have you by chance taken Frisium, Urbanol, Lunesta, Sonata, Starnoc, Ambien, Nytamel, Stilnoct, Stilnox, Zoldem, Zolnod, Imovane, Rhovane, Ximovan, Zileze, Zimoclone, Zimovane, Zopitan, or Zorclone? These drugs except for the first two work on benzodiazepine receptors with the same or similar effects and are cross tolerant drugs.
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Australian Stock Saddle Company
Southern Cross
Trail Saddles
For Sale on eBay
Manufacturer: Australian Stock Saddle Company
Model: Southern Cross
Category: Trail Saddles
Purchase: I bought this saddle from the Australian Stock Saddle Company's booth at the Midwest Horse Fair in Wisconsin in 2009. I traded in my Muster Master plus cash for this saddle.
Likes: These saddles are very comfortable and secure for the rider. The deep seat and poleys make for a secure ride.
Dislikes: The saddle fit for the horse is horrible. I am an endurance rider and horse comfort is very important to me. I noticed after I began riding in a consistent basis in the Southern Cross that my gelding would not stride out. I was told to get a better pad. Followed the ASSC's rep who recommended the CSI pads - read my review of that for more info. The CSI pad seemed to make the situation worse. My gelding developed HUGE white spots on both sides of his withers. These saddles are designed for a very narrow withered horse. I contacted the ASSC for help. They recommended that I bring my horse and saddle to one of their 'master' saddle fitters. I did so. Paid $50 for a saddle fitting and over $200 for the saddle to be custom fit to my gelding. Started riding him in his 'new' saddle - the white spots came back even larger! I have contacted the ASSC several times via phone and email with any response. Customer service seems to be non-existent with this company. I have my doubts as to whether anything was done when I sent my saddle in for fitting. I would also state that the stirrups are hung very far forward, which makes getting out of the saddle to post or 2 point, quite difficult.
Quality: Saddles seem to be pretty well made.
Summary: I would be very hesitant to purchase anything from the ASS company. If you happen to get lucky and get a good fit, good for you.
Rating: 1
Author: Joslyn
Date: 2011-12-28
Usefulness Rating: 2 out of 5.
5 reader(s) voted.
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Author Archive
Articles by Felix Salmon | Email the Author
The Satoshi Paradox
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Newsweek wanted a scoop for its relaunch cover story, and boy did it deliver: it uncovered the identity of Satoshi... More
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Journalism has a plagiarism problem. But it's not the one you'd expect - Fareed Zakaria's case highlights news organizations' ethical grey areas
4 topics John Oliver explained more clearly than television news - The political satirist brings explainer comedy to HBO viewers
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My take: The end of an era in Tampa (14)
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The press is responsible for ignoring Bill Cosby rape allegations (6)
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Questions and exercises for journalism students.
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Is it ever okay to name victims? – Editors question the policy of omitting information in sexual assault and domestic violence cases


text: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia John Knox John Knox forced to resign his position and leave the country. Knox first moved to Geneva and then to Frankfurt. In Geneva, he met John Calvin, from whom he gained experience and knowledge of Reformed theology and Presbyterian polity. He created a new order of service, which was eventually adopted by the reformed church in Scotland. He left Geneva to head the English refugee church in Frankfurt but he was forced to leave over differences concerning the liturgy, thus ending his association with the Church of England. On his return to Scotland, he led the Protestant Reformation in Scotland, in partnership with the Scottish Protestant nobility. The movement may be seen as a revolution, since it led to the ousting of Mary of Guise, who governed the country in the name of her young daughter, Mary, Queen of Scots. Knox helped write the new confession of faith and the ecclesiastical order for the newly created reformed church, the Kirk. He continued to serve as the religious leader of the Protestants throughout Mary's reign. In several interviews with the queen, Knox admonished her for supporting Catholic practices. Eventually, when she was imprisoned and James VI enthroned in her stead, he openly called for her execution. He continued to preach until his final days. Portrait of Knox from Theodore Beza's Icones[1] John Knox (c. 1510 – 24 November 1572) was a Scottish clergyman and leader of the Protestant Reformation who is considered the founder of the Presbyterian denomination. He was educated at the University of St Andrews and worked as a notary-priest. Influenced by early church reformers such as George Wishart, he joined the movement to reform the Scottish church. He was caught up in the ecclesiastical and political events that involved the murder of Cardinal Beaton in 1546 and the intervention of the regent of Scotland, Mary of Guise. He was taken prisoner by French forces the following year and exiled to England on his release in 1549. While in exile, Knox was licensed to work in the Church of England, where he quickly rose in the ranks to serve King Edward VI of England as a royal chaplain. In this position, he exerted a reforming influence on the text of the Book of Common Prayer. In England he met and married his first wife, Marjorie. When Mary Tudor ascended the throne and re-established Roman Catholicism, Knox was Early life, 1510–1546 John Knox was born sometime between 1505 and 1515[2] in or near Haddington, the county town of East Lothian.[3] His father, William Knox, was a farmer. All that is known of his mother is that her maiden name was Sinclair and that she died when John Knox was a child.[4] Knox was probably educated at the grammar school in Haddington. In his time, the priesthood was the only path for those whose inclinations were academic rather than mercantile or agricultural.[5] He proceeded to further studies at the University of St Andrews or possibly at the University of 1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Glasgow. He studied under John Major, one of the greatest scholars of the time.[6] Knox first appears in public records as a priest and a notary in 1540. He was still serving in these capacities as late as 1543 when he described himself as a "minister of the sacred altar in the diocese of St. Andrews, notary by apostolic authority" in a notarial deed dated 27 March.[7] Rather than taking up parochial duties in a parish, he became tutor to two sons of Hugh Douglas of Longniddry. He also taught the son of John Cockburn of Ormiston. Both of these lairds had embraced the new religious ideas of the Reformation, which were sweeping Europe.[8] John Knox Wishart persuaded him against this course saying, "Nay, return to your bairns [pupils] and God bless you. One is sufficient for a sacrifice."[15] Wishart was subsequently prosecuted by Beaton's Public Accuser of Heretics, John Lauder. On 1 March 1546, he was burnt at the stake in the presence of Cardinal Beaton. Knox had avoided being arrested by Hepburn through Wishart's advice to return to tutoring. He took shelter with Douglas in Longniddry.[16] Several months later he was still in charge of the pupils, the sons of Douglas and Cockburn, who wearied of moving from place to place while being pursued. He toyed with the idea of fleeing to Germany and taking his pupils with him. While Knox remained a fugitive, Cardinal Beaton was murdered on 29 May 1546, within his residence, the Castle of St Andrews, by a gang of five persons in revenge for Wishart's execution. The assassins seized the castle and eventually their families and friends took refuge with them, about a hundred and fifty men in all. Among their friends was Henry Balnaves, a former secretary of state in the government, who negotiated with England for the financial support of the rebels.[17] Douglas and Cockburn suggested to Knox to take their sons to the relative safety of the castle to continue their instruction in reformed doctrine. Knox arrived at the castle on 10 April 1547.[18] Knox's powers as a preacher came to the attention of the chaplain of the garrison, John Rough. While Rough was preaching in the parish church on the Protestant principle of the popular election of a pastor, he proposed Knox to the congregation for that office. Knox did not relish the idea. According to his own account, he burst into tears and fled to his room. Within a week, however, he was giving his first sermon to a congregation that included his old teacher, John Major.[19] He expounded on the seventh chapter of the Book of Daniel, comparing the pope with the Antichrist. His sermon was marked by his consideration of the Bible as his sole authority and the doctrine of justification by faith alone, two elements that would remain in his thoughts throughout the rest of his life. A few days later, a debate was staged that allowed him to lay down additional theses including the rejection of the Mass, purgatory, and prayers for the dead.[20] Embracing the Protestant Reformation, 1546–1547 Knox did not record when or how he was converted to the Protestant faith,[9] but perhaps the key formative influence on Knox was George Wishart.[10] Wishart was a reformer who had fled Scotland in 1538 to escape punishment for heresy. He first moved to England, where in Bristol he preached against the veneration of the Virgin Mary. He was forced to make a public recantation and was burned in effigy at the Church of St Nicholas as a sign of his abjuration. He then took refuge in Germany and Switzerland. While on the Continent, he translated the First Helvetic Confession into English.[11] He returned to Scotland in 1544, but the timing of his return was unfortunate. In December 1543, James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault, the appointed regent for the infant Mary, Queen of Scots had decided with the Queen mother, Mary of Guise and Cardinal David Beaton to persecute the Protestant sect that had taken root in Scotland.[12] Wishart travelled throughout Scotland preaching in favour of the reformation and when he arrived in East Lothian, Knox became one of his closest associates. Knox acted as his bodyguard, bearing a two-handed sword in order to defend him.[13] In December 1545, Wishart was seized on Beaton's orders by Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell, and taken to the Castle of St Andrews.[14] Knox was present on the night of Wishart's arrest and was prepared to follow him into captivity, but 2 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia John Knox Andrews and Dundee, the spires of the parish church where he preached appeared in view. James Balfour, a fellow prisoner, asked Knox whether he recognised the landmark. He replied that he knew it well, recognising the steeple of the place where he first preached and he declared that he would not die until he had preached there again.[27] In February 1549, after spending a total of 19 months in the galley-prison, Knox was released. It is uncertain how he obtained his liberty.[28] Confinement in the French galleys, 1547–1549 Knox's chaplaincy of the castle garrison was not to last long. While Hamilton was willing to negotiate with England to stop their support of the rebels and bring the castle back under his control, Mary of Guise decided that it could only be taken by force and requested the king of France, Henry II to intervene.[21] On 29 June 1547, 21 French galleys approached St Andrews under the command of Leone Strozzi, prior of Capua. The French besieged the castle and forced the surrender of the garrison on 31 July. The Protestant nobles and others, including Knox, were taken prisoner and forced to row in the French galleys.[22] The galley slaves were chained to benches and rowed throughout the day without a change of posture while an officer watched over them with a whip in hand.[23] They sailed to France and navigated up the Seine to Rouen. The nobles, some of whom would have an impact later in Knox's life such as William Kirkcaldy and Henry Balnaves, were sent to various castle-prisons in France.[24] Knox and the other galley slaves continued to Nantes and stayed on the Loire throughout the winter. They were threatened with torture if they did not give proper signs of reverence when Mass was performed on the ship. Knox recounted an incident in which one Scot was required to show devotion to a picture of the Virgin Mary. It is probable that Knox, himself, was the one involved. The prisoner was told to give it a kiss of veneration. He refused and when the picture was pushed up to his face, the prisoner seized the picture and threw it into the sea, saying, "Let our Lady now save herself: she is light enough: let her learn to swim."[25] After that, according to Knox, the Scottish prisoners were no longer forced to perform such devotions.[26] In summer 1548, the galleys returned to Scotland to scout for English ships. Knox's health was now at its lowest point due to the severity of his confinement. He was ill with a fever and others on the ship were afraid for his life. Even in this state, Knox recalled, his mind remained sharp and he comforted his fellow prisoners with hopes of release. While the ships were lying offshore between St Exile in England, 1549–1554 On his release, Knox took refuge in England. The Reformation in England was a less radical movement than its Continental counterparts, but there was a definite breach with Rome.[29] The Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, and the regent of King Edward VI, Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, were decidedly Protestant-minded. However, much work needed to be done to bring reformed ideas to the clergy and to the people.[30] On 7 April 1549, Knox was licensed to work in the Church of England. His first commission was in Berwick-upon-Tweed. He was obliged to use the recently released Book of Common Prayer, which was mainly a translation of the Latin Mass into English and was largely left intact and unreformed. He therefore modified its use along Protestant lines. In the pulpit he preached Protestant doctrines with great effect as his congregation grew.[31] In England, Knox met his wife, Marjorie Bowes. Her father, Richard, was the younger brother of Sir Robert Bowes, a descendant of an old Durham family and her mother, Elizabeth, was an heiress of a Yorkshire family, the Askes of Richmondshire. Elizabeth Bowes presumably met Knox when he was employed in Berwick. Several letters reveal a close friendship between them.[33] It is not recorded when Knox married Marjorie Bowes.[34] Knox attempted to obtain the consent of the Bowes family, but Robert and Richard were opposed to the marriage.[35] Towards the end of 1550, Knox was appointed a preacher of St Nicholas' Church in Newcastle upon Tyne. The following year he was appointed one of the six royal chaplains serving the king. On 16 October 1551, John 3 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia John Knox London, Nicholas Ridley. Knox returned to London in order to deliver a sermon before the king and the court during Lent and he again refused to take the assigned post. Knox was then told to preach in Buckinghamshire and he remained there until Edward's death on 6 July.[38] Edward's successor, Mary Tudor, reestablished Roman Catholicism in England and restored the Mass in all the churches. With the country no longer safe for Protestant preachers, Knox left for the continent in January 1554 on the advice of friends.[39] On the eve of his flight, he wrote: Sometime I have thought that impossible it had been, so to have removed my affection from the realm of Scotland, that any realm or nation could have been equal dear to me. But God I take to record in my conscience, that the troubles present (and appearing to be) in the realm of England are double more dolorous unto my heart than ever were the troubles of Scotland.[40] Portrait titled "The Somerville Knox"[32] Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland overthrew Edward Seymour to become the new regent of the king. Knox condemned the coup d'état in a sermon on All Saints Day. When Dudley visited Newcastle and listened to his preaching in June 1552, he had mixed feelings about the fire-brand preacher, but he saw Knox as a potential asset. Knox was asked to come to London to preach before the Court. In his first sermon, he advocated a change for the second edition of the Book of Common Prayer. The liturgy required worshippers to kneel during communion. Knox and the other chaplains considered this to be idolatry. It triggered a debate where Thomas Cranmer was called upon to defend the practice. The end result was a compromise in which the famous Black Rubric, which declared that no adoration is intended while kneeling, was included in the second edition.[36] Soon afterwards, Dudley, who saw Knox as a useful political tool, offered him the bishopric of Rochester. Knox refused, and he returned to Newcastle.[37] On 2 February 1553 Cranmer was ordered to appoint Knox as vicar of Allhallows Church in London placing him under the authority of the Bishop of From Geneva to Frankfurt and Scotland, 1554–1556 Knox disembarked in Dieppe, France, and continued on to Geneva, where John Calvin had established his authority. When Knox arrived, however, Calvin was in a difficult position. He had recently authorised the execution of the scholar Michael Servetus for heresy, a ruling which had discredited Calvin among his peers, and all the cities of Switzerland were against him. Knox asked Calvin four difficult political questions: whether a minor could rule by divine right, whether a female could rule and transfer sovereignty to her husband, whether people should obey ungodly or idolatrous rulers, and what party godly persons should follow if they resisted an idolatrous ruler.[41] Calvin gave cautious replies and referred him to the Swiss reformer Heinrich Bullinger in Zürich. Bullinger's responses were equally cautious; but Knox had already made up his mind. On 20 July 1554, he published a pamphlet attacking Mary Tudor and the bishops who had brought her to the throne.[42] He also attacked the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, 4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia John Knox from Frankfurt on 26 March 1555 marked his final breach with the Church of England.[44] After his return to Geneva, Knox was chosen to be the minister at a new place of worship petitioned from Calvin. In the meantime, Elizabeth Bowes wrote to Knox, asking him to return to Marjorie in Scotland, which he did at the end of August.[45] Despite initial doubts about the state of the Reformation in Scotland, Knox found the country significantly changed since he was carried off in the galley in 1547. When he toured various parts of Scotland preaching the reformed doctrines and liturgy, he was welcomed by many of the nobility including two future regents of Scotland, James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, and John Erskine, 17th Earl of Mar.[46] Though the queen regent, Mary of Guise, made no move to act against Knox, his activities caused concern among the church authorities. The bishops of Scotland viewed him as a threat to their authority and summoned him to appear in Edinburgh on 15 May 1556. He was accompanied to the trial by so many influential persons that the bishops decided to call the hearing off. Knox was now free to preach openly in Edinburgh. William Keith, the Earl Marischal, was impressed and urged Knox to write to the queen regent. Knox's unusually respectful letter urged her to support the Reformation and overthrow the church hierarchy. Mary took the letter as a joke and ignored it.[47] Statue of John Knox at the Reformation Wall monument in Geneva calling him "no less enemy to Christ than was Nero".[43] In a letter dated 24 September 1554, Knox received an invitation from a congregation of English exiles in Frankfurt to become one of their ministers. He accepted the call with Calvin's blessing. But no sooner had he arrived than he found himself in a conflict. The first set of refugees to arrive in Frankfurt had subscribed to a reformed liturgy and used a modified version of the Book of Common Prayer. More recently arrived refugees, however, including Edmund Grindal, the future Archbishop of Canterbury, favoured a stricter application of the book. When Knox and a supporting colleague, William Whittingham, wrote to Calvin for advice, they were told to avoid contention. Knox therefore agreed on a temporary order of service based on a compromise between the two sides. This delicate balance was disturbed when a new batch of refugees arrived that included Richard Cox, one of the principal authors of the Book of Common Prayer. Cox brought Knox's pamphlet attacking the emperor to the attention of the Frankfurt authorities, who advised that Knox leave. His departure Return to Geneva, 1556–1559 The Auditoire de Calvin where Knox preached while in Geneva, 1556–1558 5 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Shortly after Knox sent the letter to the queen regent, he suddenly announced that he felt his duty was to return to Geneva. In the previous year on 1 November 1555, the congregation in Geneva had elected Knox as their minister and he decided to take up the post.[48] He wrote a final letter of advice to his supporters and left Scotland with his wife and mother-in-law. He arrived in Geneva on 13 September 1556.[49] For the next two years, he lived a happy life in Geneva. He recommended Geneva to his friends in England as the best place of asylum for Protestants. In one letter he wrote: I neither fear nor eschame to say, is the most perfect school of Christ that ever was in the earth since the days of the apostles. In other places I confess Christ to be truly preached; but manners and religion so sincerely reformed, I have not yet seen in any other place...[50] Knox led a busy life in Geneva. He preached three sermons a week, each lasting well over two hours. The services used a liturgy that was derived by Knox and other ministers from Calvin's Formes des Prières Ecclésiastiques.[51] The church in which he preached, the Église de Notre Dame la Neuve—now known as the Auditoire de Calvin—had been granted by the municipal authorities, at Calvin's request, for the use of the English and Italian congregations. Knox's two sons, Nathaniel and Eleazar, were born in Geneva, with Whittingham and Myles Coverdale their respective godfathers.[52] In the summer of 1558, Knox published his best known pamphlet, The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women. In calling the "regiment" or rule of women "monstrous", he meant that it was "unnatural". The pamphlet has been called a classic of misogyny. Knox states that his purpose was to demonstrate "how abominable before God is the Empire or Rule of a wicked woman, yea, of a traiteresse and bastard".[53] The women rulers that Knox had in mind were Mary Tudor, the queen of England, and Mary Stuart, the queen of Scotland. Knox's prejudices against women were not unusual in his day; however, even he was aware that the pamphlet was dangerously seditious.[54] He therefore published it John Knox The title page of The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women from an eighteenth century edition anonymously and did not tell Calvin, who denied knowledge of it until a year after its publication, that he had written it. In England, the pamphlet was officially condemned by royal proclamation. The impact of the document was complicated later that year, when Elizabeth Tudor became queen of England. Although Knox had not targeted Elizabeth, he had deeply offended her, and she never forgave him. With a Protestant on the throne, the English refugees in Geneva prepared to return home. Knox himself decided to return to Scotland. Before his departure, various honours were conferred on him, including the freedom of the city of Geneva. Knox left in January 1559, but he did not arrive in Scotland until 2 May 1559, owing to Elizabeth's 6 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia refusal to issue him a passport through England.[55] John Knox Perth. The people engaged in vandalism and looting.[56] Revolution and end of the regency, 1559–1560 Perth's St John's Kirk in modern times With Protestant reinforcements arriving from neighbouring counties, the queen regent retreated to Dunbar. By now, the mob fury had spilled over central Scotland. Her own troops were on the verge of mutiny. On 30 June, the Protestants occupied Edinburgh, though they were only able to hold it for a month. But even before their arrival, the mob had already sacked the churches and the friaries. On 1 July, Knox preached from the pulpit of St Giles', the most influential in the capital.[57] Knox knew that the queen regent would ask for help from France. So he negotiated by letter with William Cecil, Elizabeth's chief adviser, for English support. Knox sailed to Lindisfarne, off the northeast coast of England, for secret negotiations, but he was forced to return to Scotland when he was recognised. When additional French troops arrived in Leith, Edinburgh's seaport, the Protestants responded by retaking Edinburgh. This time, on 24 October 1559, the Scottish nobility formally deposed Mary of Guise from the regency. Her secretary, William Maitland of Lethington, defected to the Protestant side, bringing his administrative skills. From then on, Maitland took over the political tasks, freeing Knox for the role of religious leader. For the final stage of the revolution, Maitland appealed to Scottish patriotism to fight French domination. Support from England finally arrived and by the end of March, a significant English army joined the Scottish Protestant forces. The sudden death of Mary of Guise in Edinburgh Castle on 10 June 1560 paved the way for an end to hostilities, the signing of the Treaty of Edinburgh, and the Knox preaching to the Scottish nobles in a painting by David Wilkie Two days after Knox arrived in Edinburgh, he proceeded to Dundee where a large number of Protestant sympathisers had gathered. Knox was declared an outlaw, and the queen regent summoned the Protestants to Stirling. Fearing the possibility of a summary trial and execution, the Protestants proceeded instead to Perth, a walled town that could be defended in case of a siege. At the church of St John the Baptist, Knox preached a fiery sermon and a small incident precipitated into a riot. A mob poured into the church and it was soon gutted. The mob then attacked two friaries in the town, looting their gold and silver and smashing images. Mary of Guise gathered those nobles loyal to her and a small French army. She dispatched Archibald Campbell, 5th Earl of Argyll, and James Stewart, to offer terms and avert a war. She promised not to send any French troops into Perth if the Protestants evacuated the town. The Protestants agreed, but when the queen regent entered Perth, she garrisoned it with Scottish soldiers on the French pay roll. This was seen as treacherous by Campbell and Stewart, who switched sides and joined Knox, who now based himself in St Andrews. Knox's return to St Andrews fulfilled the prophecy he made in the galleys that he would one day preach again in its church. When he did give a sermon, the effect was the same as in 7 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia withdrawal of French and English troops from Scotland. On 19 July, Knox held a National Thanksgiving Service at St Giles'.[58] John Knox Knox and Queen Mary, 1561–1564 On 19 August 1561, cannons were fired in Leith to announce Queen Mary's arrival in Scotland. When she celebrated Mass in the royal chapel at Holyrood Palace five days later, it prompted a protest in which one of her servants was jostled. The next day she issued a proclamation that there would be no alteration in the current state of religion and that her servants should not be molested or troubled. Many nobles accepted this, but not Knox. The following Sunday, he protested from the pulpit of St Giles'. As a result, just two weeks after her return, Mary summoned Knox. She accused him of inciting a rebellion against her mother and of writing a book against her own authority. Knox answered that as long as her subjects found her rule convenient, he was willing to accept her governance, noting that Paul the Apostle had been willing to live under Nero's rule. Mary noted, however, that he had written against the principle of female rule itself. He responded that she should not to be troubled by what had never harmed her. When Mary asked him whether subjects had a right to resist their ruler, he replied that if monarchs exceeded their lawful limits, they might be resisted, even by force.[62] On 13 December 1562, Mary sent for Knox again after he gave a sermon denouncing certain celebrations which Knox had interpreted as rejoicing at the expense of the Reformation. She charged that Knox spoke irreverently of the queen in order to make her appear contemptible to her subjects. After Knox gave an explanation of the sermon, Mary stated that she did not blame Knox for the differences of opinion and asked that in the future he come to her directly if he heard anything about her that he disliked. Despite her friendly gesture, Knox replied that he would continue to voice his convictions in his sermons and would not wait upon her.[64] During Easter in 1563, some priests in Ayrshire celebrated Mass, thus defying the law. Some Protestants tried to enforce the law themselves by apprehending these priests. This prompted Mary to summon Knox for the third time. She asked Knox to use his influence to promote religious toleration. He defended their actions and noted she is bound to uphold the laws and if she did not, Reformation in Scotland, 1560–1561 On 1 August, the Scottish Parliament met to settle religious issues. Knox and five other ministers were called upon to draw up a new confession of faith. Within four days, the Scots Confession was presented to Parliament, voted upon, and approved. A week later, the Parliament passed three acts in one day: the first abolished the jurisdiction of the pope in Scotland, the second condemned all doctrine and practice contrary to the reformed faith, and the third forbade the celebration of Mass in Scotland. Before the dissolution of Parliament, Knox and the other ministers were given the task of organising the newly reformed church or the Kirk. They would work for several months on the Book of Discipline, the document describing the organisation of the new church. During this period, Knox's wife, Marjorie, died in December 1560, leaving Knox to care for their two sons, aged three and a half and two years old. John Calvin, who had lost his own wife in 1549, wrote a letter of condolence.[59] Parliament reconvened on 15 January 1561 to consider the Book of Discipline. The Kirk was to be run on democratic lines. Each congregation was free to choose or reject their own pastor; but once he was chosen, they could not fire him. Each parish was to be self-supporting, as far as possible. The bishops were replaced by ten to twelve "superintendents". The plan included a system of national education based on universality as a fundamental principle. Certain areas of law were placed under ecclesiastical authority.[60] The Parliament did not approve the plan, however, mainly for reasons of finance. The Kirk was to be financed out of the patrimony of the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland. Much of this was now in the hands of the nobles, who were reluctant to give up their possessions. A final decision on the plan was delayed because of the impending return of Mary Stuart, the queen of Scotland.[61] 8 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia John Knox my own hand corrects, much less can I rejoice in your Majesty's weeping."[68] He added that he would rather endure her tears, however, than remain silent and "betray my Commonwealth". At this, Mary ordered him out of the room.[69] Knox's final encounter with Mary was prompted by an incident at Holyrood. While Mary was absent from Edinburgh on her summer progress in 1563, a crowd forced its way into her private chapel as Mass was being celebrated. During the altercation, the priest's life was threatened. As a result, two of the ringleaders, burgesses of Edinburgh, were scheduled for trial on 24 October 1563. In order to defend these men, Knox sent out letters calling the nobles to convene. Mary obtained one of these letters and asked her advisors if this was not a treasonable act. Stewart and Maitland, wanting to keep good relations with both the Kirk and the Queen, asked Knox to admit he was wrong and to settle the matter quietly. Knox refused and he defended himself in front of Mary and the privy council. He argued that he had called a legal, not an illegal, assembly as part of his duties as a minister of the Kirk. After he left, the councillors voted not to charge him with treason.[70] Stained glass window of John Knox admonishing Mary Queen of Scots.[63] others would. Mary surprised Knox by agreeing that the priests would be brought to justice.[65] The most dramatic interview between Mary and Knox took place on 24 June 1563.[66] Mary summoned Knox to Holyrood after hearing that he had been preaching against her proposed marriage to Don Carlos, the son of Philip II of Spain. Mary began by scolding Knox, then she burst into tears. "What have ye to do with my marriage?" she asked, and "What are ye within this commonwealth?"[67] "A subject born within the same, Madam," Knox replied.[67] He noted that though he was not of noble birth, he had the same duty as any subject to warn of dangers to the realm. When Mary started to cry again, he said, "Madam, in God's presence I speak: I never delighted in the weeping of any of God's creatures; yea I can scarcely well abide the tears of my own boys whom Final years in Edinburgh, 1564–1572 St Giles' Cathedral in Edinburgh, where Knox served as minister from 1560 to 1572[71] On 26 March 1564 Knox stirred controversy again, when he married the daughter of an old friend, Andrew Stewart, a member of the Stuart family and a distant relative of the queen, Mary Stuart. The marriage was 9 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia unusual because he was a widower of fifty, while the bride, Margaret, was only seventeen.[72] Very few details are known of their domestic life. They had three daughters, Martha, Margaret, and Elizabeth.[73] When the General Assembly convened in June 1564, an argument broke out between Knox and Maitland over the authority of the civil government. Maitland told Knox to refrain from stirring up emotions over Mary's insistence on celebrating mass and he quoted from Martin Luther and John Calvin about obedience to earthly rulers. Knox retorted that the Bible notes that Israel was punished when it followed an unfaithful king and that the Continental reformers were refuting arguments made by the Anabaptists who rejected all forms of government. The debate revealed his waning influence on political events as the nobility continued to support Mary.[74] On 29 July 1565 when Mary married Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, some of the Protestant nobles rose up in rebellion including James Stewart. Knox revealed his own objection while preaching in the presence of the new king consort on 19 August 1565. He made passing allusions on ungodly rulers which caused Darnley to walk out. Knox was summoned and prohibited from preaching while the court was in Edinburgh.[75] John Knox loyal to Darnley. Mary escaped from Edinburgh to Dunbar and by 18 March returned with a formidable force. Knox fled to Kyle in Ayrshire, where he completed the major part of his magnum opus, History of the Reformation in Scotland.[76] When he returned to Edinburgh, he found the Protestant nobles divided over what to do with Mary. By now, she had abdicated and was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle. James Stewart had become the regent of James VI. Other old friends of Knox's, Archibald Campbell and William Kirkcaldy, stood by Mary. On 29 July 1567, Knox preached James VI's coronation sermon at the church in Stirling. During this period Knox thundered against her in his sermons, even to the point of calling for her death. However, Mary's life was spared, and she escaped on 2 May 1568.[77] The fighting in Scotland continued. James Stewart was assassinated on 23 January 1570. The regent who succeeded him, Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, was also a victim of violence. On 30 April 1571, the controller of Edinburgh Castle, Kirkcaldy, ordered all enemies of the queen to leave the city. But for Knox, his former friend and fellow galley-slave, he made an exception. If Knox did not leave, he could stay in Edinburgh, but only if he remained captive in the castle. Knox chose to leave, and on 5 May he left for St Andrews. He continued to preach, spoke to students, and worked on his History. At the end of July 1572, after a truce was called, he returned to Edinburgh. Although by this time exceedingly feeble and his voice faint, he continued to preach at St Giles'.[78] After inducting his successor, Lawson of Aberdeen, as minister of St Giles' on 9 November, Knox returned to his home for the last time. With his friends and some of the greatest Scottish nobles around him, he asked for the Bible to be read aloud. On his last day, 24 November 1572, his young wife read from Paul's first letter to the Corinthians.[79] A testimony to Knox was pronounced at his grave in the churchyard of St Giles' by James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton and newly-elected regent of Scotland: "Here lies one who never feared any flesh".[80] He was buried in St Giles' graveyard. Due to modern constructions, there is no marked grave or tombstone for Knox other than a small golden plaque on the ground next to the church. Bas-relief of John Knox preaching at St Giles in Edinburgh before the court of Mary Stuart. From left to right: James Stewart (Moray), James Hamilton (Châtellerault), Lord Darnley, Matthew Stewart (Lennox), William Maitland (Lethington), William Kirkcaldy (Grange), James Douglas (Morton), John Knox, and George Buchanan On 9 March 1566, Mary's secretary, David Rizzio, was murdered by Protestant rebels 10 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia John Knox Legacy Knox claimed in his will, "None have I corrupted, none have I defrauded; merchandise have I not made."[81] The paltry sum of money Knox bequeathed to his family, which would have left them in dire poverty, showed that he had not profited from his work in the Kirk. The regent, James Douglas, asked the General Assembly to continue paying his stipend to his widow for one year after his death; and the regent ensured that Knox's dependents were decently supported.[81] Knox was survived by his five children and his second wife. Nathaniel and Eleazar, his two sons by his first wife, attended Cambridge University, and died at a young age without issue. His second wife, Margaret, remarried to Andrew Ker, one of those involved in the murder of David Rizzio. Knox's three daughters also married: Martha to Alexander Fairlie; Margaret to Zachary Pont, son of Robert Pont and brother of Timothy Pont; and Elizabeth to John Welsh, a minister of the Kirk.[82] Knox's death was barely noticed at the time. Although his funeral was attended by the nobles of Scotland, no major politician or diplomat mentioned his death in their letters that survive. Mary, Queen of Scots made only two brief references to him in her letters. What the rulers feared, however, were Knox's ideas more than Knox himself. He was a ruthless and successful revolutionary and it was this revolutionary philosophy that had a great impact on the English Puritans. Despite his intolerance and dogmatism, he contributed to the struggle for human freedom as he taught that people had the duty to fight against governments in order to bring about change.[83] Knox was notable not so much for the overthrow of Catholicism in Scotland, but for assuring the replacement of the old religion with Presbyterianism rather than Anglicanism. It was thanks to Knox that the Presbyterian polity was established.[84] In that regard, Knox is considered the founder of the Presbyterian denomination whose members number millions worldwide.[85] John Calvin Calvinism portal Selected works Calvinism • An Epistle to the Congregation of the Castle of St Andrews; with a Brief Summary of Balnaves on Justification by Faith (1548) • A Vindication of the Doctrine that the Sacrifice of the Mass is Idolatry (1550) • A Godly Letter of Warning or Admonition to the Faithful in London, Newcastle, and Berwick (1554) • Certain Questions Concerning Obedience to Lawful Magistrates with Answers by Henry Bullinger (1554) • A Faithful Admonition to the Professors of God's Truth in England (1554) • A Narrative of the Proceedings and Troubles of the English Congregation at Frankfurt on the Maine (1554–1555) • A Letter to the Queen Dowager, Regent of Scotland (1556) • A Letter of Wholesome Counsel Addressed to his Brethren in Scotland (1556) • The Form of Prayers and Ministration of the Sacraments Used in the English Congregation at Geneva (1556) • The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women (1558) • A Letter to the Queen Dowager, Regent of Scotland: Augmented and Explained by the Author (1558) • The Appellation from the Sentence Pronounced by the Bishops and Clergy: Addressed to the Nobility and Estates of Scotland (1558) • A Letter Addressed to the Commonalty of Scotland (1558) 11 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia • On Predestination in Answer to the Cavillations by an Anabaptist (1560) • The History of the Reformation in Scotland (1586–1587) John Knox both with Knox being of university age and with a statement made by Theodore Beza that Knox was taught by Major at St Andrews. [7] Ridley 1968, pp. 19–21 [8] Reid 1974, p. 24; Ridley 1968, pp. 26, 49 [9] Reid 1974, p. xiv [10] Reid 1974, p. 31; Ridley 1968, p. 26 [11] Reid 1974, p. 27; Ridley 1968, p. 41 [12] Reid 1974, p. 13; Ridley 1968, pp. 33–34 [13] Reid 1974, p. 29; Ridley 1968, pp. 39–40; MacGregor 1957, p. 30 [14] MacGregor 1957, p. 37 [15] Ridley 1968, p. 43 [16] Reid 1974, p. 34; Ridley 1968, p. 44 [17] Reid 1974, p. 43; Ridley 1968, p. 53 [18] Reid 1974, pp. 44–45; Ridley 1968, p. 52; MacGregor 1957, pp. 40-42 [19] MacGregor 1957, p. 43 [20] Reid 1974, pp. 48–50; Ridley 1968, p. 56 [21] Reid 1974, p. 52 [22] Reid 1974, pp. 53–55; Ridley 1968, pp. 60–69 [23] MacGregor 1957, pp. 45–47 [24] Reid 1974, p. 55; Ridley 1968, p. 66–70 [25] Reid 1974, p. 57 [26] MacGregor 1957, pp. 49–50 [27] Ridley 1968, p. 75 [28] Reid 1974, p. 68; Ridley 1968, p. 81. Reid suggests that some of Knox's friends may had appealed to the King of France. Ridley surmises that Knox's health was so poor that he was of no use for the galleys. Other theories include Guy 2004, p. 39 who claimed Somerset arranged for his release and safe conduct to London. Another theory by Marshall 2000, p. 30 proposes that Somerset conducted a prisoner exchange that included Knox to get back English military experts captured at St Andrews. [29] MacGregor 1957, p. 53 [30] Reid 1974, pp. 71–74; Ridley 1968, pp. 88–89 [31] Reid 1974, pp. 76–79; Ridley 1968, pp. 93–94; MacGregor 1957, p. 54 [32] Ridley 1968; portrait facing page 32. According to Ridley, the authenticity of this portrait as a true image of Knox is doubtful. [33] Reid 1974, pp. 79–81; Ridley 1968, pp. 130–138 [34] Ridley 1968, pp. 140–141; Reid 1974, p. 95. Reid notes that Knox's letters to Elizabeth changed in January 1553 when he started to address her as his mother Notes [1] Ridley 1968, p. frontispiece. Portrait facing title page. According to Ridley, this portrait is usually thought to be painted from memory by the Flemish painter Adrian Vaensoun and sent by Peter Young, an assistant of George Buchanan, to Beza. [2] MacGregor 1957, pp. 229–231; Ridley 1968, pp. 531–534. Until David Hay Fleming published new research in 1904, John Knox was thought to have been born in 1505. Hay Fleming's conclusion was that Knox was born between 1513 and 1515. Sources using this date include MacGregor 1957, p. 13 and Reid 1974, p. 15. Ridley notes additional research supports the later date which is now generally accepted by historians. However, some recent books on more general topics still give the earlier date for his birth or a wide range of possibility; for example: Arthur. F. Kinney and David. W. Swain (eds.)(2000), Tudor England: an Encyclopedia, p. 412 (between 1505 and 1515); M. E. Wiesner-Hanks (2006), Early Modern Europe, 1450–1789, Cambridge University Press, p. 170 (1505?); and Michael. A. Mullet (1989), Calvin, Routledge, p. 64 (1505). [3] Reid 1974, p. 15 [4] MacGregor 1957, p. 13 [5] MacGregor 1957, p. 16 [6] MacGregor 1957, pp. 229–231. According to MacGregor, there is a "John Knox" recorded to have enrolled at the University of Glasgow in 1522. However, the name John Knox was quite common, and the identification of the Glasgow student as the future reformer cannot be made with certainty. John Major was known to have taught at the University of Glasgow and later at the University of St Andrews. Given the birth date calculated by Hay Fleming, he would have been too young to have attended Glasgow at the time when Major was teaching there. The time when Major was teaching at St Andrews is consistent 12 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia rather than his sister. He speculates that Knox betrothed Marjorie in that month. [35] Reid 1974, p. 101; Ridley 1968, pp. 141–142, 161–163 [36] Reid 1974, pp. 82–91; Ridley 1968, pp. 101–109 [37] Reid 1974, pp. 92–93; Ridley 1968, pp. 115–119 [38] Reid 1974, pp. 94–99; Ridley 1968, pp. 121–126 [39] Ridley 1968, pp. 147–164 [40] Ridley 1968, p. 165; Reid 1974, pp. 102–103 [41] MacGregor 1957, p. 68 [42] Reid 1974, p. 111; Ridley 1968, pp. 178–188. The title of the pamphlet is A Faithful Admonition unto the Professors of God's Truth in England [43] MacGregor 1957, p. 70 [44] Reid 1974, pp. 123–127; MacGregor 1957, pp. 72–77 [45] According to MacGregor 1957, p. 78, Elizabeth informed Knox that her husband, Richard, had died. According to Ridley 1968, pp. 265–266, however, Richard did not die until 1558 and Elizabeth left her husband to go with Marjorie and Knox. [46] Ridley 1968, pp. 223–227 [47] MacGregor 1957, pp. 81–83 [48] Marshall 2000, pp. 85–86 [49] Ridley 1968, pp. 237–243 [50] Reid 1974, p. 132 [51] Laing 1895, pp. 143–148, Vol. 4; A reprint of the order of service, The Forms of Prayers in the Ministration of the Sacraments used in the English Congregation at Geneva (1556), is included in Laing's book. According to Laing, this order of service with some additions eventually became the Book of Common Order of the Kirk in 1565. [52] Laing 1895, pp. xvii–xviii, Vol. 1 [53] Kingdon 1995, p. 197 [54] MacGregor 1957, p. 97 [55] MacGregor 1957, pp. 96–112 [56] MacGregor 1957, pp. 116–125 [57] MacGregor 1957, p. 127 [58] MacGregor 1957, pp. 131–146 [59] MacGregor 1957, pp. 148–152 [60] Laing 1895, pp. 183–260, Vol. 2, The First Book Of Discipline (1560) [61] MacGregor 1957 [62] Guy 2004, p. 142; Warnicke 2006, p. 71; MacGregor 1957, pp. 162–172 John Knox [63] From Covenant Presbyterian Church, Long Beach, California, USA [64] MacGregor 1957, pp. 174–184 [65] MacGregor 1957, pp. 185–189 [66] MacGregor 1957, p. 191 [67] ^ MacGregor 1957, p. 195 [68] MacGregor 1957, p. 196 [69] Guy 2004, p. 177 [70] Guy 2004, pp. 186–87; Warnicke 2006, p. 93; MacGregor 1957, pp. 198–208 [71] "St Giles' Cathedral Edinburgh - The Reformation". http://www.stgilescathedral.org.uk/ history/index/reformation.html. Retrieved on 2007-10-03. [72] Reid 1974, pp. 222–223; Ridley 1968, p. 432 [73] MacGregor 1957, pp. 208–210 [74] Reid 1974, pp. 233–235 [75] Reid 1974, pp. 238–239 [76] Reid 1974, pp. 242–243; Ridley 1968, pp. 447–455 [77] Reid 1974, pp. 246–248, 253; Ridley 1968, p. 446–466; MacGregor 1957, pp. 213–216 [78] MacGregor 1957, pp. 216–222 [79] MacGregor 1957, pp. 223–225 [80] Reid 1974, p. 283; Ridley 1968, p. 518 [81] ^ MacGregor 1957, p. 226 [82] Reid 1974, pp. 283–284; Ridley 1968, pp. 520–521 [83] Ridley 1968, pp. 522–523, 527, 529–530 [84] Ridley 1968, p. 528; Reid 1974, p. 290 [85] "John Knox - Presbyterian with a sword". http://www.christianitytoday.com/ history/special/131christians/knox.html. Retrieved on 2007-10-19. Extract from Galli, Mark, ed. (2000), 131 Christians Everyone Should Know, Nashville, Tennessee: Broadman & Holman, ISBN 978-0805490404 . There are many sources that mention John Knox as the founder of the Presbyterian denomination (see Stockton, Ronald R. (2000). Decent and in Order: Conflict, Christianity, and Polity in a Presbyterian Congregation. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 47. ISBN 0275966682. and Gitelman, Lisa (2003). New Media, 1740-1915. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 88. ISBN 0262572281. ). It should be noted, however, that Knox's successor Andrew Melville could also be considered as the founder as it was under his leadership that the General 13 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Assembly of the Kirk ratified his Second Book of Discipline (see Cohn-Sherbok, Lavinia (1998). Who's Who in Christianity. London: Routledge. pp. 205. ISBN 0415135826. ). John Knox • Warnicke, Retha. M. (2006), Mary Queen of Scots, New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-29183-6 . Further reading • Brown, Peter Hume (1895), John Knox, London: Adam and Charles Black, OCLC 1982057 . • Innes, A. Taylor (1905), John Knox (Quarter-centenary ed.), Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier, OCLC 13323997 . • McCrie, Thomas (1850), Life of John Knox (New ed.), Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, OCLC 5163286 . • Percy, Lord Eustace (1964), John Knox (2nd ed.), London: James Clarke & Co., Ltd., OCLC 1296659 . • Whitley, Elizabeth (1960), Plain Mr. Knox, London: Skeffington & Son Ltd., OCLC 2475573 . Persondata NAME ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH PLACE OF DEATH Scottish reformer and clergyman c. 1514 Haddington, Scotland Knox, John References Primary sources • Laing, David, ed. (1895), The Works of John Knox, Edinburgh: James Thin, 55 South Bridge , OCLC 5437053. • Melville, James (1829), Diary of James Melville, Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club , OCLC 1697717. Secondary sources • Guy, John (2004), My Heart is my Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots, London: Fourth Estate, ISBN 9781841157528 . • Kingdon, Robert M. (1995), "Calvinism and resistance theory, 1550–1580", in Burns, J.H., The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450–1700, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521477727 . • MacGregor, Geddes (1957), The Thundering Scot, Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, OCLC 740182 . • Marshall, Rosalind (2000), John Knox, Edinburgh: Birlinn, ISBN 9781841580913 . • Reid, W. Stanford (1974), Trumpeter of God, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, ISBN 0-684-13782-8 . • Ridley, Jasper (1968), John Knox, Oxford: Clarendon Press, OCLC 251907110 . DATE OF DEATH 24 November 1572 Edinburgh, Scotland Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Knox" Categories: 1510s births, 1572 deaths, Calvinist ministers and theologians, Scottish theologians, Scottish clergy, 16th-century Christian clergy, Scottish Calvinists, Protestant Reformers, Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, Alumni of the University of Glasgow, Alumni of the University of St Andrews, People from Haddington, Burials in Scotland This page was last modified on 16 May 2009, at 21:25 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) taxdeductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers 14