text:
Development of Human Protein Reference Database as an Initial Platform for Approaching Systems Biology in Humans
ABSTRACT Human Protein Reference Database (HPRD) is an object database that integrates a wealth of information relevant to the function of human proteins in health and disease. Data pertaining to thousands of protein-protein interactions, posttranslational modifications, enzyme/substrate relationships, disease associations, tissue expression, and subcellular localization were extracted from the literature for a nonredundant set of 2750 human proteins. Almost all the information was obtained manually by biologists who read and interpreted >300,000 published articles during the annotation process. This database, which has an intuitive query interface allowing easy access to all the features of proteins, was built by using open source technologies and will be freely available at http://www.hprd.org to the academic community. This unified bioinformatics platform will be useful in cataloging and mining the large number of proteomic interactions and alterations that will be discovered in the postgenomic era.
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ABSTRACT: In this review, we have discussed about approaches in pathway based microarray analysis. Commonly, there are two approaches in pathway based analysis, Enrichment Score and Supervised Machine Learning. These pathway based approaches usually aim to statistically define significant pathways that related to phenotypes of interest. Firstly we discussed an overview of pathway based microarray analysis and its general flow processes in scoring the pathways, the methods applied in both approaches, advantages and limitations based on current researches, and pathways database used in pathway analysis. This review aim to provide better understanding about pathway based microarray analysis and its approaches.Information Management and Engineering, 2009. ICIME '09. International Conference on; 05/2009
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ABSTRACT: We describe the characterization of polyclonal antibodies directed against the whole mitochondrial subproteome, as obtained by hyperimmunization of rabbits with an organelle fraction purified from human skeletal muscle and lysed by sonication. After 2-DE separations with either blue native electrophoresis or IPG as first dimension and blotting, the polyspecific antibodies detect 113 proteins in human muscle mitochondria, representative of all major biochemical pathways and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes, and cross-react with 28 proteins in rat heart mitochondria. Using as sample cryosections of human muscle biopsies lysed in urea/thiourea/CHAPS, the mitochondrial subproteome can be detected against the background of contractile proteins. When comparing with controls samples from mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes patients, immunoblotting shows in the latter a drastic reduction for the subunits of OXPHOS complex I as well as an increase of several enzymes, including ATP synthase. This finding is the first evidence at the proteomic level of massive up-regulation in a number of metabolic pathways by which the affected tissues try to compensate for the deficit in the OXPHOS machinery.Electrophoresis 05/2009; 30(8):1329-41. · 3.26 Impact Factor
Page 1
Development of Human Protein Reference Database
as an Initial Platform for Approaching Systems
Biology in Humans
Suraj Peri,1,4,16J. Daniel Navarro,1,5,16Ramars Amanchy,1Troels Z. Kristiansen,1,4
Chandra Kiran Jonnalagadda,1,6Vineeth Surendranath,6Vidya Niranjan,6
Babylakshmi Muthusamy,6T.K.B. Gandhi,6Mads Gronborg,1,4Nieves Ibarrola,1
Nandan Deshpande,6K. Shanker,6H.N. Shivashankar,6B.P. Rashmi,6M.A. Ramya,6
Zhixing Zhao,1K.N. Chandrika,6N. Padma,6H.C. Harsha,6A.J. Yatish,6M.P. Kavitha,6
Minal Menezes,6Dipanwita Roy Choudhury,6Shubha Suresh,6Neelanjana Ghosh,6
R. Saravana,6Sreenath Chandran,6Subhalakshmi Krishna,6Mary Joy,6
Sanjeev K. Anand,6V. Madavan,6Ansamma Joseph,6Guang W. Wong,7
William P. Schiemann,8Stefan N. Constantinescu,9Lily Huang,7Roya Khosravi-Far,10
Hanno Steen,11Muneesh Tewari,12Saghi Ghaffari,13Gerard C. Blobe,14Chi V. Dang,2
Joe G.N. Garcia,2Jonathan Pevsner,3Ole N. Jensen,4Peter Roepstorff,4
Krishna S. Deshpande,6Arul M. Chinnaiyan,15Ada Hamosh,1Aravinda Chakravarti,1
and Akhilesh Pandey1,17
1McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine,2Department of Medicine, and3Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA;4Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern
Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark;5Divisio ´n de Hepatologı ´a y Terapia ge ´nica, Unidad de Proteo ´mica, CIMA, Universidad de
Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;6Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park Ltd., Bangalore 560 066, India;
7Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA;8National Jewish Medical and Research
Center, Denver, Colorado 80202, USA;9Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium;10Department of Pathology,
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;11Department of Cell
Biology,12Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;13Mount Sinai School of
Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA;14Pharmacology and Cancer Biology program, Duke University, Durham, North
Carolina 27710, USA; and15Departments of Pathology and Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
Human Protein Reference Database (HPRD) is an object database that integrates a wealth of information relevant to
the function of human proteins in health and disease. Data pertaining to thousands of protein–protein interactions,
posttranslational modifications, enzyme/substrate relationships, disease associations, tissue expression, and subcellular
localization were extracted from the literature for a nonredundant set of 2750 human proteins. Almost all the
information was obtained manually by biologists who read and interpreted >300,000 published articles during the
annotation process. This database, which has an intuitive query interface allowing easy access to all the features of
proteins, was built by using open source technologies and will be freely available at http://www.hprd.org to the
academic community. This unified bioinformatics platform will be useful in cataloging and mining the large number
of proteomic interactions and alterations that will be discovered in the postgenomic era.
The past several years have witnessed an exponential increase in
the amount of biological data, mainly due to development and
application of high-throughput technologies including auto-
mated sequencing, gene expression microarrays, and mass spec-
trometry to characterize DNA, mRNA, and proteins, respectively
(Brown and Botstein 1999; Pandey and Mann 2000; Hood and
Galas 2003). With the sequence of the human genome sequence
already available, a large majority of protein-coding genes has
been identified that pave the way for additional genome-wide
functional studies (Lander et al. 2001; Venter et al. 2001). Newer
technologies such as protein microarrays, live cell microarrays,
and RNAi hold the promise of systematically studying the entire
human proteome to help understand the ultimate molecular ma-
16These authors contributed equally to this work.
17Corresponding author.
E-MAIL firstname.lastname@example.com; FAX (410) 502-7543.
Article and publication are at http://www.genome.org/cgi/doi/10.1101/
13:2363–2371 ©2003 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press ISSN 1088-9051/03 $5.00; www.genome.org
Genome Research
Page 2
chine—a human cell (Elbashir et al. 2001; Zhu et al. 2001; Ziaud-
din and Sabatini 2001). Nevertheless, the classical approach of
performing individual biochemical and genetic experiments to
assess the function of proteins and genes that has been followed
for decades will continue to be just as valuable in the postge-
nomic era.
Systems biology is an emerging discipline that uses experi-
mental approaches and computational biology to help under-
stand biological phenomena on a global scale (Kitano 2002). For
example, cellular networks such as signaling pathways provide us
an opportunity to study the cell as a system. However, one of the
key issues to tackle before the power of systems biology can be
fully harnessed is to integrate genomic and proteomic data effi-
ciently along with other sources of information such as the pub-
lished literature (Birney et al. 2002). This integration will trans-
late raw data into useful information, thereby expanding our
knowledge about organisms. Recent advances in software tech-
nology permit the creation of suitable platforms for storage,
analysis, and representation of complex biological information
in such a manner that biologists can undertake a systems biology
approach without being overwhelmed by the data (Navarro et al.
2003). Despite this, biological databases are still far from being
such platforms because building databases that are comprehen-
sive and scalable and that have intuitive and robust query sys-
tems requires a truly coordinated effort between biologists and
computer professionals—something that is difficult to achieve.
Although there exists a large number of protein databases, it is
still difficult for biologists to sift through the available informa-
tion and to synthesize it for analyzing and interpreting their own
data. This is because of a number of factors, including redun-
dancy in databases, erroneous entries, annotation errors, failure
to account for alternative nomenclatures, lack of "interpreted
information," inability to query all fields of the data, and the
paucity of experimental data incorporated into databases. In ad-
dition to this, blending of automated annotation with biological
sequence databases could result in loss of clarity of the underly-
ing biologically relevant information. For example, inclusion of
novel gene transcripts predicted through gene prediction pro-
grams in databases that house experimentally determined tran-
scripts could lead to confusion. Similarly, inclusion of predicted
posttranslational modifications based on computer algorithms or
sequence homology along with other experimentally derived
data about proteins could lead to erroneous interpretation, or
worse, unnecessary experimentation.
Therefore, we sought to create a protein-centric database
that would serve as a comprehensive resource of information
pertaining to human proteins, their characteristics, and func-
tions. Access to such information would be invaluable to biolo-
gists in several ways. For instance, the type of domains found in
proteins is generally predictive of their functional class or bio-
logical role. Posttranslational modifications such as phosphory-
lation and ubiquitination can drastically influence the activity of
proteins and are commonly used as regulatory mechanisms in
signal transduction pathways (Karin and Ben-Neriah 2000). Be-
cause proteins act in concert with other proteins, knowing the
identity of interacting proteins along with the relevant binding
sites can facilitate hypothesis-driven studies and elucidation of
regulatory networks (Pawson and Nash 2003). The exact subcel-
lular localization of proteins and their tissue distribution in the
body is also pivotal to protein function (Nakai 2000). Finally, it is
important to know whether any proteins are known to be asso-
ciated with human diseases, as this might implicate them in cer-
tain pathways (Hanash 2003).
The Reference Sequence Database (RefSeq) initiated by the
Figure 1
query system allows Boolean searches across the entire database. Pop-up lists that allow a user to choose the terms for querying are provided for most
The query page of HPRD. A screenshot of HPRD query system shows different fields by which a user can effectively search the database. The
Peri et al.
2364Genome Research
Page 3
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) serves as
one of the central repositories for DNA and protein sequences
and some of their characteristics (Pruitt et al. 2000). SWISS-PROT
is another popular database that contains curated information
about proteins (Boeckmann et al. 2003). However, several fea-
tures of proteins that are crucial to understanding proteins and
their functions are either not or inadequately addressed by exist-
ing databases. First, a large body of data on protein–protein in-
teractions exists in humans, and yet, none of the databases
covers this adequately. Second, although thousands of sites of
posttranslational modifications have been determined experi-
mentally, the protein sequences found in databases are not an-
notated with this information. Third, most databases do not pro-
vide enzyme/substrate relationships that are crucial for under-
standing molecular networks within cells. Fourth, although
automatic prediction of domains from different programs is pro-
vided by several databases, it can be quite confusing to nonex-
perts to determine which predictions are correct and which ones
are to be ignored. Lastly, information such as tissue distribution,
subcellular localization, and disease association of proteins is
available by searching literature databases but is not generally
linked to database entries.
Our approach to solving this problem has been to create a
database that integrates protein information from several sources
and supports interoperability with other existing databases. Hu-
man Protein Reference Database (HPRD) is an object-oriented
database developed with open source technologies. It has a user-
friendly graphic interface that not only allows a biologist to
query proteins but also permits browsing based on several pa-
rameters. Currently, it contains a completely nonredundant set
of 2750 human proteins with ∼25,050 links to PubMed citations
that allow a user to obtain additional information about the an-
notations. We anticipate that HPRD, which is freely available to
the academic community, will become a unified bioinformatics
platform that will not only allow easy storage and retrieval of
protein data but also lead to systematic approaches to dissect the
human and other proteomes.
Sequence Selection
Almost all of the initial annotation was performed by scientists at
the Institute of Bioinformatics (http://www.ibioinformatics.org),
a nonprofit research organization, whose initial task was to create
HPRD. The person who performed the initial curation and an-
notation is listed under credits as the initial annotator for each
entry. A list of genes implicated in human diseases was obtained
from the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) data-
Figure 2
domains as polygons and sites of posttranslational modifications as vertical straight or wavy lines (colored symbols at the end of lines represent different
posttranslational modifications). Moving the cursor over the graph shows detailed domain names, range of amino acids, type of modification, and site
of modification. The tabs guide the user to other annotated fields of the molecule. The summary tab shows a description of molecular weight, locus,
subcellular localization, domain architecture details, and functions. For every molecule, the left panel shows links to query, browse, BLAST, and pathways
pages. Most annotations are linked to corresponding PubMed articles that are accessible by clicking on the text.
A screenshot showing the molecule page of "Fyn" in HPRD. The molecule page shows a graphic representation of Fyn with its protein
Human Protein Reference Database
Genome Research
Page 4
base (Hamosh et al. 2002). In addition to this list, proteins that
may have indirect involvement in human diseases were also con-
sidered for annotation. Other categories of genes were taken
based on important classes of proteins, including signaling mol-
ecules, transcription factors, enzymes, ion channels, ligands, and
receptors. Because of the redundancy of protein sequences, we
chose only the longest isoform for every entry, and the shorter or
other alternatively spliced variants were manually filtered out by
using BLASTP and BLASTN programs available at the NCBI Web
site (Altschul et al. 1997, 1990). We chose entries in the RefSeq
database (with NP_ or NM_ prefixes for protein and DNA se-
quences, respectively) wherever possible. These sequences were
used for further annotation. This was manually and individually
repeated for every OMIM entry.
Annotation Strategy
The most important aspect of our annotation is that the litera-
ture extraction, analysis, and interpretation were performed by
trained biologists. The starting point in each case was the OMIM
database, and every entry was individually and manually anno-
tated. Information about name, accession numbers, sequence
features of mRNA, and protein sequence were obtained from Ref-
Seq annotation; disease information was obtained from OMIM;
and literature analysis from articles extracted from PubMed. In-
formation about protein domain architecture was obtained by
sequence analysis using SMART and Pfam programs as well as the
literature (Schultz et al. 1998; Bateman et al. 2002). The informa-
tion from SMART and Pfam was carefully interpreted by annota-
tors who, in most cases, chose the default thresholds applied by
these two programs. Protein domains obtained below the thresh-
old were carefully inspected before rejecting them. The motifs
were generally extracted directly from the literature, as many of
them are not included in the domain prediction programs.
The information about protein–protein interactions was
cataloged after a critical reading of the published literature. Ex-
haustive searches were done based on keywords and medical sub-
ject headings (MeSH) by using Entrez. The type of experiments
that served as the basis for establishing protein–protein interac-
tions was also annotated. Experiments such as coimmunopre-
cipitation were designated in vivo, GST fusion and similar "pull-
down" type of experiments were designated in vitro, and those
identified by yeast two-hybrid were annotated as yeast two-
Posttranslational modifications were annotated based on
the type of modification, site of modification, and the modified
residue. In addition, the upstream enzymes that are responsible
for modifications of these proteins were reported if described in
the articles. The most commonly known and the alternative sub-
cellular localization of the protein were based on the literature.
The sites of expression of protein and/or mRNA were annotated
based on published studies.
Software Development
HPRD was created by using BioBuilder, an annotation tool that
we developed during the creation of this database (J.D. Navarro,
S. Peri, C.K. Jonnalagadda, B.M. Vrushabendra, S. Vineeth, N.
Talreja, A. Pandey, unpubl.). It is based on an extension of ZOPE
(Z object publishing environment), an open source application
server, which includes several advanced technologies such as
ZOPE page templates and a robust object database. Instead of
structured query language (SQL), the query engine for relational
database management systems, we used ZCatalogs to query the
ZOPE object database. ZCatalogs indexes the properties associ-
ated with every protein to provide rapid and efficient retrieval of
objects or subcomponents of objects from the database. The
schema of the database provides an overview of the objects used
in the construction of HPRD and can be accessed at the HPRD
Web site.
BioBuilder has a content management system in which the
information contained in HPRD can be easily modified through
an HTML interface. The interface is designed such that the an-
notation process is greatly facilitated. BioBuilder was used for the
administration of review of annotation that was carried in dif-
ferent places of the globe. The information associated with every
protein object can be obtained in an extensible markup language
(XML) format. The utility of the XML format is that it is a struc-
tured data format and lends itself well to importing from and
exporting to different types of database systems. This format pro-
vides a unique architecture that can be efficiently used to parse
the data and export to other file formats, and provides for easy
data integration. In this respect, it is important to note that the
evolving standards for microarray and proteomic data also use
XML for their implementation.
The diversity of protein-related data, in contrast to nucleotide
sequence data, presents unique issues that must be taken into
Table 1.
Posttranslational Modifications
Type of modification
Number of
Number of
ADP ribosylation
Disulphide bridge
GPI anchor
Proteolytic cleavage
37 16
6 45
8 23
8 17
The number of sites annotated by various posttranslation modifica-
tions is shown.
Figure 3
protein interactions in HPRD based on reading of the literature.
Distribution of types of experiments used to derive protein–
Peri et al.
2366 Genome Research
Page 5
account before designing an optimum database system. During
the development of HPRD, it was of utmost importance for us to
ensure that every category of data was searchable and that the
database was visual and user-friendly. We chose to develop a
database that is based on a bioinformatics analysis by expert
biologists as well as extensive curation of the published literature.
With the participation of the biomedical community, this data-
base will be extended to include all the known human proteins.
The database is publicly available and can be accessed at http://
www.hprd.org. Below, we will discuss some of the unique fea-
tures of HPRD.
Human Disease Genes in HPRD
In the current release of HPRD, we have annotated a total of 2750
protein sequences. This number includes proteins encoded by
1484 genes that represent all genes with allelic variants that are
annotated as linked to a human disease in OMIM database (Ha-
mosh et al. 2002). Our database therefore serves as a nice protein-
centric complement to the OMIM database that provides exten-
sive annotations about genes and their variations associated with
human diseases.
Asking Biological Questions
The Web page for the query has been designed to be as simple to
use as possible without losing precision. Figure 1 shows a screen-
shot of the query page, indicating that the proteins can be re-
trieved based on name, type of protein, domain structure, post-
translational modification, size, localization, function, or in-
volvement in disease. In addition to the query page, a user can
find the proteins of interest in three other ways: by browsing
through the categories of molecules, by using BLAST to search for
homologous proteins, or by visualizing protein networks. The
browse mode allows the user to navigate through categories of
proteins that belong to a certain class (e.g., G protein–coupled
receptors; tyrosine phosphatases), that contain certain domains
and motifs (e.g., Sushi domains; RGD motif), that undergo post-
translational modifications (e.g., palmitoylation), or that are lo-
calized to certain subcellular compartments (e.g., lysosomes). Us-
ing the BLAST feature not only provides the user with an e-value
but also displays the domain structure of the retrieved protein(s),
which facilitates an intuitive visualization of the protein. The
protein pathways provide a graphic view of protein–protein in-
teraction data contained in HPRD and will be discussed in greater
detail below.
A knowledge of protein domain architecture is essential to assess
the function and class of a protein. In the current release, we
have annotated 417 protein domains predicted by SMART, Pfam,
and the literature. Motifs are generally shorter elements of a pro-
tein that are important in protein–protein interactions and func-
tion (e.g., coiled-coil; nuclear localization signal). We have an-
notated 18 types of protein motifs. As more proteins are anno-
tated, these numbers are expected to increase. A screenshot of the
molecule page shows the domain architecture along with post-
translational modifications of a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, Fyn
(Fig. 2).
Posttranslational Modifications
A large majority of proteins undergo modifications during or
after translation. These co- or posttranslational modifications are
crucial for protein stability, sorting, and function. Many modifi-
cations are directly related to diseases, and as such, information
about these modifications is an important resource to investigate
the function of proteins. However, there is a paucity of databases
that provide exhaustive information about protein modifications
and their representation in the context of protein domains. We
have extracted 23 different types of protein modifications (Table
1) from the literature and annotated the modified residue and
the enzymes responsible for the modifications. Phosphorylation
is one of the most intensively studied protein modifications and
occurs on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues in vertebrates
(Hunter 1998). It plays a vital role in cell growth, differentiation,
and signal transduction and has important implications in the
development of many diseases, including cancers. We have
manually extracted a total of >1100 experimentally determined
phosphorylation events. Another widespread posttranslational
modification is glycosylation (Hart 2003). Glycoproteins have
important functions in cell processes, such as protein sorting,
immune recognition, receptor binding, and pathogenicity. We
have annotated >190 glycosylation sites in the proteins anno-
tated thus far. All posttranslational modifications are depicted
visually on the graph of each molecule. In addition to these two
modifications, several other types of modifications listed in Table
1 can be used to query or browse the database.
The Human Interactome
Proteins do not generally function as isolated entities but are
often a part of larger protein complexes within a cell. A crucial
aspect of any proteomic analysis lies in the elucidation of inter-
acting proteins—the interactome—and in mapping the corre-
sponding binding sites (Walhout and Vidal 2001). By under-
standing the proteins and their binding partners in the context
of a network, a clearer insight into the functioning of a cell can
Table 2.
HPRD Statistics
Number of
Total number of annotated proteins
Number of protein–protein interactions
Number of posttranslational modification events
Number of types of domains and motifs
Number of substrates
The total number of entries in the various fields in HPRD are shown.
Figure 4
tein in HPRD. The histogram shows the distribution of proteins with zero
to one, two, three, four, or five or more interaction partners out of a total
of 10,534 interactions.
A distribution of the number of interaction partners per pro-
Human Protein Reference Database
Genome Research
Page 6
Figure 5
The EGF receptor signaling pathway generated by using the data contained in HPRD. The graph was drawn by using Pajek program and further manipulated manually (Batagelj and Mrvar
1998). The major signaling molecules involved in the EGF receptor pathway are labeled in red boxes. The interactors of the major proteins are shown as small circles. The graphs are generated in
Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), which allows the user to zoom in without any loss of resolution. Clicking any node links to the corresponding molecule page in HPRD.
Peri et al.
2368 Genome Research
Page 7
be obtained. We have annotated >10,000 direct unique protein–
protein interactions in HPRD that were derived from individual
small-scale experiments published in the literature. Protein–
protein interactions are sometimes difficult to evaluate because
there is no established gold standard for determining protein–
protein interactions, with each experimental method having its
own limitations. False-positive results (biologically nonsignifi-
cant interactions) and false-negative results (missed biological
interactions) can occur for a number of reasons. False positives
can occur due to nonspecific binding, whereas false negatives can
occur because of transient interactions, low abundance of pro-
tein expression, or inefficient extraction of certain types of pro-
teins (e.g., hydrophobic proteins). Some of the important high-
throughput methods such as yeast two-hybrid (Ito et al. 2000;
Uetz et al. 2000) and coimmunoprecipitation and mass spec-
trometry (Gavin et al. 2002; Ho et al. 2002) have been used to
systematically identify protein–protein interactions in yeast. Sur-
prisingly, very little overlap was observed between the different
methods implying that such interaction data from high-
throughput studies must be interpreted with caution (Bader and
Hogue 2002; Schachter 2002; von Mering et al. 2002). In this
regard, it is notable that only 2% of the interactions contained in
HPRD are derived solely from the yeast two-hybrid system, and
more than two thirds of the interactions have been derived from
experiments performed in vivo (Fig. 3). In light of the depth and
the quality of experimental data, we expect that our database will
make it easier to establish a benchmark database for human pro-
As an illustration, Grb2, is an adapter protein that is in-
volved in diverse pathways ranging from cytoskeletal organiza-
tion to proliferation to cell–cell communication. Our annotation
revealed >200 interaction partners for this protein, which reflects
a central role for this molecule as a linker in signal transduction
pathways. One important aspect of our annotation of Grb2 was
that although it is widely known to localize to the cytoplasm, a
careful literature search revealed an alternate nuclear localization
as well (Romero et al. 1998). Figure 4 shows the distribution of
the number of interacting proteins per entry in HPRD, with the
average number of interacting proteins being ∼3.7 per protein.
Notably, 44% of proteins have three or more interacting pro-
teins, and it is likely that with continued experiments to eluci-
date the function of these proteins, this number will increase
significantly. Although it is difficult to estimate the total number
of interactions in the human proteome, we believe that the mini-
mum number of protein–protein interactions will be >200,000 if
a gene count of ∼30,000 is assumed.
Enzyme/Substrate Relationships
A large number of cellular processes in the cell are amplified by
cascades of enzyme/substrate interactions. Typically, enzymes
act on substrates to catalyze reactions ranging from phosphory-
lation or ubiquitination to proteolytic cleavage. In a given path-
way, it is important to be aware of the enzymes and their sub-
strates in addition to the other more stable protein–protein in-
teractions that do not depend on any catalytic activity. However,
no database currently offers a list of substrates and the enzymes
that act upon them. We have annotated >1600 enzymes and
substrates in our database. The site of modification on the sub-
strate and the corresponding upstream enzyme is annotated for
posttranslational modifications in most cases.
Protein Networks
One major advantage of HPRD is that it allows us to construct
protein interaction networks for different signaling pathways
based on data contained in the database. Figure 5 shows the
representation of the Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) receptor
pathway, in which the red boxes show the major proteins, and
the circles in the network represent other interaction partners.
The graph helps not only to visualize the protein interaction
networks but also to potentially identify the function for a novel
molecule by placing it in the context of a larger signaling net-
work. Such networks reveal the complexity of patterns for a given
class of molecules, pathway, or cellular process made possible by
the availability of a large number of interacting proteins ex-
tracted from the literature. Thus far, we have generated nine
signaling pathway networks and are in the process of expanding
this list.
BRCA1 as a Representative Entry in HPRD
We will provide BRCA1 as an example to illustrate the breadth
and depth of annotation in HPRD and to highlight the impor-
tance of manual annotation of the entries. BRCA1 is a transcrip-
tion factor that is mutated in certain forms of cancers and has
been extensively studies over the past several years (Venkitara-
man 2002). By a careful analysis of the literature, we were able to
catalog 62 proteins that interact with BRCA1. The interacting
domains/regions are indicated in most cases and can be easily
visualized by clicking the "visualize interactions" button. For in-
stance, the N terminus of BRCA1 is responsible for homodimer-
ization with BRCA1 and for heterodimerization with BARD1, and
its C-terminal region or BRCT domains mediate binding to
BRCA2, RB, p53, CtIP, and RNA helicase A, among others. Eighty
percent of the interactions were based on biochemical evidence
that was derived from either in vivo or both in vitro and in vivo
type of experiments. The remaining 20% of the interactions were
based on in vitro interactions alone (including yeast two-hybrid),
and none of that interaction data for BRCA1 was based on yeast
two-hybrid data alone.
BRCA1 has been clearly demonstrated to be localized to the
nucleus by several different groups. However, alternative local-
ization to the cytoplasm and the centrosome can be easily found
by browsing the BRCA1 entry in HPRD along with direct links to
the primary literature. BRCA1 is annotated as phosphorylated on
nine serine and one threonine residues by four different up-
stream kinases. Although it is widely known even to the nonspe-
cialist that BRCA1 is implicated in breast and ovarian cancers, the
entry in HPRD shows that it is also mutated in two other cancers,
including prostate cancer. Similarly, although BRCA1 is well
known to be expressed in breast and ovarian tissues, the HPRD
entry indicates that it is also expressed in the thymus, testis, and
lymphocytes in addition to several other tissues. In this regard, it
is interesting to note that when BRCA1 was originally cloned as
a candidate susceptibility gene for breast and ovarian cancers, it
was clearly noted that it is more abundantly expressed in the
thymus and testis than in breast and ovarian tissues (Miki et al.
1994). Finally, BRCA1 can be visualized as a direct interaction
partner of a major signaling molecule in five out of nine receptor-
mediated signaling pathways that are linked to HPRD, including
IL-2, erythropoietin, and Fas receptor signaling pathways. This
intimate involvement of BRCA1 in these hematopoietic path-
ways coupled to information about its expression in lymphocytes
and thymus is very easily appreciated by using HPRD, which
might otherwise be difficult to assimilate from a plethora of pub-
lications and numerous databases. It is hoped that inferences
made from such connections would lead to generation of new
hypotheses and experimentation to test them.
Our database complements other protein–protein interaction da-
tabases that are mostly focused on the yeast proteome, including
Human Protein Reference Database
Genome Research
Page 8
BIND (Bader et al.2001) and DIP (Xenarios et al. 2000), or on
signaling proteins found in certain cell types such as that by the
Alliance for Cell Signaling (Gilman et al.2002). We have anno-
tated 2750 proteins in total, including 10,534 unique protein–
protein interactions. We have provided >25,000 PubMed links to
various fields that direct a user to the relevant primary literature.
Table 2 shows the statistics of the current release of HPRD: These
numbers will grow with continued annotation efforts. It took
∼50,000 person hours over 8 months to develop the software and
to read >300,000 research articles for the initial manual annota-
tion of 2750 proteins currently residing in HPRD. Indeed, we
anticipate completing annotation of ∼10,000 proteins by the end
of 2003. However, a truly error-free and comprehensive database
is impossible without the involvement of the biomedical com-
munity—no one can do a better job of annotations than those
working on the proteins themselves. In this regard, we have pro-
vided a comment button for every molecule that will facilitate
feedback from users. These user comments will allow us to cor-
rect any errors and to update published data concerning anno-
tated proteins in addition to our own ongoing efforts to enrich
and update the data. The information contained in HPRD is open
to the scientific community—the source code of BioBuilder is
freely available under the Lesser General Public License condi-
We plan to integrate publicly available microarray data into
HPRD in the near future. This will facilitate a gene-centric view to
determine whether the mRNA expression pattern of a given gene
is reported to be altered by any published study. Microarray users
can already take advantage of our detailed annotation to classify
proteins in several ways to generate novel hypotheses or to nar-
row down the likely candidates involved in a biological process.
This database will be a valuable resource for the proteomic com-
munity as well because a majority of posttranslational modifica-
tions have a fixed molecular mass that will allow more precise
searches of the protein database. The information about site of
expression, subcellular localization, and association with diseases
will be invaluable in experiments involving subproteomes. The
wealth of information of HPRD will play a crucial role in adopt-
ing integrative approaches to interpret high-throughput experi-
mental data such as those derived from microarrays and pro-
teomic experiments that are critically dependent upon existence
of good databases. We believe that this database will strengthen
efforts at careful manual analysis and interpretation of the role of
genes and proteins in complex systems and will become a knowl-
edge base for the human proteome in the near future.
Dr. Pandey serves as Chief Scientific Advisor to the Institute of
Bioinformatics. The terms of this arrangement are being man-
aged by the Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its
conflict of interest policies.
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by
payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby
marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 USC section 1734
solely to indicate this fact.
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text:
Corner of Federal Hwy. at Palmetto Park Road, Boca RatonThis fine art & fine craft event showcases world-renowned artists from around the globe and top notch local artists including glass, clay, wood, fiber, jewelry, sculpture, paintings, photography, a...
Boca Raton fairs festivals events
Boca Raton Fine Art Show
Saturday, Jan 24 10:00a
Chanukah Under the Stars at Mizner Park
Friday, Dec 19 5:00p
Mizner Park Amphitheater, Boca RatonCelebrate Chanukah this year at Chanukah Under the Stars on Friday, December 19, 2014 from 5 p.m. to 9 p.m. at Mizner Park Amphitheater...
6th Annual Boca Raton Fine Art Show
Saturday, Jan 24 10:00a
Boca Delivery Dudes, Boca RatonThe 6th Annual Boca Raton Fine Art Show™ takes place January 25 & 26, 2015 in the heart of downtown Boca Raton...
JAFCO St. Andrews Palm Beach Boutique & Author Luncheon
Thursday, Jan 29 10:00a
St. Andrews Country Club, Boca RatonThe Jewish Adoption & Foster Care Options (JAFCO) South Palm Beach/North Broward Chapter hosts fifth annual event featuring best-selling author Laurence Leamer. Begins with a boutique at 10 a.m...
Hatsume Fair
Saturday, Apr 18 10:00a
The Morikami Museum and Japanese Gardens, Delray BeachCelebrating the first bud of spring, the Morikami's largest annual event, Hatsume, transforms the normally tranquil Morikami Park into a unique Japanese spring festival...
Downtown Delray Thanksgiving Weekend Art Festival
Saturday, Nov 29 10:00a
Downtown Delray Beach, Delray BeachThe layout for this show is beautiful! The event is held in the popular Downtown Delray Beach area...
Festival of the Arts BOCA - Opening Day
Friday, Mar 6 10:00a
Downtown, Delray BeachThe Festival of the Arts BOCA, celebrating its 8th year, will continue to feature the finest in classical music, jazz, art, film and literature...
Saint Patrick's Day Festival
Friday, Mar 13 10:00a
Old School Square, Delray BeachSt. Patrick's Day Festival pre and post Parade PARTY!!! 150,000 attendees expected. ** Estimated start time Please confirm **
Delray Beach 100-foot Christmas Tree Lighting
Thursday, Dec 4 5:00p
Old School Square Park, Delray BeachOne of the largest and most celebrated holiday events in Palm Beach County begins with interactive, family entertainment and kicks off with Santa landing in a helicopter and lighting the tree.
First Bacon & Bourbon Fest
Saturday, Mar 28 10:00a
Old School Square, Delray BeachJoin us as we celebrate the most beloved food in the universe, Bacon and the ultimate American made spirit, Bourbon...
47th Annual St. Patrick's Festival & Parade
Saturday, Mar 14 5:00p
Delray Beach Center for the Arts, Delray BeachA two day Siamsa (Irish Variety Show) and Party, featuring Irish step dancing, traditional pipe & drum bands, Irish storytelling, tales of Celtic Mythology, food, beer, live music and ending with t...
MindBody Expo
Sunday, Feb 22 10:00a
Delray Marketplace Amphitheatre, Delray BeachHealth, wellness and lifestyle family event with kids' center with gardening and animals; fitness center with class demos such as yoga and Zumba; zen corner with holistic practitioners such as refl...
Downtown Delray Beach New Years Weekend Craft Festival
Saturday, Dec 27 10:00a
Downtown Delray, Delray BeachFeatures more than 100 local and national crafters from 30 different states. All ages welcome.
Pompano Beach Doll Club's 25th Annual Doll Show & Sale
Saturday, Feb 14 10:00a
Pompano Beach Civic Center, Pompano BeachAn event for all ages! Everyone is welcome to join the fun and reconnect with their inner child. Offered for sale & display: dolls, Bears, Toys and related items from all periods of time...
John Prine
Thursday, Jan 15 8:00p
Parker Playhouse, Fort Lauderdale
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Fri 12/19 5:00p
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Family band, foreverJONES, is preparing to release their first musical offering in two years. The multi-talented biological family band is currently in the studio recording new material for an upcoming musical prayer project. The bold, new project will include up to ...Read More »
J. Moss Unveils Cover for Upcoming Album, 'Grown Folks Gospel'
After dealing with an unexpected tragedy last week, J. Moss is back on track to release his upcoming album, "Grown Folks Gospel". With two singles already in rotation, "At Your Feet" and "Alright OK", the album's November 25th release date ...Read More »
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KJ-52's New Album 'Mental' Debuts at #1 on iTunes Chart
MENTAL, the latest release by six-time Dove Award Winning Christian rap/hip-hop artist KJ-52, has taken off, reaching the number 1 spot on its October 21 release date on the iTunes Christian chart. Perhaps more notably, the album achieved the #23 ...Read More »
Event Review: Tasha Cobbs' Live Recording a Huge Success
Tasha Cobbs' recent live recording was a worship-filled, high energy event that will certainly deliver a sophomore album equally as captivating and powerful as her national debut, GRACE. Cobbs unloaded a multitude of standard-raising songs during the recording, which took ...Read More »
eOne Music celebrates Michelle Williams, 3 Winans Brothers and L. Spenser Smith's Top 10 Hit Albums
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J. Moss is Back and Better Than Ever After Unfortunate House Fire
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Grammy-Winning Legend Dorinda Clark-Cole Releases New Single, "Bless This House"
Multiple Grammy® Award-winning gospel superstar Dorinda Clark-Cole, has released the new single "Bless This House"to gospel radio, the second single from her much-anticipated upcoming new album. Following on the release of the inspiring Top 20 first single "You Are," Dorinda Clark-Cole's "Bless ...Read More »
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Gospel Legend Dorothy Norwood Earns Best-Ever Chart Debut with "An Incredible Journey"
Gospel music's legendary storyteller Dorothy Norwood has notched the highest album debut of her six-decade career with her 52nd project "An Incredible Journey" (DNMG/Echo Park JDI) that comes in at #2 on Billboard Magazine's Gospel Albums chart this week and #57 on the Top 200 ...Read More »


text:
Quick November note
NOV. 13th, 14th & 15th -
Guest singer w/husband Ruben Blades @the Rose Theater @JALC.
Saturday Nov. 15 show streamed live 8pm-10pm www.jazz.org/live
Video: Rubén Blades and Luba Mason "Fever"
Luba this week on Tym Moss' Artists Exposed
SATURDAY 10pm www.BearRadio.net (Click a 'Player' under STATION POP UP PLAYERS)
SUNDAY 6pm www.TalkRadioX.com (Click on HD Radio.com)
MONDAY 2pm www.BearRadio.net (Click a 'Player' under STATION POP UP PLAYERS)
WEDNESDAY 6pm www.KWER.fm (Click LISTEN NOW, then Play)
ALL TIMES ARE EASTERN TIME (New York City time!)
NOV. 20 - 25th Reading of "RAIN" based on the short story by Somerset Maugham
Music and lyrics by Michael John LaChiusa, book by Sybille Pearson
Directed by Barry Edelstein
Produced by the Old Globe Theater of San Diego
Stellar cast: Audra McDonald, Will Swenson, Carolee Carmello, Marc Kudish.


text: Why Does My Body Smell? Do you smell that or is it just me? Tiffany Lo BuzzFeed Jr. Video Producer posted about 9 months ago Video available at: http://www.youtube.com/v/m9K-Q9wDYfg. Check out more articles on BuzzFeed.com! More ▾ Facebook Conversations Next On BuzzFeed videos › Disneyland Holiday Prep You Need To See To Believe Next On BuzzFeed videos › American Guys Try European Swimwear


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Beyoncé has been sharing her life's journey with all her fans via Instagram and Tumblr. Check out some of her best photos she has shared!
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A feature documentary entitled "Fight Church," which focuses on four different pastors who also double as mixed martial artists, has secured deals with Lionsgate and Morgan Spurlock's production company Warrior Poets. read news >>
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At an event entitled "Backflips & Beatdowns 4" in Billings, Mont., over the weekend, quads and motorcycles performed high-flying tricks above an MMA tournament. It doesn't get much better. [YouTube, h/t Middle Easy]Read more MMA news on BleacherReport.com read news >>
Invicta will be releasing a 25-minute behind the scenes build-up entitled Road to Invicta FC 7: Honchak vs. Smith. To whet your appetite, check out this two-minute teaser. read news >>
FUEL TV tonight at 10 p.m. ET debuts a new half-hour special entitled "UFC 101: Gracie Jiu-Jitsu." read news >>
For an event entitled "Champions," Strikeforce's Jan. 12 event is apparently running out of them very quickly.
According to a report by The MMA Corner, Strikeforce middleweight
champion Luke Rockhold has suffered a wrist injury and has been forced
to withdraw from the card.
Strikeforce and Showtime officials were unavailable for comment when
contacted by MMAjunkie.com, and executives from both
companies have yet to make an official announcement.
However, sources close to the bout indi read news >>
It didn't take long for new Ultimate Fighter coach Chael Sonnen to begin throwing a few verbal jabs at new opponent Jon Jones. read news >>
Following the cancellation of UFC 151, Chael Sonnen has blasted UFC light heavyweight champion Jon Jones at every turn for not accepting the fight with him. read news >>
We can argue all we want about who looks bad and who looks worse after the cancelation of UFC 151, but the one person who seems beyond reproach in this whole mess is - bizarrely enough - Chael Sonnen.
The controversial former middleweight contender is, according to UFC President Dana White, the lone fighter who was willing to step up on eight days' notice and face light heavyweight champion Jon Jones.
He's also the one who assumed the fight was his after a phone call with UFC represent read news >>


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Jand W Lumber
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2 Jand W Lumber jobs found on Monster.Jobs 1 to 2 of 2
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J&W Lumber Escondido, CA, 92025
For over 50 years J&W Lumber has provided quality outdoor building materials to homeowners and Contractors throughout Southern California Summary: Looking for a Class A Driver to make deliveries in San Diego and Riverside counties Monday thru Friday Requirements: - Must have a Class A drivers license with current medical card - Experience a must , five years or more - acceptable DMV report ...
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text:
September 16, 2014
Front covers
magCulture events
Overmatter: 16.09.14
Today in the Vitsoe 620 Reading Room… meet Alec Dudson, editor of Intern. 2-4pm.
As The Financial Times redesigns, editor explains, 'It's adapt or die frankly and that's what we're doing.' (more on this here soon).
The original Eye magazine, from the late sixties. That logo!
Bob Newman notes the strong current covers of Time Out New York, designed by Chris Deacon. Interesting comments about the TO logo.
Grafik asks… which magazines should open physical spaces?
You can now be a member of The Guardian.
Editor Penny Martin discusses the new Gentlewoman on The Stack.
No sooner has this week's Modern Magazine 2014 day gone, then there's another Printout. Next Tuesday, 23 September, we're taking a look at photography magazines. Details here.
September 15, 2014
magCulture events
The Modern Magazine
Coming this week: The Modern Magazine 2014
This Friday sees our Modern Magazine conference return to London. Here's an overview of what to expect from the day, along with the running order.
As last year, the overarching idea for the day is to celebrate the creativity of the best in editorial design. What links all the invited speakers is the way they all strive to make the most of the magazine format to communicate ideas. Expect plenty of stunning visuals from print, iPad and web from many of our favourite projects.
But a great day of visuals alone is not enough, so there are three themes threaded through the day.
September 12, 2014
magCulture events
Vitsoe 620 Reading Room
Huge thanks to Vitsoe, Rita's Dining, Postcard Teas and all the magazines taking part for making such as success of last night's opening of the 620 Reading Room in central London. It's open tomorrow, Saturday, from 10am–6pm, full details here.
On Sunday we welcome Marina and Dave from The Gourmand for the first meet-the-editors session at 2pm. If you'd like to join us email email@example.com so we know how many people to expect. Don't forget to pick up your copy of magmagmag.
After the jump – installation shots.
September 9, 2014
magCulture events
The Vitsoe/magCulture 620 Reading Room
The 620 Reading Room opens at the Vitsoe shop, London, this Saturday. Conceived as an oasis of rest for visitors to London Design Festival, the room offers a chance to try out Vitsoe's Dieter Rams designed 620 chair programme while sipping tea from Postcard Teas and reading a selection of independent magazines. I've selected 20 magazines that together offer a unique overview of today's independents, with an emphasis on reading to suit the purpose of the project. The selection includes titles from Germany, France, Finland, Canada, Australia, Beirut, the US and UK.
Visitors can also pick up a copy of MagMagMag, a magazine about the 20 selected magazines, edited and designed here at magCulture. Printed in black and white on glossy stock, MagMagMag is deliberately contrary to the prevailing matt aesthetic of indie magazines. Inside you'll find exclusive interviews with the people behind the magazines alongside excerpts from this blog and further magazine recommendations.
The 620 Reading Room is open every day from Saturday 13 to Sunday 21 September, and we've also scheduled some meet-the-editors session over the week. After the jump, details of the 20 magazines and these editor sessions.
magCulture at the London Design Festival
We entering into the spirit of London Design Festival this year with two very different but equally exciting events.
Our Modern Magazine 2014 day has been trailed here already – if you haven't picked up tickets do so soon, they're moving fast. It promises to be an intense day of editorial goodness aimed at the serious magaholic, with global names from across mainstream and independent publishing providing a glimpse of what the future holds for magazines.
The second event runs for the entire run of LDF. We're partnering with Vitsoe and Postcard Teas to provide a quiet respite from the bustle of LDF. Visit our 620 Reading Room at Vitsoe's central London showroom and you can try out their 620 chair programme, sip a cup of Postcard Tea and read one of 20 independent magazines we've selected. The 20 represent the breadth of creativity and thinking behind the current growth of independent publishing.
We've also worked with Vitsoe to produce a special publication for visitors, featuring interviews with the people behind the selected magazines and their suggestions of further magazines to investigate. Copies of magmagmag will be free to visitors while stocks last (The Modern Magazine 2014 attendees will receive a copy too).
We'll also be hosting a series of meet-the-editor sessions on afternoons at the 620 Reading Room during LDF, details to follow.
The Modern Magazine 2014 – Friday 19 September, London College of Communication, Elephant & Castle, London SE1
The 620 Reading Room – From Saturday 13 – Sunday 21 September, Vitsoe, 3–5 Duke Street, London W1U 3ED
September 1, 2014
Front covers
The Modern Magazine
The Gentlewoman #10
It's the tenth issue of The Gentlewoman! Featuring Robyn shot by Liz Collins. And a lovely turquoise.
Veronica Ditting, art director of The Gentlewoman, will be speaking later this month at The Modern Magazine 2014.
August 26, 2014
At Work With
magCulture events
The Modern Magazine
At Work With: Kai Brach, Offscreen
Kai Brach was a web designer until 2012 when he decided to launch Offscreen, a magazine that explores the life and work of people who use the internet and technology to be creative, solve problems, and build successful businesses. Kai edits, designs and publishes the magazine on his own, splitting his time between Melbourne and Berlin. We look ahead at his week as completes the ninth edition of Offscreen. Kai will be speaking in London next month at The Modern Magazine 2014 conference.
August 20, 2014
Front covers
magCulture events
Print x Digital
Overmatter: 20.08.14
The highest-selling UK iPad mag, The Economist, sells 21k copies a week. See full ABC table.
Enjoy this beautiful set of images from Modern Farmer magazine.
' I love that there are more independent food magazines out there than ever before!' Athenaeum interview Fiorella Valdesolo from Gather Journal.
'Three magazine events you need to know about' according to Steve at Stack. Thanks Steve!
From magazine to website – Company goes digital-only.
Pivot is a smart-looking sports mag project from recent design graduate Max Amato in New York.
35 covers of The New Yorker.
Finally, congratulations to Gail Bichler, just appointed as Arem Duplessis's successor as design director at the New York Times Magazine.
August 19, 2014
magCulture events
The Modern Magazine
Modern Magazine 2014 update
With just over four weeks left until this year's Modern Magazine conference we're getting into final planning here at magCulture. Over the next couple of weeks there'll be plenty of updates and additions to share, but today I'm excited to confirm our next speaker on the line-up.
David Moretti is the multi-award winning creative director of the Italian edition of Wired magazine. His designs for the print and iPad editions of the magazine are stunning, more than matching the US and UK editions. Despite my doubts about the future potential of the iPad, David's digital work is one of the outstanding examples of how to develop beautiful print design and typography for the screen. He'll be sharing work in both media, offering insight into how the print designer can adapt.
He joins a global line-up of editors and designers brought together to examine the future of magazines:
Adam Moss, editor, New York magazine.
Kai Brach, founder, Offscreen.
Veronica Ditting, art director, The Gentlewoman.
Rob Orchard, founder, Delayed Gratification.
Elana Schlenker, founder, Gratuitous Type.
Peter Houston, blogger and man behind the Magazine Diaries.
Simon Lyle, editor of Hot Rum Cow and new magazine Poppy.
Danny Miller, founder of Little White Lies, revealing his new magazine.
Pekka Toivenen, 'art dictator', FAT.
Watch out for further additions, and meanwhile book your tickets here.
What they said about last year's conference:
A great addition to the conference-calendar, let's hope it becomes an annual event…' – Form Fifty Five
'If the conference was organised like a magazine, its pace and structure was well maintained by its 'editor' magCulture's Jeremy Leslie. A natural extension of his book of the same name, the conference platform enabled many of those featured in his round-up of this "golden age" of magazines to explain why they do what they do. And, more pertinently, how. While newspapers struggle and the climate for print publishing remains rocked by digital, it's now clear that many magazines, large and small, are continuing to thrive.' – Mark Sinclair, Creative Review, December 2013
'The event delivered a fascinating series of insights into how some of the world's most creatively-driven and pioneering magazine-makers are taking their craft to the next level' – review of The Modern Magazine conference, Nick Carson, Computer Arts, December 2013
'The recurring use of the terms "storytelling", "conversation" and "passion project" throughout the conference underlined the continued longevity and permanence of the print medium.' – Disegno
Overmatter: 29.07.14
Carl Rush looks back at sixties counter-culture mag Oz.
The next destination for Boat magazine is LA; on pre-order now.
Liz and Rosanna from Oh Comely join Polly and Chris from Wrap, and others, for a Creative Clinic at the Wilderness, 7–10 Auguest, Oxfordshire.
'Should you work while you're pregnant?' asks fifties magazine Charm, via Newmanology.
Danny Miller shares a few notes from last week's Printout.
Magazine Diaries update: David Hepworth offers two things that count online, and proposes, 'What you've got to avoid is everything in-between.'


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TransAudio Group to Distribute Bock Audio
TransAudio Group, is happy to announce that it will be the U.S. distributor and marketer for Bock Audio, microphone guru David Bock's newly created company. This new Southern California company is hand building high-end custom microphones for the recording industry. Bock Audio's purpose is to deliver the highest possible performance and long-term usefulness in new studio microphones.
Owing to David Bock's long history and great renown in the pro audio and audiophile communities, Bock Audio is as close to being a legend, at its very inception, as any company could hope to be. It is a fitting addition to TransAudio already prestigious roster.
David Bock is arguably the most experienced builder and modifier of large diaphragm tube mics in world and is one of very few microphone specialists who really understands how the materials, design, and build of vintage microphones give them their sought-after sounds. Bock has put that knowledge to extensive use, customizing microphones for the industry's top recording engineers to give them particular sound characteristics. He cut his teeth as a tech at some of the most prestigious studios in the world, including the Hit Factory, Ocean Way, and Hyde Street, before co-founding and then running Soundelux Microphones from 1996 to 2006.
In 2007, David formed Bock Audio to carry on his personal designs developed over the past ten years. TransAudio Group's founder, Brad Lunde, recognized David Bock's unique ability to engineer to a "sound." "Most modern microphone manufacturers simply build a mic and then try to sell its sound, however that sound may turn out. In stark contrast, David Bock first finds out what sound characteristics people want, then builds a microphone with those characteristics. His rare talent has led many of our industry's highly regarded engineers and vocalists to depend on David's microphones for their most important work."
Bock Audio manufactures three models at present: the 195 (previously known as the U195), the 151 (previously known as the E251C) and the 251 (previously known as the ELUX251). These models were designed by David Bock and continue in production under the Bock Audio brand. All three models are now shipping.
TransAudio Group, founded by industry veteran Brad Lunde, has quickly become the premier U.S. importer/distributor and/or U.S. sales and marketing representative for high-end audio. Success hinges on TransAudio providing dealers and end users with a higher standard of product expertise and support far beyond the norm. TransAudio Group's product lines include A Designs (USA), ATC (U.K), Daking (USA), Digital Audio Denmark (Denmark), Drawmer (UK), Enhanced Audio (Ireland), George Massenburg Labs (USA), Heil
Sound (USA), Pauly (Germany), Sabra Som (Brazil), and SoundField (UK).
Related Topics: Company Announcements, Microphones, News
First UK InfoComm CTS-I Prep Course
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Event Enterprises Supplements NEXO M28 Arsenal, Adds Yamaha QL5 and DSRs
Texas Crew Productions Meets âIRONMANâ Challenge with Zylight F8 LED Fresnel
X2O Media to Present Two Sessions at the Next|Video Conference @ GV Expo
Advanced Systems Group Adds Ed Chen to Sales Staff
FSR's New HuddleVU Collaboration System Earns Tech & Learning 2014 Award of Excellence
Nitin Sawhney Transcends With Martin Audio MLA At Albert Hall


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Life as we know it, right down to the very carbon atoms we are made of, originates from one Source—the Maker of heaven and earth.
Today's Devotional
Recent Devotionals
- Daily Devotional - January 19, 2013 "He Broke Our Fall"1/18/2013 - Last year, Brad Pitt was hobbling around with a cane after having torn his ACL—a ligament in his knee. He told reporters, "I was carrying my daughter down the hill and I slipped. It was either her or me" who would get hurt.
- Daily Devotional - January 18, 2013 "Toughest Critic"1/17/2013 - Have you, like me, ever had a person in your life who in many ways is a friend, but is also your toughest critic? If so, do you wonder how to respond properly to this person?
- Daily Devotional - January 17, 2013 "What God Looks Like"1/16/2013 - In March of 2012, Americans listened with regret and repulsion as we heard reports of an American soldier in Afghanistan who went on a killing spree in a rural Afghan village.
- Daily Devotional - January 16, 2013 "In a Word"1/15/2013 - This past week I've been working on a labor of love. My wife, Lynn, is reaching a significant birthday milestone, so I've decided to throw her a party. One game I came up with is "Lynn in a word."
- Daily Devotional - January 15, 2013 Featuring Chris Tomlin "Lay Me Down"1/14/2013 - The joy that comes with daily sacrifice only makes sense in light of the cross. It will be my joy to say, "Your will, your way."
- Daily Devotional - January 14, 2013 "True Value"1/13/2013 - Johannes Gutenberg had an idea that would change the world, but he needed money to finance it.
- Daily Devotional - January 13, 2013 "Accepting Correction"1/12/2013 - "Atheists are so limp-wristed because they have nothing to stand for! #ultimatecowards" "Atheists have no morality. They will hug a tree and murder a baby in its mother's womb! #confused"
- Daily Devotional - January 12, 2013 "The Benefits of Giving"1/11/2013 - Did you know that the apostle Paul never quotes Jesus in any of his New Testament books?
- Daily Devotional - January 11, 2013 "Not Fooled"1/11/2013 - "It is better to keep your mouth closed and let people think you are a fool than to open it and remove all doubt." —Mark Twain
- Daily Devotional - January 10, 2013 Featuring Chris Tomlin "Awake My Soul"1/9/2013 - When God created Adam, he breathed into Adam's body, and the man came to life (Gen. 2:7).
- Daily Devotional - January 9, 2013 "Don't Stop"1/8/2013 - He was alone for most of his ministry. It seemed that no one cared to hear his words.
- Daily Devotional - January 8, 2013 Featuring Chris Tomlin "Whom Shall I Fear"1/7/2013 - In 2 Kings, the prophet Elisha finds himself surrounded by the king's army, charged to kill him. But Elisha was not afraid.
- Daily Devotional - January 7, 2013 "Victorious Faith"1/6/2013 - Tukutana, the nonprofit organization I direct in East Africa, is funding the education of a young lady named Acayo Sarah.
- Daily Devotional - January 6, 2013 "The Shrinking Self"1/5/2013 - My boys like to play tag. For the moment I can still outrun them. One of our favorite spots to play is a green space in our neighborhood.
- Daily Devotional - January 5, 2013 "Turning Away" 1/4/2013 - His tears revealed the sincerity of his sorrow. My young friend, a member of the youth group I work with, was torn up inside.
- Daily Devotional - January 4, 2013 "Second Glance"1/3/2013 - Alex Eklund likes beautiful women. He believes, however, that true beauty comes from the heart and character of a woman.
No playlists found for this account.


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Essex Collection of Art from Latin America
Essex Collection of Art from Latin America
University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park
01206 874438
The Essex Collection of Art from Latin America is a public, accredited museum at the University of Essex that stimulates research, awareness and appreciation of art from Latin America.
The Collection has more than 750 artworks in a broad range of media dating from 1900 to the present. Our main activities are teaching, research, exhibitions and loans. Through these activities we engage a range of audiences from primary school children to adult learners. We often work directly with artists and other institutions in order to foster greater understanding of Latin America as a culturally rich and increasingly influential part of the world.
With an associated archive and library of approximately 4,500 items, ESCALA is the most complete public resource in the UK for art from Latin America.
The Essex Collection of Art from Latin America is based at the University's Colchester Campus, in the East of England. The Campus is a striking 1960s modernist urban design within Wivenhoe Park, the eighteenth-century landscaped grounds of Wivenhoe House, located between the towns of Wivenhoe and Colchester, Britain's oldest recorded town.
At the Colchester Campus, selected works from ESCALA can be viewed in the Albert Sloman Library and in the grounds of Wivenhoe Park, which are open to the public. Works that are not on display can be viewed by appointment, as can items from the archive. This website contains a fully digitized catalogue of the Collection.
Venue Type:
Archive, Gallery
The Albert Sloman Library is open Monday to Friday 9am - 5:30pm
Connecting through Collecting
- 6 September — 6 December 2014 *on now
'Connecting through Collecting: 20 years of Art from Latin American at the University of Essex' is part of the University's 50th anniversary celebrations and will bring together artwork selected by students, researchers, and academics at the University plus other material from the Collection's Archive. Those taking part in the project were encouraged to choose pieces from the Collection which made a connection to their own research interests and were asked to reflect on and write about these choices following private viewings arranged by the ESCALA team.
Beecroft Art Gallery
Victoria Avenue


text:
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A fire breaks out a southeast Houston day care.
The following five celebrity urban legends will likely live on long into the future, despite the fact that none of them is remotely true.
Mercury Records
Check out our list of the songs that you just can't forget ... no matter how much you try.


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The keyboard is mightier than the sword!Submitted by tog2476 on Tue, 10/04/2011 - 23:42
We have all learned a great deal of information about things in the world that have pissed us off, we have all dealt with financial losses obviously from corruption and greed and most likely beyond all of that, the need for control, after all if you have all the money I am guessing that can get boring too, I can't say for sure, I never have had close to all of it or even a blip on the radar for that matter.
Our strength in this r3VOLution has always been the willingness to educate ourselves, either by ourself or through the words of another on here or wherever. I realize it would have been so easy to go off the handle while watching our country get dismantled, and our very lives with it, but we did not. The power of the pen is now the power of the keyboard, and we can pen the new term, "The keyboard is mightier than the sword!",now.
Violence ends conversation, it ends ideas, and ends lives. There is times for force when it is the only option left, but force on the right side of things brings force from the wrong side of things which creates an outcome in which we lose.
The r3VOLution has created every oppossition to every evil we see being played out right now, even down to this Occupy Wallstreet, we created it through education and knowledge and belief in honor and integrity. Occupy Wallstreet does not hold the cards to how this will play out, we do because we started this.
Let us all take time away from our keyboards from time to time and educate those searching for education. Occupy Wallstreet amongst many other groups out there even the 9/12ers, the so called liberals(I hate that term) are just looking for knowledge. They don't understand the underlying concepts of the mess, they just see people getting screwed when it should not be the case. People are in poverty because of a corrupt system, and some people believe it is because someone is too rich, when it really is because someone is too corrupt.
Violence creates a solution in which education stops and kills the messenger. We need to keep educating everyone we can, especially the Occupy Wallstreet crowd as far as immediate situations. We are firmly planted, our roots go deep, we can engage these groups without a chance of being persuaded, we know who we are, we know what the problem is. Let us educate all that are looking for answers because lack of answers leads to a surplus of violent solutions which in the end stops the education and gives the power to the people that make the laws and that pay the people who enforce them. Keep up the great work everyone!!!! They cannot stop our minds!!!!
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Dr. Jacob Harper
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Dr. Jacob Harper
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VCA Greater Savannah welcomes you and your pet!
At VCA Greater Savannah Animal Hospital, you'll be served by experienced, knowledgeable staff. Our veterinarians, technicians, and other pet-loving personnel are trained to the highest standards. Our knowledge of the latest veterinary medicines and procedures ensures that all of our patients get the best in prevention and healing methods.
There are numerous local medical issues that can impact your pet's health and require your attention throughout the year. For example, heartworm disease affects both cats and dogs. Because it's transmitted by mosquitoes, which thrive in our region, it's a serious cause for concern. And since the winter temperatures here do not get cold enough to kill mosquito eggs, heartworms are a year-round risk. The same is true for flea and tick infestations and intestinal parasites, all of which pose a problem in any season.
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The friendly, professional staff at VCA Greater Savannah Animal Hospital consists of dedicated individuals who make it their mission to help pets live long, healthy lives. To be true to this mission, the hospital utilizes the expertise of many unique individuals whose combined skills deliver the best patient and client experience.
Teamwork is a constant in our daily practice. From check-in to check-out, our team of pet lovers works cohesively to create a consistently warm and welcoming experience for both you and your pet.
Dr. Kate Steadley received her Bachelor of Science from Illinois State University. She then attended veterinary school at Ross University...Read Full Biography
I'll never
act my age!
Make sure your senior dog keeps their puppy sensibilities with a
preventive healthcare plan to keep them happy and healthy.
I'll never
act my age!
Cats are considered senior at age 7, which means, just like us,
they need preventive healthcare that meets the needs of their age.
are overweight or obese,* and often
their owners don't realize the danger.
* Association for Pet Obesity Prevention
Our Positive Cattitude program includes: