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We Drink 90% of our Illnesses
In no other country of the world is that admonition from Louis Pasteur more appropriately applied than India. In a country that has emerged from a net importer of grain products to a net exporter via the Green Revolution, and has moved into the enviable position of having the capacity to feed itself, providing sufficient nutrition for the 2nd largest population on the planet, to its centuries old cultural practices of open defecation, render the new UN's Sustainable Development Goal #6 (SDG) of 'sanitation for all' moot. "India's 162 million children under age 5 are malnourished, but suffering less a lack of food than poor sanitation. Half of its population defecates outdoors, exposing children to a bacterial brew that often sickens them, leaving them unable to attain a healthy body weight no matter how much food they eat. When this happens during the first two years of life, children become stunted and sustain cognitive loss. Particularly disturbing is that the loss of height and intelligence are permanent. UNICEF and other major charitable organizations said in interviews that they believe that poor sanitation may cause more than half of the world's stunting problems".
In terms of adequate nutrition, the UN's SDG through its 'Zero Hunger Challenge' by 2035 will be accomplished. But changing the culturally accepted practice of defecating outdoors, when "just 1% of Chinese and 3% of Bangladeshis relieve themselves outside compared with half of Indians", presents an insurmountable hurdle on SDG #6.
There is an enormous difference in infant mortality between "Muslim children in India who are 17% more likely to survive infancy than Hindus—even though they are generally poorer and less educated. Muslims are far more likely to use latrines and live next to others using them".
In an article which carried a New Delhi Date Line, quoting from The Lancet, it was posited that "premature deaths worldwide can be reduced by 40% before 2035. However, at the 2000-2010 rate of progress, deaths in India before age 70 years would fall by 31% before that date, missing the 40% target". The article made no mention of poor sanitation as the root cause of target failure.
The Population Reference Bureau states that India will soon be the most populous country on earth, with 1.5 billion people by 2030. Its cultural practices on basic sanitation belie its role as the 11th largest economy in the world. India is a nuclear power with intercontinental missile launch capabilities. The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry states its Medical Tourism industry is one of the largest service sector industries, with an estimated value of $78 billion, employing 9 million people. India has been designated as "pharmacy to the developing world" by Doctors Without Borders, providing 80% of antiretroviral products to poor countries. This past September, it became the first Asian nation to place an unmanned spacecraft in the orbit of Mars, achieving a scientific feat at one-tenth the cost incurred by NASA.
When these considerable scientific and economic attributes are combined, one can reasonably ask why India remains an aid-assisted country, and why is it unable to mitigate the self- induced problems of poor sanitation? The magnitude of the task ahead is expressed through its recently inaugurated $10 billion 'Clean India Campaign.' If just 50% of these funds were directed to the 620 million Indians who don't use latrines, then only $8 per capita over an indeterminate period would be focused on an unacceptable portion of its population that will continue to face irreversible stunting and cognitive development—even though they have sufficient nutritional access. If Indian statistics are applied against Goal #6 and included with all other countries, it will be rather improbable to reduce premature deaths globally by 40% in 2035.
India missed "by a significant margin its 2015 MDGs on infant and maternal mortality due to a lack of government expenditure on the health sector which was barely 1% of GDP." Instead of 8 targets under the MDGs, the UN has doubled-down and instituted 16 through the SDGs. This is eerily similar to the OECD/DAC's Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, which had 12 targets. At its end in 2010, only one was met, "albeit by a narrow margin." In November 2011, its proponents reconvened in Seoul, Korea for a High Level Forum to review this dismal record. They concluded their deliberations by proposing 36 targets for the next round of Aid Effectiveness!
When the UN and agencies like the OECD set monumental goals, they immunize themselves from subsequent accountability by stating that they should be measured by their intentions rather than their outcomes. After all these decades of missed targets, they should assume a touch of humility when setting future ones. Rather, their targets are befitting their illusions.
As long one-half the population in a country soon to be the most populous on the planet continues its cultural practices of ineffectual sanitation, the preponderance of its numbers over all other nations will invalidate SDG #6. Through a glass darkly, the global health community can see Louis Pasteur's centuries old adage spring eternal.
What Wind Blew WHO's Brand Hither?
Amidst the tumult of the Ebola crisis, few would know from its response that the World Health Organization (WHO) proclaims itself as "the legitimate inter-governmental authority on global health matters". In the three affected Ebola countries, the WHO has 100 staff members, while the Region itself has 750 staff. The Regional Office in the Congo has 600 staff, with 2500 contract staff assigned to polio eradication.
Across the ocean, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the national public health institute of the United States, headquartered in Georgia. Yet, in the response to the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, the CDC has emerged as the international public face of control, prevention, and treatment of this disease. The WHO's African office didn't welcome the CDC's robust role. Rather, the WHO largely confined itself to the issuance of statistical reports on disease morbidity and mortality, pleading in the process that an insufficiency of funds justified a plodding response that allowed the situation to get out of control. How did this role reversal occur?
The diminution of the WHO brand can be traced to its high water mark in 1977 when it proposed "Health for All by the Year 2000." This bold initiative was galvanized into operational field programming by the entire global health community. During the period 1977-2000, the OECD/Paris estimates that the community allocated $99 billion in support of its goals, which were largely to build primary care infrastructure in poor countries. At the conclusion of "Health for All in 2000," the WHO never bothered to issue a report on this extensive global experience which had to have generated a wealth of lessons learned. Despite this vast expenditure of resources, Dr. Paul Farmer has stated that the current Ebola crisis is "a symptom of a weak healthcare system."
But is due to a lack of donor funds? Dr. Paul Collier, an economist at Oxford University, tracked donor funds released by the Ministry of Finance in Chad. They were designated for rural health clinics. His survey had the modest purpose of finding out how much of the money actually reached the clinics—not whether the clinics spent it well. "Less than 1 percent reached the clinics—99% failed to reach its destination."
The WHO launched a new effort in 2001, called "Macroeconomics and Health." The thrust was a formulaic expression: "by expanding coverage to basic health services to the poor through scaling up resources, poverty could be reduced, economic development accelerated, and global security advanced. This could save at least 8 million lives through 2010, and yield a direct economic benefit of $186 billion per year, maybe more."
When the WHO released the proposal, there wasn't a single reference to "Health for All" in the main Text, the Notes, the Appendix, or the References. There is no public record of any of the "Macroeconomics and Health" recommendations ever being implemented.
The expansive health programs initiated by the WHO since 1977 can be seen as troublesome reminders of how impermanent values can be when global initiatives of promethean scope can so soon be forgotten and quickly discarded by those who commissioned them.
The WHO is burdened with an antiquated governance structure, constraining its response to Ebola. In 1948, it had 61 Member States supporting WHO through assessed dues. Today, it has 194 Members. The Regular Budget for the current biennium is $944 million, but is effectively reduced to approximately $756 million due to arrears. This is the only budget voted on by Members at the annual assemblies. TheWHO has an Extra Budgetary Account, funded at $3.015 billion by foundations, governments, and corporations. This is its central problem with governance and its difficulties in responding to the Ebola crisis. In order to do so, it needs private contributions to its Extra Budgetary Account.
A former Director General of WHO wrote of his concerns in a 1996 discussion paper on WHO resolutions : "these funds are usually earmarked, the choice of activities is determined by the donor and not by the community of Member States comprising the Organization, and the management of these funds generally escapes the jurisdiction of the Executive Board and Health Assembly."
The current Director General commented when discussing the Gates Foundation contribution of $300 million to the Extra Budgetary Account: "these dollars come with strings attached, my budget is highly earmarked, it is driven by what I call donor interests."
Translation: the DGs are referring to a 'pay to play' budget.
The WHO's Regional Directors are elected by Member States in their respective regions. If donors provide funds for Ebola, the money would first go to WHO/Geneva which would apply a fee of at least 13% before allocating it to the African Regional Office. Then, the Regional Director would have more say over their uses than does WHO/Geneva.
The WHO's sole client in the developing world is ministries of public health. In an official report, WHO described them as: "having the reputation for being among the most bureaucratic and least efficiently managed institutes in the public sector." Since its Regional Office in Africa is staffed more by 'friends' than health professionals, this combination of institutional fragilities foredoomed WHO from an effective response.
As long as the Regular Budget is subordinated to special interest groups funding the Extra Budgetary Account, and Regional Directors are more beholden to their respective Member States rather than to WHO/Geneva, the Organization's response to global threats such as Ebola will be incomplete. The institutional credentials of the WHO and its governing bodies have tarnished the brand from fulfilling its time-honored role as "the legitimate inter-governmental authority on global health matters." Without a structural reconstitution of its Mission, that role can be considered one that is gone with the wind.
By Jeremiah Norris
In global health, there is no other percentage that has so captured the public imagination and dominated media coverage than the relationship of national health expenditures to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In the US, the current figure is 18% of GDP. When published, this percentage ignites a perception that often takes on the value of reality. It is followed by hand-wringing comments in the press and among policy-makers that we spend more than double what other developed countries do and get less in return. This assumes that there is an equivalency within the various components which comprise GDP from developed countries with socialized medicine when compared to a capitalist system. Moreover, the expenditure rate is seen as a resource flow which dissipates into a dark hole in space, notwithstanding the fact that health care itself is a central contributor to the economy, particularly on employment, even in recessionary times.
The US Government's Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) defines GDP as "the output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States. As long as these are supplied by US residents, they may be located either in the US or abroad."
That is the accepted definition of GDP. But it doesn't mean that health expenditures within a socialist economy where it is funded through general taxation is measured by the same yardstick as those in the US where it is financed by an equal percentage of public-private sources and delivered almost exclusively through private provision.
These are some items counted towards US GDP but not in socialized medicine countries:
- the cost of mal-practice insurance and awards to plaintiffs;
- the accelerated depreciation on 5-year schedules of plant and equipment;
- health care employer and employee payroll contributions to Social Security, Medicare, 401 (k) retirement plans, and Workmen's Compensation Insurance;
- and, in most developed countries, capital investments are publicly funded and accounted for through ministries of public works; in the US these same investments are charged against GDP for health.
Canada has a single payer system. When an annual national health budget is passed, it is then divided among the provinces according to population. They can consume the amounts specified in their budget allocations—and then no more. Yet, Canadians spend more on health care than what is accounted for in their national budget. In 2012, more than 40,000 Canadians sought specialty care in U. S. institutions, where their expenditures were charged against US GDP and deducted from Canada's.
The capital assets in hospitals and medical equipment in the EU are publicly owned, thus there is no need to apply for tax relief on depreciated values. This is a substantial sum in the US as "almost one-third of health care spending pays for hospital services". EU health care cadres pay one tax into the Treasury for all social services, obviating payroll taxes as in the US for, pension, Social Security, Workmen's Compensation and Medicare.
Over the past five years, health care jobs in the US have outpaced employment trends overall. They account for one out of every six jobs created by 2012. As jobs disappeared during the Great Recession, health care companies continued hiring. They "added 428,000 jobs throughout the 18-month recession from December 2007 until June 2009 and have continued to grow at a steady rate since the end of the recession."
The percentage of health care expenditures is lower in "all other developed countries [which] rely on a large degree of direct government intervention and rate-setting to achieve lower-priced medical treatment for all citizens". For instance, on pharmaceuticals, France and Italy directly regulate prices at launch and subsequent rate of price increases. Germany, the Netherlands, and Denmark operate reference price systems of reimbursement and thereby exert strong pressure on prices charged by manufacturers. The UK operates a system of profit regulation that constrains prices to yield no more than a target overall rate of return on capital. One effect of this regulatory environment is that one of its a major producers maintains a paper registration of corporate ownership on the London stock exchange, but conducts its main manufacturing operations in the US where it can price products on the open market. The Canadian government monitors price levels at launch and rates of increase to assure they are "reasonable". If US pharmaceutical producers want to be in these markets, then they have to lower their prices and conform to EU regulations, though the same product is available in US markets, often at double the price. Regulated prices in the EU translate into lower health care expenditures relative to GDP; in effect, they also mean that US citizens are subsidizing health care for their counter-parts in the EU.
To change this perception we have to change the reality. Objective-based research is needed on the relationship of GDP and health care spending since policy-makers allocate resources on the basis of comparisons between developed countries. The measurement has to be of like-things to like-things. There can be little doubt that it isn't equivalent to compare socialist economies with capitalist economies. On one simple indicator, if EU countries permitted market pricing of drug products, then their ratio of health care expenditures to GDP would be far higher than presently reported in the 8-10% range.
The Upward Arc from an Unknown Expenditure to 18% of US GDP for Health
By Jeremiah Norris
The upward thrust of events that have shaped healthcare in America since 1900 when national health expenditures were unknown to 18% of GDP in 2013 constitutes a study often lost in the mist of time, and one that is illustrative of the long road to the Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA). The 18% is seen as expenditure within a seamless, integrated 'system', rather than the amorphous components which comprise a public-private cottage industry. At the advent of the 20th Century, population was 76m with a life expectancy of 47 years. Health insurance wasn't available, nor published reports on health expenditures until the mid 1950s. Now, we have 317m with a life expectancy of 78.2 years, and 84% is covered by health insurance.
The beginnings of organized medicine weren't in place until the Flexner Report of 1910, funded by Carnegie Foundation. The Report served as the catalyst for establishing a standard curriculum in medical schools, their accreditation, and the licensing and certification of practitioners. Up until that point, there were proprietary medical schools, mainly operated as private businesses. Approximately one-third of them closed in the decade following publication of this Report. From 1910 – 1928, the Rockefeller Foundation funded a momentum for change through the reorganization of medical education within twenty-four universities.
Since then, the major drivers on the upward expenditure curve have been government initiatives. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, patients had difficulty paying hospitals for services. The government stepped in, offered community hospitals non-profit status in return for a fixed percentage of their income over expenses to cover uncompensated care. This was the birth of Blue Cross-Blue Shield Association.
In the late 1950s, the government established wage and price controls in private businesses. It then permitted employers to substitute health insurance as a covered benefit in lieu of wage increases.
In 1965, the Congress passed Medicare, which provided healthcare for those aged 65+. In 1972, legislation authorized the End Stage Renal Disease Program under Medicare. It now covers 90% of all US citizens with severe chronic kidney disease, regardless of age. In 1997, the Congress added a new component, the Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly. It provides comprehensive care for individuals age 55 and older who are sufficiently frail to be categorized as "nursing home eligible" by their state's Medicaid program. Disability insurance was added in the 1970s for those under age 65, some as infants. In 2006, the Prescription Drug Benefits Program was added.
In 1966, the Congress enacted Medicaid, a program for the provision of health services to the poor. States provide up to one half of the funding. Those with disabilities who do not have a work record and receive Supplemental Security Income (SSI), are enrolled into Medicaid as a mechanism to provide them with health insurance. Medicaid payments currently assist nearly 60% of all nursing home residents and about 37% of all childbirths in the US. The federal government pays on average 57% of Medicaid expenses.
In 1997, the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) was enacted by the Congress as a partnership between federal and state governments. It is administered by HHS and provides matching funds to states for health insurance to families with incomes that are modest but too high to qualify for Medicaid.
In 1960, Congress enacted the Federal Employees Health Benefit Program (FEHB). The government contributes 72% of the premium of all plans offered to active and retired federal employees. FEHB is administered by the US Office of Personnel Management.
The Military Health System is under the US Department of Defense, while the Veterans Administration is a separate Cabinet post. They provide healthcare to active duty, retired military personnel, dependents, and veterans from all service branches.
The Indian Health Services was established in 1955, and is operated through HHS. In 2011, its budget was $4.3 billion, covering 2,700 nurses, 900 physicians, 400 engineers, 500 pharmacists and 300 dentists. Other health professionals bring total staffing to more than 15,000. Indians are also eligible to apply for health care provided by Medicaid.
For the period 2013-2022, these health spending differences per enrollee can be seen in 2013 and 2022:
Medicare spending per enrollee $11,829 $16,914
Medicaid spending per enrollee $7,784 $10,777
Employer-sponsored Private Health Ins. $5,435 $8,204
Other Private Health Insurance $2,434 $5,587
A central premise of ACA is that it will bend the cost curve downward on national health expenditures. Excepting Medicaid, the other programs mentioned will be outside of ACA's specific domain, though they cover some 100m people. For those enrolled into Medicaid, the Federal government will pay States its full costs for the first three years, and 95% thereafter. There will be no deductibles. This will accelerate the present differential between government and private spending, assuring that the HHS's actuary prediction of health expenditures rising to 20% of GDP by 2022 will be realized.
The World Bank's Fierce Grasp of Yesterday
by Jeremiah Norris
Advocates of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) believe that the key to success can be seen in the World Bank's new vision as stated by its President in his address to the World Health Assembly in May 2013. He said: "We must be the generation that delivers universal health coverage … warning that UHC could become a toothless slogan".
Senior policy-makers at the Bank, and its sister organization, the IMF, should take this warning seriously. In 1999, the Bank conducted an audit of 107 of its health projects, finding: 1) "the Bank does not adequately assess borrower capacity to implement planned project activities; 2) notably lacking is an adequate assessment on demand for health services; 3) we know little about what the Bank has 'bought' with its investments".
In 2009, it conducted another internal audit based on corrective measures it had set in place, finding: one-third of World Bank health, nutrition and population program loans met with unsatisfactory outcomes. The Bank spent $17 billion on these initiatives.
Subsequently, the Guardian Weekly drilled deeper into the Bank's audit, determining that: "despite the Bank's raison d'être to end poverty, that was the specific objective of only 6% of projects and a secondary objective of 7%. Even when this was a stated objective, there was little monitoring of outcomes. Where it was done, few projects had achieved that goal … and much of the spending aids [the] richest 20% of people".
The Bank conducts annual reviews through its Independent Evaluation Group (IEG). In a 2006 evaluation of a subsample of 25 Bank-assisted countries for which outcomes had been assessed, "only 11 reduced the incidence of poverty between 1990s and the early 2000s, while poverty either stagnated or increased in the remaining 14 countries".
In 2007, the IMF published a report on health aid and infant mortality. It found that "despite the vast empirical literature considering the effect of foreign aid on growth, there is little systematic empirical evidence on how overall aid affects health, and none (to our knowledge) on how health aid affects health".
The Bank's funding is directed mainly to the public health sector of developing countries. Here, it is burdened by high transaction costs, lack of ownership, and interest payments. It competes with private resource flows, often without these operational liabilities. Official Development Assistance (ODA was once the dominate form of assistance to developing countries. But today, according to Hudson's Index of Global Philanthropy and Remittances, "Nearly 80% of all DAC donors' total economic engagement with the developing world is through private financial flows."
An October report by the Bank on global remittances has estimated that they are "expected to reach $414 billion in 2013, and $540 billion by 2015". These flows often are used to purchase health and educational benefits. Sooner or later, every remitted hard currency ends up in a country's central bank where it is used to purchase goods and services which can only be procured through the use of scarce foreign exchange.
In the post-colonial world of the early 1960s, most countries emerging into independence had virtually no private health sectors. In that environment, it was perfectly logical for the World Bank to lend into their public sectors. That world has changed dramatically. For instance, in the largest countries, private expenditures on health as a percent of total expenditures on health show that it is 69% in Bangladesh; 81% in Cambodia; 64% in China; 76% in India; 65% in Indonesia; 55% in Mexico; 75% in Nigeria; 73% in Pakistan; 62% in South Africa; 70% in Uganda; and 73% in Viet Nam.
The successful implementation of UHC is dependent upon: "1) removal of direct out-of-pocket payments); 2) [a migration from] employment-based and contributory insurance models … to the public health sector; and 3) financial support through general government revenues". Given the choice between low cost private resources for healthcare and heavily burdened ODA for UHC, it shouldn't be surprising that ministries of finance would choose a resource flow which would provide them with increased levels of foreign exchange at least cost to their societies, while at the same time improving their international credit ratings for borrowing.
The Bank's president is prescient in his caution that UHC could end up as a slogan. Yet, when used in his new vision To End Extreme Poverty by 2035 during the Bank's Annual Meeting in October, it indemnifies donors from performance accountability. Who could be against such a laudable goal! When cast against an ocean of inconsequential Bank and IMF audits and their leadership in debt forgiveness of $93 billion for 40 poor countries through the Jubilee Program—the same countries which would be the main subjects of UHC, an embrace of these concepts by the Bank can be seen as a continuous tight grip on slogans in a retracing search for yesterday's icebergs.
WHO's Global Health Programs vs Independent Initiatives
By Jeremiah Norris
At Alma Ata, Kazakhstan, in 1977, WHO was charged with a new program initiative, "Health for All by the Year 2000" (HFA). Broadly, its aims were to "bring health within reach of everyone in a given country. By 'health', it is meant a personal state of well being, not just the availability of health services. [it implies] A state of health that enables a person to lead a socially and economically productive life."
Subsequently, bilateral and multilateral agencies, as well as numerous non-governmental organizations, supported its goals and funded them extensively from that date through 2000 with billions of donor dollars. In 2001, WHO published "Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development" (MH). It was written by an impressive list of Commissioners, headed by Prof. Jeffery Sachs, then with HarvardUniversity, and funded at $2.5 million by WHO. The basic thrust of this new initiative is a formulaic expression: "expanding coverage for essential health services to the world's poor through scaling up resources, poverty would be reduced, economic development accelerated, and global security advanced. This could save at least 8 million lives each year by the end of the decade, and assuming that each DALY saved "gives an economic benefit of 1 year's per capita income of a projected $535 in 2015, the direct economic benefit … would be $186 billion per year, and plausibly several times more".
A critical component of HFA was Multisectoral Planning, in which WHO would engage all line ministries in its global effort. It re-emerged in MH as a recommendation for the formation of National Macroeconomic Commissions, co-chaired by ministries of finance and health. There isn't any public record of these Commissions having been formed. MH is completely absent of any references to HFA in the main text, in Appendix I listing the Commissioners; their Biographical Sketches; or Reports and Working Papers; or Appendix 2; or References; or even in the Glossary!
It calculated an economic benefit for the 8 million lives saved annually by essential health interventions. The Commissioners walked away from the downstream implications by making an assumption that those saved would go on to a life of suspended animation, free of noncommunicable diseases (NCD) and the costs associated with them. Once a child makes it beyond age 5, the unerring arrow of a costly NCD morbidity will strike somewhere along life's path. Not much else in healthcare is certain. This is.
WHO never published a final report on HFA. This would have generated a wealth of 'lessons learned'. Applied to the Commissioners 2001 work, this valuable resource could have substantially grounded its proposal in a legitimacy otherwise difficult to obtain.
Notwithstanding the lack of progress on these two initiatives, the 2005 World Health Assembly resolution and the 2012 UN General Assembly resolution supported the concept of Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Proponents of this concept believe that universal health coverage means "that people should have access to all the services they need, of good quality, without suffering financial hardship when paying for them".
A key financial barrier to this coverage is co-payments by patients. At the 66th World Health Assembly in May 2013, the President of the World Bank said: "anyone who has provided health care to poor people knows that even tiny out-of-pocket charges can drastically reduce their use of needed services. This is both unjust and unnecessary".
His statement was in contravention to the Bank's report of 20 years ago, titled: "Investing in Health". It proposed the implementation of user fees, a policy which was adopted by many Member States. It is also contrary to WHO's ranking of Members on healthcare. In every category, "Singapore is either the very best in the world or near the very top. Its out-of-pocket healthcare costs are the highest in the world".
The predominant form of health financing in most developing countries is in their private sectors. Out-of-pocket payments include co-payments for those covered by health insurance plans, government retirees under medical care through social security-type systems (it is 65% of total public health expenditures in Bolivia), and private health plans. Their removal under UHC would require approval from ministries of finance, causing them to impose additional sources of funding for public health via new taxes.
Alongside these two global initiatives, other programs were launched independent of direct WHO management. Two of the largest are PEPFAR (the President's Emergency Plan for HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria) launched in 2003 with a $15 billion grant from the U. S. It was renewed in 2008 with an additional grant of $53 billion. It works closely with the Global Fund to Fight HIV, TB and Malaria, "which in its recent replenishment was able to obtain $18.9 billion in new pledges". Together, these two organizations expect to have 10 million AIDS patients under ARV treatment by the end of 2013. For the first time in the global fight against AIDS, the number of new infections has declined.
Rather than leading the way forward on global health, the two WHO initiatives followed past remedies: pour in money and stir. Money was used as a product for consumption when experience informed PEPFAR and the Global Fund that it needed to be used as a medium with a command power to create something of value between partners.


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MHS students amass 8,000 college credits
May 27, 2013
Program allows them to get head start on college read more... -
Twister makes local educators think
May 27, 2013
Plan ahead and be ready to modify plans to fit circumstances read more... -
Sheridan spars with mediation group
May 27, 2013
Director says growing caseload warrants increased donation read more... -
Willamina approves school budget
May 27, 2013
Buying back furlough days would be priority if PERS savings occur read more... -
Kiwanis honors top local students
May 27, 2013
Eight seniors share in $15,000 read more... -
Sheridan High will graduate 55 Saturday
May 27, 2013
Ceremonies start at 2 p.m. on football field read more... -
YCOM holds dues to bare minimum
May 27, 2013
County officials term figure unwise, unwarranted read more... -
UPS Store employee charged in theft
May 27, 2013 | 1 Comment
Paper trail led McMinnville detectives to stolen gift cards read more... -
Wineries draw more paying customers
May 27, 2013
Valley wineries woo visitors willing to stock up read more... -
Linfield student faces array of charges
May 27, 2013 | 2 Comments
Wrecked parked car was purchased week prior to incident read more... -
Elks give vets a big thanks
May 27, 2013
Memorial Day outing a special mission for veteran club members read more... -
Evergreen seeking poster submissions
May 23, 2013
Winner will fly in a balloon read more... -
Council to hold hearing on EID
May 23, 2013
Economic Improvement District on agenda read more... -
Driving spree lands Linfielder in jail
May 23, 2013 | 1 Comment
Thousands of dollars of damage done, but no injuries reported read more... -
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subset: commoncrawl


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Dragon Age Inquisition: Astrarium solutions
How to solve all of these fiddly puzzles.
Destiny - Xur location: 28th November
Where to find Xur this week, and everything he's got for sale.
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I'll make you famous!
Before we go on, there's just one thing you need to know: LITTLEBIGPLA…
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Maps: Scanners
The BookScan Station is a flatbed scanner and an autofeed document scanner operated from a single touch screen computer. The flatbed scanner has a special beveled edge so book pages lie flat creating a scan with no curve at the page edge. Scanned documents may be saved to a USB key or emailed.
The KIC Scanner scans images from above. Because you never need to pick up the book, scanning pages is fast; center the book once, then just turn the pages and press the scan button. Pages can be automatically split and scanned documents may be saved to a USB key or emailed.
Second Floor: BookScan Station and 2 KIC Scanners
Annex: KIC Scanner
BookScan Station
KIC Scanner
Updated: August 2013


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Server: Online
World: Freedonia
Players: 3/12000
Featured wiki article:
Freedonia Railway System
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cizza5 is a banned former player on MinecraftOnline (banned on 07:06, 27 Apr 2012) .
Note: The control panel is new, and still undergoing testing and development. As a beta tester, you are requested to keep an eye out for any bugs, and to kindly report any issues (however minor) to email@example.com.


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Dec 2012
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@Matt_Scooby | 16:08 - 27 December 2012
What if the Vita won't let you get as far as step 5? It keeps saying "Could not connect to the storage media of the PC. (C0-12043-0)". I can't get my videos and photos off my Vita and transfer them to my PC! What does this message mean and how do I fix it?
Sep 2012
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Hayley Autumn | 06:22 - 16 September 2012
What if you try to download it, it says it cant?
Aug 2012
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@kpoiu | 18:31 - 10 August 2012
psvita adrian netflix YO? 1 $10
Jun 2012
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pedrovay2003 | 00:35 - 10 June 2012
Download Open CMA and use that on the PC instead. It makes the Vita think you're online when you don't have to be.
Jun 2012
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MicloL | 20:56 - 3 June 2012
I agree with krotchdog. I tried to plug my vita into my pc, and its tellin me that my pc needs internet connection. Which is quite possibly the dumbest idea ever. If i want to transfer a song on my pc to my vita, i should not have to create a comcast account to go with it. And further more, it took me hours to get it set up. I had to find a wifi spot somewhere, create a playstation network account, update my vita, install the content manager assistant. Then i had to pick and choose what songs i wanted to transfer to my vita, instead of jus draggin and droppin a whole playlist i created for that purpose. I dont mean to complain so much but this shit needs to be simpler and less time-consuming. Can anyone tell me if its possible to just transfer shit with no internet access, and if so how. Cuz i too wanna throw this thing in the water and buy and old school psp
May 2012
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bourbon | 10:58 - 15 May 2012
I was thought that vita is more comfortable to use than the PSP,now that i have it i would rather to throw this vita into the water that cost me for nothing its very hard to find a game unlike the PSP ,Downloading game thru wi-fi internet it's sucks!!very100x slow!!!for those who are planning to BUY PS VITA change you're mind i would'nt recommend this product to all my friends that planning to buy this f...... vita!!
May 2012
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judaii | 14:42 - 14 May 2012
After installing the Content Manager Assistant on my PC, I connected my PS Vita to the PC using the USB cable. Everything seems to be ok, but I couldn't access my Vita, it looks like it hangs, I coudn't even flip the cover page to go to the menu. Do you think it has anything to do with the battery? Should it be fully charged?
May 2012
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escobar_zul | 08:15 - 11 May 2012
hey thank u for helping..:)
May 2012
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flyingsangwich | 02:39 - 9 May 2012
i do pc to psp to ps3 to psv
Apr 2012
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sophie21700 | 22:22 - 28 April 2012
my ps vita wont connect to my pc when i plug it in
Mar 2012
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BlackFrost | 01:44 - 26 March 2012
Yeah, transferring photos from my Vita to my PC is a genuine nightmare. It works 10% of the time, the other 90% it starts filling the progress bar and stops, never ever ever to work again.
It's... a little annoying. I'm surprised there have been no updates that fix this.
Mar 2012
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EdmontonOilerFan87 | 07:06 - 9 March 2012
How do you get more than nineteen songs on the ps vita? I have 59 songs and I cannot change anything and I just got it last week.
Mar 2012
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SpanishPeacock | 11:31 - 2 March 2012
I would have to suggest using the PS3 to copy music, videos, and photos to the PS Vita if you have that option. It's a lot easier, but limited to the files on your PS3, which means if you use an external hard drive for movies and/or music, you must copy over the files to the PS3 first. Other than that it's pretty simple. I'll try turning off the Wifi on my PS3 to see if you can still transfer files to the Vita without being connnected to the internet.
Mar 2012
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Quetos | 00:02 - 1 March 2012
dunno why but I'm finding the upload from the pc to the vita very slow - an upload of a jpeg (around 68kb) takes around 7 seconds to copy across...
I'm going to copy across some vids later - if it is 1 sec per 10kb... these vids are around 500mb each so (500 * 1024)/10 = 51200 secs.
divide by 60 twice and thats 14.2 hours... surely that can't be right - is there some kind of setting somewhere I need to turn off or something?
Feb 2012
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Raskal89 | 01:56 - 26 February 2012
krotchdog no offence mate but you are stupid for
1) buying the 3g version
2) not being able to put ONE mp3 on your vita
grow a pair of bollocks and stop moaning.
Nov 2011
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fett42 | 19:53 - 24 February 2012
If you're having trouble transferring files, make sure your files on the computer are in the right folder. If you click on the content manager icon on your computer's task bar and choose preferences, you can set up where you keep all of your files.
Also, make sure your usb cable is inserted properly. For some reason Sony made it so you can insert the usb cable into the Vita backwards. If you do this it won't be recognized by your computer.
Feb 2012
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Scottacus | 18:52 - 24 February 2012
krotchdog, it worked for me exactly as the article above describes without any hitches. And the article is a tutorial, not a review, so I'm not sure how it can be considered a "fluff piece".
I don't know what's not working for you, but I hope you figure it out.
Dec 2010
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PG BBilson | 16:37 - 24 February 2012
Hi Krotchdog, sorry the guide wasn't helpful for you.
In regards to the music issue - it's not the strong point of the system, granted. The content is designed to drag up stuff automatically inside the 'core' documents folder on your PC - there isn't any way around that at the moment, unfortunately (at least, that I know of).
Re: needing connection - do you mean on the Vita or PC? It seems to be okay with being disconnected when attempting a transfer on my machine.
Feb 2012
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krotchdog | 16:00 - 24 February 2012
How about telling us you need to be connected to the internet, so if you have no internet connection, you have no music, further if you keep your music anywhere but in the "Music" folder, Vita will not allow you to copy your music.
Feb 2012
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krotchdog | 15:38 - 24 February 2012
It seems all these sites are the same, they "market" the exact same propaganda, I have a Vita, it sucks, this article does not resemble reality.
Where do I start, if it is only games you want to play, you may be happy, if you want to copy a file from your desktop to the Vita, good luck, after over a hour of internet searching, all I find are lousy articles like this, I have a content manager, which I should not need, did not need on a PSP, read that in any reviews, no, so after over a hour, I can not figure out how to transfer one file I have.
Maybe I have to transfer all my music to the windows Music folder, that would suck, I have it on an external. I also have to use the Content Manager Assistant, and not only that, I must be connected to the internet, and if you have a 3g model, ATT internet service I paid 50$ for does not count, it must be through a computer. Why?
anyhow, I came to this page searching for how to transfer one lousy mp3, which I ripped, from my computer to the Vita which cost over 500$, bundle plus warranty and data plan, and I will leave this page, knowing the author of this article wrote a fluff piece for Sony, instead of being objective.
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NPOA is the fastest growing non-profit trade association serving the printing industry. While some associations are facing stagnant or declining memberships, NPOA has grown from 19 original members in late December 2012 to almost 400 as of late summer 2014. Our association was founded and operated "by printers for printers." Click here to read the rest of the story, or you can go directly to our membership page and join NPOA today!
NPOA Releases 4th Hunt Video
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Archive for the 'AACA Museum' tag
AACA Museum reveals plans for Cammack Tucker exhibit, $500,000 capital campaign to fund it
Tucker 48 #1026. Photo by David LaChance.
Years in the works, the AACA Museum's planning on the new permanent home for David Cammack's Tucker collection kicked into high gear earlier this year when the collection made its way from Alexandria, Virginia, to Hershey, Pennsylvania, following Cammack's death. This week, the museum released their vision for the exhibit and announced a $500,000 capital campaign to fund its construction.
At the time the largest collection of Tuckers and Tucker memorabilia – consisting of three complete cars (#1001, #1022, and #1026), a test chassis, multiple Tucker engines, and tens of thousands of blueprints – Cammack arranged for the donation of the collection to the museum, a natural continuance of the willingness to share the collection with other Tucker and automotive enthusiasts when he had it housed in a nondescript warehouse in Alexandria. "I wouldn't want it if I had to keep it in a safety deposit box," he said at one point. "Who wants something like that? You can't enjoy it and nobody else can. That's not my nature."
Photo by the author.
While the 5,200-square-foot gallery that the collection will inhabit at the AACA Museum has hosted other exhibits over the years, it has been earmarked to serve as the permanent home of the Cammack collection since construction of the museum 10 years ago, according to Nancy Gates, the museum's director of marketing. Cammack's 50,000 blueprints and other printed materials will head to the AACA Library, though some will be scanned and included as digital files in the exhibit at the museum. Meanwhile, the exhibit will contain a raised platform with architectural glass in the floor to allow viewing of the Tucker test chassis, ringed by the various engines from the collection. The rest of the Jim Booth-designed exhibit will include a representation of a Tucker dealership, interactive displays, and a replica of Preston Tucker's work desk.
Renderings courtesy AACA Museum.
Gates said that construction should begin in late April, with a projected completion date before the AACA Eastern Fall Meet at Hershey next October. To fund construction of the exhibits, the AACA Museum has kicked off a capital campaign that Gates said will run "as long as it needs to. We want to do this permanent exhibit gallery the right way." While the AACA Museum has set the goal for the campaign in excess of $500,000, Gates said that $100,000 has already been dedicated to the project and that the total amount could vary depending on how many museum volunteers are able to pitch in on building the exhibit.
Cammack, who began collecting Tuckers in 1972, died this past April at the age of 85. The AACA Museum moved his collection to Hershey over the summer.
For more information about the Cammack exhibit, visit AACAMuseum.org.
Celebrate winter with vintage snowmobiles at the AACA Museum
1969 Ski-Doo Olympic 320 A/S. Images courtesy of the AACA Museum.
Ask a dozen experts about the history of the snowmobile, and you're likely to get a dozen different answers. Though the birth, and to some degree, evolution, of the modern snowmobile remains clouded in a fair amount of controversy, this much is clear: The modern snowmobile, with its front skis and rear endless-belt track, began to evolve in the 1950s. Now, a new exhibit at the AACA Museum in Hershey, Pennsylvania, celebrates the snowmobile by offering visitors a glimpse at the evolution and engineering behind this popular, if seasonal, conveyance.
The need for a reliable vehicle to cross snow-covered terrain has existed for far longer than the snowmobile itself. Though designs for such vehicles predate the First World War, none enjoyed commercial success, thanks largely to their sheer size, complexity and expense. A few manufacturers modified Model T Fords with tracks and skis for steering, and such trucks were commonly used for winter mail delivery in the upper Midwest and Canada. Suitable for snow-covered roads, converted Model Ts (and later, converted Model As) were less adept at crossing fields covered in deep snow, and were priced beyond the means of most non-commercial users. It would take until the late 1950s until two manufacturers, Polaris and Bombardier (manufacturer of Ski-Doo snowmobiles) began producing the forerunners of the modern snowmobile.
1964 Ski-Doo RD-64.
The upcoming AACA Museum exhibit features snowmobiles dating as far back as a 1961 Polaris Sno-Traveler, built with its engine in the rear instead of the front, presumably for better traction. This particular sled also uses wooden cleats, though it's not clear if these are a Polaris design or a consumer enhancement. A 1964 Ski Doo RD-64, originally sold to the Pennsylvania Fish and Game Commission, features a dual-track, single ski design (without the optional brakes) and is powered by a 10 horsepower Rotax engine.
1969 Ski-Jet prototype.
A pre-production 1969 Ski-Jet 292, manufactured in Archibald, Pennsylvania, features a conventional single track, two-ski design, and is believed to be one of just six Ski-Jet 292 models remaining (including three parts-only sleds). A 1969 Ski-Doo Olympic 320 A/S, powered by an 18-horsepower Rotax engine, shows that consumers were demanding more power as sleds (and the sport of snowmobiling) began to evolve into their modern form.
The land speed record-setting Johnson Pegasus.
The 1971 Johnson Pegasus on display exemplifies this quest for power best of all, as the machine was used to set a land speed record of 140.625 MPH at the Bonneville Salt Flats (the surface of which behaves much like hard-pack snow). Featuring dual V-4 engines and a streamliner body, the sled first achieved this milestone in testing, prompting participants to hastily arrange officiating. While the body and chassis were developed for the record attempt, and the track was specifically engineered by Goodyear for high-speed runs at Bonneville, the rest of the record-setting snowmobile is said to be constructed from off-the shelf components.
1974 Viking Vigilante.
Other snowmobiles on display include a purple 1974 Viking Vigilante, powered by a 440cc two-stroke engine that would become the basis of an SCCA formula racing class (Formula 440); a 1973 Yamaha SR-292, purpose-built for oval track racing and one of just 150 constructed; and a 1972 Arctic Cat Kitty Cat, aimed at children between the ages of five and 10 years old. In addition to its modestly powered 60cc engine, the Kitty Cat incorporated safety features like an adjustable governor, a hidden rubber track, rubber-tipped skis and rounded edges on the hood and dash for the inevitable get-off. As an added feature, optional front wheels meant that young riders could enjoy the Kitty Cat year-round, at least until they outgrew its diminutive size.
1972 Arctic Cat Kitty Cat, shown with optional front wheels.
The snowmobiles will be displayed as part of the AACA's Holiday Celebration exhibit, which opens on Friday, November 15, and runs through Sunday, January 5. For additional information, visit AACAMuseum.com.
UPDATE 11/5: Image of the record-setting 1971 Johnson Pegasus added.
Early tour of Cammack Tucker collection among prizes at AACA's Night at the Museum
David Cammack with his collection. Photo by David LaChance.
When David Cammack died in April at the age of 85, he left behind the most extensive collection of Tucker memorabilia on the planet, including three original Tucker automobiles. Thanks to his generosity, automotive enthusiasts will be able to view the Cammack Tucker collection at the AACA Museum in Hershey, Pennsylvania, when a new gallery opens next year. The AACA Museum, however, will auction off the chance to see the collection before anyone else as part of its upcoming Night at the Museum event.
The package includes a guided tour for the winner and up to nine other guests days before the collection opens to the public, currently projected to be in the late summer or early fall of 2014. In addition to its three Tucker automobiles (numbers 1001, 1022 and 1026), the gallery will also feature Tucker test chassis #2, prototype engines, Tucker parts and thousands of engineering drawings. Only 51 Tucker automobiles were ultimately produced, including the Tin Goose prototype, 35 constructed before official production ended and 15 assembled post-shutdown. Of these, just 47 Tuckers are known to exist today, making the Cammack collection the largest single assemblage of Tucker automobiles in the world.
Other silent auction items include a VIP package for the 2014 Amelia Island Concours d'Elegance; a spot on the cover and a feature article on the bidder's car in an upcoming issue of Antique Automobile Magazine; an Auctions America Auburn Fall VIP package, and a private evening at the museum for up to 100 guests. As part of the upcoming automotive events in Hershey (including the 58th Annual AACA Eastern Division Fall Meet), the AACA Museum will also have extended "Beer and Barbecue" hours, between 4:00 and 8:00 p.m. on Thursday, October 10, and Friday, October 11.
AACA's Night at the Museum will take place from 6:00 to 10:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 9. In addition to the silent auction, other planned events include car lover's trivia, assorted Monte Carlo-style games of chance, art displays, automotive-themed comfort food, and cocktails. For reservations or more information, visit AACAMuseum.org.
Cammack Tucker trio makes the move to AACA Museum
Photos courtesy AACA Museum.
As noted earlier this year when Tucker collector David Cammack died – and in David LaChance's profile of Cammack in the June 2007 issue of Hemmings Classic Car – Cammack had arranged to donate the entire collection to the Antique Automobile Club of America's Museum in Hershey, Pennsylvania, where a 3,500-square-foot room had been built specifically to exhibit the collection. It took a few months, but the museum recently began the process of taking inventory of the massive collection and moving it from its longtime home in Alexandria, Virginia.
Scheduled to open in the fall of 2014, the exhibit will include not only three Tucker cars – 1001, 1022, and 1026, all painstakingly restored – but also several complete engines, test stands, suspension parts, Tucker Y-1 transmissions and many other replacement and restoration parts that Cammack had collected. Also making the journey to Pennsylvania will be a good number of original Tucker documents, including about 50,000 blueprints, only 10 percent of which have so far been cataloged.
According to the AACA Museum, the Tuckers are shown in the photos on rollbacks; they were later transferred to enclosed trailers for the interstate trip.
For more information on the AACA Museum, visit AACAMuseum.org.
AACA Museum to celebrate its 10th anniversary
Photo courtesy AACA.
After 10 years of entertaining old-car enthusiasts in Hershey, Pennsylvania, the AACA Museum has scheduled a little celebration.
A full slate of events is on tap for the June 22 anniversary event: A car show will take place from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.; the museum will offer several behind-the-scenes tours of its collection storage facility; a chicken and pulled pork barbecue lunch will be served, and a cruise-in that is open to all cars is scheduled for 3 p.m. Other activities for the future classic car enthusiast under four feet tall will include model building, finger painting and valve cover racing. A live band will perform, and, of course, there will be anniversary cake, 50/50 drawings and raffles while the crowds are encouraged to meander through the museum and see its current displays. Two current exhibits, "A Welcome Invasion: British Motorcycles in America" and "Pop Culture and Cars" will be available for viewing throughout the summer, in addition to its many permanent displays of classic cars and automobilia.
For more information, visit AACAMuseum.org.
AACA Museum appoints Michael Vojtasko as curator
Michael Vojtasko poses with the AACA Museum's 1930 Cord L-29 convertible. Photo courtesy AACA Museum.
Michael Vojtasko is passionate about cars. With an interest in automobiles dating back to his childhood, he has owned two Corvettes, a few mid-1950s Fords, some 1960s Plymouth B-bodies, a 1957 Nash Rambler, a few Volkswagen Beetles, a 1970 Mercury Capri and even more contemporary transportation, such as a first-generation Mazda Miata and an E30 BMW 325i convertible. That kind of diversity and experience makes Vojtasko's newest role, curator of the Antique Automobile Club of America (AACA) Museum, seem like an ideal fit.
His background in administration will assist in his new role, as well. An Air Force veteran, Vojtasko retired with the rank of Colonel, and holds a masters degree in Health Services Administration from George Washington University. In 2010, Vojtasko retired from his second career as director of the Veterans Health Administration's Emergency Management Office, and soon after began volunteering his time at the AACA Museum.
With Vojtasko's assistance, the museum has undergone an extensive effort to review and update its catalog of vehicles and memorabilia. Such firsthand knowledge of the AACA Museum's collection should prove invaluable in his new position, as will his years of leadership and management experience.
The first exhibit to debut under Vojtasko's guidance is "Pop Culture and Cars," which will open to the public on Friday, May 17th. The exhibit looks at the impact of the automobile on American popular culture, and features such high-profile vehicles as the Dunham Coachworks "Super Fly" Cadillac Eldorado, Ricky Nelson's 1932 Ford Roadster (as driven in The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet), and a black-with-gold Pontiac Trans Am, presented to Burt Reynolds by the studio at the completion of filming Smokey and the Bandit.
The AACA Museum is located in Hershey, Pennsylvania. For information on ticketing or upcoming exhibits, visit AACAMuseum.org.
"Super Fly" cars to appear in AACA Museum pop culture exhibit
The Les Dunham Corvorado. Photo courtesy Dunham Coach.
It's more than facile to fill a museum exhibit dedicated to cars and pop culture with Elvis, poodle skirt, and sock hop references. The AACA Museum, however, has taken a far more daring path by featuring a pair of Dunham Coach "Super Fly"-type cars in its upcoming showcase, "Pop Culture and Cars: Retro Adventures."
Likely appearing at an AACA event for the very first time, the Dunham Coach "Corvorado" – as featured in the films Live and Let Die and Superman: The Movie – and the Dunham Coach "Super Fly" Cadillac Eldorado – as seen in Ft. Apache the Bronx – aren't typical AACA fare, but both played a significant role in 1970s pop culture.
As documented in the debut issue of Autocult magazine, the whole "Flash Car" movement began with the request of a Dunham Coach customer named "Snake" to add a bit more chrome to his new 1969 Cadillac Fleetwood. While that sounds simple enough nowadays, it's important to remember that on the East Coast in the late 1960s, there was still an enormous racial divide; white customization shop owners often refused to work on the cars of affluent black clientele, particularly when the source of their income was suspect. Les Dunham, owner of Dunham Coach, had no such reservations and treated all customers with respect. Dunham also listened to his clientele, delivering them exactly what was requested – and more.
Snake's request for a chrome radiator surround ultimately turned into a restyled radiator surround, patterned off the vertical grille of a Rolls-Royce. Happy with Dunham's work, Snake soon brought him additional business, as well as additional clients, and by the early 1970s, it wasn't uncommon for a car carrier to show up at Dunham Coach, loaded with new Cadillacs awaiting Les's touch. In 1971, Snake's request for a Rolls-Royce-style headlight, influenced by cars of the 1920s, led to the creation of the "Fly Light," an oversize chrome headlight surround that became a hallmark of Dunham Coach design.
The cultural significance of Dunham's work goes far beyond the addition of chrome trim, exaggerated headlight surrounds and fake sidemounts. As Dan Stoner of Autocult explained, "Les was the only guy who real-life pimps could take their brand-new Cadillacs to for customization. Dunham single-handedly took the custom car industry out of Southern California and right into the sleepy town of Boonton, New Jersey, for this 'clientele.'"
The 1971 film Super Fly, a term once used by a customer of Dunham's to describe his work, put Dunham Coach's cars on the big screen. Additional film appearances would follow, highlighting other Dunham creations, such as the cut-down Cadillac Eldorado-bodied Corvette known as the Corvorado. When interest in "Flash Cars" waned at the close of the 1970s, Dunham turned his attention to making custom truck parts, once again proving his versatility.
The AACA's recognition of Dunham's work is significant, if perhaps a bit overdue. As Stoner put it, "Interest [in Flash Cars] definitely started to surge again in the early 2000s, following the typical cycle of pop culture (25-30 years) and the renewed interest in all things Seventies. The renewed interest in Blaxploitation Film and Grindhouse Film also contributed to the interest in Les's Flash Cars, because of Super Fly."
1978 Pontiac Trans Am, formerly owned by Burt Reynolds. Photo courtesy AACA Museum.
The AACA's Pop Culture and Cars exhibit will feature far more than just Dunham's "Super Fly" creations. Other cars to be shown include the 1932 Ford Roadster driven by actor, pop star and 1950s icon Ricky Nelson, the 1978 Pontiac Trans-Am Y-84 presented to Burt Reynolds after filming Smokey and the Bandit, a 1969 American Motors Corporation AMX and a 1974 Bricklin. There are a few more ordinary cars on display as well, including a 1961 VW Transporter, a 1970 Ford Maverick, a 1975 AMC Pacer X and a 1977 Chrysler Cordoba (complete with "soft Corinthian leather," as shilled by Ricardo Montalban for Chrysler Corporation).
No exhibit on pop culture would be complete without other trappings from the various decades, including a 1950s juke box, 1960s lava lamps and a 1970s mirrored disco ball. "Pop Culture and Cars: Retro Adventures" will run from May 17 through October 13 at the AACA Museum in Hershey, Pennsylvania. For more information, visit AACAMuseum.org.
The British are coming… to the AACA Museum
Photos courtesy AACA Museum.
Veterans of World War II who were stationed in Great Britain got some firsthand experience riding the lighter parallel twin motorcycles built by the likes of BSA, Norton and Triumph, as well as other British lightweight manufacturers. They were quick and more easy to maneuver than the Indians and Harleys of the era, and their racing achievements in Europe and Australia paved the way for their rapid import to the United States during the 1950s and 1960s and their racing successes here into the 1970s.
To celebrate those bikes, the Antique Automobile Club of America Museum recently announced a new motorcycle exhibit beginning this month: Welcome Invasion: British Motorcycles in America, 1940-1980. The exhibit will feature iconic racing Brits such as a 1955 T100R factory race bike and a 1974 Norton Commando, as well as collectible British cycles like a 1956 Ariel Square Four and 1948 Triumph Speed Twin with sidecar. The collection will be surrounded by motorcycle memorabilia, including dealership signs, vintage riding apparel, collectibles, literature and posters. The exhibit will highlight the contributions of British designers, some of whose ideas endure in today's production motorcycles.
The museum's British Invasion exhibit will appear concurrently with their other featured display, Porsche Style and Design, a collection of more than 20 vintage air-cooled Porsche production and racing cars. Both are offered for a single admission.
The exhibit, which begins March 15, will run through October 17. For more information, visit AACAMuseum.org.
AACA Museum to host an evening with Karl Ludvigsen
Photo courtesy AACA Museum.
Karl Ludvigsen, the world-regarded automotive archivist and historian, has long claimed status as the most prolific author of works on Porsche. His latest title, Porsche: Origin of Species, was recently presented with the Dean Batchelor Award by the Motor Press Guild. Those wanting to congratulate him or simply soak up his wisdom would do well to make their way to the AACA Museum for a special night with Karl on April 19.
The evening will precede the Central Pennsylvania Porsche Swap Meet that begins in Hershey the following day and is part of the AACA's current celebration of all things Porsche. Tickets for the Ludvigsen event have a pre-sale price of $75 per person through the end of this month.
For more information, visit AACAMuseum.org.
Porsche perfection at the AACA Museum
Photo by Michael Furman, courtesy AACA Museum.
Here's a 2013 birthday that's worthy of note: The AACA Museum in Hershey, Pennsylvania, marks its 10th anniversary this year. Several special exhibitions are planned to commemorate the benchmark, and the first one is now under way. It's called Porsche Style & Design, and it runs through April 28.
The great sports cars from Stuttgart will be the stars, of course, but this program recognizes the full record of Porsche GmbH, which began life under Dr. Ferry Porsche as a design firm before it got into building cars. Since then, the Porsche name has appeared on everything from farm tractors to luxury timepieces.
For more information on the exhibit, visit AACAMuseum.org.


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andrew taggart
Murdoch's key role in public sector conference
November 5th, 2014
Murdoch University academics and students were active participants in the 2014 Institute of Public Administration Australia (IPAA) International Conference which was held in Perth last week.
Murdoch historian written into history at Elizabeth Quay
October 13th, 2014
One of Murdoch's most esteemed foundation professors, Emeritus Professor Geoffrey Bolton AO, had his name written into history today when Planning Minister, John Day announced that a new road at Elizabeth Quay would be named after him.
Vice Chancellor Stood Aside
September 19th, 2014
Murdoch University has today announced that Vice Chancellor, Professor Richard Higgott, has been suspended as a result of the outcomes of a recent investigation.
The Murdoch University Senate has agreed to suspend Professor Higgott following an investigation by the University.
Science goes off with a bang thanks to Naked Scientist
August 27th, 2014
Hundreds of school kids were entertained and enthralled during National Science Week when they were treated to an explosive science show by international science celebrity, The Naked Scientist, Dr Chris Smith.
Scholarship a new start for top students
August 27th, 2013
Some of Murdoch University's top students have paid tribute to the generous donors who have helped make their university dreams a reality.
The Naked Scientist is headed to Perth!
August 7th, 2013
Murdoch University will welcome world-renowned science communicator Dr Chris Smith to Perth next month as part of National Science Week.
Expand your mind with new units at Rockingham
June 4th, 2013
Murdoch University's Rockingham campus will soon host a variety of new units, taught by a suite of inspiring lecturers.
Murdoch workshops to stamp out WACE exam stress
May 29th, 2013
End of year exams are a tense time for many Year 12 students, and for good reason. The all important Western Australian Certificate of Education (WACE) results can affect a young person's prospects for further study.
A meeting of the minds in Mandurah
May 21st, 2013
The Murdoch University Senate met in Mandurah last week to discuss the role Murdoch's Peel campus will play in the future of the region.
City of Mandurah Mayor Paddi Creevey and CEO Mark Newman addressed the meeting, outlining some of the major challenges facing the Peel region.
Take to the courts for Rockingham sports
April 19th, 2013
Are you a basketball, tennis or soccer fan? Murdoch University has expanded the facilities at its Rockingham campus, recently opening two new state-of-the-art sports courts.


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Men's Timberland® 6" Waterproof Scuff - proof Boots, Black
Item # WX2-220220
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Insulated Timberland® 6" WATERPROOF Scuff - proof Boots, BIG BUCKS OFF !
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Metlife Field Offices
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Metlife - Field Offices Providence, RI
You've Seen Ads For Financial Representatives. So Why Haven't You Applied To Ours? MetLife Resources is a division of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company specializing in providing retirement plans for employer groups in hospitals, schools, municipalities and other not-for-profit organizations. Our financial representatives have access to an existing book of business within established markets...
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Seven Sports Jobs and What They Pay
Why just work when you can earn a paycheck to play all day? Check out these sports-related jobs and find out what they pay.
Five Holiday Jobs for Extra Income
Want to top up your holiday budget? Get a job that pays more than the minimum and has higher demand around the holidays. Here are five to check out.
Best-Paying Work-from-Home Jobs
It's easier than ever to work from home. Of course, not every job is a mobile job, and some companies aren't interested in having their employees work from home.
2013 Marketing Jobs Outlook
The US may be facing another year of anemic hiring overall, but that won't be the case in the high-orbit world of multichannel, digital media marketing.
2013 Engineering Jobs Outlook
Engineers will find job opportunities in select disciplines in 2013, with candidates who are all-around, client-oriented businesspeople in demand.


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A distinct spicy note perfect for Asian dishes. Remains bushy and productive late into the season. Bright green saber-like ornamental leaves.
Plants ship in Spring at proper planting time.(click for schedule)
Item 25712P-CKS cannot ship to:AA, AE, AK, AP, AS, AZ, DE, FM, GU, HI, MA, ME, MH, MI, MP, NC, NH, NJ, OH, PR, PR, PW, VI, WV


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Mitsubishi Diamante Repair and Maintenance
A guide to problems, costs, maintenance and repair for your Mitsubishi Diamante
- How do i get tention on the power steering belt on v6 3500 motor
- gas guage reads correct when full and empty,50 to 75 miles the guage shows empty
- What are the possible causes for two break caliper pistons not releasing??
- Can the computer in the car be malfunctioning and not let it charge
- Battery not charging all of the time. Have replaced alternator.
- Water Pump Replacement $441 - 726
- Alternator Replacement $368 - 851
- Valve Cover Gasket(s) Replacement $99 - 384
- 120,000 Mile Service $1,026 - 1,565
- Timing Belt Replacement $371 - 634
- Flower Hill Automotive (301) 685-0948 | 19.3mi
- Coho Automotive LLC (571) 358-8099 | 19.75mi
- Scott's Specialties Inc (301) 563-9796 | 20.65mi
- Marv & Mikes Transmission & Auto Repair (301) 637-4993 | 20.98mi
- Adrenaline Automotive (301) 640-5604 | 23.16mi
- Precision Tune Auto Care (703) 468-4903 | 18.83mi
- Winkler Automotive Service Center (301) 258-2774 | 17.37mi
- Hillmuth Certified Automotive of Gaithersburg (301) 547-3338 | 20.09mi
- Cardinal Plaza Shell (703) 349-4624 | 22.86mi
- Convenience Car Care Center (703) 594-4027 | 20.27mi
Mitsubishi Diamante Problems
A coolant leak may develop from the heater core, requiring replacement of the heater core.
The automatic transmission may fail prematurely requiring overhaul or replacement of the transmission.
A brake pedal pulsation may be noted on brake apply. This is commonly caused by warping of the front brake rotors. Our technicians remind us that re-machining (turning) the rotors can correct this issue but the repair may last only a short time as the thinner rotors would be even more prone to warping. Replacement of faulty rotors with high quality parts is often the best option in these situations.
Mitsubishi Diamante Questions
Persistent problem. Front left and rear right brakes have major drag issues. Replaced with new calipers, frames, slide pins, and pads. Flushed and replaced hydraulic fluid. Mechanic said proportioning valve is okay. Brakes continue to lock up.
If I turn car off and restart sometimes it starts charging and maintains 12 volts and other times it wont. Battery light and brake light on instrument panel come on when not charging and nothing shows uo on diagnostics check.
Mitsubishi Diamante Recalls
Mitsubishi Diamante Reviews
Great car for the money, reliable, stylish and powerful. Interior is second to none...4.5 stars out of 5
I really enjoy the car. It has really good power. Sound system doesn't really need add ons. Smooth and quiet after 160k + miles. Recommend buy.
Bought car new in 1995.Today it has 166,782 miles Best car ever. Lived on a dirt road in New Mexico for 16 years. Now in Seattle. Car has original headlights. Did 60,000 timing belt etc.Changed oil every 4000 miles.It's best at 70mph an above.It,s swiss clock has never been off a min.


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Nov. 9 (Bloomberg) -- U.S. House Speaker John Boehner calls for a "simpler, cleaner, fairer tax code" at a news conference in Washington.
The remarks were made shortly before President Barack Obama was scheduled to urge quick action by Congress to keep taxes from rising on middle-income Americans as a result of the so-called fiscal cliff. (Source: Bloomberg)
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Find a copy in the library
Finding libraries that hold this item...
|Juvenile materials
Juvenile literature
Biography Juvenile literature
Juvenile literature Biography
|Additional Physical Format:
|Online version:
Byrd, Robert.
Leonardo, beautiful dreamer.
New York : Dutton Children's Books, c2003
|Named Person:
|Leonardo, da Vinci; Leonardo, da Vinci
|Material Type:
|Biography, Elementary and junior high school
|Document Type:
|All Authors / Contributors:
Robert Byrd; Leonardo, da Vinci
|0525470336 9780525470335
|OCLC Number:
|[52] p. : ill. (some col.), 1 map ; 32 cm.
|Robert Byrd.
|More information:
Illustrations and text portray the life of Leonardo da Vinci, who gained fame as an artist through such works as the Mona Lisa, and as a scientist by studying various subjects including human anatomy and flight.
User-contributed reviews
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Related Subjects:(6)
- Leonardo, -- da Vinci, -- 1452-1519 -- Juvenile literature.
- Artists -- Italy -- Biography -- Juvenile literature.
- Scientists -- Italy -- Biography -- Juvenile literature -- Biography.
- Leonardo, -- da Vinci, -- 1452-1519.
- Artists.
- Scientists.
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by dordtlibrary updated 2014-04-07
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by firstname.lastname@example.com updated 2013-08-23
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by ccicchetti updated 2012-07-27


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Current Release!
Scarred for Life
A Boy's Brutal Suffering and a Man's Raging Regret
Jacob Linden was only a child when the gruesome tragedy had transpired—and now, as a man—the horrific and scarring memory of his past may not only come back to rip into him, it may be coming for you! Learn of the events that Jacob cannot bare to speak, and discover the inner workings of one of the world's most murderous and secretive dog-breeding-to-fight-and-kill cults that is sure to leave you questioning your safety and your sanity. As Joel Hunter Gun says at the beginning of this story, "Warning: this work of fiction may not be suitable for the weak of mind or the weak of heart," and that could not be more true. This terrifying thrill-ride of a story may, indeed, leave you Scarred for Life! (Approximate, average reading time 20 minutes.)
Click on the cover above to get your copy now!
Thanks for reading!


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- Ernest Kinoy, a Writer of TV's 'Roots,' Dies at 89
- The Week Ahead: Hey, I'm Going 55. Cough Up the Cash.
- For Some Fans, Accusations of Rape Crumble Bill Cosby's Wholesome Image
- ArtsBeat: Netflix Snags New Series Created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock
- ArtsBeat: Injury to Bono Pulls Plug on U2 'Tonight Show' Residency
Victory in the Pacific
TV SpecialAlternate Title: CBS Reports (08/03/95)
More in Television
TV Highlights
What's On This Week
A daily updated summary of the week in TV.
Program Overview
Executive Producer: Linda Mason
Genres: Documentary, Historical
Genres: Documentary, Historical
Program Synopsis
Examination of the most important World War II battles fought in the Pacific and the development of the atomic bomb. Includes archival footage, radio broadcasts, newsreels and new visits to the battle sites.
What's On Tonight
- Roll Over, Mahler: U.S. Orchestras Are Shrinking
- William H. Scheide, 100, Philanthropist, Is Dead
- Swiss Museum Accepts Bequest of Nazi-Era Art
- Critic's Notebook: Virtual Worlds Invite Visitors Into the Story
- For Some Fans, Accusations of Rape Crumble Bill Cosby's Wholesome Image
- Take My Wife. S'il Vous Plaît.
- Tiptoeing (on Point) Through the Tulips
- Toward a Truth That Defies Precision
- ArtsBeat: 'Homeland' Recap: Was Saul Heroic? Or Something Else?
- Raleigh Trevelyan, Chronicler of a Notable Family, Dies at 91


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Tech Helproom
It's free to register, to post a question or to start / join a discussion
"Windows Live Messenger has stopped working
Likes # 0
Posted June 29, 2011 at 2:21PM
close the program and Windows will notify you if a solution is available". This happens about 20 seconds after opening but there never appears to be a solution. I have uninstalled and reinstalled and tried system restore. This is only happening on my W7 PC - XP is fine.
Likes # 2
Posted June 30, 2011 at 9:41AM
I think you have to go to add remove click on Windows live Essentials and at the top it should give you the options of a repair.
Now this is where I am not sure ,You can either choose Windows Live messenger out of a list or you have to repair all of Windows Live essentials.
Yes just tried it it gives you the option of just repairing the one program and not all of them.
So obviously you pick Windows Live messenger.
Worth a try if nothing else works.
Likes # 0
Posted June 30, 2011 at 11:23AM
Hi buteman. On first try I only got the option to uninstall so I took it and reinstalled - same problem. Second try gave me the choice so I chose repair which failed. Third try repair successful - seems to be OK now. Many thanks.
Likes # 0
Posted June 30, 2011 at 12:08PM
I spoke too soon - it's back to it's old tricks again!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Likes # 0
Posted June 30, 2011 at 7:10PM
Maybe try it with your Firewall turned off and see if it works ok or maybe your Anti-malware program is stopping it for some reason.
Maybe give MalwareBytes just in case you have picked up a nastie.
Likes # 0
Posted July 1, 2011 at 2:04PM
Thanks buteman. I'm using Windows Firewall and Messenger is in the list of allowed programs - I've been using the same set-up for some time and only just had this problem. Malwarebytes found nothing at all. I have uninstalled all Windows Live programs and installed Windows messenger 2009. This seems to have worked (so far) - fingers crossed.
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Houston Astros v Oakland Athletics
Similar imagesView all
Justin Maxell of the Houston Astros dives and makes the catch taking... News Photo 166744025American League,Baseball - Sport,Batting,California,Catching,Diver,Horizontal,Houston Astros,Michael Taylor - Baseball Player,National League,Oakland - California,Oakland Athletics,Sport,Stadium,Taking,Third Inning,USA,o.Co ColiseumPhotographer Thearon W. HendersonCollection: Getty Images Sport 2013 Thearon W. HendersonOAKLAND, CA - APRIL 15: Justin Maxell of the Houston Astros dives and makes the catch, taking a hit away from Michael Taylor of the Oakland Athletics in the third inning at O.co Coliseum on April 15, 2013 in Oakland, California. All uniformed team members are wearing jersey number 42 in honor of Jackie Robinson Day. (Photo by Thearon W. Henderson/Getty Images)


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Today's post should be a short one. As often is the case, I simply felt the need to shoot something and the weather around here has been pretty abysmal lately (which is to say that it's the same weather we have every year around this time), so going out to shoot hasn't really been an option. 250 more words
Tags » Rifqi Dahlgren
Winter is coming
I like to take pictures of our girl when she has some new clothes; she's usually excited about it and wants to show it off. On top of that I can often get some idea or inspiration for a photo shoot when she has something of a new look. 401 more words


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Sales Associate
Outside Business-to-Business Sales in the growing field of voluntary benefits. Recently named the #1 Insurance Company in America to work for: AFLAC is a Fortune 200 company and world leader in providing voluntary benefits plans to employers.
For 50 years, Aflac products ...
Nov 26 -
San Diego - Sales & biz dev
Retail Sales Merchandiser Part Time
Summary If you are organized, self-motivated, friendly and people-oriented,the Retail Sales Merchandiser position may be a great role for you! A Retail Sales Merchandiser, services and sells to retail accounts within an assigned territory to ensure Client standards are ...
Nov 25 -
Chula Vista - Everything else
Retail Sales Specialist Part Time
Summary Retail Sales Specialist Part Time Retail Sales Specialist employees provide support, service and sales for retail accounts within their assigned territory. As our sales specialist, this position is responsible for ensuring the Advantage Sales and Marketing (ASM) ...
Nov 25 -
San Diego - Everything else
SAP BOBJ / BW Developer
SAP BOBJ / BW Developer SAP BOBJ / BW consultant to provide services for requirements gathering, design and development of solutions. ESSENTIAL SKILLS REQUIREDo Minimum 5+ years experience in designing and implementing SAP reporting solutions with experience in BOBJ 4.x o ...
Warehouse Attendant - Ramona
Location: A St Ramona, CA
Hours: Monday through Saturday 6:00am to 8:30am for up to 15 hours per week. Also includes 4 inventories per year conducted on Sundays, maximum hours required for those inventories are 8 hours per day.
Warehouse Attendant ...
Nov 25 -
Ramona - General labor
Warehouse Attendant - San Diego
Location: Ruffin Rd. San Diego, CA
Work schedule: Mon – Sat, 5:00 am to 10:00 am; 30 hours/week; position also requires working 4 Sundays per year for quarterly inventory. Hours will be discussed with hiring manager.
Warehouse Attendant Position ...
Nov 25 -
San Diego - General labor
La Jolla Sales Job Fair
Southern California Professional Career Event - Sales & Management Specific
HireLive is a national career service company specializing in Sales, Retail and Management Career Fairs, and has more than a decade of experience in connecting job seekers with industry leading ...
Nov 25 -
San Diego - Sales & biz dev
Line Cooks Needed
We are currently hiring a line cook. This is a full time position with excellent benefits, working the afternoon shift (11:30am-8:00pm).
Compensation: $11.00-$13.00 per hour/plus benefits.
La Costa Glen is a beautiful resort-style community located in Carlsbad, just a few ...
Nov 25 -
Carlsbad - Medical & healthcare
Downtown San Diego Career Fair
Joe's Crab Shack offers you outstanding career growth opportunities and a dynamic environment to showcase your skills.SummaryThe Dishwasher's role is to clean and restock dishware, and maintain the Back of the House appearance. This includes general upkeep and cleaning of ...
Joe's Crab Shack offers you outstanding career growth opportunities and a dynamic environment to showcase your skills.SummaryThe Bartender's role is to provide excellent customer service at all times, making the Guest the heart and passion of all they do. This includes ...
Wyndham Vacation Ownership Real Estate Vacation Sales
Wyndham Vacation Ownership is seeking Sales Representatives who have the desire to sell dreams and live one too! Sell face-to-face to customers that are brought in by our Marketing Department for you talk to! There is no cold-calling or out of pocket expense required by you ...
Nov 24 -
Oceanside - Real estate
Sales Manager
Our client is a world leader in the Financial Services/Retail industry. We currently have an opportunity for a Sales Manager.
In the role of Sales Manager, this individual will be responsible for overseeing multiple locations. The Sales Manager will also ...
Nov 23 -
San Diego - Business & management
Data Analyst - Program Support
Qualifications & Responsibilities SUMMARY The primary role of Product Support is to address and resolve client issues and requests that are coming in from the sales, account, and product management teams. Product Support Specialists work as an interface between these ...
Nov 22 -
San Diego - Everything else
Software Engineer
Software Engineer CGI Federal is seeking a Software Engineer to work in our San Diego, CA location. The candidate selected will be responsible for maintaining and modifying software using government approved requirements in the updated GCCS-M 4.2.0.X Capabilities Production ...
Nov 21 -
San Diego - Everything else
Sales - Computer and Technoloy Solutions
Celebrating our 25th Year of Service!
Recognized as Microsoft's 2013 Western Regional SMB Partner of the Year Award winner!
Check out GHA, and learn why we moved up 157 spaces on CRN's Solution Provider 500 (previously ...
Nov 21 -
San Diego - IT & software
Medical Assistant or Cardiology Technician
Medical Assistant or Cardiology Technician
Well established private practice needs an experienced Medical Assistant or Cardiology Technician to provide first class patient care while assisting Physicians and their patients. The practice is located in San Diego close to ...
Nov 21 -
San Diego - Medical & healthcare
Medical Assistant Cardiology
For details and to apply, please visit
Job Title: Medical Assistant Cardiology
Company Name: Plaza Personnel Medical Staffing Agency
Location: La Jolla, California
Job Type: Full-Time
Profession: Medical Assistant
Career ...
Nov 21 -
La Jolla - Medical & healthcare
Financial Analyst
A boutique investment firm in Downtown San Diego seeks a Financial Analyst to research, track and analyze financial data on its portfolio of small cap public companies. Candidates should be experienced in reading Form 10-Q and 10-K financial statements, as well as all other ...
Nov 20 -
San Diego - Accounting & finance
Apheresis Tech/Phlebotomy Tech
Our Company is an equal opportunity employer, offering employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, sexual orientation, disability, or citizenship unless legally required, and provides equal employment opportunity to disabled veterans, and ...
Nov 20 -
San Diego - IT & software
Facility Administrator
Job Description:
Responsible for assuming that the facility runs smoothly, oversight of the staff schedule, supplies are being ordered, concerns are communicated to the Program Director and corporate offices, and for some managerial ...
Nov 20 -
La Jolla - Medical & healthcare
Warehouse Attendant - El Centro
Location: S 2nd St, El Centro, CA
Work schedule: Mon – Sat, 3 to 4 hours per day (18 to 24 hrs/wk) with a flexible start time from 6:00 am to 8:00 am; position also requires working 4 Sundays per year for quarterly inventory. Hours will be discussed ...
Nov 20 -
El Centro - General labor
Patent Attorney - Fortune 100 Tech Leader (Relocation Available)
Patent Attorney -IP Prep/Pros-Fortune 100 Tech Leader (Relo Available)- Top Global Tech Firm
San Diego, CA
$186,000 -234,000 Base + Bonus + Stock Options + Relocation
Bachelors in Engineering and JD is a must (BSEE/ BSCE)
Must have passed bar in at least 1 state
The ...
Nov 20 -
San Diego - Legal
RestServ/Cook-Bistro-RefBusAM-Courtyard (140022NO)
It's a powerful feeling, to belong. It's inspiring people to do more than they thought they could. It's leading the way by rolling up your sleeves to accomplish a common goal. It's taking a passion and turning it into your vision. Belonging is what it feels like to work at ...
Nov 20 -
Oceanside - Hospitality
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Home > Academics > Colleges > Education and Educational Technology > Adult and Community Education > News
Department of Adult and Community Education
Catch up with the ACE community in the Spring issue of our newsletter, The Communicator.
In this issue, we:
Posted on 5/30/2012 12:34:58 PM
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Offered in assorted colors. Please allow us to select for you.
Our JW Pet iSqueak Bouncin' Baseball Dog Toy is a toy your pooch is sure to have a ball with. This long lasting dog toy is fashioned of thick-walled heavy duty rubber and finished with a long-winded squeaker. These tough rubber toys were developed for and by pet owners in order to provide a superior outlet for interactive fun between dog and owner, as well as for the play and exercise of your dog by his or herself. Pliable, resilient natural rubber has proven itself to be the best material to satisfy the dog's normal craving to chew. This dog toy is definitely a great size and shape to throw for fun toss and fetch games.
Internet Price: $3.99 - $7.99 Today's Price: $2.71 - $5.43 (Save up to 32%)
Shop All Products By JW Pet
Usually Leaves Warehouse the Next Business Day
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$1.35 to $4.75
$4.07 to $6.79
JW Pet iSqueak Funble Football Dog Toy
$6.11 to $9.51
$4.07 to $8.83


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Select () or exclude () categories to narrow your recipe search.
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Find exactly what you're looking for with the web's most powerful recipe filtering tool.
1/2 Photos of Petit Chicken Cordon Bleu
Prep Time:
Cook Time:
15 mins
30 mins
Perfect size for me, it worked out great. Ritz crackers make the best breading. So buttery. Yummm.
Units: US | Metric
Serving Size: 1 (194 g)
Servings Per Recipe: 6
The following items or measurements are not included:
deli ham
Every recipe, menu, tip and how-to is right here, at your service.