text:
Circulating tumor cells: advances in detection methods, biological issues, and clinical relevance
- Yun-Fan Sun,
- Xin-Rong Yang,
- Jian Zhou,
- Shuang-Jian Qiu,
- Jia Fan,
- Yang Xu
- … show all 6 hide
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Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have long been considered a reflection of tumor aggressiveness. Hematogenous spreading of CTCs from a primary tumor is a crucial step in the metastasis cascade, which leads ultimately to the formation of overt metastases. However, owing to the rarity of CTCs in peripheral blood, detecting these cells requires methods combined with high sensitivity and specificity, which sets tremendous challenges for the implementation of these assays into clinical routine.
Generally, CTCs detection methods are composed of the following two steps: enrichment (isolation) process (morphological and immunological techniques) and detection (identification) process (cytometric and nucleic acid techniques), which may or may not be separate from enrichment. Genetic and molecular characterization of CTCs carried out by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), PCR-based techniques, and biomarker immunofluorescent staining extract more information about malignant profile, metastatic potential of CTCs, and the extent to which CTCs are genetically identical to the primary tumor.
Recent technical advances made it possible to detect CTCs. The efficacy of circulating tumor cell (CTC) detection among patients with solid malignancy has been investigated, which shows great potential to become a tool for real-time parameter of prognosis and serve as an early marker to assess the therapeutic response in overt cancers. Improvements in detection and characterization of CTCs will hopefully lead to refinement of clinical management of cancer patients.
This review addresses the majority of assays that have been published thus far, including the enrichment and detection steps and the markers used in these assays, accompanied by some biological issues of CTC and the results of clinical application harvested.
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- Title
- Circulating tumor cells: advances in detection methods, biological issues, and clinical relevance
- Journal
Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology
Volume 137, Issue 8 , pp 1151-1173
- Cover Date
- 2011-08-01
- 10.1007/s00432-011-0988-y
- Print ISSN
- 0171-5216
- Online ISSN
- 1432-1335
- Publisher
- Springer-Verlag
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Circulating tumor cell
- Metastasis
- Clinical impact
- Circulating cancer stem cell
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- Yun-Fan Sun (1)
- Xin-Rong Yang (1)
- Jian Zhou (1)
- Shuang-Jian Qiu (1)
- Jia Fan (1) (2)
- Yang Xu (1)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Liver Cancer Institute, Zhong Shan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- 2. Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China


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Book Description:
The two-part Writing Test is an important component of the SAT, and this workbook offers college-bound students comprehensive preparation for both parts. Instruction in organizing one's thoughts, drafting, and editing an essay includes advice on completing the essay within the SAT's time limitation. Preparation for the Writing Test's second part includes exercises consisting of multiple-choice questions that test each student's skill in correcting mistakes in grammar and improving poorly-written sentences. This workbook also presents five writing tests with answers, explanations, and criteria for analyzing and assessing written essays.
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Man Waits in Line 44 Hours to Buy iPhone 6 to Save His Crumbling Marriage
The new iPhone 6 comes with a lot of features, sure, but is keeping the flame of love burning one of them?
The new iPhone 6 comes with a lot of features, sure, but is keeping the flame of love burning one of them?
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I don't know what happens during the Holidays, but it seems that relationships end and begin during this time. I have group of close friends that are experiencing this process at the moment, so a couple of articles caught my eye. One on the art of being a gentleman and the other detailing old fashioned dating habits that ought to be revived.
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live long and prosper
here welcome to: forums > random > electronics > new inventions
Chat about the latest Ipods and talk about the latest gadgets with your friends. What is your favorite electronic gadget?
live long and prosper
i'm not sure what this is but i'm only 12
oh can i have a signature? that is pretty nice i suppose
Took A+ computer certification
Qualified for state in debate
In conclusion, I win
A great online version of the famous Candy Crush. This is the best game launched...
Have you ever fancied being a ranger like those fantasy characters you love so m...
Millions of Students will be doing an Hour of Code with Tynker December 8th-14th...
You run across the city in a car chase with the police officers.
The evil master kidnapped all of your friends!


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Home » Opinion » Columns
Jonah Goldberg: Enough with the Malthusian science fiction
This is old hat, science fiction-wise. In "The War of the Worlds," H.G. Wells had Martians coming to Earth to quench their thirst. The extraterrestrial lizards (cleverly disguised as human catalog models) in the 1980s TV series "V" came here to steal our water too - though they wanted it in part to wash down the meal they intended to make of us. In the more recent "Battle: Los Angeles," pillaging Earth's oceans was the only motivation we're given for why aliens were laying waste to humanity.
The first problem with this plot device is that it's pretty dumb. Hydrogen and oxygen are two of the most common elements in the universe. An alien race is savvy enough to master interstellar travel but too clueless to combine two Hs with one O to form H2O? C'mon.
At least in "Mars Needs Women," the precious resource in question - Earth girls - by definition can be found only here, just as "real" Champagne must come from the region that bears its name. And though I have no doubt that Earth women really are the best, the logic of evolution suggests that compatibility issues for aliens would be a hurdle not even Match.com could overcome.
In "To Serve Man," the famous "Twilight Zone" episode, the motivation was far more plausible: They wanted to eat us ("To Serve Man" - it's a cookbook!). And who knows - maybe we're delicious.
One rule of thumb in sci-fi is that the aliens are really us too. They reflect a good trait in humanity - think E.T., Spock or Mork - or a bad one. That's why writers recycle ancient human motives - the desire to plunder, colonize, rape, enslave - as the motives of futuristic aliens.
That's all fine. But science fiction is also supposed to raise ambitions for what humans can accomplish. And in that, Hollywood is failing.
For a while now, filmmakers have been churning out fare - like the horrendous remake of "The Day the Earth Stood Still" - based on the Malthusian assumption that resources are finite and if we keep going the way we are, the Earth will be "used up" (to borrow a phrase from the opening monologue of the canceled cult sensation "Firefly"). Either that or we'll be invaded by aliens who appreciate our stuff more than we do.
The pessimism is infectious. Physicist and sci-fi nerd Stephen Hawking recently argued that maybe we should hide from aliens lest they rob us blind. When Newt Gingrich proposed a base on the moon, everyone guffawed as if such an optimistic ambition was absurd. The obsession with "peak oil" and the need to embrace "renewables" because we're running out of fossil fuels is another symptom of our malaise. Fracking and other breakthroughs demonstrate that, at least so far, whatever energy scarcity we've had has been imposed by policy, not nature.
Which gets us back to outer space. In our neighborhood alone, there are thousands of asteroids with enormous riches - in gold, platinum, rare earth metals, etc. Planetary Resources Inc., an asteroid mining firm started last year by director James Cameron (ironic given the politics of his film "Avatar") and some Microsoft and Google billionaires, has its sights on several rocks worth anywhere from hundreds of billions to tens of trillions of dollars. And these are just the chunks scattered around our orbital backyard and near enough to exploit with existing technology. There are also plenty of balls of ice out there that might be convertible into fuel for further space exploration.
Thomas Malthus and his intellectual descendants saw humans as voracious consumers of finite resources, like a "virus" devouring its host, as Agent Smith says in "The Matrix." But humans are better understood as creators who've consistently solved the problems of scarcity by inventing or discovering new paths to abundance. As the late anti-Malthusian hero Julian Simon said, human imagination is the ultimate resource.
Unfortunately, that resource is dismayingly scarce these days, in Washington and Hollywood.
Jonah Goldberg is the author of "The Tyranny of Clichés," now on sale in paperback. You can write to him by email at email@example.com, or via Twitter @JonahNRO.
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This article or section needs expansion and/or modification. Please help the wiki by expanding it.
|Biographical Information
|Other names
|Námo, Bannoth, Badhron, The Judge, The Just
|Ruler of the Dead
|Halls of Mandos
|Irmo and Nienna
|Physical Description
Mandos was the Doomsman of the Valar who pronounced judgement in matters of fate. He was the keeper of the slain in his Halls in the west of Valinor. Vairë the Weaver is his wife. His actual — less common — name was Námo, "Mandos" being the name of his dwelling place.
[edit] History
Mandos was the brother of the Vala Irmo (also called Lórien). Together, Mandos and Irmo are called the Fëanturi (Q: "Masters of Spirits"). Their sister is Nienna.
Mandos is said to be the grimmest of the Valar. However, this in no way implies that Mandos is dark or evil. His grimness is wholly part of his nature, coming (one must assume) from that part of the mind of Ilúvatar from which he was created. Neither is Mandos willful or malevolent in declaring the fates of Arda. Only at the bidding of Manwë will Mandos ever pronounce his dooms. Mandos and Manwë have always been allied since their entering into Eä, and together they understand most clearly the Vision of Ilúvatar more than any of the other Valar. Mandos knew nearly all of what was to come within the realm of Arda, though not all. Only Ilúvatar knew with full certainty what the full doom of Arda will be, and he will not reveal it all, even to Mandos or Manwë.
The Halls of Mandos were ever expanding as the history of Arda progressed and the spirits of the slain Eldar were recalled there. The walls were covered with the webs of Vairë, who wove all events of history into her tapestries.
[edit] Etymology
Námo (pron. [ˈnaːmo]) in Quenya means "Judge" or "Ordainer",[1] from root NAM.
Mandos ([ˈmandos]) is a Quenya name meaning "Castle of Custody".[2] It derived from the early Elvish Mandostŏ.[3]
In Eriol's Old English translations, Mandos is referred as Nefrea "Corpse-ruler" and neoaerna hlaford "master of the houses of the dead".[4]
[edit] Other versions of the Legendarium
Christopher Tolkien notes that in the early version of the legendarium Mandos does exclaim prophecies, but he doesn't function as the "Doomsman of the Valar" as in the later Silmarillion.[5] His wife was Fui Nienna.
In the Qenya Lexicon the Vala in Qenya was called Ve or Vefantur Mandos. In the Gnomish Lexicon his Gnomish names are Bannoth Gwi, Gwi-fanthor and Gwivannoth. His personal name(s) Ve/Gwi are said to derive from a primitive root VEHE, but no meaning or translation are given.[6]
Mandos is the Qenya name of the region and their Halls, also known as Ve after him. The Gnomish form Bannoth also refers to the Vala and the region of the souls, but also improperly his Halls (properly Gwi or Ingwi).[6]
In the later The Etymologies, the name of the Vala was Mando, translated as "Imprisoner, Binder", derived from root MBAD. Note that here, Mando was envisioned as the actual name of the Vala proper (not his realm). In that conception, the form Mand-os is a lengthened form (from Mandosse) meaning "Dread Imprisoner". The Noldorin name for Mandos is Bannos. Cf. GOS, Osse.
An epithet of Mandos was Morimando (Dark Mando), being the dark counterpart of Manwe Kalamando (Light Mando). Tolkien notes that in those epithets, the element man loses its sense as "doom, prison", and is understood as the root referring to "holiness" (root MAN in Manwe).[7]
[edit] Inspiration
Mandos is comparable to gods of the dead of real world mythologies, like Hades or Hel. The instance of Lúthien singing to him in order to release her beloved, is reminiscent of similar ancient tales, such as Orpheus singing to Hades to release Eurydice, or Hermod who asks Hel to release Baldur. [8] Another similarity shared between Mandos and the two mythological figures, is that they bear the name of their realms.
The story of Orpheus has been retold in English literature as Sir Orfeo.
[edit] References
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, "Qenya Noun Structure", in Parma Eldalamberon XXI (edited by Christopher Gilson, Patrick H. Wynne and Arden R. Smith), p. 85
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Morgoth's Ring, p.350
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, "From Quendi and Eldar, Appendix D" (edited by Carl F. Hostetter), in Vinyar Tengwar, Number 39, July 1998, p. 6
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Shaping of Middle-earth, "III. The Quenta: Appendix 1: Fragments of a translation of The Quenta Noldorinwa into Old English, made by Ælfwine or Eriol; together with Old English equivalents of Elvish names"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Book of Lost Tales Part One, "The Coming of the Valar and the Building of Valinor": "Notes and Commentary"
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Book of Lost Tales Part One, Appendix: Names in the Lost Tales – Part One
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Lost Road and Other Writings, "Part Three: The Etymologies", entry MBAD
- ↑ Dawn Felagund, "Námo Mandos" , Silmarillion Writers Guild (accessed 25 November 2014)
|Manwë · Ulmo · Aulë · Oromë · Mandos · Irmo · Tulkas
|Varda · Yavanna · Nienna · Estë · Vairë · Vána · Nessa
|Associated Maiar
|Eönwë · Olórin
|Ilmarë · Olórin · Arien
|Ossë · Uinen · Salmar
|Mairon · Curumo
|Tilion · Alatar · Pallando
|Other Maiar
|Gothmog · Durin's Bane · Lungorthin
|Saruman · Gandalf · Radagast · Blue Wizards (Rómestámo · Morinehtar)
|Music · Valarin · Almaren · Valinor · Valmar · Second Music


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Revolution® (selamectin) is approved for:
•Use in cats 6 weeks of age or older against the following parasites: adult fleas, flea eggs, heartworm, ear mites, sarcoptic mites, hookworm and roundworm.
•Killing adult fleas, larvae and eggs and preventing flea eggs from hatching for one month, and indicated for prevention and control of flea infestations (Ctenocephalides spp). Additionally, flea eggs exposed to Revolution® are not viable and flea larvae in the treated animal's surroundings are killed or prevented from developing to adults.
•Prevention of heartworm disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis.
•Treatment and control of ear mite (Otodectes cynotis) infestations.
•Treatment and control of sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei).
•Treatment and control of hookworm (A. tubaeforme)
•Treatment and control of roundworm (T. Cati)
Key Features
•Revolution® is an unscheduled veterinary medicine, not a pesticide.
•Broad-spectrum protection against most internal and external parasites.
•Kills adult fleas and their eggs.
•Combines a unique activity on emerging and already existing eggs and larvae in the enviroment
•Fast, simple and easy to use.
•Due to the low-volume dosage size, the solution can be applied in one spot.
•Non-greasy, quick-drying preparation.
•Bathing the pet 2 hours after application does not affect efficacy.
•Available in 2 convenient dosage sizes for cats in non-drip disposable tubes.
•Available in 2 separate dose strengths for cats of different weights (see Dosage and Administration).
•Revolution® for kittens is available in cartons containing 3 or 15 single-dose tubes.
•Revolution® for cats is available in cartons containing 3 or 6 single-dose tubes.
•Revolution® is also available for dogs.
Dosage and Administration
•Hold tube upright.
•Press cap down until a click is heard (cap punctures applicator seal).
•Remove cap and check to be sure tip of tube is open.
•Part hair at base of neck and place tip of tube on visible skin area.
•Squeeze tube 3 or 4 times in one spot until empty. Keep tube squeezed to avoid drawing liquid back into tube. While keeping tube squeezed, drag it away from liquid and lift up to remove.
•Ensure tube is empty.
•The recommended dose is 6 mg selamectin/kg of body weight.
Additional Information
•Prior to administration, cats should be tested for existing heartworm infection. At the discretion of the veterinarian, infected cats should be treated to remove adult heartworms.
•While the number of circulating D. immitis microfilariae may decrease following treatment, Revolution® is not effective against adult D. immitis.
•In humans, may be irritating to skin and eyes.
•In studies, less than 1% of cats experienced digestive upset.
•In pre-clinical studies, less than 1% of cats developed transient hair loss at the application site.
•Do not use in sick, debilitated or underweight animals.
•Flammable. Keep away from heat, sparks or open flame.
•Keep out of reach of children.
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Man jailed for fatal stabbing during domestic dispute
A Sunshine Coast man has been sentenced for stabbing to death another man who went to the aid of a woman during a dispute.
Jason Ronald Trims, 31, was convicted of manslaughter following a Supreme Court trial in Brisbane, which ended last week.
He was back in court today to be sentenced for killing Martin Love, 28, at a Sunshine Coast resort in March 2009.
Mr Love intervened in a dispute between Trims and a female friend of Trim's de facto partner and was stabbed in the chest with a kitchen knife.
Justice Debra Mullins said the knife severed arteries and nicked Mr Love's spine, making death inevitable.
She jailed Trims for eight years and four months.
Having already served two years and two months in custody, Trims will be eligible for parole in 2014.
Topics: courts-and-trials, law-crime-and-justice, crime, murder-and-manslaughter, prisons-and-punishment, brisbane-4000, australia, qld


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