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World's strongest coffee contains 200 percent more caffeine
18 March 2013 [17:20] -
If you feel regular coffee isn't strong enough to keep you awake and focused through the day, you might want to try a big cup of Death Wish. It's advertised as the world's strongest coffee and allegedly has 200% more caffeine that the average dark roast.
The name isn't too encouraging for the faint-of-heart, but if you're not too put off by it and the skull-and-bones logo on the pack, Death Wish may just become the best friend you could hope for. Upstate New York roaster Death Wish Coffee claims they have found a highly caffeinated bean that gives coffee that full Arabica flavor and double the buzz. The creators of this powerful roast explain that while Arabica coffee is smoother and more flavorful than the harsher Robusta variety, it also has a much lower caffeine content. Also, dark roast coffee is weaker than a light roast, because the longer you "cook" it, the more caffeine is pulled out. So while you're favorite cup of joe might be strong in flavor, it probably has a very low caffeine content. After 5 years of having to tell sleepy customers who asked for a cup of their strongest coffee that their strongest tasting roasts were actually very low in caffeine, the makers of Death Wish went on a mission to find a special kind of coffee bean that had the full flavor of dark-roasted Arabica and the highest caffeine content possible. It seems they were successful.
Without revealing too much about this special kind of coffee, and its processing, the Death Wish Coffee Company says the organically-grown and fairly-traded coffee is roasted to a medium dark for a strong and robust flavor, and ground to the proper level for extreme potency. They are so confident that Death Wish is the strongest coffee in the world that they promise to buy the coffee back from you if you happen to find a stronger, more flavorful, organic coffee anywhere on the market. They also have 60-day 110% money back guarantee if you feel their roast isn't up to your standards.
"This is not your regular morning coffee. This is not your store bought coffee. You will not find this coffee at your local diner or at your sissy Starbucks. Death Wish Coffee is the most highly caffeinated premium dark roast organic coffee in the world. This is Extreme Coffee, not for the weak. Consider yourself warned." If this official disclaimer doesn't scare you, be prepared to fork out $19.99 for a 1lb bag of Death Wish. It's definitely not the cheapest coffee you can buy, but it's nowhere near as pricey as the most expensive coffee in the world, which just happens to be made from elephant dung.
Time Magazine's Rebecca Nelson, "a former Starbucks barista who basically mainlined espresso shots night and day", and thought coffee didn't affect her tried two cups of Death Wish to test its 200% caffeine content. The 16oz of super-concentrated coffee gave her a big energy boost, but unfortunately, it was all condensed in just a few hours, after which she felt like she'd been awake for 36 hours straight. The Dropp's Mallory Winstead, on the other hand, said two cups of iced Death Wish coffee kept her energized for a whole day. She also commented on its rich aroma: "the fullness of the liquid was the first thing to hit my tongue. It was deep, rich and seemed to have layers of intensity. Since it was on ice, a cold rush of complex notes (almost nutty tasting) smoothly slid down my throat, waking me up instantly. The consistency seemed to be creamy even though it was completely unadulterated."
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I have no faith in number one game: Actress Hansika
March 19th, 2013 | Tamil Cinema News | Tags: Hansika
Actress Hansika who was fluffy has become very lean now. It is very surprising to see her like this. When asked her how this miracle has taken place, she said, " I reduced my eating. Apart from regular exercising, I do my physical work.
All this have reduced my weight. Many are asking me that whether I have reduced my weight in order to capture the number one position. I have no faith in these number one games."
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Bad idea
Submitted by Slipmatwax on Wed, 05/09/2012 - 14:20. Permalink
Selling out delegates for a non-role as the Fed Chairman? I don't think so for the following reasons:
A) The Fed chairman probably doesn't have too much say in actual policy matters - he is only the puppet who is paid to sell the agenda of the shadowy puppet masters
B) The Fed chairman can get fired!
C) The delegates have gone to great lengths to secure a Ron Paul nomination, they have done this to secure Romney's position as the Republican leader or to improve Romney's chance against Obama.
Preparation through education is less costly than learning through tragedy
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text: INTERNATIONAL Engineering and OF MECHANICAL International Journal of Mechanical JOURNAL Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), © IAEME ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET) ISSN 0976 – 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 – 6359 (Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), pp. 92-107 IJMET © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijmet.html Journal Impact Factor (2011): 1.2083 (Calculated by GISI) ©IAEME www.jifactor.com RECENT VISTAS IN ENGINEERING SURFACE MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES Mohammed Yunus1, Dr. J. Fazlur Rahman2 and Dr.A. Ramesh3 1. Research scholar, Anna University of Technology Coimbatore, Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering H.K.B.K.C.E.,Bangalore, India, firstname.lastname@example.com 2. Supervisor, Anna University of Technology Coimbatore, Professor Emeritus, Department of Mechanical Engineering H.K.B.K.C.E., Bangalore, India. firstname.lastname@example.com 3. Supervisor, Anna University of Technology Coimbatore, Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Srikrishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India. firstname.lastname@example.com ABSTRACT The Thermal sprayed coatings are commonly used on many advanced industrial applications for their functional requirements like high strength at elevated temperatures, resistance to chemical degradation, wear resistance and environmental corrosion protection in Engineering components. The product design (design of a surface) is concerned with design of enveloping surface which is achieved with some suitable surface modifications. This paper highlights the several surface modification techniques used for producing high quality coatings which involve the requirements of one or more of mechanical and tribological properties. Keywords: Engineering Surface; Surface Modification; Mechanical and Tribological Properties; Thermal treatments; Thermo-chemical treatment; Plating and coating; Implantation. . 92 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), © IAEME 1. INTRODUCTION The selection of technology to engineer the surface is an integral part of an engineering component design. The first step in surface modification technique to determine the surface and substrate engineering requirements which involves one or more of the properties like wear resistance, corrosion and erosion resistance and thermal resistance, fatigue, creep strength, pitting resistance etc. [1, 2 & 3]. The various surface treatments generally used in engineering practice and presented as under. 2. SURFACE MODIFICATION METHODS/ TECHNIQUES A simplified classification of various groupings of non-mechanical surface treatments could be reduced as [9, 10, 12, 13 & 14] 1. Thermal treatments 2.Thermo-chemical treatment 3.Plating and coating 4. Implantation. The figure illustrates different types of surface treatments and typical thickness of engineered surface materials produced by them. The effectiveness depends on particular surface and modification technique. Fig.1. Typical thickness of engineered surface layers 1.PVD process 2.CVD process 3.Electoless Nickel 4.Composite 5.Thermal spraying 6.Surface welding 7.Ion Implantation 8.Anodising 9.Boronizing 10.Nitriding 11.Carbonitriding 12.Carborising 13.Nitrocarburising 14.Surface alloying 15. Thermal hardening. 93 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), © IAEME There are two categories of vapor deposition processes: physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In PVD processes, [4 ] the work piece is subjected to plasma bombardment. In CVD processes, thermal [8] energy heats the gases in the coating chamber and drives the deposition reaction. 2. 1. Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) In this process, the work piece or substrate is subjected to high [ ]films by the condensation of a vaporized form of the material onto substrate surfaces. This process contains the three major techniques; evaporation, sputtering and ion plating. It produces a dense, hard coating. The primary PVD methods are.ion plating, ion implantation, sputtering and laser surface alloying. Fig. 2. PVD process using Plasma Fig. 3. PVD process using arc sputtering evaporation 94 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), © IAEME PVD is used in the manufacture of semiconductor wafers, aluminized PET film for snack bags and balloons, cutting tools for metalworking and generally used for extreme thin films like atomic layers and mostly for small substrates [8]. 2. 2. Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) In these processes, thermal energy heats the gases in the coating chamber and drives the deposition reaction and then this reactant gas mixture (mixture of gas precursors and coating material also known as a reactive vapour) impinges on the substrate [8]. CVD processes can be used to deposit coating materials, form foils, powders, composite materials in the shape of spherical particles, filaments, and whiskers and also in structural applications, optical, chemical, photovoltaic and electronics.. Start-up costs are typically very expensive. CVD includes sputtering, ion plating, plasma-enhanced CVD, low-pressure CVD, laser-enhanced CVD, active- reactive evaporation, ion beam, laser beam evaporation, and many other variations. These variants are distinguished by the manner in which precursor gases are converted into the reactive gas mixtures. It is usually in the form of a metal halide, metal carbonyl, a hydride, or an organ metallic compound [10]. The precursor may be in gas, liquid, or solid form. Gases are delivered to the chamber under normal temperatures and pressures, whereas solids and liquids require high temperatures and/or low pressures in conjunction with a carrier gas. Once in the chamber, energy is applied to the substrate to facilitate the reaction of the precursor material upon impact. The ligand species is liberated from the metal species to be deposited upon the substrate to form the coating. Because most CVD reactions are endothermic, the reaction may be controlled by regulating the amount of energy input. Disadvantages of CVD [9 ], the precursor chemicals should not be toxic, and exhaust system should be designed to handle any reacted and unreacted vapors that remain after the coating process is complete. Other waste effluents from the process must be managed appropriately. Retrieval, recycle, and disposal methods are dictated by the nature of the chemical. For example, auxiliary chemical reactions must be performed to render toxic or corrosive materials harmless, condensates must be collected. 95 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), © IAEME Fig. 4. schematic diagram of CVD process. 2. 3. Electroless Nickel Plating Electroless nickel (EN) plating is a chemical reduction process that depends upon the catalytic reduction process of nickel ions in solution containing a chemical reducing agent and water and the subsequent deposition of nickel metal without the use of electrical energy[15,16,18 & 20 ]. Thus in the EN plating process, the driving force for the reduction of nickel metal ions and their deposition is supplied by a chemical reducing agent in solution. This driving potential is essentially constant at all points of the surface of the component, provided the agitation is sufficient to ensure a uniform concentration of metal ions and reducing agents[15]. The electroless deposits are therefore very uniform in thickness all over the part's shape and size. The process is advantageous when plating complex shape devices, holes, recesses, internal surfaces, valves, threaded parts etc. Electroless (autocatalytic) nickel coating provides a hard, uniform, corrosion, abrasion, and wear-resistant surface to protect machine components in many industrial environments. EN is chemically deposited, making the coating exceptionally uniform in thickness. If carefully process is controlled good surface finish can be produced which eliminates costly machining after plating. In a true electroless plating process, reduction of metal ions occurs only on the surface of a catalytic substrate in contact with the plating solution. Once the catalytic substrate is covered by the deposited metal, the plating continues because the deposited metal is also catalytic [18 ]. Deposits have unique magnetic properties. EN deposits containing more than 8% P are generally considered to be essentially nonmagnetic in the as-plated condition. A second generation of EN plating has been developed by code positing micrometer- sized particles of silicon carbide with the nickel, thereby creating an extremely wear- and corrosion-resistant coating. The nickel alloy matrix provides corrosion resistance, and the silicon carbide particles, which are actually the contacting surface, add wear resistance. 96 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), © IAEME Fig. 5. Electroless nickel plating process 2. 4. Composite A composite material is a macroscopic, physical combination of two or more materials in which one material usually provides reinforcement [27]. Composites have been developed where no single, quasi-continuous material will provide the required properties. In most composites one phase (material) is continuous and is termed the matrix, while the second, usually discontinuous phase, is termed the reinforcement, in some cases filler is applied when the reinforcement is not a quasi-continuous fibre. Matrix-filler nomenclature is one method of categorization. This yields the categories metal matrix (MMC), polymer (plastic) matrix (PMC), and ceramic matrix (CMC) composites — the major subdivisions of this section. Other categories are given the shape and configuration of the reinforcing phase. The reinforcement is usually a ceramic and/or glass. If it is similar in all dimensions, it is a particulate reinforced composite; if needle-shaped single crystals, it is whisker-reinforced; if cut continuous filament, chopped fibre-reinforced; and if continuous fibre, fibre composite. For fibre composites configuration gives a further category. If fibres are aligned in one direction, it is a uni-axial fibre composite; if arranged in layers, it is a laminar composite; if a three-dimensional arrangement, it is a 3D weave composite. Laminates and 3D weaves can be further divided by the weave used for the fibre. 2. 5. Thermal spraying Energy surface treatment involves adding energy into the surface of the work piece for adhesion to take place [17]. Conventional surface finishing methods involve heating an entire part. The methods described in this section usually add energy and material into the surface, keeping the bulk of the object relatively cool and unchanged. This allows surface properties to be modified with minimal effect on the structure and properties of the underlying material. The different thermal spray technologies, based on the process of heat source, type of coating material and spray conditions etc., can be classified as follows:- 97 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), © IAEME 1. Detonation gun spaying 2. Flame spraying 3. Electric arc spraying 4. Wire explosion spraying 5. Liquid metal spraying and 6. Plasma spraying Plasmas are used to reduce process temperatures by adding energy to the surface in the form of kinetic energy of ions rather than thermal energy. Advanced surface treatments often require the use of vacuum chambers to ensure proper cleanliness and control [1, 2 & 3]. Vacuum processes are generally more expensive and difficult to use than liquid or air processes. Facilities can expect to see less-complicated vacuum systems appearing on the market in the future. In general, use of the advanced surface treatments is more appropriate for treating small components (e.g., ion beam implantation, thermal spray) because the treatment time for these processes is proportional to the surface areas being covered. Facilities will also have to address the following issues when considering the new techniques[ ]. The following methods are widely used in engineering applications. 2. 5.1. High-velocity oxy-fuel spraying (HVOF) process Fig.6. HVOF process Fig.7. HVOF process setup In general, the high velocity oxy fuel spraying (HVOF) process can be used for the deposition of the bond coat materials, over which oxide coatings are sprayed for good adherence. This process is based on the combustion of the fuel gas with oxygen at high pressures within the combustion chamber. The exit jet velocity is generally more than 1000 m/s and at this speed, the oxide powder which is axially injected is moderately heated but highly accelerated through the expansion nozzle to large particle velocities beyond 800 m/s. The stream of hot gas and powder is directed towards the surface to be coated. The powder partially melts in the stream, and deposits upon the substrate as shown in figure1. The process has been most successful for depositing corrosion-resistant alloys (stainless steels, nickel-based alloys, aluminium, etc). HVOF coatings are effectively used in the fields of general manufacturing industry, gas turbine industry, petroleum industry, chemical process 98 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), © IAEME industry, pulp industry and automotive industry[ 1, 2, 3]. 2.5.2. Atmospheric Plasma spraying process When a strong electric arc is struck between tungsten electrode (cathode) and a nozzle (anode) in the presence of Argon and nitrogen / hydrogen mixture in the chamber, the gas gets ionized producing high temperature plasma. Injected particles of coating materials are heated inside the plasma jet and molten droplets sprayed on the substrate with high velocities to form the coating [1&3]. APS ceramic coatings are widely employed in the engineering applications which demand wear resistance, corrosion resistance and high strength at elevated temperatures. Figh.8. Atmospheric Plasma spraying Fig.9.Atmospheric Plasma Spray set up. process. 2. 6. Ion Implantation In the Ion plating (IP) process, the target material is initially melted while the substrate is bombarded with ions before deposition to raise it to the required temperature. The coating flux ion is attracted to the substrate by biasing the substrate with a negative voltage. Thus sufficient ion energy [ 28 ] is available for good inter mixing of coating and substrate at the interface. Ion implantation is the introduction of ionized dopant atoms into a substrate with enough energy to penetrate beyond the surface. The most common application is substrate doping. The use of 3 to 500 keV energy for boron, phosphorus, or arsenic dopant ions is sufficient to implant the ions from 100 to 10,000A below the silicon surface. The depth of implantation, which is proportional to the ion energy, can be selected to meet a particular application. Implantation offers a clear advantage over chemical deposition techniques. The major advantage of ion implantation technology is the capability of precisely controlling the number of implanted dopant atoms. Furthermore, the dopants depth distribution profile can be well-controlled. Disadvantages of Ion Implantation are very deep and very shallow profiles are difficult, not all the damage can be corrected by annealing [9 & 10], typically has higher impurity content than does diffusion. Often uses extremely toxic gas sources such as arsine (AsH3), and phosphine (PH3) and expensive 99 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), © IAEME They are generally used in Doping, SIMOX, H and He isolation in GaAs, and Smart cut technologies. Fig.10. Ion Implantation setup and doping process 2.7. Anodizing Anodizing involves the electrolytic oxidation of a surface to produce a tightly adherent oxide scale that is thicker than the naturally occurring film. Anodizing is an electrochemical process during which aluminium is the anode. The electric current passing through an electrolyte converts the metal surface to a durable aluminium oxide. The difference between plating and anodizing is that the oxide coating is integral with the metal substrate as opposed to being a metallic coating deposition. The oxidized surface is hard and abrasion resistant, and it provides some degree of corrosion resistance [28]. Anodic coatings can be formed in chromic, sulphuric, phosphoric, or oxalic acid solutions. Chromic acid anodizing is widely used with 7000 series alloys to improve corrosion resistance and paint adhesion, and unsealed coatings provide a good base for structural adhesives. However these coatings are often discoloured and where cosmetic appearance is important, sulphuric acid anodizing may be preferred. Fig.11. Anodizing Process 100 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), © IAEME 2. 8 Boronising Boronising is also called as boriding. It is a thermo-chemical treatment involving diffusion of boron into the surface of a component from the surrounding environment which results in the formation of a distinct compound layer of a metal boride. The reaction takes place between boron and component, therefore it can be generally limited to steels, titanium-based alloys and cobalt-based hard metals. In steels, boronising is carried out in the austenite regime (between 810–1020 °C) for several hours, resulting in the formation of layers commonly between 60 and 165µm thick. The surface reaction layer thus formed consists of two separate phases, namely a layer of Fe2B adjacent to the substrate and an outer layer of FeB. The proportions of the two phases are dependent upon the composition of the boronising environment and the alloy content of the steel (higher alloy content favours FeB formation). Care is taken to reduce the proportion of FeB in the boride layer since this always exists in tension; as such, high-alloy and stainless steels are unsuitable for boronising. The hardness of the boronised layer is dependent upon the exact composition of the steel but is commonly in the range 1600–2350 kgf/mm2 (as measured on the Vickers scale). This is significantly higher than many commonly occurring abrasives and, as such, boronising has been employed in situations requiring abrasive wear resistance. Materials that can be processed for Ferrous materials such as irons, plain carbon, alloy, stainless, and tool steels are all possible. This is because the boride compound formed is an iron boride so we only need iron to be present in the material to do this are Nickel-based alloys, Cobalt-based alloys, Molybdenum, Sintered carbides [5 & 6 ]. A variety of methods are employed to produce the boron-rich environment for the boronising process such as pack boronising, paste boronising, salt bath boronising and gas boronising[ ]. In pack boronising (the most commonly employed method), the source of boron is B4C which is mixed with an activator and an inert diluent to make up the pack powder. Fig. l2. Boronising Process 2. 9. Nitriding Steels containing nitride-forming elements such as chromium, molybdenum, aluminum, and vanadium can be treated to produce hard surface layers, providing 101 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), © IAEME improved wear resistance. Many of the processes employed are proprietary, but typically they involve exposure of cleaned surfaces to anhydrous ammonia at elevated temperatures. The nitrides formed are not only hard but also more voluminous than the original steel[ ], and therefore they produce compressive residual surface stresses. Therefore, nitrided steels usually exhibit improved fatigue and corrosion fatigue resistance. Similar benefits can be achieved by shot-peening [28]. Fig. 13. Nitriding process setup. Fig. 14. Nitriding Process 2.10. Carburizing Carburizing is a heat treatment process in which iron or steel is heated in the presence of carbon material (in the range of 900 to 950 °C). Depending on the amount of time and temperature, the affected area can vary in carbon content. Longer carburizing times and higher temperatures lead to greater carbon diffusion into the part as well as increased depth of carbon diffusion. When the iron or steel is cooled rapidly by quenching, the higher carbon content on the outer surface becomes hard via the transformation from austenite to martensite, while the core remains soft and tough as a ferritic and/or pearlite microstructure Generally it is used for low-carbon work-piece to increase their toughness and ductility; and it produces case hardness depths of up to 6.4 mm. . 102 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), © IAEME Fig.15. Carburising Process Plasma carburization is increasingly used in major industrial regimes to improve the surface characteristics (such as wear and corrosion resistance, hardness and load-bearing capacity, in addition to quality-based variables) of various metals, notably stainless steels [28]. The process is used as it is environmentally friendly (in comparison to gaseous or solid carburizing). It also provides an even treatment of components with complex geometry (the plasma can penetrate into holes and tight gaps), making it very flexible in terms of component treatment. The process of carburization works via the implantation of carbon atoms in to the surface layers of a metal. A main goal when producing carbonized work pieces is to insure maximum contact between the work piece surface and the carbon-rich elements. In gas and liquid carburizing, the work pieces are often supported in mesh baskets or suspended by wire. In pack carburizing, the work piece and carbon are enclosed in a container to ensure that contact is maintained over as much surface area as possible. It is possible to carburize only a portion of a part, either by protecting the rest by a process such as copper plating, or by applying a carburizing medium to only a section of the part. 2. 11.Carbo-nitriding Carbo-nitriding [28] is similar to cyaniding except a gaseous atmosphere of ammonia and hydrocarbons is used instead of sodium cyanide. If the part is to be quenched then the part is heated to 775–885 °C if not then the part is heated to 649– 788 °C. 103 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), © IAEME Fig. 16. Nitro- carburizing process 2.12. Ferritic nitro-carburizing Ferritic nitro-carburizing diffuses mostly nitrogen and some carbon into the case of a work-piece below the critical temperature, approximately 650 °C. Under the critical temperature the work piece's microstructure does not convert to an austenitic phase, but stays in the ferritic phase, which is why it is called ferritic nitro carburization[28]. It is used in Parts that are subject to high pressures and sharp impacts are commonly case hardened, e.g. firing pins and rifle bolt faces, or engine camshafts. 2.13 Short Peening, Water-Jet Peening and Laser Peening In short peening the surface of the work piece[28] is hit repeatedly with large number of cast-steel, glass or ceramic shot (size of 0.125mm to 5mm diameter), making overlapping indentation on the surface; this action causes plastic deformation of the surfaces[ ]. Thus improving the fatigue life of the component. Extensively used on shafts, gears, springs, oil-well drilling equipment, and jet engine parts. In water-jet peening, a water jet at pressure as high as 400 MPa impinges on the surface of the work piece, inducing compressive residual stresses. This have been successfully used on steels and aluminum alloys[28]. In laser peening, the surface is subjected to laser shocks from high powered laser up to 1KW and at energy levels of 100 J/pulse. This method has been used on jet engine fan blades with compressive residual stresses deeper than 1mm [28 ]. 2. 14.Thermal hardening In case of steels, to achieve a full conversion of austenite into hard martensite, cooling needs to be fast enough to avoid partial conversion into perlite or bainite [26]. If the piece is thick, the interior may cool too slowly so that full martensitic conversion is not achieved. Thus, the martensitic content, and the hardness, will drop from a high value at the surface to a lower value in the interior of the piece. Hardenability is the ability of the material to be hardened by forming martensite. The shape and size of the piece, together with the heat capacity and heat conductivity are important in determining the cooling rate for different parts of the metal piece. Heat capacity is the energy content of a heated mass, which needs to be removed for cooling. Heat conductivity measures how fast this energy is transported 104 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), © IAEME to the colder regions of the piece. 2.15. Precipitation Hardening Hardening can be enhanced by extremely small precipitates that hinder dislocation motion. The precipitates form when the solubility limit is exceeded. Precipitation hardening is also called age hardening because it involves the hardening of the material over a prolonged time. Precipitation hardening is achieved by solution heat treatment where all the solute atoms are dissolved to form a single-phase solution or by rapid cooling across the solvus line to exceed the solubility limit[ ]. This leads to a supersaturated solid solution that remains stable (metastable) due to the low temperatures, which prevent diffusion or precipitation heat treatment where the supersaturated solution is heated to an intermediate temperature to induce precipitation and kept there for some time (aging). The requirements for precipitation hardening [28]are appreciable maximum solubility, solubility curve that falls fast with temperature and composition of the alloy that is less than the maximum solubility. Mechanism of Hardening involves the formation of a large number of microscopic nuclei, called zones. It is accelerated at high temperatures. Hardening occurs because the deformation of the lattice around the precipitates hinder slip. Aging that occurs at room temperature is called natural aging, to distinguish from the artificial aging caused by premeditated heating. 2. 16. Microwave Irradiation Microwave heating is fundamentally different from conventional heating process. In conventional thermal processing energy is transferred to the material through conduction, convection and radiation of heat from the surface of the material [3]. On the other hand microwave energy is delivered directly to materials through molecular interaction with the electromagnetic field. As microwave radiation penetrates and interacts with molecules, transfer of electromagnetic energy takes place throughout the volume of material, leading to volumetric heating. Microwave material interaction depends on dielectric property of materials. While conducting, metals reflect, insulators are transparent to microwaves. Once the ceramics composite material starts coupling with microwave at an elevated temperature, temperature rises rapidly and induces phase transformation associated with increase in volume. This results in micro structural changes like partial filling of pores and voids, healing of micro cracks and consequent densification. Typical enhancement in observed porosities across the microwave glazed coating [3], typical improvement in hardness of glazed composite and a significant improvement in Vickers hardness are observed, which is associated with the densification of the coatings structures during post processing. Morphological improvement during glazing is indicated by the observed improvement in surface texture. 2.17. Laser Surface Alloying (LSA) The LSA is used to mix an additional material with the molten surface of the substrate so that, upon solidification, an alloy surface with a different composition from that of the substrate can be obtained[ 22, 23, 24, 24 25 & 26]. The properties of the alloyed surface can be tailored to suit different requirements. Much work on LSA has been done towards producing a hardfacing layer or an improved corrosion- resistant layer [22]. The structure of the laser-alloyed layer often contains 105 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), © IAEME supersaturated solid solutions and sometimes intermetallic compounds. In addition to the metallic components that can be alloyed to the substrate surface, ceramic components can also be added so as to achieve a metal matrix composite surface with significantly increased hardness on the metal substrate. Application of a laser can improve the properties of thermally sprayed coatings. These improvements having been studied for the following applications such as biomedical coatings, thermal-barrier coatings, wear-resistant composite coatings, wet and hot corrosion-resistant alloys. 3. CONCLUSION In an engineering component design, the selection of surface technology to engineer the surface involves selection of suitable surface modification technique to determine the surface and substrate requirements which involve one or more properties. The very important proprties are mechanical, tribological, corrosion reisistance, erosion resistance, creep strength, thermal resistance, pitting resistance etc. The various surface treatments generally used in engineering practice are highlighted in this technical paper. Details aspect of various surface modification techniques have been dealt. Applications in engineering field has been mentioned. Further, the most widely used ceramic material coating technique namely thermal spraying technique ( e.g. HVOF and APS )is dealt in detail aspect of it. Besides, the special post-processing methods of surface modification of ceramic coatings using microwave glazing and laser treatment are also highlighted for the production of better quality coating for any functional requirement of engineering surfaces. REFERENCES [1] Dr.J.Fazlur Rahman and Mohammed Yunus," Benefits of TBC Coatings on Engine applications", International conference, INCAM 2009 at Kalsalingam University, Tamil Nadu, India, March 2009. [2] Dr.J.Fazlur Rahman and Mohammed Yunus, "Mechanical and Tribological characteristics of Tungsten Carbide Cobalt HVOF coatings" International conference held at Anjuman college of Engineering, Bhatkal October 2008. [3] Mohammed Yunus and Fazlur Rahman, J. "An investigation towards Characterization of thermally sprayed industrial coatings", International J. Advanced Engineering Sciences and Technologies, Vol. 10, No.2, pp. 275 – 284, 2011. [4] Moll, E. (1992), 'Physical vapour deposition techniques II: ion plating, arc deposition and ion beam deposition', in Advanced Techniques for Surface Engineering (Eds W. Gissler and H.A. Jehn), Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 181– 197. [5] Wang, L., Snidle, R.W. and Gu, L. (2000), 'Rolling contact silicon nitride bearing technology: a review of recent research', Wear, 246 (1–2), 159–173. [6] Sethuramiah, A. (2003), Lubricated Wear: Science and Technology, Elsevier Tribology Series, Vol. 42, Elsevier, Amsterdam. [7] Stewart, S. and Ahmed, R. (2002), 'Rolling contact fatigue of surface coatings – a review', Wear, 253, 1132–1144. [8] Chowdhury, S., de Barra, E. and Laugier, M.T. (2005), 'Hardness measurement of CVD diamond coatings on SiC substrates', Surf. Coat. 106 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), © IAEME Technol., 193, 200–205. [9] A Guide to their Production, Properties and Selection, HMSO, London. [10] Rickerby, D.S. and Matthews, A. (Eds.) (1991), Advanced Surface Coatings: A Handbook of Surface Engineering, Blackie, Glasgow. [11] Hutchings, I.M. (1992), Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials, Edward Arnold, London. [12] ASM Handbook (1994), Vol. 5, Surface Engineering, ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio. [13] Burakowski, T. and Wierzcho´n, T. (1999), Surface Engineering of Metals: Principles, Equipment, Technologies, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. [14] HEF Groupe (coordinated by M. Cartier) (2003), Handbook of Surface Treatments and Coatings, Professional Engineering Publishing, London. [15] Duncan, R.N. (1982), 'Corrosion control with electroless nickel coatings', Proceedings of the AES Electroless Plating Symposium, American Electroplaters Society, East Orange, New Jersey, p. 7. [16] Fratesi, R., Ruffi ni, N., Malavolta, M. and Bellezze, T. (2002), 'Contemporary use of Ni and Bi in hot-dip galvanizing', Surf. Coat. Technol., 157 (1), 34–39. [17] Tucker, R.C. (2002), 'Thermal spray coatings: broad and growing applications', Int. J. Powder Metall., 38 (7), 45–53. [18] Salvago, G. and Cavallotti, P. (1972), 'Characteristics of the chemical reduction of nickel alloys with hypophosphite', Plating, 59, 665–671. [19] Shipley, R.C. (1984), 'Historical highlights of electroless plating', Plating Surface Finishing, 71 (6), 92–99. [20] Parkinson, R. (1997), Properties and Applications of Electroless Nickel, Nickel Development Institute Technical Series 10081, Nickel Development Institute, Ottawa, Ontario. [21] Baudrand, D.W. (1979), 'Autocatalytic (electroless) plating on aluminium', Plating Surf. Finishing, 66 (12), 14–17. [22] Kennedy, E., Byrne, G. and Collins, D.N. (2004), 'A review of the use of high power diode lasers in surface hardening', J. Mater. Processing Technol., 155, 1855–1860. [23] Pashby, I.R., Barnes, S. and Bryden, B.G. (2003), 'Surface hardening of steel using a high power diode laser', J. Mater. Processing Technol., 139, 585– 588. [24] Miller, J.E. and Wineman, J.A. (1977), 'Laser hardening at Saginaw steering-gear', Metal Prog. 111, 38–43. [25] Tomlinson, W.J. and Bransden, A.S. (1995), 'Laser surface alloying of Al– 12Si',Surface Engineering, 11, 337–344. [26] Prawara, B., Yara, H., Miyagi, Y. and Fukushima, T. (2003). Spark plasma sintering as a post-spray treatment for thermally-sprayed coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 162,234–241. [27] Berndt, C.C. and Yi, J.H. (1989). Composite plasma sprayed coatings, in Proceedings of the 12th International Thermal Spray Conference, The Welding Institute, Cambridge, UK. [28] Jeanmenne, R. A., EN for Hard Chromium, Products Finishing, 54(4), pp. 84-93 (1990). 107


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By Nigel Slater 05/04 Updated: 10/04 14:43
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Operated between AMS and JFK for while back in the day, here rolling towards rwy 36L for departure [1200 pix]
On the Rwy 30 approach for a refuel stop on a trooping flight.
Scanned from K64 slide.
(1600 pix)
Thomson 971 from Apia on finals for RWY33. Operating a round the world charter for TCS Expeditions. This aircraft would spend two nights in Cairns before departing to Cambodia.


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CROSSFIRE II 6-18x44AO Dead-Hold BDC(MAO)RIFLESCOPE$219.99VORTEX OPTICS CROSSFIRE II 6-18X44 AO RIFLESCOPE Clearer. Tougher. Brighter. Our popular Crossfire riflescopes are completely redesigned and built to exceed the performance standards of similarly-priced riflescopes. Longer eye relief, a fast-focus eyepie Learn More
VORTEX OPTICS RAPTOR 6.5x32 PORRO PRISM BINOCULAR$119.99RAPTOR 6.5X32 PORRO PRISM BINOCULAR There's no better value in binoculars than a pair of quality porro prisms. And we've taken porro prism performance to a whole new level with a mid-size, wide-angle design featuring waterproof, fogproof construction and Learn More
VORTEX OPTICS CANTILEVER 2-INCH OFFSET STANDARD DUTY RING MOUNTS$89.99CANTILEVER MOUNT — 2-Inch Offset Use this cantilever mount for mounting 30 mm telescopic sights onto flattop style AR-15 rifles. The 2-inch offset of this cantilever mount positions the scope in a forward location, allowing the correct eye relief and hea Learn More
VORTEX OPTICS RAZOR RED DOT BERETTA 92 HANDGUN MOUNT$19.99RAZOR RED DOT HANDGUN MOUNT Slide mount for Razor red dot replaces Picatinny rail mount included with the Razor red dot. Allows installation on Beretta 92 handguns. Learn More


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Perk up your projects and keep things in order at the same time with brightly colored Adhesive Organization Tabs! They fit neatly on tabs of most file folders and personal organizers, letting you sort information at a glance. Plus, they can be removed and repositioned if placed on plastic surfaces such as file dividers, acrylic file holders and inboxes, making them good for multiple uses. 32 tabs per package Three pre-printed categories: Office, Days & Months Reusable when used on plastic surfaces
Get the most out a bar of soap with our Netted Soap Saver. The saver is a nylon mesh pouch with a locking satin drawstring closure. Simply open the pouch, drop in a few wafers of soap, and cinch the drawstring closed. When you shower or bathe, the Netted Soap Saver creates a lush lather from the remnants of soap that would have otherwise been too small to use. And it gently exfoliates your skin - buffing it to a healthy glow. Rinse the Netted Soap Saver after each use and hang it by the satin drawstring to dry. Our Netted Soap Saver is available in an assortment of colors - please let us choose the color for you. What is an assorted item?
Our Countertop Pedestal Mirror is a lovely addition to your vanity or countertop. One side features a standard view while the other features 5X magnification. Simply flip the mirror to change the magnification. It's lightweight and blends beautifully with any style of décor. It also coordinates with the rest of our Acrylic Countertop Collection for a chic, unified look. Made from 100% acrylic with chrome accents Mirrors measure 5-3/4" diameter
Organize your 4" x 6" photos or recipe cards with our 12-Case Photo Storage Carrier. It includes twelve inner cases that are easily transportable, fitting easily inside a purse or briefcase. Each acid-free inner case can accommodate approximately 100 photos and has a hinged lid that can be labeled by category or event for easy identification. Made of clear polypropylene plastic Outer case is stackable Additional individual inner cases are available (sold separately, listed below) Made in the USA
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Display anything from action figures to coin collections with this functional Display Box. The crystal clear cover fits snugly on the base to show off your possessions while keeping out dust. Three adjustable platforms can be stacked to create multiple configurations to suit whatever you're storing. Click on the image to see examples. Polystyrene cover; polypropylene base May be stacked up to three high
Wait until you see this! Our simplehuman® 5X Telescoping Sensor Mirror knows when you want to use it. It features a motion-activated LED light that turns on when you approach. And unlike other lighted mirrors, the long-lasting LED light was specially designed to provide the best illumination for daytime use. The 5X mirror pivots and can be raised to the perfect height and angle thanks to the telescoping base. And it's cordless! Once charged using any USB port or outlet, it works for up to five weeks! A red indicator light flashes to let you know it's time to recharge it. Made from brushed steel; includes cleaning cloth Motion-activated LED light with on/off switch Can be charged using any USB port or wall outlet using included cord 5X magnification
Our precious Hot/Cold Packs make bruises and boo-boos just a little bit easier to bear. Keep one in the freezer to soothe and reduce swelling of bruises, sprains or insect bites. Or, warm the pack in hot (not boiling) water to relieve aches and pains. Soft-touch exterior Non-toxic gel We recommend hand washing
The XL Floor Litterbag is our largest-capacity trash bag designed specifically for use in an automobile. With seam-sealed construction, it is fully leakproof. Rigid walls and a weighted base keep it from tipping over, collapsing or spilling. Plus, grip strips on the bottom help it stay in place. Made from durable 600 denier polyester Two gallon capacity
Clean lines and total visibility allow for maximum efficiency, giving our classic 3-Drawer Box its functional appeal. Use it to hold a wide variety of indispensables like paper clips, extra staples, rubber bands, etc. Made from exceptionally clear polystyrene
This is the easiest, fastest way we know to create custom-made organization for socks, hosiery and accessories. Our Drawer Organizer can fit in any size drawer - tailor the fit with ordinary household scissors. We recommend it for all sizes of our elfa Drawers (for Wide elfa Drawers, use two organizers). Super smooth construction ensures snag-free storage for delicates. The elfa Drawer is sold separately. Trim to fit with ordinary household scissors Made in the USA
Our Deco Step Can is made from plastic, but looks like metal - the larger size is a lovely addition to a kitchen; the smaller is ideal for a bathroom or small galley kitchen. Activate the pedal to open the lid. The interior features handles to hold and conceal a plastic trash bag. Made from metallized plastic Gasket around the lid keeps odors contained Plastic trash bags are available for both sizes (sold separately, listed below)
The high quality and roomy capacity of our Storage Locker with Wheels makes it ideal for all-purpose storage or travel. It's secured with metal clamps and is lockable thanks to a molded-in clasp. The full-length piano hinge is incredibly durable and long-lasting. Handles are molded into the sides and there is an additional strap handle on the front. This trunk may exceed your airline's size and weight requirements - check with your airline prior to packing. Constructed from rustproof, heavy-duty plastic with thick walls and a reinforced lid Recessed wheels Features ventilation holes Lockable Made in the USA
Keep your cables and chargers organized and identifiable with our In-Luggage Drawstring Pouches. Their light material and drawstring ties are great for easy toting during travel or to and from work! Made from polyester Small size perfect for smaller cables like phone chargers and headphones Large size perfect for larger chargers and power cords
Our Adhesive Plate Hangers are a quick, easy and secure way to display collectibles and heirlooms. The hanger attaches to the back of a plate or bowl with a clean, smooth base. It also attaches to decorative items made of wood. A hanging hook and nail are included. To remove, simply soak the item in warm water until the adhesive loosens. Unlike traditional plate hangers, these won't scratch or chip your delicate items.
Taking a timeless classic to a new depth, our Shallow Seamless Tins make beautiful carriers for favors at bridal showers, weddings and birthday parties. They're also unexpected, fun ways to package gifts! And they make perfect containers for homemade candles, lotions, lip balms and candies. A smooth outer surface makes it easy to label contents. Snug-fitting, spill-resistant lid
Our package of three GoToobs® dispense shampoo, conditioner or lotion with ease. The collar around the neck of each bottle doubles as a label; simply twist the collar so the name of what you're storing shows through the window.
Featuring four compartments, our Slimline Quaddie Lunchbox allows you to keep lunch items neatly organized. It's ideal for transporting a sandwich plus sides or even a salad. Each of the sections includes a hinged lid. It includes an 8 oz. bottle for toting a beverage. Our Slimline Quaddie is available in assorted colors - please let us choose for you. What is an assorted item? BPA-free Made from polypropylene Top rack dishwasher-safe
Silver medalist in the prestigious Danish Design Council competition for its revolutionary design, our JarKey® breaks the vacuum seal, allowing you to open even the most stubborn jar effortlessly and without damaging the lid. It's a great accessory for people with impaired manual dexterity. Our JarKey® is available in assorted colors - please let us choose for you. What is an assorted item?
Our Hermetic Jars with Chalk Labels are a creative and versatile new take on a traditional kitchen staple. Use them for storing dry foods such as rice, coffee or pasta - they're airtight so food will stay fresh. The chalkboard labels on the fronts let you identify contents and update them easily. Or fill them with a homemade gift since they make a memorable (and useful) presentation! Made from glass with traditional ball and seal closures Airtight rubber seals We recommend hand washing
Our 8 gallon New York Galvanized Step Can is designed for use indoors or out. A recessed base protects floors from scratches or damage. The tight-fitting lid ensures odors and contents will stay safely inside no matter where it's used. Made from durable galvanized steel Features slow-close pedal and lid mechanism Includes removable inner liner Plastic trash bags are available (sold separately, listed below)
Our Commercial Square Glass Jar is the perfect, affordable way to package all of your homemade goodies. The golden metal lid has a Plastisol seal to help retain freshness. The flat top is perfect for labeling the contents. Food and top rack dishwasher safe
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Use our Q Knot Multi-Purpose Reusable Ties for everything from bundling cords to holding snack bags closed. Easy to use, it features gripper "teeth" that keep it in place. They're stretchable and flexible to fit a wide variety of needs. Made from EVA foam Includes an assortment of three sizes: small (5-1/2"), medium (6") and large (7 -1/4")
Create an instant room makeover with our Décor Screen Panels. They can be used to separate a room, establish a study area or even hang on a wall or window for a dramatic effect. These screens allow you to create distinct areas while still retaining an airy feel, even in a small space like a dorm room or studio apartment. Metal rings for linking panels and hanging them are included Durable polypropylene wipes clean
Our Acrylic Recipe Box with Card Holder holds 4" x 6" recipe cards, index cards, coupons or contact information. The lid has a built-in card holder to keep your recipe in clear view while you cook. Made from acrylic Recipe cards not included
Put an attractive shelving solution to work in your office, library, kitchen and bathroom with our handy Shelf Clip Brackets. They work with our Melamine Shelves (sold separately) from 5/8" to 3/4" thick and up to 12" deep. The pair will support up to 80 pounds when installed on wall studs; 75 pounds installed with toggle bolts (sold separately, listed below) on 1/2" drywall. Store and display photographs and supplies in the office, books in the library, canisters and cookbooks in the kitchen or spa essentials in the bath.
Lend a touch of polish in your home or office with our Medium Lacquered Rectangular Box. A variety of lush colors can add a stylish accent when displayed on a dresser, nightstand, vanity or desk. Use it to hold everything from cherished jewelry to office supplies. It's also an inspired choice for a gift box. Can used with our other Lacquered Rectangular Boxes Lacquered finish Food-safe Lift-off lid
Here's a holiday tree that you don't have to water or assemble! Our Circle Tree Ornament Stand can fit on a tabletop or stand-in as a tree in a smaller space. It can hold 13 ornaments and is perfect for displaying extra-special ornaments, themed tree color schemes, favorite ornaments or ornaments that don't match this year's look. It's also a great option for keeping breakable ornaments away from small children and pets. Made of metal Holds 13 ornaments Great for smaller spaces and for those with pine allergies Its small washers allow you to hang your ornaments in place
Our brightly colored Page Markers ensure passages in notebooks, presentations or books will stand at attention. They're sticky enough to stay put yet are easily removed without damage to the paper. Choose from a dozen hues and color-code your notations. Best of all, an attractive carrying case keeps them all neatly contained. Made of opaque paper with a matte finish Includes 50 markers per color
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Beautifully constructed, our Water Hyacinth Bins offer an attractive option for storage of a variety of items around your home. Choose from four functional sizes. Constructed from water hyacinth, an easily renewable material Metal frame
The sophisticated, Japanese design of our Nest Pencil Cup will look right at home on your desktop. Constructed from steel, it features a soft, matte finish you have to feel to believe. It coordinates perfectly with our Nest Collection. Sophisticated Japanese design Constructed from steel with a soft-matte finish
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Use our Klip-It® Meat Keeper Plus to store leftovers - or to marinate meats. Convenient clips on the airtight lids make these containers easy to open. BPA-free Made from polypropylene Features an airtight rubberized silicone seal Includes a tray to keep meat away from residual juices Microwave-, refrigerator-, freezer- and dishwasher-safe
Our Clear Shirt & Accessory Drawers create visible accessibility for closet organization. Sized for folded shirts, these drawers can accommodate other items as well - scarves, socks, hosiery, lingerie, sweaters, gloves, and other accessories. Specially designed to stack securely, the drawers are also great for crafts, office supplies, toys and toiletries. Clear dividers (sold separately, listed below) are available to help organize the drawers. These drawers are designed to stack neatly with the coordinating Clear Shoe Drawers and Sweater Drawers . When stacking the drawers side-by-side, 4 Shoe Drawers = 3 Men's & Athletic Shoe Drawers = 3 Shirt & Accessory Drawers = 2 Sweater Drawers. Made from high-impact crystal clear polystyrene for strength and durability Made in the USA
From herb-infused oils to flavored vodkas, you'll find the perfect container to package your holiday treats in our Gift Wrap Wonderland. Whether you make it yourself or buy in bulk, homemade gifts are ideal for neighbors, teachers and co-workers! Choose from our wide selection of ribbons , tags and embellishments to create your own special holiday presentation. Glass bottle; rubber gasket
With a modern twist on the basket-weave design, our GRID-IT!™ Organizers feature a multitude of elastic straps to keep your items in place, including digital cameras, iPods, chargers and any number of other personal items. Strap your stuff down and it stays put when you tuck the GRID-IT!™ inside a handbag, backpack, briefcase or tote bag. You can arrange your items in an endless number of configurations! Rubberized woven elastic straps Pocket on back for extra storage
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Four health workers who were part of a polio vaccination team were killed in Pakistan on Wednesday. According to media reports , gunmen riding motorbikes near the southwestern city of Quetta opened fire on a vehicle carrying a vaccination team of three women and three men. The attack killed the three women and one man, and, according to reporting...
As a movement crystallizes around the future of the Internet, more than 35...
JOHANNESBURG, South Africa - Has organised civil society, bound up in internal...
Sigh. That time of year. Buy! Save! Now! More! Some suggestions: For the season, if you must shop, go local. For Black Friday, buy nothing; it can wait. For Thanksgiving, give thanks. Or join Reverend Billy and his Stop Shopping Choir on the lawn of Monsanto's St. Louis headquarters, where they'll enjoy an organic dinner before bringing another dinner to activists in Ferguson. Thus comes hope. Also, lists of bad/better companies.
Progressive Newswire
Friends of the Earth International
Government Accountability Project
Center for Reproductive Rights
Jubilee USA Network
Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR)
Doctors Without Borders
Jubilee USA Network


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IAWA News
Welcome New IAWA Members!
The IAWA 26th Annual Conference was a success! Thank you to the conference attendees, sponsors, and friends who made this an event to remember. Photos and post conference information will be available shortly. We look forward to seeing everyone next year in Dubai!
IAWA members and friends at the Museum of Flight Dinner sponsored by Boeing at the IAWA 26th Annual Conference.
2014 Woman of Excellence Award Recipient Renee Martin-Nagle with Advisory Board Member and Past President Julie Ellis at the 26th Annual Conference Opening Gala Dinner on October 15th.
September 2014 News and Views Published
President's Message - September 2014
New! Membership Challenge Program
If you have questions about the program, please contact IAWA Executive Director, Jennifer Miller, at email@example.com
Join IAWA at an upcoming event and CONNECT today!


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Cross Compliance Proposals for 2015 »The new arrangements will ensure that farmers continue to generate high quality food whilst protecting Wales' valued resources and spectacular natural landscape.Learn more »
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Welsh Tax Powers - Purpose, Principles and Priorities published
The Finance Minister publishes a Welsh Government Treasury paper setting out its purpose, principles and priorities for the taxes to be devolved.
- Welsh poultry owners urged to be vigilant to avian influenza
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- Maths conference is an important part of the equation, says Minister
Featured Article »The future of the Union
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Education and skillsQualified for life
Our new long-term vision for education for 3-19 year old learners in Wales.Learn more »
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- Regulations to introduce a new Firefighters' Pension Scheme in Wales from April 2015
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Section highlightHousing (Wales) Act 2014The Act introduces significant improvements across the housing sector to ensure that people have access to a decent, affordable home and better housing-related services.
Legislative programme 2014 - 2015 »
Bills that the Welsh Government will bring forward in 2014/2015.Learn more »
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Section highlightWales for Africa grant
The Wales for Africa grant supports projects that build mutually beneficial links between Wales and Sub-Saharan Africa.
Draft Budget 2015-16 »
The amount of funding allocated to Welsh Government Departments for 2015-16 is £15·3bn.Learn more »
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Relaxing, Private, Country Lake Memphremagog House
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Waterfront Rental on Lake Memphremagog.
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Top 4 Bedroom - Lake Memphremagog Vermont Vacation Rentals
4br 5ba Huge Hilltop House Luxury Rental - Lake Memphremagog
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