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• : : :-" '•;■: : - •:: •■ : • ..:■■;■"■ ' : : ::: : ■:■■'■■: ■■ ;;.::■• 3^wp3i pit mm ■mh llilfr iyti^t * <^T jPStTT^^t ■ bU"1 izlSl 6 1 WB»6< » Vy i»c^^^K Mi *Cm YV ■vSr^f*" m *« ^^00^ x^^^WB \w£L ^ »<*g! n i&2^.<^m»vjytz mMMMM **v\ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 . http://archive.org/details/lastfightofrevenOOrale THE LAST FIGHT OF THE REVENGE CONTENTS Some Appreciations page 1 1 Introduftion 1 5 Facsimile of original Title Page 57 The Last Fight of the Revenge 61 LIST OF PLATES i. Queen Elizabeth going on board the Golden Hind (By kind per mission of the Committee of Lloyd's Register) page 1 9 2. The Last Fight 59 3. Galleons in Harbour 73 4. Loading the Galleons 85 5. The Galleon Fair 97 6. A Captured Galleon (From a picture in the possession of Colonel Goff) 1 o 5 SOME APPRECIATIONS "TN the year 1 59 1 was that memorable Fight A of an English Ship called the Revenge, under the command of S r Richard Greenvill; Memor- able (I say) even beyond credit, and to the Height of some Heroicall Fable. And though it were a Defeat, yet it exceeded a Victory." Sir FRANCIS BACON "S r Richard Greenfield got eternall honour and reputation of great valour, and of a experimented Souldier, chusing rather to sacrifice his life, and to passe all danger whatsoever, then to favle in his Obligation. . . . And rather we ought to im- brace an honourable death then to live with in- famie and dishonour, bv fayling in dutie." Sir RICHARD HAWKINS tc Than this what have we more! What can be greater! " JOHN EVELYN " Struck a deeper terror, though it was but the a<5tion of a ship, into the hearts of the Spanish people; it dealt a more deadly blow upon their fame and moral strength than the destruction of the Armada itself." J. A. FROUDE " Perhaps in all naval history there never was a more gallant fight than that of the Revenge off the Western Isles." PROFESSOR ARBER And the sun went down, and the stars came out far over the summer sea, But never a moment ceased the fight of the one and the fifty-three. Ship after ship, the whole night long, their high-built galleons came, Ship after ship, the whole night long, with her battle- thunder and flame; Ship after ship, the whole night long, drew back with her dead and her shame. For some were sunk and many were shatter'd, and so could fight us no more — God of battles, was ever a battle like this in the world before? Tennyson, "The Revenge : A Ballad of the Fleet'' By permission oj Messrs Macmillan & Co., Ltd, the owners of the copyright. INTRODUCTION HICH is the greatest name upon the roll of English ships? Which is the most sure of a lasting and effectual renown? There was a day when all England would have given but oneanswer. If you ask the Elizabethan of 1580, you will find him very positive upon the point, and not a little ex- alted. Drawn round the world by the Divine Hand, under the Northern and Southern Pole stars, victor over a hundred enemies, ballasted with royal treasure, & steered by the captured charts of Spanish Admirals, the little ship that sailed as the Pelican^ comes home again as the (joldenHind. She brings her fabulous booty and her still more fabulous ro mance from Plymouth Sound toDept- ford, and then and there the great names of the past — the Christophers^ the Great Harrys^ the Dragons and the Swans — are all finally eclipsed. Drake, kneeling upon her deck, receives his knighthood from the hand of Gloriana, and the (jolden Hind herself, bidding farewell for ever to wind and wave, is laid up as a national monu- ment — "consecrated to perpetuall Memory." She is remembered still, but it is hardly for her 18 QUEEN ELIZABETH GOING ON BOARD THE GOLDEN HIND own sake; her story is a part of Drake's, and not the greatest part. Question your Elizabethan again some ten years later, and hers is no longer the name that he will give you; he will speak of things that are even nearer to his heart, and to ours; for though an Englishman will always, I suppose, lick his lips over a tale of treasure, it is the fighting and not the plunder that he is really fitted to enjoy, and in his imagination even the jewels of the Golden Hind will shine with a less bright and steady glow than the battle-lanterns of the Revenge. The Revenge is a part of no man; she saw many captains and more triumphs than one. She had a personality, as great ships always have; she had a career, a life of her own. She has a life after death; not only a posterity but a true survival. She may be said, in no merely figurative sense, to be on a6tive service still. If the day ever comes when she no longer helps to keep the sea for us, it can only be when Time shall have paid off the British Navy. The last of her successes is more freshly remem- bered by our friends than by ourselves. A neigh- bouring potentate, whom pride in his English descent had exhilarated to a pitch of splendid audacity worthy of an Elizabethan, challenged us by a telegram encouraging a vassal State to throw off the suzerainty of the Queen. If the message meant anything, it was a promise of armed support; but the promise had none of the Elizabethan hardihood to back it, and proved bankrupt as soon as the Flying Squadron put to sea. It was not that this force was unknown, or suddenly created; the ships had long been on the Navy List, their names, guns, tonnage and com- plement all as familiar to the German Kaiser as to the rest of the world. But there was a sense abroad of something more than brute strength: a memory of great traditions, of inherited skill, of undaunted and indomitable tenacity. When on that January 15, 1896, the English Admiral hoisted his flag in the Revenge, and Her Majesty's Marines marched on board under the command of Captain Drake, the enemy disappeared from the seas, and we made haste to forget another naval viftory. The lesson, we may hope, remains; this was not a triumph of physical force. The challenger's nerve, and not his ships, failed him; he feared his 33 own destru&ion more than he desired ours. In an age even more materially minded, if possible, than those which went before it, we are increasingly diligent to measure our armour and our guns, to reckon up our horse-power and the number of our hits at target praftice. It is not for any man to blame us; we should be wrong if we neglected these things, but we should be still more wrong if we forgot for a moment that there were years in our history when it was not we but our enemies who had the advantage of armament, and that whether by combination or otherwise, such a time may come upon us again. Build as we will, we cannot secure ourselves against it forever; but we can forestall it by facing it with the remembrance of the past. It was by moral superiority that the Elizabethans came through their trial. The Spani- ards were contending to maintain their hold upon the wealth of the world, and they fought as men will fight in such a cause — courageously, but not desperately; the English fought as, at sea, they must always be fighting, for national existence, and they took care — it was a great part of their strength — to leave their enemies in no doubt that they meant in every engagement to make the affair fatal to one side or the other. This is a policy which we did not follow in the latest of our wars; we may have been justified, we had our reasons, and we paid the full price; but on the day when we abandon it upon the sea, we shall have thrown away our only sure defence and our deadliest weapon. Men and nations are never so nearly invincible and never 25 half so terrible as when they are armed with con- tempt of death; and that such an ardent temper can defy, discourage and destroy mere bulk or numbers," even beyond credit and to the Height of some Heroicall Fable" — this is the meaning of the last fight of the Revenge. II T was in 1 577, the year in which the Golden Hind sailed from Ply- mouth on her ever-memorable voyage, that the Revenge first took the water. Probably, says Arber (but I cannot find upon what authority), she was built at Chatham by Sir John Hawkins. According to Sir John Laughton she was launched at Deptford. Ships are the children of predestination, as every sailor knows: from the moment when they leave the slips they are either lucky or unlucky. In the opinion of the youngerHawkins the Revenge "was ever the unfortunatest Ship the late Queene's Majestie had during her Raigne." He supports this view by a list of hairbreadth escapes, which might as easily be quoted to prove her the espe- cial care of Providence, many times miraculously preserved to be the scourge and dishonour of the Queen's enemies. First, says Sir Richard, "Comming out of Ireland with Sir John Parrot, she was like to be [but was not] cast away upon the Kentish coast." Then, in 1586, "in the Voyage of Sir John Hawkins, she struck aground coming into Plimouth, before her going 3 8 to Sea"; but to sea she went nevertheless. Upon the coast of Spain she was " readie to sinke with a great Leake," and (though she did not sink) "at her return into the harbour of Plimouth, she beat upon Winter Stone" — again without fatality. She escaped a still greater danger when, soon after, she twice ran aground in going out of Portsmouth Haven, lay twenty-two hours beat- ing upon the shore, and was forced off with eight feet of water in her, only to ground again "upon the Oose, "where she stuck for six months, until the following spring, testifying to the skill of those who built and the clumsiness of those who sailed her. Being at last got off and brought round into the Thames to be docked, "her old Leake breaking upon her, had like to have drowned all those which were in her." Neither then, however, nor in any of her mishaps, does she appear to have actually drowned anyone, not even when, in 1 5 9 1 , " with a storme of wind and weather, riding at her moorings in the river of Rochester, nothing but her bare Masts over- head, shee was turned topse-turvie, her Kele uppermost. ,, One might have thought that this final proof of her indestructibility would con- vince her detractor. Drake, at any rate, knew a good sea-boat when he saw one, for he chose her for his flagship when he sailed against the Armada as Vice-Admiral, and the Calendar of State Papers contains, under the date of Novem- ber, 1588, a "Device of Lord Admiral Howard, Sir F. Drake, Sir W. Wynter, Sir John Hawkyns, Capt. Wm. Borough and others, for the con- struction of four new ships to be built on the 3° model of the Revenge, but exceeding her in burthen." (She was but of 500 tons herself, and carried at most 260 men and forty guns.) To this evidence we may add the statement of a Spanish prisoner, bearing the delightful name of Gonsalo Gonsalez del Castillo, who writes in 1592 that in England "they have been much pained by the loss of one of the Queen's galleons, called the Revenge; they say she was the best ship the Queen had, and the one in which they had the most confidence for her defence." Such was the Revenge^ and, if she had her share of misfortune she had also her full share of prosperous service. She bore Drake's flag as Vice- Admiral from January 3, 1588. On May 23, at the head of sixty sail, she escorted the Lord Ad- miral Howard into Plymouth; then, till July 12, she watched and longed for the "felicisima Armada. " On Saturday the 20th, while the enemy crept up Channel in heavy rain, and the wind fell lighter and lighter, she tacked and tacked her way out painfully through a night of deadly anxiety. She had her reward. On Sunday, "conspicuous with an extravagant pennant and a banner on her mizzen, and fighting almost at grappling distance," she battered Don Juan Mar- tinez de Recalde in the Santa Anna. Towards evening the Admirals held Council on board her; when night fell her lantern led the fleet, until Drake, finding himself among strange sail, ex- tinguished it and lay by for daylight. Howard and the rest went after the Spanish lights, and when dawn came the Revenge found herself alone, and drifting within a few cables of the huge Nuestra SeTiora del Rosario, flagship of Don Pe- dro de Valdes, Captain-General of the Andalusian Squadron and one of Sidonia's best officers. The Captain-General was "spoiled of his mast the day before, " and had smashed his bowsprit in colli- sion; but he tried to stand out for conditions of surrender. The Vice- Admiral replied that he was Drake, and had no time to parley. That ended the matter; the galleon went into Dartmouth "under the conduction of the 1{oebuc\" and the Revenge "bare with the Lord Admiral, and re- covered his Lordship that night, being Monday." Aboard of her went poor Don Pedro and forty of his officers; also their cash, to the tune of fifty thousand ducats. u On Tuesday the 23rd, the prisoners, or those of them who were allowed on deck, witnessed the battle off the Isle of Wight, the failure of the galleasses with their countless oars, and the rescue of the Triumph^ in which our first Victory and our first ^Dreadnought distinguished themselves. They saw, too, in the bird-like line-ahead flights of the Ifevenge and her consorts, their quick con- centrations and dispersals, what Mr Julian Cor- bett has described as " the first dawn of those modern tactics which Blake and Monk were to develop and Nelson to perfedt." By the end of the day they were probably all deaf; the unknown eyewitness who wrote the Relation of Proceedings for Howard, declares that "there was never seen a more terrible value of great shot, nor more hot fight than this was; for although the musketeers 34 and harquebusiers of crock were then infinite, yet could they not be discerned nor heard for that the great ordnance came so thick that a man would have judged it to have been a hot skirmish of small shot, being all the fight long within half musket shot of the enemy." On the 24th fresh ammunition arrived, and the fleet was divided into four squadrons, of which Revenge was to lead the second. On Thursday the 2 5 th, in a calm, the galleasses ventured again and were finally knocked out of the fight. For the next two days "the Spaniards went always before the English Army like sheep" until on Saturday evening they suddenly came to an anchor off Calais. On the night of Sunday the 28th, the Lord Admiral "caused eight ships to be fired and let 55 drive amongst the Spanish fleet; whereupon they were forced to let slip or cut cables at half and to set sail." When day came, Howard stopped to take a prize, and it was the Revenge who led the last great chase northwards, pounding Sido- nia himself in the huge San Martin, sinking, scattering and driving ashore his followers. " It was the hour," says Mr Corbett, "for which Francis Drake had been born." But glorious as it was, it was not yet the hour for which the Revenge had been built. Ill RAKE was beyond doubt the greatest man who ever set foot in the Revenge, but it was not for him, or any like him, to sail her to the fulfilment of her un- paralleled destiny. The imagina- tion of two great peoples has made of him an almost supernatural hero, a gigantic figure of romance ; but in spite of his inexhaustible courage, 37 his dazzling fortune, and the touch of extrava- gance which he caught from the spirit of his ti me, he was neither a Don Quixote nor a Prince Fortunate of mere adventures. For him there was nothing that could not be dared, but it must be dared with method and for an end in view; for him wisdom could never be "wisdom in the scorn of consequence." Settingaside their natural bravery and the fashion of the day, there was little in common between this heroic prototype of the modern Englishman, and Sir Richard Grenville, the inheritor of a temperament which has long been pradtically extin£t among us, and was even then the characteristic of a dwindling 38 IS i.-Mm iP^-'j " j^T' -r*r* -*-*^ y^rJr^ ^*V— % f§sE=~iss ^^^^->-^^^^3^sJ-^ sff»*^i^»r -■■ " MISS p a -f--"- 1 lli*- 5 ** SJSfc* ^flP — .-* -> class. The men of courage without discipline, of enthusiasm without reason, of will without science — a type of arrested development surviv- ing from the days beyond the Renaissance — fell with the Stuart Kings and were finally buried with the rebels of the '45. It is easy to say that they were of no use, these turbulent, insensate, self-willed children of aristocracy; at the least they added colour and vivacity to life, and these are something; now and again they had their great moments, when folly touched the height of tragedy, and left a true inspiration for those who are not too sober or too senile to receive it. Men have always liked to think of definite characteristics as the hereditary possession of certain families — often, no doubt, without much justification, but surely not altogether so in the 3P case of the Grenvilles. Reading their records without any preconceived belief, we cannot but hear one note ringing out again & again through at least three centuries and a half. We hear Sir Richard's grandson, Sir Bevil — it goes without saying that he was a Cavalier — swearing "to fetch those traitors out of their nest at Laun- ceston, or fire them in it." We see him, "after solemn prayers," charging furiously " both down the one hill and up the other " at Bradock Down ; or again dying on the brow of Lansdowne Hill, after he had stormed it in the face of cannon, "small shot from the breastworks" and "two full charges from the enemy's horse." His brother, another Sir Richard, was a Cava- lier, too, and a Grenville to the backbone; hated by his men for his iron discipline — "no doubt," says Clarendon, "the man had behaved himself with great pride and tyranny over them" — he was even more intolerable to his superiors; he flatly refused to aft under Hopton, and drove the Prince of Wales to imprison him in despair. A more attractive, but still characteristic, mem- ber of the family was Bevil's son, Denis, Arch- deacon of Durham, whom we find, after James II had already fled the kingdom, preaching in the midst of his enemies" a seasonable loyall Sermon"; collecting a war fund from the pre- bendaries for his fallen sovereign; bolting to Scotland on horseback; captured, but escaping to France; coming back incognito and escaping again. Ardent Jacobite and equally ardent Pro- testant, he defied the Court at St Germain to convert him to Romanism, and when they would not allow him to read the English Service, con- soled himself by publishing at Rouen a manifesto with the exquisite title of "The Resigned and Resolved Christian and Faithful and Undaunted Royalist in two plain farewell Sermons and a loyal farewell Visitation Speech." It must be admitted that even so late as the eighteenth century — the Venerable Denis lived till 1703 — these gentlemen were the opposite of tame; even when they were "Resigned" they were at the same time "Resolved" and "Un- daunted." This is even more true of their four- teenth-century ancestor, Sir Theobald, the first Grenville of whom I have found anything essen- tial to relate. He, at the age of twenty-two, thought fit to rebel against the paternal despotism of John Grandison, Bishop of Exeter, who had btoouobI^^ 42 instituted a nominee of Sir John Raleigh's to the Grenville family living of Kilkhampton, in defi- ance, it would appear, of the lawful patron's rights. Sir Theobald made war at once in the best Grenville manner. At dawn on Sunday, March 24, 1347, he invaded the Manor of Bishop's Tawton with 500 followers "armed with divers kinds of weapons, offensive and defensive, after the fashion of men going to mortal war." They stormed the Manor-house, the Sanc- tuary and the Manse ; killed some of the defenders, took plunder to the value of two hundred marks (the Bishop's estimate) and otherwise "multi- pliciter perturbarunt pacem et tranquillitatem Domini nostri Regis." The Bishop's peace and tranquillity being also disturbed, he at once ex- communicated the entire army. Sir Theobald 43 then brought and won an a£Hon against Raleigh in the King's Bench; the Bishop's man appealed to Rome, with the inevitable result; the King's Bench judgement was annulled, with costs against Sir Theobald. Cheered by this, the Bishop sent the Abbot of Hartland and the Prior of Laun- ceston to Kilkhampton one fine July day to put things to rights. The Grenville army, with faces masked and painted, bows bent and arrows notched, met the Church Militant in a narrow lane and routed it shamefully; the pursuit lasted for a mile, and Sir Theobald then fortified and held Kilkhampton Church for several days. After eighteen months more of contumacy, peace was made ; from the terms we may judge how hard the Grenville had pressed his tremendous adversary. He knelt, it is true, and confessed his guilt — 44 there was no denying that — but the Bishop, in return for this preservation of his dignity, had to revoke his own institution and admit a new rector upon Sir Theobald's presentation ; Raleigh got nothing but the barren pleasure of reading aloud the Act of Submission. The significant points of the story are to me, first, that this boy of twenty-two gained his end in the teeth of all Rome; second, that to gain it he cared not what he did or suffered; and last, that it was never worth the money or the crimes it cost him. It is vain, I think, to deny that in such a family group as this, Sir Richard Grenville of the Revenge would be in every sense at home. His record is plain. In 1585, when Raleigh's first colony for Virginia set out from Plymouth in seven ships, it was Sir Richard who took command of it. 45 though he knew little of seamanship, and still less, apparently, of government. Letters from Lane, the head of the colony, to Secretary Walsingham, and dispatches from the treasurer to Raleigh him- self, set forth Grenville's "intolerable pride" and his "insatiable ambition." His behaviour to his subordinates was such that they desire to be freed from any place where he is to carry any authority in chief. But what an irresistible fighter he is! On the homeward voyage he falls in with " a Spanish ship of 300 tunne, richly loaden"; having no boats, he boards her with an improvised one, "made with boards of chests, which fell a sunder, and sunke at the shippes side as soone as ever he and his men were out of it." He reached 46 home at the end of October, and was off again in the following April, when the Justices of Cornwall report to the Council, Sir Richard having evidently neglected to do so, that, "being about to depart to sea, he has left his charge of 300 men to George Greynvil." On this voyage he sacked the Azores, took "divers Spanyardes" and performed "many other exploytes," but he reached Virginia too late to be of any service to the colony, which had already left for England. Then came the business of the Armada, in which he had at least three ships of his own engaged, though he got little chance of distinguishing himself in his station off the coast of Devon and Cornwall. His next voyage was that in the Revenge: and here again, in the one memorable action of his life, we cannot but see the working ^^^~^;.^ r>TA 'Iv^Z JV_v~" - ' - r — ,z^- + ^C52g£Z£=^ I f^ "'*? *VA«^ •^ ^— -, . — .--w- - »»• — 1 ■ ~# B^i'lteiK^ 1 A '" =£/# LiVJV ^^?^-gi''^tf* 1 **=*■*■ ^^-^g=*^^£ 47 of the peculiar character which is visible in all the rest. "This Sir Richard Greenfield was a great and a rich Gentleman in England," says a contem- porary, the Dutchman Linschoten, "and had great yearly revenewes of his owne inheritance: but he was a man very unquiet in his minde, and greatly affected to warre: in so much as of his owne private motion he offered his service to the Queene: he had performed many valiant acls, and was greatly feared in these Islands [i.e., the Azores], and knowne of every man, but of nature very severe, so that his owne people hated him for his fiercenes and spake verie hardly of him: for when they first entered into the Fleete or Armado, they had their great sayle in a readi- nesse, and might possiblie enough have sayled away: for it [i.e., the Revenge] was one of the best ships for sayle in England, and the Master perceiving that the other shippes had left them, and followed not after, commanded the great sayle to be cut, that they might make away: but Sir Richard Greenfield threatened both him, and all the rest that were in the ship, that if any man laid hand upon it, he would cause him to be hanged, and so by that occasion they were compelled to fight, and in the end were taken." Sir William Monson, another contemporary, has left behind him a similar account, first printed in 1682. "Upon view of the Spaniards, which were 55 sail, the Lord Thomas warily, and like a discreet General, weighed Anchor, and made signs to the rest of his Fleet to do the like, with a purpose to get the wind of them: but Sir Richard Grenvile, being a stubborn man, . . . would by no means be persuaded by his Master, or Company, to cut his main Sail, to follow the Admiral: nay, so headstrong and rash he was, that he offered violence to those that counselled him thereto. " Sir Walter Raleigh, Grenville'skinsman, friend and apologist, tells substantially the same story, but he endeavours to throw a different com- plexion upon it, by representing Sir Richard as being in the first instance trapped in the fulfil- ment of a duty. He declares that the Revenge "was the last waied, to recover the men that were upon the Island, which otherwise had been So lost." Unfortunately, this contention is nega- tived by the numbers of the men captured in her; and, indeed, he goes on to say that Gren- ville afterwards "utterly refused to turn from the enemy " and boasted that he would "enforce those of Sivill to give him way." Sir Richard Hawkins is more whole-hearted. "At the He of Flores, Sir Richard Greenfield got eternall honour and reputation of great valour, and of an experimented Soldier, chusing rather to sac- rifice his life, and to passe all danger whatsoever, than to fayle in his Obligation, by gathering together those which had remained ashore in that place, though with the hazard of his ship and companie: and rather we ought to imbrace wu t V. ^ g^-r 1 ^ — - L»fl'M 3fc j£p=?w: - vvV - ~'i~. an honourable death than to live with infamie and dishonour, by fayling in dutie." No man would have been quicker to lay down such a principle than Grenville, but it is clear that on this occasion he did not observe it, and to maintain that he did so would be to mistake the nature of the man. He was no quiet reso- lute victim of duty: his stubbornness was not that of faithful endurance. If the evidence we have quoted goes for anything he was then, as ever, proud, rash, headstrong and tyrannical, and he remained true to himself even in his famous dying speech, which has been garbled by every translator for 300 years. "Here die I, Richard Greenfield, with a joyfull and quiet mind, for that I have ended my life as a true soldier ought to do, that hath fought for his country, Queene, religion, and honor, whereby my soule most joyfull departeth out of this bodie, and shall alwaies leave behind it an everlasting fame of a valiant and true soldier, that hath done his dutie, as he was bound to do. ,, So it has always run; it was not until 1897 tnat Mr David Han- nay first translated and replaced the fierce con- cluding sentence :" But the others of my company have done as traitors and dogs, for which they shall be reproached all their lives and leave a shameful name for ever." That, to my ear, is the authentic voice of the Grenville. 5.? IV S this a condemnation? Is Sir Richard Grenville of the Revenge^ after three centuries of fame, to be summed up as a ferocious and domineering fire-eater, hateful to his subordinates and disobe- dient to his chief? I do not think so. It is true that we cannot look to him for an example of what a seaman should be, or what an officer should do, but he is none the less a beacon to all Englishmen, because he was a great fighter and above the fear of death. To breathe the inspira- tion of his genius, it is not necessary to tamper with the record of his charafter; we have but to look at him as he was, with open eyes, to think what we will of his faults, and then to turn once more to the story of his superb valour and his supreme achievement. Beyond question, he and all his company are among the Immortals. Heroes of old! We humbly lay The laurels on your graves again; Whatever men have done, men may — The deeds you wrought are not in vain.* HENRY NEWBOLT * Austin Dobson, A Ballad of Heroes, ss A REPORT OFTHETRVTHOF the fight about the lies of A§ores , this laft Sommer. BETWIXT THE < JReuenge > ow of her Mtieflies Shippes, zAndan lArmada of 'the Kjng ofSpainc. LONDON Printed for william Ponfonbic i i 9 i. THE LAST FIGHT r^^sm ^Miim-Sk 'SJUm ^tk/ A ^T'"* m&&& ECAUSE the rumours are diversely spread, as well in EnglandasintheLowCoun- tries and elsewhere, of this late encounter between her Majesty's ships and the Armada of Spain; and that the Spaniards, according to their usual manner, fill the world with their vain- 61 glorious vaunts, making great appearance of victories: when, on the contrary, them- selves are most commonly and shamefully beaten and dishonoured; thereby hoping to possess the ignorant multitude by antici- pating and forerunning false reports. It is agreeable with all good reason, for mani- festation of the truth, to overcome false- hood and untruth; that the beginning, continuance and success of this late hon- ourable encounter of Sir Richard Gren- ville, and other her Majesty's Captains, with the Armada of Spain, should be truly setdown and published without partiality or false imaginations. 6a And it is no marvel that the Spaniard should seek, by false and slanderous pamphlets, advices and letters, to cover their own loss, and to derogate from others their due honours, especially in this fight being performed far off; seeing they were not ashamed in the year 15 88, when they purposed the invasion of this land, to pub- lish in sundry languages in print, great victories in words, which they pleaded to have obtained against this Realm, and spread the same in a most false sort over all parts of France, Italy and elsewhere. When shortly after it was happily mani- fested in very deed to all nations, how their j 'i 111131 law 1 i 1 *v3 nim ~ *1 - Navy, which they termed invincible, con- sisting of 240 sail of ships, not only of their own kingdom, but strengthened with the greatest argosies, Portugal caracks, Flo- rentines and huge hulks of other countries, were, by thirty of her Majesty's own ships of war and a few of our own merchants, by the wise, valiantand most advantageous conduction of the Lord Charles Howard, High Admiral of England, beaten and shuffled together, even from the Lizard in Cornwall, first to Portland, where they shamefully left Don Pedro de Valdes with his mighty ship; from Portland to Calais, where they lost Hugo de Moncado with 64 the galleass of which he was captain; and from Calais, driven with squibs from their anchors, were chased out of the sight of England, round about Scotland and Ire- land. Where for the sympathy of their barbarous religion, hoping to find succour and assistance, a great part of them were crushed against the rocks, and those other that landed, being very many in number, were, notwithstanding, broken, slain and taken, and so sent from village to village coupled in halters to be shipped into Eng- land. Where Her Majesty of her princely and invincible disposition, disdaining to *s Mm a-js -\Tr3 -.««?/# it | J^iiSili V 'J/,; iW' put them to death, and scorning either to retain or entertain them, [they] were all sent back again to their countries, to witness and recount the worthy achieve- ments of their invincible and dreadful Navy. Of which the number of soldiers, the fearful burthen of their ships, the com- manders names of every squadron, with all other their magazines of provision, were put in print as an Army and Navy unre- sistible, and disdaining prevention. With all which so great and terrible an ostenta- tion, they did not in all their sailing round about England, so much as sink or take 66 one ship, barque, pinnace, or cockboat of ours: or ever burnt so much as one sheep- cote of this land. When as on the contrary, Sir Francis Drake, with only 800 soldiers, not long before, landed in their Indies, and forced Santiago, Santo Domingo, Carta- gena, and the forts of Florida. And after that, Sir John Norris marched from Penich in Portugal, with a handful of soldiers, to the gates of Lisbon, being about forty English miles, where the Earl of Essex himself and other valiant gentle- men braved the city of Lisbon, encamped at the very gates; from whence, after many days' abode, finding neither promised party, nor provision to batter: made re- treat by land, in despite of all their garri- sons, both of horse and foot. In this sort I have a little digressed from my first pur- pose, only by the necessary comparison of theirs and our actions: the one covetous of honour without vaunt or ostentation; the other so greedy to purchase the opinion of their own affairs, and by false rumours to resist the blasts of their own dishonours, as they will not only not blush to spread all manner of untruths : but even for the least advantage, be it but for the taking 63 • *^2s ^—^t r^ ^S 2 ^ 522 3lm Ht- M JML *l 'A. 1 lL. JjLj "vT^K of one poor adventurer of the English, will celebrate the vi&ory with bonfires in every town, always spending more in fag- gots, than the purchase was worth they obtained. Whereas we never yet thought it worth the consumption of two billets, when we have taken eight or ten of their Indian ships at one time, and twenty of the Brazil fleet. Such is the difference be- tween true valour, and ostentation: and between honourable a6lions,andfrivolous vainglorious vaunts. But now to return to my first purpose. 6) The Lord Thomas Howard, with six of Her Maj esty's ships, six vi&uallers of Lon- don, the barque %alegh^ and two or three pinnaces ridingatanchor near unto Flores, one of the westerly islands of the Azores, the last of August in the afternoon, had intelligence by one Captain Midleton, of the approach of the Spanish Armada. Which Midleton being in a very good sailer, had kept them company three days before, of good purpose, both to discover their forces the more, as also to give advice to my Lord Thomas of their approach. He had no sooner delivered the news but the fleet was in sight : many of our ship's com- panies were on shore in the island ; some providing ballast for their ships; others filling of water and refreshing themselves from the land with such things as they could, either for money, or by force re- cover. By reason whereof our ships being all pestered & rummaging every thing out of order, very light for want of ballast. And that which was most to our disadvantage, the one half part of the men of every ship sick, and utterly unserviceable. For in the T^eyenge there were ninety diseased; in the Tionaventure^ not so many in health as could handle her mainsail. For had not 7' twenty men been taken out of a barque of Sir George Cary's, his being commanded to be sunk, and those appointed to her, she had hardly ever recovered England. The rest for the most part, were in little better state. The names of Her Majesty's ships were these as followeth: the F)eji- ance^ which was Admiral, the Revenge Vice-Admiral, the T&onaventure com- manded by Captain Cross, the Lion by George Fenner, the Foresight by Thomas Vavasour, and the Crane by Duf- field. The Foresight and the Crane being but small ships, only the other were of the middle size; the rest, besides the barque 7" GALLEONS IN HARBOUR Ttylegh^ commanded by Captain Thin, were victuallers , and of small force or none . The Spanish fleet having shrouded their approach by reason of the island, were now so soonathand,as our ships had scarce time to weigh their anchors, but some of them were driven to let slip their cables and set sail. Sir Richard Grenville was the last weighed , to recover the men that were upon the island, which otherwise had been lost. The Lord Thomas with the rest very hardly recovered the wind, which Sir Richard Grenville not being able to do, was per- suaded by the master and others to cut his 75 main sail and cast about,and to trust to the sailingof the ship,for the squadron of Seville were on his weather bow. But Sir Richard utterly refused to turn from the enemy, alleging that he would rather choose to die, than to dishonour himself, his country, and Her Majesty's ship, persuading his company that he would pass through the two squadrons in despite of them, and en- force those of Seville to give him way. Which he performed upon divers of the foremost, who, as the mariners term it, sprang their luff, and fell under the lee of xhzl^evenge. But the other course had been the better, and might right well have been answered in so great an impossibility of pre- vailing. Notwithstanding out of the great- ness of his mind, he could not be persuaded. In the meanwhile as he attended those which were nearest him, the great San Thilip being in the wind of him, and coming towards him, becalmed his sails in such sort , as the ship could neither weigh nor feel the helm, so huge and high charged was the Spanish ship, being of a thousand and five hundred tons. Who after laid the l^evenge aboard. When he was thus bereft of his sails, the ships that were under his lee luffing up, also laid him aboard, of which 77 the next was the Admiral of the ^Biscaines^. very mighty and puissant ship commanded by Brittan Dona. The said Philip carried three tier of ordinance on a side, and eleven pieces in every tier. She shot eight forth- right out of her chase, besides those of her stern ports. After the Revenge was entangled with this Thilip) four others boarded her; two on her larboard and two on her starboard. The fight thus beginning at three of the clock in the afternoon, continued very terrible all that evening. But the great San Thilip having received the lower tier of the T$e- venge, discharged with cross-bar shot, 78 shifted herself with all diligence from her sides, utterly misliking her first entertain- ment. Some say that the ship foundered, but we cannot report it for truth, unless we were assured. The Spanish ships were filled with companies of soldiers, in some two hundred,besides the mariners ; in some five, in others eight hundred. In ours there were none at all, beside the mariners, but the servants of the commanders and some few voluntary gentlemen only. After many interchanged volleys of great ordnance and ' ' * iM l A W^-^feibJ." ' -~r~~' *-** rjjtPl^E^^w— >,— . -^^^ K^s7|u3^^^j ffill g^^ "»• -— ' * ! "~ small shot, the Spaniards deliberated to en- ter the 7$evenge y and made divers attempts, hoping to force her by the multitudes of their armed soldiers and musketeers, but were still repulsed again and again, and at all times beaten back into their own ships, or into the seas. In the beginning of the fightthe QeorgeU^oble^ of London, having received some shot through her by theeyfr- tnadas^ fell under the lee of the l^eyenge^ and asked Sir Richard what he would com- mand him, being but one of the victuallers and of small force ; Sir Richard bid him save himself, and leave him to his fortune. 80 After the fight had thus, without intermis- sion, continued while the day lasted and some hours of the night, many of our men were slain and hurt, and one of the great galleons of the Armadaand the Admiral of the Hulks both sunk, and in many other of the Spanish ships great slaughter was made. Some write that Sir Richard was very dangerously hurt almost in the begin- ning of the fight, and lay speechless for a time ere he recovered. But two of the Re- venges own company, brought home in a ship of Lime from the Islands, examined by some of the Lords and others, affirmed that he was never so wounded as that he for- sook the upper deck till an hour before midnight, and then being shot into the body with a musket as he was dressing, was again shot into the head, and withal his sur- geon wounded to death. This agrees also with an examination taken by Sir Francis Godolphin, of four other mariners of the same ship being returned, which exami- nation the said Sir Francis sent unto Mas- ter William Killigrew, of Her Majesty's Privy Chamber. But to return to the fight, the Spanish ships which attempted to board the %evenge^ as they were wounded and beaten off, so al- ways others came in their places , she having never less than two mighty galleons by her sides and aboard her. So that ere the morn- ing from three of the clock the day before, there had fifteen several Armadas assailed her, and all so ill approved their enter- tainment, as they were by the break of day, far more willing to hearken to a com- position, than hastily to make any more assaults or entries. But as the day increased so our men decreased ; and as the lightgrew more and more, by so much more grew our discomforts. For none appeared in 83 h-y| 1=^^= I* — ^jyjBj.' ' l^^gp ^B jSE:"-^ : sight but enemies, saving one small ship called the 'Pilgrim, commanded by Jacob Whiddon, who hovered all night to see the success: but in the morning bearing with the 7$evenge y vras hunted like a hare amongst many ravenous hounds, but es- caped. All the powder of the 'Revenge to the last barrel was now spent, all her pikes broken, forty of her best men slain, and the most part of the rest hurt. In the beginning of the fight she had but one hundred free from sickness, and fourscore and ten sick, laid in hold upon the ballast. A small troop LOADING THE GALLEONS to man such a ship, and a weak garrison to resist so mighty an army. By those hundred all was sustained, the volleys, boardings, and enterings of fifteen ships of war, besides those which beat her at large. On the con- trary, the Spanish were always supplied with soldiers brought from every squad- ron: all manner of arms and powder at will. Unto ours there remained no comfort at all,nohope,no supply either of ships,men, or weapons; the masts all beaten over- board, all her tackle cut asunder, her upper work altogether razed, and in effe A evened zmwm =■■■}•--- ^-- - -=»^=^=^=i== oJL *V~95wk 1 l— — lfcr| ' H ^S ^<§.- -^mm ■^-s-^l— • ^i -*_^ *»• ^^«k ^^g^,,^ ' ^n» ■■^^■fci^^^^^ _^ * _^^j^_^^ 87 she was with the water, but the very foun- dation or bottom of a ship, nothing being left overhead either for flight or defence. Sir Richard finding himself in this distress, and unable any longer to make resistance, having endured in this fifteen hours' fight, the assault of fifteen several armadas, all by turns aboard him, and by estimation eight hundred shot of great artillery, be- sides many assaults and entries. And that himself and the ship must needs be pos- sessed by the enemy, who were now all cast in a ring round about him; the r Re- venge not able to move one way or other, but as she was moved with the waves and billow of the sea: commanded the master Gunner, whom he knew to be a most reso- lute man, to split and sink the ship; that thereby nothing might remain of glory or vidory to the Spaniards : seeing in so many hours' fight, and with so great a Navy they were not able to take her, having had fif- teen hours' time, fifteen thousand men,and fifty and three sail of men-of-war to per- form it withal. And persuaded the com- pany, or as many as he could induce, to yield themselves unto God, and to the mercy of none else; but as they had like valiant resolute men, repulsed so many enemies, they should not now shorten the honour of their nation, by prolonging their own lives for a few hours, or a few days. The master Gunner readily condescended and divers others; but the Captain and the Master were of an other opinion, and be- sought Sir Richard to have care of them, alleging that the Spaniard would be as ready to entertain a composition, as they were willing to offer the same : and that there being divers sufficient and valiant men yet living, and whose wounds were not mortal, they might do their country and prince acceptable service hereafter. And (that where Sir Richard had alleged 90 that the Spaniards should never glory to have taken one ship of Her Majesty's, see- ing that they had so long and so notably defended themselves) they answered, that the ship had six foot water in hold, three shot under water which were so weakly stopped, as with the first working of the sea, she must needs sink, and was besides so crushed and bruised, as she could never be removed out of the place. And as the matter was thus in dispute, and Sir Richard refusing to hearken to any of those reasons: the master of the %evenge (while the Captain won unto him the great- mm ^gK f ^ ttU ■ % • "Hm ^wL Ik Jf^ * l= ^ Y^W^^r^rtj ' !■ ■ , { ^r - ■- . - - — ~ — : ■ =JZ* er party) was convoyed aboard the General Don Alfonso Bassan. Who, finding none over-hasty to enter the %evenge again, doubting lest Sir Richard would have blown them up and himself, and perceiv- ing by the report of the master of the %e- yenge his dangerous disposition: yielded that all their lives should be saved, the company sent for England, and the better sort to pay such reasonable ransom as their estate would bear, and in the mean season to be free from galley or imprisonment. To this he so much the rather condescen- ded as well as I have said, for fear of further *a±iSJ xs r*gf~' i^ * 3 .- ^>>r r 3T == — - ™:-k 1 b -^•l§>? jf glipgi ^C#BK3£fedr 1 * ■g3v~ » -=-.-^.*># : loss and mischief to themselves, as also for the desire he had to recover Sir Richard Grenville; whom for his notable valour he seemed greatly to honour and admire. When this answer was returned, and that safety of life was promised, the common sort being now at the end of their peril, the most drew back from Sir Richard and the master Gunner, being no hard matter to dissuade men from death to life. The master Gunner finding himself and Sir Richard thus prevented and mastered by the greater number, would have slain him- self with a sword, had he not been by force withheld and locked into his cabin. Then 93 the General sent many boats aboard the 7$eyenge y and divers of ourmen, fearing Sir Richard's disposition, stole away aboard the General and other ships. Sir Richard thusovermatched,wassentuntobyAlfonso Bassan to remove out of the Tfevenge, the ship being marvellous unsavoury, filled withbloodandbodiesofdeadandwounded men like a slaughter-house. Sir Richard answered that he might do with his body what he list, for he esteemed it not, and ashewascarriedoutoftheshipheswooned, and reviving again desired the company to pray for him. The General used Sir Richard 94 with all humanity, and left nothing unat- tempted that tended to his recovery ,highly commending his valour and worthiness, and greatly bewailed the danger wherein he was, being unto them a rare spectacle, and a resolution seldom approved, to see one ship turn toward so many enemies, to endure the charge and boarding of so many huge armadas, and to resist and repel the assaults and entries of so many soldiers. All which and more, is confirmed by a Spanish captain of the same armada, and a present adtor in the fight, who being severed from the rest in a storm, was by the Lyoii of London a small ship, taken and is now prisoner in London. The general commander of the Armada, was Don Alfonso Bassan, brother to the Marquesse of Santa Cruce. The Admiral of the Biscaine squadron was Britan Dona. Of the squadron of Seville, Marques of Arumburch. The Hulkes andFlyboats were commanded by Luis Cutino. There were slain and drowned in this fight, well near two thousand of the enemies, and two especial commanders Don Luis de THE GALLEON FAIR St John, and Don George de Prunaria de Malaga, as the Spanish Captain con- fesseth, besides divers others of special account, whereof as yet report is not made. The Admiral of the Hulks and the As- cension of Seville, were both sunk by the side of the Revenge; one other recovered the road of Saint Michael's, and sunk also there; a fourth ran herself with the shore to save her men. Sir Richard died as it is said, the second or third day aboard the General, and was by them greatly be- wailed . What became of his body, whether 99 it were buried in the sea or on the land we know not: the comfort that remaineth to his friends is, that he hath ended his life honourably in respect of the reputation won to his nation and country, and of the fame to his posterity, and that beingdead, he hath not outlived his own honour. For the rest of Her Majesty's ships that entered not so far into the fight as the Reyenge^ the reasons and causes were these. There were of them but six in all, whereof two but small ships; the Revenge engaged past recovery: The Island of Flores was on the one side, 53 sail of the Spanish, divided into squadrons on the other, all as full filled with soldiers as they could contain. Almost the one half of our men sick and not able to serve: the ships grown foul, unrummaged, and scarcely able to bear any sail for want of ballast, having been six months at the sea before. If all the rest had entered, all had been lost. For the very hugeness of the Spanish fleet, if no other violence had been offered, would have crushed them between them into shivers. Of which the dishonour and loss to the Queen had been far greater than the spoil or harm that the enemy could any way have received. Notwith- standing it is very true, that the Lord Thomas would have entered between the squadrons, but the rest would not condescend; and the master of his own ship offered to leap into the sea, rather than to conduct that Her Majesty's ship and the rest to be a prey to the enemy, where there was no hope nor possibility either of defence or victory. Which also in my opinion had ill sorted or answered the discretion and trust of a General,to commit himself and his charge to an assured destruction, without hope or any likelihood of prevailing: thereby to diminish the strength of Her Majesty's Navy, and to enrich the pride and glory of the enemy. The Foresight of the Queen, commanded by Thomas Vavasour, per- formed a very great fight, and stayed two hours as near the Revenge as the weather would permithim, not forsaking the fight, till he was like to be encompassed by the squadrons, and with great difficulty cleared himself. The rest gave divers vol- leys of shot, and entered as far as the place permitted and their own necessities, to keep the weather gauge of the enemy, until they were parted by night. i<>3 FEW days after the fight was ended, and the English prisoners dispersed into the Spanish and India ships, there arose so great a storm from the west and north-west, that all the fleet was dispersed, as well the Indian fleet which were then come unto them io 4 A CAPTURED GALLEON as the rest of the Armada that attended their arrival, of which fourteen sail to- gether with the T^evenge^ and in her 200 Spaniards, were cast away upon the Isle of S. Michael's. So it pleased them to honour the burial of that renowned ship the c B s e- venge, not suffering her to perish alone, for the great honour she achieved in her life time. On the rest of the islands there were cast away in this storm fifteen or six- teen more of the ships of war; and of a hundred and odd sail of the India fleet expected this year in Spain, what in this tempest and what before in the Bay of =&&" k ]fl ^w^S 1 — -r/'"^ ■■■^ j . * |^j^Z^ , 53i| n_ | S £flP!jtl ' .feU^^P^ "V Jw 107 Mexico, and about the Bermudas, there were seventy and odd consumed and lost, with those taken by our ships of London, besides one very rich Indian ship, which set herself on fire, being boarded by the Tilgrim^ and five other taken by Master Wats his ships of London, between the Havana and Cape S. Antonio. The 4th of this month of November we received letters from the Tercera affirming that there are 3,000 bodies of men remaining in that island, saved out of the perished ships; and that by the Spaniards own con- fession there are 1 0,000 cast away in this storm, besides those that are perished be- 108 tween the islands and the main. Thus it hath pleased God to fight for us, and to defend the justice of our cause against the ambi- tious and bloody pretences of theSpaniard, who, seeking to devour all nations, are themselves devoured. Amanifest testimony how injust and displeasing their attempts are in the sight of God, who hath pleased to witness by the success of their affairs His mislike of their bloody and injurious designs, purposed and practised against all Christian princes, over whom they seek unlawful and ungodly rule and Empery. One day or two before this wreck happen- ed to the Spanish fleet, when as some of our prisoners desired to be set on shore upon the islands, hoping to be from thence transported into England, which liberty was formerly by the General promised: One Maurice Fitz John, son of old John of Desmond a notable traitor, cousin ger- man to the late Earl of Desmond, was sent to the English from ship to ship, to per- suade them to serve the King of Spain. The arguments he used to induce them were these. The increase of pay which he promised to be trebled: advancement to the better sort: and the exercise of the true Catholic religion, and safety of their souls to all. For the first, even the beggar- ly and unnatural behaviour of those Eng- lish and Irish rebels, that served the king in that present a&ion, was sufficient to answer that first argument of rich pay. For so poor and beggarly they were, as for want of apparel they stripped their poor country men prisoners out of their ragged garments, worn to nothing by six months' service, and spared not to despoil them even of their bloody shirts, from their wounded bodies, and the very shoes from their feet ; a notable testimony of their rich entertainment and great wages. The second reason was hope of advancement if they served well and would continue faithful to the king. But what man can be so blockishly ignorant ever to expeft place or honour from a foreign king, having no argument or persuasion than his own dis- loyalty; to be unnatural to his own coun- try that bred him; to his parents that begat him, and rebellious to his true prince, to whose obedience he is bound by oath, by nature, and by religion. No, they are only assured to be employed in all desperate enterprises, to be held in scorn and dis- dain ever among those whom they serve. And that ever traitor was either trusted or advanced I could never yet read, neither can I at this time remember any example. And no man could have less become the place of an orator for such a purpose than this Maurice of Desmond. For the Earl his cousin being one of the greatest sub- jects in that kingdom of Ireland, having almost whole countries in his possession, so many goodly manors, castles and lord- ships; the Count Palatine of Kerry, 500 gentlemen of his own name and family to follow him, besides others. All which he possessed in peace for three or four "3 hundred years, was in less than three years after his adhering to the Spaniards and rebellion, beaten from all his holds, not so many as ten gentlemen of his name left living, himself taken and beheaded by a soldier of his own nation, and his land given by a Parliament to Her Majesty and possessed by the English. His other cousin Sir John of Desmond taken by Mr. John Zouch, and his body hanged over the gates of his native city to be devoured by ravens; the third brother Sir James hanged, drawn and quartered in the same place. If he had withall vaunted of this success ii* of his own house, no doubt the argument would have moved much and wrought great effed; which because he for that present forgot, I thought it good to re- member in his behalf. For matter of reli- gion it would require a particular volume if I should set down how irreligiously they cover their greedy and ambitious pretences with that veil of piety. But sure I am, that there is no kingdom or commonwealth in all Europe, but if they be reformed, they then invade it for religion sake; if it be as they term Catholic they pretend title, as if the Kings of Castile were the natural heirs of all the world; and so between both, no kingdom is unsought. Where they dare not with their own forces to invade, they basely entertain the traitors and vagabonds of all nations, seeking by those and by their runagate Jesuits to win parties, and have by that means ruined many noble houses and others in thisland,and haveextinguish- ed both their lives and families. What good, honour or fortune ever man yet by them achieved is yet unheard of or unwritten. And if our English Papists do but look into Portugal, against whom they have no pretence of religion, how the nobility are put to death, imprisoned, their rich men made a prey, and all sorts of people 116 captived , they shall find that the obedience even of the Turk is easy and a liberty, in re- sped of the slavery and tyranny of Spain. What they have done in Sicily, in Naples, Milan and in the Low Countries; who hath there been spared for religion at all? And it cometh to my remembrance of a certain burgher of Antwerp, whose house being entered by a company of Spanish soldiers, when they first sacked the city, he be- sought them to spare him and his goods, being a good Catholic and one of their own party and faction. The Spaniards an- ~~ " jj V TDBvc Pi|{ '^r c ^ s ^ : ^rm rf vN^^^^ >Jmt£* 3^^_ jS(K§5 JL, Srci*@sil ffiSgffgs, 3B8 ^ter^K- 5 "^^— £-g>s==g swered that they knew him to be of a good conscience for himself, but his money, plate, jewels and goods were all hereti- cal, and therefore good prize. So they abused and tormented the foolish Flem- ing, who hoped that an <Agnus Dei had been a sufficient target against all force of that holy and charitable nation. Neither have they at any time as they protest in- vaded the kingdoms of the Indies and Peru, and elsewhere, but only led there- unto, rather, to reduce the people to Christianity, than for either gold or em- pery. When as in one only island called Hispaniola, they have wasted thirty hun- dred thousand of the natural people, be- sides many millions else in other places of the Indies: a poor and harmless people created of God, and might have been won to His knowledge, as many of them were, and almost as many as ever were per- suaded thereunto. The story whereof is at large written by a Bishop of their own nation called Bartholome de las Casas, and translated into English and many other languages, entitled The Spanish Cruelties. Who would therefore repose trust in such a nation of ravenous strangers, ii 9 and especially in those Spaniards which more greedily thirst after English blood, than after the lives of any other people of Europe; for the many overthrows and dishonours they have received at our hands, whose weakness we have dis- covered to the world, and whose forces at home, abroad, in Europe, in India, by sea and land, we have even with hand- fuls of men and ships, overthrown and dishonoured. Let not therefore any Eng- lishman of what religion soever, have other opinion of the Spaniards, but that those whom he seeketh to win of our nation, he esteemeth base and traitorous, un- worthy persons, or unconstant fools: and that he useth his pretence of religion for no other purpose but to bewitch us from the obedience of our natural prince; there- by hoping in time to bring us to slavery and subjedion, and then none shall be unto them so odious, and disdained as the traitors themselves, who have sold their country to a stranger, and forsaken their faith and obedience contrary to na- ture or religion; and contrary to that human and general honour, not only of Christians, but of heathen and irreligious r^s^ — — £f~ * • «T >< t WvJTTv 1 '.^3 HC!|, ~fc> K\i*\ r9!^B^4^ ■ p* . ^=jjg|u»v jfr^ \gJi iy -* / [11 . T x— ^ffi^^-^SiBj ty f fit" _^' i »jrqff nations, who have always sustained what labour soever, and embraced even death itself, for their country, prince or com- monwealth. To conclude, it hath ever to this day pleased God to prosper and de- fend her Majesty, to break the purposes of malicious enemies, of foresworn traitors, and of unjust pra&ices and invasions. She hath ever been honoured of the worthiest Kings, served by faithful subje&s, and shall by the favour of God, resist, repel, and confound all whatsoever attempts against her sacred person or kingdom. In the meantime, let the Spaniard and traitor vaunt of their success; and we her true and obedient vassals guided by the shining light of her virtues, shall al- ways love her, serve her, and obey her to the end of our lives. FINIS A PARTICULAR NOTE OF THE INDIAN FLEET, EXPECTED TO HAVE COME INTO SPAIN THIS PRESENT YEAR OF 1591, WITH THE NUMBER OF SHIPS THAT PERISHED OF THE SAME; AC- CORDING TO THE EXAMINA- TION OF CERTAIN SPANIARDS, LATELY TAKEN AND BROUGHT INTO ENGLAND BY THE SHIPS OF LONDON "3 HE fleet of Nova Hispania, at their first gathering to- gether and setting forth, were 5 2 sails. The Admiral was of 600 tons, and the Vice- Admiral of the same burden. Four or five of the ships were of 900 and 1000 tons a piece, some 500 and 400, and the least of 2 00 tons. Of this fleet 1 9 were cast away, and in them 2600 men by estima- tion, which was done along the coast of Nova Hispania, so that of the same fleet, there came to the Havana, but three and thirty sails. The fleet of Terra Firma, were at their first departure from Spain, 50 sails, which were bound for Nombre de Dios, where they did discharge their lading, and thence returned to Cartagena, for their healths sake, until the time the treasure was ready they should take in, at the said Nombre de Dios. But before this fleet departed, some were gone by one or two at a time, W0& == -—^^—*&rf:fjfli\ ' " HfS mm WSiiPlli 1 !|AlU< j* r' --'-^^vV- -J fi^^M.-A^^^m \ vj* *»■■ ^z -t^F*: -i'm>»^ ......**'" fi] '? - r - ■■'-- - - -.J;V*r- ^ " Jl -v Zy^' '"^'.^ il,/ft so that only 2 3 sails of this fleet arrived in the Havana. ( 33 sails of Nova Hispania. At the Hava- J 23 sails of Terra Firma. na there met J 12 sails of San Domingo. \ 9 sails of Hunduras. In the whole 77 ships, which joined and set sail together, at the Havana, the 1 7 th of July, according to our account, and kept together until they came into the height of 3 5 degrees, which was about the tenth of August, where they found the wind at south west, changed suddenly to the north, so that the sea coming out of the south "7 west, and the wind very violent at north, they were put all into great extremity, and then first lost the General of their fleet, with 500 men in her; and within three or four days after another storm rising, there were five or six other of the biggest ships cast away with all their men, together with their Vice- Admiral. And in the height of 4 8 degrees about the end of August, grew another great storm, in which all the fleet saving 48 sails were cast away: which 48 sails kept together, until they came in sight of the Islands of Coruo and Flores, about the 5 th or 6th of 128 September, at which time a great storm separated them; of which number 1 5 or 1 6 were after seen by these Spaniards to ride at anchor under the Tercera; and twelve or fourteen more to bear with the Island of S. Michael's ; what became of them after that these Spaniards were taken, cannot yet be certified; their opinion is, that very few of the fleet are escaped, but are either drowned or taken. And it is otherwise of late certified, that of this whole fleet that should have come into Spain this year, being 123 sail, there are as yet arrived but 2 5 . This note was taken out of the exam- ination of certain Spaniards, that were brought into England by six of the ships of London, which took seven of the above named Indian fleet, near the Islands of Azores. FINIS Letchivortb : At the Ar den Press.


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Research Frontiers recently announced it will be creating a number of American manufacturing jobs without spending a dime.
The Woodbury-based developer of SPD-SmartGlass technology – glass that can manually alter the amount of light and heat that passes through it – announced its licensee Vision Systems will be expanding its factory in France while building another factory in the United States.
The French factory will add a production facility dedicated to the manufacturing of SPD-Smart Nuance and Noctis aerospace and transportation windows and cabin dividers. The American factory will focus on manufacturing the same products.[dmc-related-post-wp numitems="3" title="Also read"]
Over the past year, Bombardier Aerospace, HondaJet and other original equipment manufacturers have showcased Vision Systems' SPD-Smart aerospace and transportation products at trade shows. Vision Systems officials said the new factories will be needed to keep up with demand for the Research Frontiers-developed technology.
A spokesman for Research Frontiers said Vision Systems had not yet announced where it will be building its new American factory or how many employees it will employ, but that production of the SPD-Smart products at the new American facility will begin sometime in 2013.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
New York, NY, US
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNER with extensive experience in all project development phases, from program definition through completion of construction. Extensive background in production of construction documents by coordinating the efforts of engineering consultants as well as government agencies. Knowledgeable in sustainable design techniques, zoning and construction codes. Possessing a comprehension of the technical skills necessary to produce high-end media deliverables coupled with a creative perspective, and proven management of resources and time.
SHENKER ARCHITECTS, Brooklyn, Junior Architect
Obtaining field measurements and verifying conditions for renovations to existing construction
Preparing schematic designs, permit sets and construction documents for variety of residential and
commercial projects ranging from 1,000 to 10,000 sq.ft.
Implementing high quality digital modeling and renderings into office for more visualized presentations
Analyzing building codes and zoning requirements to determine their effects on architectural designs
Developing space planning concepts and creative interior design solutions
Projects include: private homes up to 10,000 sq.ft., conversion of the existing office building into the entertainment center, high end renovation and enlargement of the existing medical building, conversion of two adjacent apartments into one residential unit, interior remodeling of the individual family units for private owners.
AIA Brooklyn, Part-time Event Coordinator
Planned and coordinated annual events such as holiday dinner parties, fundraisers and formal awards
galas for Brooklyn chapter of American Institute of Architects
Collaborated in development of budget and venue selections, supervised vendors and entertainers in the delivery of product and service excellence
Carried out routine website maintenance by updating content and graphics, maintaining links and monitoring performance
New York City College of Technology, Brooklyn, Part-Time Administrative Assistant
Assisted manager with day to day operations in College Counseling and Student Support Services
Provided guidance to over a hundred students weekly
Coordinated correspondence between multiple departments in a fast-paced, demanding work environment
New York City College of Technology, Brooklyn, NY, Bachelors, Bachelor of Architectural Technology
Dean's List ( GPA: 3.7), Other
Member, Chi Alpha Epsilon National Honor Society, Other
Recipient, NYC Merit Scholarship Award for Academic Excellence, Other
Recipient, Academic Competitiveness Grant (ACG Grant), Other


text:
- Forum >
- Electrical & Lighting >
- Bonding supplemental ground
Bonding supplemental ground
I replaced all the galvanized pipe with copper, and at that time I rerouted the water line ground (then only a few feet away from the panel) and bonded it to pipe on the street side of the water meter.
I have an older meter (aluminum wires from the street, copper service entry to the panel) with no grounding lugs. Given this situation, is it wrong to run a supplemental ground from the neutral bus through conduit and out to a ground rod?
[This message has been edited by gtillotson (edited April 14, 2003).]
Was it inspected at the time of the panel swap?
They will be no harm in supplemental grounds but having an untrained person running ground wires into a live main panel is cause for concern.
Consider the following work (I have a Square-D panel with a big bonding bolt, which was screwed down tight when the panel was installed): I pound in a ground rod and run conduit from the panel out the back of the house and down to a copper strap with an acorn nut. I then shut off the main and run a 6G solid bare ground wire (for 100A service) from the acorn nut to the neutral bus. I turn the main back on.
If there are dangers here that I don't know about, let me know and I will back off. If, however, the connection process is similar to adding a new circuit, then I have the skill. I've overhauled the old wiring and distributed the load from 6 breakers to 14 over the past year.
[This message has been edited by gtillotson (edited April 15, 2003).]
Flagstone patio and paths, crushed granite
Pool Lighting Question
Tips For Taking Care Of Your Skin
Looking for Replacement Tile
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Cork City FC will play English Championship side Burnley at Turner's Cross on Monday, 15th July with a kick-off time of 7.00 pm.
Burnley currently have ex-City player Kevin Long in their squad, and the central defender has made 13 league appearances for the Clarets since making his debut in December.
Ticket details for the game will be announced shortly. Cork City are currently 8th in the League of Ireland Premier Division. Burnley are 16th in the English Championship.
Gareth Penrose is the Owner of Extratime.ie. You can contact him at email@example.com or on twitter at @garethpenrose
More articles from Gareth Penrose
2014 Airtricity League Close Season Transfer List
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Question of the Day: Did I have you at "hello?"
Did I have you at "hello?"
Paul Cavalconte here, beginning a Thanksgiving week residency for Corny O.
Question Of The Day salutes the little-known but beloved World Hello Day. Google it, it's real. And your 'hello" song choices are welcome here:
The 2014 WFUV Feastival
It's been a big year of live music on FUV, with our first-ever live coverage of the Clearwater Festival and a return to Celebrate Brooklyn for three exclusive broadcasts. Add those festivals to an already long list of FUV Live events, including SXSW, Newport Folk Festival, CMJ and shows at venues around New York City, and it's no wonder our WFUV Feastival tradition can't be contained to just Thanksgiving Day.
The Wytches - FUV Live - 2014
When Kristian Bell tested his microphone before our interview he said, "We have assumed control!" Evidently this is his preferred phrase for checking levels because he applauded me as the first person to recognize that he was referencing the Rush album 2112.
The FUV Mixtape Serving Size: One Hour of Requests.
The all-request FUV Mixtape playlist for Thursday, November 20, 2014
Question of the Day: Cigarettes in Song
Today is the Great American Smokeout - a day to encourage you, if you smoke, to quit. Use it as your excuse to quit for today. We're using it as an excuse to play your favorite songs that mention smoking and cigarettes. List them below and we'll spin a set after 9am.
Here's what we played:"
"Cigarette" - The Smithereens
"Cigarette and Chocolate Milk" - Rufus Wainwright


text:
Seven Aurora residents each face a laundry list of drug and related charges after Indiana State Police carried out a search warrant at a Stoney Lonesome Road home Tuesday.
Local News
Seven Arrested For Drugs At Aurora Area Home
Ind. AG To Host Local Workshop On Fraud, Scams
Dearborn County residents – especially senior citizens – are invited to attend a fraud prevention workshop hosted by Indiana Attorney General Greg Zoeller's office on Oct. 22.
Gov. Burns Mortgages, Brags 50% Debt Reduction
Mortgages on ten State of Indiana facilities are now paid off, reducing the state's debt by more the half.
Pence Safe, Gregg On Offensive In 2nd Debate
Republican Mike Pence's plan to promote married families drew criticism from Democrat John Gregg during Wednesday night's gubernatorial debate in South Bend.
Vatican Selects New Archbishop of Indianapolis
Pope Benedict XVI has named a new archbishop for the Archdiocese of Indianapolis, which serves catholic churches in southeast Indiana.
Council Taking Mayor To Court Over Raises
The division among Lawrenceburg City Council and Mayor Dennis Carr appears to be widening with the recent filing of a lawsuit alleging the mayor is mistaken over who has the final say on raises for city employees.
Eagle 99.3 Live Dearborn Co. Debates Oct. 23
Tune in Tuesday, October 23 at 7:00 p.m. to hear the live broadcast of the Eagle 99.3 and Dearborn County Chamber of Commerce Debates. Candidates for judge, county commissioner, and other Dearborn County offices are invited to participate.
Child Beating Suspect Now In Jail
A man who allegedly injured a 23-month-old child was booked into the Dearborn County Law Enforcement Center early Wednesday morning.
Progress At New Ivy Tech Batesville Campus
Ivy Tech Community College's progress, both in fund-raising and in renovations to the recently-purchased Batesville Forethought Building, is on schedule, according to Chancellor Jim Helms.
Southwest, Three Rivers More Than Excellent
Both Southwest Local Schools and Three Rivers Local Schools have been rated "Excellent with Distinction" by the Ohio Department of Education, according to preliminary data released Wednesday.


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The PAC JF-17 Thunder ( Urdu : جے ایف-١٧ گرج), or CAC FC-1 Xiaolong ( Fierce Dragon ; Chinese : 枭龙; pinyin : Xiāo Lóng ), is a lightweight, single-engine, multi-role
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TWO British jihadis are believed to be among the killing squad responsible for the latest brutal Islamic State (IS) beheadings, it has emerged.link to video watch from 7.40 onwards http://nieuws.
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Novorossiya Heroes
like Scots voted to break up with that pig farm(UK) like Catalonia votes for independence from Spain like Palestinians fight for their country( recognized by UN }and their childrens future with isra
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Supreme Court 'a confused lot,' says lawyer
More News from Jerome Aning
The Supreme Court cannot issue a temporary restraining order (TRO) or a status quo ante order (SQAO) to remove the restrictions imposed by the Commission on Elections (Comelec) regarding airtime limits for campaign ads by candidates in next month's polls, a lawyer said on Friday.
Romulo Macalintal said the Supreme Court "seems to be a confused lot" when it issued a TRO on the airtime limits and directed the Comelec to use its 2010 rules on broadcast limits.
The Court's public information officer, lawyer Theodore Te, earlier said the justices issued an SQAO but later issued a correction, stating it was a TRO that was issued.
Separate set
"The rule is very clear that for every election period, a separate set of resolution has to be issued by the Comelec to implement a particular provision of the election law sought to be enforced," Macalintal said.
The airtime limits—120 minutes for TV and 180 minutes for radio for national candidates, and 60 minutes TV and 80 minutes radio for local candidates—are contained in Section 6 of Republic Act No. 9006 or the Fair Election Act of 2001. Macalintal said the law provides that its provisions are to be implemented by the Comelec by issuing the corresponding rules and regulations.
For the 2010 elections, Comelec issued Resolution No. 8758 specifically "in relation to the May 10, 2010 elections for national and local elections" to implement RA 9006. For 2013, Resolution No. 9615 was issued by the Comelec "in relation to the May 13, 2013, national, local and Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao."
Resolution 8758 interpreted the airtime limits as "per television and radio station" but Resolution 9615 said the time limits are "aggregate." Media companies and candidates complained about the Resolution 9615 before the Supreme Court.
Macalintal said that in imposing a TRO on Resolution 9615, the Court cannot say that Resolution 8758 should to be observed.
"Resolution 9615 is clearly separate and distinct from the aforesaid Resolution No. 8758, which was specifically designed and applicable to activities in the 2010 elections.
Macalintal warned that candidates who might avail of the TRO and use more time to air their political ads in excess of that set by the Comelec may find themselves in trouble should the Court later decide in favor of the Comelec position.
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Staff Report
Results reported by area golf leagues.
Results of the Stableford tournament June 20 at Crow Creek. The winners with a score of +26.5 were Bill McDavit, Bob Smith, Bob Brownley and Tom Quick. Second place were Jim Ritter, John Beairsto, Ed Nocella and Paul Michal 9+21.5). Low rounds: Gary Gutheil, 87; Vern Fisher, 88; Dan O'Connell 89. Net: Beairsto and Quick, 62; Smith, 64; O'Connell, 65; Ritter, 66. Quick was the most over his points, at +11, and he is golfer of the week.
Defensive lineman Brandon Rankin had three tackles in the Tri-Cities Fever's 47-33 victory against the Colorado Ice in an Indoor Football League game June 14. Rankin, a West Brunswick graduate, assisted on a sack for a 2-yard loss.
The Fever, based in Kennewick, Wash., finished the season 8-6 and third in the four-team Intense Conference. The Fever began the season 1-5 but won seven of its last eight games.
For the year, Rankin (6-foot-4, 270 pounds) averaged 5.5 sacks per game, 10th best in the league.
Until last month, I had never heard of footgolf, a new game that combines golf and soccer.
What? Is that possible? Why would anyone want to combine golf and soccer?
For a million good reasons, and now footgolf has come to Brunswick County. The first nine holes of Meadowlands will open on July 12 as an accredited 18-hole FootGolf Course.
SHALLOTTE POINT—Last minute meant first place.
But not without all the hurrying hassle and frantic worry of meeting deadline.
When Larry Lefler caught his whopping 10.29-pound flounder, he knew it had a great chance of winning the 31st annual Sudan Daredevils Flounder Tournament.
But it was 3:30 Saturday afternoon, the fishing tournament ended at 5 p.m., and it was quite a haul by boat from the Lockwood Folly River to the official weigh-in at what used to be Tripp's Marina just past the Shallotte River.
These are summaries sent to the Beacon by area golf leagues.
Brierwood MGA
Results of points June 2. In first place with 90 points were Gary McDaniel, Bob Janovic, Dennis Shea and Al Bloom. In second place with 87 points were Larry Boyer, Dave Harper and Chuck Hornfeck.
Brierwood WGA
Golf is an intimidating game. It's played outside in all kinds of weather on natural terrain. There are tees and greens and fairways with obstacles like sand traps and ponds, creeks, rivers, trees, shrubs and deep grass.
In baseball and tennis, you have a single bat or racquet. In golf you have a bag full of 14 clubs with different names and uses: irons, woods, hybrids, rescue clubs, wedges and a putter.
It has been a typical spring season for the Brunswick islands. The winter cold overlapped well into our spring season, stunning the migration and growth of bait. It has been harder than usual to find finger mullet, shrimp and menhaden. These are all staple food sources for our flounder when they start to travel from the ocean into our backwater looking for an easy meal.
Chad McCumbee and Stevan McAleer finished 20th June 7 in the Grand Prix of Kansas at Kansas Speedway.
The race was the fifth this season in the Continental Tire SportsCar Challenge series. The International Motor Sports Association sanctions the series.
McCumbee and McAleer started 19th in the 30-car Street Tuner field. During the race on the 2.37-mile track, they had to make three pit stops, which kept them sidelined for 13 minutes, 52 seconds. They finished 13 laps behind the winning team.
The Houston Astros selected Jay Gause in the 10th round, the 286th pick overall, in the Major League Baseball draft June 6.
Gause, a West Brunswick High School graduate, was the seventh pitcher selected by the Astros through 10 rounds.
Gause, 22, is a 6-foot-4, 250-pound right-handed junior pitcher for Faulkner University in Montgomery, Alabama. In 2014, Gause was 4-3 with a 2.17 earned-run average. In 58 innings, he gave up 28 hits, struck out 83 and walked 24. Opposing batters hit .139 against him.
Copyright © 2014
The Brunswick Beacon is your source for local news, sports, events and information in Brunswick County, North Carolina and surrounding areas.


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CATS boss gives SouthPark update on transit
While Charlotte Area Transit System infrastructure is growing outside of south Charlotte with the expansion of the city's Light Rail Blue Line toward Concord, CATS CEO Carolyn Flowers reminded local… Read more
Ballantyne learns about village, park developments
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Giving hope to all dogs
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2014 will be busy in Ballantyne
This weekend's Ballantyne Breakfast Club meeting will paint a picture of what Ballantyne residents can expect to see in terms of economic development in the area in 2014. Like the… Read more
Property tax reval work continues locally
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Second wave of road construction coming soon
Officials with Ballantyne's Bissell Companies are preparing to start work on the next group of road projects aimed at improving congestion and adding pedestrian and bicyclist safety enhancements around the… Read more
Ballantyne Festival starts gearing up early
Leaders of the annual Ballantyne Festival are looking to hire an event planner to help turn this year's affair into an even bigger spectacle than years past. The festival has… Read more
Parents, students to learn more about CMS magnet options
It's a new year – and that means another chance for students looking to explore new program options in Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools to enter the district's first lottery. The annual CMS… Read more
Second Harvest gets new ride
The Second Harvest Food Bank of Metrolina recently received a new set of wheels from Bissell Companies, filled with more than 350 turkeys. The Ford E250 Cargo Van and turkeys… Read more
Children, elderly get donations, gifts for holiday
A local business gave children and senior citizens the Christmas they wished for this year through employee donations. The Babcock & Wilcox Company, located in the Ballantyne Corporate Park, donated… Read more