text:
A packing particularly for marine cargo tank lids has a resilient core, a fibrous body enclosing the core, a protective outer layer preferably of PTFE, and an inpervious layer between the body and the core and/or between the body and the outer layer. At least the body is of a weldable thermoplastic material so that the packing can be formed into a closed loop by welding the ends of a length of packing.
1. A resilient packing comprising a resilient core providing complete recovery after compression, a body of weldable fibrous material enclosing the core, a physically protective outer layer, and a layer of substantially impervious material between the body and the outer layer.
2. A packing as claimed in claim 1 in which the protective outer layer is a protective coating.
3. A packing as claimed in claim 1 in which the protective outer layer is a braid.
4. A packing as claimed in claim 3, wherein at least one layer of said substantially impervious material is selected from flexible sheet, film, and tape, and is provided between the body and the outer braid.
5. A packing as claimed in claim 4, wherein said at least one layer of substantially impervious material consists of PTFE.
6. A packing as claimed in claim 3, 4 or 5, wherein the braid consists of PTFE, polypropylene or asbestos.
7. A packing as claimed in claim 1 wherein the core has an outer covering of impervious material selected from flexible sheet, film and tape between it and the fibrous body of the packing.
8. A packing as claimed in claim 7, wherein said outer covering consists of PTFE.
9. A packing as claimed in claim 1, 4, or 7 wherein the core is composed of rubber.
10. A packing as claimed in claim 1, 4, or 7 wherein the body consists of thermoplastic fibre or yarn.
11. A packing as claimed in claim 1, 4, or 7 wherein the form of an endless loop is made by welding together the thermoplastic material of the packing at the ends of a length of the packing.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to packings and has particular but not exclusive reference to packings for use between the lid and body of a tank, for sealing the lid.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The packings in use at present for sealing the lids of tanks used to contain solvents and other liquid chemicals, e.g. on board ships, are in general made from plaited asbestos yarn impregnated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Although these are resistant to most of the chemicals normally encountered, for example, in industrial or marine applications, the packings rapidly acquire a set and consequently leakage can occur after a lid (for example, a ship's cargo tank cover) has been opened and closed several times during service. Such packings are manufactured in a continuous length and are cut to the required length of the lid before being fitted. This means that leakage can also occur at the joint, particularly if this is not accurately cut or if shrinkage occurs during service thereby allowing the joint to open.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a packing, which can form an endless seal, and which is resilient so that it will fully recover its initial shape when sealing pressure is released, and will not acquire a permanent set.
According to the invention, there is provided a resilient packing comprising a resilient core, a body of fibrous material enclosing the core, a physically protective outer layer, and a layer of substantially impervious material between the body and at least one of the outer layer and the core.
Preferably, at least one layer of substantially impervious flexible sheet, film, tape or the like is provided between the body and the outer braid.
The core may, for example, be made from a rubber. The core may have an outer covering of impervious flexible sheet, film tape or the like between it and the fibrous body of the packing.
The drawing accompanying this specification shows, by way of example only, a cross section of a preferred form of packing embodying the invention.
The illustrated packing has a resilient chemically resistant rubber core 1, which may for example, be a hollow rubber extrusion as illustrated, soft solid rubber, or sponge rubber. The core constitutes a resilient internal cushion.
The core is wrapped with PTFE tape 2 to protect the core against any chemicals which may penetrate the outer regions of the packing.
Enclosing the wrapped core is a body 3, for example of braided or plaited chemically resistant fibrous material, for example, polypropylene or other synthetic fiber or yarn.
The body has a wrapping of spirally or longitudinally arranged tape 4 in one or more layers, made of PTFE or other chemically resistant material, to give protection against attack or contamination by chemicals contained in a vessel or container to which the packing is to be applied. The packing, and in particular the outer tape layer, is protected from physical damage, by a fine outer braid 5 of mechanically and chemically resistant yarn, for example, PTFE, polypropylene or asbestos.
The packing described is resistant to commonly encountered chemicals and will not become soft when contacted thereby. Conversely it will not contaminate liquid chemicals commonly encountered, for example, in tankers and bulk cargo vessels. It can be used with acids, alkalis, oils, solvents, general chemicals, and edible products.
For service which is known to be less arduous, simpler forms of packing can be used. The outer tape wrapping 4 and braid 5 can be omitted and the exterior of the packing can be covered with a vulcanised synthetic rubber or similar protective coating. Alternatively, in some cases the inner tape wrapping 2 may be omitted.
The cross sectional shape of the packing can be square, rectangular, circular or any other shape required for a particular application.
In use, the packing will in general form a closed loop fitted into a groove of a lid or cover, or a groove surrounding an opening of a container to be closed by a lid or cover.
To form a closed loop, the cut ends of the packing can be welded together, for example, by placing the end faces of the packing on a hot plate or other suitable heating device at a temperature to melt the thermoplastic constituents of the packing, for example, the synthetic fibre of the body, and forcing the end faces together to form a weld. To protect the weld region, the outside of the packing can be wrapped with a layer of PTFE tape which in turn is protected by a winding of PTFE yarn.
The welding of the packing to form a closed loop can be carried out on site, or packings can be supplied ready welded by the manufacturer or supplier. The length of the loop is preferably slightly greater than that of the groove into which it is to be fitted, so that the packing is fitted under longitudinal compression.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
Original Image


text:
"Time keeps on slippin', slippin', slippin' into the future." Those lyrics of an old Steve Miller song seem to say it all. The holidays are sneaking up quickly and I always manage to let myself get behind this time of year. How about you? Well this reminder will help keep you on track. Paper Passionista has some great options for you if holiday cards are on your "to-do" list. Or maybe they're not even there, but it'd be a nice thing to do. We can help. And through this Friday several of our design partners are offering some special discounts to encourage you to think ahead.
Did you get married this year or have a new baby? Why not let your friends see photos of your special memories by ordering a beautiful personalized holiday card.
Last time the San Francisco Giants won the World Series one of our clients (who happened to be a team owner!) ordered cards with them holding the World Series trophy!
The sky's the limit to what you could feature on your card. Maybe your wedding isn't until next year and you want to send a holiday greeting doubling as your Save the Date. We can do that!
If a photo card isn't in your dreams, how about a nice card to send to your client list just to let them know how grateful you are for their loyalty and patronage? In this world of electronic everything my clients who do order real live "snail mail" greetings tell me they get contacted by their clients directly to express gratitude for actually sticking with tradition and taking the time to send a real card.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Introducing myself and my journal
About Me:
I am an agri-economist by training dealing with Africa development issues and specializing in Food security for development. I am heading the Sustainable agriculture division of YPA Development NGO in Benin
My Passions:
My Challenges:
Promotion of Family farming in Africa, Rural Youth Employment
My Areas of Expertise:
Food security for Development, Family Farming, Agricultural & Rural Exodus
Welcome to World Pulse
Dear ArDjomakon,
Welcome to the community. You are now part of a thriving network of grass roots women leaders and supporters from more than 190 countries. See the Getting Started Guide to learn more about networking in our community: http://www.worldpulse.com/pulsewire/about/guide
I encourage you to participate in the Women weave the web campaign.I would also encourage you to post stories in your journal so that we can get to know more about you and your community as well as your challenges and also encourage you to reach out to as many people on this great platform.
I look forward to hearing your voice in the community. Please feel free to ask any questions in case you need help with the platform.
In friendship,
Mrs. Anita Kiddu Muhanguzi
Head of Legal and Advocacy
Centre for Batwa Minorities
Skype: mrs_muhanguzi
Hello and welcome,
Hello and welcome, ArDjomakon.
I applaud your efforts at sustainable agriculture. I lived in the Appalachian mountains of rural Tennessee, USA for several years, learning first-hand how difficult family farming can be. I wrote and published a couple of books on those adventures.
We are happy to have you here in our worldwide network of empowerment through education.
I look forward to hearing more of your voice in WorldPulse.


text:
Posts by PaulR79
570 posts • joined 21 Aug 2009
Google Glass: Would you pay a mere $299 to plop one on your brow?
Re: Glassholes
I'd like to think that someone so obnoxious would already make you avoid them long before the public can get their hands on Glass.
Glasses wearing user app
How about an app that takes the video feed from the camera and, taking into account a person's prescription, adjusts it so that they only appear to be wearing Google Glass? That way they get an enhanced display that also corrects vision. This would require a version that can overlay a full view instead of the small menu the current Glass uses but I know I'd be willing to pay for such a thing and it would be a very legitimate use. No video would be stored locally as it would just be fed to the display like a graphics card to a monitor. Perhaps I'm looking to a future version due to resolution and capabilities along with battery life implications but it would appeal to me more than it puts me off for privacy issues. Why? I'd be in control of when I wear it just as I am with glasses.
Despite Microsoft Surface RT debacle, second-gen model in the works
Tegra 3 was awesome... really..
Seeing how poorly the Tegra 3 chip performed compared to the Qualcomm S4 and more so the S4 Pro I wonder how many will believe any of the Tegra 4 spiel. I own an HTC One X which comes stuck with the Tegra 3 and while it may be decent for gaming the idea behind it never held much weight. The low powered core never seemed to do much of the low powered stuff despite that being its purpose for existing and the four main cores were only as powerful as a dual-core S4 device.
What a match made in hell this is for RT. First you have the underperforming, app lacking RT and then you couple it with an already aging chipset in Tegra 3 that can't perform as well as it was supposed to, ever. How can you rectify that? I know! Let's use...... Tegra 4 for more of the same but at least we can add Outlook now!
It's terrifying that people in such high powered jobs believe this to the point they'll risk a repeat of an almost $1 billion loss without learning anything.
BlackBerry slides crown jewels into Samsung: BBM Android app touted
Samsung and only Africa?
How long before the apk is uploaded and made available online for others and the BBM service falls over from "unprecedented demand" or something similar? I'll give it a day or two, a week tops.
How did Microsoft get to be a $1.2bn phone player? Hint: NOT Windows Phone
MS failing themselves but also partners
The more they drag their feet with updates and new features the harder it gets for companies like Nokia, HTC, Samsung etc to get any value and sales from WinPho. I own an HTC 8X and it's a great phone but I've not seen a single update that added anything worthwhile. Looking at the Nokia Lumia 1020 I would really love to own that phone too but there is no point. The camera is very, very impressive but the OS is still the same stagnating mess it was when they launched it to much..... er..... moderate fanfare last year.
MS are still trying to run WinPho the same as they do other products like Windows and XBox with a few releases over a long period of time but that won't work here as their competitors are moving at a far faster pace. MS aren't just behind they're being left further and further behind all the time. When is the next WinPho update, does anybody know? Does anyone have any clue what will be included apart from a few tweaks and bug fixes? It's hard to care about something when the people behind it don't seem to give a shit.
Lots of early adopters got burned with WP7 devices and any that took a gamble by going to WP8 after that are probably thinking they made a huge mistake. MS need to wake up and either push WP8 hard or just can it. Any other course of action is just, to be blunt, fucking around with anyone that tries to support it.
So, who here LURVES Windows Phone? Put your hands up, Brits
MS in no rush.... only hurting themselves
It still puzzles me why they bothered pushing out WInPho 8 when they haven't bothered to do any big marketing or push out updates and / or any kind of improvements to it. There are a few main areas they need to improve on vastly (music player, multitasking, keyboard to name 3) and a lot of small tweaks they could make. Unfortunately anyone that owns a WP handset has no idea when or if these will be worked on.
It feels like MS have adopted the old Nokia stance on updates where you never knew if your phone was getting an update and even if you did have an update available it rarely did anything you would care about. It also feels like MS are treating WP in general as some big experiment to see just how little effort they can put into something without it blowing up massively in their faces. It's very frustrating to see especially when WP is rather good in general use.
Kids LIE about age on Facebook, gasps Brit ad watchdog
"free content ad network"
I still read that as "content free ad network", anyone else?
Verizon offers Motorola mobe with 48-HOUR battery life
Gimmick ahoy!
"a feature that lets you easily take photos by shaking the camera and then touching anywhere on the screen."
I would not refer to that as a feature or something that allows me to easily take a photo. Shaking the camera (phone) then touching the screen is more likely to see people dropping it.
Google teases hush-hush Android event on July 24
Oh Google you shouldn't have..
A birthday treat for me? Why thank you, Google.
Tweet like escaping Hell depends on it, Twitter Catholics told
Re: Haha ha ha
" * I'm guessing the word eduction will be in the answer "
I'm guessing you meant education.
Pure boffinry: We peek inside Nokia's miracle cameraphone
Re: Smacks of self congratulations
I'm with JDX on this. If it was sponsored it would be talking about the beauty of the phone, the magical screen and the roundness of the corners. Instead it talks about the technology behind the camera and how it required years of work to bring it all together without compromising on anything. I understand being jaded by years of small boosts to tech. and mistaking the genuinely pleasant surprise the author expresses but sponsored? No.
Give it to me!
I'm first and foremost a fan of technology and real innovation like this but I'm also a firm Android fan. However, I do own three Windows phones (2 run WP8) and like the simplicity at times. If it had a few things either improved vastly (keyboard, handling of multitasking) or redone completely I could see myself being stuck when it comes time for a new phone. The hardware of Android tends to be the latest in flagship models but for imaging they all lag behind things like this beauty.
I said when I first used a Windows Phone 7 / 7.5 device that it had promise and I still feel that way. However, until and unless Microsoft push updates harder it will stay as a promising OS but not for me and that is where they need to go hard or go home. It wouldn't take a lot to get my full attention from Android but they just seem uninterested and seem to treat it like a curiosity as Apple do with Apple TV.
Microsoft extends Windows Phone 8 support through 2015
Updates coming through too slowly
If you look at early Android the updates were pretty frequent although in fairness it needed them as it was quite basic early on. WP8 may not be as bad as that but it is still missing a lot of things that could be pulled in through updates such as a better keyboard and better multitasking. Unfortunately they're updating it as slowly as the desktop OS with big patches once a year. By the time they decide to push out an update the chances are that a manufacturer won't be updating it any more.
Universal Credit: ONLY 6 job centres to get new dole system in October
UC and IDS have a few things in common
Neither work properly and neither are for the benefit of those that will suffer from their ideas. This is intended as a replacement for all other benefits to be paid once a month. The chance of this going so badly that it leads to suicides and homelessness when payments are screwed up is so high yet good old IDS keeps insisting everything is fine and going as planned. That is only true if the plan is to royally screw up the whole system.
BlackBerry's retro-look QWERTY Q5 mobe: Resentment by design
This part sums it up for me
" And the feature formerly known as "Type and Go" but now apparently called "Instant Action" is very handy: from anywhere, you can swipe up and start to type a message, for example: "sms fred" – and it will drill into your address book and drop you into the message editor."
I can swipe up on the screen then jump back to the keyboard to type "sms fred" and it'll do the search and open message editor. Perhaps I'm not seeing the big appeal of this as it doesn't seem to shorten anything over starting the messaging app and picking who you want to message. Shouldn't a shortcut save you time?
EE turns up speed knob EVEN FASTER on 4G spectrum
Fantastic! I can hardly wait to use this and I don't even mind the cost because unlike 3G this will bring about a revolution in the mobile market. What's that? It isn't available where I live yet? Oh that's ok I'm sure they will be soon and I can check that on a list. There's no readily available list that shows planned rollouts? Alright but surely they have decent allowances compared to 3G at least as a means to compete with cheaper and far more widely available coverage. No?! What the hell do you mean no? What is the appeal then??? I can pay more for less and with shorter battery life???
Hang on a minute I'll be an early adopter and can brag to my friends and co-workers? Why didn't you say that sooner. Here, pillage my credit card and don't forget to charge ludicrous amounts outside my allowance that make it cheaper to call the UK from abroad than if I was at home.
Windows 8.1: So it's, er, half-speed ahead for Microsoft's Plan A
Consumer choice
The issue is not that they've put in a Start screen for touch-driven devices it's that they've ONLY got that option even for non-touch devices. Had they done what nearly everyone said during the Duplo 8 Consumer Preview and stuck with both the traditional UI but added the touch UI via a toggle a huge amount of issues would have been dealt with at once. Instead they buried their heads in the sand while putting their fingers in their ears and humming loudly.
Windows 8.1 start button appears as Microsoft's Blue wave breaks
Re: Start button - Never used it anyway.
As a long time Windows user I've gotten used to a lot of shortcuts for things and there's a basic one to shutdown that still works in DuplOS 8. In Desktop click the actual desktop then ALT+F4. It's the same shutdown menu that's been around since at least Windows 2000.
Stock dips as fanbois complain of dodgy Wi-Fi on MacBook Air
Re: At last, something epic
I still don't understand why the camera operators don't intervene and stop the poor MBAs from being captured.
Snowden: 'Hey, Assange, any more room on Ecuador's sofa?'
"There are some governments that act more upon their own interests, but we do not," Patino said, according to the Associated Press and others. "We act upon our principles. We take care of the human rights of the people."
Ecuador doing what the USA supposedly does. When the "land of the free" becomes a giant prison and one of their closest allies (UK) is nothing more than a mouthpiece for their agenda this is what happens. 'MURIKA protecting the people from the evil of...... themselves.
Microsoft touts business features of Windows 8.1
Business features of Windows 8.1
"We think you'll like it because... well, it isn't Windows 8!"
*goes back to using Windows 7*
Smut-for-Glass app suffers premature ejection
Re: Tits & Glass
If there are any viruses spread through it then it'll quickly be nicknamed 'clapster'.
How Microsoft shattered Gnome's unity with Windows 95
Microsoft won? That must be why we now have a Steam client for Linux
If Microsoft had won I very much doubt that a Steam client would have appeared quite as fast as it did in response to Windows 8. I'm pretty sure Valve would already have been working on it but as a lower priority until the mess that is W8 appeared. Even 8.1 is just a token gesture to try and look like they're listening (not a chance) since the returning 'Start' button just does what the Windows key does now - pulls up FAILTRO. It will still be the same confused mess that I, and others, hate.
Why do I call it confused? The best example I can think of is Windows update. I get informed of updates and click to view so it pulls me into FAILTRO but if I want to change what updates are installed it's back to the Desktop. It's like a tacit acknowledgement that even the makers are confused about which interface should be in control of certain tasks.
Microsoft caves to Google, pulls YouTube app from WinPhone Store
Re: Why can't we...
Then we'd be stuck with Yahoo as leading search engine. Do you really want that? DO YOU?!
Prenda lawyers miss sanctions deadline
Re: We need
Oh that is simply fantastic!
Nintendo throws flaming legal barrel at YouTubing fans
Square-Enix also doing similar
When I read the story elsewhere a week or so back (behind the times el Reg!) I told a friend who was considering doing some "Let's Play" videos on YouTube. With that information he left out all Nintendo games but did use some footage from various Square-Enix games. He told me this week that they have been matched the same way. I don't know if he meant they were taken down or if he was told they'd be taking any / all revenue.
Hunt: I'll barcode sick Brits and rip up NHS's paper prescriptions
Best part of the article
"Or a doctor is prescribing the wrong drugs, because they don't know what drugs their patient is already on."
If the doctor doesn't know what you're on already and doesn't check before giving you new drugs I'd question how they got that position in the first place.
BlackBerry Messenger unleashed: Look out Twitter and Facebook
Google+ failed? Nobody told Google or the users
Did it take off like Google and the hype suggested it might? Nope. Is it dead? Far from it. It offers a lot more than Facebore ever could and I'd trust Google with my data more than I would that place.
Android is a mess and needs sprucing up, admits chief
Re: Can I have some of what the author is having?
@El Andy: If you're going to pick and choose what you reply to then you can make anything suit your personal viewpoint. The point I was making is that comparatively Android is doing far better than Microsoft's most successful phone OS ever did and is still far more successful than their latest phone OS. The Android UI and UX has been improving all the time and only someone with a very blinkered view would suggest otherwise.
As I mentioned in the bit you chose to ignore I don't see what is so bad about the Android experience right now. I'm not talking about those bargain basement phones that you get free with a bag of crisps. If you go with a phone that has similar specs to a WP8 phone you will get a good and slick experience.
The reason WP7 / 7.5 worked so well on lower end hardware is that it was so limited. A calculator gives a slick experience because it's only doing a few things but I wouldn't compare a laptop to a calculator and say that the laptop is sluggish. Yes it's an awful analogy and not a very accurate one but hey it makes as much sense as your argument.
Re: Can I have some of what the author is having?
My sarcasm is suggesting that I'm surprised the author bothers to call it slick *because* it's so basic. Calling it slick is like calling the sun hot. Don't state the obvious just to bash another OS. Nowhere did I say I dislike the UI just that I find it very lacking. The UX in WP8 is straightforward, yes, but is Android really that difficult? See icon, tap icon. It's the same for any touchscreen OS.
I don't have enough experience with iOS to say it judders but I have seen it with Android in the past. I haven't seen it on WP8 or the last few versions of Android but I do see plenty of "Resuming" screens on WP8 and don't get me started about the atrocious music player that comes as standard with no alternatives.
Can I have some of what the author is having?
"Whatever the case may be, I can't see Google transforming Android into the kind of slick experience you get on Windows Phone today."
Slick experience on Windows Phone? It's easy to be slick when you run such a basic interface. How long did Windows Mobile exist with a shockingly bad but usable UI? If you compare Android now to Windows Mobile near the end then Android comes out far ahead on usability, that UX thing you mentioned.
I don't see why you hold Windows Phone as some shining beacon of what everything has to compete with. I own both a Windows Phone 7.5 and 8 device as well as numerous Android phones and I know which I prefer by far - Android. This article just feels like a trollfest when I see things like that.
Google not sabotaging YouTube on Windows Phone after all
What's their excuse for the awful music player then?
If Google are to be blamed for the poor YouTube app who is to blame for the abysmal music player on WP8? A music player where you cannot edit a playlist after creation. A music player where you cannot see what music is on your now playing list. A music player where you cannot clear your current playlist. A music player where you cannot add or remove tracks to existing playlists or in order to create new playlists.
I could go on but you get the idea. I can forgive and work with a lot of annoying issues but for such a basic function of a smartphone they've managed to make it the most infuriating music player I've ever had to use. I'd also like to know whose smart idea it was to link media volume to ringtone, alert, message tone volume and thank them for giving an example of what to avoid for future creators.
Microsoft: All RIGHT, you can have your Start button back
The award for the most obvious statement in history goes to.. Microsoft!
==Reller told Foley:
"We feel good that we've listened and looked at all of the customer feedback. We are being principled, not stubborn," about modifying Windows 8 based on that feedback."==
Isn't that what they should have done when people said the same things very loudly all through the release preview? How the hell can a company be so stubborn and blind to the problems they're thrusting upon users they expect to upgrade? If they dare try to charge for this 8.1 update or whatever it ends up being they can go fsck themselves. I got Windows 8 for my aging laptop purely for any performance boost it would give and I would dearly like to undo that mistake without going through a reinstall. I gained a bigger performance increase by upping the memory to 4GB.
The best 'upgrade' I got is one that makes scrolling through directories some mammoth task that causes my entire system to sink to its knees and literally lock up for 2 - 10 seconds. Once it finishes loading them up it's fine until I try to scroll more and the same process repeats. It reminds me of an old Windows 98 (?) bug where icon shortcuts would fail to load and you had to rebuild the whole icon list to fix it. In this case it renders my laptop useless for the whole time it's doing whatever it does.
Pirates scoff at games dev sim's in-game piracy lesson
Re: Was there a Demo version?
A demo version? Now that's an old idea that slowly died off! I'm willing to be proven incorrect but I'm also willing to bet a large portion of chips (potato in oil kind) that when a poor game with a demo was released the demo showed how poor it was and sales were minimal. Given how much money is being spent on some games the companies can't afford to lose sales just because their product is crap. Far better to have a bad reputation and money than a good reputation and go out of business, right?
There was a time when a demo came out first and then the full game came later. You're lucky to see a demo at all for any game now and even less likely to see it before the full release. Indie developers are really stuck and purposely releasing your own game as a pirated torrent to try and prove something or guilt trip some into buying the game must have sounded like a smart idea at the time. If you give me an option to pay for something or get it for free (legally) why would I want to pay for it? I don't have a solution, just my random thoughts.
T-Mobile UK punters break for freedom in inflation-busting bill row
Watching this like a T-Mobile using hawk
As someone that was quite annoyed about the price increase I'm watching this very closely to see just what is possible with regards to cancellation or at worst negotiating a decent discount. I've been with T-Mobile for five years now and have seen the service go from a refreshing change when I joined to get the G1, to a "me too" network with nothing to distinguish them from the rest.
Each time I see a price increase yet what I pay for stays the same. Am I in this looking for something for nothing? No. It may not seem a lot to some but for me every extra £1 I have to pay out hits hard. If you want to get in with "you shouldn't get what you can't afford" that is the point exactly. I'm tied in to a 24 month contract and I signed up at a set price. I have to pay the bill every month regardless yet if I suddenly earn less as a result of other circumstances I still have to pay that bill. Mobile networks have that wonderful small print that allows them to increase prices due to inflation so they don't lose out. Given the chance you can be damn sure I'll take advantage of this if I can because everything else is geared towards making sure T-Mobile don't lose out. What happened to buyer protection?
Ten ten-inch tablets
Lightest tablet here
"at 515g, the Nook HD+ is the lightest tablet here by some margin"
"weighing a feather-light 495g, the Tablet Z"
Evernote joins the notably hackable club
Re: PASSWORD RESET: Dumping the burden on users' shoulders
"It will certainly be ignored by many, who will perhaps keep grumbling indefinitely without seriously thinking about the practicable alternative to alphanumeric passwords."
What alternative are you speaking of there? As much as you and I may like the idea of a long string the fact is that the vast majority of sites won't allow longer than about 16 characters. A great deal of those sites will also restrict you to alphanumeric while rejecting all others. You can only blame users for so long before you have to look at the sites and what they allow.
SimCity 2000
Are you counting Sim City 4 in that because that's the last actual Sim City game if you ignore that horrid mess "Sim City Societies". I quite like SC4 especially when you add in Rush Hour to it for all manner of high speed transport.
Anyway, ignoring those games and going on my beta play from the beta weekend not long back this game is missing quite a lot of things like terraforming before you play but it was quite fun. I know EA will be killing it with DLC and micro-transaction crap all over but I almost don't care. I've wanted a new Sim City for a long time. I feel dirty but I'm an addict man! Gotta feed my habit.
Ten smartphones with tablet ambitions...
Re: a socially awkward moron who rarely leaves the house
Hey! I resemble that remark... :(
No mobile signal? Blame hippies and their eco-friendly walls
Well isn't that a surprise?
"The insulation seals in the heat and keep out the coverage, according to a company flogging a solution"
That's about where I lost all interest in reading further. Whether it's an accurate report or not I can't take it seriously when the findings helpfully back up what they're selling.
4G in the UK? Why the smart money still says 'Meh'
Re: T-mobile....
I think their "Truly unlimited" has a bit more allowance than unlimited. I wish I was joking...
3G is still a huge battery drain
One point that I take issue with is the article seeming to suggest that most phones available today can manage fine on 3G compared to when they first came out. Unless I'm mistaken the majority of phones available still get thrashed to death using 3G to the point you can just about manage a day. We're just starting to get phones with almost acceptable battery sizes for 3G use after a decade. Are we going to be waiting the same amount of time for 4G phones? Will the coverage be the usual mess of "98% coverage" except for those bits where you live?
Perhaps it's just me experiencing these but my own limited testing shows that using WiFi I can get around 12 hours more battery than using a 3G connection with 4 bars (full) signal strength. Why are these chips still so massively inefficient?
Orange offers €40k for the best bit of NFC bonking
Screw off Orange / France Telecom
A bonus for making something that relies on one company's SIM? It's a moot point since I've got no clue when it comes to coding but if I were able I'd go to massive lengths to make sure it would work on anything except their SIM. I can't stand crap like that. I may not win a prize but if it meant screwing them out of their failed cornering of the market I'd be all for it.
I'm feeling particularly vindictive today. I don't need to make sense!
Earth escapes asteroid flyby, boffins want lasers aimed at next one
Re: 0/10 for acronym crafting
I came up with one in a few seconds and it only needed a little thought, of which I'm sometimes capable. Directed Energy Solar Targeting of Asteroids and Remnants. Of course I could go for the Mass Effect link with Directed Energy Solar Targeting of Asteroids and Reapers but if this would take a year to kill an asteroid I don't want to think how long it would take to scratch a reaper :/
Google to open flagship retail stores by end of 2013
New business model!
Will this be like other Google products where you get the things for free but come out of the shops plastered in adverts? Maybe they fit something to your voicebox so you can't speak until you've shown someone a video advert? The possibilities are endless :D
I am not serious of course and use many Google products very happily. Each to their own.
Facebook in futile attempt to block perverts from Graph Searching for teens
Re: Maybe 13 is the problem
It would be a good idea but that goes against anything this current government, and all before (and after) stand for. The neighbours have a daughter and she had her own laptop at about 10. I don't know if the neighbours are computer literate or not but the best way to tackle such issues is learning, not banning / blocking things. If you forbid something you make it more enticing. My attempts to quit eating pizza can attest to that :(
iOS 6.x hack allows personal data export, free calls
Re: Cutting edge bugs
"Nokia phones have had their share of bugs too though."
Yup. I remember my old Nokia 6280 which had a firmware update that bricked the phone. It was a very common issue on the update but they didn't pull it.
BlackBerry booster Alicia Keys blames hacker for iPhone Twitter update
Re: who is alicia keys ?
A cheaper and tackier version of the Florida Keys?
Surface RT now on sale in 13 more European markets
Re: Remember the marketing saying:
I think it's designed to appeal to the "Glee" generation who are obsessed with all things dancing now. I say that with confidence knowing someone who likes that 'show' and said she played with a Surface (only RT was out at the time) and that it was great. Incidentally this was after she'd seen the dancing, clicking advert. I still find it funny that the end of the advert is where they could start to show what it can do but since they're very, very limited that's where they stop. If there was an extended cut perhaps you'd see the guy flick along and see nothing familiar then go to the store and find a small selection of apps before he gives up with it.
iOS 6.1 KNACKERED our mobile phone networks, claim Vodafone, Three
It is indeed a privilege only available to Silver or Gold badge users. I remember it being a big "WTF?" moment when the badges were rolled out.
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Yessir and don't forget Massachusetts.
Submitted by Ranger_Will on Wed, 02/27/2013 - 01:21. Permalink
It is a damned TRAGEDY that the State where the Revolution started is the most anti-gun state in the union.
Massachusetts...may God forgive you and may John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, and Samuel Adams stop spinning in their graves.
"Liberty's too precious a thing to be buried in books...Men should hold it up in front of them every single day of their lives and say: 'I'm free to think and to speak. My ancestors couldn't. I can. And my children will."
-Jimmy Stewart
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text:
Composition based on thermoplastic polymers, especially α-olefine polymers, such as polyethylene or ethylene copolymers, to which have been added, to promote degradation, a biologically degradable substance, an iron compound possibly complex and soluble in the composition, an oxidizable substance having one or several double bonds, selected from fatty acids and/or fatty acid esters, as well a further possible compound of a transition metal with the exception of iron as a catalyst. Said compositions demonstrate a markedly improved degradation capability when exposed to heat and/or ultraviolet light and/or sunlight and/or when in conditions promoting decomposition.
1. Thermoplastic composition, which is degradable under the action of heat and/or ultraviolet light and/or sunlight and/or composting conditions and which comprises as a polymeric compound thermoplastic polymers of α-olefins selected from the group consisting of polyethylene and ethylene copolymers, characterized in that the composition contains the following degradation-promoting additives:
(a) a biodegradable substance selected from the group consisting of natural starch, an etherified or esterified starch or a hydrophobically modified derivative thereof,
(b) FeOH(stearate)2 as an iron compound which is soluble in the composition and which acts as an initiator and promotes further degradation, and
(c) an oxidizable substance which has one or more double bonds and acts as a degradation promoter and chain splitter, this substance being a fatty acid, a fatty acid ester or a mixture thereof.
2. Composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the content of component (a) is 10 to 16% by weight, and the content of component (b) is 0.05 to 0.5% by weight, relative to the composition.
3. Composition according to claim 1 characterized in that the content of component (c) is up to 5% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 1.5% by weight.
4. Composition according to claims 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that componet (c) consists of or contains one or more constituents of soya oil.
5. Composition according to claims 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that it additionally contains, as a catalyst, a further compound, which may be a complex, of a transition metal other than iron.
6. Composition according to claim 5, characterized in that the content of additional transition metal compound is at least 0.001% by weight relative to the composition.
The invention relates to a plastic composition, the polymeric component of which comprises a thermoplastic polymer, especially a polymer of α-olefines, preferably polyethylene or ethylene copolymers, which composition disintegrates into small particles either under the action of heat and/or ultraviolet light and/or sunlight and/or under composting conditions. Since this plastic composition also contains a natural biodegradable substance, the small plastic particles formed are yet further degraded by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and/or enzymes which are present in a composting mixture or in the soil. Complete degradation can thus be achieved under suitable conditions.
The object of the present invention is to provide a plastic composition for films, sheets or other mouldings, which possess the desired properties of hitherto known thermoplastic materials, such as, for example, simple processing, high strength, waterproofness, good resistance to solvents and other chemicals, and fulfil the requirements to be met during storage and use, but which can be readily degraded after use under the abovementioned conditions. Under comparable conditions, the degradation time of the compositions according to the invention is shortened by at least half, frequently by 2/3 or even more as compared with hitherto known products of similar type.
British Patent Specification No. 1.485.833 has disclosed that plastics with carbon-carbon bonds can be rendered biodegradable by an addition of (a) starch granules or chemically modified starch granules and (b) an oxidizable substance such as a fatty acid and/or a fatty acid ester. It is also mentioned in this printed publication that, in contact with a transition metal salt contained in the soil, the oxidizable substance is oxidized to peroxide or hydroperoxide, whereupon splitting of the polymer chain occurs. However, it has been found that, in the case of a polyethylene film of this composition, most of the starch granules are covered by a polyethylene layer and can thus not be attacked by the micro-organisms.
It has also been found that concentration of transition metal salts under usual composting conditions is insufficient to cause effective oxidation of the fatty acid component.
German Offenlegungsschrift 2.224.801 has disclosed that the degradation of thermoplastic polymers of α-olefines, especially polyethylene and polystyrene, under the action of ultraviolet light and/or sunlight can be accelerated by adding compounds of a transition metal, especially iron compounds, the effective content being stated as 0.01 to 2.0% by weight. It has been found, however, that these metal compounds are inert under normal exterior temperatures (below 35� C.) if light is excluded.
It has now been found, surprisingly, that
[1] a plastic composition which contains
(a) a biodegradable substance, for example starch,
(b) an iron compound which may be a complex and
(c) a fatty acid and/or fatty acid ester, degrades under the action of heat (preferably >50� C.)and/or ultraviolet light and/or insolation and/or under composting conditions;
[2] this degradation proceeds significantly faster than that measured according to the abovementioned patents (see the tables which follow), that is to say that the simultaneous presence of a biodegradable substance, an oxidizable substance and an iron compound leads to a significant synergistic effect; and
[3] the additional presence of a further transition metal compound such as, for example, copper-(II) stearate, exerts a catalytic effect on this degradation, which is additionally accelerated.
The present invention and its preferred embodiments are defined in the patent claims.
Suitable components (a) are biodegradable substances such as, for example, natural starch, etherified or esterified starch or starch which has been modified in another way, for example by means of silanes, the content being in general 2 to 40% by weight, preferably 10 to 16% by weight of the composition. Other carbohydrates can also be used for the desired purpose. It has proved to be advantageous to use the biodegradable substance in the form of granules, which can be completely homogeneously incorporated into the plastic mass in a known manner.
Component (c) is an oxidizable substance which contains at least one double bond, this substance being or containing a fatty acid and/or a fatty acid ester. A very suitable example is natural soya oil. The content of this oxidizable substance is in general up to 5% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 1.5% by weight, relative to the composition.
The iron compound representing component (b) corresponds to the general formula X-Fe, wherein X represents one or more ligands, and the compound can additionally be coupled to a further ligand Y. Fe here designates iron in any known valency. The ligand X can be an inorganic or organic acid radical and likewise another ligand bonded in a complex. The following examples may be mentioned: OH-, Cl-, Br-, I-, oxalate-, H-citrate-, No2 -, N3 -, EDTA or a carbonyl, nitrosyl or porphyrin radical. Examples of suitable ligands Y are carboxylic acid ions of aromatic or aliphatic monocarboxylic acids or of dicarboxylic acids, the aliphatic carboxylic acid preferably having 10 to 20 carbon atoms. The ligand Y serves in general to increase the solubility of the compound X-Fe in the polymer. The content of component (b) is in general at least 0.01% by weight, preferably 0.05 to 0.5% by weight, relative to the composition. The content can be 0.02, 0.03 or 0.04% by weight, but it can also exceed 5.0% by weight.
The catalyst which may be added is a transition metal compound, which may be a complex, of the general formula Z'-Me, wherein Me designates a transition metal other than Fe nd Z' designates one or more ligands. The following may be mentioned as examples of the ligand Z': OH-, Cl-, Br-, I-, oxalate-, H-citrate-, NO2 --, N3 --, EDTA as well as carboxylic acid ions of aromatic or aliphatic monocarboxylic or dicarboxylic acids, the aliphatic carboxylic acid preferably having 10 to 20 carbon atoms. Suitable transition metals Me are mainly the transition metals of the first transition metal row in the periodic table, such as copper and vanadium. The content of this catalyst component is at least 0.001% by weight, preferably 0.005 to 1.0% by weight and especially 0.01 to 0.05% by weight.
The thermoplastic base composition consists essentially of any known thermoplastic polymer, polymers of α-olefines, especially polyethylene or ethylene copolymers, being preferred. "Polyethylene" is here to be understood as any type of polyethylene, such as LDPE, LLDPE, LMDPE, MDPE, HDPE, ULDPE etc. Examples of suitable ethylene copolymers are EVA, EBA, EAA, EMAA and ionomers.
The present invention has the advantage that the degradation can be controlled depending on the field of application by varying the concentration of the individual components, without the plastic material suffering a deterioration in its properties under the normal use conditions. Particularly interesting fields of application of the compositions according to the invention are packaging materials, films for garbage bags for compostable wastes, agricultural films, in particular those which come into contact with the soil and are intended to disintegrate after a desired time, films and sheets for carrier bags, sheeting used on building sites, plastic fibres and plastic tapes, especially stretched plastic tapes, and the like.
The present invention makes it possible to manufacture products which do not pollute the environment and which can be degraded without additional energy consumption and without releasing harmful substances.
The production of the compositions according to the invention and their processing to give sheets, films, plates or other shapes is carried out by conventional methods. With advantage, the components are added individually or as mixtures in the form of so-called master batches.
As far as is known so far or can be assumed as probable, the degradation proceeds by the following mechanism:
As is known (see A. C. Albertsson, B. Ranby, J. Appl. Polym. Sci: Appl. Polym. Symp., 35 (1979), p. 423 and the publication of A. C. Albertsson mentioned therein), plastics with C--C bonds in the main chain are biodegradable extremely slowly with the formation of CO2 and H2 O. The half life of biological degradation of polyethylene was extrapolated to be about 100 years.
Under the action of ultraviolet light, sunlight or heat or under composting conditions, free radicals such as, for example, OH.sup.� are formed due to the presence of the iron ions, and these can react with the polymers, forming other free radicals. These free polymer radicals are extremely reactive and can, inter alia, react further with oxygen, with other chains, with iron ions, with a double bond of the oxidizable substance, and the like. Polymer chains are thus split, small chains with or without oxygen-containing groups, such as alcohols, ketones, esters etc. being formed. During this process, the iron ions act both as an initiator and as a reaction promoter, whereas the oxidizable substance acts as a reaction promoter and especially as a chain splitter, since this substance has a greater tendency than a saturated polymer chain to form peroxy or hydroperoxy compounds, and starch, because of the large number of hydroxyl groups in its composition, manifests itself as a promoter and, in conjunction with the iron ions, as a particularly valuable co-initiator, since iron-(III) hydroxide complexes are highly reactive. This can be illustrated by the following equation (1):
Fe3+ OH- →[FeOH]2+ →Fe2+ +OH.sup.�( 1)
The observed catalytic effect of the transition metal compounds, for example copper or vanadium compounds, is probably to be attributed to an acceleration of the Fe3+ →Fe2+ →Fe3+ cycle. Without these compounds, the Fe2+ formed according to equation (1) is reoxidized by other free radicals or other intermediates at the expense of chain splitting as, for example, shown in equation (2):
Fe2+ +ROOH→Fe3+ +OH- +RO.sup.� ( 2)
In the presence of copper compounds, the Fe2+ formed is reoxidized faster according to equation (3):
Fe2+ +Cu2+ →Fe3+ +Cu+ ( 3)
and Cu+ ions are reoxidized very fast to CU2+ ions by free radicals:
Cu+ +RO.sup.� →Cu2+ +RO- ( 4)
This process repeats itself as long as the polymer is exposed to the ultraviolet light, sunlight or heat. In this phase, to be described as the first phase, the plastic materials become brittle and fragile and disintegrate into small particles of a few mm2 up to few cm2. Depending on the prevailing conditions, this phase takes in general 10 to 60 days.
In the subsequent second stage, the following can be observed:
[A] Under the action of ultraviolett light, sunlight or heat, the degradation process continues as in the first stage. The small particules disintegrate further into smaller and smaller particles until they disappear.
[B] In the presence of microorganisms, that is to say bacteria, fungi and/or enzymes, such as occur under composting conditions or in contact with the soil, a further degradation stage follows. Due to the disintegration into small particles, the area of the starch subject to attack by the microorganisms is enlarged several times. The starch is completely biodegraded, whereas the oxygen-containing, split polymer chains are degraded at least partially. Depending on the prevailing conditions, the degradation processes of the first stage can still continue, leading to even shorter oxygen-containing polymer chains which, due to the close contact with the microorganisms or enzymes, are in turn partially degraded further. In this way, complete biodegradation at the end of the second stage can be achieved. In general, this takes place, for example, under usual composting conditions which comprise temperatures of up to 75�-80� C. and gradually adjust to the exterior temperature in the course of 6 to 8 months.
Such a two-stage degradation is advisable especially in the case of agricultural sheets which are in contact with the soil, or of scattered wastes. After the first stage, the plastic particles are then so small that they can penetrate under exterior influences, e.g. rain, into the soil. They are then not accessible to light anymore so that a biological degradation of starch can take place which would not occur in the case of conventional photodegradable plastic composition.
The films A-Q were produced by the blown film extrusion process in the conventional manner, with the use of master batches. They all had comparable thickness. Film A did not contain any degradation-promoting additive. Films B and C, which did not contain all the required additives, serve as comparative tests. The varying contents of silicone-modified starch, iron hydroxide stearate, soya oil and copper stearate can be seen from Table 1. The change in tensile strength and elongation at break at different temperatures, under composting conditions and under UV conditions was measured for each composition as a function of time. At an elongation at break of less than 5% in the transverse direction, the product is so fragile and brittle that measurements are no longer possible, so that the film can be regarded as degraded.
The results of the investigations can be seen from Tables 2 to 7 which follow.
TABLE 1______________________________________Film compositionsAdditives in % by weightCompo- FeOH Filmsition (steara- soya Cu (stea- thicknessNo. starch te)2 oil rate)2 in μm______________________________________A -- -- -- -- 55B 10 -- 0,5 -- 60C -- 0,05 -- -- 55D 10 0,05 0,5 -- 58E 10 0,1 0,5 -- 62F 16 0,05 0,8 -- 55G 10 0,15 0,5 -- 56H 10 0,05 1,0 -- 58I 10 0,05 0,5 0,025 57______________________________________ Plastic: LDPE, melt index 1,2
Change in tensile strength and elongation at break at 65� C.
TABLE 2a______________________________________ A B C D______________________________________Tensile strength in NOriginal longitudinal 30,1 19,6 29,3 19,2 transverse 28,5 17,6 27,3 19,0 6 days longitudinal 29,3 18,6 18,7 17,6 transverse 28,8 17,9 19,6 13,710 days longitudinal 30,7 17,7 16,0 15,1 transverse 27,9 16,6 13,7 12,215 days longitudinal 30,5 19,1 15,5 14,0 transverse 28,9 16,1 14,0 12,520 days longitudinal 29,2 18,1 14,3 13,5 transverse 27,9 15,5 14,4 13,030 days longitudinal 30,0 18,5 13,6 12,5 transverse 28,5 15,8 14,0 12,1Elongation at break in %original longitudinal 390 233 258 232 transverse 515 530 520 531 6 days longitudinal 402 239 217 167 transverse 505 539 437 34610 days longitudinal 388 226 95 86 transverse 508 518 109 2715 days longitudinal 395 195 67 22 transverse 520 500 47 1120 days longitudinal 375 203 54 15 transverse 495 462 41 930 days longitudinal 385 185 44 10 transverse 495 430 37 5,8______________________________________ E F G H I______________________________________Tensile strength in NOriginal longitudinal 13,8 14,0 14,2 19,5 19,8 transverse 9,3 8,9 9,8 19,1 18,910 days longitudinal 11,8 10,7 9,6 15,5 14,5 transverse 8,7 8,0 9,5 13,0 13,520 days longitudinal 10,5 9,8 9,1 12,5 13,2 transverse 9,2 7,9 8,1 12,0 12,225 days longitudinal 9,5 8,8 8,3 12,0 12,5 transverse 8,2 7,1 7,7 11,2 11,730 days longitudinal 9,2 8,7 7,5 11,0 12,0 transverse 9,2 7,8 7,7 10,5 11,2Elongation at break in %Original longitudinal 162 132 163 241 237 transverse 434 304 400 525 52110 days longitudinal 109 71 12 88 75 transverse 35 7,4 6,7 25 1520 days longitudinal 38 11 6,3 14 13 transverse 9,2 4,7 4,2 8,2 6,325 days longitudinal 9,4 7,7 5,4 9,1 7,5 transverse 6,2 4,0 3,9 6,2 4,930 days longitudinal 7,1 5,4 4,3 7,4 5,0 transverse 5,1 3,8 3,7 4,3 4,2______________________________________
Change in tensile strength and elongation at break of film D at 70� C. and 75� C.
TABLE 2b______________________________________ 70� C. 75� C.______________________________________Tensile strength in NOriginal longitudinal 19,2 19,2 transverse 19,0 19,0 6 days longitudinal 15,4 15,2 transverse 12,4 13,610 days longitudinal 13,6 14,4 transverse 12,9 13,815 days longitudinal 14,1 11,7 transverse 12,9 12,120 days longitudinal 14,1 8,6 transverse 13,7 10,8Elongation at break in %original longitudinal 232 232 transverse 531 531 6 days longitudinal 103 42 transverse 86 1210 days longitudinal 41 9 transverse 14 815 days longitudinal 18 4,4 transverse 10 4,320 days longitudinal 11 3,4 transverse 7 3,6______________________________________
Degradation under composting conditions
TABLE 3______________________________________ A B C D______________________________________Tensile Strength in NOriginal longitudinal 30,1 19,4 26,7 20,6 transverse 28,5 15,7 26,8 16,0 3 weeks longitudinal 29,7 19,2 25,1 19,9 transverse 28,0 15,4 15,4 15,5 7 weeks longitudinal 29,2 20,8 21,3 20,1 transverse 28,3 14,3 22,2 12,613 weeks longitudinal 30,2 18,5 25,0 19,2 transverse 27,6 14,0 21,7 11,520 weeks longitudinal 29,5 18,4 22,0 18,9 transverse 27,7 13,2 16,1 12,7Elongation at break in %Original longitudinal 390 282 286 253 transverse 515 752 638 667 3 weeks longitudinal 385 231 247 190 transverse 500 476 206 437 7 weeks longitudinal 370 170 107 128 transverse 480 314 534 14313 weeks longitudinal 400 252 198 205 transverse 510 537 534 11420 weeks longitudinal 385 152 153 174 transverse 495 263 570 300______________________________________
Degradation under composting conditions
TABLE 4______________________________________Film compositionAdditives in % by weightComposi- FeOH (stea- Soya Cu (stea- Film thick-tion No. Starch rate)2 oil rate)2 ness in μm______________________________________J 11 0,10 1,3 -- 55K 11 0,15 1,3 -- 58L 11 0,15 1,3 0,025 56______________________________________ Plastic: LDPE, melt index 0,8
TABLE 5______________________________________Evaluation of tensile strength and of theelongation under composting conditions J K L______________________________________Tensile strength in NOriginal longitudinal 16,8 16,5 16,1 transverse 9,8 10,3 16,0 1 week longitudinal -- -- 16,0 transverse -- -- 10,3 4 weeks longitudinal 16,5 16,1 15,9 transverse 9,1 9,0 8,2* 7 weeks longitudinal 16,6 16,4 15,2 transverse 8,9 8,8* 7,8*10 weeks longitudinal 16,3 16,1 15,1 transverse 8,7* 8,3* 7,7*15 weeks longitudinal 15,9 15,6 -- transverse 8,5* 8,3* --20 weeks longitudinal 15,8 15,1 -- transverse 8,6* 7,8* --Elongation in %Original longitudinal 154 126 185 transverse 422 436 361 1 week longitudinal -- -- 153 transverse -- -- 121 4 weeks longitudinal 135 106 145 transverse 143 43 71* 7 weeks longitudinal 130 107 132 transverse 95 36* 30*10 weeks longitudinal 121 103 129 transverse 86* 42* 25*15 weeks longitudinal 115 101 -- transverse 84* 40* --20 weeks longitudinal 114 85 -- transverse 84* 35* --______________________________________ *Holes/Fractures in the film are observed in a number increasing with time. Measurements are done on samples without any hole.
Degradation under ultraviolet light
TABLE 6______________________________________Film compositionAdditives in % by weightComposi- FeOH (stea- Soya Cu (stea- Film thick-tion No. Starch rate)2 oil rate)2 ness in μm______________________________________M -- -- -- -- 100N -- 0,15 -- -- 58O 10 -- 1,3 -- 56P 10 0,15 1,3 -- 54Q 10 0,15 1,3 0,025 56______________________________________ Plastic: LDPE, melt index 0,8
TABLE 7______________________________________Evalution in the time of the tensile strength and of the elongationunder ultraviolet light [XENOTEST 250] M N O P Q______________________________________Tensile strength intransverse direction in NOriginal 32,7 17,7 13,4 9,4 10,3104 hrs 27,4 -- 12,5 7,3 8,1*150 hrs -- 11,8 11,6 7,2* 6,7*209 hrs 26,6 10,6 11,5 5,3* --250 hrs -- 11,4 -- -- --305 hrs 27,8 11,5 -- -- --Elongation in transversedirection in %Original 734 630 527 385 361104 hrs 634 -- 369 6,7 4,5*150 hrs -- 30 367 4,0* 3,5*209 hrs 672 17 231 2,9* --250 hrs -- 10 -- -- --305 hrs 669 6,8 -- -- --______________________________________ *brittle
The results of the above tables clearly show the synergistic effect of components (a), (b) and (c) on the degradation of polyethylene polymers.
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text:
By Dr. Eva Evans, a veterinarian and writer for Pets Best, a pet insurance agency for dogs and cats.
Flying with your dog? Here are five tips to travel safe and smart.
As pets become more like family members, they are joining their human comrades during travel at an increasing rate. Traveling by car or RV is simple, but flying your pet on an airplane can get tricky! Follow these 5 steps to provide Fido with a first-class experience.
1. Get Your Travel Documents Early
If you are traveling domestically, travel documents include vaccination records, medications with dosages, known allergies, your veterinarian's phone number, a health certificate and a written plan just in case disaster strikes. An interstate health certificate from your veterinarian shows that your dog has been vaccinated appropriately and is in good enough health to travel. If you are flying to Hawaii or internationally, you will need additional forms and possible blood tests, flea treatments, etc for your dog. Be sure to visit your veterinarian at least two to three months before your departure date to prevent any hold ups with travel. When you arrive at the airport make sure you have additional copies of paperwork in case the originals are lost.
2. Discuss With Your Veterinarian If Your Dog Needs Sedation
Flying is stressful, especially if it's your first time! Many dogs do not need any sedation while flying, but occasionally some dogs do. If you suspect that your dog will have an uncomfortable level of anxiety, make sure to consult with a veterinarian. Often times these dogs will be prescribed a sedative that is safe for airplane travel. Be advised: the common sedative for dogs, Acepromazine, is NOT recommended for airplane travel!
3. Bring A Snack For Fido
Read More…
Read More…


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'Hidden Cash' Man Plants 'Epic' Scavenger Hunt At Hermosa Beach
The anonymous millionaire who's delighted Southland residents with his hidden cash drops struck again Saturday morning, this time creating a scavenger hunt at Hermosa Beach.
Rip Currents Behind Vast Majority Of Lifeguard Rescues At SoCal Beaches
As Angelenos run for the beaches during this May heatwave, Southland lifeguards are urging them to check for possible riptides before jumping into the water.
Woman Struck By LA Co. Beach Maintenance Vehicle While Sunbathing
Authorities say a woman was struck and seriously injured by a maintenance vehicle while sunbathing on a Los Angeles County beach.
Police Investigating Venice Stabbing
The stabbing occurred in the 1600 block of Pacific Avenue at approximately 8:30 p.m., LAPD officer Sara Faden told City News Service.
70-Foot Boat Washes Ashore With 3 On Board In Playa Del Rey
A large boat washed ashore Thursday morning just south of Ballona Creek in Playa del Rey.
Baby Sharks Spotted Swimming In Venice Beach Canals
It may not exactly be "Jaws", but as many as four leopard sharks have been seen swimming in the canals along Venice Beach.
Trash Truck Runs Over Man Sleeping On Beach
A beach maintenance worker collecting trash in a small truck ran over a man sleeping on the sand in Long Beach on Tuesday.
1 Dead, 5 Injured In 5-Vehicle Crash On PCH In Laguna Beach
The five survivors were hospitalized with injuries ranging from minor to severe.
High Surf Advisory Issued Through Wednesday
A high surf advisory was in effect Tuesday for many Southland beaches, the National Weather Service said.
Above-Average Swells, Rip Currents Trigger High Surf Advisory Along Beaches
Southern California beaches were busy on Monday as beach-goers were warned to be extra careful due to above-average surf and rip currents.
Overseas Destinations You Can Travel To Without A Passport
You don't always need a passport to travel overseas. You can still head to a tropical unincorporated destination overseas.
Live Like A Castaway On Your Own Deserted Island
Think you've got what it takes to make it on a deserted island? Find out for sure by booking a real-life "castaway experience" and really get away on your next vacation.
'Polar Bears' Brave Frigid Waters For New Year's Dip
More than a thousand people in the Southland welcomed the arrival of the New Year with a dip in the ocean Wednesday.
Did Shark Photobomb Manhattan Beach Family?
Did a shark photobomb a Manhattan Beach family Friday?
LAX Debuts Kids' Playground At Bradley International Terminal
Now even the youngest travelers at LAX can enjoy their layovers.


text:
Pizza Express is to launch a new-look restaurant in Chislehurst - inspired by famous resident Sir Malcolm Campbell, known for repeatedly breaking speed world records on land and water.
The restaurant in Royal Parade has recently been refurbished and artwork displayed throughout is inspired by Campbell's triumphs.
The racing motorist and motoring journalist, born in Chislehurst, broke the land and water speed world records nine times between 1924 and 1935.
PizzaExpress' latest menu boasts new pizzas including a vegan-friendly recipe and new salads, sides and deserts.
Manager Albert Owusu-Ansah said: "We have a friendly and enthusiastic team who are looking forward to welcoming everyone to our beautifully refurbished restaurant over a delicious pizza."
- Police 'told pupil having affair with Bexleyheath Academy teacher year before action taken'
- UPDATE: Is this Britain's worst family? Deptford killer's drunk sister smashes car into bus
- PICTURES AND VIDEO: Lewisham floods as River Ravensbourne burst its banks
- Bromley Council Leader "cannot ignore a gentleman with a £500 million cheque"
- Jeff Wayne's War of the Worlds coming to Greenwich on its way to final performance


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text:
New Arrivals
mouse over photo to zoom click for larger image
Zenergy Danika Animal Blocked Henley Top
The Zenergy Henley top goes wild with a graphic mix of animal prints.
- Mixable, matchable, cozy-chic Zenergy ®: live in, lounge in, love.
- It's crafted with Modal for luxurious softness.
- Triple-snap placket.
- Length: 24" to 26".
- 60% cotton, 40% Modal.
- Machine wash. Imported.


text: Edward's true feelingsEdward & Emma fanfic- Edward's true feelingsEmma the kitten sat by herself at the bank of leaky lake, thinking about the guy she loved most: Edward. She thought about how brave & tough he seemed compared to her- able to speak his mind and his ability of dictatorship. She thought about his deep masculine voice, his handsome appearance, and those eyes of his that she got lost in. She blushed & sighed, she felt her heart beat increase and beads of sweat fall from her face.She looked across the lake & saw the reflection of the shining sun upon it and thought how beautiful it looked. Just then, she saw Edward's beautiful reflection in the water. She thought it was just her imagination but then she noticed him standing behind her."Out of my way" he grumbled."Sorry" she apologised."I'm not sitting near a girl so move to another side of the lake!"Emma got up out of his way. She felt heartbroken as she sadly walked away. I don't think he likes me very much, she thought, her eyes filling w


text:
Keerti Chawla Latest Hot Pics
May 24th, 2013, 11:00 AM IST
From Politics
- Vijayashanti's Re-Entry Against KCR
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- Tamanna Latest Photo Shoot
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2010 APC Formulary
The Board of Chiropractic regulates the practice of licensed chiropractors in New Mexico. All practitioners of this profession must graduate from accredited chiropractic colleges and their successful completion of all portions of the test delivered by the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners (NBCE). The Board monitors and approves continuing education and disciplines licensees who have violated the Chiropractic Physicians Practice Act or Board rules.
Chiropractors are licensed to provide services designed to restore and maintain health through methods and procedures that are taught in chiropractic colleges and in accredited post-graduate courses recognized by the Board. Chiropractors do not perform operative surgery or prescribe controlled or dangerous drugs.
For more information contact:
New Mexico Board of ChiropracticToney Anaya Building2550 Cerrillos Road, Second FloorSanta Fe, New Mexico 87505
(505) 476-4695(505) 476-4545 firstname.lastname@example.com
Board Staff
Cynthia Salazar, Board Administrator
Dona Tafoya, Licensing Specialist
Elisa Salazar, Compliance Liaison
Legal Counsel
Abby Lewis, Assistant Attorney General
NOTE: Please mail all correspondence to:
Click here to add your e-mail to the board's notification list. In your e-mail request, please tell us your name, e-mail address, and affiliation. We will send you meeting notices, plus occasional updates and news from the Board.
SANTA FE – State Securities Division Director Alan R. Wilson today issued Notices of Contemplated Action against two financial institutions and their brokers, alleging they breached their duties as investment brokers that contributed to a financial crisis at the Bernalillo County Treasurer's Office.
Santa Fe – Following the outbreak of Ebola in western Africa and its appearance in North America, the New Mexico Regulation and Licensing Department's Securities Division today cautioned investors to beware of opportunistic Internet-based investment schemes related to the disease.
ALAMOGORDO – Albuquerque businessman Jeffrey B. Bland has been indicted on felony charges for allegedly stealing $229,000 from an 88-year-old Alamogordo investor.
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Home » News » Politics » Local & County Government
City health savings disappoint Manchester officials
"We were hoping the plan change would save money," said Guy Beloin, the city's assistant finance director.
Beloin told the committee that claims data had to be further analyzed to determine whether the higher than anticipated health costs were being driven by city employees getting more treatment or by higher costs for care.
Later on Tuesday, the full Board of Mayor and Aldermen voted to move forward a proposal for the city to hire a $48,000-per-year wellness coordinator who would provide guidance to employees on nutrition, exercise and receiving preventive medical care. The board voted, without discussion, to send the proposal to the Committee on Human Resources.
- Manchester school exec contract squeaks by - 9
- Milford road reopening could improve traffic flow - 0
- Town Hall hours in Salem up for debate - 0
- Coos County tax bills headed to unincorporated places - 0
- Tentative deal for old Manchester police station - 4
- Utility pole licensing changes could raise rates in Derry - 0
- Derry councilor wants to begin budget discussion - 0
- Major development approved in Merrimack - 1
- Weare residents turn out to discuss police department concerns - 1
Gilford choice on police station renovations nearsREADER COMMENTS: 0
- PSNH says storm ranks as 4th largest for peak outage - 0
- Henniker police shoot suspect in truck heist - 0
- More than 200,000 New Hampshire customers without power - 1
- Thanksgiving travel a nightmare as storm dumps heavy, wet snow - 3
- Dave D'Onofrio's Patriots Notebook: Pats put selves in strong position - 0
- Manchester Turkey Bowl will go as scheduled - 0
- Red Sox think they got free agent signings right this time - 0
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Osgood Road closed in Milford, 33% without powerREADER COMMENTS: 0
Person found dead in Manchester alley
On being American: A point for reflection
Your Turn, NH -- Mike Moffett: Republicans can win in 2016 with Kasich at the top of the ticket
NH suffers 4th worst outage on record


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06/02: Cultural appreciation stonewalled19 Apr 2011 | 03:13
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An overseas home
Posted Sep 09th 2007, 12:00am by Sharon Leece
... for interesting pieces. Her collections include an antique-style sofa and a glamorous chaise longue made in Indonesia, a four-poster bed modelled on one seen on her honeymoon in France last year, a white Chinese-style cabinet from Macau and a pair of antique chinoiserie side tables from London. She likes to test new suppliers- and is often rewarded for her ingenuity. 'For the chaise longue I found ...http://www.scmp.com/article/607293/overseas-home
Good vibrations
Posted Nov 06th 2011, 12:00am
... 'comfortable', 'Asian antique' and 'beach house'- to reflect his apartment's Repulse Bay location. 'I really wanted to end up with a place that was relaxed, comfortable, clean and bright,' McKenna says. Although 'Asian antique' and 'beach house' are not obvious bedfellows- especially in a modern high-rise apartment- this is just the sort ...http://www.scmp.com/article/984065/good-vibrations
Posted Feb 19th 2012, 12:00am
... to imagine when climbing the grimy stairs past cigarette butts and other detritus. But open the front door and you are delivered into movie-set surroundings that mix Chinese antiques with hi-tech ... replica is just metres away- a bulky granite Zhu Ming sculpture. Along the corridor formed by one side of the antique chamber are artworks and memorabilia, including a photograph of the apartment ...http://www.scmp.com/article/993023/tongue-chic
Infinite variety
Posted Jul 22nd 2012, 12:00am
... trampoline and Chinese-inspired lattice screens. She even laid a lawn, beyond which is a glorious sea view. Her decorating budget allowed Bond to mix and match antiques, other collectibles, art, ... by eight feet Persian rug cost HK$13,000 at Al-Shahzadi (265 Queen's Road East, Wan Chai, tel: 2834 8396). The antique wooden buckets used as orchid pots were HK$530 each at Chapin House. ...http://www.scmp.com/article/1007402/infinite-variety
Island life
Posted Jan 08th 2012, 12:00am
... for HK$700 from Zhonghua Rui Antique Furniture (Eiji Tanzhou Industrial Area 11, Zhongshan, Guangdong, tel: +86 0760 8633 0692). The bookshelf was designed by Debi Yeung-Salansy of Debi Yeung ... of the renovated home for Yeung-Salansy's husband, Gilles, is the music room, which features glass walls, black iron frames and furniture from Zhonghua Rui Antique Furniture. 5 Master bedroom ...http://www.scmp.com/article/989487/island-life
Bohemian rhapsody
Posted Jul 10th 2011, 12:00am
... by the dazzling colour combinations. Then, as they regain their sight, they cast admiring glances at the flat's artworks, antiques and Arabesque floor tiles. But Daniels' domestic helpers had ... with furniture made in Zhuhai- mostly reproduction antiques but some genuine articles- she is keen to delve deeper into the interior-decorating industry in Hong Kong (to where she returned in 2008 after ...http://www.scmp.com/article/973103/bohemian-rhapsody
Fit for the festive season
Posted Dec 08th 2006, 12:00am by Staff Reporter
... Banjali tablecloths (HK$199) made from antique fabrics, Shambala Round charger in gold (HK$40), serving bowl (HK$125) and dining plate (HK$90), Indigo Nautilus shell jug with silver handle (HK$2,980), Tequila Kola Clockwise from left: hand-woven rattan charger with brass border (HK$299); place mat (HK$29); water glass (not for sale); round rattan charger (HK$99) and white plate (not ...http://www.scmp.com/article/574543/fit-festive-season
Fabric of society
Posted May 04th 2008, 12:00am by Suji Owen
... old 'extremely minimalist' apartment. 'Now, I like old, antique stuff- things with personal character. It's important to find pieces that reflect your character, ... (tel: 2522 3605). The white alpaca wool throw is from Lane Crawford (www.lanecrawford.com; various locations). Hanging above is an antique hand-painted sarong bought in Bali and framed at a shop ...http://www.scmp.com/article/636251/fabric-society
One floor; many stories
Posted Jun 19th 2011, 12:00am
... Scattered throughout the 1,200 sq ft flat is von Eldik's collection of antique furniture, books and porcelain, which reflects three decades in Hong Kong as well as her family history. Many ... bench with a wine fridge and storage overheard. Von Eldik rents space off-site in which to store the antiques she can't fit into her home. She says most of her vintage Chinese furniture ...http://www.scmp.com/article/970966/one-floor-many-stories
Homing instinct
Posted Sep 25th 2011, 12:00am
... www.ikea.com.hk). The antique coffee table came from a shop on Hollywood Road that has since closed. The wooden chest cost HK$1,500 from Old Shanghai (15/F, Horizon Plaza, 2 Lee Wing Street, Ap Lei Chau, ... 3890). The printed leather box cost HK$600 from 2nd Chance. 8 Spare room Behind the antique bed (HK$20,000 from The Green Lantern) is an original Vietnamese propaganda poster bought for US$180 ...http://www.scmp.com/article/980019/homing-instinct
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Michael Brown says what was once associated with the extremist views of radical gay activists is now as American as apple pie. Do we grasp the implications? read more
Charisma Magazine
Page 224 of 357
5 Excuses for Not Praying for the President
As an American and as a Christian, it's your duty to pray for our president, no matter what his politics may be. read more
Tony Perkins: Obama Is No Champion of Religious Freedom
Learn How to Love Gays Without Condoning Their Sin
With homosexual activism on the rise and public support on the rise, how are Christians to respond? Here are three ways to love gays without condoning their sin. read more
Majority of Americans Support Mandatory ObamaCare Contraception Coverage
Why do most American adults think businesses should be required to provide their employees with free contraception and birth control, even if it runs counter to the owners' religious principles? read more
Rick Warren: Obamacare Mandate 'Dead Wrong'
Find out why pastor Rick Warren said President Obama is "dead wrong" on enforcing his health care mandate. read more
Court Ruling: Hobby Lobby to Pay for Abortion Pills
Find out what David Green will do now that the federal court has decided his religious convictions aren't enough to avoid fines up to $1.3 million a day for standing by his faith. read more
Bishop Challenges Bible-Believing Republicans to 'Humanize Enemies'
Bishop Joseph Mattera explains why he believes it is high time we begin to live out the gospel message and "humanize" the people of the world, even those we deem a threat to our national security, heritage and faith. read more
Naked Gays Can Run Free Despite San Fran's Impending Nudity Prohibition
The California city may be readying to introduce a little more morality to its law books with a partial prohibition on public nudity. But gays get a break. read more
Who Is Playing the Race Card?
Michael Brown has received vicious verbal attacks for asking his black evangelical friends some pointed questions in the wake of the presidential elections. Now, he's answering the accusations. read more
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Page 224 of 357
9 Things Wives Should Never Say to Their Husbands
This time, it's the husbands' turn. What other phrases have you discovered that cause more ...
Win a $100 Visa Gift Card and Other Great Prizes
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Praying Down Powers and Principalities
Many people go to unhealthy extremes in their approach to spiritual warfare. Instead of diving down ...
What Would Jesus Say to Kim Kardashian?
Jesus offers His salvation to everybody—even if you are a reality TV star who poses nude.
10 Foods That Increase Your Risk of Cancer
Plain and simple, here are some foods (and drinks) that you should stay away from.
Warring With Wisdom and Revelation
God is calling us to a higher level in spiritual warfare. Here's how you can up your game for ...
When 'Apostles' and 'Prophets' Lust for Fame
One can't help but notice how many so-called ministers flaunt their titles, positions, ...
9 Things You Should Never Say to Your Wife
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Angela discovered that her teenage daughter was struggling with same-sex attraction. Here's ...
Get R.T. Kendall's New Book & Devotional
Experience the Holy Spirit in a way that will change your life!
6 Keys to Keep the Fire of God Burning in Your Life
Every day we're faced with challenges that can quench the flame of faith. Here's how to fan ...
Win a $100 Visa Gift Card and Other Great Prizes
Share our Top 12 Christian Gift Ideas with your friends for a chance to win these great prizes!
Bill Johnson: Claiming the Power to Heal As Jesus Did
God gave every believer the power to heal as Jesus did. But releasing such miracles through you is ...
Are We Really in the End Times?
Perry Stone cuts through the confusion surrounding the current end-times debate to answer two ...
7 Characteristics of Authentic Prophetic Ministry
Too much of the church is sinking in the quagmire of apostasy. Here are key scriptural elements ...
3 Things to Do When You're Drowning Spiritually
Stop flailing your limbs and cursing your situation. Take these simple steps to grow beyond the ...
2 Key Deceptions Behind Your Spiritual Battles
The enemy is the master of lies, and he seeks to weaken our defenses with these key deceptions. But ...
4 Kingdom Laws for Understanding Angels
It is essential for us to know how to receive and activate God's supernatural (and often ...
5 Financial Red Flags That Can Sink Your Family
Are you barely keeping your head above water financially? Is it because of one, some or all of ...
4 Overlooked Ways the Holy Spirit Is Active
The Holy Spirit moves in the most unexpected ways. Here are four activities of the Spirit we should ...
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The enemy hates you and comes to kill, steal and destroy, but he's got some very real ...
The World-Shattering Secrets of the Shemitah
Could a 3,000-year-old mystery lie behind some of the most pivotal events of modern times and hold ...
Myles Munroe, Wife Killed in Airplane Crash
The cause of the crash has not yet been determined though there had been heavy rain across the ...
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text:
A Teacher on the Cusp of FallOrange leaves falling brownA Teacher on the Cusp of Fall by thirdim3nsion
and students gather round now -
it's time for learning.
Our InheritanceProtect one iconic heritage.Our Inheritance by thirdim3nsion
Preserve a Japanese meadowsweet,
a flowering garden
and its landscaping beds.
But beauty is more than a garden;
it is a purple blazing star,
a dew covered bluestem -
the open bald summit on the mountain.
Hidden Manfrom dustHidden Man by thirdim3nsion
the mortal mixed soul
of a hidden man
crawls woeful, slow
out of the valley
of dry bones.
sorrowful, alone
he spills red
the blood, the heifer,
rubs its ashes
on sackcloth skin,
and water washes,
to atone the sin,
the dead,
he touches.
to dust
he trembles
James Taylor Probably Hates Richmond TooJames Taylor's a fair companionJames Taylor Probably Hates Richmond Too by thirdim3nsion
when echoing the loneliness woven
between lines, lines best read as though
I always thought that I'd see her again,
but she lives in Richmond, that city
of second rate attractions, distractions,
destitute detractors of dreams that
scream like car alarms at 4am
for the owner to protect them
from burglary or wind blowing
just hard enough to trip the sensor.
Perhaps she only knows these same
sensory dreams still wake me up at 4am
and I howl scream into the sheets,
sheets that she wanted to sneak in
to clean because we had dirtied them
years before she left for Richmond.
Whether she knows or I dream alone,
I always thought that I'd see her again.
god's inveiglenothing right is left.god's inveigle by UnspecifiedUnknown
blue devotions quietly sink in ink,
in estuaries haunting the swell
and sigh of a lullaby raised beneath
a haloed moon. a pregnant sky moans
against the weight of her labouring
clouds; verses invent blame
on the suspicious hips swayed
by bodies translated in brethren
wind. a gospel of shadows in flight
estrange their own daily devotions in
d minor. poetry writes in this colour.
dear god:
nothing left is right.