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Sketchbook Assignments for High School
Sketchbook Assignments
Submitted by: Amanda Linn,
[ Sketchbook ideas K- 8 | Sketchbook Advocacy | Sketchbook Labels ]
From Amanda Linn: I thought these might be useful to others. I am sometimes stumped for meaningful sketchbook ideas. Many of these are ideas I have "sponged" and modified from other people. Others were designed to prepare my students for specific art experiences we will have in the future or to support themes and ideas we are exploring.
· Select an above or below point of view in a specific area (your room, kitchen, bathroom, outside, in a car, etc. Complete this drawing paying attention to details. You may complete the drawing in pencil, colored pencil, pen, etc.
· Choose a portion of a magazine or newspaper picture. Glue that picture on a page in your sketchbook. Create a drawing that incorporates that picture into a story. You may use more than one magazine or newspaper image BUT the artwork should be made mainly from your added drawings. This artwork should span 2 pages. You may use color or shading. OR you could use a color scheme (monochromatic, etc.)
· Choose an enclosed space- a kitchen cabinet, a television, an oven, a refrigerator, in a drawer or closet. What human qualities do the objects in the enclosed space assume when no one is watching? Do the mustard bottles dance? Do the socks play cards? This can be one page with details…be sure and show the interior of the space as well as the objects.
· Over 2 pages show the gradual transformation of a pair of scissors into another object- example: scissors into a shark- DON"T USE THIS EXAMPLE- it was my idea. Details are needed in the drawing- color is optional.
· If you got a holiday card from one of these artists what would it look like?
· Arrange three related objects (3 kitchen items, 3 shoes, sports equipment, etc.) into a composition. Draw on one page using a light source and shading
· Create an image using only found images (from magazines, newspapers, worksheets, etc.) The image should communicate a message or tell a story
· Practice drawing anything from observation- the most common things are good practice
· Look at yourself in a spoon- draw the distorted image
· What happens when a 6-foot tall squirrel shows up in your yard?
· Identify an object that relates to your identity. Create an artwork that uses the image of that object (or the actual object) as the SINGLE FOCUS of the artwork. Open media.
· Fill in the blank… "I am a _________ in this world." Use the text of the completed sentence to inform the artwork. Open Media. This should be a 2 page spread
· Answer these questions with an image:
At age six I was ________
At age twelve I was _______
Now I am ________
At age 25 I will be ______
At age 75 I will be ______
Arrange these images in a composition that communicates your identity. Open media. Should span at least 4 pages in some order that communicates the answers to the questions.
· Illustrate a dream you have had using only 5 symbols (single images that communicate ideas) This may take one or two pages. You may use color or black and white to complete the image. Consider what you know about composition, emphasis, etc. as you build the images.
· Make a detailed drawing of your hand holding something related to the fall season OR related to school. Make the drawing large enough that it touches all the edges of the page. You may add color or use shading
· Your choice- create a one or two page drawing that demonstrates several of your strongest art skills. This is your chance to create your own assignment as many of you have requested,
· What does the holiday season really mean to you? Your image can be abstract or realistic; you may choose the media. AVOID common images- meaning if you choose to show holiday gifts- SHOW THEM IN A CREATIVE WAY! I
· Create a design using elements from magazine or newspaper images. Cut and paste the images onto the page in your sketchbook to create the design.
· Practice observational drawing skills by drawing from the following list:
· Practice drawing from your imagination by drawing from the following list:
Advanced Placement Sketchbook Ideas
Submitted by Robert Teslow:
Appropriate an image from magazine/newspaper/web-image that illustrates/demonstrates an unusual point of view of common objects, space/place, architecture, or group of things/people, other.
Draw a same size line drawing from your image.
Draw an enlarged scale version based on your same size line drawing (don't be concerned about some changes in image… current drawing compared to a previous one).
Use oil pastels to enhance enlarged line drawing. Select among the following color relationships to be a guide to using color for expression and emphasis.
Submitted by Heidi Praff:
Homework assignment: Shadows as Connectors
This assignment will also be done in your sketchbook.
You may draw from a HIGH CONTRAST photos, or from direct observation, harshly lit.
DO NOT use any magazine photos of models, which are meant mainly to showcase makeup.
Draw the face, at least twice, summarizing it into shapes of shadows and light.
Observe and record how the shadows connect features.
Media: Your choice of Graphite Sticks, Oil Pastels, Charcoal, or any media you feel will give you the high contrast you are seeking.
At least 2 faces. If it is your own, you can just change pose or lighting.
Date all entries.
Homework Assignment - #3 The Eye:
This assignment is to be done in your sketchbook.
It involves drawing your eye twice in two very different ways. Both are from direct observation, though.
Please read the directions carefully. As always, date your entries.
Submitted by Ken Schwab:
Sketchbook for A.P. Art #1
You will be keeping a sketchbook for the entire year. This sketchbook will be a series of drawings and mixed media pieces that you will use for your portfolio. Each one should be considered a complete art piece. This means that composition and principles of good design can and should be utilized.
These are the sketchbook requirements for your first grading period. They can be in any media unless specifically designated. These 4 drawings will be due in 6 weeks and will be given 80 points, (20 for each one)
1. Draw a portrait using light and shadow. In order to achieve strong gradations and a sense of form, place a light from different angles than normal. These can be under the chin, behind the head or from the top. This can be in graphite pencil or colored pencil.
2. Study your feet and shoes. Create a strong thick and thin contour drawing of your shoes drawing from different angles. Include more than one drawing on the same page over lapping and filling the format. Pen or pencil
3. Draw a place around the outside of your home. This can be a plant, part of the building or objects on the porch. Use ink and watercolor to create a strong contrast between the color and the ink. Crosshatching as a style is suggested but not required.
4. Draw bottles and cans. Have them crunched up for details in the reflections and folds of the metal. Include lots of detail and only show a small area instead of the whole can or cans. If it is a bottle, find an area that shows off the reflections and surface quality of the bottle.
5. Create a series of positive and negative space designs. On your desk at home stack a few objects into a pile. With a light shinning from the back look at the space that is white (light) and draw the shapes as a contour line shape. Use black paint or ink to fill in the spaces as a flat shape. The silhouette of the object should still be seen but new shapes created.
6. Draw a piece of furniture in your house. This can be in color or black and white. Sit in an area and observe the lines and shapes of the piece. Create a format around your observed area and look for textures, gradations, wood grain or interesting shapes and make a detailed study.
Submitted by Ken Schwab
Sketchbook for A.P. Art #2
This is the second round of sketchbook assignments. Choose 4 of these to use and have them completed before the next grading period. Remember to use good drawing skills and composition.
1. Pop some popcorn. Take a few kernels and look at the shapes and shades created. With pencil and smudge shading, study a few of the kernels and fill the page with them. This drawing should show a good sense of drawing skill and soft grays with a Tortillons or some blending device.
2. Draw or design a vehicle. This can be a car, spaceship, airplane, boat, motorcycle, bicycle or anything you want. Include details and make it big! Any media
3. Draw yourself using a strong light source on one side of your face. Use a mirror and try to have some expression. Focus on the strong shadows created by the light. Use pastel for blocking in large areas with a lesser amount of detail.
4. Using color (Cray-Pas) create an Impressionist Landscape drawing. Use Van Gogh, Manet, Seurat, Pissaro, Sisley, or Cezanne as your guide. Use the internet and look up these artists to observe their work. Find a landscape on the net as well and draw it as a n Impressionist.
5. Draw a series of animals in motion. Such as a cheetah running, a rabbit hopping, a bird flying. This can be in any media and you can use just three views or images in a row.
6. Divide the page into three areas with a ruler. Create a very involved contour drawing with pen of a small object of your choice and put it in one of the areas going outside the shape. Next, in another area, draw the same object with pencil using good shading and proper proportion. For the last area, distort or abstract (like in cubism) the same object using three values or colors.
Submitted by Nicole Brisco
Ideas for the first day to engage creativity in any advanced class. I begin in Art 2.
1. Once I hand out Sketchbooks (or have students bring or make them) I have the students prepare the pages in a variety of creative ways, like paint washes on the pages, collaging, writing, cutting holes in some of the pages, creating patterns. This is just to alter the pages before we begin any sketchbook assignments/observational drawing... I know some people alter books and that is a great way also but I like the idea of the kids taking ownership of their sketchbook as a process oriented tool for thumb-nailing, drawing, doodling, writing, documenting, etc. It is a good first day activity especially if you give them a list that is open to interpretation, this challenges them to use their time wisely, be creative, use good craftsmanship, and follow directions. It is also a no pressure assignment that allows the kids to get to know each other. What I like about this is that it removes the white pages from the book and allows students to be more expressive with the drawings on the pages. It also make the sketchbook less intimidating and helps students to understand that every page does not need to be perfect and is more about learning and exploration. We look the sketchbooks of Wayne Jiang at http://www.waynejiang.com
2. Another good idea is to print out a variety of sketchbook assignments on address labels and give them to the students. I have printed 30 different assignments on one page of sticker labels and printed one (each student receives the same problems) for each student, there is some initial cost for the labels but you will not have to give out another assignment sheet for the rest of the year. I created open ideas that instill good observational, creative, and compositional skills. Give each student the same printed page and they can chose what problem to tackle for their sketchbook for the week and stick the one they selected to the back of the page, or you can have them stick them to the prepared pages and they would be forced to move through the sketchbook in an unordered way. This gives the student options and allows them ownership in what they draw each week depending on their mood... but also keeps them focused on the skills they need to work on during the year. I have them staple the label page to the back of their sketchbook so that they do not lose it. I saw this idea and loved it and decided to adapt it to my art 2 and 3 classes and what kid does not like stickers?....even high school kids have a fascination. See list of ideas.
Here is a sample label file created by Gloria Rabinowitz
Suggestions from Ruth Wilson
Suggestions from Donna Rodeghiero
Suggestions from Patty Knott
I like to give words or phrases for idea spawning. I don't grade sketchbooks. I believe they are personal places of exploration for not only practice but journaling and questioning and sometimes, even doodling, but especially creative thinking. I just always hope they will discover mixed meanings, irony, metaphor, and symbolism.... just how to get ideas. This summer I am going through 5 years worth of art , fine crafts and photo magazines that I subscribe to, and I am listing word, phrases, titles, media and techniques that catch my eye. I like to have the kids make arbitrary picks from the list ( pull from a hat, a spin wheel, etc.) and take a day a week that they do the sketchbook exploration without the pressure of projects and grades.
Suggestions from John Steiner
Where is Waldo? Students take one sketchbook page and fill it in with miniature drawings of everything that relates them and their lives… gum, braces, football jersey, soccer and footballs… etc and endless… the page must be filled, no blank space and all items are reduced to the same or nearly same size… could a 2D as well as drawing assignment... teachers complained that my students were drawing in their class!
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This Week in Photos, Nov. 22 - Dec. 5, 2013
Pardon the interruption to our usual programming, but while we hit pause for Thanksgiving the world continued celebrating Hanukkah, Christmas, a king's birthday and a 3-month-old giant panda.Filed under:
The traditional "Nuernberger Christkindlesmarkt," or Christmas Market, opens from Nov. 29 to Dec. 24, 2013 in Nuremberg, southern Germany.
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subset: commoncrawl


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I love Taylor Swift's new album "1989″. The sound is so 80s yet very modern and the arrangements are so nicely done. Who bought the album? Her sound on this album is not pop country anymore, it is pop pop!
Since this morning there is a video that's going viral of the pop star lipsyning on her latest single "Blank Space" with BBC Radio 1 DJ Greg James, in a car. It is very funny and you can see her having fun and laughing…seems like they had a blast recording this.
Check it out under the jump!
La Perla is an Italian luxury clothing company founded in 1954 specializing in lingerie. Most girls ( and gay men working in fashion ) know this brand for its top quality lingerie with a classic yet very modern design. La Perla is now launching its first men's collection in Spring 2015 reinterpreting for the men's sleepwear, fabrics and details usually seen in women's lingerie. Beautiful kimonos, robes and wide leg bottoms in sumptuous fabric such as silk, cupro and cotton.
Do you wear something while you sleep? Or do you sleep naked? Would you invest in nice sleepwear? I have to say that silk must feel amazing on the skin… I'll definitely check them out on my next stop at Barneys!
See other pictures of the collection below and let me know your thoughts!
(All clothing by La Perla. Fashion editor: Michael Cook. Fashion assistant: Taja Whitted. Models: Walter Savage and Bentley Hudson at Soul Artist Management.)
This timelapse video of Chicago took photographer Eric Hines 2 years to film. It captures the city in a unique way from new perspectives. The sequences in this video were all shot with a Canon 5D Mark III and the music is "Signaling Through the Flames" by 'The American Dollar'.
I have to admit that this video really makes me want to visit Chicago. I've never been but many friends told me it is a beautiful and fun city. It looks beautiful for sure!
Have you guys ever been? Are you from there? Chicago is one of the cities where we have the most members. So shout out to everyone in Chicago!
Nick Jonas was trending last night on Twitter during Kingdom's episode thanks to his first sex scene on the small screen. Sadly for us, it was with a girl:(
A while ago, Nick teased that his character might be bisexual or even gay….and he said that he filmed 3 or 4 more sex scenes. So let's hope the next one will be with a man!
Check out the scene below!
Oscar de la Renta, the doyen of American fashion, whose career began in the 1950s in Franco's Spain, sprawled across the better living rooms of Paris and New York, and who was the last survivor of that generation of bold, all-seeing tastemakers, died on Monday at his home in Kent, Conn. He was 82.
His death was confirmed by his wife, Annette de la Renta. The cause was complications from cancer. Though ill with cancer intermittently for close to eight years, Mr. de la Renta was resilient. During that period his business grew by 50 percent, to $150 million in sales, as his name became linked to celebrity events like the Oscars. Amy Adams, Sarah Jessica Parker and Penélope Cruz were among the actresses who wore his dresses.
For all fashion lovers and fashion professionals, it's a pretty sad day today…
R.I.P Oscar!


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1.a rude decoration inscribed on rocks or walls
1.a rude decoration inscribed on rocks or walls
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definition of Wikipedia
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41 Original Hits from the Soundtrack of American Graffiti • ALI (graffiti artist) • Academic Graffiti • Aircraft graffiti • American Graffiti • American Graffiti soundtrack • Anti-graffiti coating • Biblical Graffiti • Bio (graffiti artist) • Bleeding Heart Graffiti • Boris Graffiti • Chad (graffiti) • Cornbread (graffiti) • Digital Graffiti • Dondi (Graffiti Artist) • Gang Graffiti • Graffiti (Chris Brown album) • Graffiti (Palm OS) • Graffiti (Tokio album) • Graffiti (disambiguation) • Graffiti (magazine) • Graffiti (program) • Graffiti (song) • Graffiti 2 • Graffiti Blasters • Graffiti Bridge • Graffiti Bridge (album) • Graffiti Bridge (film) • Graffiti Bridge (movie) • Graffiti Christ • Graffiti Crimes • Graffiti House • Graffiti Kingdom • Graffiti My Soul • Graffiti Research Lab • Graffiti Rock • Graffiti Soul • Graffiti abatement • Graffiti poetry • Graffiti terminology • Graffiti the World • Holy Shit EP (Haunted Graffiti 7) • Laser Graffiti • List of graffiti artists • List of graffiti terms • Metaphysical Graffiti • Michael Stewart (graffiti artist) • Mook (graffiti artist) • Moose (graffiti artist) • More American Graffiti • Newtown area graffiti and street art • Nug (graffiti artist) • Philadelphia Anti-Graffiti Network • Physical Graffiti • Post-Graffiti • RISK (graffiti artist) • Racking (graffiti) • Reverse graffiti • Revs (graffiti artist) • SAMO© Graffiti • Scared Famous/FF» (Haunted Graffiti 3–4) • Scribing (graffiti) • Sentimental Graffiti • Stay High 149 (graffiti artist) • Stencil graffiti • Street Art Post-Graffiti • Teenage Graffiti • The Subconscious Art of Graffiti Removal • Types of graffiti • US gang graffiti in Iraq • Virtual Graffiti • Yahoo! Graffiti • Zephyr (graffiti artist)
Alexamenos graffito • Eternity (graffito) • Goulston Street graffito • Graffito (archaeology) • Graffito (disambiguation) • Graffito (drawing technique) • The Graffito of Esmet-Akhom
chose ayant subi qqch (action, événement, fait) (fr)[ClasseParExt.]
chose matérielle (fr)[Classe...]
garniture (fr)[Classe]
adornment; embellishment; decoration; ornament; ornamentation[ClasseHyper.]
(longhand; writing; handwriting; script)[Thème]
inscription (fr)[Thème]
artefact, artifact[Hyper.]
orner (fr)[Nominalisation]
decorate, dress - adorn, beautify, decorate, embellish, grace, ornament - adorn, beautify, deck, decorate, embellish, grace - cosmetic, decorative, fancy, ornamental[Dérivé]
chose inscrite (fr)[ClasseParExt.]
mur (fr)[DomainDescrip.]
graffiti (n.)↕
chose ayant subi qqch (action, événement, fait) (fr)[ClasseParExt.]
chose matérielle (fr)[Classe...]
garniture (fr)[Classe]
adornment; embellishment; decoration; ornament; ornamentation[ClasseHyper.]
(longhand; writing; handwriting; script)[Thème]
inscription (fr)[Thème]
artefact, artifact[Hyper.]
orner (fr)[Nominalisation]
decorate, dress - adorn, beautify, decorate, embellish, grace, ornament - adorn, beautify, deck, decorate, embellish, grace - cosmetic, decorative, fancy, ornamental[Dérivé]
chose inscrite (fr)[ClasseParExt.]
mur (fr)[DomainDescrip.]
graffito (n.)↕
Graffiti (singular: graffito; the plural is used as a mass noun) is writing or drawings scribbled, scratched, or sprayed illicitly on a wall or other surface in a public place.[1] Stickers and other adhesives are not considered graffiti, apparently because they are less common. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire.[2]
In modern times, paint, particularly spray paint, and marker pens have become the most commonly used graffiti materials. In most countries, marking or painting property without the property owner's consent is considered defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime. Graffiti may also express underlying social and political messages and a whole genre of artistic expression is based upon spray paint graffiti styles. Within hip hop culture, graffiti has evolved alongside hip hop music, b-boying, and other elements.[3] Unrelated to hip-hop graffiti, gangs use their own form of graffiti to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities.
Controversies that surround graffiti continue to create disagreement amongst city officials/law enforcement and writers who wish to display and appreciate work in public locations. There are many different types and styles of graffiti and it is a rapidly developing art form whose value is highly contested, reviled by many authorities while also subject to protection, sometimes within the same jurisdiction.
Graffiti and graffito are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). "Graffiti" is applied in art history to works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito",[4] which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into it. In ancient times graffiti was carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν — graphein — meaning "to write."
The term graffiti referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, etc., found on the walls of ancient sepulchers or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Usage of the word has evolved to include any graphics applied to surfaces in a manner that constitutes vandalism.
The earliest forms of graffiti date back to 30,000 BC in the form of prehistoric cave paintings and pictographs using tools such as Animal bones and pigments.[5] These illustrations were often placed in ceremonial and sacred locations inside of the caves. The images drawn on the walls showed scenes of animal wildlife and hunting expeditions in most circumstances. This form of graffiti is subject to disagreement[clarification needed Disagreement between whom and concerning what?] considering it is likely that members of prehistoric society endorsed the creation of these illustrations.
The only known source of the Safaitic language, a form of proto-Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the 1st century BC to the 4th century AD.
The first known example of "modern style" graffiti survives in the ancient Greek city of Ephesus (in modern-day Turkey). Local guides say it is an advertisement for prostitution. Located near a mosaic and stone walkway, the graffiti shows a handprint that vaguely resembles a heart, along with a footprint and a number. This is believed to indicate that a brothel was nearby, with the handprint symbolizing payment.[6]
The ancient Romans carved graffiti on walls and monuments, examples of which also survive in Egypt. Graffiti in the classical world had different connotations than it carries in today's society concerning content. Ancient graffiti displayed phrases of love declarations, political rhetoric, and simple words of thought compared to today's popular messages of social and political ideals[7] The eruption of Vesuvius preserved graffiti in Pompeii, including Latin curses, magic spells, declarations of love, alphabets, political slogans and famous literary quotes, providing insight into ancient Roman street life. One inscription gives the address of a woman named Novellia Primigenia of Nuceria, a prostitute, apparently of great beauty, whose services were much in demand. Another shows a phallus accompanied by the text, 'mansueta tene': "Handle with care".
Disappointed love also found its way onto walls in antiquity:
Historic forms of graffiti have helped gain understanding into the lifestyles and languages of past cultures. Errors in spelling and grammar in this graffiti offer insight into the degree of literacy in Roman times and provide clues on the pronunciation of spoken Latin. Examples are CIL IV, 7838: Vettium Firmum / aed[ilem] quactiliar[ii] [sic] rog[ant]. Here, "qu" is pronounced "co." The 83 pieces of graffiti found at CIL IV, 4706-85 are evidence of the ability to read and write at levels of society where literacy might not be expected. The graffiti appear on a peristyle which was being remodeled at the time of the eruption of Vesuvius by the architect Crescens. The graffiti was left by both the foreman and his workers. The brothel at CIL VII, 12, 18–20 contains over 120 pieces of graffiti, some of which were the work of the prostitutes and their clients. The gladiatorial academy at CIL IV, 4397 was scrawled with graffiti left by the gladiator Celadus Crescens (Suspirium puellarum Celadus thraex: "Celadus the Thracian makes the girls sigh.")
Another piece from Pompeii, written on a tavern wall about the owner of the establishment and his questionable wine:
It was not only the Greeks and Romans that produced graffiti: the Mayan site of Tikal in Guatemala also contains ancient examples. Viking graffiti survive in Rome and at Newgrange Mound in Ireland, and a Varangian scratched his name (Halvdan) in runes on a banister in the Hagia Sophia at Constantinople. These early forms of graffiti have contributed to the understanding of lifestyles and languages of past cultures.
Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls.[9]
When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names[10][11] and returned with the grottesche style of decoration. There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Signature Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.
Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s.[12] Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.[13]
Graffiti is often seen as having become intertwined with hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from New York City Subway graffiti. However, there are many other instances of notable graffiti this century. Graffiti has long appeared on railroad boxcars and subways. The one with the longest history, dating back to the 1920s and continuing into the present day, is Texino.[14] During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and its filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".[15] The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchist, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") expressed in painted graffiti, poster art, and stencil art. In the U.S. at the time other political phrases (such as "Free Huey" about Black Panther Huey Newton) became briefly popular as graffiti in limited areas, only to be forgotten. A popular graffito of the 1970s was the legend "Dick Nixon Before He Dicks You", reflecting the hostility of the youth culture to that U.S. president.
Rock and roll graffiti is a significant sub genre. A famous graffito of the 20th century was the inscription in the London subway reading "Clapton is God". The phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington Underground station in the autumn of 1967. The graffiti was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall. Graffiti also became associated with the anti-establishment punk rock movement beginning in the 1970s. Bands such as Black Flag and Crass (and their followers) widely stenciled their names and logos, while many punk night clubs, squats and hangouts are famous for their graffiti. In the late 1980s the upside down Martini glass that was the tag for punk band Missing Foundation was the most ubiquitous graffito in lower Manhattan, and copied by hard core punk fans throughout the U.S. and West Germany.[16]
Along similar lines was the legend "Frodo Lives", referring to the protagonist of The Lord of the Rings.
|Street art
|Street art formats
Graffiti • Stencils • Sticker art
|Street artists
List of street artists
|Graffiti culture
|Artist ideologies
Art intervention
|Street art-related
Built environment
|Street art by country
In 1979, graffiti artist Lee Quinones and Fab 5 Freddy were given a gallery opening in Rome by art dealer Claudio Bruni. For many outside of New York, it was their first encounter with the art form. Fab 5 Freddy's friendship with Debbie Harry influenced Blondie's single "Rapture" (Chrysalis, 1981), the video of which featured Jean-Michel Basquiat, and offered many their first glimpse of a depiction of elements of graffiti in hip hop culture. JaJaJa toured Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, and Holland with her a large graffiti canvas as a backdrop.[17] Charlie Ahearn's independently released fiction film Wild Style (Wild Style, 1983), the early PBS documentary Style Wars (1983), hit songs such as "The Message" and "Planet Rock" and their accompanying music videos (both 1982) contributed to a growing interest outside New York in all aspects of hip hop. Style Wars depicted not only famous graffiti artists such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne and Zephyr, but also reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip hop culture by incorporating famous early break dancing groups such as Rock Steady Crew into the film and featuring rap in the soundtrack. Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s.[18] Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983.[19] Hollywood also paid attention, consulting writers like PHASE 2 as it depicted the culture and gave it international exposure in movies like Beat Street (Orion, 1984).
This period also saw the emergence of the new stencil graffiti genre. Some of the first examples were created ca 1981 by graffiti artist Blek le Rat in Paris; by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis.[20]
People often leave their traces in wet cement or concrete. This type of graffiti often commemorates the mutual commitment of a couple, or simply records a person's presence at a particular moment. Often this type of graffiti is dated and is left untouched for decades, offering a look into local historical minutiae.
With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." However due to illegalities some of the "street artists" were arrested and charged with vandalism, and IBM was fined more than US$120,000 for punitive and clean-up costs.[21][22]
In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by TATS CRU in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles and Miami to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle or a rocking horse."[22]
Along with the commercial growth has come the rise of video games also depicting graffiti, usually in a positive aspect – for example, the Jet Set Radio series (2000–2003) tells the story of a group of teens fighting the oppression of a totalitarian police force that attempts to limit the graffiti artists' freedom of speech. In plotlines mirroring the negative reaction of non-commercial artists to the commercialization of the art form by companies like IBM (and, later, Sony itself) the Rakugaki Ōkoku series (2003–2005) for Sony's PlayStation 2 revolves around an anonymous hero and his magically imbued-with-life graffiti creations as they struggle against an evil king who only allows art to be produced which can benefit him. Following the original roots of modern graffiti as a political force came another game title, Marc Eckō's Getting Up: Contents Under Pressure (2006), featuring a story line involving fighting against a corrupt city and its oppression of free speech, as in the Jet Set Radio series.
Other games which feature graffiti include Bomb the World (2004), an online graffiti simulation created by graffiti artist Klark Kent where users can virtually paint trains at 20 locations worldwide, and Super Mario Sunshine (2002), in which the hero, Mario must clean the city of graffiti left by the villain, Bowser Jr. in a plotline which evokes the successes of the Anti-Graffiti Task Force of New York's Mayor Rudolph Giuliani (a manifestation of "broken window theory") or those of the "Graffiti Blasters" of Chicago's Mayor Richard M. Daley.
Numerous other non-graffiti-centric video games allow the player to produce graffiti (such as the Half-Life series, the Tony Hawk's series, The Urbz: Sims in the City, Rolling and Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas). Counter-Strike which is a Half-Life mod allows user to create their own and tag in game. Many other titles contain in-game depictions of graffiti (such as The Darkness, Double Dragon 3: The Rosetta Stone, NetHack, Samurai Champloo: Sidetracked, The World Ends with You, The Warriors, Just Cause, Portal, various examples of Virtual Graffiti, etc.). There also exist a host of games where the term "graffiti" is used as a synonym for "drawing" (such as Yahoo! Graffiti, Graffiti, etc.).
Marc Ecko, an urban clothing designer, has been an advocate of graffiti as an art form during this period, stating that "Graffiti is without question the most powerful art movement in recent history and has been a driving inspiration throughout my career."[23]
Keith Haring was another well-known graffiti artist who brought Pop Art and graffiti to the commercial mainstream. In the 1980s, Haring opened his first Pop Shop: a store that offered everyone access to his works—which until then could only be found spray-painted on city walls. Pop Shop offered commodities like bags and t-shirts. Haring explained that "The Pop Shop makes my work accessible. It's about participation on a big level, the point was that we didn't want to produce things that would cheapen the art. In other words, this was still art as statement".
Graffiti has become a common stepping stone for many members of both the art and design community in North America and abroad. Within the United States Graffiti Artists such as Mike Giant, Pursue, Rime, Noah and countless others have made careers in skateboard, apparel and shoe design for companies such as DC Shoes, Adidas, Rebel8 Osiris or Circa[24] Meanwhile there are many others such as DZINE, Daze, Blade, The Mac that have made the switch to gallery artists often times not even using their initial medium, spray paint.[24]
But perhaps the greatest example of graffiti artists infiltrating mainstream pop culture is by the French crew, 123Klan. 123Klan founded as a graffiti crew in 1989 by Scien and Klor, have gradually turned their hands to illustration and design while still maintaining their graffiti practice and style. In doing so they have designed and produced, logos and illustrations, shoes, and fashion for the likes of Nike, Adidas, Lamborghini, Coca Cola, Stussy, Sony, Nasdaq and more.[25]
There is a significant graffiti tradition in South America, especially in Brazil. Within Brazil, São Paulo is generally considered to be the current centre of inspiration for many graffiti artists worldwide.[26]
Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration."[27] Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities."[27] Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York."[28] The "sprawling metropolis,"[28] of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti;"[28] Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples,"[29] and to "Brazil's chronic poverty,"[30] as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture."[30] In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently."[29] Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised,"[30] that is South American graffiti art.
Prominent Brazilian graffiti artists include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka and T.Freak.[31] Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures[32] has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.[33]
Graffiti in the Middle East is slowly emerging, with pockets of taggers operating in the various 'Emirates' of the United Arab Emirates, in Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photo coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine PingMag has interviewed A1one and featured photos of his work.[34] The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many graffiti artists in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF, from Los Angeles, and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen graffitied around Israel.
There are also a large graffiti influenced in southeast asian countries mostly comes from modern Western culture. Especially in Malaysia, graffiti has long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has began hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.[35]
The modern day graffiti artist can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece.[36] This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one necessity for graffiti. From this commodity come different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of visual graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and come in virtually every color.
Stencil graffiti, originating in the early 1980s, is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image.[37] The stencil is then placed on the canvas gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface. This method of graffiti is popular amongst artists because of its swift technique that requires very little time. Time is always a factor with graffiti due to the constant threat of getting caught by law enforcement.
Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes as new media for graffiti writers. The Italian artist Kaso is pursuing regenerative graffiti through experimentation with abstract shapes and deliberate modification of previous graffiti artworks. Yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification.
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Some of the most common styles of graffiti have their own names. A "tag" is the most basic writing of an artist's name, it is simply a handstyle. A graffiti writer's tag is his or her personalized signature. Tagging is often the example given when opponents of graffiti refer to any acts of handstyle graffiti writing (it is by far the most common form of graffiti). Tags can contain subtle and sometimes cryptic messages, and might incorporate the artist's crew initials or other letters. One form of tagging known as "pissing" is the act of taking a refillable fire extinguisher and replacing the contents inside with paint, allowing for tags as high as around 20 feet. Aiming and keeping a handstyle steady in this form of tagging is very difficult, usually coming out wavy and sloppy.
Another form is the "throw-up", also known as a "bombing" which is normally painted very quickly with two or three colors, sacrificing aesthetics for speed. Throw-ups can also be outlined on a surface with one color. A "piece" is a more elaborate representation of the artist's name, incorporating more stylized letters, usually incorporating a much larger range of colors. This of course is more time consuming and increases the likelihood of the artist getting caught. A "blockbuster" or "roller" is a large piece, almost always done in a block shaped style, done simply to cover a large area solidly with two contrasting colours, sometimes with the whole purpose of blocking other writers from painting on the same wall. These are usually accomplished with extended paint rollers and gallons of cheap exterior paint.
A more complex style is "wildstyle", a form of graffiti usually involving interlocking letters and connecting points. These pieces are often harder to read by non-graffiti artists as the letters merge into one another in an often undecipherable manner. Some artists also use stickers as a quick way to catch ups. While certain critics from within graffiti culture consider this lazy, stickers can be quite detailed in their own right, and are often used in conjunction with other materials. Sticker tags are commonly done on blank postage stickers, as these can be easily acquired with no cost on the writers part.
Many graffiti artists believe that doing complex pieces involves too great an investment of time to justify the practice. Doing a piece can take (depending on experience and size) 30 minutes to months on end, as was the case for Saber MSK while working on the worlds largest graffiti piece on the LA river. Another graffiti artist can go over a piece in a matter of minutes with a simple throw up. This was exemplified by the writer "CAP" in the documentary Style Wars, who, other writers complain, ruins pieces with his quick throw ups. This became known as "capping" and is often done when there is "beef", conflict between writers.
Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Scandinavian Institute of Comparative Vandalism in 1961. Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or in the achievement of a political goal.[38]
The murals of Belfast and of Los Angeles offer another example of official recognition.[39] In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically and/or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by Graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.
Many artists involved with Graffiti also are concerned with the similar activity of Stencilling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognised while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffiti artist Mathangi Arulpragasam a.k.a. M.I.A. has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, having herself become a muse for other graffiti artists/painters worldwide in cities including Seville.[40] Graffiti artist John Fekner, called "caption writer to the urban environment, adman for the opposition" by writer Lucy Lippard,[41] was involved in direct art interventions within New York City's decaying urban environment in the mid-seventies through the eighties. Fekner is known for his word installations targeting social and political issues, stenciled on buildings throughout New York.
Graffiti artists constantly have the looming threat of facing consequences for displaying their graffiti. Many choose to protect their identities and reputation by remaining anonymous.
With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffiti artists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the 1 of 4 hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a form of visual art, it might also be said that many graffiti artists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.
Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artist who continues to remain faceless in today's society.[42] He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England but his work can be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork can be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, though he has painted pictures around the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions have also taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while other officials have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.
Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public.[43] Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts . Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do so as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston.
Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist and anti-consumerist messages around the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s.[44]
In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names as 'De Zoot', 'Vendex' and 'Dr Rat'.[45][46] To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there already was a vibrant graffiti culture.
The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchist, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the millenarian and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.
"I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely."
The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints for a variety of reasons—but primarily because is it difficult for the police to apprehend and for the courts to sentence or even convict a person for a protest that is as fleeting and less intrusive than marching in the streets. In some communities, such impermanent works survive longer than works created with permanent paints because the community views the work in the same vein as that of the civil protester who marches in the street—such protest are impermanent but effective nevertheless.
In some areas where a number of artist share the impermanence ideal, there grows an informal competition. That is, the length of time that a work escapes destruction is related to the amount of respect the work garners in the community. A crude work that deserves little respect would invariably be removed immediately. The most talented artist might have works last for days.
Artists whose primary object is to assert control over property—and not primarily to create of an expressive work of art, political or otherwise—resist switching to impermanent paints.
Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences forced onto them as a means of further protest.[48]
The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each others' practices. Anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers, for example, did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.
On top of the political aspect of graffiti as a movement, political groups and individuals may also use graffiti as a tool to spread their point of view. This practice, due to its illegality, has generally become favored by groups excluded from the political mainstream (e.g. far-left or far-right groups) who justify their activity by pointing out that they do not have the money – or sometimes the desire – to buy advertising to get their message across, and that a "ruling class" or "establishment" control the mainstream press, systematically excluding the radical/alternative point of view. This type of graffiti can seem crude; for example fascist supporters often scrawl swastikas and other Nazi images.
One innovative form of graffiti that emerged in the UK in the 1970s was devised by the Money Liberation Front (MLF), essentially a loose affiliation of underground press writers such as the poet and playwright Heathcote Williams and magazine editor and playwright Jay Jeff Jones. They initiated the use of paper currency as a medium for counterculture propaganda, overprinting banknotes, usually with a John Bull printing set. Although short lived the MLF was representative of London's Ladbroke Grove centered alternative and literary community of the period. The area was also a scene of considerable anti-establishment and humorous street graffiti much of it also produced by Williams.[49]
In 2009, following the elections in Iran, protesters (who regarded the electoral result as rigged) began to deface banknotes with slogans such as "Death to the dictator". In Colombia writing and drawing on banknotes has become increasingly popular, either to make political comments, for fun or as an artistic medium. The national government has run advertising campaigns in an attempt to discourage the practice. In the UK there have been signs of an MLF resurgence with a number of banknotes in circulation being over-marked with protest slogans such as "Banks=Robbers", relating to the perceived culpability of banks in the financial crisis.
Both sides of the conflict in Northern Ireland produce political graffiti. As well as slogans, Northern Irish political graffiti include large wall paintings, referred to as murals. Along with the flying of flags and the painting of kerb stones, the murals serve a territorial purpose, often associated with gang use. Artists paint them mostly on house gables or on the Peace Lines, high walls that separate different communities. The murals often develop over an extended period and tend to stylization, with a strong symbolic or iconographic content. Loyalist murals often refer to historical events dating from the war between James II and William III in the late 17th century, whereas Republican murals usually refer to the more recent troubles.
Territorial graffiti serves as marking ground to display tags and logos that differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.[50]
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Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. In NYC, Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies like Coca Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the U.K. Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes of cross referencing would promote their store. Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product. Shepard Fairey rose to fame after his "Andre the Giant Has a Posse" sticker campaign, in which his art was plastered in cities across America.
Many graffiti artists see legal advertising as no more than 'paid for and legalised graffiti' and have risen against mainstream adverts. The graffiti research lab crew have gone on to target several prominent adverts in New York as a means of making a statement against this criteria.
Graffiti can also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti can be difficult to locate, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly).[51] Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight not easily recognized as "racist". It can then only be understood if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus an 'unique set of conditions'.[52]
Hence, the lack of obvious racist graffiti does not necessarily mean that there actually is none. By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints),[54] these drawings are less likely to be removed but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.[55]
In the early 1980s, the first Art Galleries who started to show graffiti artists to the public were Fashion Moda in Bronx and Now Gallery in East Village, Manhattan.
A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early '80s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring and Jean-Michel Basquiat.
It displayed 22 works by New York graffiti artists, including Crash, Daze and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in Time Out Magazine, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti. Terrance Lindall, an artist and executive director of the Williamsburg Art and Historic Center, said regarding graffiti and the exhibition:[56]
"Graffiti is revolutionary, in my opinion", he says, "and any revolution might be considered a crime. People who are oppressed or suppressed need an outlet, so they write on walls—it's free."
In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within visual art. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.[57]
Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris — a clear acceptance of the art form into the French art world.[58][59]
Many graffiti artists have used their design talents in other artistic endeavors. In 2009 graffiti artist "Scape" published "GRAFF; the Art & Technique of Graffiti", the world's first book dedicated to displaying the full techniques of creating graffiti art. Other books that focus on graffiti include Faith of Graffiti by Norman Mailer, Trespass by Taschen press,[60] and the comic book Concrete Immortalz by Elite Gudz, which has a graffiti artist as its main character.
Figurines by KAWS, featuring icons of pop culture often with x'ed out eyes, run in limited editions and sell for thousands of dollars.[61] World-renowned street artist Banksy directed the film Exit Through the Gift Shop, which explored street art and commercialism, in 2010.
Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses chlorofluorocarbons or volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint unto a surface. As an alternative, moss graffiti is starting to catch on [62], which uses moss to create text or images. The moss is glued unto a surface by means of beer, buttermilk, or yogurt combined with sugar.[63][64]
In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanise the country's communist revolution. Mao holds the record for the longest piece of graffiti, which contains 4000 characters criticising his teachers and the state of Chinese society.[65]
In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Some of his work is now officially preserved.
In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffiti artists. Since 2005 they've been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones".[66] From 2007, Taipei's Department of Cultural Affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. Graffiti artists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to $6000 TWD under a Department of Environmental Protection regulation.[67] However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."[68]
In 1993 in Singapore, after several expensive cars were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing the car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six lashes of the cane, but the then President of Singapore Ong Teng Cheong agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.[69]
In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined 2 million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat" however Korean government prosecutors alleged that Mr. Park was making a derogatory statement about President of ROK Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.[70]
In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.[71]
In September 2006, the European Parliament issued the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animals' excrement and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.[72]
The Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16.[73] The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed 'cool' or 'edgy' image.
To back the campaign, 123 MPs (including Prime Minister Tony Blair) signed a charter which stated: Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem.[74] However, in the last couple of years the British graffiti scene has been struck by self-titled 'art terrorist' Banksy, who has revolutionized the style of UK graffiti (bringing to the forefront stencils to aid the speed of painting) as well as the content; making his work largely satirical of the sociological state of cities, or the political climate of war, often using monkeys and rats as motifs.
In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.
In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffiti artists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation,[75] nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from 18 months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.[76]
Some councils, like that at Stroud, Gloucestershire and Loerrach provide approved areas round the town where graffiti artists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the 'spray and run.'[77]
In Budapest, Hungary both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.[78][79]
In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffiti artists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the University to tag, advertise, poster and create "art". Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[80][81] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere.[82] Some Local Government Areas around Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.
Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of Local Governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.
Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street are as a major attraction. Everything including; sticker art, poster, stencil art and wheatpasting can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As you move further away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.[83]
In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand Prime Minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 where a middle aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.
Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to city to help allocate an anti graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all of the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all of the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them to not only focuses on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.[84]
Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls and fences, vehicles and/or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing the property of another, both public and private property, including but limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, trees, or power pole.[85]
To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives over 5000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time, there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and the actual removal of it. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided and the action taken.[86]
When the police use search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays, etching tools or other sharp or pointed objects used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces, and permanent marking pens, such as markers or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew, paraphernalia to include any reference to "(tagger's name)," and any drawings, writings, objects or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or mention of tagging crew membership; any newspaper clippings relating details of or referring to any graffiti crime.[87]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Graffiti
Graffito is the singular form of the Italian graffiti, meaning "little scratch".
Graffito may also refer to:
|This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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RSE@The Scottish Borders
The Scottish Borders has been chosen as the next region to host the RSE@ outreach programme during 2014-15. The RSE is currently seeking support from individuals, organisations and charitable foundations with links to the region as well as others who feel the project is worthwhile.
Next Events
Sir John Cass's Foundation Lecture: Education policy and Scottish autonomy: the end of a common British tradition?
1 Dec 2014
Speaker: Professor Lindsay Paterson FBA FRSE, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh
Does what we eat matter?
3 Dec 2014
Professor Maggie Gill OBE FRSE, Senior Research Fellow, Department for International Development, will explore the variety of foods we eat in different parts of the world and will look at how diets are changing and some of the factors that change diets.
European Scientific Adviser role abolished
Statement from RSE President
School science report raises teaching concerns
Survey by Learned Societies Group suggests that schools in Scotland are struggling to teach science due to lack of equipment and resources
Special event with RSE President at Irvine Royal Academy
Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell's first public event as RSE President added to Talk Science @ Irvine Bay programme.


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Xbox One Video Game Trailers
Filtered Results
Season Pass Trailer
The Season Pass will include six add-on content packs that feature unique themed levels, stories and free play modes.
Launch Trailer
Play Arno, in his quest for redemption through the violent and anarchic 18th century Paris.
PS3 to PS4 Comparison
Highlighting the extensive enhancements made to Grand Theft Auto V in its transition from the PlayStation 3 to the PlayStation 4.
First Person Experience Trailer
New mode gives players the chance to explore the world of Los Santos and Blaine County directly through the eyes of their character.
Story Trailer
Players will control Ajay, a young man whose ties to Kyrat's history run deeper than he initially realises.
Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare: Live Action Trailer - Discover Your Power
Directed by Peter Berg and starring Taylor Kitsch and Emily Ratajkowski.
Modes Trailer
Find out all the details about myClub, Live Updates, the revamped Master League mode and much more.


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See all videos
JP Jensen Flexible Ventilation Ducting Systems and Repair Kits
JP Jensen Ventilation
JP Jesen's Guide to Installing and Maintaining an Efficient Underground Mine Ventilation Tube
JP Jensen Ventilation
The Zip HydroTap G4 Provides Instant, Filtered, Sparkling Water On-Tap
Gemecs Offers Master Class in Essential Shale Gas Exploration, Technology and Environmental Safety
Catalogue: Jack Winches Lifting Equipment for Lowering Risk
Jacks Winches
See all white papers
Rio Tinto approves fourth pipe development at Diavik diamond mine site
Canada's Diavik Diamond Mine operator Rio Tinto has approved the...
Flinders University introduces new device to tackle mine worker dehydration
Flinders University's Medical Device Partnering Program (MDPP) is...
Two Chinese coal mine accidents kill 37 miners
A total of 37 people have died from two coal mine accidents in...
Uralkali to commence repair works at damaged Solikamsk-2 mine
Russian potash producer Uralkali has announced plans to carry out repair...
Lundin Mining achieves commercial production at Eagle Mine in Michigan
Diversified base metals mining company Lundin Mining has commenced...
HydroTap G4 Offers Intelligent Technology and Designer Finishes in One Smart Appliance
Wednesday, November 26, 2014
by Birko
The brilliant new Zip HydroTap G4 is not only the world's most...
Zip Industries Presents HydroTap G4, the World's Most Advanced Drinking Water Appliance
Wednesday, November 26, 2014
by Zip
Zip HydroTap G4. The brilliant new generation of the world's most...
Eliminate Clogging with Dragflow's New No Clog Pump
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Dragflow welcomes its new no clog pump, EL60 RI, the first in the...
Dragflow to Exhibit at Pollutec 2014
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Dragflow will be presenting at Pollutec expo from 2 - 5 December in...
Midwest Valves & Controls Distributes Australian Pipeline Valve® Products
Tuesday, November 25, 2014
by Midwest Valves & Controls
Midwest Valves & Controls now distributes products Australian Pipeline...
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First look at Apple's 'next generation MacBook Pro' with photosAfter announcing the "next generation MacBook Pro" complete with Retina Display, Apple let WWDC attendees spend some quality time with the machine and AppleInsider was there to grab some up-close photos.
"The most beautiful computer we have ever made"
That's what Apple is calling the new Retina Display-toting MacBook Pro, and the company had an example on display at WWDC. The unit was protected by a plexiglass cylinder, but guests were able to get close enough to get a feel for the high-resolution display and redesigned port layout.
First look at the sleek outer design of Apple's new MacBook Pro.
Off-axis screen on the MacBook Pro's 15.4-inch 2,880 by 1,880 pixel screen jams in 220 pixels-per-inch and is quite impressive to the naked eye, though future tests will show just how it compares with current models. Note the deep blacks and reduced glare, which Apple claims is 75 percent less reflective than glossy displays on current machines.
The high-resolution Retina Display is the largest of its kind implemented by Apple and the first in a laptop.
Apple's newly-redesigned MagSafe 2 power connector looks to be physically similar to current offerings, though the revamped internals were not on display at the time of this writing.
Apple's new MagSafe 2 connector.
The uni-body chassis is packed with high-density batteries to accomodate the added draw from the Retina Display that will create a higher level of heat compared to current=generation models. As seen in the photo below, the new unit sports an interesting venting setup on its underside to handle the laptop's unique thermal properties.
Underside view of the next-gen MacBook Pro with side vents.
Upgraded connectivity options include USB 3.0 and a dedicated HDMI-out port along with a high-speed Thunderbolt port and SD card reader. With the nixing of an optical drive, Apple has moved three connector ports to the right side of the machine.
Re-arranged ports with USB 3.0, HDMI-out and SD card slot.
On Topic: MacBook Pro
- Early Black Friday sale delivers first Apple MacBook Pro with Retina display under $1000
- Lowest Prices Ever: Apple's mid-2014 2.5Ghz 15-inch MacBook Pro (16GB, 512GB, 750M) for $2199, tax-free outside NY (save $500 instantly)
- Black Friday at MacMall kicks off with up to $300 off Retina MacBook Pros, $200 off Retina iMac, up to $600 off Mac Pros
- Early Black Friday: Apple's current 15" MacBook Pro for $1,699 ($300 off), 27" iMac 5K with AppleCare for $2,299 ($369 off), 13" MacBook Air for $889 ($110 off)
- Deals: Free Apple Magic Trackpad and 25-100% off AppleCare with each MacBook, Mac Pro and non-Retina iMac


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Sony Shows Off Mini Personal TV
by Tech 1 Reactions 0 Shares Print
Japan's electronics giant Sony unveiled the new card size digital TV "XDV-100," recently which measures 98.3 x 61 x 15.1mm (that's 3.8 x 2.4 x .5 inches) and weighing only 110g. It has a 2.83-inch LCD display and 5.5-hour digital TV program with a built-in Li-ion battery at the company's headquarters in Tokyo. Sony will put it on the market 10 April with an estimated price of 40,000 yen ($340 USD).
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is cute!!! hahaha for small :P
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- Tech dudes take credit for female scientist's work — The Mary Sue
- The best apps to get you through long holiday drives — Cool Mom Tech
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Serving Merrillville & Surrounding Areas. Mike Anderson Chevrolet of Merrillville is the "Chevy Giant... more
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Shaffer Hyundai is proud to provide the areas of Crown Point, Highlander and all of Indiana with quality ... more
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text:
50,000 - 100,000 downloadsAdd this app to your listsTweets por @Appszoom
Organise your Book library, scan Books directly into your shelves.
New to version 5.5
* Scanning support for newer devices
* Fixes to some lookups
* New 2-part barcode scanning options
* New layout for settings
New to version 5.4.4
* Fixes to (index=0...) problems
* Optimizations to wifi scanning during connect devices
New to version 5.4.3
* Fixes to recover lost custom fields
* Fixes to scan and search
* Fixes to 2-part barcode scanning
* Give your Books:
- Title
- Star Ratings
- Release Date
- Series Name and Number (even allows numbers such as 1a or 1.5)
- Authors
- Image
- Genre
- Description
- Characters
- Wanted / Owned / Read tags - with icons
- custom sequence number for sorting
- Color the title
- Add more custom fields or hide existing fields
* Scan ISBNs
- supports continual scan and add, with adjustable focus interval
- automatically looks up info for scanned ISBNs's
- library mode scanning
* Edit your details
- quick update fields in the list/grid view via multi select or the context menu
- shrink unused fields in the edit view
- track who you've loaned your Books to
* Home Screen
- Direct access to your favourite list - set any list as a favourite
- Can change your startup screen
* Multiple views
- sort your shelves by title, series, author, date released and rating, sequence - per shelf
- view just Books that are wanted, not owned or not read or any other tag
- view images in your list
- view Books in a list or grid format - per shelf
- changable icons on the screens
* Lookup information
- supports standard and in-depth searches, region order can be changed in settings
- control what level of internet connection is required for various searches
- both us and uk sources
- Lookup up all info on a shelf in one go
- Download missing images on a shelf in one go
- Scan a ISBN or type a title and then search directly on the internet
* Transfer Book data
- transfer data and shelves between devices
- full sync options
* Export and Import Shelves
- multiple export and import formats: csv, xml and txt (tab separated)
- export all fields or just main ones
- export directly to email or the clipboard
- files saved to/read from SD card for easy access
- import prevents duplicates (via ISBN), or allows them
- map file fields to your fields during import
- save anywhere requires a file system app such as 'File Manager' or 'Astro'
* Search your Books for any text field
- control which fields can be searched in settings
- fully integrated with quick search (will need enabling in global search options)
* Store an image for your book
- take a photo
- select an image
- type a url for the image
* Many maintenance options, in the menus and in the settings
- set default values for common main fields
- add, rename, move, delete shelves and Books
* Customize the fields
- add other fields that you want
- hide the fields you don't want to see, including most pre-defined fields
- can be renamed or changed to take multiple values
- edit the values for a field, including delete, merge, clear and rename
* Backup and restore
- full back up and restore to the sd card
- automatic backups
- restore settings and data seperately
* SD Card Support
- move the application
- store the images on the SD card
- hide the images from the gallery viewer
Permissions required:
Full Internet - for data transfer, information lookup (and ads)
External Storage - for exports and imports
Camera - for scanning ISBNs
Start at Boot - for intialising auto backup (if turned on)
Bluetooth - for transfering data
Please email all suggestions or queries (and problems) to firstname.lastname@example.com
Tags: bookshelf widget, book shelf, cd shelf, bookshelf source code, bookshelf, bookshelf basic, dvd shelf app import, that looks like a library bookshelf, bookshelf tab, bookshelf dion hardy.
New to version 5.5
* Scanning support for newer devices
* Fixes to some lookups
* New 2-part barcode scanning options
* New layout for settings
(61 stars)
Had problems at first but changed settings to ZXing scanner and worked great. Also like ability to sync multiple devices. Would be nice if it read ISBN for barcodes that are generic.
(61 stars)
Camera won't focus and scan port too small.
(61 stars)
I tried to scan some books but it wouldn't scan
(61 stars)
This app is just plain amazing! It works GREAT on my phone, the Samsung Galaxy Note 2. The scanner won't focus on my hubby's S4, but we can share the book info. Also, if the scanner won't work on your phone, you can still search/autofill book info with just the IBSN or the title. It is well worth paying for, but is currently FREE! We are in the process of reorganizing our huge collection of books
(61 stars)
Scanner doesn't work for Galaxy S4. Download Simple Bookshelf. The scanner works.
(61 stars)
This is a Great app and I like it, but when I scan the old ISBN's it gives me some other book. Some of the older ISBN's are shorter so maybe you could add them. I used to use MyBookDroid but it isn't available any more and you can't transfer the data to another phone or my computer.
(61 stars)
I love this. It allows me to keep track of people borrowing my books. A need for me.


text:
Town Square
Palo Alto man gets seven years for ear-biting incident
Original post made on Aug 4, 2014
Read the full story here Web Link posted Monday, August 4, 2014, 8:18 AM
Comments (1)
a resident of Barron Park
on Aug 4, 2014 at 8:59 am
Mike Tyson got his boxing license temporarily revoked (1997) and McGriff got 2+5 years in prison for a similar crime.
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Every Fall and Winter I increase my garlic intake because it is one of the best ways to boost your immune system to prevent sickness – and if you're already sick – it's one of the best ways to quickly recover and feel better! I'll make homemade pesto or spaghetti and use a lot of garlic (but not so much that you don't like the meal!) or I do "garlic shots"...
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Never assume your kid won't like something. I was surprised that my daughter LOVED plain yogurt! It took ME a while to get used to the taste (compared to the flavored variety), but she loved it from the start! Ditch the sugary yogurt or processed cereals and start giving yourself and family REAL food!!! PS- organic whole milk PLAIN yogurt (or as my daughter likes to call it "Yo Yo!") is...
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