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Method and apparatus for using current-mode analog circuits to compute the correlation between an auditory input signal in the time-frequency domain and a stored binary template. By using massively parallel computation, circuits made of relatively imprecise analog components are able to accurately classify transient events, are competitive with high-performance DSP systems, and operate with much smaller power requirements.
1. A mixed-mode very-large-scale integration (VLSI) device for real-time classification of acoustic transients by correlating an input signal comprising a plurality of input currents with a plurality of stored template values, the device comprising:
means for generating the plurality of input currents from collected acoustic transient data;
a normalizer for normalizing the plurality of input currents;
a switched-capacitor circuit for time and/or channel differencing the input currents;
a correlator array comprising a plurality of cells for receiving the plurality of normalized, time and/or channel differenced input currents and for comparing the input current received in each cell with the template value stored in each cell and for adding the input current to a total current if there is a match;
a bucket brigade device for summing the input currents added by the cells of the correlator array; and
means for classifying the acoustic transients using an output of the bucket brigade device.
2. The device as recited in
3. The device as recited in claims 1 or 2, the plurality of cells in the correlator array each comprising a transistor switch with the template value stored on its gate to allow or disallow the input current to be added to the total current.
4. A method for real-time classification of acoustic transients in mixed-mode very-large-scale integration (VLSI) comprising the steps of:
collecting acoustic transient data;
generating the input signal using the acoustic transient data;
normalizing the input signal;
computing the time and/or channel difference of the input signal;
taking a time difference of a plurality of stored template values, a pairwise difference between neighboring channels, or a combination thereof;
binarizing the stored template values;
correlating the binarized, stored template values with the normalized time and/or channel differenced input signal; and
classifying the acoustic transients using an output of the correlating step.
5. The method as recited in
6. The method as recited in claims 4 or 5, wherein the binarizing step comprises the step of
replacing the stored template values with the sign of the time and/or channel differenced stored template values.
7. The method as recited in
8. The method as recited in
splitting, prior to the normalizing step, the input signal into a plurality of frequency bands; and
computing a rectified energy envelope for each frequency band.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional application Ser. No. 60/067,068, filed on Dec. 1, 1997.
The invention relates to signal processing and, more particularly, to a mixed-mode very-large-scale integration (VLSI) architecture and methods for real-time classification of acoustic transients.
Acoustic transients, short, impulsive bursts of acoustic energy that last between 10 and 100 ms, are a rich source of information in the natural world, and the ability to process them in real time provides a competitive advantage to species. As a result, humans, like other animals, have evolved the ability to quickly and economically process acoustic transients.
In the digital world of algorithms and computers, analogous evolutionary forces have caused engineers to develop powerful digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms for classification of acoustic signals on fast DSP engines. Using modern signal processing techniques to recognize acoustic transients in real time is straightforward on modern processors. The challenge of extracting information from signals has been met by powerful mathematical techniques such as wavelet analysis and hidden Markov models. The need for real-time performance has been met by fast and powerful central processing units (CPUs) and special-purpose DSP chips.
Despite the above, a closer look at the DSP solutions reveals that the burden of real-time processing is borne by increasingly powerful digital processors. The price for success is measured in terms of power dissipation and complexity. Power dissipation scales linearly with the processor's clock rate. Thus, all else being equal, a 100-MHz processor dissipates 1000 times more power than a 100-kHz processor. Each bump up in clock rate requires increasingly heroic methods to control power dissipation.
Complexity can be measured by the number of cycles required to perform a calculation and by the surface area of the chip. Increasingly complex algorithms create pressure to increase the complexity of the processor and thus the area of a chip. The problem of greater chip area can be overcome by scaling down the feature size of the fabrication process, but scaling also has physical limits. Moreover, as the feature size scales down, the fabrication process itself becomes more difficult and exacting.
All of this contrasts sharply with nature's solution. The characteristics and advantages of nature's acoustic processing algorithms are well documented. Natural systems process acoustic information in real time, with precision and reliability, while dissipating minuscule amounts of energy. Nature accomplishes this with slow and unreliable devices, i.e., neurons. Biological hardware has no clock but typical time scales are measured in fractions of milliseconds. In effect, biological hardware runs at a 1- to 10-kHz clock rate.
If it were possible to engineer acoustic processors with biological levels of performance and power requirements, a large number of new applications would become feasible. Intelligence based on acoustic pattern recognition could be built into appliances, telephones, and credit cards. Cellular phones could take spoken commands. Smart credit cards could recognize not only passwords, but also the speaker. Digital watches and calculators that run for years on button cells could understand a small vocabulary of spoken words. Self-diagnosing machines could recognize acoustic transients caused by state changes and wear.
Motivated by the observation that biological systems perform very sophisticated tasks while making low demands on power consumption and component precision, artificial devices can be developed that perform as competently as biological systems while requiring minimal resources. The long-term goal is to build pattern recognition engines whose performance characteristics rival those of biological systems. To be more specific, acoustic processing engines with the following characteristics can be built:
Real-time operation, so that typical transients are recognized in about 100 ms or less.
High correct classification rates (near 95%) on hundreds of transient classes while achieving low false alarm rates.
Implementation of such engines with the highly mismatched metal-oxide-silicon (MOS) transistors that are typical in modern analog VLSI fabrication processes (feature size <1.2 μm).
Power dissipation on the order of a milliwatt or less. This requires subthreshold current-mode circuits. Currents in such circuits are in the 0.1- to 10-nA range, while voltage swings are in the 100-mV range. Clock rates will be tens of kilohertz or less.
One solution to the above would be a practical architecture for performing real-time recognition of acoustic transients by means of a correlation-based algorithm. In other words, the algorithm would perform pattern recognition by correlating an incoming signal with a stored template. However, correlation-based algorithms are generally believed to be so computationally intensive that they cannot be used for real-time applications except in conjunction with fast DSP chips.
Traditionally, correlation in analog VLSI poses two fundamental implementation challenges: first, the problem of template storage; second, the problem of accurate analog multiplication. Both problems can be solved by building sufficiently complex circuits. For example, analog values can be stored by sample-and-hold circuits or by storing digital values and converting them into analog values via digital-to-analog converters. These solutions are generally inferior to digital correlation algorithms because they lead to analog processors that are large compared with their digital counterparts.
Another, more compact solution to the template storage problem is to employ the recently developed floating gate devices. Presently, such devices can store precise analog values for years without significant degradation. Moreover, this approach can result in very compact devices. Unfortunately, programming floating gate devices is not particularly easy. It is relatively slow and requires high voltage. Furthermore, the floating gate degrades each time it is reprogrammed. The fabrication of high-quality floating gates also requires advanced fabrication processes that may not be compatible with circuits for other kinds of on-chip processing.
Finally, even if the analog storage problem could be solved effectively, the problem of building accurate analog-analog multipliers remains. High-quality analog multipliers are notoriously difficult to build. Effective solutions require considerable area on the chip.
One solution to the above problems is to sidestep them completely and to develop an algorithm and architecture that require neither analog storage nor analog multiplication. One instance of this approach is to binarize the input and then to correlate it with a binary template. Thus, the correlations can be performed by simple �XOR� gates. This approach is compact and fast. Thus, there remains a need for analog VLSI devices for real-time classification of acoustic transients that provide a high level of classification and are small and relatively simple to build.
The above problems are solved by the invention, a hybrid approach that replaces analog-analog multiplication with analog-binary multiplication. In mixed-mode hardware this operation corresponds to simple binary multiplexing. The algorithm and architecture of the invention are expected to perform a correlation calculation on a special-purpose parallel analog VLSI chip, using a slow clock (about 10 kHz) and with just a few milliwatts of power dissipation.
Many time-based classification systems compute the correlation of an incoming discrete-time signal or signals with a predetermined template. While for speech and other complex long-term signals it is necessary to perform dynamic time warping (DTW) or similar weighting of the incoming signal, for transients, a simple correlation in the time-frequency domain yields accurate classification results.
A general form of the simple correlation is
where M is the number of frequency channels of the input, N is the maximum number of time bins in the window, x is the array of input signals split into frequency bands, pz is the matrix of template pattern values for pattern z, and t is the current time. This formula produces a running correlation cz(t) of the input array with the template z.
For large M and N, this algorithm can be expensive to execute on a DSP in terms of speed and power requirements. However, the approach of the invention lends itself elegantly to low-power parallel analog computation in the form of MOS transistor circuits operating primarily in the subthreshold mode.
The algorithm of the invention is a set of modifications to the algorithm of Equation (1). First, the input is normalized, which is essential for the steps which follow. Next, the input and template are transformed into a zero-mean representation by taking the difference of successive samples, the difference between neighboring channels, or some combination thereof. In this form, the template values can be made binary without significantly increasing classification error rates as determined experimentally. Finally, the differencing operation is moved to the output, yielding the simplest possible form of the architecture.
Assume the input y to the system is a sampled, continuous-valued acoustic signal, split into M frequency bands. The (rectified) energy envelope for each band, denoted x, is computed and then these system inputs are normalize by the function
where θ is a threshold value included to suppress noise during quiet intervals in the input. The normalized input representation is essential to significantly simplify the pattern classifier algorithm for analog inputs, greatly reducing the size and complexity of the hardware implementation but not degrading the classification result.
Several steps are necessary to make the computation less expensive. First, zero-mean transformed input is compared directly to the zero-mean transformed template. This has the effect of subtracting a constant from the result but otherwise does not affect the computation. The template is replaced by the sign of the transformed template. Thus,
x′(t−n,m)=x(t−n,m)−x(t−n,m−1) for channel differencing
It has been shown that binarization of the template has a negligible effect on classification performance. Note that this result does not hold if the input and template are not transformed into a zero-mean representation.
With this major simplification of the algorithm, the multiplication can be reduced to a multiplexing function. The required normalization of the input allows a further simplification that does not affect system performance, in which the template values are made binary [0,1] rather than binary [−1,1].
If time differencing is used for the zero-mean representation, another simplification is possible, noting that the time difference commutes with the summation, so that Equation (1) can be written
If we let
In this forms the time difference can be computed at the output of the correlator rather than at the inputs, yielding three advantages:
1. Only one difference rather than M differences need to be computed.
2. Architecturally, the algorithm is less affected by device mismatch when computing the output based on the difference of successive outputs rather than the absolute value of the output.
3. Most importantly, since the inputs x are rectified, the product xp′ (when p′ is binary [0,1] is always positive and equals either x or zero, which allows us to conveniently implement the entire convolution as an array of simple on/off current switches carrying current in one direction only.
With the invention, a high level of classification performance on real-world data can be achieved with no measurable loss of performance in comparison with a traditional, computationally intensive correlation algorithm. Moreover, the mixed-mode architecture of the invention is not significantly harder to implement than the binary-binary correlation. In the acoustic case, the approach requires neither digital-to-analog nor analog-to-digital converters nor the storage of analog values. The algorithm leads to a correlator whose computing surface bears a strong resemblance to conventional dynamic random access memory (RAM).
FIG. 1 illustrates six acoustic transients from three classes, the similarity between classes, and the dissimilarity within classes.
FIG. 2 is a schematic of the segmenter network (τ indicates the time scale of the low-pass filters).
FIG. 3 illustrates the normalized representation of the first four examples from a typical transient class.
FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of the mixed-mode temporal current correlator. Δ and Σ are the usual symbols for delay elements and additive elements, respectively.
FIG. 5 illustrates the correlator array with dynamic RAM storage. (RAM refresh circuitry not shown.)
FIG. 6 illustrates the bucket brigade device (BBD).
The acoustic transient data used in the development of the invention consisted of isolated bangs, claps, clicks, cracks, dinks, pings, pops, slaps, smacks, snaps, thuds, and whacks that were recorded on digital audio tape in an office environment. The ambient noise level was controlled but was typical of a single-occupant office. Approximately 221 transients in 10 classes were collected.
FIG. 1 shows six examples from three classes. As can be seen, most of the energy in one of the typical transients was dissipated in the first 10 ms. The rest was dissipated over the course of about 100 ms. The transients had durations of about 20 to 100 ms. There was considerable in-class and between-class variability in duration. The duration of a transient was determined automatically by a segmentation algorithm, described below. The segmentation algorithm was also used to align the templates in the correlation calculations.
In a conventional correlation algorithm (baseline algorithm) used to classify data, as in many biologically motivated acoustic processing algorithms, the preprocessing steps include time-frequency analysis, rectification, and smoothing and compression via a nonlinearity. Classification was performed by correlation against a template that represented a particular class followed by selection of the class with the greatest correlation. Creating the templates also required a �training� step. This training step is described below.
Time-frequency analysis for the baseline algorithm and the simulations was performed by a low-power (5.5-mW) analog VLSI filter bank intended to mimic the processing performed by the mammalian cochlea. This real-time device created a time-frequency representation that would ordinarily require hours of computation on a high-speed workstation.
The time-frequency representation produced by the filter bank was qualitatively similar to that produced by a wavelet transformation. The center frequencies and Q-factors of each channel were uniformly spaced in log space. The low-frequency channel was tuned to a center frequency of 100 Hz and a Q-factor of 1.0, while the high-frequency channel was tuned to a center frequency of 6000 Hz and a Q-factor of 3.5. There were 31 output channels.
The 31-channel cochlear output was digitized and stored on disk at a raw rate of 256,000 samples per second. This raw rate was distributed over 32 channels, at rates appropriate for each channel (six rates were used, 1 kHz for the lowest-frequency channels up to 32 kHz for the highest-frequency channels and the unfiltered channel).
The template calculation and classification algorithm can operate without segmented input; however, a reliable segmenter allows simple averaging to be used for template calculations, and can make the classification more robust for isolated transient inputs. Because the transients were isolated and the noise level was low, a simple segmenter was adequate. FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of the segmenter.
The raw cochlear output of each channel was high-pass filtered to subtract the mean and then was rectified. The signal in each channel was then passed through a threshold function. In principle, each channel can have its own threshold, but in practice, the same threshold was used for all channels. The resulting bits were summed and again passed through a threshold function. The result is a noisy segmentation bit that was set to 1 if two or more channels exceeded their thresholds.
A clean segmentation bit was generated from the noisy segmentation bit by passing the noisy segmentation bit through two parallel channels. Each channel first low-pass filtered the noisy segmentation bit and then passed it through a threshold function. The first channel used a 10-ms low-pass filter to fill in dropouts; the second channel used a faster (1-ms) low-pass filter to catch the onset of a transient. The outputs of the two channels were passed through an �OR� gate to produce a clean segmentation bit.
Essentially, the segmenter was a three-layer neural network composed of linear threshold units. The network has four adjustable thresholds that were determined in an ad hoc manner so as to maximize the number of true transients that are properly segmented while minimizing the number of transients missed or cut in half. No effort was made to control the duration of the segments generated by the segmenter.
A software simulation of the segmenter was used to segment the raw cochlear output files into events that were then written out as smaller disk files. Segmenting a 15-s stretch of raw data took about 1 h of computation on an RS/6000 workstation (rated at 10 MFLOPS). If this segmenter were realized as an analog circuit, it would operate in real time. The segmented files were used as the starting point for what is described below.
The raw output of the filter bank was rectified and smoothed with a single pole filter and subsequently normalized. Smoothing was done with the same time scale (1 ms) in all frequency channels. The instantaneous output of the normalizer was
where X(t) was the instantaneous vector of rectified and smoothed channel data and θ was a small positive constant whose purpose was to prevent the normalization stage from amplifying noise in the absence of a transient signal. With this normalization we have
Thus, θ effectively determined a soft input threshold that transients must have exceeded if they were to be normalized and passed on to higher-level processing.
A sequence of normalized vectors over a time window of length T was used as the feature vector for the correlation and classification stages of the baseline algorithm. FIG. 3 shows the normalized feature vectors corresponding to the first four examples of a typical class. These have been concatenated into a single plot.
The feature vectors were correlated in the time-frequency domain against a set of k time-frequency templates. The kth feature vector template was precalculated by averaging over an ensemble of normalized feature vectors from the kth class. Thus, if Ck represented the kth transient class and <>k represented an average over the elements in a class, e.g.,
then the template was of the form
b k(t)=<{circumflex over (X)}(t)>k. (12)
The instantaneous output of the correlation stage is a k-dimensional vector c(t) whose kth component is
The time-frequency window over which the correlations were performed is of length T and is advanced by one time-step between correlation calculations.
The classification stage was a simple winner-take-all algorithm that assigns a class to the feature vector by picking the component of ck(T) that has the largest value at the appropriate time,
where Nk is a scalar for each class, determined experimentally, though for the baseline algorithm it has an analytic expression
The segmenter was used to determine the time tvalid when the output of the winner-take-all was to be used for classification. This corresponds to properly aligning the feature vector and the template.
Leave-one-out cross-validation was used to estimate the out-of-sample classification performance of all the algorithms described here. The rate of correct classification for the baseline algorithm was 96.4%. Of the 221 events detected and segmented, 8 were misclassified.
Taking a closer look at the correlation step above, it will be seen that the invention can perform classification without performing analog-analog multiplication and without having to store analog templates. To provide a better understanding of the invention, it will be presented in two steps. In the first step, a similarity measure that uses a binarized template will be constructed and this template will be shown to achieve a high level of classification performance. In the second step, it will be demonstrated how a slightly modified version of this similarity measure leads to a particularly elegant implementation in analog VLSI.
Examination of the normalized representation in FIG. 3 reveals that the features in the normalized representation vary slowly over time (compared with 1 ms). Moreover, adjacent frequency channels are very similar. Accordingly, the information content of any single time-frequency bin cannot be very high.
This observation motivates a highly compressed representation for the stored template. To be useful, such a representation must not degrade the classification rate. Accordingly, the vector c(t) is redefined to be the following similarity measure:
where the overdot represents a differentiation operation either with respect to channel (frequency), time or a combination thereof. In this expression, the time derivative of the normalized input vector is correlated against a binary valued [−1, +1] template vector b(τ).
This template vector is precomputed from examples by averaging over a set of typical transients and by setting each element of the template equal to one when the corresponding average is increasing in time and minus one if it is decreasing. In other words, the kth template is given by
is the vector-valued function that takes the sign of each component of x. Despite the fact that apparently a lot of information has been removed from the template, experiments with the office transients reveal that classification performance is not measurably degraded. In experiments the error rate was 94.6% or 12 errors.
To gain insight into this unexpectedly high level of performance, it is observed that differentiation throws out only an additive constant in each channel. This additive constant contains no information because the vectors are normalized.
Next, the effect of reducing the template vector to a single bit of information is considered. This effect can be understood by first considering the dot product of two random normalized vectors, x and y. If x and y are statistically independent, then the expected value of their dot product is zero, while the dot product of either vector with itself is just the Euclidean norm of the vector, e.g.,
Thus, if one normalizes with respect to the Euclidean norm, identical vectors will have dot products equal to one, whereas vectors that are statistically independent will have dot products close to zero. Now, consider the dot product between a random vector x and a binary vector whose components are just the signs of a random vector y. As before, if x and y are statistically independent, the dot product x �sgn(y) has an expected value near zero. Moreover, the dot product of a random vector x with sgn(x) will be equal to the 1-norm of x, i.e.,
Thus, if one normalizes with respect to the 1-norm, identical vectors will have dot products equal to one, whereas vectors that are statistically independent will have overlaps close to zero.
This heuristic analysis leads to the insight that using binary template vectors amounts to performing classification based on a 1-norm rather than a more traditional 2-norm. One expects differences in classification rates, but these differences will depend on subtleties of the distribution of input vectors. Empirically, it is clear that for office acoustic transients these effects are insignificant.
There are two changes to the algorithm that allow it to be implemented in analog VLSI in a particularly elegant fashion. Observe that the need for 4-quadrant multiplication has been eliminated. Instead, one needs only to multiply a positive or negative real-valued X with a plus or minus one. In other words, the computational requirements have been reduced from 4-quadrant multiplication of two real-valued quantities to 4-quadrant multiplication of one real quantity with one binary-valued quantity. In what follows it is shown that the computation can be further reduced to a 1-quadrant multiplication of a positive real-value with zero or one.
First, observe that differentiation and addition commute; thus, Eq. 8 can be written as
By performing the differentiation after performing the correlation, we only have to perform 2-quadrant multiplications of the positive components of X with plus or minus one.
The final simplification is achieved by observing that normalization implies that when one channel is increasing in amplitude, one or more other channels must be decreasing in amplitude so as to maintain the normalization. In effect, normalization introduces a new approximate symmetry that can be exploited to further simplify the computation. To see how this comes about, consider a positive vector x normalized with respect to the 1-norm, i.e.,
Taking the time derivative of this expression yields
This expression is also true for channel differences if the last channel wraps around to the first channel. This can be rewritten as the sum of positive and negative contributions
which immediately implies
In other words, the negative terms in x�sgn(x) exactly equal the positive terms. This means one need only accumulate the positive contributions and multiply by a factor of 2 to recover the complete result.
Empirically, we find that the difference between the [0,1] representation and the [−1, +1] representation remains a factor of 2 (to several digits of precision), even when the input vectors and the template vectors do not correspond to the same class. Classification experiments show that the out-of-sample performance of the [0,1] representation is identical to that of the [−1, +1] representation. Changing to the [0, 1] representation has no impact on the storage requirements, since both representations require the storage of a single bit per time-frequency bin. The big payoff is that the multiplication hardware is now very simple: 1-quadrant multiplication of a positive number with [0, 1] scarcely deserves the name multiplication, because in current-mode analog VLSI it can be implemented by a simple transistor on-off switch.
To summarize, a correlation algorithm has been developed that empirically performs as well as a baseline correlation algorithm but that requires only binary multiplexing to perform the correlation. Even with only 16 frequency channels and 64 time bins (1024-bits/template), the same level of performance is achievable as the original analog-analog correlation algorithm (31 frequency channels and 128 time bins).
FIG. 4 shows the system as presented. The rectified and smoothed frequency-analyzed signals are input from the left as currents. The currents are normalized before being fed into the correlator. Each template value is a single bit controlling a switch (multiplexer) which adds either zero or the unidirectional current input to the sum. The summed current is accumulated over time, with the difference taken at the output. The choice of an analog implementation stems from the ability to make such a system compact and extremely power-efficient. With a separate correlator circuit for each template, the system is fully parallel, and only about as complex as a RAM array.
FIG. 5 shows a schematic of the correlator array for one template, minus the refresh and write circuitry for the dynamic memory. The correlator accepts inputs in the form of currents, one for each channel m. The diode-connected transistor at the input mirrors this current simultaneously to all cells across the array. To implement the summation over the m channels, the simplest form of summation available to analog circuits is utilized, that of summing currents onto a single line. Each cell in the array contains a single pMOS transistor switch with the template bit value stored on its gate; the switch allows or disallows the input current for channel m to be added to the total current for column n.
FIG. 5 shows an extremely compact dynamic circuit which can be used for the memory and switch. A value of Vdd on the gate of transistor M2 will cause the transistor to be completely off and pass no current. A value of Vdd less approximately a volt or more will cause the transistor to be on, and pass the input current which is mirrored in transistor M1. Transistor M3 is used to write the bit value onto the storage capacitor (which is also a pMOS transistor), and can store a high bit value of Vdd or a low bit value of approximately one transistor threshold. The capacitor stored value tends to leak toward Vdd, ensuring that an �off� state leaks zero current. An �on� state must be periodically refreshed. All N columns in a given row m are written or refreshed together.
The summation is performed over time dynamically using a bucket brigade device. This device is similar to a CCD line, but is more appropriate for this application, in which the system is clocked at a rate of 1 or 2 ms: while the charge-transfer efficiency in a bucket brigade is less than that of a CCD, the CCD is adversely affected by dark currents in the quiescent state and cannot operate at slow (auditory) rates. Large poly1-poly2 capacitors, which are significantly less affected by leakage currents than CCD capacitors, store the charge at each bucket brigade node.
FIG. 6 shows the bucket brigade line. It is driven by a nonoverlapping two-phase clock. Each BBD transistor's gate is coupled to its drain through a capacitor (preferably several hundred fF or greater). At the start of a cycle, the analog value to be transferred (a voltage measured negatively from Vdd) is stored on the transistor source, and a value of Vdd−Vth is stored on the transistor drain, where Vth is the transistor threshold voltage. The clock raises the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the transistor while ensuring a positive drain-to-source voltage Vds, initiating current flow from drain to source.
Provided that the capacitors at drain and source of the transistor are the same size, the voltage drop at the drain will equal the voltage rise at the source. Current flow becomes negligible when Vgs=Vth. The final voltage at the source is therefore Vdd−Vth, and the final voltage at the drain, when the clock voltage returns to ground, is the value originally at the source.
In the bucket brigade accumulator, values are accumulated by integrating the summed current from each column of the correlator array off of the bucket brigade capacitor. The integration occurs over a constant amount of time determined by the pulse φ3. Since the input currents vary slowly with respect to the pulse width of φ3, the integration of current closely approximates a current-to-voltage conversion, resulting in a voltage drop at the bucket brigade stage proportional to the input current.
A simple single-transistor switch controlled by the signal φ3 (active low) enables the integration. This circuit is shown in FIG. 5. In order to prevent charge injection on the sensitive bucket brigade node, the transistor is switched via its source rather than its gate. When the source is grounded, the transistor mirrors the current from the correlator column.
One requirement of this scheme is that the current drawn from the bucket brigade stage must reach the value of the desired integrating current in a time which is short compared to the pulse width φ3, and must drop to zero in equally short time after the φ3 pulse ends. The parasite capacitance between the source and gate of M1 will tend to pull down the gate voltage when the source is lowered. If the gate is part of a simple mirror, then the parasitic capacitance is charged directly by the input current, which is too small to meet the requirement. One solution to the problem is a MOS version of the Wilson current mirror, shown in FIG. 5. Transistor M5 is 10 times wider than the other transistors, and can charge the parasitic capacitance quickly.
The output of the bucket brigade must be time-differenced. This is accomplished with the switched capacitor circuit shown in FIG. 6. The output is measured relative to the voltage Vref, and scaled by the ratio C1/C2. The circuit must be reset by S1 at the same frequency as the bucket brigade clocks. The output is valid between the φ2 and S1 clocks. The bucket brigade is fully pipelined, yielding one full correlation at every time step.
The architecture of the invention uses an algorithm that correlates an analog value with a binary template. The incoming signal is not significantly compressed. Only the templates used for correlation are significantly compressed. Accordingly, the entire processing path from transduction until the accumulate-and-shift step can be performed in a fully analog, data-driven fashion.
The only clock that appears in the system is used for the analog shift register. This clock is very slow (about 10 kHz) as compared with conventional microprocessor speeds. The correlator array can be implemented as an array of cells bearing a strong resemblance to dynamic or static RAM cells. Thus, storing templates is as easy as loading conventional RAM, which is much easier than storing analog values in a floating gate array.
The frequency domain normalization used in the invention is essentially instantaneous compared with the characteristic time scales of the signal. Absolute intensity information is mostly thrown away, but at each instant, the relative amplitude of the frequency channels is preserved. Because of the normalization, all information in the transient is equally important, regardless of its intensity. Thus, low-intensity resonances that might be excited by the initial injection of energy are treated on the same footing as the loud onset of the transient. These resonances can contain significant information about the nature of the transient but would have less weight in an algorithm with a different normalization scheme.
Another consequence of the normalization is that even a transient whose spectrum is highly concentrated in just a few frequency channels will spread its information over the entire spectrum through the normalization denominator. The use of a normalized representation thus distributes the correlation calculation over very many frequency channels and thereby mitigates the effect of device mismatch.
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Horizon League
Hayes displays improvement, leads No. 3 Wisconsin past Green Bay
nearly led Green Bay to a stirring victory against Wisconsin before the Phoenix fell, 69-66. Sykes was named as the Horizon League 's preseason player of the year last month. Green Bay, meanwhile, captured 32 of 41 preseason first-place league
Missouri beats Valparaiso 56-41
seven. Peters earned All-Freshman honors in the Horizon League last year with 12.7 points per game, but only played ..... season. They were picked to finish fourth in the Horizon League after finishing in the same position last year. Missouri
NCAA board hands 5 biggest conferences more power
I think that's important to examine,'' said Wright State President David Hopkins, whose school plays in the Horizon League . ''At least we want to have the opportunity to work and choose what we decide (on the autonomous issues
CSU Head Coach Gary Waters
game had a value of We lose me. You're right there Horizon League play the what I remember when we you one right before ..... Many eastern only it you're in the heart of the horizon league 's schedule as you mentioned that game against Greenhad a -- value of -- We lose me. You're right there Horizon League play the -- what I remember when we -- you one right before the start of the season. I I had doneI see. Many eastern only it you're in the heart of the horizon league's schedule as you mentioned that game against Green Bay and right now they're in first place in the residents. His voice and
UWM Panthers relish underdog role in NCAA tournament
has yet to take the net from the Horizon League championship game from his neck ..... the most valuable player of the Horizon League tournament. Aaron was suspended ..... points per game in UWM's four Horizon League tournament wins, including dropping
Wright State wins women's Horizon title
Green Bay on Sunday in the championship game of the Horizon League women's tournament. Demmings, limited to just ..... losses to Green Bay, which has won 16 consecutive Horizon League regular-season titles. Mehryn Kraker had 19 points
Oakland slips past Detroit 83-82 in overtime
Keydren Clark of Saint Peter's (2002-06). A 3-pointer by Juwan Howard Jr., who led Detroit (12-14, 5-6 Horizon League ) with 33 points, gave the Titans an 82-77 lead with 3:10 left in overtime. Oakland closed the game on a 6
4 Corners: Seniors playing important roles on tourney contenders
already, averaging 19.7 points per game for the Horizon League favorites. With Sykes at the helm, Brian Wardle ..... Wisconsin job. Green Bay is the most balanced team in the Horizon League , it played an admirable non-conference schedule
Oakland needs OT to escape Youngstown St, 96-92
with 9 seconds left in overtime to allow No. 6-seeded Oakland to escape No. 7 Youngstown State, 96-92 in a Horizon League tournament opener Tuesday. Oakland trailed by 10 with three minutes to play in regulation, but scored 10-straight
Wright State defeats Detroit 65-61
Detroit 65-61. Arceneaux's off-balance shot at the end of the shot clock to give the Raiders (16-13, 8-6 Horizon League ) their largest lead of the game at 55-46 with 7:24 to play. Vest led a key run in the second half by scoring


text: Aditya Srivastav Chunky Pandey Kavita Kaushik Karan Wahi Aarti Gupta Dayanand Shetty HomeCelebrityManoj Bajpai Manoj Bajpai Overview Biography Autograph Videos Photos Wallpapers Filmography Awards News Parties & Events No Of Views5811 Featured Celebrities Neil Nitin Mukesh Remo DSouza Mink Brar Tabu Nargis Fakhri Mithun Chakraborty Manoj Bajpai Profile Manoj Bajpai was born on 23rd April 1969 at Bihar. He is an Indian actor. Manoj Bajpai was married to a girl from Delhi. Unfortunately this marriage was not successful and the couple then parted ways. Manoj moved on and married actress Neha. The couple has a daughter Ava Nayla. Manoj Bajpai started his career in acting with a serial on Doordarshan- Swaabhimaan. Manoj Bajpai is a powerful actor who... Born : April, 23, 1969Location : Bihar, IndiaRead More Manoj Bajpai in News Manoj Bajpai to romance Tabu after 14 ye... Manoj Bajpai will be reuniting with actress Tabu after 14 years for a thriller film. They were last seen together in Dil Pe Mat Le Manoj Bajpai in Tigmanshu's Bichde... After making movies like Paan Singh Tomar, Saheb Biwi Aur Ghulam and Bullett Raja, filmmaker Tigmanshu Dhulia is now all set to make a movie Bollywood mourns over Farooq Sheikh sad ... Veteran actor Farooq Sheikh sadly passed away on December 27, 2013 because of sudden heart attack. He was 65-year-old and was a part of several Kareena refused to kiss Ajay Devgn in Sa... However, it is being said that Bebo bluntly refused to kiss and get intimate with her co-star in the film. The director then had to View all News Awards Best Actor Stardust Award(2013)Special Jury Award National Film Awards(2004)Best Actor in a Negative Role (Male/Female) Screen Award(2002)Best Actor (Critics) Filmfare Award(2000)Best Supporting Actor National Film Awards(2000) More More Videos More Filmography Company Ustad (Actor) Saat Uchhakkey (Actor) Traffic (Actor) Mumbai Saga (Actor) Mahabharat 3D (Actor) Ghaath (Actor) Drohkaal (Actor) Gangs Of Wasseypur 2 (Actor) View all


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Mangoes safe during pregnancy?
Started by Wywy'sMum , Nov 22 2012 12:12 PM
20 replies to this topic
Posted 22 November 2012 - 12:12 PM
I'm six weeks and morning sickness has hit! urghh. The only thing I could stomach for lunch was half a mango. After I ate it I did a quick google serch and there seem to be a lot of people saying you shouldn't eat it while pregnant (great).. Is this true or are these people just being over cautious? It's a fruit and fruit are good, right?
Posted 22 November 2012 - 12:14 PM
I've never heard of this......
Im 29 weeks and just devoured one after my lunch, I will continue to do so until forever!!!
Posted 22 November 2012 - 12:18 PM
How could there be a problem with a fresh one you peel yourself.
I just googled and it seems to be a Chinese cultural belief.
Posted 22 November 2012 - 12:20 PM
Umm, what???
The ONLY situation I can imagine where you would avoid mangoes would be gestational diabetes.
They're healthy, they come neatly and hygienically packaged, they taste great.
Posted 22 November 2012 - 12:20 PM
Never heard of this! I've been eating plenty of mangos.
Posted 22 November 2012 - 12:22 PM
Yep and you're not supposed to eat onion rings, carrots or chocolate either. Seriously, where do people get this stuff???
Google tells me it's a Chinese thing - because it's a 'cold' food (as is all fruit) and you need to keep your uterus warm.
Eat what you want.
Ed to add - I am eating what I want. Salad, sprouts, smoked chicken, soft cheese included.
Edited by elegie, 22 November 2012 - 12:23 PM.
Posted 22 November 2012 - 12:23 PM
Wow, it's our first mango season (moved to North Queensland at the start of the year) and we've picked over 100 free mangoes and I've been going nuts!
I'm almost 34 weeks pregnant.
Pretty sure they are fine.
#8 Guest_AllegraM_*
Posted 22 November 2012 - 12:27 PM
It would be wrong not to eat mangoes during mango season! Thanks to my parent's bountiful tree, I get an endless free supply of Bowens and get through one or two every day.
Posted 22 November 2012 - 12:30 PM
Never ever heard of mangoes not being safe. I have eaten several this pregnancy & absolutely plan to keep eating them! I love them!!! Agree with EPG that the only thing to watch would be the sugar level if you get GD & even then I wouldn't think they would be a complete no-no, just in sensible moderation.
Posted 22 November 2012 - 12:34 PM
Well thanks every one I thought it would be safe.. I think I need to just trust my gut and stay away from google. Some people go way over the top!
Posted 22 November 2012 - 12:45 PM
Yum, mangoes. I've been eating one every day!
Posted 22 November 2012 - 12:49 PM
I'd be in trouble if I couldn't eat mangos, both my pregnancies I've craved them and have gone nuts once they come into season. Currently eating at least two a day, one for breakfast and one for dessert.
From a western point of view there is nothing wrong with them in pregnancy but if you follow Chinese or aurvedic (Indian) medicine system there are issues such as the belief that mango is a cold food and cold food (including most fruit and pretty much all salad or uncooked vegetables) should be avoided.
Posted 22 November 2012 - 12:53 PM
I spent the first 10 weeks of my pregnancy eating mangoes. Was the only thing I could stomach when the morning sickness hit.
Mangoes, blueberries and crushed pistachios on top. Yummo!
Posted 22 November 2012 - 12:53 PM
Absolutely true! Mangoes should not be eaten by pregnant women, all men, women over 55 and under 50, anyone not born in Southern NSW and anyone who is not a Swans supporter. Then there might be enough left for the rest of us.....
Posted 22 November 2012 - 12:53 PM
if i'm not allowed to eat mangoes while pregnant, i'm not having a baby!
when it's a fruit you are peeling and chopping yourself, i can't see the issue. if it was precut, maybe.
Posted 22 November 2012 - 12:59 PM
QUOTE (Wywy'sMum @ 22/11/2012, 01:34 PM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}>
I think I need to just trust my gut and stay away from google. Some people go way over the top!
I think that is good advice to yourself. Google is often a pregnant woman's worst enemy.
Good luck and enjoy your mangoes.
Posted 22 November 2012 - 01:39 PM
Yep your right that way over the top. I eat mangos all the time and did with my other pregnancies too.
Posted 22 November 2012 - 02:05 PM
I've heard the same about grapes.
What a load...
Mangoes are PACKED full of vitamin C, antioxidants, vitamin A, folate (hello!) B vitamins, potassium and other great stuff your baby needs.
I don't get the whole 'cold' food vs 'warm' food thing. You aren't a lizard, you are warm blooded and your stomach is full of acid which would neutralise any temperature change by the food anyway.
I've eaten quite a few this pregnancy and a whole bunch of grapes this morning.
I don't think your GP or OB would be concerned...
Posted 25 November 2012 - 08:43 PM
I had never heard of this but ate one today just before seeing your topic post and panicked! I believe everyone is correct in saying they should be fine, don't stress! Enjoy
Posted 25 November 2012 - 08:45 PM
PLay it safe OP, dont eat anything at all until you give birth.
Posted 26 November 2012 - 07:05 AM
I have eaten mangoes through out my pregnancies i love them and all my children were fine, i have also eaten them this time around when i can stomach them unfortunately for me this time im struck with all day bloody sickness and mangoes and fruit tingles ( lifesavers) have helped a tiny bit
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Sale Sharks
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Aviva Premiership: Sale Sharks shock leaders Northampton Saints
Related links
- Saturday's Aviva Prem preview
- Ryan rues 'painful' defeat
- Diamond plays down top four
- Special praise for Ford
- Goneva could stay a Tiger
- McCall questions officials
- Richards rues slow start
- Late sting wounds Worcester
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- Tigers too strong for Exeter
- Late bonus for Bath
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Also see
Premiership leaders Northampton suffered just their second defeat of the season, going down 19-6 to Sale Sharks at AJ Bell Stadium.
Saints were restricted to just two penalties from Will Hooley, while Sale showed plenty of attacking enterprise in the first half, crossing for tries from Mark Cueto, Marc Jones and Tom Brady.
The visitors took the lead early on as Hooley slotted over a penalty from long range, but an inspired break from Dwayne Peel provided the home side with the platform for the first try.
Peel danced around 40 yards down the field before being stopped. However, the damage had already been done, as the ball was quickly whipped out wide to Cueto, who touched down at the corner. Danny Cipriani converted to give Sale a four-point lead.
Northampton hit back when they won another penalty, which Hooley once again converted, but the Sharks defence was holding them out well.
In fact the home outfit had the chance to restore there four-point advantage shortly after, although Cipriani failed with his goal attempt.
Yet the confidence Sale had in their attack was clear when they turned down two kicks at goal to go for the power play. It was a decision they would not regret as they then went over for their second try of the afternoon when Jones forced his way over from close range.
Referee Luke Pearce then sought assistance from the video referee to deal with fighting that broke out after the score, which saw both Saints captain Dylan Hartley and Sale's Sam Tuitupou sent to the bin for their involvement before Cipriani missed the conversion.
Cipriani later took full advantage of the space created against a one man down defensive line as he grubbered in behind the visitors defence through to Brady. The winger squeezed in at the corner, with Cipriani then converting from the touchline to make it 19-6 at half time.
The pouring rain restricted any free-flowing play to a minimum in the second half.
The visitors piled on the pressure and were deep in Sharks territory for a prolonged periods, but a magnificent defensive effort saw the Sharks through to victory in the end, as both sides failed to register a point in the second half.
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|Northampton 43 - 10 Sale Sharks
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|Sunday 5th October
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|Sale 25 - 14 Wasps
|Saturday 4th October
|Gloucester 33 - 16 Leicester
|Harlequins 52 - 0 London Welsh
|London Irish 12 - 19 Northampton
Experts & Blogs
Phil Edwards
Read the thoughts and opinions of Phil Edwards with skysports.com


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I walked the dogs this morning, then showered and shaved and got ready for another visit to Dr. Altman. I delivered the first volume of "The Cartoon History of the Universe I" to him as a loan. He seemed happy to get it, so I'll see how it works. If he doesn't give it back I'll buy one more copy and not lend it to anyone. I wanted to read all of it again, so I bought all three volumes of the original work (up to Columbus).
He took out the stitches from the first cancer, and when I asked about the second one, they had to dig into the chart and decided that it was another. They wanted me to come back that afternoon, but I couldn't, so I have an appointment in two weeks, but not until 9:30 this time. He asked about my arms, and voluntarily gave me a prescription for a cream (Retin A) to try on one arm. He warned me that it was expensive and my insurance company wouldn't pay for it, but it might work. He said that some people had good results with it, but not all. I was surprised because I thought the sun damage was incurable and permanent. Since I can't stand to wear long sleeves in the heat, I did some online shopping.
Then we left home at 11:00 to attend Jerry and Millie's retirement luncheon. That lasted until about 2:30, and on the way out the BW suggested that I stop at the Canada medicine store, which I did. They came in at about the same price per gram as Drugstore.com, which was less than anyone else showed for the generic. The disadvantage was that they only had the brand name, and only in 30 gram tubes instead of 45 gram. Since my prescription was for six tubes, I would need another prescription to get the full dose. I took their paperwork, and since we were already south, we went to COSTCO where I showed the prescription and had it filled. It was in the big tubes, and cost about 3/4 as much as drugstore.com (with no shipping included) or the Canadian stuff, with shipping. So I'll try it for a few months on my right arm and see what happens. It would be nice if it worked.
Since we were at COSTCO, the BW looked at couches and bought cookies and protein powder, useful for making smoothies which she likes. I got some free samples and a new box of egg beaters.
Then we came home, let the happy dogs out, and changed clothes so I could make it to TOPS on time. I thought I would be out of leeway, but I just barely made the cut. That luncheon was too good.
It was 78 degrees this morning, not too wet, and the sun was shining so we had a good start to the day. I actually turned the irrigation system back on, given the weatherman's prediction in the paper.
The BW set off for Dog World, was gone three hours, and came back with one receipt from Walmart. She stopped at a vacuum cleaner store that she had been curious about, and it thinking of buying another vacuum. We have plenty of money in the furnishings sinking fund, but she is worried about getting some place comfortable for Jerzy (Annie's boyfriend) to sleep next Christmas and New Years. He was sleeping on the love seat in the front room, and refused to use the air mattresses we had. Yesterday the BW took the air mattresses and other stuff to the Sheriff's Ranch Thrift Shop and turned them in - maybe some one else can use them.
I told her that there is plenty of money in the emergency fund, and that she could always borrow some out of it, but she is still thinking it over. My best guess is that she could buy a leather couch, have it delivered, buy the vacuum too, and still have money left over but she has to think about it. I did tell her that it's OK to buy one more (which will make three for a little house) but I would get really frustrated if she wanted a fourth. It doesn't seem like very long since I took an old vacuum to the Sherrif's Ranch. We have the standard problem of NOT ENOUGH STORAGE. We are shedding stuff all the time, as if we were still living in an RV, and there's still just enough room.
Other than that, I just went over to our neighborhood Publix and brought home two gallons of frozen yogurt - Butter Pecan, Moose Tracks (two half gallons), and Roadrunner Raspberry. I'm not hungry, but after three meals and a tremendous snack (six cups of popcorn and two Busch NA's) I'm still at 1530 calories for the day, and I'm going to have a nice ice cream cone before I go to bed. The yogurt is all light, but the chocolate pushed the calories up some anyhow. If I had gone to the Kiwanis meeting tonight at the Tarpon Lake Resort, it would have been a disaster.
Tomorrow I get my stitches out, dress up to make a speech and eat a free meal at Jerry and Millie's going away party, and weigh in at TOPS. I had two real eggs, fried potatoes, and toast at Tiffany's yesterday morning (which totaled 853 calories with butter and jelly) and I was almost 1900 calories by bedtime. We'll see how I do on the TOPS scale.
Sunday it rained 1.3 inches here, and yesterday we got another 0.2 inches. Today started out like the other two days - with a beautiful sunrise into a nearly clear sky, and then the clouds started to form Later the cumulonimbus clouts filled the sky and made a really scenic day, and in the afternoon it got dark most of the time, with a little sun once in a while.
I woke before six this morning, got started for the day and fed the dogs, then went to our weekly Kiwanis meeting at 7:00. I got both a bill and a check this morning, so I came home to do paperwork, then went to the post office and bank, did some more paperwork, tried to stay awake, and finally had a little lunch. Then, about 1:00, I went out for the mail and found that the sky was completely gray and decided to take the dogs for their walk.
By the time I changed my clothes and emptied my pockets of all the paper and stuff that shouldn't get wet, the sun was shining, so I put on a straw hat and took off. The sun was only out a couple of times for a short while, and the temperature was about 90, so it wasn't too hot. We did make it to Midland Cemetery, but I was wondering about it for a while. My legs didn't want to go, especially on the hills. I was slow today, but did make it out there and back, and the dogs were hot, but not as bad as they have been.
After we were back in air conditioned comfort for a while, the BW commented that I needed a day of rest. That reminded me of my days as a branch manager, when I would have teams working on hot jobs. I would always be there with the earliest ones, and stay until the latest ones left. By letting them set their own hours I made mine longer. I also would not approve overtime on Sunday for anyone, because working 12 hour days for six days makes you completely tired - shot. You couldn't work 7 days a week like that for six months to a year, and the only way we could keep up the tempo was to have one day a week to recover. The Sabbath tradition was a sound rule.
Anyhow, when you're just an old retired guy, no one cares what you do, and I realized that those Spark Points were driving me to get time every day possible, and most Tuesdays I had off until I got started with them - thus it's the SparkPeople's fault that I'm completely shot today. That psychiatrist from Rose Hullman was right - just a list on a piece of paper can be the most powerful motivator.
This morning was clear and beautiful when the sun came up. We had 1.3 inches of rain yesterday evening, and it was humid, so the grass was covered with dew. I spent the day shopping - at Sam's Club, Costco, and Publix. I also did a bunch of paperwork for the Kiwanis and visited the Post Office and Suntrust Bank.
There were a few other errands, and the BW wanted to watch one of the movies I recorded last night, called "On Borrowed Time," so we did. We had leftover linguine for supper, and I brought home a 12 pack of O'Douls for her because she was cleaning out the garage and needed a particular cold drink.
This morning I cut the grass, then read the Sunday front page and comics. The BW took my cell phone with her on a bike ride, which prompted me to go get a new sim card for her phone and buy a year's worth of service. We now have two active phones again, one for each car. They're very low cost. You buy $100 worth of time (400 minutes) and it lasts for a year, and if you renew at the end of the year the leftover minutes roll over. I'm up to $380 on my phone, but she decided it was too expensive and just had a phone with no service for a year. That means she could call 911, but not home, which she has wanted to do a few times.
While we were full-timing I paid $100 for 600 minutes every month and was grateful for the low cost. We never used the 600 minutes, but the service was to call anywhere from anywhere, and if you're moving all the time that's what you need. The little GO phones also let you call from anywhere to anywhere, for 25 cents a minute, so they're very convenient when you travel.
I wrote a couple of checks, to Consumer Digest and Reader's Digest, and now I run to the store for some linguine and washed spinach. The Spanish Rice with Chicken I made yesterday we had for lunch so that's no good. I have today's recipe from Spark People that sounds good (Skillet white beans, spinach & tomatoes over Linguine) and the BW decided it was as good as the turkey burgers she was thinking we would have because she didn't want to go to the store.
So that's it., and we'll be done for the day except for the new Poirot on Masterpiece Theater (or maybe it's Mystery) tonight. They're all new this year, and all in HD, so it' worth watching a little TV.
It was a pretty lazy Sunday.


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Cars > hmbtshoescle's Garage > Blog > Could see that which
hmbtshoescle's Blog Posts 1 – 5 of 130
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Quentin Tarantino, in his interview for Playboy's December edition, discusses the actors he mulled over for the titular role in this Christmas' "Django Unchained." Will Smith and Jamie Foxx were not the only ones the director considered (Hint: "Omar comin'!") -- but Foxx had the Texan-horse-owner ed...Read More »
This week's EW looks at what the future holds for the ever-expanding "Star Wars" galaxy. Highlights -- including info about Harrison Ford's possible involvement, quotes from Mark Hammill (who played Luke Skywalker in the original three films),..Read More »
With an $88.4 million domestic haul on its opening weekend and a $428.7 million international haul thus far, Sam Mendes' "Skyfall" could be the first Bond film to pass the $1 billion mark worldwide. Who will benefit the most from this skyfall of success?Read More »
While "Skyfall" is topping the charts and "Breaking Dawn Part 2" looks poised to have box office teeth, 2012 had its share of financial bombs. "The Oogieloves" got no love, Oogie or otherwise, at the box office. The Wachowski-Tykwer magical mystery tour "Cloud Atlas" couldn't float...Read More »
Anonymous Content and Electric Shepherd Productions have engaged in a first look deal with Philip K. Dick's estate to develop film and television adaptations of the author's works, which include over 120 short stories and 45 novels...Read More »
Norton Herrick has come on board to share producing duties with director Peter Berg and star Mark Wahlberg for "Lone Survivor," which is currently shooting in New Mexico with co-stars Eric Bana, Ben Foster, Emile Hirsch and Taylor Kitsch...Read More »
Following Nate Silver's impressively accurate predictions of the voting outcome in all 50 states for the November 6 election, the NY Times blogger has been approached by Hollywood...Read More »
Robert De Niro recently sat down with NY Times critic A.O. Scott for an interview covering the actor's substantial body of work over the past 40 years, his thoughts on the difficulty of getting movies made and the perceived hurdles of personal filmmaking...Read More »
Cameron Diaz is reportedly attached to star in revenge comedy "The Other Woman," which also has Kristen Wiig in talks.Read More »
It's back to the white tent on the Santa Monica beach the day before the Oscars, February 23, for the indie alternative awards show--a favorite for many each year--Film Independent's Spirit Awards. The 28th Indie Spirits will be exclusively broadcast the same night on IFC after its live taping. The ...Read More »


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The ULI Hines CompetitionNovember 20, 2014
The ULI Hines Competition is an urban design and development challenge for graduate students.
The competition challenges multidisciplinary student teams to devise a comprehensive development program for a real, large-scale site. Teams of five students representing at least three disciplines have two weeks to develop solutions that include drawings, site plans, tables, and market-feasible financial data.
This is an ideas competition; there is no expectation that any of the submitted schemes will be applied to the site. The winning team will receive $50,000 and the finalist teams $10,000 each.
Register your team
E-mail email@example.com with any questions.
Michigan Coastal Zone Management Program Funding opportunity for Michigan Area of Concern Land Acquisition ProjectsNovember 14, 2014
The Michigan Coastal Zone Management Program (MCZMP) within the Office of the Great Lakes, Department of Environmental Quality, is pleased to announce the release of a Request for Proposals (RFP) for the Michigan Areas of Concern Land Acquisition Grants with a deadline of January 9, 2015.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) anticipates approximately $800,000 will be provided for this Great Lakes Area of Concern funding competition through the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative as anticipated in the President's FY 2015 Budget. Typical awards are expected to range between $100,000 and $800,000. Projects selected for funding can anticipate a grant start date of October 1, 2015.
The Coastal Zone Management Program (CZMP), which provides grant funds to assist in the development of vibrant and resilient coastal communities through the protection and restoration of our sensitive coastal resources and biologically diverse ecosystems, may recommend projects to NOAA for the competition.
NOAA seeks to support projects that will result in the protection of Great Lakes coastal habitat, as well as support future habitat restoration efforts. The program priorities for this opportunity support NOAA's "Ecosystems" mission goal of "Protect, Restore, and Manage Use of Coastal and Ocean Resources through Ecosystem Based Management."
The RFP Application Package is available online at http://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/Final_AOC_2015_RFP_473539_7.pdf?20141110092503.
Further information regarding the Michigan Areas of Concern Program can be found here.
Applications must be received by the CZMP by January 9, 2015. Selected projects will be recommended to NOAA by February 20, 2015.
For additional information, please contact Alisa Gonzales-Pennington at firstname.lastname@example.com or at 517-284-5038.
Michigan Coastal Zone Management Program Funding opportunity for Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation ProgramNovember 14, 2014
The Michigan Coastal Zone Management Program (MCZMP) within the Office of the Great Lakes, Department of Environmental Quality, is pleased to announce the release of a Request for Proposals (RFP) for the Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program (CELCP). The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) anticipates approximately $800,000 will be available through the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative administered by the Environmental Protection Agency. The MCZMP may select up to two projects to recommend to NOAA for the national competition. Typical awards are expected to range between $100,000 and $800,000. Projects selected for funding can anticipate a grant start date between July 1 and October 1, 2015.
The CELCP was authorized "for the purpose of protecting important coastal and estuarine areas that have significant conservation, recreation, ecological, historical, or aesthetic values, or that are threatened by conversion from their natural, undeveloped, or recreational state to other uses."
Attached is the RFP Application Package which is also available on the MCZMP Web site at http://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/FINAL_CELCP_2015_RFP__11-3-14_473541_7.pdf?20141110092503.
Further information regarding the goals and administrative procedures for CELCP can be found at: http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/land/welcome.html.
Applications must be delivered to the MCZMP by January 9, 2015. Selected projects will be recommended to NOAA by February 20, 2015.
For additional information please contact Alisa Gonzales-Pennington at 517-284-5038, or at email@example.com.
The Economics of Place: Michigan as a Beacon in the Placemaking MovementNovember 13, 2014
The Michigan Municipal League's new book, The Economics of Place: The Art of Building Great Communities, goes beyond placemaking as a concept, to offer real-world examples of economic drivers and agents of social and cultural change in Michigan's own backyard. The following is Fred Kent's afterword in this excellent book, now available here.
Michigan has truly been a beacon in the placemaking movement.
Ever since the governor's declaration to put placemaking at the forefront of Michigan's economic policy, place-led development has cropped up in what some would consider the least likely of places in this midwestern state. From downtown Detroit's Renaissance to the recent grand reopening of the Flint Farmers Market attracting over 17,000 people from all over the region—Michigan is taking placemaking to heart in an inspiring way.
In many ways, Michigan's history is not unlike much of the United States. Dotted with small towns previously dominated by industry, Michigan struggled like so many states in its shift away from the manufacturing economy. Developers only further degraded downtowns, moving commerce to big box stores on the outskirts and driving people away from the heart of the community. Eventually, people began to take notice and organizations were formed to tackle this seemingly insurmountable problem: how do we bring people back to the center?
Placemaking, World-Class Corridors and the Status of Michigan's Economy Highlight 2014 Built Environment ShowcaseNovember 07, 2014
The relationship between the built environment and Michigan's economy was the topic at the forefront of presentations as researchers, State agency representatives, local and federal officials, developers, MSU students and the public gathered for the 2014 Built Environment Showcase. The conference took place on November 7, 2014, at Michigan State University (MSU) in East Lansing. This was the second time this conference was held. The first was in 2012.
More than 200 individuals attended the 2014 Built Environment Showcase. The conference was co-hosted by the MSU School of Planning, Design and Construction (SPDC); the MSU Land Policy Institute; MSU Auxiliary Enterprises; the Michigan State Housing Development Authority (MSHDA); the Michigan Economic Development Corporation (MEDC); and Prima Civitas.
Dr. Charles Ballard from the MSU Department of Economics at MSU, opened the conference by discussing the relationship between the current state of Michigan's economy and its relationship to the built environment. His data-driven presentation showed that although inflation-adjusted per capita income in Michigan has never been higher, it still lags behind the U.S. average. He closed with a recommendation to improve this disparity: "Today, one of our top priorities for public policy in Michigan must be to repair our decaying infrastructure."


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President Karen Gross Keynotes at Women, Management and Leadership Conference
July 30, 2010
SVC President Karen Gross will be a keynote speaker at a conference on "Women, Management and Leadership: Organizational Practices and Individual Strategies for Women" presented by Union Graduate College at Proctor's Theatre in Schenectady, N.Y., on August 2. President Gross will speak on "How Women Think About and Handle Money: Leadership Implications."
Featured Faculty
Instructor Sandra Fleischmann, MSN, RN-BC, Division of Nursing
Read more
Student Profile
Haley Omasta
Through a grant, she attended the Insight Dubai Conference. Read more about Haley Omasta
Campus Events
Campus News
- President's HUFF POST Blog: "When Does a College's Obligation to Its Students End?"
- Mount Anthony is First School in Vermont to Launch National College Application Campaign
- President's Comment in CBS Moneywatch on a 3-year degree
- David Rees Evans, Ph.D., Named Next SVC President
- President's HUFF POST Blog: "...Why Education is Failing Our Students"
- TIME Online "Five Best Ideas of the Day" Links to SVC Co-authored Article
- SVC Co-Authored article in INSIDE HIGHER Ed: "Graduation Shouldn't Be Endpoint"


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