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Home » Courses » Physics » Physics I: Classical Mechanics » Video Lectures » 35: Professor Lewin's Early days at MIT
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Topics covered: Professor Lewin talks about some of the highlights from his early days at MIT. It began with balloon flights at very high altitude to make observations of the stars in X-rays. This led to discoveries of X-ray flaring events and a periodic X-ray source (GX 1+4). In the seventies and eighties he made important contributions to our understanding of X-ray bursts (thermo-nuclear fusion episodes on neutron stars).
Instructor/speaker: Prof. Walter Lewin
Date recorded: December 8, 1999
Please make sure you play the Video before clicking the links below.
X-ray Astronomy from Balloon Flights
Slides of High Altitude Ballooning Expeditions
X-ray Observations
Binary Stars and X-ray Bursts
35: Professor Lewin's Ear...
Today I'd like to talk with you about my early days at MIT and the research that I did here.
This is a long time ago.
I got my Ph.D. in the Netherlands, in nuclear physics, and I came to MIT in January 1966, almost 34 years ago.
And the idea was that I was only going to spend here one year on a postdoc position, but I liked it so much that I never left, and I don't regret it.
I joined the X-ray Astronomy group here of Professor Rossi.
Now, X-ray astronomy has to be done from above the Earth atmosphere or at least near the top of the Earth atmosphere because the X rays are absorbed by air, unlike optical astronomy and radio astronomy, which can be done from the ground.
The kind of X rays that we measure are not unlike those that your dentist is using when he takes an X-ray picture.
The energy range of these X rays is somewhere between one and 30, 40 kilo-electron volts, and if you don't know what a kilo-electron volt is, that's fine, too, but you never express the energy of an X ray in terms of joules, because the number becomes so ridiculously small.
During World War II, under Hitler's Germany, Wernher von Braun developed the V-2 rockets for destructive war purposes.
It was developed in Peenemuende.
And after the war, the Americans used these V-2 rockets for scientific purposes, and the first rocket flights to search for X rays from the Sun took place in 1948.
And X rays were found from the Sun.
That was quite a surprise.
And the power, energy per second that the Sun puts out in X rays divided by the power in optical, which is almost all the radiation of the Sun--
I'll give it the symbol of the Sun--
is approximately 10 to the minus 7, so only one ten-millionth of all the energy comes out in X rays.
So, from an energy point of view, it's very, very little.
It varies a great deal, too.
But it is really very little.
In 1962, scientists here in Cambridge, among them Professor Bruno Rossi, who was a professor at MIT, and Riccardo Giacconi and Herb Gursky--
who were working across the street at American Science and Engineering--
attempted to do an experiment to see whether they could detect X rays from objects outside our solar system.
Now, the odds were very low that they were going to succeed, and the reason is very simple.
If you take the Sun and you move it out to the nearest stars, which is typically ten to a hundred light-years, you wouldn't stand a chance to see X rays.
In fact, the sensitivity of the detectors in these days was too low by at least nine orders of magnitude, a factor of one billion.
To everyone's surprise--
to everyone's, yeah, happy surprise, I should say--
they succeeded, and they discovered an object which was later called Sco X-1.
It's in the constellation Scorpius, "X" stands for X rays, and "1" for the first X-ray source in that constellation.
The total power output of that source was about 10,000 times more than the Sun.
That doesn't make the source so special, because there are many stars in the sky that radiate way more energy than our Sun does, but what's so very special about Sco X-1, that the X-ray power over the optical power for Sco X-1 was approximately 1,000.
In other words, the X rays are the dominant source of energy and the optical is sort of, let's call it a by-product, whereas with the Sun, the optical is the main thing and the X rays is sort of a by-product.
And so the $64 question in those days was, what can these objects be? They must be very different from the Sun, and that's what I want to discuss with you.
When I came to MIT in 1966, there were about six of these X-ray sources known in the sky.
Today there are thousands known, but there were six then.
And they were discovered from rocket flights.
These rockets would be launched, typically from White Sands, and they would spend about five minutes above the Earth atmosphere.
And during those five minutes they scanned the sky, and six sources were discovered.
I joined here the group of Professor George Clark, who is still a professor at MIT.
He was working on observations to be made from very high-flying balloons.
So we would build a telescope, and we would launch it on a balloon, and go near the top of the Earth atmosphere.
It's not as good as a rocket flight which gets completely out of the Earth atmosphere, but the flights on balloons can last way longer than five-minute rocket flights.
We could fly hours and, if we were lucky, even days, but the price we paid for that is that even though there was only very little atmosphere left above us--
about 0.3 percent of the atmosphere was left--
still that caused an effect of the absorption, so we did lose X rays that the rocket flights did not lose.
But we had the great advantage of many, many hours.
To give you a rough idea of what it took in those days--
I worked on this with graduate students and with many undergraduate students--
a telescope in those days, to build it cost typically a million dollars, and it would take us two years to build one.
The balloons that we needed to launch them were about $100,000 in those days, and the helium that we needed to get it up was about $80,000, and the weight of such a payload, of our telescope, was about 1,000 kilograms.
These balloons would go up to 140,000 feet and they were huge--
they were about 500 feet across.
I will show you pictures of them very shortly.
It was a risky business in that no guarantee of success.
You bought the balloons.
If they worked, so much the better.
If they didn't work, tough luck.
There was just no way that you could recover the money.
They were very thin; the balloons are made of polyethylene, and the thickness of the polyethylene was thinner than cigarette paper, so you can imagine how easy it is to damage them, and if you don't damage them during the launch, it's easy to damage them on the way up, due to the jet stream and the very cold layers of air that you have in the tropopause.
So I would like to show you now some slides, and then we will get back to talking a little bit more about X-ray astronomy.
All right, so let's see what we have first.
You see here two of my undergraduate students.
At the time they were undergraduate students.
Now they are both Ph.D.s, and some of you may think that science doesn't have much romance, but there is a lot.
They married and they have kids.
This is Pat Downey; she's still very important in working with me on PIVoT, and this is Jim Ballantine.
They were working on the electronics, which is an enormously tedious task, to do the wiring of the electronics.
And here you see the plant in Texas where these balloons were built.
These were extremely long halls, as you can imagine.
And here the gores of the balloon, which are like pieces that you see on a tangerine, on the surface of a tangerine, they were sealed together with heat sealers.
And only women were allowed to do this work because it was well known that men are too impatient and make many more mistakes.
And so only women were allowed there.
It was nothing to do with discrimination, but simply because women were better at doing this work.
Here, a balloon comes out of a box.
This is a picture I took in Texas, where we launched balloons from.
It's nicely covered with this pink sheet and we have this huge cloth on the grass because the balloon is so thin that if you would put it on the grass, it would get damaged right away.
I told you, the skin is about...
thinner than cigarette paper, so it's carefully taken out and we inspect it closely.
And in this case, there was some concern that there might be a hole in the balloon.
In fact, there was at least a hole in the pink cover, and so we carefully inspected whether the hole propagated deeper in.
I wasn't too worried, because this was not my balloon, but nevertheless, it's always sad if you see some of your colleagues having a balloon that doesn't get up.
And now I'm taking you to the desert town in Australia, central Australia--
Alice Springs.
I've launched many balloons from Alice Springs.
And now you get a pretty good idea of what the launch is going to be like.
Here is the launch truck, and the telescope is on the launch truck.
And all of this is empty balloon, and here is what we call the roller arm--
it holds the balloon down, and only this part of the balloon is going to be inflated.
Here is the helium truck, and here are the inflation tubes through which we inflate.
The inflation takes place almost always early morning or near sunset in the evening, because that's when the wind is very calm, and we need very calm conditions.
It is this part of the balloon that is going to be inflated, and so there's going to be a huge force, the buoyant force--
I hope you all remember Archimedes' Law--
of several thousands of kilograms' force up.
And so this vehicle here weighs about four or five tons to hold it down.
And when we launch the balloon, we actually release this arm; we flip this arm up.
And so you will see, then, how the balloon will make it on the way up.
So this is Alice Springs, Australia, again.
The Sun is rising, and we started the inflation.
You see here the inflation tubes, and we put the helium in the balloon.
This is the very critical phase of the launch, because if there's a little bit of side wind and the balloon touches the ground, then it's all over.
Then it just gets damaged, and you abort--
you don't even continue.
This is a little later, when the... we call this the bubble.
This is the roller arm here, and this is all this empty balloon in your direction, and this part is only some 80 feet high or so.
And here you see these gores that I told you about earlier.
This is all this tedious work that is done by these women, who seal these gores together, and they all come together here at the apex, in a big aluminum plate.
All right, now you see the situation from the launch truck site.
Here you see the radar reflectors, so we can follow the flight by radar; you see the telescope here--
I won't go into too many details.
This is a ballast box, which contains about 500 pounds of lead shot, which we can drop on radio command.
I believe this was Jeffrey McClintock, who was one of my graduate students at the time.
You see here the parachute.
There's a connection between the parachute and the bottom of the balloon and we can cut that on radio command, and then the telescope, we hope, parachutes safely back to Earth.
And here's all empty balloon, and here is the bubble, that part that was just inflated.
They're still inflating here, but they are already tying off this inflation tube, so we are actually getting very close to a launch.
And here is the moment of launch.
This is a moment that no one will ever forget who watches a balloon launch.
You feel ants in your pants and butterflies in your stomach.
It is a very tense moment.
If things go wrong, this, in general, is the moment that things go wrong, because when the roller arm is here released, then this enormous amount of free lift, the buoyant force, drives this thing up and you get a bouncing effect.
You get an oscillation of the helium in this upper part--
we call this the mushroom.
And that can already destroy the balloon right away.
The layout is such that we always lay out so that the wind will drive the balloon towards the launch truck.
And you will see later on why that has to be done.
So the launch truck can maneuver itself straight under the balloon, and make sure that the balloon is carrying the telescope before we release the payload.
The payload is now tied to the launch truck.
We have to wait for the whole balloon to be off the ground before the launch truck can actually maneuver itself under the balloon, but you already see that the...
by the exhaust that the engines are already running.
You see a close-up here of this mushroom, and it makes a tremendous amount of noise.
It's really scary.
I'm always surprised, when I see a launch like this, that the balloon, so thin, can actually survive this tormenting launch.
So here it goes higher, comes in this direction, as you see, getting closer and closer to the launch truck, rises higher in the sky and, in this case in Alice Springs, I was so close to the launch that I couldn't follow the bubble going up much further with my camera, so the next picture that you're going to see I took from Palestine, Texas, from which I've flown many balloons.
So it's a different launch, but it is sort of the same stage in the launch that you see here.
Alice Springs was beautiful, by the way, always very nice, clear skies; it's a very fantastic desert there.
It's a wonderful desert town.
It's really in the middle of nowhere.
Okay, so now we're in Texas and you see here the launch truck.
This is the telescope, it was a different telescope.
You see the parachute, and now the trick is for the truck to get under the balloon.
The amount of helium that is in the balloon is only a small fraction of the total volume.
It's just enough for us to get the free lift.
We want to go up at about a thousand feet per minute, and then, since the atmospheric pressure goes down when the balloon goes up, the helium expands and finally fills the entire volume, as you will see.
So now is the moment, this is a crucial moment that the launch truck has actually maneuvered itself straight under the balloon.
And now the person on the launch truck makes sure that there is enough tension in these lines to pick up the telescope.
If the balloon were a little bit too far ahead or too far behind and you released the telescope, then, of course, it would pendulum into the ground and you would lose it, so it's very important that it be done when the balloon is straight overhead.
But that alone is not enough; there must also be enough pull on it so that the telescope doesn't crash to the ground vertically.
And when there is any chance that things go wrong, we just abort the flight, because the telescope is so much more expensive than the balloon, even though the balloon and the helium together is close to a quarter-million dollars.
And here you see it after release: payload, parachute, empty balloon and here, the helium.
And this, from here to here, oh, is about two-thirds of the height of the Empire State Building.
These are huge, huge balloons.
And here you see it at an altitude of 150,000 feet.
This is the largest balloon that was ever flown successfully.
It's still the world record.
It was a balloon with a volume of 52 million cubic feet.
This picture was taken through a telescope.
And you see here the telescope, and you can look straight through the balloon; it's that thin.
From here to here is about 500 feet, almost 600 feet.
All right, here you see my ex-graduate student.
He's now Dr. Ricker, George Ricker.
He's still a staff member at MIT.
This is in Australia.
A lot of this equipment was built by undergraduates and graduate students of mine; a lot of it we borrowed from the balloon launching stations.
And the radio data come in here, and we can command the telescope from here.
We can orient the telescope, we can draw ballast and, very important, we can terminate the flight.
So that we rescue, that we save the telescope when it starts drifting out over the ocean.
Because the balloon starts going with the winds at the altitude of 150,000 feet, and those winds can vary anywhere from 20, 30 miles per hour up to 100 miles per hour.
We try to fly only during the days that the wind is low, and that's the case in the spring, and in the fall, we call that the turnaround.
The winds at these altitudes change twice per year.
They change from about 100 miles per hour to the west, to 100 miles per hour to the east.
It happens in the spring and in the fall, and that's when we try to fly, when the winds are very low, when they are in the process of turning around.
We follow the balloon at low altitude--
5,000, 6,000 feet.
It's a small airplane.
I'm sitting here on the airplane.
This is a typical airplane that we use to hop from airport to airport and stay as close to the balloon as we can, so that we can give the "terminate" command.
And later we can recover the payload, which is an adventure all by itself.
In Australia, that is much harder than in the United States.
This was El Paso, but in Australia, there are no airports in the desert, and so that is way harder to hop from place to place.
I'm taking you to Australia now, here is Alice Springs.
And when we launched this flight, the days before, we had balloons, weather balloons, test balloons, which we drove up to 140,000, 150,000 feet, and then we probed the winds at that altitude.
And the people who did that give us good reasons to believe that the balloon would either go sort of in this direction or maybe here, but in any case, it would go north-northwest.
And so we alerted all these radar stations in Australia to look out for the balloon--
that we have radar reflectors, so they could give us an early warning, because between here and here, there are really no airports.
So if we follow this by airplane, you can land during the day at some air strips, but really, there are really no runways, so that's pretty dangerous.
At night, you couldn't land here.
And so we were hoping that these radar stations would give us an early alert and tell us where the balloon is.
What happened, however, the balloon went straight down.
And then it was sunset, so we don't know exactly where the balloon is at sunset.
We can't see it, but we have radio contact with it and so we were flying close to it.
And then at sunrise we picked it up, we could see it, and then here, when it was getting close to forbidden zone--
because there is commercial flights here--
we cut it down, so we gave the radio command which separates the parachute from the balloon.
The balloon is very brittle--
it's very cold there.
The balloon shatters, breaks in pieces, comes down and, if everything goes well, then the parachute brings the telescope safely back to Earth.
This is the person that we contacted during that flight.
You try to draw the attention of local people, and you do that by flying with your airplane low over their house.
This person lived in the desert, and his nearest neighbor was from 70 miles away from him.
He was crazy, he was always drunk...
[students laugh]
he was shooting kangaroos in the desert.
There is no windshield here.
He would drive 60 miles an hour, and then he would chase these kangaroos and shoot them.
And he had a crazy game which I didn't like at all.
He would put the dog on the roof--
and he gave me a demonstration once; I was with him in this truck--
and he would drive 60 miles per hour, would slam the brakes, and the dog would catapult through the air, and then he would say, "You can't teach an old dog any new tricks." We encountered wonderful animals during recovery: koala bear, quiet, peaceful, very lazy, unlike most 8.01 students.
[students laugh]
And then, when we got closer to payload--
it took us a day and a half to get to the payload--
there was this nasty iguana, he was about six feet long.
And let me tell you, I was really scared.
It scared the hell out of me.
But of course I didn't want to show that, so I said to my graduate student, "There's no problem, these animals are harmless; you go first."
And he did, and it turns out they are harmless, and during the entire four hours that it took us to recover the payload and get it on Jack's truck, this animal was just sitting still, didn't move at all.
That is his way of thinking that we don't see him, then.
Beautiful animals, these iguanas.
The aborigines eat them, it's very precious food, by the way.
So here you see Don Brooks, who was an American who came with me.
He was an electronic expert, and this is Alice, which was the wife of Jack.
You see the payload here, tumbled over, but it's in good condition.
The crash pad is there purposely to protect against the impact, to get a lower deceleration, and, of course, it's okay that that cardboard crash pad is destroyed--
that's the whole idea.
And then when you come back a few days later in Alice Springs, it's... nothing happens, ever, in Alice Springs.
I mean, it's completely a hole in the ground.
So this front-page news, "Perfect Balloon Launch" and "1,000 watch the start of a space probe"--
they called it a space probe.
I had a long interview with this news reporter, and I told him that the reason why we have to go high is because of the absorption of the X rays in the Earth atmosphere, but the article didn't get that across.
They said, "They fly balloons because then they're closer to the stars." Well, I suppose that is close enough, but it really missed the issue of the absorption of the X rays, which of course... that's the reason why we have to go up, not because we want to get closer to the stars.
Okay, so now I'll go back to the blackboard, if I can find my way.
So between 1966 and roughly late '70s, I had about 20 successful flights from the United States, from Canada, and many from Australia.
Now, we also had some problems, we had some bad luck.
Twice during my flights, the balloons popped.
70,000 feet, there is the tropopause; it's very cold, -70 degrees.
There are jet winds and they beat on the balloon, and then the balloon can burst.
And when that happens, we don't have enough time to terminate the flight--
we can't separate the parachute from the balloon; it happens all of a sudden--
and then, in general, the parachute gets entangled and then you get a free fall.
So the payload is entirely destroyed, and that happened twice.
But we were lucky enough that at several occasions we made some interesting discoveries.
During the early years of X-ray astronomy, we discovered five new X-ray sources, so we doubled the number of sources that were known from rocket flights before us.
And some of these sources that we saw from balloons were highly variable.
We noticed an X-ray flare; the X-ray intensity went up by a factor of three or four on as little time as ten minutes.
And that was completely new in those days, and that could not have been discovered from rockets, because the rockets themselves are only five minutes above the Earth atmosphere, and they're not looking at one source all the time.
They are scanning the sky, because their objective was to find as many X-ray sources as they could.
But we were up sometimes 26 hours, so we had plenty of time to look at one portion of the sky for a long time, for hours on, and so it was not an accident that we discovered these flaring events which lasted up to ten minutes and longer.
We also discovered an object which we called "gx1+4"--
the number has to do with where it is in the sky--
and we noticed, much to our surprise, that the X rays seemed to fluctuate in a periodic fashion, 2.3 minutes.
At the time, we had no clue what that meant, but later, as you will see very shortly, it became clear that that was the rotation period of a neutron star.
So the big question was, in the early days: What are these objects? And this is something that we have discussed in 8.01 and I will go over it very briefly again, but we discussed it and you even had some homework problems on it.
These objects are X-ray binaries, whereby one object is very compact--
which could be a neutron star, or in some cases even a black hole--
and the other object, the other star, is a normal nuclear burning star, something like our Sun.
And they are very close together.
They are so close together that the matter, which is here, is attracted by the neutron star stronger than it is attracted by the star itself, and so it starts to find its way to the neutron star.
This is a binary system, so they go around each other.
This matter cannot just go in radially, but it would spiral in slowly and find its way to the neutron star.
Strangely enough that we still don't understand how it makes it, but it does make it, ultimately, to the neutron star, and this is, then, what we call the accretion disk.
This is the accretor and this is the donor.
The donor provides the fuel that finds its way to the neutron star.
And if you take a little bit, mass m, and you drop that on a neutron star--
and a neutron star has mass capital M, say, and radius capital R--
then the kinetic energy that is released at impact is something that all of you should be able to do next Monday.
That is the following: mMG divided by R equals one-half mV squared.
This is the gravitational potential energy that becomes available if an object of mass little m crashes onto the star.
The surface of the star has a radius capital R; the mass of the star is capital M.
And that is converted to kinetic energy, which is one-half mV squared, so this is the speed at impact.
Of course, it's always independent of little m, and so you can calculate that speed and that speed is horrendous for a neutron star, the reason being that the radius of the neutron star is so absurdly small; it's only ten kilometers.
It is roughly 100,000 times smaller than the radius of our Sun.
The mass of the neutron star is comparable to that of our Sun--
a little larger, but it's comparable.
But it is the radius which is so small, and that's why you get a speed at impact which is about one-third of the speed of light.
And this kinetic energy is converted to heat--
for the same reason that when we drop something here on the floor, that the kinetic energy ultimately goes into heat--
and so it heats up the surface layers of the neutron star, and the temperature becomes horrendously high, ten to the seven, ten to the eighth degrees--
10 million, 100 million degrees--
and at that very high temperature, almost all the energy, almost all electromagnetic radiation comes out in the form of X rays.
The Sun has a temperature of only 6,000 degrees; most of it comes out in the form of optical light, but when you go to 10 million degrees, that's no longer the case.
The spectrum shifts in favor of the X rays.
The amount of energy that is released is horrendous.
To give you some feeling for that, if you take a marshmallow and you throw a marshmallow from a large distance onto a neutron star, then the energy that is released, which is this energy, is comparable to the energy that was released of the atomic bomb that was thrown on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
So that tells you something about the enormous gravitational forces that are at work on the surface of a neutron star.
We know now what these systems are; the evidence is overwhelming.
We have observed the rotation of the neutron stars.
The 2.3 minutes that we found, we now know is the rotation of the neutron star.
These neutron stars have a strong magnetic field, and the matter that accretes onto the neutron star reaches the magnetic poles.
In 8.02 you will see...
you will learn why this plasma, which is highly ionized, why that cannot just reach the neutron star anywhere, but it is forced to only enter the neutron star near the magnetic poles, and if the neutron star rotates, then the magnetic poles can rotate like this.
And when you are on Earth, you see X rays, X rays, X rays, no X rays, X rays and so you see pulsations.
And so these pulsations have been seen from many neutron stars now, from many of these binary systems.
It's very clear that it's a binary system.
If you are in the plane or near the plane of the orbits of the two stars, then the neutron star can go behind the donor, and then you don't see any X rays, because the X rays are then absorbed by the donor.
And then you see an X-ray eclipse, so the X rays vanish.
So you would see the pulsations, strong X-ray signal, and all of a sudden, boom--
it's gone.
And then a few hours later, it starts up again when the neutron star reappears, reemerges from the donor star.
So that picture is all very clear, but I do want to show you at least a sketch of what we think such a system would look like, which is just the next slide, and maybe the person in the booth...
Oh, I can do it from here.
So this is what it sort of looks like.
You see the donor there on the left, and you see here the neutron star, or it could be a black hole--
that's sort of the same idea, you would not be able to tell--
and you see how the matter swirls in.
Of course this is a not a real picture, this is a sketch made by an illustrator.
We know hundreds of these systems in our own galaxy, and, of course, there are many in other galaxies as well.
I discussed with you in 8.01 that if you measure the Doppler shifts of these stars--
and if you are lucky, you get the Doppler shift both from the pulsations of the neutron star and from the optical lines in the donor--
that you can even find the mass of both the star here and the star there.
And if the mass becomes horrendously high, as in some cases, then you have to conclude that you are dealing with a black hole.
And you had a problem on section...
in one of your homework assignments.
I'm no longer flying balloons, because all the work that I do nowadays is done, of course, from satellites.
You get 365 days per year data, you are always above the Earth atmosphere, so that's clearly the way to go.
And I have used European satellites, Japanese satellites, and nowadays I am using the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer, which is an American satellite, and Chandra, which was launched early this year, which is the biggest thing in town.
In 1975, here at MIT we had our own satellite, called SAS-3.
And we operated SAS-3 from the Center for Space Research, which is Building 37, where my office is, 365 days per year, 24 hours per day.
And in '75, Josh Grindley, from Harvard, and John Heise in Utrecht, the Netherlands, discovered something which we call an X-ray burst.
And an X-ray burst is a phenomenon that you see the X-ray signal become very strong all of a sudden.
In about one second, it becomes ten times stronger, maybe 20 times stronger than it was before the burst, and it peters out on a time scale of about a minute or so.
And we were very lucky at the time, 1976, with SAS-3, that we could do research on these X-ray bursts and within a year or two, we discovered eight more of these burst sources.
And it is largely through that work--
that observational work that took place--
and through the work, theoretical work by Professor Paul Joss, who is still at MIT--
that we now know what causes these X-ray bursts.
They are nuclear bomb explosions on the surface of neutron stars.
What happens is that on the surface of the neutron star, the matter that accretes--
which is largely hydrogen and helium from the donor--
becomes very hot, it becomes very dense, and at that high temperature and at very high densities, you get thermonuclear fusion.
And a reaction that can take place is that three helium nuclei--
fuse to form carbon-12, and when that happens, energy is released, thermonuclear energy is released.
This reaction is extremely sensitive to temperature.
When energy is released, the temperature goes up.
When the temperature goes up, the reaction rate goes up, then the temperature goes up, then the reaction rate goes up even further, and the whole thing gets out of hand and that's why it is a thermonuclear explosion.
We call it a thermonuclear flash, so it is an uncontrolled, runaway process.
And the bomb explosion that occurs on the surface of the neutron star would be a billion times a billion--
a billion times a billion, ten to the 18 times more powerful than hydrogen bombs that we can make here on Earth.
We speculated early on that when you see an X-ray burst in the sky, that you may be able to see also an optical flash in the sky.
The donor stars and the accretion disk emit optical light.
It's very faint, there are very faint sources, but you can see them from the ground with your optical telescopes.
And we had reasons to believe that we might see an optical flash when an X-ray burst occurs, and I'll tell you why we believed that was the case.
If you have here a neutron star and here you have the accretion disk, and if the bomb explosion occurs--
these red wiggles are the X rays--
then the stuff that goes straight to the Earth you will see.
But there are other X rays which go in this direction, and the heat of the disk...
we call it X-ray heating.
And the disk locally would get a temperature of maybe 30,000, 40,000 degrees and brightens in optical.
So we expected that we should see that effect, that effect of X-ray heating.
But our goal was even more ambitious.
You see, the optical light that comes from here must be delayed than the X rays that go straight to the Earth, because first the X rays travel in this direction, and then the optical light goes in this direction.
So if I put my pencil here, this is the extra path that the electromagnetic radiation is going, and that takes time.
And if that takes one second, then that means this distance is one light-second.
If it takes 20 seconds, this distance is 20 light-seconds.
So our goal was to actually measure, for the first time, the dimensions of the inner part in the accretion disk.
And so we organized a worldwide campaign in 1977.
17 countries were contributing, 44 observatories, and we told them that we were going to look at a particular star in the sky, a very faint star, which was this X-ray binary system.
We would record with SAS-3 the X-ray burst, and we wanted them to record--
in the radio, in the infrared, wherever possible, in the optical--
whether they would see a change in the appearance, in the optical or in the radio appearance.
In the summer of 1977, we saw 110 bursts from a particular burst source.
None of them were seen in the optical or in the radio--
zero results.
We did it again in 1978 and then we succeeded.
This was in collaboration with Josh Grindley from Harvard, Jeffrey McClintock, who was my ex-graduate student--
he is now also at Harvard--
and my good friend Jan van Paradis from the University in Amsterdam, who worked with me at the time here at MIT.
This was a splashing result--
simultaneous observation of an optical flash with an X-ray flash--
and it was on the cover sheet of Nature, which is a very prestigious journal in which people publish, so we were extremely happy.
I do want to show you the simultaneous events but not the 1978 event, but I'll show you one that is more impressive that my colleague Holger Pedersen observed a year later, when he did the optical work from Chile.
This is that observatory that I mentioned to you earlier.
I have been there many times myself.
It's in La Silla, 2,400 meters above the ground.
This is where the atmospheric pressure is only three-quarters of an atmosphere, and where you can't boil a soft-boiled egg because the temperature of boiling water is only 92 degrees.
Okay, here is the optical flash that Holger observed, and we were looking with the Japanese satellite, which was called Hakucho.
SAS-3 I think was no longer operating at the time.
You see here the time of the optical signal, so this is the strength of the system in quiescence and then the X-ray burst occurs, and we see here clearly an optical flash, and here you see the X rays from Hakucho.
They look very similar, but now comes the interesting part.
Of course, I have scaled them up here on the view-graph so that they have the same height.
That's just artificial, of course.
But now comes the interesting part.
If I overlay them, then look at the blue line, which is the optical--
it's clearly delayed relative to the X rays, and that was our goal.
And this was really a very clean observation, cleaner than our 1978 observations, and if you move the optical back--
or the X-ray forward, whichever you want--
by about two seconds, then they almost exactly overlap.
And so this was conclusive evidence that the dimensions of the disk, of the accretion disk around these neutron stars, had typical dimension of about two light-seconds, of that order.
We suspected that, for other reasons, but nevertheless, this was the conclusive evidence.
The bad news is that during my past term that I was lecturing 8.01, I have been able to do nothing but 8.01--
no research at all.
And I think you have all the right to feel guilty about this.
[class laughs]
Very guilty.
Now, the good news is that I enjoyed it, and whether you like it or not, you were on my mind almost all the time, day and night.
I had even nightmares about it, and a typical nightmare that I would have is the following.
I would come into 26.100, but I lost my lecture notes and I couldn't find them and I was completely ill-prepared, but I would start my lectures anyhow, and you would start laughing at me and I would wake up in sweat.
I don't think we need Freud to explain that dream.
Now, I have enormously enjoyed lecturing 8.01, and in a way, you have touched my life and I trust that I, too, have touched your life.
Now, I make myself no illusions.
I am sure that you will very soon forget Kepler's Third Law, although I hope it won't be before Monday, when we have the final.
[class laughs]
And you will probably also forget how to properly apply the conservation of angular momentum.
But perhaps you will always remember from my lectures that physics can be very exciting and beautiful and it's everywhere around us, all the time, if only you have learned to see it and appreciate the beauty.
And surely, when you go on your first monkey hunt, wearing your own safari hat, or when you will orbit the Earth and you want to throw a ham sandwich to your friend, you may be thinking of me.
And I hope those will be happy memories.
I wish all of you the very best, and I thank you for attending my lectures.
[class applauds]
LEWIN: Thank you.
MIT OpenCourseWare makes the materials used in the teaching of almost all of MIT's subjects available on the Web, free of charge. With more than 2,200 courses available, OCW is delivering on the promise of open sharing of knowledge.
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text:
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I really think that it's one of my pre-workout drinks. Because yesterday I barely drank my workout drink because I had to walk to the bathroom about every 5-10 minutes. This may be to much info but it's really frustrating because normally I can "hold it" but it feels like I just have to go a little bit and that it's (the pee) is just going to kind of drip out. So it feels like I just have to tinkle. I mean it's to the point where sometimes I'll go to the bathroom and go back and only be able to do ONE set and have to go back to the bathroom again, in fear that I might pee my pants.
Has anyone else had any experience like this? I think my next workout I'm going to skip the Xplode and see if I still have the same problem.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Dick Cheney "Furious" at George Bush for Going Over His Head
The former U.S. President and the former U.S. shadow President seem to have gotten into a little feud in the waning hours of Neocon Dynasty.
Reportedly, Dick Cheney got somewhat miffed at George Bush because Bush refused to grant a full pardon Scooter Libby, Cheney and Rove's fall guy in the whole Valerie Plame-outing affair…
In multiple conversations, both in person and over the telephone, Cheney tried to get Bush to change his mind. Libby was convicted of perjury and obstruction of justice in the federal probe of who leaked covert CIA operative Valerie Plame's identity to the press.
Several sources confirmed Cheney refused to take no for an answer. "He went to the mat and came back and back and back at Bush," a Cheney defender said. "He was still trying the day before Obama was sworn in."…
The unsuccessful full-court press left Cheney bitter. "He's furious with Bush," a Cheney source told The News.
It's also disturbing when Mommy and Daddy fight.
And it's even more disturbing when Predator and Alien fight.
Tags: Dick Cheney, George W. Bush, Karl Rove, Scooter Libby, Valerie Plame
About Us
Comedy Central's Indecision is the network's digital hub for news, politics and other jokes: we're here, we're everywhere. We're not affiliated with any television show. We're affiliated with ourselves.


text:
Written by Christy Hinko Friday, 24 July 2009 00:00
As Patricia Rudd's position on the board concluded at the last school board meeting, she nominated current vice president Ernest Gentile as new Board President. Trustee Joseph Bongiorno was nominated as the new vice president. Members of the board and half-dozen members of the audience applauded as both nominations were accepted. David Del Santo and Annette Giarratani were reappointed as trustees. In addition, Patricia Olive was reappointed as district clerk and Lori Carrick was reappointed as district treasurer. Robert Katulak was also reappointed as superintendent of Schools.
During a brief intermission for refreshments, the audience had nearly tripled in size for the remaining meeting agenda. Newly elected, President Gentile led the remaining session. The following are the remaining appointments made:
Deputy Treasurers—Michael Frank and Mary Ellen Kenney
School Attorney—Lamb & Barnosky, LLP
Bond Counsel—Hawkins, Delafield & Woods, LLP
Fiscal Advisor—Municipal Advisors Corporation (NYMAC)
School Physician—Dr. Frank Roberto
Physician to Volunteer Assistance Program—Dr. Salvador
Independent Auditor—To Be Determined
Claims Auditor—Nawrocki Smith, LLP
Internal Auditor—Coughlin, Foundotos, Cullen & Danowski, LLP
Architect—John A. Grillo
Records Access Officer—Robert Katulak
Attendance Officers—James Svendsen, Margaret Marenghi, Karen Olynk, Diane Weiss, Dr. Deborah King, Dr. Joseph Shaffery and Maria Georgakis
Records Management Officer—Mary Ellen Kenney
Asbestos Designee—Director of Facilities
Purchasing Agent—Robert Katulak
Title IX Compliance Officers—Michael Frank and Dian Zirilli-Mares
Section 504 Officer—Dr. Deborah King
ADA Compliance Officer—Michael Frank and Dr. Deborah King
Homeless Liaison—James Svendsen
The Board designated New Hyde Park Illustrated News and Herald Courier as the official newspapers of the district for the purpose of Notices of Regular, Special and Annual meetings and the availability of the Statement of Estimated Expenditures for the preceding year (Education Law 1721); and any other notice, statement or information that the District is required by law to be published in a newspaper of general circulation within the district. Newsday is the publication designated for advertisements and bids pursuant to General Municipal Law 103.
Robert Katulak called attention to a brochure created by Dr. Deborah King that outlines the Continuum of Special Education (CSE) Services program. The brochure is available, in particular for parents or community members attending a CSE meeting, to better understand the program.
Superintendent Katulak made five presentations on varying topics such as: instruction, reading styles and intervention at the National Reading Styles Conference last month. Katulak said, "Fourth-grade teacher, Janine Bonura also attended the conference, and was renewed with multiple ideas and strategies that will be shared with her colleagues at Manor Oaks."
As part of an exchange program with St. John's University, a delegation of educators from China visited New Hyde Park Road School last month to observe the inclusion/co-teaching model. "They were very impressed by our inroads in this area and asked many questions to myself, Principal Peggy Marenghi, and Dr. Kurasaki," said Katulak.
The central office team met with BOCES Strategic Planner Consultant, Jeff Olefson. He examined the goals and activities of the district's "5-Year Plan" outline. A staff retreat is scheduled for August; the district will continue working with Olefson to refine the plan.
Last week, they kicked off the start of the district's summer programs. There are 48 students attending the special education program, 29 students in the kindergarten readiness program, 44 students attending the English Language Learner (ELL) program for first- through sixth-graders and 221 students attending the recreational program activities. "The programs are thematically designed with specific, targeted activities to develop both cognitive and affective needs of our students," said Katulak.
As requested by the board at the last meeting, Katulak concluded with his attendance research throughout Nassau County school districts. Katulak reports the average class size for primary grades is 20-22 students, in grades 3-6 it is 25 in most districts. No districts in the county report regular education class sizes below 16 students. Katulak explained further research, citing individual surrounding districts' class sizes. In kindergarten through second grade, Franklin Square reports class sizes of 23; Floral Park reports 22 average; Elmont schools report classes of 23 average. New Hyde Park, Garden City Park District class size averages for the upcoming school year are: Kindergarten-18, First grade-19, Second grade-23, Third grade-22, Fourth grade-22, Fifth grade-23, and Sixth grade-24.
The board approved the American Heart Association/Heartsaver AED/CPR training course through North Shore LIJ Health System Training Center. There will be two three-hour session courses for 20-25 select staff members at a cost of $55 per person.
The first of four parents addressed the board thanking them for taking suggestions for achievement levels into consideration, but reiterated disappointment in the proposed class sizes for the upcoming second- graders. A suggestion was also made to solicit teaching assistants from local colleges and universities. Receiving applause from several audience members, another parent said, "These classes sizes are horrible and we're not standing for it." Another parent read a scenario aloud to the board of a failed second-grade consolidation plan, explaining the consolidation is also a disservice to the teachers of the new second grade classes. The last parent, commended the district's quality teaching, but also expressed disappointment with the second grade consolidation and the lack of information leading up to the Board's decision. Also suggested, implementing a panel of parents when drawing up guidelines that directly affects students' interests.
The following are the standing committees and liaisons approved for the upcoming school year.
Buildings and Grounds
Audit Committee
Hillside Public Library Liaison
High School Liaisons
Special Education Liaison
Health, Safety and Security Committee Liaison
Professional Development Plan Committee Liaison
Technology Advisory Committee Liaison
The Long Island Railroad Committee Liaison is under review. The New Hyde Park-Garden City Park Audit Committee will consist of: Ernest Gentile, Annette Giarratani, Alan Cooper, Joan Romagnoli, Patricia Rudd, and Robert Nugent. Patricia Rudd and Eric Rudd are appointed to serve on the New Hyde Park-Garden City Park UFSD Beautification Committee through the end of June 2010.
The Superintendent of Schools or his designee is authorized to represent the Board of Education with reference to approval of, and matters pertaining to, all federal, state, and other grants, and projects; and, staff attendance at conferences. Conferences that exceed $500 must be board approved.
The Treasurer or Deputy Treasurers are authorized to transfer funds from savings accounts to other district bank accounts from saving/checking accounts to other district bank accounts.
The Superintendent of Schools is authorized to make budget transfers during the school year (July 1, 2009 to June 30, 2010) within the limits established by the Board of Education Policy # 5330, Budget Transfers.
The Superintendent of Schools or his designee is authorized to approve placements for student teachers and student observers enrolled in accredited colleges and universities.
Administrators can participate in various cost-effective cooperative bids. Authorized payment of mileage for use of automobile belonging to district employees or representatives when used for district business, to be paid at the IRS rate. Presently, the IRS rate is 55 cents per mile.
The District Treasurer is authorized to make payments to Sewanhaka Central High School District as tax receipts are received as a proportionate share of the District's funds, and also to Hillside Public Library.
The District will continue to use the services of Preferred Meals, Inc. for the 2009-2010 school year.
The following district policies are being rescinded: 1110.1 (outdated), 1110.2 (outdated), 2360 (outdated), 4151.1 (outdated), 6124 (replaced by BOCES policy No. 7617), 8401 (replaced by BOCES policy No. 3272).
The next regular board meeting will be held on Aug.10 at 8 p.m. at the Manor Oaks School, 1950 Hillside Avenue, New Hyde Park.


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Two men charged as drug dealers after raid that netted cocaine, guns, ammo
Two men were ordered held in lieu of $500,000 bail at their arraignment Wednesday after police say they found nine weapons, 1,000 rounds of ammunition and 250 grams of cocaine in individually wrapped packages in a raid at their 12 Rill St. home, according to Boston Police and the Suffolk County District Attorney's office.
Estuardo Castillo-Guzman, 43, was arrested on charges of unlawful possession of ammunition and trafficking cocaine. Amilcar Castillo, 45, was charged with trafficking cocaine, following the raid around 9:30 a.m. on Tuesday.
The DA's office reports Amilcar Castillo had a valid license for the AK-47, shotgun and seven other guns, which were found in his bedroom, but said he was also charged with three counts of improper gun storage and one count of possessing a firearm in the commission of a felony. In a statement, DA Dan Conley said:
"One of these defendants had nine loaded firearms in his room, including a loaded handgun under his pillow and an unsecured AK-47 next to his bed. The other had more than 250 grams of cocaine. This is what we're referring to when we talk about the nexus of guns and drugs in Boston. The amount of firepower and narcotics in this residence is extremely disturbing, and Boston Police did an outstanding job taking them both out of circulation."
Innocent, etc.
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Consumer Reports' survey finds 44 percent of us plan to shop Black Friday weekend — the weekend starting on Thanksgiving. Once again, electronics are likely to be hot sellers.
Consumer Reports has some great electronic gift ideas based on its recent tests.
Stores are packed with cool electronics gear this time of year. But you want to be sure that what looks great on the shelf will make a good present!
Even for those who use a phone to shoot videos, an action camera is a great gift.
"The action camcorders can go where a phone cannot go. You can strap them to a helmet, for example, when you're biking or skiing and get live action shots of your outdoor sports." said Carol Mangis.
Consumer Reports recommends the 300-dollar GoPro Hero-Three.
For movie lovers who want great sound in their living room, testers have the perfect solution — a sound bar.
"Flat screens don't always have the best sound; they're too flat to fit the speakers inside. So this is an external speaker that will give you much better sound for your television." said Mangis.
Consumer Reports recommends the Sonos Playbar for 700 dollars.
Wireless speakers are a great way to listen to the music on your devices. Consumer Reports recommends the TDK Life on Record for 150 dollars.
And for people who want to stream media onto their TV …
"The Google Chromecast is a flash-drive-sized device. You just plug it into your TV's HDMI port and you can stream video straight to your TV." said Mangis.
And best of all, the Google Chromecast is just 35 dollars!
For the little one on your list, this 52-dollar turtle from Cloud B is a fun toy and also serves as a night-light as your child drifts off to dreamland.
Those who shopped Black Friday weekend last year were pretty happy about it. In Consumer Reports' poll, 67 percent said they got the deals they wanted, and another 25 percent said while they didn't get the deal they were after, they found some other bargains.


text:
by Staff Report
view bio »
view bio »
Jim Dunn, second from right, vice president of Aquatic Development Group Inc., explains the layout of the planned Lake Winnie Waterpark. From left, are Keith Barclift, Teddy Harris, Dunn and Denise Clopton
Photo by Tim Barber.
SoakYa will be the name of Lake Winnepesaukah's new 5-acre water park, scheduled to open during the summer 2013 season.
The water park is the first major expansion of the 88-year-old amusement park since the 1960s.
Stay with the Times Free Press for more updates.
about Staff Report...
Get breaking news from the Times Free Press on Twitter at www.twitter.com/timesfreepress or by visiting us on Facebook or Twitter at the right:


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text:
BT slammed in broadband cut off battle
BT was rapped by a County Court judge this week after it failed to overturn an injunction taken out by a mortgage company which had been left without internet access by a bodged engineering job. Independent broker Capital Fortune took out the emergency injunction against BT last Friday after workers accidentally cut off …
Why the delay
If the company took out the injunction "last friday" about an "accidental cutoff" that happened 5 days earlier, then clearly BT's claim that "it was doing all that it can" is shown up as a mockery and the court has done well to recognise that.
What kind of "accidental disconnection" really takes 5 days to restore? Even a JCB ripping through the road (the most likely cause) shouldn't take more than a day or two to bypass if the work really had been started as soon as the problem was brought to BT's attention.
good luck
Good luck to the company trying to claim any substantive damages. They are almost certainly not going to be able to recover. Following the decision of the Court of Appeal in Spartan Steel it seems unlikely that this claim will succeed.
BT are likely to have excluded their liability for pure economic loss in their contract with this company which would leave the company for a claim in tort which will almost certainly fail.
In an earlier case where loss was caused by the disruption (again by bad engineering work) to an electricity supply rather than to an internet connection it was held that economic losses (i.e. disruption to business etc.) were not recoverable. I can see no reason for distinguishing this case on the fact so it seems unlikely that the company concerned would be able to recover their losses.
This is probably no bad thing as if it was possible to claim for this sort of loss then there would be huge increases in the price of broadband to pay for settling this sort of claim.
Time to Change our DR Plan?
So now I can remove all those dual connected systems for mission critical services and replace them with two words the DR plan - "Sue BT". I'm sure that will be a wonderful comfort if something goes wrong...
Re: Time to Change our DR Plan?
``So now I can remove all those dual connected systems for mission critical services and replace them with two words the DR plan - "Sue BT". I'm sure that will be a wonderful comfort if something goes wrong...''
Indeed. Any company that entrusts mission-critical infrastructure to a mere broadband Internet connection deserves everything it gets. While I'm no fan of the tactics sometimes employed by state-incumbent telcos (think BT, France Telecom/Wanadoo/Orange etc.), I have to sympathise with BT this time.
But what was the broadband?
It makes rather a difference as to what type of broadband connection was there. If it was a simple ADSL or SDSL service, then they will have little hope - there is virtually no SLA. If they were paying thousands for a leased line, then the circumstances are different, particularly as the reasons for still using leased lines are due to service level requirements.
Of course, if it was leased lines, it begs the question as to why there were no backup ADSL lines to deal with precisely such an eventuality. At least then you can implement a fail over plan....
Re: Re: Time to Change our DR Plan?
I agree with Godwin, assuming the "broadband" was ADSL (since the article doesn't state that annoyingly), then the simple fact is that it is and always has been at risk service. There is no SLA available and no assurance beyond best effort that it will work.
If a company needs a guaranteed service then they should pay for the service which comes with one, eg SDSL or a leased line. If they're not willing to pay for that level of service, how can they claim that connectivity is so critical to the company.
RE: But what was the broadband?
Leased lines are not broadband.
In laymans terms they are different beasties.
In technology terms they are absolutely different beasties.
Leased lines are dedicated [as far as the customer os concerned] baseband [as opposed to broadband] connections.
Generally speaking when people get "broadband" they mean ADSL or a form of NTL/Virgin based cable solution. These are wholely unsuitable for business purposes. ADSL provides poor upload speed and is rather flaky. Cable broadband is provided by Virgin media nd is really *hite.
As for backup lines you really need to be very careful with this. If your leased line is through BT (which lets face it it will be unless you are quite savvy) then your ADSL will be through BT lines also. so it will likely exit your premises on the same cables and almost certainly go to the same exchange. Lose either of these, lose both comms methods.
I think people are missing the point, which is that we should be able to expect to receive the services we are paying for. BT should be severely punished for thi sjust to make them do their job in future. If the problem is a third party cutting lines then pass teh costs, plus administrative fee, plus damages, plus punitive damages onto them. They will soon learn to be a bit more careful.
Blame culture?
Sorry, as much as I enjoy disliking BT Retail, on this occasion I cannot see how Capital Fortune have a case against them.
Some very quick checks and these idiots have a BT Openworld broadband connection, a website hosted by a very anomynous hosting compamy is the US and what looks like a MS Small Business Server onsite which is their one and only destination for email (capitalfortune.com - no backup MX).
Obviously with no fallback for either their internet connectivity or email they were in a bit of a mess. I am very grateful that I wasn't one of their customers caught up in this.
No doubt this is all part of a face saving exercise for the benefit of Capital Fortunes customers. I hope it doesn't back-fire on them and they find that their customers are as trigger happy with lawyers as they are.
If only the world worked like this...
Could someone please advise where I purchase one of those SLA house purchases with punative service levels on mortage brokers, estage agents & solicitors - such that the period of 10 days is materially damaging to my completion of sale - so that between placing an offer on a property, to receiving a mortagage offer all the way through to completing the sale that this process can happen in such a short period of time.
As someone selling a property I fear my experience must be unique in terms of the frustration and endless delays as months roll past. I never realised that these prossesional bodies with the stewardship of my house sale were all bogged down in IT and Comms problems and this is why I still havent moved house.
I fully applaud this move by this group of industry professionals in recognising the needs to provide service garantees to consumers moving house with teeth that can bit them in the arse when they yet again get it wrong as seems to be the case month in month out.
In the expectent hope of completing my sale in the next 10 days.
Ha, get real you idiots - you get what you pay for - so many times we hear of businesses paying tupance hapenny that wont even take out enhanced care on their lines because it costs too much - but oh when it goes wrong how it is jepodising the million dollar deal. And how they are going to sue everyone because they play golf with the a senior BT manager and want their broadband fixed this afternoon.
SLG is available on xDSL
RE Rupert Roker and Keith Langmead;
there IS an SLA/SLG with BT Broadband (aDSL) but only on the Netwrok Premium package. £100 per month, 8mbps d/l 832kbps u/l. 20/1 contention ratio. slightly better than standard aDSL, but still, for mission critical stuff, surely some form of leased line would be in order? ie 1/1 contention, etc...
some people just don't pay attention, and most certainly don't listen to the sales advisors when they try and explain why it just might be a sensible option for those very imortant services. people just want to buy on price, which is why everything is dropping in quality, unless you have a silly amount of money and are willing to part with it.
totally bloody annoying (btw i am one of those sales people, and trying to explain to a customer just exactly why they need the unlimited bandwidth of the £5 a month more package, as they want to monitor CCTV through their internet connex for several hours a day, and they will STILL insist on the most basic package because "i can always upgrade later", and trying to tell them their first bill is going to be astronomical due to the copious amounts of bandwidth consumed, they think WE are the idiots and they know what they are talking about because "my nephew told me thats all i need".
of course, they neglect to mention the nephew is 14 yrs old, and he knows how to turn a computer on and open up a web browser which OF COURSE means they are an expert on all things pc/mac/www blah blah blah...
and thats just sales. i'm glad i'm not a boff having to find new and creative ways of disposing of the bodies of all those illiterate managers that got the job because of who they play golf with... :)
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text:
Randy Miller, beat writer for the Bucks County Courier-Times, was the first to share J.C. Romero's desire to return to Philadelphia, and is the first to nail down some particulars about the offer he accepted on Christmas Eve.
Miller tweets that Romero's deal is for one year and will be worth $1.35 million, pending a January physical, and could become $1.75 million through bonuses. Miller says Romero will earn $150,000 if he spends 25 or fewer days on the disabled list and an additional $250,000 if he pitches in over 65 games. The left-hander appeared in 60 games in 2010 after missing most of April recovering from offseason elbow surgery. Romero, who is spending the offseason in Puerto Rico, is expected to return to Philadelphia in early January for a physical, Miller writes. He also noted that Romero, who earned $4 million last season and received a $250,000 buyout of his $4.5 million 2011 option, had hoped to earn $2 million out on the open market, but the addition of Cliff Lee pushed him toward returning to Philadelphia at a lesser rate. (Getty Images)


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addictedtochalupa said...
NCAA tournament brackets
first #1 seed eliminated: Louisville; last double digit seed eliminated: Belmont
March 18, 2013 at 7:17 p.m.
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Cities in Motion: London - Debut Trailer
Check out the debut trailer for Cities in Motion: London.
2 comments
Wait a sec, all the vehicles are on the wrong side of the road!
Um so can I bring my Syndicate friends to Gaussgun the hell out of London. No shame.


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About Amy Umble:
Amy Umble is health reporter for The Free Lance-Star
Leave early if you need to be at Mary Washington Hospital on race day
The traffic patterns in use Sunday at Mary Washington Hospital for the 5th Annual Marine Corps Historic Half will be the same as in past years.
And what hospital officials are telling patients, visitors and staff is also the same:
"Plan extra time," said James Swisher, vice president for project management and continuous improvement.
The "leave early" advice is offered because moving about the hospital campus on race day can be difficult. One of the exits will be closed, left turns will be prohibited at some intersections, and thousands of runners will be strung across the property from one end to the other.
"The biggest times of impact are 6:30 a.m. to 10:30 a.m.," Swisher said.
Once again, runners will enter the campus from U.S. 1, just after the 10-mile mark, travel behind the hospital, and exit onto Cowan Boulevard. That means they'll again have to tackle Hospital Hill, the mile-long climb adjacent to the emergency department.
In its recent newsletter to runners, Marine Corps officials warned them about Hospital Hill, saying, "No two words strike more fear or inspire greater determination in the hearts of Historic Half runners everywhere."
Runners will be separated from vehicles while on campus. The entrances at Cowan Boulevard and U.S. 1 will be open, but traffic will not be able to exit at Cowan Boulevard. The traffic pattern is the same one in use for several years.
"We feel like it's a good plan," Swisher said. "We've gotten to be old hat at it."
One new wrinkle this year is the new connector road between the hospital and Eagle Village. That road will be open as an entrance and an exit during the race.
"We'll be monitoring usage on the connector," Swisher said. "We're thinking of it as an extra relief valve for traffic."
The hospital has been a part of the half marathon since its start in 2008. Many staff members run in the 13.1-mile race, and others volunteer at the aid stations.
"It creates some challenges for us, but we've figured out how to overcome them," Swisher said. "We like being a part of it."
(The website for the Historic Half is here. The course map is here. Road closings throughout the city are here. And an essay on climbing the now famous Hospital Hill is here.)
Permalink: http://news.fredericksburg.com/rapidassessment/2012/05/15/leave-early-if-you-need-to-be-at-mary-washington-hospital-on-race-day/


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I am pleased to invite you to the upcoming meeting of the AGA Small Member Council. The meeting will be held Saturday/Sunday, November 3-4, 2012 at the Omni Amelia Island Resort in Amelia Island, FL. Mike McMasters, president and CEO of Chesapeake Utilities Corp., is hosting the event.
Please plan to arrive in Amelia Island by 2:00 p.m. on Saturday to take part in the tour. Chesapeake Utilities is in the process of extending natural gas service to Nassau County. While the transmission pipeline extension will not be completed until later this year, construction on the distribution system has started and they are feeding it with CNG from tankers.
Dinner is scheduled in Sabal Palm, a private dining room in the hotel's Ocean Grill Restaurant. Our business meeting will be held Sunday morning from 8:30 a.m. - noon. While we have some AGA agenda topics in mind for the business meeting, please include topics you would like to discuss so that we can tailor the meeting to suit attendees interests.
For additional information, please contact Ysabel Suarez at (202) 824-7024.
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James McCullough from the mysterious "Council" gives a special assignment to CIA agent Aaron Delgado to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon and pin the blame on Muslim Terrorists. Delgado and fellow agents, Phillip Singer and Chase Jordan, work with a group of unsuspecting engineers to develop unmanned jets that will hit their assigned targets.
The Army and the FBI begin to uncover the plot, forcing Delgado to intervene. The CIA agents also have to deal with an increasingly suspicious George Poole, the lead engineer working on the drones, who becomes skeptical on how the remote controlled planes will be used. A battle between good and evil ensues as the plot to attack America becomes a hard-hitting reality.
If you are interested in booking a theater to show this film, please contact
"I am delighted that there is a Hollywood fictional account that covers the more likely events of 9/11 that could wake America up!"
...Richard Gage, AIA of Architects and Engineers for 9/11 Truth


text: Google Nexus One vs Apple iPhone 3GS Smartphone showdown: How Google's offering compares to Apple's high-end iPhone John Cox (Network World) 0 - - - - print email next Loading... Under the covers, part 1: processing power. Nexus One runs the Android 2.1 operating system on the Qualcomm QSD8250 Snapdragon chip [shown at right in this picture], a powerful yet low-powered 1GHz mobile CPU (also in HTC's HD2 and Toshiba TG01 smartphones). It's based on the same ARM Cortex-A8 core as the iPhone 3GS's Samsung S5PC100 chip, at 600 MHz.Photo Credit: iFixit Next 1/11 Comments on this image There are currently no comments for this image. Post new comment Comment Name Email (This will be kept private) Users posting comments agree to the PC World comments policy. Login or register to link comments to your user profile, or you may also post a comment without being logged in. Close Google Nexus One vs Apple iPhone 3GS 11 images


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News about Physics, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.
Art in a Whisky Glass, Neatly Explained
After having a Scotch years ago, a photographer saw beauty at the bottom. Then he got interested in the science behind the patterns.
November 25, 2014, Tuesday
MORE ON PHYSICS AND: Whiskey , Science and Technology , Photography , Button, Ernie (1967- ) , Stone, Howard Alvin (1960- ) , American Physical Society , Yunker, Peter J , Kim, Hyoungsoo , Physics
'Interstellar': The Cinema of Physicists
If the movie "Interstellar" requires a 324-page book to explicate it, can it be considered a totally successful work of art?
November 18, 2014, Tuesday
MORE ON PHYSICS AND: Movies , Space and Astronomy , Physics , Nolan, Christopher , Stars and Galaxies , Interstellar (Movie)
Ripples of the Big Bang Are Seen Through 'The Times'
In 1927, Georges Lemaître, an astronomer from Belgium, first proposed the theory that the universe was born in a giant primeval explosion. Four years later, The New York Times mentioned his new idea.
November 18, 2014, Tuesday
MORE ON PHYSICS AND: Space and Astronomy , Physics , Science and Technology
Is Quantum Entanglement Real?
Einstein thought not. But experiments suggest so.
November 16, 2014, Sunday
MORE ON PHYSICS AND: Physics , Research , Physical Review Letters , Earth , Einstein, Albert
Scientists, and Universe's Odd Behavior, Are Recognized With $3 Million Prizes
In all, $36 million was awarded to scientists as part of an effort by tech entrepreneurs to make science as glitzy as rock 'n' roll.
November 10, 2014, Monday
MORE ON PHYSICS AND: Physics , Dark Energy (Astronomy) , Contests and Prizes , Science and Technology , Milner, Yuri , Perlmutter, Saul , Schmidt, Brian P , Awards, Decorations and Honors , Riess, Adam Guy
Switzerland: Next Director Is Named for CERN Nuclear Laboratory
Fabiola Gianotti, who led one of the two teams of physicists that discovered the Higgs boson, the so-called God particle that imbues other particles with mass, has been named the next director general of CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear...
November 6, 2014, Thursday
MORE ON PHYSICS AND: Switzerland , CERN , Gianotti, Fabiola , Higgs Boson , Physics , Large Hadron Collider , Heuer, Rolf-Dieter
He's Glad You Asked
How much power can one Yoda output? What happens if you tried to hit a baseball pitched at 90 percent the speed of light? There's a book with the answers.
November 4, 2014, Tuesday
The Leaky Science of Hollywood
A new movie about Stephen Hawking's life brings the man to life, but leaves viewers in the dark about what his science means.
October 28, 2014, Tuesday
MORE ON PHYSICS AND: Movies , Hawking, Stephen W , Marsh, James , Physics , Black Holes (Space)
A Billionaire's $65 Million Gift to Theoretical Physics
Charles T. Munger, a longtime business partner of Warren Buffett, is donating $65 million to the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
October 24, 2014, Friday
MORE ON PHYSICS AND: Colleges and Universities , Philanthropy , Munger, Charles T , Santa Barbara (Calif) , University of California , Physics
American and 2 Japanese Physicists Share Nobel for Work on LED Lights
Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano of Japan and Shuji Nakamura of the University of California, Santa Barbara, were honored for their work with light-emitting diodes.
October 8, 2014, Wednesday
MORE ON PHYSICS AND: Nobel Prizes , Physics , Nakamura, Shuji , Akasaki, Isamu , Amano, Hiroshi , Light-Emitting Diodes
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Sun, 12/22/2013 - 2:00pm
- Evesham
Large activity room
Does the holiday season leave you feeling stressed and worn out? Then why not relax with us before the holidays with a little yoga?
Please join Registered Yoga Teacher Robin Soll to bring joy to your life through Yoga poses in connection with your mind, body, and spirit. Relaxing Yoga will teach you the connection between breaths, body, and spirit. The fundamentals of your breath aligned with posture and spirit flow. You will be calmer and more centered on being present.
Note: Please wear loose clothing to class and you will need to bring a rug, mat, or towel with you.
- Adult
Registration Status:
- Registration Required
Presented by:
Robin Soll


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The singer gives good face in Hollywood. Plus: Angelina Jolie, Jason Sudeikis, Beyoncé and more
Credit: Carstensen/Getty
Published: Friday Aug 16, 2013 | 07:00 PM EDT
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After making a fashion statement in London, Jennifer Aniston stands out at Thursday's We're the Millers premiere in Berlin, Germany.
Copyright © 2014 Time Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited.


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The old saying goes "If you're going to learn something, learn from the best."
Over two dozen local lacrosse players are taking that to heart at the Blue Ridge School's summer lacrosse camp.
The camp is being co-directed by Barons head coach Kyle Gardner and former Johns Hopkins great Kyle Harrison.
Harrison's accomplishments read like a novel.
He led the Blue Jays to the 2005 NCAA Championship, the same season he was named the Tewaaraton Award winner for college lacrosse's best player.
The following spring he was drafted No. 1 overall in the Major League Lacrosse draft and was the first lacrosse player to be sponsored by Nike.
Now he spends his summers traveling the country, passing on what he's learned.
"When I was (camper's age) growing up I never would have expected to sign with STX and Nike, play professionally and travel the world doing this so it's important for me to get in front of these kids and let them know, one, I'm no different than them," Harrison explained. "I was literally the exact same way, trying to learn, coming to camp to get better."
Harrison and Gardner say the camp's low number of attendees is by design.
"I'm a huge fan of smaller camps where kids get repetitions, a lot of 1-on-1 instruction from the coaches and I feel kids leave a camp like that saying 'Ok, not only did I get better but I also have the tools and know what to I have to do to continue to get better,'" he explained.
"With the low numbers we have here we're able to talk to the kids on an individual basis and critique them individually instead of a group so much," Gardner added.
Meanwhile the players themselves enjoy learning from one of the game's best.
"I just started playing my sophomore year so learning all these new ways to play is really helpful," Blue Ridge senior Dima Ferreira said. "Kyle is a great guy to learn from."
Fellow Barons' senior Clayton Turner agrees.
"He teaches us that fundamentals are very key in lacrosse. You can't go without them so we're working on that and that's just coming out well."
The only thing that hasn't gone over so well? The locale of the camp.
Blue Ridge is right in UVa's backyard, a school Harrison knows all too well.
"It's funny man, it's a little uncomfortable," Harrison said with a laugh. "I don't wear orange because in college I was fortunate enough to only lose to three teams: Virginia, Syracuse and Princeton. So I hate orange. And I'm certainly not a huge fan of Charlottesville but I think this camp has changed my opinion of the area."


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We did not ask individuals to estimate the proportion of the time that they experience orgasm from intercourse. It would have given us an estimate, I suppose, but people's memories and "rough approximations" don't always match their experiences. However, we did ask men and women whether or not they experienced an orgasm during their most recent event (something that is often easier to recall).
Looking at adults ages 18 to 59, we found that 91.3% of men and 64.4% of women reported experiencing an orgasm during their most recent sexual event. For adults ages 50+, these rates were 86.9% of men and 70.7% of women. You can find more details in the full report at www.nationalsexstudy.indiana.edu.


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Backstreet Boys It's True Lyrics
Last updated: 11/14/2012 01:42:19 PM
Even a lover
Makes a mistake sometimes
Like any other
Fall out and lose his mind
And I'm sorry for the things I did
For your teardrops over words I said
Can you forgive me
And open your heart once again, oh yeah
It's true
I mean it
From the bottom of my heart
Yeah, it's true
Without you I would fall apart (oh yeah)
Whatever happened
I know that I was wrong (oh yes)
Can you believe me
Maybe your faith is gone (oh yes it is)
But I love you and I always will
So I wonder if you want me still
Can you forgive me
And open your heart once again, oh yeah
It's true (yes it's true)
I mean it (yeah)
From the bottom of my heart
Yeah, it's true (it's true)
Without you I would fall apart
I'd do anything to make it up to you
So please understand (please understand)
And open your heart once again
It's true (hoh)
I mean it (oh, oh, oh)
From the bottom of my heart (from the bottom of my heart)
Yeah, it's true (yeah)
Without you I would fall apart (apart)
It's true (you know it's true, babe)
I mean it (you know I mean it)
From the bottom of my heart (from the bottom of my heart)
Yeah, it's true (I mean it)
Without you I would fall apart
Oh yeah
It's true
Thanks to firstname.lastname@example.com for submitting It's True Lyrics.
i need ua forgiveness ma dreamer | Reviewer: supa kayuni | 11/13/12
ma dreamer i knw i made u feel hurted but am human being SOMETIMES I MAKE A MISTAKE,plz come back to me i still need u in al ma life.
its like an original | Reviewer: Anonymous | 5/18/10
well, i like this song. he he he, i always sang this song when we are in the area. i never forget this coz when i always sang this, they tought that one of the member of the BSB in thier place they always amaze to my voice that they could say wow!. its like an original.. he he he.. well im just mimicking all my favorite song and deliver it in my own way.. thanks to all..
Dedication to my David | Reviewer: BlackHeart | 1/20/09
David- I just hope you can forgive me for letting you go. I had the entire world and i gave it up. You are my everything. my love, my air, my hope, my prayer, my life, my world! i LOVE YOU so much. baby please come back to me. "Even the lover makes a mistake sometimes"
i'm one of a million!!! | Reviewer: joxti | 11/22/07
i'm so sorry Sarah,But i'm the fun N;0 of BSB..and i love Howie.D more than others cuz we've the same Birthday!!!I love u Sarah....it's true!
oh man dis song is soooo romantic!!!! | Reviewer: srree | 5/23/07
dis song makes me feel sad!!!! ma x bf loved dis song!!! we used to listen to it together n confess our mistakes :p
u guys rock!!!!
keep on rockin!!! <3


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Things to see and do - Réunion
Leaving for Réunion
Nearby hotels
Hôtel Restaurant l'Orchidée Rose from55 €Book
Hôtel L'Ecrin from82 €Book
Hotel Le Cilaos from86 €Book
Hotel Le Recif, Produced by LUX* :
Nearby tourist sites
Hotel Le Recif, Produced by LUX*
Hotel Le Recif, Produced by LUX*
Address : 50 Avenue de Bourbon F - 97434 Saint-Gilles-les Bains
from : 108 EURBook
Just 200 metres from the beach, Hôtel Le Récif provides Creole villas spread around 3 hectares of tropical gardens with 2 outdoor pools. It features a restaurant and a gazebo terrace. All of the rooms and suites have balconies overlooking the garden or swimming pool. They all come with air conditioning and a satellite TV. The private bathroom has a tub and hairdryer. Le Récif's Le Maloya Restaurant offers buffet-style dining throughout the day, with themed buffets every evening. The Comptoir Sud Pool Bar provides drinks, snack and a continental breakfast. Guests at the Récif Hotel can rent a car or all terrain bikes for exploring Réunion island. On-site facilities include a gym, tennis and beach volley courts, table tennis and traditional pétanque. The hotel is 1.5 km from St. Gilles-Les-Bains and Roland Garros Airport is a 45-minute drive away. Free Wi-Fi is available at the business centre and car parking is also without charges.
Useful Information
- Address : 50 Avenue de Bourbon F - 97434 Saint-Gilles-les Bains97434Saint-Gilles-les Bains
Main services
- Restaurant
- Air conditioning
- Disabled access
- Non-smoking rooms
- Internet
- Satellite TV


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Georgia revenues up more than 10 percent
Tax collection growth in Georgia grew by more than 10 percent last month, potentially improving the state's budget situation.
Gov. Nathan Deal's administration said Monday that tax and other collections stood at roughly $1.7 billion in January, up roughly 10.4 percent compared to same period last year.
State lawmakers crafting Georgia's state budget have said they hoped for several months of growth to meet estimates.
Personal income tax collections increased 16.3 percent to just over $1 billion. Growth in sales and use taxes was relatively flat.
Copyright 2013 by The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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- Admissions
- Academics
- Athletics
- Campus Life
- Alumni
- Visitors
- ECampus
Last Sunday, American International College hosted its second annual Run for Education, a 5k race that celebrates the preK–12 educators in our children's lives and in our communities. This year's event was a huge success, both for our local runners and educators. Today, guest blogger Jeremy Antivo, a sophomore from Rahway, NJ, describes through text and photos what running means to him and his compatriots on the AIC cross country team.
Becoming a competitive distance runner for a collegiate cross-country or track team takes a lot of control over your self. Gearing your body into the exact shape it takes to run 5,000 meters (a little over 3 miles) at a fast, consistent pace is not something that can be achieved overnight. It takes months of self-motivation, self-discipline, and most of all: months of straight-up running.
Every experienced distance runner knows if you want to be running smooth, strong, and comfortable over 5k, 8k, and even 10k during the collegiate cross-country season in the Fall, you need to start training right in June. Our guys at AIC know this very well.
Which is why every morning of nearly everyday, we're up right around sunrise—rain or shine, hot or cold, dark or light—getting our mileage in.
No matter how crazy or freakish we may look strolling back into the dorms around 7 A.M. in our shortest shorts and t-shirts while you're all bundled up, know we have been doing this for a long time.
I've had many people come up to me and ask me (and I'm sure my teammates have, too), "Why do you guys run?" or even better, "How can you guys run everyday? I hate running." To be honest, I don't think any of us could give you a very helpful answer. Saying we run to stay in shape would be a flat-out lie. Running to stay in shape is one thing. What we do is borderline psychotic (which we know and understand).
I guess, to keep it simple, you could say we just love running. We love all things related to running. We love the spirit and drive and determination and satisfaction running gives us, and millions of other people around the world. That's simply put, though. There is no concrete answer as to why our shorts are so short or why we are okay with looking like human twigs. Those kinds of things just happen.
Jeremy Antivo provided both the writing and photography for this post, work that also fulfills the requirements for his "Creating Content for the AIC Community" assignment in Digital Photo II.


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|Ken's Guide to the Bible Price: $7.95 Write a review | No reviews for this product.
What a hilarious book! Complete with side pictures for easy reference (and these little artistic wonders are worth the price of the book themselves), Ken Smith explores the bible, both old and new testament, book by painful book. A great way to learn something new, not to mention a great coffee table book.
Anyone who thinks that the Bible is a boring hodgepodge of mythology best left to the dusty pews of the church has just been proven wrong. Take a look beyond the "Saul begat Sam begat Simon, etc, ad nauseum" and you will find that the holiest of holy books is filled with more sex and violence than the worst of today's movies and television. The humorous and informative Ken's Guide to the Bible lets you skip all the boring parts and go straight to the good stuff.
Did you know that God doesn't like anyone who sweats? Or that one angel slaughtered 500,000 people in one day? Or that the book of Songs is better suited for sexual pillow talk than religious reading? Ken points out these odd facts and more in an easy to follow format. There are icons throughout the guide to help you find what you looking for with ease, be it violence, sex, weirdness or twisted truths. With this book in hand, you'll be more than prepared to fend off any of those pushy Christians by letting them know that Jesus Christ himself was all for slavery, beating your kids and thought that women should be kept in their place. So, grab your copy of the Holy Bible and prepare to delve into a pit of decadence and corruption that isn't mentioned in the Sunday-morning sermons."
Write a review | No reviews for this product.


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Home > Competitive > Special Season
Sunday October 22 – 2 rounds of single elimination play (best 2 out of 3 matches)
The Finals start at 11:30am PST.
9am PST (16:00 GMT) semi-finals (lower ranked guild challenges higher ranked guild 1st battle, etc.)
Top 4 guilds at the end of swiss rounds (based upon win loss results and strength of opponent tie-breakers) move on to the single elimination semi-finals and finals held on Sunday.
Swiss Rounds Results
Round 1 Pairing
18:00 GMT on the Hunter's Isle map
Round 2
19:00 GMT on the Isle of the Dead map
Round 3
20:00 GMT on the Nomad's Isle map
Round 4
21:00 GMT on the Isle of Meditation map
Back to Autumn Ladder Season


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Ngwarsungu Chiwengo
Human Rights Awareness Week
Sponsored by International Studies Program
Tuesday, February 22, 2011
7:30 p.m.
Dr.Chiwengo is a Congolese scholar of African and African-American literature, political activitist, and Director of the World Literature Program at Creighton University where she is a professor of English. She has been a member of a number of political organizations in the Congo where she has served as a US representative for the PDSC.
This event is open to the public.


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September 5, 2013
Aspen, Colo.-based Roaring Fork Transportation Authority's VelociRFTA Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) line opened this week. The new service — the first rural BRT line in the nation — allows commuters from Glenwood Springs and surrounding communities to reach employers in Aspen, about 40 miles away, in an hour. That is roughly half the time the trip takes by regular bus service. With buses spaced 10 minutes apart during peak hours and plentiful parking available at nine stations, the VelociRFTA system combines the convenience of rail with the lower cost of bus service, giving commuters an efficient way to get to work. The service combines travel in mixed traffic with designated bus lanes and provides traffic lights timed to improve efficiency.The Federal Transit Administration committed nearly $25 million to the $46.2 million project through its Very Small Starts Capital Investment Grant program. The remainder was financed locally.RELATED: "Rural Colo. BRT named 'Champion of Change."
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Factors in Transit Bus Ramp Slope and Wheelchair-Seated Passenger Safety Nearly 3 million U.S. adults are wheelchair or scooter users1, and as the population ages this number is expected to rise. Many wheelchair users rely upon public transportation to access work, medical care, school and social activities.
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