text:
Topics covered:
Bohr Magneton
Maxwell's Equations
600 daffodils
Instructor/speaker: Prof. Walter Lewin
When I expose material to an external magnetic field, then we learned last time that the field inside that material is modified.
And we expressed that in terms of an equation, that the field inside the material is kappa of M, which is called the relative permeability, times the external field, and I will refer to that all the time as the vacuum field.
And when we have diamagnetic material, kappa M is just a hair smaller than one; with paramagnetic material, it is a hair larger than one; but when we have ferromagnetic material it can be huge.
It can be thousands, 10 thousands, and even higher.
Now in the case of para- and ferromagnetic material, the kappa of M is the result of the fact that the intrinsic dipoles of the atoms and the molecules are going to be aligned by the external field.
And today I want to raise the question, how large can the magnetic dipole moment of a single atom be?
And then comes the logical question, how strong can we actually, then, have a field inside ferromagnetic material?
That means if we were able to align all the dipole moments of all the atoms, what is the maximum that we can achieve?
To calculate the magnetic dipole moment of an atom, you have to do some quantum mechanics, and that's beyond the scope of this course.
And so I will derive it in a classical way, and then at the very end I will add a little pepper and salt, which is quantum mechanics, just to make the result right.
But it can be done in a classical way, and it can give you a very good, good idea.
If I have a hydrogen atom, which has a proton at the center, has a charge plus e -- e is the charge of the electron but this is the plus charge.
And let this have an orbit R, circular orbit.
And the electron here e, I'll give it the minus sign to make sure that you know that it's negative.
Say the electron goes around in this direction.
This is the velocity of the electron.
That means that of course the current around the proton would then be in this direction.
If an electron goes like this, the current goes like that, that's just by convention.
The mass of an electron -- you should know that by now -- is approximately 9.1 times 10 to the -31 kilograms.
The charge of the electron, 1.6 times 10 to the -19 coulombs.
And the radius of the orbit in a hydrogen atom -- it's often called the Bohr radius, by the way -- is approximately 5 times 10 to the -11 meters.
We're going to need these numbers.
That's why I write them down for you.
If you look at this current running around the proton, it's really a current which the current, say, goes in this direction.
And here is that proton -- trying to make you see three dimensionally.
Then it creates a magnetic field in this direction, and so the magnetic dipole moment mu is up.
And the magnitude of that magnetic dipole moment, as we learned last time, is simply this current I times the area A of this current loop.
Now the area A is trivial to calculate.
That's pi R square, R being the radius of the orbit.
And so A, that's the easiest, is pi R squared.
And if I use my 5 times 10 to the minus 11, then I find that this area is 8 times 10 to the -21 square meters.
So that's easy.
But now comes the question, what is I?
What is the current?
So now we have to do a little bit more work.
And we have to combine our knowledge of, uh 8.02 with our knowledge of 8.01.
If this electron goes around, the reason why it goes around is that the proton and the electron attract each other.
And so there is a force in this direction.
And we know that force, that's the Coulomb force.
It's an electric force.
That force is this charge times this charge, so that's e squared, divided by our famous 4 pi epsilon 0, and then we have to divide it by the radius squared.
So that's Coulomb's Law.
But from 8.01, from Newtonian mechanics, we know that this is what we call the centripetal force that holds it in orbit, so to speak, and that is M V squared, M being the mass of the electron, V being the speed of the electron, and V squared divided by R.
And so this allows me to calculate as a first step, before we get into the current, what the velocity of this electron is.
It's phenomenal.
It's an incredible speed.
So V then becomes -- I lose one R -- so I get the square root, I get an e squared upstairs here, my M goes downstairs, I have 4 pi epsilon 0, and I have here an R.
And I know all these numbers.
I know what e is, I know what capital R is, I know what 4 pi epsilon 0 is -- one over 4 pi epsilon 0 is the famous 9 to the power -- 9 times 10 to the power 9.
And so I can calculate what V is.
And if I stick in the numbers and if I did not make a mistake, then I find about 2.3 times 10 to the 6 meters per second.
It's an immensely high speed, 5 million miles per hour.
If this were a straight line, you would make it to the moon in three minutes.
5 million miles per hour this electron goes around the proton.
Now I have to go to the current.
I have to find out what the current is.
So the question that I'm going to ask now is how long does it take for this electron to go around.
Well, that time, capital T, is of course the circumference of my circle divided by the speed of the electron.
Even the high school students in my audience will understand that one, I hope.
And so I know what 2 pi R is, because I know R and I know V and so I can calculate that time, just by sticking in the numbers.
And I find that it is about 1.14 times 10 to the -16 seconds.
Just imagine how small that time is.
You cannot even -- we cannot even imagine what it's like.
It goes 10 to the 16 times per second around, because it has this huge speed.
The 1.14 times 10 to the -16 really should have been 1.4 times 10 to the -16.
Of course, it doesn't make much difference, but in case you substitute in the numbers, it is 1.4 times 10 to the -16.
Now, we still haven't found the current, but we're almost there.
Because when you look here, there is this electron going by, and every 1.14 10 to the -16 seconds, that electron goes by.
So the current I, that's the definition of current, is the charge per unit time.
And so every capital T seconds, the charge e goes by, and so this is per definition the current.
And so this current, then, that you have, which is simply due to the electron going around the proton, is about 1.1 times 10 to the -3 amperes.
And that is mind-boggling.
A milliampere.
One electron going around a proton represents a current of a milliampere.
And now of course I have the magnetic moment mu, that is I times A.
We already calculated A, and now we also have the current I, and so we now get that mu is approximately 9.3, if you put in all the decimals correctly, times 10 to the -24, and the unit is of course amperes square meters.
This is area, and this is current.
This A has nothing to do with that A, hey.
This is amperes.
Be careful.
And this is square meters.
But these are the units.
And this has a name.
This is called the Bohr magneton.
Bohr magneton.
What we cannot understand with our knowledge now, but you can if you ever take quantum mechanics, that the magnetic moment of all electrons in orbit can only be a multiple of this number, nothing in between.
Quantum mechanics, the word says it is quantization.
It's not in between.
It's either or.
It includes even 0, which is even harder to understand, that it can even be 0.
In addition to a dipole moment due to the electron going around the proton, the electron itself is a charge which spins about its own axis, and that also means that a charge is going around on the spinning scale of the electron.
And that magnetic dipole moment is always this value.
And so the net magnetic dipole moment of an atom or a molecule is now the vectorial sum of all these dipole moments, all these electrons going around, means orbital dipole moments, and you have to add the spin dipoles.
Some of these pair each other out.
One electron would have its dipole moment in this direction and the other in this direction, and then the vectorial sum is 0.
The net result is that most atoms and molecules have dipole moments which are either one Bohr magneton or 2 Bohr magnetons.
That is very common.
And that's what I will need today to discuss with you how strong a field we can create if we align all those magnetic dipoles.
The magnetic field that is produced inside a material when I expose it to an external field, that magnetic field B is the vacuum field that I can create with a solenoid -- we will discuss that further today -- plus the field which I will call B prime which is that magnetic field that is the result of the fact that we're going to align these dipoles.
The external field wants to align these dipoles, and the degree of success depends on the strength of the external field and of course on the temperature.
If the temperature is low, it's easier to align them, because there is less thermal agitation.
If, and that's a big if -- today you will see why it's a big if -- if B prime is linearly proportional to B vacuum, if that is the case -- today you will see that there are situations where that's not the case -- then I can write down that B prime equals chi of M -- we called that last lecture the magnetic susceptibility -- times B vacuum.
The linear proportionality constant.
If I can do that, then of course B is also proportional to B vacuum because now I can write down that B is one plus chi M times B vacuum.
And that, for that we write kappa of M times B vacuum, which is the equation that I started out with today.
And so that is only a meaningful equation if the sum of the alignment of all these dipoles can be written as being linearly proportional with the external field.
And this is what I want to explore today in more detail.
With paramagnetic material, there is never any worry that the linearity doesn't hold.
But with ferromagnetic material, that is not the case, because with ferromagnetic material, it is relatively easy to align these dipoles, because they already group in domains, as we discussed last time, and the domains flip in unison.
And so with ferromagnetic material, as you will see today, we can actually go into what we call saturation, that all the dipoles are aligned in the same direction.
And now the question is, how strong would that field be?
I'm going to make a rough calculation that gives you a pretty good feeling for the numbers.
It depends on what material you have.
I will choose a material whereby the magnetic dipole moment is 2 Bohr magnetons, so this is -- I told you it's either one or two or three, I pick one for which it is two.
And I have them all aligned.
So I take the situation that they're all aligned.
So here is the current going around the nucleus, here's another one, here's another one, here's another one.
This is a solid material, so these atoms or these molecules are nicely packed.
And here we see all these currents going around, and all these magnetic dipole moments are nicely aligned.
And so these magnetic fields are supporting each other.
And the question now is, what is the magnetic field inside here?
Well, that's an easy calculation, because this really looks like a solenoid, like you have windings, and you have a current going around.
And you remember, or should remember, that if we have a solenoid and we run a current through a solenoid that the magnetic field in the solenoid is mu 0 -- this mu 0 is not this mu, this mu 0 is the same one that -- oh no, it's no- we don't have it on the blackboard.
You notice the famous 4 pi times 10 to the -7.
And then we have the current I, and then we have N, if that's the number of windings that we have in the solenoid, and then we have L, which is the length of the solenoid.
So this is the number of windings of the solenoid per unit length, the number of windings per meter.
So if we could figure out, for this arrangement, what this quantity is, then we're in business.
I take a material, which is not unreasonable, whereby the number density of atoms, I call that capital N, written in the subscript way, is about 10 to the 29.
So this is atoms or molecules, whatever may be the case, per cubic meter.
That's not unreasonable.
And now I have to somehow manipulate, massage the mathematics, so that I get in here this magnetic moment, this Bohr magneton.
The 2 Bohr magnetons.
And there are several ways of doing that.
I have chosen one way, and that's the following.
I take here a length of 1 meter.
So this is a solenoid, and I take only 1 meter.
Could have taken 3 or 5 meters, makes no difference.
I take 1 meter.
And each one of these loops here has an area A.
So we would agree, I hope, that the area -- that the volume, the volume of this solenoid -- this has a length 1 meter -- that that volume is A square meters times 1.
And so the volume is A cubic meters.
A times 1 meter is A cubic meters.
But the number of atoms per cubic meter is 10 to the 29th, and so the number of atoms that I have in this solenoid per meter is this A times that N.
So this is the number of windings, if I call this one winding, the number of windings per meter.
Or you can think of it the number of atoms per meter, the way they're lined up.
And so now I am in business, because this now is my N divided by L.
And so I can write now mu 0 times the current I times that area A times N, which is 10 to the 29.
But look now.
Now you see why I did it this way, because I times A is the magnetic dipole moment of my atoms.
And that was 2 Bohr magnetons.
And so this now also equals mu 0 times twice mu Bohr times N.
And I'm finished, because I know what mu 0 is, and I know what moo- mu Bohr is -- we calculated that, it's still here, this number -- and I know what my capital subscript N is, 10 to the 29 atoms per cubic meter.
And so I just shove those numbers in my equation, and I find that this is approximately 2.3 tesla for the numbers that I have chosen.
It's not for all materials this way, because I have adopted 2 Bohr magnetons for the magnetic dipole moment of each atom, and I have adopted a density of 10 to the 29 atoms per cubic meter.
And for that situation, you get 2.3 tesla.
Now I want to use this number and understand what's going to happen in ferromagnetic material.
I take ferromagnetic material and I expose it to an external field, I call it a vacuum field.
So I stick it in a solenoid and I can choose the current through my solenoid.
And I'm going to plot for you the vacuum field.
This vacuum field is linearly proportional to the current through my solenoid.
This is an actual physical solenoid.
I have a wire, it goes around like this.
I don't have one here now.
And I run a current through there.
And that vacuum B field equals mu 0 times I times N divided by L, except that this N divided by L is now the number of windings of my current wire, and this is the length of my solenoid.
So don't confuse it with the one we had there, because that was on an atomic scale and this is on a macroscopic scale.
How many windings you have could be -- where you had a big one here in class, 2800 windings, and we had 60 centimeters long, and so that's what this number is all about.
So the moment that I know what the current is through my solenoid, I immediately know what my vacuum field is.
There's a one-to-one correspondence.
And now I'm going to measure inside the ferromagnetic material, which I stick in the solenoid.
I'm going to measure there the magnetic field.
And what's going to happen now?
Well, first of all I cannot at all plot this curve on a one-to-one scale, the reason being that kappa of M for ferromagnetic material is so large -- let us adopt for now a number of 1000, say.
Or it could be larger, even.
Let's say kappa of M is 1000.
That means that if the magnetic field in terms of a vector is this big, 1 centimeter in the length of the vector, that the field inside the ferromagnetic material is a thousand times higher.
If this is 1 centimeter in length, a thousand times higher is 10 meters.
So this is the length of the vector of the magnetic field inside the ferromagnetic material.
That's why I cannot do it to scale.
So when I draw this line here, keep in mind that if I did it to scale, if I did, but I can't, then the tangent of alpha would be kappa of M, which in this case would be 10 to the third.
And so this angle alpha is something like 89.9 something degrees.
So I cannot do it to scale.
Keep that in mind.
So in the beginning I get a nice linear curve, but now slowly I'm beginning to reach saturation, that all these dipoles are going to be aligned, and what you're going to see is that this curve bends over and bends over and bends over, and the magnetic field that you finally achieve here is the famous 2.3 tesla, which I calculated for that imaginary material, plus B vacuum.
The 2.3 is now the field which I will call B prime.
This is the field that is the result of the alignment of all those dipoles.
And so when I increase the vacuum field, this goes into saturation, and settles for 2.3 and can no longer increase, because I have aligned all these magnetic dipoles.
And so if your vacuum field is this strong, then this field is no longer thousand times stronger than the vacuum field.
You're no longer in the linear part.
So you could also think of it as kappa of M being smaller than a thousand.
Whichever way you prefer is fine.
But it's no longer proportional to the value of 1000.
If the temperature is lower of the material, it's easier to align them, and so you will achieve saturation earlier, and so your curve would go like this.
So the curve is also a function of temperature.
So this is if the temperature is low relative to this one.
So these curves depend on, on temperature as well.
The lower the temperature, the easier it is to align them.
If I reach this point here, when my B prime goes into saturation, I can only increase the field, the B field in the material, by increasing the vacuum field, because B prime is not going to go up again.
And so I can only get a higher field by increasing this current so that this B, this B vacuum goes up.
And that goes up very slowly, because this huge magnification factor of 1000 is gone now.
So the slow, it's very slow, the growth, and that's why you see that I drew it like this, that it increases very slowly.
But my plot is not to scale anyhow.
Now I want to discuss with you what happens with the material once I have driven it into saturation.
What happens if now I change the current and I make my vacuum field 0 again?
And now you get a very unusual behavior.
Let me do that here on the blackboard.
So I'll make a new drawing.
I could have continued with that one, but let me make a new one.
So I'm going to do the following experiment in my head.
I have a solenoid and I run a current through that solenoid.
And if the current is in clockwise direction, my vacuum field will be in this direction.
And when the current is in counterclockwise direction, I will assume that my vacuum field is in this direction.
So there is ferromagnetic material in here.
If the current flows in clockwise direction, the vacuum field is in this direction.
If I run it in counterclockwise direction, the vacuum field is in that direction.
And here is going to be my vacuum field.
It's easy for me to know what that is, because if I know the current through my solenoid, this equation will immediately tell me what the vacuum field is.
So I have never any problems with the vacuum field.
I stick a probe in here and I measure the magnetic field inside that material.
How we do that is not so easy, but we can do it.
There are a few things that I can't tell you.
This is one of them.
So here is the magnetic field inside the material.
All right, so there we start.
We do the same thing that we did here.
So we approach the saturation.
But now when I'm here, I am reducing the current and go back to 0.
Remember that when we are here, all these domains that we discussed last time have all flipped in the direction of the vacuum field.
So this field is enormous.
But now I make the current go back to 0.
And what happens now is I end up here, at this point P here.
The current now is 0.
There is no current going through the solenoid.
Notice the vacuum field is 0.
I can take the material out, the ferromagnetic material.
The material itself is now magnetic.
And you see there is a magnetic field inside it.
Why is that?
Because some of those domains remain aligned, they don't go back.
And so we have created permanent magnetism.
And so in the location, at the location P, we have B vacuum is 0, but B prime, which is the result of those aligned magnetic moments, is still in this direction.
Nothing is to scale here, of course.
And so you still have a magnetic field.
Now I reverse the current.
I go counterclockwise.
So I'm creating a magnetic field vacuum now in this direction.
And so now what will happen with this curve?
I come up here.
And look now here, at this location Q.
What do I have now?
I have something very bizarre.
I have now a situation whereby the vacuum field is in this direction but there is no magnetic field inside the material.
The magnetic field inside is 0.
So when we have point Q, so we have B vacuum is in this direction, but B inside, B prime -- oh no, it's not B prime, it's B.
It's the total field inside, is 0.
The reason being that B prime is still in this direction.
The reason being that the domains are still aligned in this direction, and so the vacuum field plus the B prime field, which has to be vectorially added, adds up with a net field 0.
Quite bizarre, isn't it?
Now I increase the current, but I keep going counterclockwise, and so the magnetic field of the vacuum remains in this direction.
I go into saturation again, in a similar way that I went into saturation here.
And now I stop here -- oh, I don't want to lose my brooch.
And now I stop here and I say to the current, go back to 0 again.
So my current now goes back to 0.
There we go.
And now I arrive here, point S.
And again, I have a situation that my vacuum field is 0.
I could take the material out of the solenoid, just walk around with it on the street.
It will be a permanent magnet.
But now the magnetic field inside this material in point P it was in this direction.
If I take it out here, then it is in this direction.
Now some domains stay aligned in this direction.
The reason was that I had counterclockwise current, and so those domains flipped over.
And they're not all willing to flip back again.
So I've also made a permanent magnet here.
Vacuum field 0, but B prime is now in the opposite direction.
And then if I continue now to go clockwise with current again and increase the current, I end up there.
And this is a bizarre curve.
We call this the hysteresis curve.
If you look at this curve, it's really amazing.
It's actually hard to, to digest this.
You, you have to give it a little bit of thought.
Because for one particular value of the current, for instance here, once I have a particular value of the current, I know that B vacuum is a given, I have two possibilities here for the magnetic field.
And for the current here, I have two possibilities for the magnetic field.
And so I cannot even know when I take this material and I expose it to an external field, I can't even calculate what the magnetic field inside will be.
It depends on the history of this material.
Look at this point here and at this point there.
If I asked you what is kappa of M, [pff] it's almost a ridiculous question.
Because what is kappa of M?
I have, um, I have a vacuum field, but I have no field inside.
So the field inside, which is B, is 0, and the vacuum field is not 0.
So you would have to answer, kappa M is 0.
That's the only thing you could say.
Quite bizarre, right.
But right here, there is a vacuum field but no field inside.
So kappa M is 0 here and kappa M is 0 here.
And remember, here it was 1000.
Look at the situation, take this point of the curve and this point of the curve.
Kappa M is less than 0, is negative, because here the vacuum field is in this direction, but B prime is in that direction, so they are in opposite directions, so the net field is in that direction, but B vacuum is in this direction.
And here it's also reversed.
So there's a bizarre situation that you are effectively having situations whereby kappa of M is 0 and kappa of M can also be negative for those s- points that I have there.
I can show you this hysteresis curve, and I do it exactly the way that I explained to you, except that I will not be able to run this current very slowly up and down.
I do it with 60 hertz alternating current, just get it out of the, the wall.
And so I run through this solenoid n- 60 hertz alternating current.
That means we go through this curve very quickly back and forth.
Between this point maximum current and this point maximum current.
The current clockwise, counterclockwise, clockwise, counterclockwise, and we change that 60 times per second.
And then I will show you this curve, again, highly distorted.
I cannot plot it one-to-one, for the reasons that I explained to you.
And you will see then the hysteresis curve.
That's called the hysteresis curve.
And for that, I have to do several things.
And I always forget what I have to do, but just don't worry about it, I will find out.
My TV goes on.
This light goes off and this light goes off.
Look there on the screen, and you will see within seconds there is the hysteresis curve.
And as I said to you earlier, I cannot start here, unfortunately, because we switch it so fast back and forth that this part of the curve, by the way, which is called the virginal curve -- virginal, because it's once and never again.
Once you have reached that point, from that moment on, you always stick to this -- I know, you should know about that.
And so here you see a striking example of a hysteresis curve.
And so you can ask yourself now the question, can we make this material virginal again?
And then the answer is yes.
There are various ways you can do that.
One way is you could take the material out, so that means you take it out, for instance, when there is remnant magnetism here, so it's a magnet, and now you heat it up above the Curie point, as we did last time in my lecture, and then the domains completely fall apart, and then you cool it again below the Curie point, and then it is virginal material again.
And then you could start here again.
That's one way you could do it.
There is another way you could try to do it.
You take a hammer and you just bang on it.
So you take it out and you have permanent magnetism, either here or there, and you bang on it, and you hope for the best.
And maybe you can get it back to here.
There is another way, which we call demagnetization, and I think that's what happens when you steal a book in the library and you try to get away with it, and the alarm goes off.
Someone hasn't demagnetized the magnetic strip in the book.
You may have noticed that when you take it out, that someone under the table goes like this.
And what they are doing then is they are demagnetizing that strip.
And the way you do that is as follows.
Here the current goes back and forth between this value and this value.
That means B vacuum and I are directly coupled to each other.
So I think of this as being current.
And now I go up to here and then back and then here and here and here and here and here and here and here and here and here and I end up there again.
And I can show you that.
So again you have alternating current, but the amplitude of the current you decrease and decrease and decrease, and you're going to see that there.
And you see that I can turn this material -- see the hysteresis curve changes.
So the amplitude of the current is not as large, so the amplitude of the B vacuum is not as large, and I slowly go back.
And I can change a non-virgin back into a virgin.
And that's the way we do it as physicists.
Did I turn that off?
Yes, I did.
I have here a, a coil.
You can't see that there is a coil inside here, but there is.
I can, uh, power this coil, putting a current through it.
Ferromagnetic material, I don't know what kappa is, but, uh, at least a thousand.
I get an enormously strong field inside here.
And this field is so strong that this piece of ferromagnetic material will be attracted.
The field is non-uniform outside.
We discussed last time that it will go clunk, it will stick there.
So let's do that.
So I power this electromagnet -- you can't see that I did, you have to take my word for it, but you believe it now.
There it goes.
Oh boy.
The force is so large that I would ask two people to come and see whether they can pull it apart.
The force that the two are together is so large that you may not even be able to separate it.
Do we have two strong people?
One strong woman, one strong man.
You look very strong to me.
Come on.
It's not going to be a tug of war between the two of you.
That's not my plan.
Be very careful, because if you touch this, you get electrocuted.
So don't do that.
But make sure that everyone can see you.
Because there is a current running through this solenoid now, yeah?
Now just in case that you succeed, I don't want you to get hurt.
Student: OK.
So make sure that you secure yourself.
Because suppose the current stopped running all of a sudden.
It's possible, it's MIT [laughter] right, anything could happen.
Then, of course, it's no longer a strong magnet.
It's only a strong magnet as long as the current is running through the solenoid.
So you secure yourself too.
OK, three, two, one, zero, go.
Don't worry.
I knew that in advance.
But thank you very much.
Very kind of you.
Now comes something that you will understand.
If I make the current go to 0, then the vacuum field goes to 0.
That means the field that is generated by the solenoid goes to 0.
I will do that now in front of your own eyes.
No more current, right?
Why is this still hanging there?
The solenoid [inaudible] magnetize the ferrous [inaudible].
You hear?
You've taken the vacuum field out, but the domains to a certain degree are still aligned, and so the whole thing is still a magnet.
Not as strong as magnet -- if I were to invite you to come now and take it apart, you could.
But it still takes sub- substantial force.
And I will show you how large that force is.
I'm going to load it down now.
There's now 1 kilogram hanging on it.
Ooh, let me make sure I secure that, otherwise I can get killed for a change.
OK, 3 kilograms is hanging on it now.
5 kilograms is hanging on it now.
7 kilograms is hanging on it now.
9 kilograms is hanging on it now.
Oh boy, we may never make it.
10 kilograms is -- there it goes.
10 kilograms.
Now the show is not over yet.
What is very interesting, and I want you to think about it, that if now I take these two pieces of -- [laughter].
If I take these two pieces of ferromagnetic material, that -- nothing.
Do you know why?
I dropped it on the floor.
That's really why.
I dropped it on the floor, and that is like banging it with a hammer, and then the domains go away.
Had I not dropped it on the floor [laughter], there would have been something left, but very little, which is interesting by itself.
The shock of the separation, when that happened, already makes many of the domains flip back, and there would be very little left.
Not enough to carry this weight anymore, but that's largely because I dropped it on the floor.
I did that purposely so you can see when you drop [laughter] things on the floor.
If I bring ferromagnetic material in the vicinity of a magnet, I change the magnetic field configuration, and that's very easy to understand now.
Suppose I have here a magnet, north pole, south pole, and the magnetic field, magnetic dipole field is sort of like this.
And now I bring in the vicinity here a piece of ferromagnetic material.
Could be a wrench.
What happens now is that this ferromagnetic material will see this vacuum field -- this is called the vacuum field, is an external field.
And so these domains in there trying to align a little bit.
Degree of success depends on how strong the field is, depends on the temperature, depends on the kappa M of that material.
But certainly this will become sort of a south pole, this will become a north pole.
That's the way that these dipoles are going to align themselves.
They are going to create themselves a field in this direction.
They're going to support that field.
And so the net result is that the field inside here becomes very strong.
And so what happens with these field lines, they go like this.
They're being sucked into this ferromagnetic material.
It's very hard to know exactly how they go.
And the field here will weaken.
And I'm going to demonstrate that to you.
This is actually very easy to demonstrate.
And the way I'm going to demonstrate that is as follows.
I have there a setup whereby we have a, a magnet and we have a nail and we have a string.
And the nail wants to go to the magnet.
The mail its- the nail itself is, uh, ferromagnetic.
So the nail would love to go in this direction, but it can't.
So it just sits there, hangs there in space.
First of all, what I want to show you is that if I bring paramagnetic material in the vicinity, that that magnetic field configuration here is not going to change at all.
Paramagnetic material has a kappa of M so close to one that nothing is going to happen.
But the moment that I bring ferromagnetic material, for instance, here, then you get a field configuration change, and if I do that just the right way, then the nail will fall.
In other words, there is not enough magnetic field here in order to hold the nail in that direction.
And I'm going to show that for you, to you there.
Need some power here, I believe, and we have to make it dark here.
I'm going to shadow project it for you.
And the shadow projection you will see coming up very shortly.
This is a carbon arc.
You have to give it a little bit of time to start.
There is the carbon arc.
So there you see the nail.
And here you see the magnet.
You see that?
That's exactly the way I drew the picture.
And here, you hav- I have here a piece of aluminum, which is paramagnetic.
I can bring that through the field here.
Nothing happens.
My hands, believe it or not, are definitely not ferromagnetic, so I can also bring my hands here.
So magnetic field is not disturbed in any way, in any serious way, either by paramagnetic material, aluminum, or my hands, which I think are also paramagnetic, but I'm not sure.
I'm not sure whether I'm diamagnetic or paramagnetic, but it doesn't make any difference, because in both cases there is no significant change of the magnetic field.
But now I have a wrench here.
Here, there's a wrench.
You see it?
And now I'll bring the wrench close to that magnet.
My major worry is that magnetic field is so strong that once the wrench go- there's no way I can get it off again.
So I get only one shot at it.
And there goes the nail.
So what I -- what you saw now in front of your own eyes is that I changed the magnetic field configuration in such a way that the field was not strong enough to pull in the, the nail.
Now comes an important question, a big moment in our life.
And that is, what now is the effect of magnetic material on Maxwell's equations?
And let's take a look at Maxwell's equations.
Here we have Maxwell's equations the way we know them.
And let's first look at number one.
That's Gauss's Law.
Gauss's Law says that the closed surface integral of E dot dA -- that's the electric flux through a closed surface -- E- is equal to all the charge inside divided by epsilon 0, but you have to allow for the kappa, for the electric, dielectric constant.
The kappa, by the way, always lowers the field inside the material when we deal with electric fields.
It never increases it like magnetic fields.
It always lowers it.
Kappa is normally a few -- except for water, it is 80, it's quite large, and there are some ridiculous substances whereby kappa can be as large as 300.
I think strontium titanate -- I just looked it up this morning -- has a ridiculous value of kappa of 300.
So that's Gauss's Law.
Nothing's going to change there as far as I can see.
And then we have the second one.
The closed surface integral of B dot dL equals 0.
Oh, it says an, it says an L.
That shouldn't even be an L.
Ho, I hope you caught that.
This is an A, of course.
How could I?
This is the closed surface integral of B dot dA is 0.
What this is telling me is that magnetic ma- magnetic monopoles don't exist.
At least we think they don't exist.
Don't think that people are not trying to find them.
And if you find a magnetic monopole, and if you put that inside a box, then the closed surface integral of the magnetic flux through that box would not be 0.
And so then this is not true.
But as far as we know, it's always true, because we don't think that magnetic poles- monopoles exist.
And so then we come to the Faraday's Law.
Faraday's Law runs our economy.
Faraday's Law tells you when you move conducting loops in magnetic fields that you create electricity.
This equation runs our economy.
And now we come -- none of these, by the way, require any adjustment in terms of kappa of M.
But now we come to Ampere's Law.
Ampere's Law, which was amended by Maxwell himself, tells me what the magnetic field is, and all these results are for vacuum.
But now we know that that's not true anymore.
So this has to be adjusted now by a factor of kappa of M, which is the relative permeability.
And kappa of M is perfectly kosher for paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials.
There's never any problem there.
So here it comes.
For diamagnetic materials, it's a little less than one.
For paramagnetic materials, a little larger than one.
But when we deal with ferromagnetic materials, you have to be very careful, because we have seen today this hysteresis phenomenon, that there are even situations whereby kappa of M is negative, whereby kappa M is 0, and whereby kappa M can be huge, can be 10 to the 3.
So there you have to be very, very careful when you apply this equation without thinking.
Maxwell's equations are so important that I'm sure you want to see more of them.
So you see them there again.
And maybe that's not enough.
Maybe you want to see even more of them.
So look at them.
Inhale them.
Let them penetrate your brains.
I don't care in which direction you look now.
It's hard not to see them.
Today is therefore very special, because today we have all four Maxwell's equations in place.
And this was one of the main objectives of 8.02.
So we have completed a long journey, and on April 5, we have reached the summit.
Now I realize that the view is not spectacular for all of you yet, because often at the summit there is some fog.
But the fog will clear.
And I can assure you that from here on on, it's climbing downhill.
I think this moment is worth celebrating, and therefore I bought 600 daffodils for this occasion.
And I would like you to come at the, at the end of the lecture and pick up one of these daffodils and take it back to your dormitory.
I don't know whether I have enough for all these high school students and all their parents, but why not, give it a shot, and take one.
And when you look at it tonight at home and tomorrow, remember that you only once in your life go through this experience, that for the first time you see all four Maxwell's equations complete, hold it, and that you're capable of appreciating them, at least in principle.
This will never happen again.
You will never be the same.
To put it in simple terms, as far as 8.02 is concerned, you are no longer unspoiled virginal material.
You've lost your virginity.
Congratulations! [laughter]


text: Heart Apron For Mom - Personalized Root of Family ApronMothers love nothing better than knowing her children are eating healthy home cooked meals! This Mother's Day give mom a thoughtful gift to show thanks with the new Personalized MOM Apron! FREE Personalization is included! This MOM Apron may be personalized with up to12 Names! Your Mother's Day Apron is a white full length, 35/65 cotton/poly twill fabric apron with adjustable neck and matching fabric ties. Machine washable. This custom bib apron measures 28" x 30" and features 2 center pockets for convenient storage.

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text: A beautiful package of work from trumpeter Clifford Brown – his complete Emarcy master takes for work with three key singers in the 50s – Helen Merrill, Sarah Vaughan, and Dinah Washington! Brown's trumpet has a fluid, soulful style that's easily one of the most modern of the time – which makes for a really striking accompaniment for all vocalists included – especially Washington, who really breaks out from her bluesier modes on the Clifford Brown sides – making an argument here that the trumpeter really helped take her singing to the next level! The lavish 3CD package is in a cool 7" book-style cover, with a really beautiful full color book inside – and the set features a huge amount of work with Washington (2 of the 3 CDs) – with titles that include "No More", "I've Got You Under My Skin", "What Is This Thing Called Love", "Lover Come Back To Me", "I'll Remember April", and some ballad medley tracks from a jam session. The last CD features work with Sarah Vaughan and Helen Merrill – titles that include "April In Paris", "He's My Guy", "Jim", "I'm Glad There Is You", "I'm Crazy", "You'd Be So Nice To Come Home To", "Falling In Love With Love", and "Yesterdays". © 1996-2014, Dusty Groove, Inc.


text:
Tired of the same old drinks night after night? Not sure what to order when out with co-workers? No problem. Here are suggestions to spice up the night.
For her
Lemon Martini
Cherry Lime Vodka Rickey
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Designated driver
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[Photo credit: Mike Davis]


text:
The manager addresses the media ahead of Stoke's visit
David Stowell and Lorna Bancroft bring you all the latest United news
Check out the latest video news bulletin from Old Trafford
Follow: Twitter | Facebook | Google+ | Instagram | Bookmark: manutd.com/unitedtoday
ManUtd.com's official live blog from Old Trafford, Aon Training Complex and beyond...
Friday 25 October
17:30 Mark Hughes is bound to make life difficult for United with his Stoke side tomorrow, according to his former United team-mate Bryan Robson. 'Robbo' spoke to us before climbing Mount Kilimanjaro in aid of the Manchester United Foundation and had this to say. "'Sparky' is a good manager who gets his teams organised and difficult to beat," Bryan told ManUtd.com. "They're a big, powerful side so it will be a tough game but the lads have got to stamp their authority on games a little bit more than what we have done so far this season. I think you can see with the way they get balls into the box at set-plays and fight for the second ball, that 'Sparky' hasn't gone totally away from their old style under Tony Pulis. It's part and parcel of their game even though we were seeing that they were starting to play a bit more football under Pulis. It will take a little bit of time for Sparky to get them playing exactly the way he wants them to play but they will make it difficult for us." (AM)
17:14 There is no Barclays Under-18 Premier League fixture for United this week with a younger side travelling to Slovakia for a couple of friendly games on Monday and Wednesday.


text: On January 8, 2012, about 1615 UTC, a Cessna 152, French registration F-GLPO, operated by Aero-Club Les Ailerons d'Enghien-Moisselles, was substantially damaged when it abruptly dove toward the ground and crashed on the Enghien-Moisselles Airfield, Moisselles, France. The pilot and a passenger on board the airplane were fatally injured. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the time of the accident. The foreign, non-scheduled personal flight had departed Moisselles about 1605 UTC. Witnesses and radar trajectory data confirmed the airplane was stabilized over the airfield at 800 feet agl when it dove abruptly and hit the ground with a lot of energy.This investigation is under the jurisdiction of the government of France. Any further information regarding the investigation can be obtained from the French BEA at:Bureau d'Enquetes et d'Analysespour la Securite de l'Aviation CivileZone Sud – Batiment 153200 rue de ParisAeroport du BorgetF-93352 Le Bourget CedexFranceTelephone: +33 1 49 92 72 00Facsimile: +33 1 49 92 72 03web: www.bea.aero


text:
The CILT00T6B is a weather & vandal resistant Intense Light Miniature Turret Camera from Speco Technologies. This color camera features 600 TV lines of resolution and is extremely compact in size, with a diameter at less than 2 inches. It's perfect for use in all vehicles or anywhere that a miniature high resolution camera is needed.
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text:
Someone posts a card, then someone else responds by posting a different card that is in some way related to the previous card. For example, if the card was grizzly bears, you could post walking corpse because it is a vanilla 2/2 (often called grizzly bears) or grizzled outcasts because of the similar name. Try to keep repeats to a minimum to keep things interesting.
Lets start with the classic black lotus, and see if anyone responds ;)


text:
Tomorrow night I get on a plane with these four (Jason and Bethany will follow on the 11th). I will be taking them to a country they haven't seen in four years and for the most part, know nothing of. … Continue reading
May 30, 2012
by Janet
5 Comments


text:
WASHINGTON - Here's a resolution to remember for job seekers: When posting pictures of that New Year's Eve party, remember potential employers may be able to see them, too.
In 2011, one in six workers used social media to get hired, says CBS News financial contributor Carmen Wong Ulrich. More recruiters than ever also are using LinkedIn, Facebook and Twitter to check out potential employees.
Eighty-nine percent of recruiters in 2011 have used social media to look for workers, Ulrich says, with LinkedIn being the site of choice.
"Almost 90 percent of recruiters are using it," she says.
Twitter and Facebook are having a growing impact, though, with 55 percent of recruiters utilizing the latter.
"Those numbers keep growing every single year so you can assume that this is going to be the norm," Ulrich says.
LinkedIn is the site of choice for corporate recruiters, while Facebook and Twitter usage is higher in marketing and creative fields.
WTOP's Paula Wolfson contributed to this report. Follow WTOP on Twitter.
(Copyright 2011 by WTOP. All Rights Reserved.)


text:
You're reading the news with potential spoilers, make them spoiler free, dismiss
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For any question on data and metadata, please contact: EUROPEAN STATISTICAL DATA SUPPORT
|1.1. Contact organisation
|Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union
|1.2. Contact organisation unit
|Unit F3: Labour market
|1.5. Contact mail address
|2920 Luxembourg LUXEMBOURG
|2.1. Metadata last certified
|2.2. Metadata last posted
|2.3. Metadata last update
|3.1. Data description
The indicator 'average exit age from the labour force' gives the average age of withdrawal from labour market. While based on European Union Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) data, the indicator is calculated with special methods and periodidicty which justify the present page.
The indicator is estimated with a probabilistic model, documented below, fed with data from the European Union Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS). The input data are activity rates by single age group.
The indicator of 'Average exit age from the labour market' is published in the section 'LFS main indicators', which is a collection of the main statistics on the labour market.
There are mainly two reasons to estimate the indicator with this probabilistic model instead of using a method based on self-reported retirement age, or based on people receiving pensions benefits:
1. EU-LFS data used follows definitions of employment and unemployment after the International Labour Organisation, as opposed to the notion of "being retired". There is no internationally harmonized statistical definition of retirement.
2. The method used allows to (indirectly) count definitive exits from the labour market. Instead, a retired person could potentially decide to return to the labour market, hence his/her exit would not be definitive.
|3.2. Classification system
The definitions of indicators conform to the recommendations of the International Labour Organisation (ILO).
|3.3. Coverage - sector
As a general rule the indicator 'exit age from the labour market' covers all economic sectors.
|3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
The indicator 'average exit age from the labour force' gives the average age of withdrawal from labour market. It is based on a probability model considering the relative changes of activity rates from one year to another at a specific age.
The input data
Starting points are the activity rates per age and year a (age,year) coming from the quarterly EU Labour Force Survey (see link in section 21.2 below).
The activity rate represents the labour force (employed and unemployed population) as a percentage of the total population for a given age. Employed persons are all persons who worked at least one hour for pay or profit during the reference week or were temporarily absent from such work. Unemployed persons are all persons who were not employed during the reference week and had actively sought work during the past four weeks and were ready to begin working immediately or within two weeks.
The model
Eurostat uses a so-called dynamic exit age model, which is a variant of the static exit age indicator proposed by OECD ('Age of Withdrawal from the Labour Force in OECD Countries', Labour Market and Social Policy - Occasional Papers No. 49, OECD, 2002)
The dynamic exit age indicator is calculated with activity rates by single ages and years, considering people aged 50 to 70 years. The model starts with the conditional probability of an age cohort to stay in the labour force at age a. This is given through
(1) ps a, y = r a, y / r a-1, y-1
0 ≤ ps a, y ≤ 1
ps Probability to stay
r activity rate
a single age
y year of observation
In cases were relation (1) exceeds 1, a hundred percent probability to stay in the labour force is assumed. This avoids negative values of the reversal probability not to stay in the labour force. This is given through
(2) pns a, y = 1 - ps a, y
pns Probability not to stay
The probability still to be in the labour force at a certain age is equal to the overall probability to stay in the labour force from a starting age a0 up to the age specified. As this is the probability at the entry to age a, the ages range from a0 to a-1.
(3) pin a, y = Õ?j = a0..a-1 ps j, y
pin Probability to be in the labour market
j Index of age range a0 to a-1
In the Eurostat model a0 is fixed to age 50. From this age onwards activity rates usually decline.
The probability of withdrawing from the labour force at a certain age is equal to the probability of still being in the labour market at age a combined with the probability not to
(4) pw a, y = pin a, y pns a, y
pw Probability to withdraw
The sum of all probabilities to withdraw between a0 and amax is 1. The Eurostat model assumes that amax is 70. From this age onwards all persons withdrew from the labour force. pw is zero at this and the following ages.
The average exit age (e) is finally calculated as the average of all ages weighted by the probabilities to withdraw:
(5) e y = Σ j = a0..amax pw j, y j
|3.5. Statistical unit
Individuals living in private households.
|3.6. Statistical population
The EU-LFS results cover the total population usually residing in Member States, except for persons living in collective or institutional households. While demographic data are gathered for all age groups, questions relating to labour market status are restricted to persons in the age group of 15 years or older. In the EFTA countries participating in LFS, i.e. Iceland, Norway and Switzerland, population data are not provided for the age-groups outside the scope of labour market questions. The EU-LFS covers all industries and occupations.
For more details and exceptions, please consult please consult the EU-LFS (Statistics Explained) - Methodology.
However only data for persons aged 50 to 70 are used in the calculation method of the indicator.
|3.7. Reference area
European Union, Euro area, EU Member States, Candidate Countries, EFTA Countries (except for Liechtenstein). Data for Cyprus refer only to the areas of Cyprus controlled by the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. Data for France do not include the overseas departments (DOM).
|3.8. Coverage - Time
The time coverage varies with indicator and country. Data for all participating countries are mostly available from 2001 to 2010.
|3.9. Base period
Not applicable.
Years of age.
The EU LFS measures the labour status and other characteristics during a reference week in each quarter of the reference quarter. The reference week starts on Monday and ends on Sunday. From 2004, in all countries providing quarterly data, the quarterly sample is spread uniformly over all weeks of the quarter.
The reference quarter is the calendar quarter except for Ireland and the United Kingdom (until 2006), which use the seasonal quarter (Dec-Feb, Mar-May, Jun-Aug, Sep-Nov).
Annual results are calculated averaging quarterly data.
|6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements
The EU-LFS is based on European legislation since 1973. It's implementation is governed by legislative acts of the Council and Parliament, as well as of the Commission. The principal legal act is the Council Regulation (EC) No. 577/98. The implementation rules are specified in the successive Commission regulations. This is the main regulation with provisions on design, survey characteristics and decision making processes. For more details on the regulations, please consult EU-LFS (Statistics Explained) - Main features and legal basis.
|6.2. Institutional Mandate - data sharing
Not applicable
|7.1. Confidentiality - policy
Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics (recital 24 and Article 20(4)) of 11 March 2009 (OJ L 87, p. 164), stipulates the need to establish common principles and guidelines ensuring the confidentiality of data used for the production of European statistics and the access to those confidential data with due account for technical developments and the requirements of users in a democratic society.
|7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment
EU-LFS microdata as received by Eurostat from the national statistical institutes does not contain any administrative information such as names or addresses that would allow direct identification. Access to this microdata is nevertheless strictly controlled and limited to specified Eurostat staff. After data treatment, records are aggregated for all further use.
|8.1. Release calendar
The release of EU LFS data is not bound by an advance release calendar. The data are published approximately 11 months after the end of the reference year.
|8.2. Release calendar access
Not applicable.
|8.3. Release policy - user access
In line with the Community legal framework and the European Statistics Code of Practice Eurostat disseminates European statistics on Eurostat's website (see item 10 - 'Dissemination format') respecting professional independence and in an objective, professional and transparent manner in which all users are treated equitably. The detailed arrangements are governed by the Eurostat protocol on impartial access to Eurostat data for users.
|10.1. Dissemination format - News release
Not applicable.
|10.2. Dissemination format - Publications
Being a Structural Indicator, the data are published in the statistical annex of the Lisbon Strategy Annual Progress report. It is also one of the Employment Guidelines indicators, published in the compendium of indicators to monitor the Lisbon Strategy.
The results are also published in several social publications of the European Commission (e.g. The Social Situation in the European Union).
The indicator is also used in the main Eurostat's publications, e.g. Yearbook, etc.
|10.3. Dissemination format - online database
Please consult free data on-line or refer to firstname.lastname@example.com
|10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access
Micro-data are not applicable to 'LFS main indicators' results, but EU-LFS anonymised microdata are available for research purposes. Please refer to access to microdata
|10.5. Dissemination format - other
|11.1. Documentation on methodology
For a detailed description of methods and concepts used, as well as for other documents related to the EU-LFS, please consult the EU-LFS (Statistics Explained) webpage.
The EU-LFS disseminates also publications on the methodology of the survey. For more information please consult: Quality reporting.
|11.2. Quality management - documentation
see section 11.1.
|12.1. Quality assurance
Please refer to the ESMS page on 'Employment and unemployment (LFS)' (see link below in section 'related metadata').
|12.2. Quality management - assessment
The overall quality assessment is medium. The result quality is high in some Member States, but not in all. Occasionally the indicator shows a trend downwards which is counter-intuitive when looking at the evolution of the activity rates by age. At the root of the problem there are two issues: the ratio in equation 1 described in section 3.4. could get values higher than 1, in that case the value is replaced by 1 but it affects the result by lowering it. Secondly, the sample size of the EU-LFS is very limited for persons in the age group above 65 years of age, it implies higher sampling errors. DG Employment, Social Affairs and Equal opportunities from the Commission is working on solutions to those problems.
Values judged implausible are not published. This is the reason for some data gaps in few countries in recent years' data.
|13.1. Relevance - User Needs
This indicator is highly relevant. It is one of the Structural Indicators and a Sustainable Development Indicator. It is one of the Employment Guidelines indicators for the monitoring of progress in the Lisbon Stragety.
|13.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction
Eurostat does not carry out satisfaction survey targeted at users of labour markets statistics. All new requests for labour market statistics are subject to scrutiny by the national experts and representatives of the NSIs and in particular for major topics of interest, for social research the instrument of ad hoc modules is used. The main institutional users other than the Commission are also known to the unit for Labour Market Statistics. Many of them are frequently consulted on various aspects of development and dissemination of labour force statistics.
|13.3. Completeness
The indicator is available 2001 onwards for all Member States and European aggregates. Missing data are results not published due to lack of reliability explained in section 12.2 above.
|14.1. Accuracy - overall
See section 12.2 above.
|14.2. Sampling error
The indicator is indirectly subject to sampling error insofar EU-LFS is the data source which feeds the model. For details on EU-LFS please refer to the ESMS page on 'Employment and unemployment (LFS)' (see link below in section 'related metadata').
|14.3. Non-sampling error
The indicator is indirectly subject to non-sampling error insofar EU-LFS is the data source which feeds the model. For details on EU-LFS please refer to the ESMS page on 'Employment and unemployment (LFS)' (see link below in section 'related metadata').
|15.1. Timeliness
Data are released approximately 11 months after the end of the reference year.
|15.2. Punctuality
Not available
|16.1. Comparability - geographical
Comparability is ensured by the use of a common calculation method and a harmonised data source. EU-LFS is harmonised through a common Council regulation ((EC) No 577/98), common variable definition (Commission Regulation (EC) No 430/2005), common explanatory notes (The European Union Labour Force Survey. Methods and definitions - 2001) and common regulation (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1897/2000) regarding the definition of unemployment and the twelve principles of questionnaire.
|16.2. Comparability - over time
Comparaibility over time is ensured by use of the same calculation method for all the series and the same data source. Although EU-LFS improvements in time have brought some time series break the comparability of the main indicators is high.
|17.1. Coherence - cross domain
Not applicable; there is no alternative source to calculate the same indicator with the same definitions (i.e. using ILO labour status)
|17.2. Coherence - internal
The indicator 'average exit age from the labour market' use EU-LFS as data input, in particular from the data collection 'LFS main indicators'. It is coherent with it by construction.
Not available
|19.1. Data revision - policy
Not applicable.
|19.2. Data revision - practice
Not applicable.
|20.1. Source data
The data are derived from the EU Labour Force Survey. For more information about the survey, please consult the EU-LFS (Statistics Explained) webpage. The activity rates taken into consideration are the average over four quarterly observed rates in the year considered. 'Spring' data (quarter 1 or 2) are used in case no quarterly LFS data are available (see footnotes in Annex "Average exit age from the labour force").
The Labour Force Survey is a rotating random sample survey of persons in private households.
|20.2. Frequency of data collection
Since the early 2000's, the survey has quarterly periodicity, previously it was an annual survey run in spring.
|20.3. Data collection
Data are acquired by interviewing the sampled individuals directly. Four modes of data collection exist for the EU-LFS: personal visits, telephone interviews, web interviews and self-administered questionnaires.
For more information please consult the corresponding LFS quality reporting.
|20.4. Data validation
Prior to the dissemination of EU-LFS national data, Eurostat checks the quality and consistency of data transmitted by the National Statistical Institutes. Eurostat calculates LFS results and they are then validated by the Member States. Afterwards they can be published.
Member States validate input data for the indicators and are informed of the resulting value.
|20.5. Data compilation
The probability model is applied on the activity rates of each gender (see footnotes for exceptions in the annex "Average exit age from the labour force"). The average exit age from the labour force for the whole population is obtained as a weighted average of the average exit age of each gender. The weights used for these calculations are provided by the EU Labour Force Survey (population aged 50-70 years by gender).
Aggregates for the European Union and Euro area countries are computed as a weighted average of the results obtained by country. They are provided on the basis of the data available.
|20.6. Adjustment
The data quality (due to small sample sizes) in higher ages in some countries (BE, DK, IE, LU, NL, AT, FI, SE, IS, NO, CH, BG, CY, EE, HU, LV, LT, SI and SK) makes it necessary to artificially smooth the decline of activity rates linearly from age 65 to age 70 so that in the age 70 the active population in terms of the model is zero. (Linear "melt-away" hypothesis). In such cases, it is also necessary not to take the actual activity rate in the age 65 but to consider the moving average over the ages 64 to 66 instead.
|employ_esms - Employment and unemployment (Labour Force Survey)


text:
Click the Windows logo in the bottom-left portion of the desktop to open the "Start" menu. Click the "All Programs" link and select "FL Studio 9" from the list of installed applications.
How to Set Up a Realistic Sounding Drum Kit in Fruity Loops 9
FL Studio 9 (formerly called FruityLoops) is a digital audio workstation used to create music. Developed by Image-Line, the application allows users to create, edit, mix, record, and master audio. FL Studio 9 includes several virtual instruments for people to use, including a drumkit. Called the FPC, the instrument supports realistic drum sounds for producers to place within their compositions. Setting up a realistic sounding drum kit using FPC requires a few simple steps.
Click the "Channels" menu in the top left portion of the screen. Select "FPC" from the list of channels to open the FPC virtual drum kit.
Press the arrow button on the right side of the "Content Library" section near the top of the FPC virtual instrument. Click the "Downloaded" link in the popup "IL Content Library" window to open the drum kits currently downloaded onto the FPC. FL Studio provides a realistic drumkit to its users for free.
Click the "Real" subheader to reveal the preinstalled drumkit. Select "Real Drums 04" to open the realistic drumkit in FPC. Allow a few seconds for each instrument in the kit to load into individual drum pads.
- 1
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text:
MILWAUKEE (AP) -- Something goes boom in the night. But officials aren't sure what it is. A series of mysterious booms have folks stumped in the small town of Clintonville, Wisconsin. The noises have been rattling nerves for at least two nights this week. City Administrator Lisa Kuss says it gets your heart racing because you don't expect it. The experts have ruled out earthquakes or water pressure problems and there are no military bases in the area. It was kind of scary at first to 21-year-old Jordan Pfeiler. He says then it got cool. Now, Pfeiler says the underground booms are just annoying.
BOSTON (AP) -- Plumber Bruce Campbell is Lucky for Life. He's the first winner of the New England states lottery game of that name. Campbell wins $1,000-a-day-for-life. Campbell bought the ticket at a store owned by a friend, which gets $50,000 for selling it. Massachusetts State Lottery officials say Campbell intends to splurge on a Cadillac and a Harley, and also make some investments.
SALT LAKE CITY (AP) -- Mary Hardison is a high-flying, 101-year-old great-great grandmother. She's being officially recognized as the "Oldest Female to Paraglide Tandem" by Guinness World Records. Hardison flew with an instructor last September 1st, while four generations of her family cheered. She says she wanted to do it because her 75-year-old son has taken it up. Hardison says she doesn't want him to get too far ahead of her. As for any future paragliding, the Utah centenarian says she'll do it again if the "notion strikes."
BELLINGHAM, Wash. (AP) -- Cleaning up crime -- with a mop. Police in Bellingham, Washington, report a convenience store clerk used a mop to fight off a would-be bandit. The crook was armed with a knife. Sergeant Jason Monson tells the Bellingham Herald the clerk was mopping near the register, when the armed man jumped over the counter. Police say the clerk knocked the bandit to floor with the mop, then chased him out of the store. Nothing was taken. Police are checking security video to try to ID the suspect.
ANCHORAGE, Alaska (AP) -- Forget about the slow boat to China -- this was the slow flight. Passengers on a United Airlines flight were prepared for the 13-hour trip from San Francisco to Shanghai. Instead, they were stranded in Anchorage, Alaska, for two days. United says Flight 857 diverted to Anchorage because several of the bathrooms were out of order. Passengers tell the Anchorage Daily News the airline handed out hotel and meal vouchers, but that took hours. By then, the passengers say the restaurants were closed. United brought in another plane Monday, but it had problems, too. The China-bound passengers finally took off yesterday on a third Boeing 777. United says they'll fully refund everyone's tickets.
RIVERTON, Wyo. (AP) -- A Wyoming trooper had to play midwife, after stopping a car for speeding. The Wyoming Highway Patrol says a trooper pulled over a couple late Sunday. The husband explained his wife was in labor and they were on the way to the hospital. The trooper followed, while the couple continued. But they didn't make it. The couple pulled over as their baby girl was born. A second trooper who had worked as a paramedic arrived. He wrapped the baby in a blanket and cleared her airway. An ambulance then took the mother and new baby to a hospital.
Copyright 2012. The Associated Press.


text:
Panthers GM Dale Tallon said on Friday after the last day of the weeklongdevelopment camp that he expects to sign goaltender Jacob Markstrom "shortly,'' while indicating there's no interest in re-signing free agent goalie Jose Theodore.
"We have Markstrom; we're going to get signed here shortly,'' he said when asked about Theodore. "We got Clem and Houser. You could never have enough good goaltending. That's going to work itself out. We'll see what happens.''


text:
Last week Miriam Kresh from Israeli Kitchen introduced me to the most fantastic antique store in Jaffa.
If you ever want to go on an African Safari, here is where you can buy your luggage for that colonial era look.
If you want to open new doors in your life, here is where you can buy the keys to any lock.
Every surface of the store is layered in inanimate objects with their rich histories covered in the dust of time. The room is dark except for the jeweled eyes of the merchant, who, when probed has his own stories to tell.
This is a store with endless possibilities and indeed, sitting in the corner of an ancient table sat a wooden ma'amoul mold, an item which I have not seen sold anywhere else, even after searching for two years.
Intricate designs are carved into the mold, called taabeh or tabe' which is impressed on to the tops of the pastries to create beautiful pieces of edible art. These Middle Eastern cookies are usually stuffed with dates, walnuts or pistachios and are equally popular with Muslims, Christians and Jews, especially during special holidays. For Jews it is often eaten during the festival of Purim, for Muslims during Ramadan evenings and Christians are fond of them during Easter.
The recipe I used is from Claudia Roden's The Book of Jewish Food which uses only white flour although semolina flour is often used as well, both by the Jews and Muslim. Until I am given permission to copy hers, here is a similar recipe. The ma'amouls, or menena as they are known amoung Jews are not supposed to brown and are taken out of the oven while still light. My husband told me they tasted exactly like he remembered his Egyptian grandmother used to make which is not surprising as she shares the same culinary heritage with Claudia Roden.
After buying the mold I knew that I could finally give back a mold I swiped at a friend's house.


text:
It isn't a secret that both W and Barry have committed atrocities, war crimes, crimes against humanity and gross breaches of international law and treaties. And it isn't a secret that Barry has been using the power of the executive...
The business coalition includes associations representing retail merchants and grocers.
Trending on TwitterJustin Bieber's fans are surging with love for the singer, who just opened up the musical portion of South by Southwest with an intimate kickoff performance. #JustinBieberCrazySomething to...
Our view: Local leaders galvanized support for region
Alan Thicke, best known for playingGrowing Painspatriarch Jason Seaver, will star in a TVGN reality sitcom showcasing his real-life family, the network announcedWednesday.
Rough winter weather has resulted in the temporary closure of the dog park at Schneider Community Park at 1714 Schneider St. NE.
An explosion has leveled a New York City apartment building, killing one person and injuring 15 others.
Glenda Zink wasn't the only public employee running for elected office last November.
In a difficult economy, even people with valuable job skills, like Seattle contractors, can find themselves struggling for...
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text:
4967 Forest Park Ave.
St. Louis, MO 63108
Category: Religion and Spirituality
Region: St. Louis - Central West End
There's an art to successful Greek Festivalattendance, but developing your personal game plan comes with time and years of experience. For those who don't have an established strategy as yet, don't panic. The best advice we can share is to come hungry for lunch and stay all day. Just about every Greek dish imaginable is lovingly served up all weekend in and around St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church (4967 Forest Park Avenue; www.sngoc.org). Get ready to wait in line, but don't dread it -- it's typically just long enough to fully prepare for the deliciousness. Plus, there's much neighborly love, festive music, Greek dancing, church tours and more to round out your experience. The fest runs from 11 a.m. to 9 p.m. Saturday and Sunday, and from 11 a.m. to 8 p.m. Monday (September 1 through 3); admission is free, but food and drink aren't.
Sept. 1-3, 2012


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$306M approved to upgrade transportation in California
FRESNO, Calif. - The California Transportation Commission allocated $306 million to 44 projects that will help ease traffic congestion, improve safety, and support economic growth.
The allocations included $114 million from Proposition 1B, a transportation bond approved by voters in 2006. In total, $14.7 billion in Proposition 1B funds have been distributed statewide.
The remaining $192 million in allocations came from assorted transportation accounts funded by state and federal dollars.
An allocation of more than $1.4 million towards the construction phase of the Avenue 12 Interchange project on State Route 99 in Madera County, was among the projects that received funding.


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You are here: Home :: Forum Home :: Forums :: Community Discussion :: Thread
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But even fellas who're kinkier occasionally don;t like it any time a woman kick-starts the motion. "It seems that gents want you to become open to experimentation inside the bed room when they counsel it, nonetheless they don;t automatically want you to initiate the wilder moves," says Amy Levine, licensed sexuality educator and founder of sexedsolutions.com. "Proposing whatever that may look choreographed can give them the perception you;ve attempted performing that with a lot of other men."Lucky's "Beauty Strategies" Get Luxury with no consideration thomas sabo


text:
CONAKRY, Guinea (AP) -- Relatives say one protester was killed as the capital, Conakry, was rocked by two days of anti-government demonstrations in which more than 100 people were injured.
Alpha Amadou Bah said Thursday that his brother, Teela, 22, was stabbed to death in the protests against President Alpha Conde's preparations for legislative elections in May.
State television reported that 130 people were injured in the demonstrations, including more than more than 60 security officials. Officials say security forces fired tear gas at protesters after opposition marchers started throwing stones in Guinea's capital.
Guinea's opposition said that it has withdrawn from the upcoming legislative election set for May 12 because it is unhappy with election preparations.
Conde was elected in 2010, but the vote for the legislature has been delayed.
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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text:
I Am, a prismatic and probing exploration of our world, what's wrong with it, and what we can do to make it better, represents writer/director Tom Shadyac's first foray into non-fiction following a career as one of Hollywood's leading comedy practitioners (Ace Ventura, Liar Liar, Bruce Almighty). I Am recounts what happened to the filmmaker after a cycling accident left him incapacitated. Though he ultimately recovered, he emerged a changed man. Disillusioned with life on the A-list, he sold his house, moved to a mobile home community, and decided to start life anew. Shadyac embarks upon a journey to discover how he as an individual, and we as a race, can improve the way we live. Appearing on-screen as character, commentator, guide, and even, at times, guinea pig, Shadyac meets with a variety of thinkers and doers—remarkable men and women from the worlds of science, philosophy and faith—including David Suzuki, Noam Chomsky, Howard Zinn, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Lynne McTaggart, Ray Anderson, John Francis, Coleman Barks and Marc Ian Barasch. An irrepressible Everyman who asks many questions but offers no easy answers, he takes the audience to places it has never been before, and presents even familiar phenomena in completely new and different ways. Official Web Site
Tom Shadyac
1hr 20mins


text:
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November 28, 2014
Posted: Friday, February 14th, 2014 --- 6:48 a.m.
A police pursuit in Janesville ended in an arrest. Officer Karl Mikkelsen was investigating a theft complaint in the area of the 400 block of S. Ringold St. when he noticed a red Pontiac Sunfire traveling at a high rate of speed.
Officer Mikkelsen attempted to stop the vehicle and the driver, Alex Schenck, refused to pull over. Schenck drove through the neighborhood south of E. Racine St.
During the pursuit Schenck turned off his headlights, drove through stop signs, and speeds were in excess of 60 mph. Officer Mikkelsen ended the pursuit after three minutes and 1.7 miles, for safety reasons. A few seconds later, Schenck's driving forced another Janesville squad in the area to take evasive action to avoid a collision and the squad ran off of the road.
Officers followed Schenck at normal speeds and lost him in the area of Racine St. and Palmer Dr. The vehicle was found unoccupied in the rear parking lot of Charlie's Place Bar in the 2200 block of E. Racine St.
A perimeter was established and officers and a JPD canine tracked a single set of footprints. Officer Justin Popovich was in the 1700 block of E. Racine St. and saw Schenck emerge from a wood line where he was taken into custody. No one was injured and there was no damage as a result of the pursuit.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or firstname.lastname@example.com.


text: The pilot reported that the airplane's airspeed was about 20 mph slower than normal when he turned on final approach. After clearing obstructions at the end of the runway the pilot started to flare for a landing when the airplane suddenly dropped and impacted the runway surface. The hard landing partially collapsed the left main landing gear and resulted in substantial damage to the fuselage. The pilot reported that there were no mechanical malfunctions or failures associated with the airplane prior to the accident and noted that the accident could have been prevented if he had maintained a safe airspeed.


text:
Vanderbilt has named David Williams as athletic director and will hire people to take over some of Williams' other jobs so he can focus on sports.
Chancellor Nick Zeppos announced the new title Thursday at a news conference.
Vanderbilt, the Southeastern Conference's only private university, restructured athletics in 2003 under former chancellor Gordon Gee and merged the athletics department with the rest of the school.
Williams has overseen athletics since shortly after the department was merged, but he also has worked as Vanderbilt's general counsel and university secretary while also holding the title of vice chancellor for university affairs and athletics.
Vanderbilt will fill the jobs of general counsel and university secretary. Williams will remain a faculty member at Vanderbilt's law school.


text:
Bai, Li and Wang, Yan and Fairhurst, Michael (2007) Road Detection and Tracking using Multiple Condensation Trackers. In: 2nd International Symposium on Intelligent Computation and Applications, ISICA, 2007, Wuhan, China. (The full text of this publication is not available from this repository)
|The full text of this publication is not available from this repository. (Contact us about this Publication)
|Item Type:
|Conference or workshop item (Paper)
|T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering > TK7800 Electronics (see also: telecommunications)
|Faculties > Science Technology and Medical Studies > School of Engineering and Digital Arts > Image and Information Engineering
|Depositing User:
|Yiqing Liang
|Date Deposited:
|14 Aug 2008 15:20
|Last Modified:
|15 Apr 2014 14:24
|Resource URI:
|http://kar.kent.ac.uk/id/eprint/6353 (The current URI for this page, for reference purposes)
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text:
125 search results for Rob Corddry
Rob Corddry and Ellie Kemper Discuss Rob's Real Sex Tape
Type: Article | Date: Wednesday, Jul 16, 2014The costars of "Sex Tape" discuss their most cringe-worthy onscreen moments and Rob's real-life sex tape. He still likes it.
Dumb Questions with Rob Corddry
Type: Video | Date: Thursday, Aug 22, 2013Rob Corddry sits down to answer dumb questions with Liana Maeby.
Rob Corddry and Ellie Kemper on 'Sex Tape' and their own lewd videos
Type: Video | Date: Monday, Jul 14, 2014Rob Corddry and Ellie Kemper discuss their roles in 'Sex Tape' and reflect on some of their own unflattering and risque videos floating around.
5 dumb questions for Rob Corddry
Type: Article | Date: Friday, Aug 23, 2013On demonic infants and sea creatures
Hot Tub Time Machine 2
Type: Event | Date: Friday, Feb 20, 2015The cast returns for the sequel to the 2010's time-traveling comedy.
Rob Corddry and Dwayne Johnson are set to become HBO 'Ballers'
Type: Post | Date: Friday, Dec 13, 2013Rob Corddry and Dwayne Johnson are set to become HBO "Ballers" Baz Luhrman & Shawn Ryan are shopping a show about the dawn of the hip-hop era
Red Band Trailer: 'Hot Tub Time Machine 2' is Warped as Hell
Type: Article | Date: Thursday, Jul 24, 2014A NSFW glimpse of the new hot-tub joint from Corddry and company.
Best and Worst of 'Sex Tape'
Type: Gallery | Date: Saturday, Jul 19, 2014Diaz and Segel are both attractive people and the latter worked his butt off ...
Review: Jason Segel and Cameron Diaz go soft in the not-so-wild farce 'Sex Tape'
Type: Post | Date: Tuesday, Jul 15, 2014When is 'really, really dirty' not enough?
'Sex Tape' stars Cameron Diaz and Jason Segel are not embarrassed by their naked bodies
Type: Video | Date: Friday, Jul 11, 2014HitFix sat down with Cameron Diaz and Jason Segel to chat about their upcoming film 'Sex Tape'.


text:
Your Account
Sean C. Sullivan is a software engineer in Portland Oregon. His recent
work includes B2B web applications, various open source projects, and the
development of an Internet e-commerce payment system at Intel. Sean has
been developing Internet applications with Java since 1996.
Sean has worked on operating system and CAD software projects at IBM and
Image Systems Technology. Sean holds a B.S. in Computer Science from Rensselaer. He is the author of Programming with the Java Media Framework from John
Wiley and Sons.
To contact Sean, see his website.
Reporting Application Errors by Email
Publish Date: Sep. 29, 2004
Even if your application logs an error to a local file, the developer doesn't know there's a problem until a user notices it and sends the log file back. It can be more useful for apps to email their own error messages back. And as Sean C. Sullivan explains, it's not hard to do with either log4j or java.util.logging.
Dynamically Creating PDFs in a Web Application
Publish Date: Jun. 18, 2003
HTML isn't the be-all, end-all of web applications. Sometimes you need something a little more precise. Sean C. Sullivan recently found himself generating PDFs from his web application with iText. While iText is well-documented, actually sending PDFs to the browser is trickier. Here's how he did it.
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E.P. Carillo Churchill Espicial 7.125x49
Ernesto Perez-Carillo, the Godfather of the "Boutique Cigar," has hit another home run with his E.P. Carillo "Core Line." A cigar produced with old world traditions and the vision of putting flavor first before anything else. Medium in body, the blend is constructed with some of the finest tobaccos available from the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, and Ecuador. The combination creates a cigar with a creamy core accompanied with hints of spice that develop to show leather and a black cherry sweetness on the finish.
Limited Please Call - Check All Stores »
Each $138.95
Box of 20
Each $138.95
Box of 20
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