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Matthew Crafton received a Superstring Award!.
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There are more than five-million kids living with disabilities in the United States.
Many times, their unique physical challenges keep them from competing with their peers in the classroom.
But what if kids could master a wheelchair before they even learn to read?
Little Owen Chaidez can't walk on his own. But that doesn't mean he can't get around.
Owen was born with arthrogryposis, a congenital disorder that limits movement of his joints and the function of his muscles.
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She enrolled him in a study at Shriners Hospitals that is testing if toddlers as young as one can control powered wheelchairs.
"Normally-developing children start walking around a year of age, and if you look at a child with a disability or a spinal cord injury who may not have that ability, they're kind of behind from the get-go," says physical therapist Timothy Caruso.
Therapists teach kids the basics. Then they're scored on a series of driving tests.
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He is a little boy who won't let anything get in the way of his independence.
If the study proves toddlers can safely operate powered wheelchairs, insurance companies are more likely to cover the cost for young children.
The Chicago Shriners Hospital study includes children between the ages of 12 and 30 months.
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Power wheelchairs feature electronic controllers, so a child can drive smoothly and brake easily. Some can be powered by puffing on a special straw or simply touching the controller.
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Arthrogryposis describes a number of rare conditions that cause stiff joints and abnormal muscle development. Typically, patients with the non-progressive condition have shoulders that are internally rotated and adducted, elbows that are stiff in extension or flexion and wrists and fingers that are flexed. In some cases, the condition affects nearly every joint in the body, including the jaw and back.
According to the Children's Hospital Boston, the exact number of children the condition affects is unknown, but previous studies have estimated it to be one to three out of every 10,000 live births. For most types of arthrogryposis, physical and occupational therapy can help improve muscle strength, function and flexibility at the joints. Some cases require casting, splinting and surgery.
Since every case of arthrogryposis is different, the outlook varies widely.
For other medical research, visit Ivanhoe Broadcast News on the internet at www.ivanhoe.com.


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text: I dont know what our time was for entering phase 2, but we entered phase 3 with a little over 3 minutes. Like 3:15 or something close to that and we lost a person or two in the beginning of phase 3 and ended up downing him being 30 seconds into the enrage timer. You should be fine if you keep your people alive.


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FREDERICK, Md. - Frederick City Police say they have charged a Gaithersburg man after a traffic stop led to their discovery of marijuana and untaxed cigarettes.
The Frederick News-Post ( http://bit.ly/GPNuIa) reports that officers also found that 28-year-old Abdul Osman was driving on a suspended license when they stopped him for a broken tail light Wednesday in the 1000 block of West Patrick Street.
They say their investigation uncovered a small amount of marijuana and 50 cartons of cigarettes with Virginia tax stamps.
Maryland residents may not bring more than two packs of untaxed cigarettes into the state. Nonresidents are limited to one carton.
Osman was being held at the Frederick County jail in lieu of $12,500 bail. He is charged with driving while suspended; possession of marijuana and paraphernalia; and transporting untaxed cigarettes.
Information from: The Frederick (Md.) News-Post, http://www.fredericknewspost.com
(Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)


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text:
Forza Italia
|Forza Italia
|Silvio Berlusconi
|Vice President
|Giulio Tremonti (2004-2008)
Roberto Formigoni (2008-2009)
|Denis Verdini (2009)
|Daniele Capezzone (2009)
|18 January 1994
|27 March 2009
|Merged into
|The People of Freedom
|Via dell'Umiltà 36, Rome
|401,014[1] (2007)
|Liberal conservatism[2]
Christian democracy[2][3]
|Political position
|National affiliation
|Pole of Freedoms/Pole of Good Government (1994),
Pole for Freedoms (1996-2001),
House of Freedoms (2001-2008)
|International affiliation
|European affiliation
|European People's Party (1999-2009)
|European Parliament group
|Forza Europa (1994–1995), Union for Europe (1995–1998), EPP–ED (1998–2009)
|Politics of Italy
Political parties
Forza Italia[nb 1] (pronounced [ˈfɔrtsa iˈtaːlja]; FI), officially Forza Italia Political Movement (Movimento Politico Forza Italia), was a liberal-conservative,[8][9][10][11] Christian-democratic,[3][7][12] and liberal[7][12][13][14] political party in Italy, with a large social-democratic minority.[3] Its leader was Silvio Berlusconi, four times Prime Minister of Italy.
The party was founded in December 1993 and won its first general election soon afterwards in March 1994. It was the main member of the Pole of Freedoms/Pole of Good Government, Pole for Freedoms and House of Freedoms coalitions, and is considered (by both insiders and outsiders) to have been very different from the other Italian political parties.
In November 2008 the National Council of the party, presided by Alfredo Biondi, officially ruled on the dissolution of Forza Italia into The People of Freedom (PdL),[15] Berlusconi's new political vehicle, whose official foundation took place in March 2009.
- 1 History
- 2 Ideology
- 3 Members
- 4 Factions
- 5 Internal structure
- 6 Distinctive traits
- 7 European affiliation
- 8 Popular support
- 9 Electoral results
- 10 Leadership
- 11 Bibliography
- 12 Notes
- 13 References
- 14 External links
Foundation (1993–1994)[edit]
Forza Italia was formed in 1993 by Silvio Berlusconi, a successful businessman and owner of four of the main private television stations in Italy, along with Antonio Martino, Mario Valducci, Antonio Tajani, Marcello Dell'Utri, Cesare Previti and Giuliano Urbani.
Italy was shaken by a series of corruption scandals known as Tangentopoli and the subsequent police investigation, called Mani pulite. This led to the disappearance of the five parties which governed Italy from 1947: DC, PSI, PSDI, PLI and PRI (they formed a successful five-party coalition called Pentapartito from 1983 to 1991, and then governed without PRI from 1991 to 1994) and to the end of the so-called First Republic.
Forza Italia's aim was to attract moderate voters who were "disoriented, political orphans and who risked being unrepresented" (as Berlusconi described them), especially if the Democratic Party of the Left (the direct heirs of the Italian Communist Party) had been able to win the next election and enter in government for the first time since 1947.
A short stint in power (1994–1995)[edit]
A few months after its creation, Forza Italia came to national power after the 1994 general election as the head of a political coalition called Pole of Freedoms/Pole of Good Government, composed of Lega Nord, National Alliance, Christian Democratic Centre and Union of the Centre.
Silvio Berlusconi was sworn in May 1994 as Prime Minister of Italy in a government in which the most important cabinet posts were held by fellow Forza Italia members: Antonio Martino was Foreign Minister, Cesare Previti Defence Minister, Alfredo Biondi Justice Minister and Giulio Tremonti (at the time an independent member of Parliament) Finance Minister.
In the 1994 European Parliament election held in June, Forza Italia was placed first nationally, with 30.6% of the vote, electing 27 MEPs. The party did not join an existing group in the European Parliament, instead forming the new group Forza Europa, composed entirely of Forza Italia MEPs.[16]
The first Berlusconi-led government had a short life and fell in December, when Lega Nord left the coalition, after disagreements over pension reform and the first avviso di garanzia (preliminary notice of an investigation) for Berlusconi, passed by Milan prosecutors. Forza Italia's leader was replaced as Prime Minister by Lamberto Dini, an independent politician who had been the administration's Treasury Minister. No members of Forza Italia joined the new government and the party leader was relegated to opposition.
Five years of opposition (1996–2001)[edit]
In 1996 the FI-led Pole for Freedoms lost the general election and began what Berlusconi called "the crossing of the desert", something that could have been proven fatal for a young and unstructured party such as Forza Italia. Between 1996 and 1998, the party started to strengthen its organisation, under Claudio Scajola, a former Christian Democrat who was national coordinator of the party from 1996 to 2001.
In December 1999 Forza Italia gained full membership of the European People's Party,[17] of which Antonio Tajani, FI party leader in the European Parliament, was Vice President. In the same year, it scored very well (25.2%) in the 1999 European Parliament election.
In the 2000 regional elections, the Pole for Freedoms, with the support of Lega Nord, won in 8 regions (the most populous ones, except Campania) out of 15 and Forza Italia's members were elected President of Region in Piedmont (Enzo Ghigo, confirmed), Lombardy (Roberto Formigoni, confirmed), Veneto (Giancarlo Galan, confirmed), Liguria (Sandro Biasotti, newly elected), Puglia (Raffaele Fitto, newly elected) and Calabria (Giuseppe Chiaravalloti, newly elected).
The party regained power in the 2001 general election (29.4% along with Giorgio La Malfa's tiny Italian Republican Party), in a new coalition called House of Freedoms (CdL) and composed mainly of the National Alliance, Lega Nord, Christian Democratic Centre and United Christian Democrats (the last two parties merged in 2002 to form the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats, UDC).
Five years in government (2001–2006)[edit]
In June 2001, after the huge success in May elections, Sivio Berlusconi was returned head of the Italian government, the longest-serving cabinet in the history of the Italian republic. Again all key ministerial posts were given to Forza Italia members: Interior (Claudio Scajola 2001–2002, Giuseppe Pisanu 2002–2006), Defence (Antonio Martino 2001–2006), Dinance (Giulio Tremonti, 2001–2004 and 2005–2006), Industry (Antonio Marzano 2001–2005, Claudio Scajola 2005–2006) and Foreign Affairs (Franco Frattini, 2002–2004). Additionally, National Alliance leader Gianfranco Fini was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister from 2004 to 2006, while Roberto Castelli, senior figure of Lega Nord was Justice Minister from 2001 to 2006.
In 2004 European elections, Forza Italia was second place nationally, receiving 20.1% of the vote and returning 16 MEPs.
In national office, the government's popularity kept declining steadily year after year. Regional elections in April 2005 were a serious blow for the party, which however remained strong in the northern regions, such as Lombardy and Veneto, and somewhere in the South, where Sicily was a stronghold. After this disappointing electoral performance the cabinet was reshuffled, due to the insistence of the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats's leaders, and Berlusconi formed his third cabinet.
During his five years in office, Berlusconi government passed a series of reforms: a pension system reform, a labour market reform, a judiciary reform and a constitutional reform – the latter rejected by a referendum in June 2006. In foreign policy he shifted the country's position to more closeness to the United States, while in economic policy he was not able to deliver the tax cuts he had openly promised throughout all 2001 electoral campaign.
Toward The People of Freedom (2006–2009)[edit]
In the 2006 general election the party was present with a slightly different logo, with the words "Berlusconi President" (Berlusconi Presidente). It was the only party to use the word "President" in its logo. In the election for the Chamber of Deputies, FI scored 23.7% and 137 seats, in those for the Senate 24.0%, without counting Trentino-Alto Adige, whose seats were contested on first-past-the-post basis and which is a left-wing stronghold, due to its alliance with the autonomist South Tyrolean People's Party). The incumbent Berlusconi-led government narrowly lost to The Union coalition, which returned Romano Prodi as Prime Minister, relegating Forza Italia and its House of Freedoms allies to opposition.
On 31 July 2007 Berlusconi's protegee and possible successor Michela Vittoria Brambilla registered the name and the logo of the "Freedom Party" (Partito della Libertà) apparently with Berlusconi's backing. On 18 November, after Forza Italia claimed to have collected the signatures of more than 7 million Italians (including Umberto Bossi) against Romano Prodi's second government in order to ask the President of the Republic Giorgio Napolitano to call a fresh election,[18] Berlusconi announced that Forza Italia would have soon merged or transformed into The People of Freedom (PdL) party.[19]
After the sudden fall of the Prodi II Cabinet on 24 January 2008, the break-up of The Union coalition and the subsequent political crisis paving the way towards a new general election, Berlusconi hinted on 25 January that Forza Italia would have probably contested its final election and the new party would have be officially founded after that election. In an atmosphere of reconciliation with Gianfranco Fini, Berlusconi also stated that the new party could have seen the participation of other parties.[20] Finally, on 8 February, Berlusconi and Fini agreed to form a joint list under the banner of the "The People of Freedom", allied with Lega Nord.[21] In the 2008 general election the PdL won 37.4% and a majority in both chambers, thanks to the alliance with Lega Nord (8.3%). Soon after the election Berlusconi formed his fourth government.
On 21 November 2008 the National Council of the party, presided over by Alfredo Biondi and attended by Berlusconi himself, officially decided the dissolution of Forza Italia into The People of Freedom (PdL), whose official foundation took place on 27 March 2009.
Revival (2013)[edit]
In June 2013 Berlusconi announced the upcoming revival of Forza Italia, and the transformation of the People of Freedom into a centre-right coalition.[22] The modern-day Forza Italia was launched on 18 September 2013[23] and the PdL was dissolved into the new party on 16 November 2013.[24]
Forza Italia was a centre-right party, formed mainly by ex-Christian Democrats, ex-Liberals and ex-Socialists. The ideology of the party ranged from libertarianism to social democracy (often referred to as "liberal socialism" in Italy), including elements of the Catholic social teaching and the social market economy.[25] The party was a member of the European People's Party (EPP) and presented itself as the party of renewal and modernization. The core values of Forza Italia were "freedom" and the "centrality of the individual".[3] From a comparative perspective the ideology of Forza Italia has been characterized as both "liberal conservative",[2][8][9][26][27][28] "national conservative"[29] and "liberal".[13]
Alessandro Campi wrote that "the political culture of Forza Italia – a curious and, on many respects, untold mixture of "liberalism" and "democratic populism" – deserves to be described as an "anti-ideologic ideology", [...] as a synthesis or fusion of very diverse political families and traditions (from liberal catholicism to social conservatism, from reformist socialism to economic liberalism), kept together by the mobilizing appeal to "freedom"".[3] Chiara Moroni, who explains Forza Italia's ideology as a mixture of liberal, Christian-democratic and social-democratic values (united in the concept of "popular liberalism" in party documents), wrote that "Berlusconi offered to voters liberal values through a populist style" and that "Forza Italia has made the liberal political ideal popular" among voters, so that "it was spread and shared by broad and heterogenous sectors of the Italian population".[3]
In fact the electoral base of Forza Italia was highly heterogeneous and the ideological differences among its voters are explained also by its different regional constituencies: while voters from the North tended to support the original libertarian line of the party, voters from the South tended to be more statist.[30] Both its Northern strongholds (Lombardy, Veneto) and its Southern strongholds (Sicily, Apulia) were once dominated by the Christian Democracy party, but, while in the South most leading members of Forza Italia are former Christian Democrats, the party was highly influenced also by liberals in the North.[31]
Forza Italia claimed to be a fresh new party, with no ties with the last governments of the so-called First Republic, and at the same time to be the heir of the best political traditions of Italy: Christian Democrat Alcide De Gasperi, Social Democrat Giuseppe Saragat, Liberal Luigi Einaudi and Republican Ugo La Malfa were considered as party icons.[25]
The "Secular Creed", that was also the preamble to the party's constitution, described the party in this way:
Forza Italia is a liberal party although not an elitist one, indeed a popular liberal-democratic party; it is a Catholic party although not a confessional one; it is a secular party, although not an intolerant and secularist one; it is a national party, although not a centralist one.[32][33]
Forza Italia thus presented itself as a bridge between Catholics and non-Catholics, who have been previously divided in the political system of the First Republic, and "the union of three political-cultural areas: that of liberal and popular Catholicism, that of secular, liberal and republican humanism and that of liberal socialism".[25] In a speech during a party congress in 1998, Berlusconi himself proclaimed: "our liberal vision of the State is perfectly in agreement with the Catholic social teaching".[34]
The "Secular Creed" of the party explains that FI was a party that primarily underlined freedom and the centrality of the individual, which are basic principles of both liberalism[35] and the Catholic social teaching,[36] often connected in party official documents:
We believe in freedom, in all its several and vital forms: in the freedom of thought, in the freedom of expression, in religious freedom, of every religion, in the freedom of association. [...] Freedom is not graciously conceded by the State, because it comes before it. It is a natural right, which belongs to us as we are human beings and it itself rather lays the foundations of the State. [...] We believe that the State should be at the service of citizens, and not citizens at the service of the State. We believe that the State should be the servant of the citizen and not the citizen the servant of the State. The citizen is sovereign. For this, we believe concretely in the individual [...]. We believe in the values of our Christian tradition, in the life values which cannot be renounced, in common good, in freedom of education and learning, in peace, in solidarity, in justice, in tolerance [...].[37]
In 2008 Berlusconi stated that:
We want a social market economy. A democracy cannot afford citizens in poor conditions. With our book on welfare we tackle the needs of the weakest families. It is decidedly a left-wing policy. This government which centrist, liberal, with Catholics and reformists, intends to advance with policies that the left-wing promises by word of mouth.[38]
Sandro Bondi, a leading member of the party, wrote:
Forza Italia considers liberal classics as Croce, Sturzo, Hayek and Einaudi as reference authors. In particular, it hark back to the social market economy of Röpke, which was conceived in reference to the traditional social teaching of the Church. Forza Italia has imparted a deep cultural innovation, combining the language of the Church tradition with the liberal and reformist thought.[3]
The party included also non-Catholic members, but they were a minority, and it was less secular in its policies than Christian Democratic Union of Germany.[39] (in which there are also prominent Jews[40]). The party usually gave to its members freedom of conscience on moral issues (and hence a free vote), as in the case of the referendum on stem-cell research,[41] but leading members of the party, including Silvio Berlusconi,[42] Giulio Tremonti and Marcello Pera[43] (who is himself non-Catholic, although friend of Pope Benedict XVI), spoke in favour of "abstention" (as asked by the Catholic Church,[44] in order to not surpass the 50% of turnout needed for making the referendum legally binding). While Pera campaigned hard for the success of the boycott alongside with most FI members, both Berlusconi and Tremonti explicitly said that "abstention" was their personal opinion, not the official one of the party.
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (November 2014)
Most members of the party were former Christian Democrats (DC): Giuseppe Pisanu (former member of the leftist faction of DC and Minister of Interior), Roberto Formigoni (President of Lombardy), Claudio Scajola (former Minister of the Interior and of Industry), Enrico La Loggia, Renato Schifani, Guido Crosetto, Raffaele Fitto, Giuseppe Gargani, Alfredo Antoniozzi, Giorgio Carollo, Giuseppe Castiglione, Francesco Giro, Luigi Grillo, Maurizio Lupi, Mario Mantovani, Mario Mauro, Osvaldo Napoli, Antonio Palmieri, Angelo Sanza, Riccardo Ventre and Marcello Vernola are only some remarkable examples.
Several members were former Socialists (PSI), as Giulio Tremonti (Vice President of the party and former Minister of Economy), Franco Frattini (Vice President of the European Commission), Fabrizio Cicchitto (national deputy-coordinator of the party), Renato Brunetta, Francesco Musotto, Amalia Sartori, Paolo Guzzanti and Margherita Boniver. Berlusconi himself was a close friend of Bettino Craxi, leader of the PSI, in spite of his own Christian Democratic and Liberal background (Berlusconi was a DC activist in occasion of the 1948 general election).
Many were former Liberals (PLI), Republicans (PRI) and Social Democrats (PSDI): Alfredo Biondi (President of Forza Italia's National Council) and Raffaele Costa, both former PLI leaders, and former PSDI leader Carlo Vizzini were later MPs for Forza Italia. Also Antonio Martino and Giancarlo Galan were formers Liberals, Jas Gawronski was a leading Republican, while Marcello Pera has a Socialist and Radical background.
Even some former Communists were leading members of the party, such as national party coordinator Sandro Bondi and Fernando Adornato.
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (November 2014)
Members of Forza Italia were divided in factions, which were sometimes mutable and formed over the most important political issues, despite previous party allegiances. However it is possible to distinguish some patterns. The party was divided basically over ethical (between social conservatives and progressives), economic (between social democrats and some Christian democrats on one side and liberals on the other one) and institutional issues.
Regarding the latter issue, generally speaking, northern party members were staunch proposers of political and fiscal federalism, and autonomy for the Regions (in some parts of Veneto and Lombardy, it was sometimes difficult to distinguish a member of FI from a leghista), while those coming from the South were more cold on the issue. Also some former Liberals, due to their role of unifiers of Italy in the 19th century, were more centralist.
A scheme of the internal factions within Forza Italia could be this:
- Liberals. Supporters of free markets, deregulation, economic freedoms, civil rights and, in general, personal responsibility and freedom. This group was basically formed by two wings: classical liberals (former members of the Italian Liberal Party, most of them organised in Popular Liberalism, as Alfredo Biondi, Raffaele Costa, Egidio Sterpa and Enrico Nan); former Socialists, as Renato Brunetta and Paolo Guzzanti; others like Stefania Prestigiacomo and Simone Baldelli) and liberatarians, as Antonio Martino (ex-PLI), Dario Rivolta, Benedetto Della Vedova (ex-Radical) and his Liberal Reformers. The latter were more staunchly pro-United States than the former and supported the idea of transforming Italy into a federal State.
- Liberal-centrists. They were more moderate than Martino and Della Vedova on economic issues, and more socially conservative on ethical issues, although not being totally sided with the Catholic Church. To this broad group belonged people of various origin: former Socialists (as Giulio Tremonti, Franco Frattini, Giampiero Cantoni, Amalia Sartori and Jole Santelli), former Republicans (as Luigi Casero, Denis Verdini and Donato Bruno), former Liberals (as Giancarlo Galan, Giuseppe Vegas and Paolo Romani), some former liberal Christian Democrats (Giuseppe Cossiga and Basilio Germanà) and many others (as Giorgio Jannone, Antonio Leone, Gianfranco Micciché and Aldo Brancher). They were strong in Northern Italy and strong supporters of political and fiscal federalism.
- Christian democrats. They believed in the social market economy model and were supporters of Catholic stances over ethical issues. Most former members of Christian Democracy were identifiable with this tendency (from Roberto Formigoni to Giuseppe Pisanu, from Claudio Scajola to Enrico La Loggia, from Guido Crosetto to Angelo Sanza, from Maurizio Lupi to Giuseppe Gargani, from Antonio Palmieri to Mario Mantovani), but also ex-Communists, such as Sandro Bondi and Fernando Adornato, and an ex-Socialist as Gianni Baget Bozzo, a Catholic priest who was in charge of cultural formation,[3] fitted the category, along with former Liberals, as Isabella Bertolini. Some were more socially conservative than others (for example Formigoni and theoconservatives like Marcello Pera) and many of them were close to Giulio Tremonti, indeed this group and that described before were very close on most political issues, so that the two factions were often undistinguishable. They are probably the most europeanist wing of the party, along with former Socialists, but many of them were also the most atlanticists within it, as Adornato and Pera. In 2007 Adornato, Pisanu and Formigoni launched a faction named Liberal-Popular Union, but, the faction soon was disbanded as Adornato left Forza Italia to join UDC. Formigoni had also his own group, Network Italy, mainly composed of Catholics active in Communion and Liberation, to which group both Crosetto and Fitto showed closeness.
- Social democrats. The most progressive wing of the party, especially about ethical issues. They were basically former Socialists, as Fabrizio Cicchitto, Francesco Colucci, Maurizio Sacconi, Margherita Boniver, Giorgio Stracquadanio, Chiara Moroni and Stefania Craxi, or former Social Democrats, as Carlo Vizzini, Nicola Cosentino and Paolo Russo. They considered themselves the true heirs of Pietro Nenni, Giuseppe Saragat and Bettino Craxi, continued to declare themselves 'Socialists' and were sided with Silvio Berlusconi's centre-right because they saw the Italian centre-left as too hegemonised by the Democrats of the Left, heir of the Italian Communist Party, which was the harshest rival of the Italian Socialists from the Fifties to the Nineties. Forza Italia's social democrats were organised into four sub-factions: We Blue Reformers, Free Foundation, Young Italy and the Circles of Reformist Initiative.
Christian democrats and liberal-centrists were undoubtedly the strongest factions within the party, but all four were mainstream for a special issue: for example liberals and liberal-centrists were highly influential over economic policy, Christian democrats led the party over ethical issues (although there was a substantial minority promoting a more progressive outlook), while social democrats had their say in defining the party's policy over labour market reform and, moreover, it is thanks to this group (and to those around Tremonti, he himself a former Socialist) that constitutional reform was at the top of Forza Italia's political agenda. It is difficult to say to what faction Berlusconi was closer, what is sure is that his political record was a synthesis of all the political tendencies within the party.
Internal structure[edit]
|This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2014)
Before being merged into the PdL, Forza Italia had a President (currently Silvio Berlusconi), two Vice-Presidents (Giulio Tremonti and Roberto Formigoni), a Presidential Committee (presided by Claudio Scajola) and a National Council (presided by Alfredo Biondi).
As the President is the leader of the party, a national coordinator was in charge of internal organisation and day-to-day political activity, similarly to the secretary-general in many European parties. Moreover the party had thematic departments and regional, provincial or metropolitan coordination boards plus many affiliate clubs (Club Azzurro) all over Italy.
It has been claimed that Forza Italia had no internal democracy because there was no way of changing the leader of the party from below (although the party's constitution makes it possible). Key posts in the party structure were appointed by Berlusconi or by his delegates. Forza Italia's organisation was based on the idea of a "party of the elected people", giving more importance to the whole electorate than to party's members.
Party national-level conventions did not have normally elections to choose the party leadership (although the National Congress elected some members of the National Council), and they seemed to be more like events arranged for propaganda purposes. However, Berlusconi was highly popular among his party fellows, and it was unlikely he could have been overthrown if such an election had occurred.
Within the party there was a long debate over organisation. The original idea was the so-called "light party" (partito leggero), intended to be different from Italian traditional, bureaucratic and self-referential, party machines. This was the line of the early founders of the party, notably Marcello Dell'Utri and Antonio Martino. However Claudio Scajola and most former Christian Democrats supported a more capillary-based organisation, in order to make participate as much people as possible, and a more collegial, participative and democratic decision-making process.
In a 1999 study, political scientists Jonathan Hopkin and Caterina Paolucci likened the organisational model of the party to that of a business firm, describing it as having "a lightweight organisation with the sole basic function of mobilising short-term support at election time".[45] Several other authors have adopted this comparison,[46][47][48][49] and have labeled Berlusconi as a "political entrepreneur".[50][51][52]
Distinctive traits[edit]
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (November 2014)
From its birth Forza Italia used unconventional means for European politics (in fact resembling more the American model), such as stickering, SMS messaging and mass mailing of propaganda material, including the biography of its leader Berlusconi, "An Italian story" (Una storia italiana).
The party was heavily dependent on Berlusconi's image. The party's anthem was sung in karaoke fashion at American-style conventions. There was nominally no internal opposition (although some critical voices raised up, such as those of Senators Paolo Guzzanti and Raffaele Iannuzzi). The party used TV advertising extensively, although this was slightly restricted following 2000 by a law passed by the centre-left majority of the time.
European affiliation[edit]
Following its first European election in 1994, Forza Italia MEPs formed their own political group in the European Parliament called Forza Europa.[16] In 1995, Forza Europa merged with the European Democratic Alliance to form the Union for Europe group alongside the Rally for the Republic of France and Fianna Fáil of Ireland.[53][54] Following an abandoned attempt to form a European political party with Rally for the Republic in 1997,[54] on 10 June 1998 Forza Italia was accepted into the Group of the European People's Party.[55] In December 1999 Forza Italia was finally granted full membership of the European People's Party (EPP).[17]
Popular support[edit]
The electoral results of Forza Italia in the 10 most populated regions of Italy are shown in the table below.
|1994 general
|1995 regional
|1996 general
|1999 European
|2000 regional
|2001 general
|2004 European
|2005 regional
|2006 general
|-[nb 2]
|26.8[nb 3]
|17.1 (1996)
|25.1 (2001)
|19.2 (2006)
Electoral results[edit]
Italian Parliament[edit]
|Chamber of Deputies
|Election year
|# of
overall votes
| % of
overall vote
|# of
overall seats won
|8,138,781 (#1)
113 / 630
|Silvio Berlusconi
|7,712,149 (#2)
122 / 630
|Silvio Berlusconi
|10,923,431 (#1)
178 / 630
|Silvio Berlusconi
|9,045,384 (#2)
140 / 630
|Silvio Berlusconi
|Senate of the Republic
|Election year
|# of
overall votes
| % of
overall vote
|# of
overall seats won
|8,138,781 (#1)
36 / 315
|Silvio Berlusconi
|7,712,149 (#2)
48 / 315
|Silvio Berlusconi
|10,923,431 (#1)
82 / 315
|Silvio Berlusconi
|9,045,384 (#2)
79 / 315
|Silvio Berlusconi
European Parliament[edit]
|European Parliament
|Election year
|# of
overall votes
| % of
overall vote
|# of
overall seats won
|10,809,139 (#1)
27 / 87
|Silvio Berlusconi
|7,913,948 (#1)
22 / 87
|Silvio Berlusconi
|6,806,245 (#2)
16 / 78
|Silvio Berlusconi
- President: Silvio Berlusconi (1994−2009)
- Vice President: Giulio Tremonti (2004−2009), Roberto Formigoni (2008−2009)
- Spokesperson: Antonio Tajani (1994−1996), Paolo Bonaiuti (1996−2001), Sandro Bondi (2001−2004), Elisabetta Gardini (2004−2008), Daniele Capezzone (2008−2009)
- President of the President's Committee: Claudio Scajola (2004−2009)
- Vice President of the President's Committee: Carlo Vizzini (2005−2009)
- President of the National Council: Alfredo Biondi (2004−2009)
- Coordinator: Domenico Mennitti (1994), Luigi Caligaris (1994), Cesare Previti (1994−1996), Claudio Scajola (1996−2001), Roberto Antonione (2001−2003), Claudio Scajola (2003), Sandro Bondi (2003−2008), Denis Verdini (2008−2009)
- Deputy-Coordinator: Giuliano Urbani / Mario Valducci (1995–1996), Fabrizio Cicchitto (2003–2009), Gianfranco Micciché (2004–2009), Renato Brunetta (2007–2009), Gian Carlo Abelli (2008–2009)
- Treasurer: Mario Valducci (1994−1995), Domenico Lo Jucco (1995−1997), Giovanni Dell'Elce (1997−2003), Rocco Crimi (2003−2009)
- Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies: Raffaele Della Valle (1994), Vittorio Dotti (1994−1996), Giuseppe Pisanu (1996−2001), Elio Vito (2001−2008), Fabrizio Cicchitto (leader of PdL's group, 2008–2009)
- Party Leader in the Senate: Enrico La Loggia (1994−2001), Renato Schifani (2001−2008), Gaetano Quagliariello (deputy leader of PdL's group, 2008–2009)
- Party Leader in the European Parliament: Giancarlo Ligabue (1994−1997), Claudio Azzolini (1997−1999), Antonio Tajani (1999−2009)
- Fella, Stefano; Ruzza, Carlo (2009). "Forza Italia". Re-inventing the Italian Right: Territorial politics, populism and 'post-fascism' (Routledge). pp. 104–140.
- Hopkin, Jonathan (2005). Forza Italia after Ten Years. Italian Politics: Quo Vadis? (Berghahn). pp. 83–99.
- McDonnell, Duncan (2013). "Silvio Berlusconi's Personal Parties: From Forza Italia to the Popolo Della Libertà". Political Studies 61 (S1): 217–233. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.01007.x.
- Paolucci, Caterina (August 2006). "The nature of Forza Italia and the Italian transition". Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 8 (2): 163–178. doi:10.1080/14613190600787260.
- Poli, Emanuela (2001). Forza Italia: Strutture, leadership e radicamento territoriale. Bologna: Il Mulino.
- Raniolo, Francesco (2006). "Forza Italia: A Leader with a Party". South European Society and Politics 11 (3–4): 439–455. doi:10.1080/13608740600856470.
- ^ The name is not usually translated into English: forza is the second-person singular imperative of forzare, "to press", and so means something like "Forward, Italy" or "Go Italy!" Forza Italia! was used as a sport slogan, and was also the slogan of Christian Democracy in the 1987 general election (see Giovanni Baccarin, Che fine ha fatto la DC?, Gregoriana, Padova 2000). See article body for details.
- ^ Forza Italia failed to present a list.
- ^ Combined result of Forza Italia (17.8%) and La Puglia prima di tutto (9.0%), personal list of FI regional leader Raffaele Fitto.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ a b c "parties and elections Resources and Information. This website is for sale!". Elections. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Chiara Moroni, Da Forza Italia al Popolo della Libertà, Carocci, Rome 2008
- ^ Woods, Dwayne (2014). The Many Faces of Populism in Italy: The Northern League and Berlusconism. The Many Faces of Populism: Current Perspectives (Emerald Group). pp. 28, 41–44.
- ^ Fella, Stefano; Ruzza, Carlo (2009). Re-inventing the Italian Right: Territorial politics, populism and 'post-fascism'. Routledge. pp. 136–140, 217–218.
- ^ von Beyme, Klaus (2011). Representative democracy and the populist temptation. The Future of Representative Democracy (Cambridge University Press). pp. 59, 64–65.
- ^ a b c Maurizio Cotta; Luca Verzichelli (12 May 2007). Political Institutions of Italy. Oxford University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-19-928470-2. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
- ^ a b "partis politiques italiens". Europe Politique. 17 February 2007. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
- ^ a b "Social Sciences - Full record details for Forza Italia". Intute. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
- ^ Svante Ersson; Jan-Erik Lane (28 December 1998). Politics and Society in Western Europe. SAGE. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-7619-5862-8. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- ^ Ruth Wodak; John E. Richardson (2013). Analysing Fascist Discourse: European Fascism in Talk and Text. Routledge. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-415-89919-2.
- ^ a b Carol Diane St Louis (2011). Negotiating Change: Approaches to and the Distributional Implications of Social Welfare and Economic Reform. Stanford University. p. 132. STANFORD:RW793BX2256. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- ^ a b Oreste Massari, I partiti politici nelle democrazie contempoiranee, Laterza, Rome-Bari 2004
- ^ Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko; Matti Mälkiä (2007). Encyclopedia of Digital Government. Idea Group Inc (IGI). p. 396. ISBN 978-1-59140-790-4.
- ^ "Forza Italia si scioglie, ora è Pdl Berlusconi: "Dal '94 nulla è cambiato"". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
- ^ a b Dusan Sidjanski (2000). The Federal Future of Europe: From the European Community to the European Union. University of Michigan Press. p. 320. ISBN 0-472-11075-6.
- ^ a b Thomas Jansen; Steven Van Hecke (28 June 2011). At Europe's Service: The Origins and Evolution of the European People's Party. Springer. p. 359–. ISBN 978-3-642-19413-9. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ "Oggi nasce il partito del popolo italiano". Corriere della Sera. 24 December 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
- ^ "Via l'Ici e stretta sulle intercettazioni". Corriere della Sera. 24 December 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
- ^ "Svolta di Berlusconi, arriva il Pdl: "Forza Italia-An sotto stesso simbolo"". La Stampa. 8 February 2008. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
- ^ "Berlusconi: Forza Italia back and I will be driving it'". Ilsole24ore. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
- ^ http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/507145/20130918/berlusconi-forza-italia-video-message-trial-senate.htm
- ^ http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/16/us-italy-berlusconi-idUSBRE9AE15M20131116
- ^ a b c copertina860x280.qxd[dead link]
- ^ The organization of political ... - Google Libri. Books. 1998. ISBN 978-0-275-95612-7. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
- ^ European politics[dead link]
- ^ "What is Italy's National Alliance?". Webcitation. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
- ^ Mair, Peter; Laver, Michael; Gallagher, Michael (2001). Representative Government in Modern Europe. Bosten: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-118095-8.
- ^ Donatella Campus, L'anti-politica al governo. De Gaulle, Reagan, Berlusconi, Il Mulino, Bologna 2007
- ^ Ilvo Diamanti, Bianco, rosso, verde... e azzurro. Mappe e colori dell'Italia politica, Il Mulino, Bologna 2003
- ^ credo[dead link]
- ^ "Statuto intero" (PDF). Retrieved 4 June 2010.
- ^ Berlusconi, Silvio, L'Italia che ho in mente, Mondadori, Milan 2000, pp. 122-123
- ^ liberalism. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-2008
- ^ "Compendio della Dottrina Sociale della Chiesa". Vatican. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
- ^ credo[dead link]
- ^ "Berlusconi, via alle tre riforme "Facciamo una politica di sinistra"". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
- ^ "Merkel's CDU Fared Worse Than Expected". Amconmag. 21 September 2005. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
- ^ "Michael Friedman" (in German). Literatur festival. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
- ^ "Fecondazione, divisi i vertici di Forza Italia". Corriere della Sera. 24 December 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
- ^ "Berlusconi: la Margherita venga con noi moderati". Corriere della Sera. 24 December 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
- ^ "Pera e la difesa dell' astensione, scontro tra i poli". Corriere della Sera. 24 December 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
- ^ "Fecondazione, Ruini chiama all' astensione". Corriere della Sera. 24 December 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
- ^ Hopkin, Jonathan; Paolucci, Caterina (May 1999). "The business firm model of party organisation: Cases from Spain and Italy". European Journal of Political Research 35 (3): 307–339.
- ^ Krouwel, André (2012). Party Transformations in European Democracies. State University of New York Press. p. 25.
- ^ Fella, Stefano; Ruzza, Carlo (2009). "Forza Italia". Re-inventing the Italian Right: Territorial politics, populism and 'post-fascism' (Routledge). p. 122.
- ^ Di Virgilio, Aldo; Reed, Steven R. (2011). Nominating Candidates Under New Rules in Italy and Japan: You Cannot Bargain with Ressources You Do Not Have. A Natural Experiment on Electoral Law Reform: Evaluating the Long Run Consequences of 1990s Electoral Reform in Italy and Japan (Springer). p. 63.
- ^ Katz, Richard S. (2014). "Political parties". Comparative Politics (Third ed.) (Oxford University Press). p. 207.
- ^ Woods, Dwayne (2014). The Many Faces of Populism in Italy: The Northern League and Berlusconism. The Many Faces of Populism: Current Perspectives (Emerald Group). p. 44.
- ^ Samuels, Richard J. (2003). Machiavelli's Children: Leaders and Their Legacies in Italy and Japan. Cornell University Press. p. 322.
- ^ Raniolo, Francesco (2013). A Leader with a Party. Party Change in Southern Europe (Routledge). p. 106.
- ^ Bernard Steunenberg (27 August 2003). Widening the European Union: Politics of Institutional Change and Reform. Routledge. p. 215. ISBN 978-1-134-49375-3.
- ^ a b Wilfried Martens (24 August 2009). Europe: I Struggle, I Overcome: I Struggle, I Overcome. Springer. p. 141. ISBN 978-3-540-89289-2.
- ^ http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1998/giugno/10/Europa_Ppe_dice_Forza_Italia_co_0_98061010401.shtml


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3 months parts / 3 months labor
Even if you're the sort of golfer who keeps the sticks in your trunk most of the season, eventually you need a place to store your equipment and this golf bag organizer is a great way to keep things at the ready. At 27in.W x 15in.D x 39.75in.H, this open sided rack gives you ample space for your golf bag and five shelves for shoes and other equipment, while maintaining a small footprint that won't take up much precious garage space. Assembly required.
Manufacturer Warranty:
3 months parts / 3 months labor
This Dual Bag Organizer Rack with Five Shelves enables you to start your golf game in a zen state of mind, unrattled by fetching equipment from every corner of your house and car. With customized space for 2 bags plus shoes, shirts, balls, tees, books, towels and other golf paraphernalia, this sturdy powder-coated metal rack is also a specimen of elegant design. Sleek, clean and unobtrusive, it lends an orderly ambience wherever you position it. Sure to improve your game as well as your mental state, this unit will be the envy of your golf buddies. Easy assembly. 15in.D x 36in.W x 39 3/4in.H.
Manufacturer Warranty:
3 months parts / 3 months labor


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Elaboration 23
Elaboration 21.1
Elaboration 22
Dale Carnegie said that in advertising (group-ideation), the masses could not distinguish between 'emphasis' and 'proof'. He had it from a candidate for the presidency (Bryan). Indeed, as Hitler said (and showed, with Goebbels etc.) pure propaganda without some form of proof (or ascribed proof, (emphasis) ), is quite useless. True, Marxist systems use the 'tell a lie often enough and it will be believed' dictum, but the necessary effort then, is great, dissent by common-sense remains. Repetition too, is a very useful strategy, but always, accompanied with demonstration remains necessary. Hypnodynamic techniques always use such 'proofs' by demonstrations from trance induction strategies to the very curative suggestions (ideas). The (leg) paralytic is demonstrated to himself that he can, first attain trance, that he can think to lift his arm without willing it, and then, that he can walk normally, and therefore, he 'shall' walk normally for the rest of his life. Demonstration, the showing of facts, has the highest order of truthfulness, far higher than e.g. physical laws (that may stop tomorrow, for all we know). They show a clear cut fact as happening, as happened, (as history rather). The same goes for Seneca's disease as well. Pity that he did not know about these hypnodynamic techniques of 1920 in Nancy.
Elaboration 23
Elaboration 21.1
Ven 2007-09-11


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The Commerce Department reported the U.S. economy expanded 2.2% in the first quarter, missing market hopes for 2.5% growth.
The euro was up against the dollar in U.S. trading Friday, with EUR/USD up 0.29% and trading at 1.3259.
Weaker-than-expected GDP growth figures primed fears the Federal Reserve will consider stimulating the economy via quantitative easing, under which the Fed buys bonds held by banks, flooding the economy with stimulating liquidity that weakens the dollar as a side effect.
Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke has said he cannot rule such measures out.
Sluggish growth figures offset the Thomson Reuters/University of Michigan's consumer sentiment's index of 76.4 for April, which beat expectations for a 75.7 reading.
Investors sold the dollar despite increasingly grim news out of Spain, which suffered a downgrade from U.S. ratings agency Standard & Poor's, the second such move this year.
Aside from cutting Spain's long term debt rating to BBB-plus, the agency slapped a negative outlook rating on the country as well.
Furthermore, Spain's jobless rate hit 24.4%, an 18-year high, the National Statistics Institute reported.
However, Italy successfully sold bonds as did Spain albeit at high borrowing costs, which left investors selling dollars and snapping up assets like gold.
The dollar fell against the yen despite a decision by the Bank of Japan to expand a bond-back program by JPY10 trillion to weaken the currency.
Markets felt the easing measure fell short of what the economy needed, and investors stocked up on yen they sold in anticipation of the announcement.
The greenback, meanwhile, was down against the pound, with GBP/USD up 0.53% and trading at 1.6270.
The U.S. currency was down against the yen, with USD/JPY trading down 0.68% at 80.45, and down against the Swiss franc, with USD/CHF down 0.31% and trading at 0.9061.
The dollar was down against its counterparts in Canada, Australia and New Zealand, with USD/CAD down 0.37% at 0.9810, AUD/USD up 0.77% at 1.0469 and NZD/USD up 0.97% at 0.8226.
The dollar index, which tracks the performance of the greenback versus a basket of six other major currencies, was down 0.30% at 78.77.
In the U.S. on Monday, the Chicago Purchasing Managers' Index will be released as will the Core Personal Consumption Spending Price Index.


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Neil Best leaves no stone unturned in the world of sports media.
ArchivesMore »
Vin Scully hospitalized after fall, but doing well
Dodgers announcer Vin Scully, 82, was hospitalized after falling and bumping his head, but he is said to be doing well and will be back at work shortly.
That's good news, obviously.
Speaking of iconic announcers still at it deep into customary retirement age, it was great to hear CBS' Dick Enberg, 75, still sharp and still offering a timely "oh, my" at 12:25 a.m. Friday morning as the Wake Forest-Texas game - his fourth of the day and night - came to a climax in overtime.


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repêchageLine breaks: re¦pêch|age
Pronunciation: /ˈrɛpəʃɑːʒ /
Definition of repêchage in English:
(In rowing and other sports) a contest in which the best-placed of those who failed to win heats compete for a place in the final.
Example sentences
- In fact at the Sydney Olympics they were out after the repêchage.
- Other competitors with the best times may also qualify for the next round indirectly as "fastest losers" as a result of the repêchage.
- During the 2007 Rugby World Cup qualification, there were two repêchage positions available for the finals tournament.
early 20th century: French, from repêcher 'fish out, rescue'.
Definition of repêchage in:
- US English dictionary
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Word of the day vigesimal
Pronunciation: vɪˈdʒɛsɪm(ə)l
relating to or based on the number twenty


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marymheadrick said...
Obamacare: GOP obstructionism must end
I particularly like your succinct "confusion — continually fed by the tea party wing of the GOP that thinks of government only as a tax and not as a service".
September 1, 2013 at 2:17 p.m.
marymheadrick said...
Obamacare: GOP obstructionism must end
Thank you! Well said! 925,000 in TN are uninsured, median age 33, median income 166% Fed.Pov.level. Most work and lack college credit. Most don't know about ACA and subsidies to help. About 174,000 in East TN will be eligible for Marketplace insurance, many with subsidies. Also the full ACA lowers the projected federal deficit projected for 20 years meaning a slower rise in national debt than without the ACA. We would gain more with TennCare expansion, but even without it things are better with the ACA.
September 1, 2013 at 2:13 p.m.


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Details: @TooToughToTame #NASCAR PROMO CODE cool5 & save $5 on ALL officially licensed merchandise @
New • Add a Comment
1 coupon code for coverlugg.com. Cooler Coozies offers an innovative product which is the only one of its kind. The form fitted, hand-washable neoprene sleeve can personalize any new or existing cooler. It will fit most Igloo, Coleman, Rubbermaid or Gatorade coolers from 32 ounce to 150 quart in size and everything in between. The product is safe, durable, soft, flexible, light, and water- proof and well suited for outdoor applications.
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Lily Allen Albums
→Air Balloon
→Our Time
→Insincerely Yours
→Take My Place
→As Long As I Got You
→Close Your Eyes
→URL Badman
→Silver Spoon
→Life For Me
→Hard Out Here
→Bonus Tracks
→Somewhere Only We Know
→Wind Your Neck In
→Who Do You Love?
→Miserable Without Your Love
→Holding On To Nothing
→Everyone's At It
→The Fear
→Not Fair
→I Could Say
→Back To The Start
→Never Gonna Happen
→Fuck You (Very Much)
→Who'd Have Known
→He Wasn't There
→Bonus Tracks
→Kabul Shit
→Fag Hag
→Knock 'Em Out
→Everything's Just Wonderful
→Not Big
→Friday Night
→Shame For You
→Littlest Things
→Take What You Take
→Friend Of Mine
→Bonus Tracks
→Nan You're A Window Shopper
→Blank Expression
→Cheryl Tweedy
→Absolutely Nothing
→Mr. Blue Sky
→U Killed It
→Everybody's Changing
Submit Lily Allen New Album
Reviews about Lily Allen albums
cool lily allen!! | Reviewer: gea
------ About the album Alright Still performed by Lily Allen
i really like this album. lily gave something different than the other. and it's so incredible! LDN and Knock 'em out are the songs that i like the most. well, i just wanna say, good luck for lily allen. may God always bLess you life, your career and your love also.
best regard, gea. Indonesia.
You could review Lily Allen in Biography page
You could review Lily Allen album by clicking the album which you like
You could review Lily Allen song by visiting lyrics page


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Rheem RTG20040 Tankless Water Heater EZ Link Cable
Brand: Rheem Model: RTG20040 Condition: New
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Earn 1 Westside Dollar for every 1 piece purchased.
The Rheem RTG20040 is an ez-link cable that allows you interconnect your tankless water heaters. For use with most Rheem tankless water heaters, the RTG20040 links two tankless units together. For high water demand in your home application, the RTG20040 provides a communication pathway between the two tankless units. This divides the workload for even distribution of water load, to ensure hot water demand throughout your application.
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If you are looking forward to speedup your website development then these free responsive css frameworks, grids, boilerplate will help you accomplish that easily. While some frameworks have steep learning curve, eventually it will become easy as there are lots of documentation available for them.
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The fastest 1/4 mile by an electric car is 11.850 sec, achieved by Mate Rimac (Croatia) driving a modified BMW M3 E30, at ETC, Velika Gorica, Croatia, on 17 April 2012.
Rimac's BMW has been equipped with a 440 kW electric motor powered by batteries rated at 24 kWh. At the 1/4 mile marker the car was travelling at a speed of 122.23 kmh (75.949 mph).
Records change on a daily basis and are not immediately published online. For the most up to date record information, we welcome your questions via Facebook or Twitter.
Comments below may relate to previous holders of this record.


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Man claims kingdom so daughter can be princessJuly 14, 2014 @ 11:17 am
ABINGDON, Va. (AP) -- A Virginia man says he has claimed a kingdom in Africa so his daughter can be a princess.
Jeremiah Heaton told the Bristol Herald Courier (http://bit.ly/1rcQHtp) that he recently trekked to a small, mountainous region between Egypt and Sudan called Bir Tawil. No country claims the land.
Heaton says he planted a flag designed by his children there so that he could become a king -- and more importantly, so his 7-year-old daughter Emily could be a princess. They named the area the Kingdom of North Sudan.
Shelia Carapico, a professor of political science and international studies at the University of Richmond, says Heaton would not have political control over the land without legal recognition from neighboring countries, the United Nations or other groups.
Heaton says he hopes to get Sudan and Egypt to recognize the kingdom.
Information from: Bristol Herald Courier, http://www.bristolnews.com
Copyright © The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
First Time In a Long Time
It's evident Kam Chancellor hadn't been himself this season - especially to him
More Protests
Demonstrations continued Tuesday afternoon in Seattle
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Modded Skychest0
Start on just a chest in the middle of the sky. An sky-survivalmaps inspired map. 3 mods, recommended texture pack and the world save is in the file. Read more ›
Start on just a chest in the middle of the sky. An sky-survivalmaps inspired map. 3 mods, recommended texture pack and the world save is in the file. Read more ›
A fairly large adventure map with 5 biome skylands and several minor quests along with a decently long main quest. This map can be played by up to 5 players! Read more ›
An interesting pvp deathmatch map for four players created by jcdatria. Read more ›
A fine combination of adventure and survival island envelops this map with a bonus of a good storyline. Read more ›
With the rise of the horror map series comes a mix of adventure and horror! The beast offers 2 hours of gripping gameplay. Read more ›
A horror escape map where you are trapped in a dark gloomy dungeon. Can you find your way to escape? Read more ›
The second episode of the AppleQuest CTM map where you must craft a tier 2 gold apple. Read more ›
Survive 20 increasingly difficult waves of zombies. Buy and upgrade turrets to help you gain victory. Can you protect your castle from the hordes of zombies? Read more ›
Battle the opposing team by defeating all of its players without dying more than 5 times in this PVP mini game map! Read more ›
A fun minecraft mini game based on the Xbox map named Creeplunk by roosterteeth. Dodge the falling sand! Read more ›
A fun mini game map that can be played by up to 4 people! Careful not to fall on the pit! Read more ›
An LOTR Fan? Try out this map that follows the story of the book! Kill a horde of orcs in this epic middle-earth quest! Read more ›
Finally an adventure time map! Play as finn and explore the wonderful cartoony world! Read more ›
A single player adventure map made for vanilla minecraft set in the medieval time! Read more ›
A superflat pvp war map with lots of different classes! Play with your king in this medieval war fare! Read more ›


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Richards & Richards, LLP – Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Attorneys
Regardless of your legal issue, whether an estate planning matter or assistance with a real estate transaction, Richards & Richards has the attorney to help you. John T. Richards, III and Jennifer Rea Abel are available to assist you with your will, trust, estate administration, business transaction or real estate matter. Managing Partner, Veronica Richards, and associate Sandra S. Neuman handle cases involving catastrophic injuries due to car accidents and medical malpractice. For more information on medical malpractice, please visit our medical malpractice website.
Our founding partner, the late John T. Richards, Jr. was responsible for drafting the Model Forms used by Realtors throughout Pennsylvania, and pioneered the concept of going to the client for real estate closings, rather than forcing the client to come to the law office. Today his children Veronica and John, carry on the family tradition of excellent legal service.
For more information about any of our Pennsylvania Attorneys, please click on their names below. If you would like to contact our firm please call us at (412) 567-0208 or toll free at (866) 740-3999, visit us at our office (map), or fill out our intake form. Discover how we earned our reputation for legal excellence and our track record of success.
Jennifer Rea Abel
Sandra S. Neuman
John T. Richards III
Veronica A. Richards


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Select () or exclude () categories to narrow your recipe search.
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Find exactly what you're looking for with the web's most powerful recipe filtering tool.
1/3 Photos of Beef Teriyaki Fried Rice
Prep Time:
Cook Time:
15 mins
15 mins
This is the perfect meal for that small amount of left over ground beef that remains after making burgers. I know it sounds weird, but this is so good. I came up with it one night when I had some leftover rice and a bit of ground beef in the fridge. Quick, easy and delicious. You can easily change the vegetables for whatever you have on hand. Measurements are approximate, and should work well being adjusted to whatever is in your fridge.
Units: US | Metric
Serving Size: 1 (228 g)
Servings Per Recipe: 6
Make this season merry, bright and manageable with our easy ideas.


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Bear Tied to Two Mauling Locations
The Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee has issued the National Park Service investigative report pertaining to the fatal bear attack on a Michigan man in Yellowstone National Park last August. The conclusion of the investigation conclusively ties a female grizzly bear, #693, to the scene of the fatal attack on 59-year-old John Wallace along the Mary Mountain Trail near Canyon on August 25th. The investigation also indicates that a male cub was also present at the time of the attack. However, the evidence does not conclusively indicate whether it was #693 who killed Wallace nor what precipitated the attack. Furthermore, DNA samples tie the #693 to the fatal attack on 57-year-old Brian Matayoshi July 6 along Wapiti Lake Trail which is also near Canyon. The male cub was determined to have been present at that attack as well. Meanwhile, evidence detailed in the report indicates that as many as nine other bears that had been in that vicinity around the time of the Wallace attack were not involved in the mauling. Those bears had been feeding on two bison carcasses in the area, including one carcass which was located 150 yards from trail where Mr. Wallace was hiking alone. Bear #693 was euthanized October second and her two cubs taken to the Grizzly and Wolf Discover Center in West Yellowstone, Montana to reside.


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Once upon a time, back when dinosaurs roamed the earth and cell phones did little more than make phone calls, I walked into an Apple store where a "genius" proceeded to ask me a question that's usually used by people who try to sell you flowers, pamphlets, and religions at the airport: "would you li ... More >>
Weird Al Yankovic -- the singer who famously implored picky young eaters to "just eat" their SPAM and tuna casserole -- talked about his vegetarian lifestyle during an appearance on Monday's edition of comedian Marc Maron's cult hit podcast "WTF With Marc Maron." The comedian mentioned spot ... More >>
WSVN"SEA WEED." That was Channel 7's heading for the news of a beachside discovery of 50 pounds of pot over the weekend at Lauderdale-by-the-Sea. This is as close as South Florida gets to a pot of gold at the end of the rainbow -- clandestine traffic by drug runners on boats leaves behind a wake ... More >>
flickr user: Brent and MarilynnSwine fear has arrived.South Florida's senior citizen population has had a rough few months. What with the fear-mongering about death panels in Obama's health care plan, and worries that cuts in Medicare will leave them penniless on bingo night, the news has not bee ... More >>
OK, they cook up some zany ideas over there at the Florida Progressive Coalition Blog, but this one takes the cake: To challenge the otherwise-inevitable Charlie Crist victory in the 2010 U.S. Senate race, blogger Mark Weaver is casting Miami Beach resident celebrity Matt Damon in the role of Democr ... More >>
And other things I learned by watching Sarah Silverman.
Tenacious D gets the band back together, and... and... and?
Bad Santa meets Napoleon Dynamite in tepid man-child comedy.
Sarah Silverman speaks the unspeakable. And funny? Oh, hell yes.
Inside the dirtiest joke ever told is a nugget of unadulterated joy
The teacher, not the teaching, makes this School of Rock
Go The Way of the Gun, and you shall be rewarded


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Hawaii is Romance
What is it about Hawaii that transforms anyone in love? Hawaii is Romance transports our starring couple to the 50th state in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. From around the world, visitors sojourn to The Aloha State to vacation, to wed, to honeymoon, and just to get away. Is it the history, the beauty, the people, the location, or the fact that the sky and the water always seem bluer than blue?
This book's three stories extend the feeling of adventure and wonder to wind up as astonishing escapades. Diane Vann takes our couple on a scavenger hunt, in this gentle cross between The Amazing Race and Survivor; Kristopher Horton allows Maui to unfold for the starring hero and heroine during a special night on the town; and Jennifer Kalman inserts our couple into a mysterious legend that's been settled at long last.
Hawaii is Romance is available as a paperback, hardback & eook. If you order an ebook, it will be emailed to you in a matter of hours. You must provide a valid email address. Paper & hardback versions follow normal delivery times.
Note that the 3 separate novellas in this book also appear in Celebrating Romance or Celebrating Romance 2.
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I try to oil my cutting boards every couple weeks - but your time between oilings will vary with how often you use them and wash them. It's dead easy so you really have no excuse to not do it - an oiled cutting board with last much longer than one that's hurting for moisture. :D
Step 1: What you'll need:
- any dry cutting board (it should look dull, the color should be lighter than normal)
- cutting board oil (I use mineral oil)
- a clean rag
Step 2: How to oil the cutting board
Wipe the surface of the cutting board, rubbing gently to get the oil everywhere. You will continue to add more oil and rub until the entire surface of the board is glossy and will take in no extra oil. Make sure to get the sides of the cutting board as well!
Make sure to add the oil little by little so that it gets a chance to sink in to the wood.
Now turn the board over the do the back in the same way.
After that let it dry and oil it as soon as you can - all the hot water will strip it.
1. Many people in the pro-wood camp point to a study conducted by Ak, Cliver and Kaspar in 1994 at the University of California at Davis Food Safety Laboratory .... In reality, their findings were that the bacteria actually were drawn into the wood through capillary action. Once inside the wood, the bacteria no longer reproduced and eventually died off. For an excellent defense of this study, please see Dr. Dean Cliverâs discussion.
and taking sides
My Wife has designated one cutting board side as Vegetable
and the other side as the Fruit side.
Keeps the garlic out of the strawberries :-)


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To France Sans ApologiesMay 20th, 2010 © by Susan Swartz
There are so many good reasons not to go to Europe this year. The ashy cloud out of Iceland is still hovering and who knows when another volcano might decide to erupt and mess up a two week vacation? It could rain in Monet's garden. The baguette bakers might go on strike.
Besides, how can we indulge ourselves when the world is so volatile and the economy so insecure? We're getting close to that fixed income part of life. Will we be spending money that we will one day wish we had?
Think how sad the dog gets when we leave. Think of all the email that will pile up. What if the house sitter forgets to water the tomatoes? What about our promise to be frugal and buy local?
There could be a terrorist on our plane. There could be one on the airporter getting us to San Francisco. There could be an angry, anti-American zealot lurking at the Marais café where we lounge with our au lait and croissant. There could be bomb-makers at the adorable inn in the charming Loire village with all the great castles.
Well, we're going anyhow, calling it our "pensioners to Paris package." Even though maybe we should be biking through Utah while our legs still work. Or spending two weeks working on a kibbutz or teaching English to kids in Malaysia.
The last time my husband and I went to France was during the Bush years when the French were still smarting over that dumb crack about French fries and embarrassed U.S. travelers sported maple leaf flags pretending to be Canadian. But now the French seem to be smitten with Obama and liking us again. And the dollar is no longer defenseless against the euro.
It still takes almost a day to get from our house to France and I look forward to that dazzling moment after flying all night when you push up the window shade and the sun is coming up over what must be Ireland and then England and then there's the English Channel and a swath of green farmland and brown and white cows and stone farmhouses with blue shutters.
I'm still in love with foreign travel. I know people whose long careers had them airborne so much that once they retire they're thrilled to hang out at home. Not me. I get giddy just thinking about going to another part of the world. We're traveling with another couple and we've been playing at going to France since winter. If you only have two weeks to actually be there, you want to stretch it out with a long countdown. We have French radio streaming from our laptops, Paris weather on the Google map. I'm reading memoirs of France by Gertrude Stein, MFK Fisher and Julia Child.
The world has shrunk since those Americans discovered France as a second home. Travel was more exotic and distancing then. Now we are a global village with a world economy. We share airspace, cyberspace and each other's bad days. Each of us is only a ripple away from another part of the world's failed economy, earthquake, oil spills, violence, corruption, wars and retaliatory attacks.
We may be separated by culture and language – my French, as they say, (heh, heh) est pathetique – but we know each other. The storybook farmers we will photograph in the Dordogne worry about holding onto to their fields just like California farmers. The chic people we will ogle on the Right Bank likely fret over cutbacks at work and how to keep their apartment.
To them we will bring our tourist dollars, affection and empathy.
Tags: Gertrude_Stein, Juicy_Tomatoes, Julia_Child, MFK_Fisher, Paris, pensioners, Susan_Swartz


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Immediate Release: July 5, 2006
VESTAL, N.Y. - Binghamton University has hired Pat Popolizio as its head wrestling coach, the school announced Wednesday.
Popolizio was the lead assistant coach at American University for the last two seasons, helping that program finish 17th in the country last winter. He is a former three-time NCAA qualifier and scholar-athlete at Oklahoma State.
"We're delighted that Pat Popolizio has accepted our offer to join Binghamton's coaching staff as our head wrestling coach," Athletics Director Joel Thirer said. "Pat has great credentials and I'm confident that he'll provide outstanding leadership as we strive to bring our program back to national prominence."
At American, Popolizio coached seven NCAA qualifiers and the school's first All-American alongside head coach and Binghamton native Mark Cody. This past season, the Eagles went 13-6, had three wrestlers ranked in the nation's top-10 and crowned two more All-Americans. Cody and Popolizio transformed a once-stagnant American program into a successful one in a short time span.
Prior to that, he served as an assistant coach at Army (2003-04) and Sacred Heart (2002-03). His team at Sacred Heart achieved the highest grade-point average of any wrestling program in the country.
"I am very excited to come back to New York and take over the program at Binghamton," Popolizio said. "On my campus visit I was impressed with the facilities and the support from the whole department. The entire atmosphere is very positive."
As a collegiate wrestler, Popolizio won more than 90 matches and was a two-time All-American and three-time NCAA qualifier at Oklahoma State under six-time world champion John Smith. While in Stillwater, Popolizio's teams finished as national runnerup, took third place twice and fifth place the other year at the NCAA Championship. He was a Big 12 runnerup in 1998 and 2002 and went on to place fifth at the World Team Trials in 2003. As a senior Popolizio was given the 2002 Oklahoma State Hustle Award, after being ranked as high as No. 1 in the country at 184 pounds. Also on his competitive resume is a Northeast Regional Open title, two University Freestyle All-America honors and FILA Junior All-American distinction in 1997.
His academic accomplishments include being named Academic All Big 12 twice and earning the Oklahoma State Student-Athlete Award five semesters. He graduated in 2001 with a bachelor's degree in health and physical education.
A former New York state scholastic champion for Niskayuna High, Popolizio will put his New York roots to good use with an in-state recruiting emphasis.
"One of my main focuses will be to recruit the top talent out of New York - to keep them at home. The state is a hotbed for wrestling, especially in the Binghamton area. It's going to be a great opportunity to suceed and I'm looking to take the program to a top 25 level in the next few years."
He was the Most Outstanding Wrestler at the 1996 state meet, where as a senior at Niskayuna, Popolizio captured the 177-pound title. He went on to become the national high school runnerup.
Popolizio replaces Tony Robie, who departed after one season to accept a position at Virginia Tech.
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No portion of this site may be reproduced or duplicated without the permission of Binghamton University.


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Lee's Din & Dine Hideout
Lee's Din & Dine Hideout is the ideal accessory for geckos, other small lizards, small snakes and lots more. The hiding stump provides privacy and a dark sleeping place, and agile pets will climb on top for better access to heat. Leaf dishes are designed for pet safety and attach firmly to the hiding stump. Measures 9.5 x 9.5 x 3 inch
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:: Asian American/Amercan Pacific Programs
The following links provide a resource for all USITC employees, particularly Asian American/ Pacific American staff employees. The following is a list of links related to relevant issues.
- Asian American Government Executives Network
- Asian Pacific American Institute for Congressional Studies
- Asian Pacific American Network in Agriculture
- Conference on Asian Pacific American Leadership
- Federal Asian Pacific American Council
- Chinese American Citizens Alliance
- Japanese American Citizens League
- Korean American Coalition: Washington, D.C. Chapter
- National Federation of Filipino American Associations
- National Assocition of Korean Americans
- Asian American Journalists Association
- Asian American Law Enforcement Association
- Asian Pacific American Bar Association: Washington, D.C. Area
- National Asian Pacific American Bar Association
- Asian Pacific American Women's Leadership Institute
- National Asian Pacific American Legal Consortium
- National Association of Asian American Professionals
- Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund


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Tickets Home
Chicago Ticket Brokers
> Arie Crown Theater
Arie Crown Theater Tickets
Upcoming Events at the Arie Crown Theater - Illinois
Arie Crown Theater Tickets are available now at TickCo Premium Seating. Please select one of the upcoming concerts or other events from the list below to view available tickets at the Arie Crown Theater. Order tickets online through our secure server or over the phone.
Our tickets are sold at above the face value. Our prices may be substantially higher than the original cost. We are not affiliated with Arie Crown Theater, Ticketmaster® or any box office. We are a privately owned ticket agency that buys and resells
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2301 Lake Shore Dr At McCormick PL
Chicago, IL 60616
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