text:
* All entries before 10,000 BC (or BCE, Before the Common Era) are in years Before Present (BP). Most dates are approximate, or rounded up, and may be adjusted as new discoveries come to light. I use the abbreviation ''m" for an estimated date 'millions of years ago'. 'Mya' is more often used in the literature.
* In British English, a billion used to be equivalent to a million million (i.e. 1,000,000,000,000), while in American English it has always equated to a thousand million (i.e. 1,000,000,000). British English has now adopted the American figure, though, so that a billion equals a thousand million in both varieties of English (Oxford Dictionaries). I intend that a billion equals a thousand million in this blog.
* For other abbreviations, see end of Chronology.
* Sources, including TV programmes, books and internet sites follow the list of abbreviations.
* LATEST UPDATE: October 2014
1. Cycles
500 million years:
Approximate period in which super continents have formed and broken apart (In Our Time: The Geological Formation Of Britain, Radio 4, 22/10/09).
225-250 m yrs:
Sun orbits our galaxy.
30 m yrs:
Solar system passes through densest - and most dangerous, for collisions - part of our galaxy (Space, BBC1, 29/7/2001).
450,000 yrs:
Average frequency at which pole reversals occur. Process of reversal can take between 1,000 and 10,000 years (Wikipedia).
413,000 yrs:
Period between maximum and minimum ellipticity of Earth Orbit (Milankovitch).
100,000 yrs:
Stretch cycle as Earth's orbit varies from more circular to more elliptical (DK World
Atlas, p .x), distance from the Sun varying between 92 and 95 million miles. N.b about every 110,000 years of the last 500,000 years of Earth history global temperatures have reached peaks/troughs. A further cycle whereby the Earth's orbit drifts up and down relative to the orbits of most of the other planets, esp. Jupiter (The Invariable Plane) takes around 100,000 years but the cycle relative to the Earth's present orbit is about 70,000 years. Cycles of Quaternary glaciation tend to conform to a 100,000 year cycle but changes in precession and obliquity are thought to be more significant (Wikipedia: Milankovitch cycles: the 100,000 year problem).
71,000 yrs:
Precession caused by other planets in the Solar System, though considerably inferior to the effects of the Sun and Moon. They also cause an oscillation in the ellipticity of the Earth's orbit.
41,000 yrs:
Cycle of variation of the obliquity of the ecliptic, or angle of tilt of Earth (J.D.Hayes et al, in Hancock, p.79 and DK World Atlas). Currently it is 23.44 degrees from vertical in a cycle of 22.1 to 24.5 and back again (Milankovitch). This tilt is in the decreasing phase of its cycle and will reach its minimum value approximately by 10,000 AD (Common Era, CE).
25,800 yrs:
The Earth's 'wobble': cycle of precession of the Earth's axis, influenced by the gravitational pull of the larger planets, but controlled by the Moon (Frozen Earth, p.78). Thus Polaris will eventually cease to be the northern Pole Star (to be replaced by Vega) before returning to its present position after the above period of time.
23,000 yrs:
The Earth's orbit is elliptical, so during part of the year it is further away from the Sun than at the opposite time. Also the axis tilts by 23 and a half degrees (though this has not always been the case and the cause of it the subject of speculation; at the moment the angle is decreasing almost imperceptibly) so there is a twice yearly switch between perihelion (when the northern hemisphere is tilted towards and is at closest proximity to the sun) and aphelion (when it tilts away and is at its greatest distance), currently 4th January and early July. Therefore, present European winters would be a lot colder if these were reversed (Smith, p.188)......and summers hotter. Half way through this cycle the northern hemisphere, now tilting away from the sun, shall experience its shortest day on the solstice of June 21st.
every 5,730 +/- 40 years: Half-life of Carbon 14, used to measure age of relatively recent remains up to about 150 years ago.
2,160 yrs: Earth's axis shifts about one degree every 72 years, giving rise to a slow transition of the Sun's position at the beginning of the vernal (spring) equinox each year. Measured in the constellations of the ecliptic - the Zodiacal ones - which occupy 30 degrees each - this translates into a different one of the twelve every 72 x 30, i.e. 2160 years. There is some disagreement over the calculation as to when a sign is entered and left. For a substantial part of this Chronology the ages are those of Gemini, Cancer, Taurus, Aries and Pisces.
1,500 yrs+/- 500 yrs: Solar-driven global climate cycle hypothesis developed by Dansgaard, Oeschger and Lorius. Awarded Tyler prize in 1996 for discovering regular pattern of warming/cooling. E.g. 900 AD-1300 AD =Medieval warming.
every 210 and 87 years: Solar cycles, related to the shorter sunspot cycle (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research). In combination, these could produce a 1,470 cycle (see every 1500 years, above).
18.6 yrs:
Cycle of northerly and southerly monthly extremes of lunar declination. This is also the 223 month 'Saros' cycle after which the pattern of lunar eclipses repeats.
11 yrs:
Maximum/minimum Sunspot cycle.
2. Chronology
(N.B. Billion = American usage, i.e. 1,000 million):
13.82 BP: Big Bang: Revised age of the Universe based on new European Planck Telescope data (BBC website, 21/3/13). Matter now 31.7% (4.9% matter, 26.8% dark matter), dark energy 68.3%.
13.81 BP: Universe becomes transparent (Cosmic Microwave Background) - telescopes can, in 2014, 'see' universe events as far back as this (Wikipedia, 'Dark Flow').
13b BP: Est. age of Universe based on Cepheid variables measured by Wendy Freedman (National Geographic, Sept 2001).
10b BP: Oldest stars detected (Rees, M. Just Six Numbers)
4.567b BP: Composition of the Allende meteorite fragment (that fell on Mexico in 1969), the oldest so far discovered. 30 million years older than the Earth (Wikipedia). (4,567,000,000 yrs also the estimated age of solar system (Stargazing, BBC January 2013).
4.5b BP: Proto-Moon and proto-Earth collide, leaving the present Earth-Moon system.
4.4b BP: Age of zircon crystal found in Western Australia in 2014, the oldest surviving fragment of the Earth's crust discovered so far (BBC website, 24/2/2014).
4.3b BP-
4.0b BP: Approximate age of Scottish Highland Moon rocks (Wilkinson, p.129).
4b BP: Analysis of Martian dust suggests the planet lost its magnetic field by this time (Magnetic Flip, Channel 4 11/5/03). Environment "watery" before this era (ESA Mars Mission). Then volcanic/sulphurous.
3.9b -
3.2b BP: Late bombardment of Moon according to -Argon 40 dating of Apollo mission rocks, peaking at 3.2 billion years BP. (Science Daily March 29 2000, Internet.) Evidence that the Borealis Crater on Mars was formed by a massive object 2000 km in diameter... http://www.scientificpsychic.com/etc/timeline/timeline.html
See also 500 million years BP.
3.8b BP: It is believed that around this time that complex molecules started to create life on Earth, possibly in the environment of the hydrothermal vents at the mid-ocean ridges.
3.8b -
3.1b BP: Approximate age of Mare (basalt) Moon rocks (Wilkinson, John. Probing The New Solar System, p.129).
3.75b BP: Oldest sedimentary rocks on Earth ? Via Isua in Greenland (Gould, Stephen Jay Wonderful Life, p.57). Disputed in New Scientist 22/2/03 pp 28-31; other scientists think this rock metamorphosed. See 2,700 m.y. BP.
3.6 -
3.5 b BP: About this time Martian environment became less volcanic; more like today (ESA).
3.5b BP: Oldest complete fossil of life on Earth yet found: single celled microbe clusters in sandstone on Western Australia (Independent, 14/11/2013). See also Gould, Stephen Jay Wonderful Life p.58.
2b BP: Formation of pebbles on alluvial fan on Mars - NASA'a Curiosity Rover, May, 2013.
2.7b BP: Around this time it is thought that two different kinds of single cell organism, archaean and bacterial, developed a symbiotic relationship with the bacterial cell being absorbed into the former, evolving into a mitochondrion. Hence the eventual emergence of the eukaryotic cell on which life forms from humans to amoebas share a common ancestry.
2.5b -
543m BP: Proterozoic eon on Earth.
2.4b BP: A new type of bacteria, cyanobacteria, appear, using sunlight to split the water molecule. Oxygen is a by-product creating the necessary conditions for Earth based life forms to eventually thrive. Without the bacteria, which consume carbon dioxide, the atmosphere would be very different.
2.4b -
2.1b BP: First (Huronian) Proterozoic Ice Age. Evidence from South Africa (MacDougall, pp142-)
1.9b BP: Evidence of early life in fossils of Gunflint Chert, Ontario (New Scientist, 22/2/03 pp 28-31).
1.8b BP: Appearance of eukaryotic organisms.
1.1b -
750m BP: Hypothetical supercontinet Rodinia. Its existance has been challenged.In 2013 a trace - Mauritia - is said to have been found, formerly a sliver between India and Madagascar. See also 600 million years BP.
850m -
600m BP: Second Proterozoic (Crogenian) Ice Age (see also 2.4 billion years ago); glaciation extends to the equatorial zone.
800 m BP: Evidence of true polar wander? http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S15/64/72A37/index.xml?section=newsreleases (2006).
750 -
570m BP: Earth's oceans may all have frozen several times (Nature December 1998) - tipped inclination of the Earth to 66.5 degrees? (Smith, p.183).
650m BP: Drop stones in Namibia suggest "Snowball Earth"? Only life - cyanobacteria and blue-green algae. Then after 10 million yrs without rain, volcanoes increase atmospheric CO2 to 10%. Then storms; rapid thaw (Horizon, 22/2/01).
600m BP: Fossilised excreta of worms dated to, Hebrides. Earliest evidence of gut (Times, 11/12/97.)
600m -
541 BP: Hypothetical supercontinent Pannotia. It broke up at the end of the Pre-Cambrian period. See also 300 million years BP.
560m BP: "Sheep farmer in Australia discovers oldest vertebrate fossil" - BBC website news 24/10/03 (30 my older than previous contender from China).
542 -
522m BP: 'Cambrian explosion' of life into a myriad of multi-cellular organisms.
534m BP: The whole of Australia rotated 90 degrees, North America moves rapidly north according to paleomagnetic evidence, say Caltech's Kirschvink (Science, 25/9/1997); could be seen as crustal displacement with poles moving to the Equator.
525 -
520m BP: Maotianshan Shales record pre-Burgess Shale assemblage of Cambrian fauna, containing examples of most arthropod ancestors.
500m BP: Another peak of activity in the bombardment of the Moon according to dating of Apollo rocks, this time being of smaller material. See previous peak of 3.2 Billion BP.
450m BP: Ordovician; magnetic orientation of rocks suggest North Africa over South Pole? In the 1960's, scientists discovered signs of glaciation in the Sahara which support the finding (Feuerbacher, p.8).
440m BP: England/Scotland ocean - sea creatures (Earth's Story).
439m BP: Ordovician-Silurian extinction, killing 60% of marine genera. Caused by drop, then rise in sea levels as glaciers formed/melted? (Siegel).
400m BP: Global glaciation/ice age. Devonian period: coral fossils, with their annular and daily growth rings, indicate a day then lasted 21hrs 55 minutes and a year around 400 days (Do We Really Need The Moon? BBC2, 25/9/14).
364m BP: Late Devonian extinction, cause unknown, killing 22% of marine genera (Siegel) and 50% of all life on Earth.
300m BP: Permo-Carboniferous Ice Age covering S. Pole in Gondwanaland - S. Africa, Australia, India (Earth's Story, also MacDougall p.142) lasting 60 m. years. Coincides with all-time low CO2 levels.
300m -
100m BP: Pangea supercontinent, comprising Laurasia and Gondwana(land).
290 -
245m BP: Permian period (DK UVE).
270m BP: Oldest surviving oceanic crust: the eastern Mediterranean, the remains of the Tethys Sea.
252m BP: Lava floods out of Siberian traps, resulting in a spike of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Rapid global warming, and acidification of the seas ensued decades later as the atmospheric dust cleared.
251m BP: Permian-Triassic extinction. Earth's worst mass extinction, (possibly, until that recently initiated by mankind), but cause uncertain (Siegel). A site off Australia's NW coast where an object about six miles across may have smashed into the Earth at this time is a candidate for the cause (Singer and Avery p.77, taken from Washington Post 14th May, 2004). 84% of marine genera perished. The only known mass extinction of insects. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1184556.stm.
214m BP: An asteroid about 3 miles across, crashed into Canada (Manicouagan crater). Produced, amongst other phenomena, layer of molten glass detected in Triassic rocks nr. Bristol (Science, 14 Nov. 2002).
214 -
199m BP: End Triassic extinction, probably caused by lava erupting from the "central Atlantic magmatic province", an event that triggered the opening of the Atlantic Ocean and possibly global warming. 52% of marine genera perished (Siegel).
200m BP: Most of the Earth's oceanic crust is about this old, with the oldest surviving being the eastern Mediterranean, the remains of the Tethys Sea, at about 270 million years old. See 'expanding Earth' theory on the Internet. This argues that some process within the Earth has caused it to swell gradually, 'cracking' apart the outer 'shell' of the Earth's crust. An increase in mass would cause an increase in gravity, limiting the size life forms could attain (hence giantism, exemplified by the dinosaurs, could only occur when it did (Hurrell).
150m BP: Estimated age of the Atlantic Ocean.
145 -
70m BP: Relatively high sea levels. Super-continent Pangea breaks up.
65.5m BP: Deccan Traps: over a a million cubic kilometres of lava poured out over central India.
65m BP: Asteroid c.7 miles diameter crashed into Yukatan Peninsula, coinciding with demise of dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous period. Sea levels "fell markedly". If this had never happened, mammal evolution would probably have been delayed for some time.
55m BP: Palaeocene-Eocene 'thermal maximum' - North Pole "Subtropical" (BBC News Online, 7/9/04). Lasted about 100,000 years. Large undersea methane release caused explosions and mass extinctions.
According to ice cores and fossilised algae, average temperature was 20 C instead of present -1.5 C. Glomar Challenger: Rockall Ridge becomes separated from Greenland and begins sinking (Sullivan, W. Continents In Motion, MacMillan, 1974). Further sinking 40 and 15 my BP. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/12/011210163439.htm
African plate pushes into the European creating the Alps and other ranges (Science Daily 5/5/2009).
40m BP: Trend towards global cooling (In Our Time, Radio 4, 22/10/09).
35m BP: Wave of extinctions during Eocene-Oligocene transition; "sea levels again very low"; Antarctica moves over South Pole (CDE, pp.9 and 11). Evidence in Chesapeake Bay of a bolide (comet or meteorite) a few miles in diameter having gouged out a crater, nearly as deep as the Grand Canyon on impact around this time (Schoch, p.182).
30m BP: 'Rubble pile' meteor fireball exploded above Egyptian Sahara melting the sandstone at 1800 degs C. Similar to Tunguska event? ('Tutankhamun Fireball' Horizon 20/7/06).
30m BP: Estimated age of the Himalayas.
20m BP: (Early Miocene) 12.5 mile wide crater made in Canadian Arctic's Devon Island . Prior to this fauna and flora quite different, e.g.shrews, rabbits, rhinos, birch etc., indicating milder climate similar to Minnesota (Schoch).
9m BP: Continuous West Antarctic Ice sheet develops.
5.8m BP: Oldest known human ancestor, Ardpithecus Ramidus Kaddaba, in Ethiopia (Species first discovered 1992).
5m BP: Panama isthmus forms - blocked ocean circulation, triggering Ice Age?
4.4m BP: Ardipithecus ramidus female, bipedal earliest human ancestor? Guardian, 1/10/09.
2.5m BP: Earth entered into most recent Ice Age (Encarta). Possibly still in it, with current interglacial. Between 2.5 and 0.9million years BP glacial-interglacial cycles occurred every 41,000 years; since 0.9 million years BP, every 100,000 years due to changes in the Earth's orbit in respect of the Sun (Maslin, Global Warming p.12, Science Made Simple booklet, 2008). Earliest tools (of Homo rudolfensis) dated to around this time.
2.5m BP: Britain may still have been an island around this time (Pliocene Period) - Stringer.
2.1m -
400,000 BP: According to the cover article in the Dec.18th 2003 issue of Nature, a tilt of Mars' rotational axis greater than today's produced and advanced ice sheet at both poles to around 30 degrees latitude in both hemispheres. This subsequently melted (leaving river beds and ice deposits?) as the planet entered the current inter-glacial epoch.
2m BP: Australopithecus sediba, an erect humanoid with tiny hands, opposable thumbs and a human-shaped brain case, whose remains were discovered in a South African cave, reported in Science 8th September 2011; the best candidate so far for a missing link between apes and Homo sapiens?
1.9m BP: "The most profound period for hominin evolution, with the highest recorded diversity of hominin species...and major dispersal events out of East Africa into Eurasia....ephemeral deep freshwater lakes appeared along the whole length of the East African Rift System, fundamentally changing the local environment" (Citation: Shultz S, Maslin M (2013) Early Human Speciation, Brain Expansion and Dispersal Influenced by African Climate Pulses. PLoS ONE 8(10): e76750. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076750). This was when the Earth's orbit was at its most elliptical in modern times.
1.8m BP: Skull and other bones found in Georgia are the oldest Hominids (of our Genus, Homo) discovered outside of Africa. Dmanisi people: shorter and with brains 40% smaller than typified by Homo erectus. Suggests an earlier wave of migration out of Africa (according to orthodoxy, 1m BP) which may have died out or returned to the mother continent. (Independent, 9/9/09.)
1.8m -
1.8m -
10,000 BP: Pleistocene Period, when temperatures were probably 4-5 degrees C lower than at present (Wikipedia).
1.3m BP: Supervolcano eruption in Idaho, U.S.
1.1m -
900,000 BP: Gradual Pole reversal, once establised lasting until 780,000 BP (see below). Average frequency: every 200,000 years (Magnetic Flip).
1m BP: Could humans have arrived in Britain nearly 1m yrs ago? Palaeomagnetic context and extant species give approximate date for stone tools discovered in Happisburgh, Norfolk, UK (too early for radiocarbon dating). (Nature/BBC News July 2010). Environmental data suggests cool temperatures. Most likely species Homo antecessor, dated to 0.8-1.2 m yrs ago and known from Northern Spain.
900,000 BP: Range to which ice cores can yield information about climate variations (Singer and Avery, p.6). National Geographic article dated July 5th 2007 claims 800,000 BP through the 3,260 metre ice core taken from central Antarctica.
850,000 BP: Early humans of unknown species first reach Doggerland (present day North Sea), according to BBC Focus magazine, November 2012.
800,000 BP: 'Rubble pile' believed to have ignited over huge area of SE Asia (Horizon, 20/7/06).
800,000 BP: "Earliest evidence of human footprints outside of Africa discovered in Norfolk" -Happisburgh.
780,000 BP: Last scientifically estimated major magnetic pole reversal, Brunhes Matuyama, (Magnetic Flip, op.cit, based on analysis of Hawaiian lava and metallic content of other sediments; also mentioned RI lecture 1995/6 BBC2). Hancock disagrees (see 12,500 BP) see also Wikipedia', 'Geomagnetic Reversals'.
700,000 BP: Analysis of animal bones (butchery marks) at Westbury-sub-Mendip suggest hominid habitation 200,000 yrs earlier than Boxgrove Man. (Times, 4/6/02.)
640,000 BP: Last known major eruption of supervolcano underneath Yellowstone National Park (55 miles across) (BBC news website 11/12/13).
524,000 -
478,000 BP: Dating of tibia of 'Boxgrove Man' (Homo heidelbergensis), an ancestor of H. sapiens and H. neanderthalensis.
500,000 BP: Scientists believe oldest and deepest ice formed in East Antarctica (Feuerbacher). 'Angian' stage of ice age affecting Britain, Thames diverted south. Also around this time, DNA divergence data indicates that the split between modern humans and Neanderthals took place.
430,000 BP: Termination V: Unusually long Interglacial which lasted for 28,000 years. Warmth allowed humans and other warm blooded creatures to thrive. Temperatures similar to today but now CO2 levels are the highest in 440,000 years ('Next Ice Age Is 15,000 Years Off", www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories 10/6/2004). Since Temination V, Ice Ages have increased in intensity but become shorter.
420,000 BP: A global temperature high, as measured by Vostok ice core, Antarctica (next: 330,000).
400,000 BP: Approximate age of Swanscombe (Kent) skull and associated hand axes. Hoxnian interglacial, towards the end of the Lower Paleolithic. English Channel not yet formed, but giant freshwater lake trapped south of North Sea ice periodically overflowed and flooded towards the south west (see 9,000 BC). Siberian stalactites/stalagmites record warming of around 1.5 degrees C; if global warming now was as great, trillions of tonnes of greenhouse gases would be released into the atmosphere with severe economic and environmental consequences (BBC website 22/2/2013). Complete deglaciation of Southern Greenland, pushing sea levels up by 4-6 metres.
400,000 BP: Neanderthals and Denisovans thought to have diverged, evolution-wise, from modern humans.
400,000 BP: End of most recent Martian ice age according to current thinking i, 26/4/2014).
350,000 BP: Neanderthals appear. (WBE)
340,000 BP: Global temperature/CO2 low as measured by Vostock ice core (next: 250,000 BP).
240,000 BP: A global temperature high, as measured by Vostock ice core (prev, 330,000 BP).
300,000 BP: Highest CO2 level until present, as measured by ice cores.
200,000 BP: Gullies in youngish Martian crater indicate flow of water since this time (i, 26/4/2014).
180,000 BP: Britain joined to France by land bridge, as at 20,000 BP.
160,000 BP: Oldest Homo sapiens skulls found in Eastern Ethiopia (BBC website news, 11/6/03).
150,000 BP: Studies of human genetic variation reveal everyone (Sapiens) on Earth descended from one woman who lived in Africa -coalescence of mitochondrial DNA (Olson, Mapping Human History p.27). All other lines eventually became extinct. Neanderthals in Jersey at this time, land-linked to France (Stringer, pp. 104-106), but apparently not in England.
150,000 -
60,000 BP: No trace of humans (Neanderthals) in Britain during this period, despite pleasant climate. (Stringer, pp 103-106).
140,000 BP: Global temperature/CO2 low, as measured by Vostok ice core (next: 20,000 BP).
130,000 BP: Global temperature/CO2 high, as measured by Vostok ice core (prev. see 240,000 BP). It was 4.5 degrees C warmer than today.
130,000 -
115,000 BP: Eemian Interglacial, warm period, with temperatures were on average 2 degrees higher than at present . The previous Interglacial to our present one, the Holocene. Temperatures peaked around 125,000 BP.
127,000 BP: Termination of first recent Ice Age (Feuerbacher). Oceans slower to warm than land.
125,000 BP: Sea level fell, exposing raised beach in Barbados (Earth's Story). Very warm period. Edinburgh Uni team (see also 82,000 and 40,000 BP) .
125,000 -
90,000 BP: Greening of the Sahara with lower sea levels may have allowed humans to migrate out of Africa successfully for the first time via the strait across the Persian Gulf to Aden (BBC 2 10/5/09). Genetics traces all present day races to this group.
120,000 BP: Climate in UK warmer than today - by about one degree Celsius. Hippos in Britain (excavated from foundations of buildings on Trafalgar Square - Stringer, p.110). Ice Ages followed. (Hot and Cold Night, BBC2, 30/8/99.) Camp Century core shows Ice Age begins in Greenland. Then see 75,000 BP. First ceremonial burials
115,000 BP: Start of last Ice Age (Fuerbacher). Atlantic Ocean conveyor reversed
110,000 BP: "Sudden" (over less than 400 yrs?) shift to colder climate globally. Desertification as moisture taken out of water cycle and frozen in growing ice caps/glaciers. Forests to grass, etc. (Singer and Avory p.xiv).
100,000 -
60,000 BP: Believed 'modern' humans settled in Asia (from Africa), eventually displacing Homo erectus.
93,600 BP: Speculative earth crust displacement (Flem-Aths, after Hapgood) Next see 52,600 BP, below.
90,000 BP: Warmth-loving species such as Hippos, Hyaenas and Lions prevalent in the British Isles, replaced gradually by Mammoths, Wolves, Bison etc, but tropical species gone altogether by 15,000 BP.
82,000 BP: Sea level fell again exposing raised beach on Barbados once more? (Earth's Story).
80,000 BP: N. Pole leaves Yukon 63N 135W (Hapgood), 5,000 years later arriving over the Greenland Sea near Svalbard. See next 75,000 BP.
80,000 BP: Approx. date of contents of Banwell bone cave, N. Somerset: Arctic Fox, Wolverine, Arctic Hare but no evidence of humans. Remains of beetles in London and Oxford suggest warmer further East?
77,000 -
69,000 BP: Supervolcano Toba eruption in Indonesia, deforests and leaves ash as far away as India. Some cliam it reduced the human population on Earth to around 10,000 individuals. The Eruption at least coincided with a return to an Ice Age, which Greenland ice cores indicate lasted for over a 1,000 years. Hence the 'Toba catastrophe theory' and it sits nicely with the human 'genetic bottleneck' theorists.
75,000 BP: N. Pole reaches the Greenland Sea 72N 10E from The Yukon (Hapgood, on www.poleshift.org/ps/PolePaths.html). Camp Century core on Greenland records major ice advance (Fuerbacher, p.3). See next 55,000 BP.
70,000 BP: Movement of Homo Sapiens out of Africa. DNA analysis of an aboriginal human hair, donated in 1923, shows that Australia's indigenous population were first isolated around this time. This is now believed to be the first wave of African emigration (American Journal Of Human Genetics, week beginning 18th September 2011). With sea levels lower than today they would have been able to cross through Indonesia relatively easily. Possibly arrived in Australia around 50,000 BP. See also 38,000 - 25,000 BP.
65,000 -
60,000 -
55,000 BP: Partial melting of glaciers (Singer and Avory, p.xiv).
55,000 -
50,000 BP: N. Pole 'leaves' Greenland Sea, moves to Hudson Bay 60N 73W. Next see 17,000 BP. Charles Hapgood argued this was due to the crust slipping, not a change in the Earth's axial tilt or severe climate change. England's warmest period?
52,600 BP: Speculative earth crust displacement (Flem-Aths, after Hapgood), bringing Canada to North Pole. Next see 9,600 BC, below.
50,000 BP: Small (30 yds across) asteroid hit Arizona, blasting a half mile wide crater.
50,000 BP: Brazil: Bones, hearths, charcoal suggest indigenous population before invasion of Americas by Mongoloids (Ancient Voices, BBC2, 1/9/99). Remains resemble Negroid Australian aborigines.
50,000 BP: Archaeological evidence shows Australia first settled.
45,000 BP: Oldest radiocarbon dates now known for Adélie penguins: sites occupied by Adélie penguins prior to the last advance of the Ross Ice Sheet at the end of the Pleistocene documented, indicating that open water conditions must have existed in the Ross Sea at that time. In addition, radiocarbon data reveal penguin colonies today are no older than 1000-2000 years old so there were periods in-between when no pebbles were available for nesting (Emslie, Stephen D. 45,000 Year Old Record of Adelie Penguins And Climate Change In The Ross Sea, Antarctica, Geological Society Of America 2nd January 2007). These penguins nest on ice-free coastal areas.
45,000 BP: New evidence suggests Homo sapiens had reached Europe earlier than previously thought, and co-existed with Neanderthals for around 5,000 years (Nature, August 2014).
44,000 -
41,000 BP: Teeth and a piece of jaw found in Italy and Kent's Cavern, Torquay indicate early Homo sapiens presence in Europe (Nature, November 2011).
41,000 BP: Brief complete pole reversal - Laschamp Event - with the change in polarity lasting about 250 years (Wikipedia).
41,000 -
39,000 BP: Most recent dating of Neanderthal bones and tools by Thomas Higham of the University of Oxford, finds Neanderthals died out in Europe during this very cold period. 5,000 years earlier, Homo sapiens thought to have reached the continent. The species may well have interbred, as later skeletons with Neanderthal-type features have been found. See also 22,000 BP - could pockets have survived much longer?
40,000 BP: 'Mungo Man', a Cro-Magnon fossil found in 1974 at Lake Mungo, New South Wales, Australia, dated to around this time though some had suggested up to 60,000 BP. 'Mungo Lady' is the earliest know cremation.
40,000 BP: Linguist estimates Andaman islands became isolated in Indian Ocean (C4 In Search of Eden, 14/5/01). These tribes carry Asian as well as African marker in DNA.
40,000 BP: Very cold period, acc. to Edinburgh Uni team's study of corals (Times, 26/1/01), also Fuerbacher. Neanderthals hit hard. Oldest human (Cro-Magnon) skull in Europe found in Cave Of Bones, Rumania. Bosphorus did not exist; humans migrated into Europe via the Danube? Many Europeans' DNA traceable to this time. Now see also 44,0000 BP.... busy period this, with humans reaching Siberia (stone tools and reindeer bone needles) from south west, following prey?
40,000 BP: The most recent minimum in the ellipticity of the Earth's orbit. The full cycle is about 400,000 years and the last maximum around 10,000 years ago.
40,000 -
35,000 BP: First hunter-gatherers moved into Palaeolithic southern Europe from the Middle East. (Sykes, B. Daily Mail 11/11/00). Earliest footprints in the Americas? Dating of footprints in volcanic ash in Mexico suggest peoples arrived by sea (BBC website 5/7/05). Previously thought to be 12,500 BP via Siberian land bridge.
39,300 BP: Campanian Ignimbrite eruption - reduced temperatures in what was already a cold period by a couple of degrees or more - Middle to Upper European Palaeolithic Transition. Major eruption of Campi Flegrei (Phlegraean Fields) near Naples (Napoli) in Italy. Caused late Pleistocene biocultural changes and is indicated in Greenland ice core samples. Possibly related to the demise of the Neanderthals.
38,000 -
25,000 BP: Split in the second major wave of migrations from Africa, with the ancestors of the Han Chinese going East mostly through central Asia, the European antecedents North via the Caucasus and Turkey (American Journal Of Human Genetics, week beginning 18th September 2011).
23,000 BP: Isle of Lewis, Scotland found to be unglaciated (Nature 309, 1984, 701-3).
35,000 BP: Start of the current Ice Age, acc. to Earth's Story, 13/12/98. Around this time the path from Asia to the Americas may have been open allowing humans to settle the New World in advance of the Clovis migration; genetic 'evidence' compatible (Mapping Human History p.205.)
33,000 BP: Paleolithic 'mine' found in Egypt (Schoch, p.56). No stalagmite growth around this time, indicating a cold period (whereas there was growth circa 35,000+ BP).
30,000 BP: Worlds oldest known cave paintings at Chauvet (Focus 6/96 p.83). Sabre tooth tigers still in Britain (Time Team, C4, 'Britain's Drowned World', 24 Apr 2007). Humans reached edge of Arctic Ocean. Peak of Ice Age 5,000 years later forced humans south to Mongolia. (IHJ:Asia.) Coldest point of Ice Age? (Singer and Avery). Extensive deserts and semi-deserts; sea level about 400 feet lower than today.
10,000 BP: Upper Palaeolithic (Old Stone Age); followed by Mesolithic.
29,500 -
15,000 BP: Glacial marine ice cores, Ross Sea.
29,000 BP: Male skeleton, the oldest ceremonial burial found in Europe. found by William Buckland in 1823 in a cave at Paviland on the Gower peninsula. Weather then 'Siberian' with an average winter temperature of -20 degrees Celsius and summer +10 degrees.
26,000 BP: Oldest known Homo Sapiens sapiens human footprints. disc. in Grotte Chauvet cave, France. Palaeolithic boy, about 9 yrs. (Times, 11/6/99 p.13.)
20,000 BP: Second wave of people moved into southern Europe from Middle East. 'Peak of the Ice Age' (IHJ:Eur).
24,000 BP: Disruption to the Gulf Stream, exacerbating effects of Ice Age (Iceworld, Channel 4, September 2002). N.B. Stream can boost European temperatures by 15 degrees Celsius. U.K. is 'uninhabitable', under half a mile thickness of ice.
22,000 BP: Traditionally when man entered New World from Siberia (TAWH p46). But see also 50,000 and 35,000 BP. At this time, characteristic tool cultures are the last indication of Neanderthal presence - at Gibraltar (Wikipedia).
20,000 BP: Global temperature/CO2 low, as measured by Vostock ice core (prev. 140,000 BP). This is the lowest temperature - 10 degrees Celsius lower than today - recorded in the last 800,000 years according to Jean Jouzel in Science July 5th 2007 (the warmest was 130,000 years ago during the last interglacial - 4.5 degrees C warmer than today).
20,000 BP: White's guestimate for birthdate of Adam (How Old is the Earth? p.29). Britain may have been joined to France, indicating lower sea levels around this time. Human footprints around Lake Mungo, S.E. Australia dated by luminescence in sand grains (IHJ:Aus). See also 40,000 BP.
20,000 BP: Ice sheet over the UK at its thickest: 1 km deep above Scotland (Landscape Mysteries: Britain before the Ice).
20,000 BP: Carbon 14 dating used back as far as this.
20,000 -
10,000 BP: Antarctic ice cores show upward trend in temperatures - contradicts Hapgood.
19,000 BP: Pre-Clovis peoples in America? Earliest occupation layer at Meadowcraft rock shelter in Western Pennysylvania as measured by radiocarbon dates (Mapping Human History, p. 199).
18,000 BP: Sea levels begin to rise significantly.
18,000 BP: Skeleton of 3' high Homo floresiensis, discovered October 2004. Did this branch of humanity survive another 6,000 years? (S. Times 31/10/04). Salutrian civilisation in France/Spain. Technology bears similarities to Clovis 5,000 years later. Has led to theory that these Europeans crossed Atlantic to Americas via skin boats and ice floes. Pre-Columbian. DNA evidence seems to support this mixing.
17,000 BP: East Antarctic Ice Sheet retreats. North Pole leaves Hudson Bay, to arrive at its present position 12,000 BP (Hapgood). N.B. in Hapgood's "revised version" the movement is not immediate (http://www.poleshift.org/); his theory is criticised by Schoch.
17,000 BP: Posnansky's est. of the date of the Kalasasaya at Tiahuanaco based on obliquity of the ecliptic (Hancock pp. 76- ).
17,000 BP: Possible era of the migration of Negroid peoples into S. America? Hancock cites Irwin, C. Fair Gods and Stone Faces, 1964.
17,000 BP: Lascaux cave paintings, France depict animals (bulls, horses etc) which would not have been found in the region during the Ice Age - Frank Edge's summer sky map of 15,000 BC theory claims some of the paintings represent Taurus and other constellations depicted to fix the summer solstice (Schoch, p.65).
17,000 BP: Over 17,000 years recorded by cave stalagmites in Sauerland, Germany trace periods of warming and cooling of the Earth (Niggemann et al., A Paleoclimate Record of the Last 17,600 years in Stalagmites from the B7 Cave, Sauerland, Quaternary Science Reviews 22 (2003) pp 555-67.
17,000 BP: Also at this time there may have been a major volcanic eruption in Indonesia causing the demise of Homo floresiensis.
17,000 -
14,000 BP: First inundation of Black Sea with Mediterranean saline overspill? (BBC Focus magazine, November 2010.), See also 5,500 BC.
16,000 BP: Global warming (Olson, p.99).
15,500 BP: At Buttermilk Creek, Texas, archaeologists have found up to 19,000 stone tools. The site "has yielded more pre-Clovis tools than all other such sites combined" (Scientific American, November 2011). It is thought that these peoples entered the Americas by crossing a dry Beringia (sea levels being much lower during the Ice Age), "leaving their East Asian homeland sometime between 25,000 and 15,000 years ago".
15,000 BP: Pre-Clovis peoples in America? Occupational layer more than 15,000 years old near Richmond, Virginia (Mapping Human History, p.199).
15,000 -
13,000 BP: Lake Agassiz forms from glacial meltwater and empties via the McKenzie into the Pacific (causing global cooling?).
14,600 BP: Early Americans in Chile, using hide-covered tents (Scientific American, November 2011)
14,500 -
13,500 BP: Approximate range of Older Dryas, or relatively cool period in N. Hemisphere.
14,500 -
11,500 BP: Bones of 'Red Deer Cave People' of Southern China analysed by Sino-Australian team. Speculation/disagreement over whether they may be a different species of human to Homo sapiens, the Neanderthals, etc. (BBC News website, 15/3/2012).
14,000 BP: Generally accepted approx. end of Pleistocene, with ice caps retreating in both northern and southern hemispheres. Earth temperatures rose to approx. those of today. Sea levels rise, forests spread (Singer and Avory). North Atlantic 'conveyor' resumes (Feuerbacher, p.9). First of the floods caused by catastrophic melting of the ice caps Oppenheim, p.24). Extinction of two thirds of large mammal species in North America (Palaeolithic hunters or rapid climate change)? Start of the Holocene, or Ice Age interstadial epoch.
13,000 BP: Clovis (spear) technology in Mexico marks leap forward. Oxygen isotope records from Greenland suggest climate warm but starting to get colder again - within 700 years an ice cap had built up in Scotland (Earth Story p.166, Whyte p.2). This period known as the Younger Dryas stadial, lasting for about 1500 years. Temperature drops by about 15 degrees Celsius in Britain and Greenland within 10 years.
13,000 BP: Human remains on California's Channel Islands dated to. Evidence challenges orthodox theory of migration into the Americas which requires peoples to cross the Bering Strait into central Canada and then southwards.
12,900 BP: Clovis peoples and the giant animals of their time vanish. New evidence suggests...."a comet, possibly 1.9 miles wide, smashed into the Earth's atmosphere" setting much of North America ablaze..evidence from "a thin layer of strange debris featuring microscopic diamond dust and...iridium...peppered across North Africa and parts of Europe. Fireballs ...crashed into much of the vast icesheet covering the northern half of North America...exactly when colossal meltwaters surged into the North Atlantic, throwing ocean currents off course and plunging the world into an abrupt freeze that lasted more than 1,000 years" (Times, 29/5/07). Carl Munck claims this is around when Atlantis was destroyed.
12,900 BP: Laacher See volcanic eruption in Germany also around this time.
12,800 -
12,600 BP: (10,800 BC, easing off by 9,600 BC). The Younger Dryas, a cold spell affecting mainly the Northern Hemisphere (though MacDougall on p.198 admits the event "was a global phenomenon"). Droughts prevalent in north, affecting Mammoths? (Whyte). The cooling less rapid and more intermittent than the warming at the end of the period. Around this time North American Lake Agassiz emptied huge volumes of fresh water into the St Lawrence Seaway - causing the Atlantic Conveyor to weaken/stop? (MacDougall, pp 109-110.) See also 6,200 BC (8,200 years ago)...
12,500 -
10,000 BC: Age of Leo in astrological terms.
12,500 BP: Hancock, Bauval assert is the Egyptian 'First Time', also date of last geomagnetic reversal (p.484). Cite Nature and New Scientist 6/1/1972 p.7.
12,500 BP: Monte Verde, Chile site discovered in the 1990's suggests South America peopled before Clovis' ancestors entered from Asia (Schoch, p.60).
12,350 BP: Morner and Lanser (1974) postulated a magnetic pole excursion from a core taken from the Gothenburg Botanical Gardens in Sweden, hence 'Gothenburg Flip'. However other scientists have failed to validate this finding.
12,300 BP: Arabs dated The Flood. Hancock Keepers of Genesis, p242. Before 10,000 BC, global sea levels are said to have been 90' to 100' lower than the present day.
12,178 BP: Celestial pole inclined 30 deg. from present position (Allan and Delair, p15, taken from Noel, M. and Tarling, D.H. Laschamp Geomagnetic Event. Nature vol.253 pp 705-6, 1975).
12,000 -
10,000 BP: Around this time the global human population estimated to be around a million (Whyte, p.50. Most of the large Mammoths became extinct over this period. Small ones survived on Wrangel Island until around 1700 BC.
12,000 BP = 10,000 BC. This chronology uses 'BP' prior to this date - HGS.
9,500 BC: The Younger Dryas, a geologically brief period of cold and drought.
10,000 BC: Second pulse of post glacial flooding (Hancock, Flooded..., op.cit) as temperature rises. CO2 in the atmosphere reaches its lowest level (Feuerbacher, p.4). 7 degree temperature rise in 15 years (Time Team, C4, 'Britain's Drowned World', 24 Apr 2007).
10,000 -
4,000 BC: Fine (alluvial) ice cores, Ross Sea. Egypt much wetter, with savannah instead of desert - =Nabtian Pluvial.
4,000 BC: Floodplain of the Avon forms near College Green (BAGAS vol. 124, 2006).
10,000 -
4,000 BC: Mesolithic 'hunter-gatherers' in Britain.
9,700 BC: End of the Pleistocene, beginning of the Pre-Boreal stage of the Holocene epoch (Wikipedia)
9,600 BC: Traditional date for destruction of Atlantis (Solon). Speculative date of earth crust displacement (Flem-Aths, after Hapgood), based on sudden mass extinction's. They say North Pole moves to present location - contradicts Hapgood's 12,000 BP. Tollmann's estimated date of Great Flood, ending most recent Ice Age (prevalence of tektites, sudden increase on Carbon 14 in fossilised trees, caused by impact explosion?). (Schoch, p.199; original source not given in his bibliography.)
9,600 BC: Sudden warming of climate shown by Greenland ice cores which record a 14 degree jump in 15 years (Schoch, p.172). Thus the Younger Dryas gave way to the Pre-Boreal, and finally the Boreal (9,000-7500 BC). Did poles shift?
9,500 BC: Speculative Phaeton catastrophe (Allan & Delair). Also time of the disintegration of comet precipitating Ice Ages according to Clube and Napier; much dust deposited 10,000 yrs prior to this (CDE, p.10 see also Schoch, p.205). Second of the great floods caused by catastrophic melting of the ice caps Oppenheim, p.24). Approx. date of destruction of Atlantis (Hancock, Flooded Kingdoms of the Ice Age, Ch.4, 11/2/02).
7,000 BC: Early Holocene climactic optimum confirmed by Antarctic ice cores. Was this the last time the Atlantic Conveyor closed down or retreated south? (Stringer, p.149.)
date: Considered an interglacial period. Planet warms to present temperatures in about 100 years. Ice sheets melted, sea levels rose, forests expanded at expense of grass and deserts shrank (Singer and Avery).
8,000 BC: 'Amazon cave findings shed new light on American prehistory' (Times, 19/4/96): evidence of the peopling of the Amazon basin independent of Clovis.
9,000 BC: Rising sea levels create permanent English Channel (preceded by a 'super river' which drained the southern North Sea to varying degrees after approx 450,000 years BP - Independent, 30th November 2009).
9,000 BC: Female Negroid skull discovered 1999 in Serra Da Capivara, NE Brazil. Cave paintings suggesting possible scenes of violence with Mongoloid peoples? Oldest (non-Mongoloid) skull in Tierra Del Fuego (Ancient Voices, BBC2, 1/9/99). 'Japanese' Jomon pottery - the oldest in the world (Oppenheim).
1 BC: Period during which Antarctica may have been mapped as an unglaciated archipelago by Buache, the C18th French geographer (Hapgood; Hancock). For a refutation of this theory see http://xoomer.alice.it/dicuoghi/Piri_Reis/PiriReis_eng.htm
8,770 -
8,460 BC: Starr Carr, oldest Mesolithic habitation structure in Britain.
8,600 BC: Vedde Ash, 6-7 cubic metres of tephra found around northern Europe and attributed to Icelandic volcano Katla in one of its biggest eruptions.
8,600 -
8,126 BC: Beginning of Zodiacal Age of Cancer.
8,500 BC: Approximate age of the Earth according to modern day creationists, based on the alleged imbalance of Carbon 14 in the atmosphere (White, p.88). Approximate date of Noah's Flood according to other creationists who base their surmise on the archaeology mentioned in Genesis compared with the dating of the Bronze Age, etc. N.b. the half life of Carbon 14 is 5730 years; however it can be traced in Carboniferous geology.
8,496 BC: (4th June) Ancient Americans began new time cycle immediately after a cataclysm (Much, Otto in Kolosimo, P. Timeless Earth, p.136).
8,419 BC: Baltic becomes brackish and level with the Atlantic following seismic event. http://www.intechopen.com/download/get/type/pdfs/id/13091
8,350 -
7,350 BC: First archaeologically known city, Jericho, founded.
8,300 -
8,100 BC: 'Cold snap' in relation to today's temperatures (Langdon, p.55).
8,300 -
8000 BC: Tundra retreats from British Isles (Dunbavin, p.86).
8,300 -
7000 BC: Pre-Boreal climatic period of Holocene.
8,000 BC: Rapid global warming (Encarta). Since then, unusual climatic stability, benefiting temperate zone agriculture (Earth's Story). 2006: Earth's atmosphere warmest since then? Mediterranean rises, eventually by around 200 feet. Cold spell ended abruptly as indicated by O-18 levels in ice cores (Feuerbacher).
8,000 BC: "Siberian" man reaches southern Chile. Bones of Red Deer plus human teeth in Malta; underwater stone circle off Japan (Hancock, Flooded....op. cit.). This is disputed by the geologist Schoch.
8,000 BC: Emergence of agriculture at least 10,000 years ago (Olson, p.92).
8,000 BC: First signs of activity at Stonehenge site (Operation Stonehenge: What Lies Beneath), BBC2, 10/9/2014. Wooden pole holes, Auroch bones, Purpling stones, other signs of human habitation...Mesolithic.
8,000 BC: The most recent maximum in the ellipticity of the Earth's orbit occurred around this time (10,000 BP).
8,000 -
4,800 BC: Britain exposed to "monsoon" (hot and moist) type climate (Langdon, p.54). Contains the so-called 'Atlantic Period', as determined by the pollen counts of trees thriving in this period. However, cold snaps between 7,200-7,200 and 6,600-6,500 BC, etc. (+see below).
8,000 -
3,000 BC: Strong 'seasonal' (=monsoon?) rains in Sahara, as evidenced by alternate layers of sand and clay in rocky outcrops in Egyptian Desert. One 'lake' bigger than the UK. Note that even hotter Saharan temperatures than at present are required to create the extremes of air temperature to precipitate (literally!) a monsoon.
7,911 -
7090 BC: Several great volcanic eruptions (Feuerbacher).
7,800 BC: Warren Field, Aberdeenshire pit alignment dated to and in use for about 4,000 years thereafter according to excavation (Current Archaeology 283, October 2013 pp 12-19). Speculation it could have been a lunar calendar, far earlier than was previously thought possible.
7,600 -
5,900 BC: About 1,000 sq. miles of dry land overwhelmed in North Sea, leaving only Dogger Bank above sea level (Independent On Sunday, p.8, 15/10/00).
7,500 BC: Finds recovered from Gulf of Cambay site in Gujarat dated to at least this age (BBC News website, 19/1/02). Sonar revealed 'lost' city 120' underwater.
7,500 BC: First evidence of stone tools, pottery, domestication of animals and crop growing in China (Diamond, p.329).
7,500 BC: Earth's axial tilt is 24.2 degrees, the cyclical maximum. Ever since it has been decreasing.
7,400 -
7,200 BC: 'Cold snap' in relation to today's temperatures, according to Langdon.
7,200 -
6,500 BC: Underwater village remains off the coast of Israel at Atlit Yam, believed to have succumbed to rising sea levels. Stone built houses, wells, megaliths, cemetery. Hunters, fishers, farmers (BBC Focus, November 2012 p.40).
7,167 -
5,167 BC: Estimated date of Flood acc. to Whitcomb and Morris, i.e. 3,000 - 5,000 yrs after the birth of Abraham. Somerset peat below sea level (Peat Moors Centre).
7,000 BC: It was around this time, according to Prof. Colin Renfrew's late 1980s Anatolian hypothesis, that Indo-European languages originated in Anatolia (Modern day Turkey). This has been supported by New Zealand researchers (Nature, August 2012) using phylogenetic methods from evolutionary biology. The findings contradict the rival Steppes/Kurgen theory which holds that proto-Indo-European developed in and spread from north of the Caspian Sea in the Russian Steppes around 5,000 years B.P. (Indo-European includes the Germanic languages which also led to English.
7,000 -
6,900 BC: 'Kennewick Man' radio carbon dated to. Found near the Columbia River, Washington, USA in 1996. Controversy over features thought not to be Native American, but an earlier population descended from the Japanese Ainu. (Smithsonian, 2014).
7,000 -
5,500 BC: Boreal period of Holocene. Ireland cut off from rest of British Isles at beginning; by end whole of Britain cut off from Europe(Wikipedia).
7,000 -
5,000 BC: As Scandinavian ice cap melts, Neolithic Europe repopulated by peoples from Siberia and Asia Minor (Sykes, B. Daily Mail, 11/11/00. See also entries for 40,000 and 25,000 BP. Evolution of Indo-European languages in Anatolia, reaching Europe 6,000 BC (Gibbins). Schoch's estimate for the construction period of the Sphinx (p.50, Voices Of The Rocks) based primarily on water-induced erosion.
7,000 -
5,000 BC: Ross Sea secondary Antarctic climatic optimum as measured by ice cores(see also 6,000 BP and 11,500 BP). Catal Huyuk, Anatolia (Turkey).
7,000 -
4,000 BC: Radio carbon dating indicates most peat bogs in Britain and other western European countries formed......after flooding at the end of the last Ice Age (Langdon, p.57).
7,000 -
3,000 BC: Holocene 'Climatic Optimum'; Earth warmer and wetter than at present. Saharan and Arabian Deserts support hunting, herding and some agriculture.
6,608 BC: Pole shift ? (Munck.)
6,600 BC: Ice 'rebound' triggers major quake and tsunami in Sodermanland, Sweden. Others between 11,600 BP and 900 BP. http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/13091/InTech-Traces_of_tsunami_events_in_off_and_on_shore_environments_case_studies_in_the_maldives_scotland_and_sweden.pdf.
6,600 -
6,500 BC: Very cold snap in Britain prior to the generally warm Atlantic Period?
6,500 BC: Core sample suggests The Solent first inundated by the sea - remains of a flooded oak forest. More and more land disappears in the following centuries as isostatic re-adjustment takes place following the last Ice Age. Flint tools found from just after this period. (Landscape Mysteries: Secrets of the Flood, BBC2 10/03). Boreal climate period in Europe. Present outline of Severn Estuary does not exist yet - at this time the river emptied into a bay near Lundy. Human and animal footprints preserved at Goldcliff (Newport) - Stringer, p.158.
6,500 BC: Earliest known building in S. America - step pyramid - subsequently buried in lava (Kolosimo).
6,500 -
4,500 BC: Migration of pre-Saharan peoples west, south west and into the Middle East as the land dried out almost completely; falling sea levels; falling water table in North Africa;origins of Hebrew (Thompson).
6,450 -
5,970 BC: Beginning of Zodiacal Age of Gemini.
6,250 -
4,700 BC: Vespasian's Camp near Stonehenge Mesolithic domestic site.
6,200 BC: Catal Huyuk fresco depiction of volcanic eruption - oldest known image of active volcano.
6,200 BC: Lake Agassiz believed to have suddenly emptied for the last time, into Hudson Bay. Could have affected the Gulf Stream/North Atlantic Conveyor. See also 12,800 BP.
6,200 BC: Stonehenge activity pauses around this time, until the Neolithic peoples reach Great Britain in 4000 BP.
6,200 -
6,100 BC: Tsunami originating from the coast of Norway destroys what remains of Mesolithic Doggerland, cutting Britain off from Europe (BBC Focus November 2012 p.37). As explored later on The Stone Age Tsunami (Channel 4, 30/5/2013) this was caused by the earthquake-triggered Storegga Slide. The evidence includes a thin sandy layer with the microscopic remains of smashed diatoms found between the clays along points of the Scottish (e.g. at Montrose) and Northumberland coasts. This water would have receded unlike the flooding caused by the final release of Lake Agassiz around 4,200 BC, but is believed to have been finally abandoned around 6,000 BC.
6,100 -
5,900 BC: Cold snap prior to the generally mild Atlantic Period.
6,000 BC: Garden of Eden; Adamites (Rohl, Legend, pp 403-); last of the sea floods which drowned parts of SE Asia creating the Indonesian islands; Earth's crust cracks as northern ice-plates collapse; mass emigration from area (Oppenheim, Eden in the East).
6,000 BC: Peat deposits indicate much of Somerset below sea level. Cave paintings from Egyptian Desert showing possible swimming humans (see 8000 BP).
6000 BC: African cave paintings dated to 8000 BP show 'athletic' humans, variety of Savannah mammals and maybe even human swimmers (Orbit, BBC 2, March 2012). The programme thought a cyclical maximum in the tilt of the Earth's axis, to about 24.5 degrees (whereas at present it is 23.4 degrees), was the cause.
6,000 BC: Tree ring dating, which supports Carbon 14 estimates, effective back to this time.
6,000 -
5,000 BC: Nubian rock paintings (Lost Kingdoms Of Africa, BBC4, 1/2010)
6,000 -
3000 BC: East Antarctic climatic optimum as measured by ice cores. Warm, moist, 'Atlantic' climate period succeeds Boreal in Europe (Wikipedia, see above).
6,000 -
2,500 BC: Saharan wet phase. Pastoral rock paintings at Tassili, Hoggar etc. (TAWH p45.)
5,800 -
5,600 BC: Mini Ice Age ? (Ryan and Pitman.)
5,560 -
5,335: Dating of silt in pit 9580 in Stonehenge car park in which a piece of Bluestone was discovered. Langdon contends this proves the monument is older than traditionally thought, the post hole being where there was a mooring post for the boats/ships which brought the stone from the Preseli Hills in Pembrokeshire.
5,500 BC: Black Sea cores indicate marine deposits superseded freshwater after over 15,000 yrs (BBC Horizon 'Noah's Flood', 16/12/96). Transition from freshwater to saltwater molluscs - almost certainly due to rising sea levels bursting though a natural dam across the Bosphorus around 5,600 BC (CDE, p.15).
5,500 BC: Rapid flooding of Arabian Gulf (Oppenheim). Final melting of ice-age ice, loss of land bridges e.g. between Britain and Europe (CWH). Big retreat of West Antarctic ice sheet? (Gibbins, D. Atlantis; historical notes, p.453).
5,500 BC: Archaeological discontinuity in a tell excavation in Turkey (Ryan and Pitman).
5,500 BC: Migration of Cain's descendants to Susiana (Rohl, Legend, p.408). See also 17,000- 14,000 BP.
5,500 -
3,000 BC: Atlantic period of Holocene; Elm, Oak, Lime; Summer and winter 1-2 deg. warmer than present, rainfall 10-15% higher (Dunbavin, p.87). Comparatively moist in Egypt/Saharan areas, corresponding to Neolithic occupancy. (P.I.S.O.W.C.)
5,400 BC: Radio carbon dating of new Stonehenge finds (April 2013). Site possibly occupied as early as 7,500 BC. Archaeology led by David Jacques.
5,000 BC: Enoch 'builder king' founded Eridu? (Rohl, Legend, p.409). Possible geological record of a tsunami hitting the area of Sullom Voe, Shetland (Radio Times, 2/6/07).
3,000 BC: Average global temperatures reached their maximum during the Holocene and were 1-2 degrees warmer than today. This period is known as the Climatic Optimum and prompted many of the great ancient civilisations to flourish. (http://www.physicalgeography.net/).
4,900 BC: Early Neolithic tomb found in 2010, at Buthiers-Boulancourt, about 40 miles (65km) south of Paris, revealed a man of about 50 who had been trepanned and undergone surgery to have an arm cleanly removed (Times, 25/1/2010).
4,700 -
4,200 BC: Sea level around Great Britain stabilises (Stringer, p.158). In November 2012 it is announced that archaeologists working in Bulgaria have discovered Europe's oldest prehistoric town a thousand years older than the earliest Greek sites. It is near the Black Sea resort of Varna, may have contained around 350 inhabitants, and possibly owed its wealth to salt extraction.
4,500 BC: Current estimate of beginnings of Neolithic agriculture (Whyte)?
4,300 BC: Final sinking of Atlantis, according to Langdon.
4,300 -
3,814 BC: Beginning of the Zodiacal Age of Taurus.
4,236 BC: Earliest known year 'date', with founding of the Egyptian calendar.
4,004 BC: Est. date of Creation (Ussher).
4,000 BC: Burial chamber beneath Stanton Drew stone circle, Somerset dated approx. to this time - 1,000 years older than the stones themselves? http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/news/latestnews/2010/January/Pages/Stanton%20Drew%20now%201000%20years%20older.aspx
4,000 BC: "Civilisation first developed in the 'Fertile Crescent' of the Middle East" i.e. Sumer and Egypt (Hancock - 'trad'). People of Eridu established trading centre on Bahrain (Rohl, Legend, p410).
4,000 BC: "6,000 year old 'train'" to New Guinea and Bismarck's (Oppenheim, p170). Sub-pluvial period of wetter, more Mediterranean-like climate in the Middle East.
4,000 -
3,000 BC: Somerset peat drying out. Rising curve of sea level flattens out at present-day levels (reduced ice sheets of the world now in equilibrium with the climate? (RMS 1966 conference p.12, see bib.)
4,000 -
2,500 BC: Neolithic in Britain.
present: Glacial marine ice cores in Ross Sea, opposite New Z. (Hapgood, p.235). Temperatures peaked and remained stable for 2,000 years (Feuerbacher, p.4). Civilisations flourished in regions that are now desert, incl. Egypt/Sahara. Europe north of the Alps became increasingly cold and wet. Around this time the global human population estimated to be around seven million, sustained by advances in agriculture (Whyte, p.5).
3,761 BC: Date for creation of the world, according to the Jewish calendar.
3,700 -
3,500 BC: Cold snap in Britain, within relatively warm Atlantic Period?
3,600 BC: Nubian city/temple (Into Africa with Henry Louis Gates, BBC2 17/7/99 and ff).
3,200 BC: Late Neolithic. Sea level rises (BAGAS v124, 2006)
3,500 BC: In Britain by this time the first hunter-gatherers had become the first farmers. Long barrows begin to appear; henges, cursuses.
3,500 BC: Binary asteroid glanced The Moon creating craterlets Messier and Messier A. Orbit did not resettle until c.1,500 BC. (see below). Recorded in rock art, Newgrange? Violent changes in Earth weather resulted. (Times, 12/8/02.)
South Chinese expand to and settle on Taiwan. Beginning of their Austronesian (language family) speaking colonisation of the western Pacific excluding Australia and most of New Guinea. N.b. this language family not to be confused with Austro-Asiatic, also Chinese in origin, which spread south into Indo-China (Diamond, p.341). Contradicts Oppenheim, op.cit.
Sea levels around Britain reach approximately their present level (BBC Focus magazine, November 2012 p.37).
3,500 -
3000 BC: Close encounters between asteroid Olijato and Earth (Schoch, p.205).
3,400 BC: Pictographs, first form of writing, appeared: Babylonian Cuneiform.
3,300 -
1,200 BC: Bronze Age (followed by Iron Age and preceded by Stone Age).
3200 -
The world's oldest undeciphered writing (Proto-Elamite, present day SW Iran) dated to this period, and is the subject of study by Oxford University academics (BBC website news, 22/10/2012).
3,123 BC: (June 29th): scientists examining 700 BC clay tablet with cuneiform writing deduce it is a copy of a record made by a Sumerian astronomer of an asteroid hitting The Earth (in the Austrian Alps at Kofells), also recorded in several ancient myths including the Sodom and Gomorrah and Phaeton stories. Times, 31/3/2008 p.13.
3,114 BC: 'Year Zero' in Mayan calendar (Dunbavin). Mayan calendar now has starting date of August 12th 3114 BC; follows 'cataclysm'. Mayans believed their original homelands (east across the Atlantic?) were destroyed before this calendar expires December 2012.
3,100 BC: "Was the earth's' rotation disturbed by a comet impact ?" (Dunbavin, Paul. The Atlantis Researches) Others, incl. David Furlong, writing in Kindred Spirit Quarterly issue 41 p35 have linked these last three events with the translocation of Atlantean culture. Evidence of dramatic rising/falling sea levels and drying of Sahara.
3,100 BC: Art of writing invented, hieroglyphic and cuneiform; Great Flood (Rohl, Legend, pp. 411 -).
3,100 -
1,500 BC: Stonehenge developed, initially in the form of a bank and ditch. Stones not added until about 2,400 BC (Wikipedia).
3,005 BC: Some creationists suggest an asteroid impacted Yucatan peninsula bringing to an end the Age of the Dinosaurs. This date is calculated from 'accelerated decay' of Carbon 14.
3,000 BC: Approximate end of Holocene Climatic Optimum. Arctic ice 50% thinner than at present according to research by Danish team (Science, 4/8/11). Average temperature in northern hemisphere about 4 degrees C warmer than present though southern hemisphere slightly cooler than now.
3000 BC: New excavations suggest stones brought to Stonehenge earlier than previously thought - http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/7660860.stm
3000 BC: Radio carbon dating of 'lesser wall' on Orkney's Ness of Brodgar; contemporary with Skara Brae etc. History of Ancient Briton: Orkney's Stone Age Temple BBC2 1/1/2012. Further date suggests site systematically abandoned about 2,300 BC, possibly through change in belief systems/transition to Bronze Age. http://www.orkneyjar.com/archaeology/nessofbrodgar/excavation-background-2/
3,000 BC: Austronesian speakers reach The Philippines (Diamond, p.341).
3,000 BC: Earliest formal calendars date from around this time
1,000 BC: Global cooling, accompanied by large drops in sea level http://www.physicalgeography.net/); Sub-Boreal period of Holocene to 500 BC.
3,000 -
800 BC: Somerset peat suggests rainfall increasing. Sub-Boreal period; similar to today, poss. drier; deforestation (man); slight glacial advances (Dunbavin). Follows 'Piora oscillation' (Furlong).
2,900 BC: Invasion of Egypt by 'followers of Horus'/'Dilmunites', leading to first of the Pharaohs (Rohl, Legend, pp 416.) Most likely date for Biblical/Sumerian Deluge (CWH)
2,750 BC: Evidence of localised flood during Early Dynastic period in Sumer (CDE, p.9). Possibly referred to by cuneiform tablet a thousand years later (see this Chronology, below).
2,700 -
2,627 BC: Caral Pyramids, Peru: radio carbon dating to (Wikipedia).
2,620 BC: Trad. date of Pyramid/Sphinx construction (see also 2,500 BC).
2,600 BC: Approx. age of Silbury Hill (WDP, 28/6/96). Dating of 'lost pyramids of Caral', in the Peruvian Desert (Horizon, 31/1/02). No pottery. Stone tools. Flutes of bone. Cotton. Evidence of drugs e.g. cocaine). Also temple, amphitheatre. Use of reeds provided dating. No visible fortifications; theory that city developed through trade with the fishermen of the coast, c. 20 miles away, once it was irrigated. Approximate late Bronze Age date for the fall of Troy based on archaeological evidence. See also 1194 BC. Recorded by Homer c. 8 BC. Cooling 'event' with relatively wet conditions in many parts of the world (Singer and Avery).
2,600 BC: Bluestones first used at Stonehenge (Wikipedia). These are the ones believed to have originated in the Preseli hills in Pembrokeshire and may have reached Salisbury Plain by glacial action or human agency.
2,600 -
2,400 BC: Sarsen stones used at Stonehenge.
2,500 BC: End of Saharan wet phase (see 6,000 BC, above). Approx. age of Great Pyramid, based on alignment to polar stars (National Geographic, Sept 2001). Approx. age of Marden Henge dwelling (floor surface discovered in 2010). This Henge, almost invisible except through aerial photography, is mid way between Avebury and Stonehenge and bigger than both.
2,500 -
800 BC: Bronze Age in Britain. Individual 'Chieftain' burials begin; round barrows more common. Stone avenues, standing stones: 'Golden Age of the Megalith Builders' (Butler).
2,358 -
2,119 BC: Tower of Babel episode (White, based on Biblical chronology).
2,350 BC: Trad. date of the Flood (based on Ussher - Whitcomb and Morris, p.391). Other conservative Creationists place more generally between 2,500 and 2,300 BC....or even 8,500 BC (op cit).
2,350 -
870 BC: Approximate time range of the Sub-Boreal; hyper-arid period in Egypt and some other areas of North Africa (P.I.S.O.W.C.).
2,345 BC: Earth's axial tilt changed, according to some Creationists, maybe to 28 degrees or more, but a slow precession has brought it to the 23.45 degrees of today, thus moderating the climate away from extreme seasons.
2,345 -
2,000 BC: Narrow ring events in Irish oak tree-ring chronology (Schoch, p.248). Prev: 3095 BC; next: 1628 BC on 500 - 1,000 yr cycle.
2,300 BC: Beaker people start to arrive in Britain. First appearance of round barrows.
2,300 BC: Orkney's Stone Age temple at Brodgar seems to have been abandoned (see 3000 BC and climate events below).
2,300 -
1,800 BC: Period of the Ice Age, according to some Creationists. At the end of this period the sea level obviously rose. Carl Munck, the archaeocryptographer, placed Noah's Flood and a major Chinese Flood at 4,300 years ago, or approximately 2,320 BC. Go back another 4,300 years to 6,640 BC and he claims this is when a polar shift took place. And a further 4,300 years takes us to 10,900 BC when he thought Atlantis was destroyed.
2,200 BC: '4.2 kiloyear aridification event' (Wikipedia) which caused world-wide climatic catastrophes and civilisation upheaval including the collapse of the Old Kingdom in Egypt, over the whole of the following 100 years. Change to drier conditions, lowering of water level in lakes, reduced river discharge. But flood disasters in China, N. India, Greece, Australia and USA; civilisation collapse (CDE, p.16). Coincided with cooling event in the North Atlantic known as the Bond Event.
2,200 BC: Remains of comet destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah ? (Times, 30/3/97.)
2,167 BC: Estimated date of Abram's birth (Whitcomb and Morris, p.478.)
2,150 -
1,658 BC: Beginning of the Zodiacal Age of Aries ( to AD 1 or AD 498, depending on Neil Mann or Heindel-Rosicrucian schemes).
2,000 BC: Oldest living tree/organism, the Bristlecone Pine - thought to be at least 4,000 years old. Sea levels rise to about 3 metres above present height (RMS conference p.12).
2,000 BC: Austronesian speakers (from China/Taiwan) reach Sumatra (Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel p.341)
2,000 -
1,000 BC: Brief warming trend.
1,900 -
1,600 BC: Old Babylonian empire.
1,900 -
1,350 BC: Biblical Joseph (trad.)
1,750 BC: Cuneiform tablet, discovered in the Middle East in 1948, mentions oncoming Flood and gives instructions for the Babylonian Atra-Hasis to build an ark of ropes, ribs and bitumen. Ark was to be circular and about half the size of a football pitch. The animals went in "two by two". Refers to events of about 1,000 years before. (The Real Noah's Ark, Channel 4, 14/9/2014.)
1,700 -
1,600 BC: Final extinction of Mammoths of Wrangel Island (Wikipedia). Low tree ring event (Dunbavin, Under Ancient Skies.... 2005.
1,600 BC: Pavlopetri, 'City Beneath The Waves' (BBC4 1/8/2012), about 5,000 years old and thought to have flourished but now 3 - 4 metres under water off the south coast of the Greek Peleponnese. The town is believed to have been submerged by successive earthquakes around 1,000 BC.
1,682 BC: Arrival of Israelites in Egypt (Rohl, Legend).
1,662 BC: Joseph born (Rohl, p330).
1,628 BC: Radiocarbon data from Irish Bog Oaks and Bristlecone pines show poor growth -result of Thera volcanic eruption? Rain of sulphuric acid, also detected in layers of Greenland ice (Gibbins). See below. Confirmed by Schoch, p.248. Prev: 2345 BC; next: 1159 BC.
1,600 -
1,550 BC: Supposed destruction of Santorini Atlantis Galanopoulos). Or, 1,626 BC (Dunbavin, p.159 and BBC's Ancient Apocalypse 2/8/01); or 1628 BC as reported in the Sunday Times of 17/3/96 (theory that volcanic ash caused the biblical 7 yr. famine). N.B. Ex.13:21 "pillar of cloud/fire" -volcanic dust? A.A. states this was the second largest eruption of all time, after Tambora, Indonesia, 1815. BBC2 Timewatch programme of 20/4/07 propounds tsunami theory for the ultimate destruction of Minoan power as Crete is bombarded with waves after Santorini eruption. Shells, pottery found 1 km inland dated to match time of eruption. Minoan civilisation partially revives until invasion by Myceneans in 1450 BC.
1,560 BC: Est. date of Deucalion Flood, caused by cometary (Phaeton) impact (Beaumont, 1932)- CDE.
1,535 BC: Est. date of birth of Moses (Rohl, David. Test of Time, concl. 17/9/95 Ch.4).
1,460 BC: Est. date of Deucalion Flood (Calvesius/Helvicus and chronology of St Jerome). Olmecs in Mexico. Negroid heads (Hancock, Van Sertima) "3,500 year old 'train'" to Polynesia (Oppenheim, p.170). Moon settled into current orbit after asteroid incident (see 3,500 BC.) About this time there were Bronze Age settlements on Dartmoor indicating an equable climate.
300 AD: Renewed growth in continental glaciers with sea level drop of between 2-3 metres below present day levels (www.physical geography.net).
1,495 BC: Est. date of Exodus (Velikovsky).
1,460 BC: Est. date of the Deucalion flood based on the chronology of St Jerome (Wikipedia).
1,450 BC: Venus passes close to Earth (Velikovsky).
1,447 BC: Est. date of Exodus, 13th Dynasty (Rohl, Test of Time, p330).
1,390 BC: Volcanic blast related to Thera? (Feuerbacher).
1,320 BC: Traditional, estimated date of Exodus (BRE&C).
1,280 BC: Estimated date of Exodus, Santorin professors' (ST 17/3/96)
1,250 BC: Academic historians' est. of date of Exodus (not long after monotheist Akhenaten).
1,200 BC: Villages, first thought to have developed during the Stone Age, replacing isolated settlements in Britain.
1,194 -
1,184 BC: Trojan War based on Eritosthenes' estimate. Herodotus places it at 1250 BC.
1,159 -
1,141 BC: Virtually no summer growth rings of British trees (BBC2 Coast, August 2005)- possible famine? No record of volcanic event. Comet? "Star of Anath" fell on Libya, according to Merenptah, Egyptian text. Confirmed by Schoch, p.248 (Irish oak tree ring chronology; prev. 1628 BC; next: AD 540).
1,150 BC: Most recent climatic disturbance. Invasion of Egypt by "sea peoples", collapse of Hittite empire, 'dark age' in Greece for 300 years (Dunbavin, p.159).
1,010 BC: First year of King David's reign (Rohl, p.328).
1,000 BC: Climatic deterioration in the British Isles, which became cooler and wetter. Narrowing tree rings in Ireland. Bronze Age retreat from uplands. Acid deposition. Successive earthquakes submerge the oldest known submerged archaeological town site.',
900 BC: Estimated date of Cascajal block of Olmec writing found in Mexico (Independent, 15th Sept 2006).
900 -
800 BC: Old Testament composed from to mid 2nd century BC (Fox, p.49). 'Second' Creation story written.
800 BC: Approximate dating of Bronze Age Uffington White Horse, the only chalk hill figure proven to be prehistoric (by dating the silts underneath the chalk).
800 -
800 -
500 BC: Somerset peat drier (Peat Moors Centre).
800 -
1 BC: Cold snap, in relation to today's temperatures, during 'Sub-Atlantic Period' (Langdon).
776 BC: First Olympic Games.
750 BC: Iron smelting brought to Britain, triggering the Iron Age.
750 -
664 BC: "Egypt ruled by Kushite Pharaohs" (TAWH, p.45); 25th Dynasty.
712 BC: Kushite invasion of Egypt (Rohl, Legend, p19).
700 -
600 BC: Time of Tartessus/os or Tarshish and it's wealth supplying the other Mediterranean cultures. Located in Southern Spain near Cadiz, this harbour city has been linked with Atlantis. Herodotus placed it west of the Pillars of Hercules. The archaeological site at Cancho Roano, Spain, which also betrays Phoenician influence, could be a Tartessian sanctuary, dating from the 6th Century BC to 370 BC.
640 -
560 BC: Time of Solon, who received the Atlantis story from the Egyptians. The disaster was supposed to have been 9000 years before his time, i.e. 9600 BC (see above).
600 -
500 BC: Lane Fox estimates 'priestly' first version of the Biblical Creation written.
600 -
200 BC: Cold period preceding Roman Warming (Singer and Avory, p.xv).
587 BC: Second deportation of the Jews to Babylon; Jerusalem destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar's men.
550 BC: Mid-point of Mayan 'Golden Age' in terms of calendrical cycles.
537 BC: Death of ('King') Arthur in Annales Cambriae. Jews returning from Babylon.
500 BC: Celts start to arrive in Britain from Central Europe. Complexion of British Society begins to change.
500 BC: Around this time the global population is estimated to be about one hundred million (Whyte, p.5)
present: Sub-Atlantic climatic period of Holocene; becomes slightly cooler and wetter in W. Europe (Dunbavin).
450 BC: Temperatures rise again, reaching a peak around 1000 AD. Trend downward with oscillations thereafter. (Feuerbacher, p.4).
432 BC: Greeks (Meton) work out 18.6 year cycle of the Moon (northerly and southerly monthly extremes).
427 -
347 BC: Time of Plato.
384 -
322 BC: Aristotle.
359 -
347 BC: Atlantis story surfaces in Plato's Timaeus and Critias Dialogues, passed down from an ancestor who live 200 years before.
331 BC: Alexandria founded by Alexander The Great.
323 -
246 BC: Royal Library of Alexandria opened, under the Ptolemys.
287 -
212 BC: Archimedes of Syracuse.
250 BC: Most of the Old Testament completed by this date (Fox).
221 BC: China unified politically under first Qin Emperor, Qin Shi Huang.
210 -
209 BC: Terracotta army figures buried for Emperor.
200 -
100 BC: Silk Road established (Olson, p.124).
600 AD: Roman Warming, globally and climatically speaking. In 829 and 1010 AD ice formed on the Nile and 800-1 AD the Black Sea froze. (900-1300 AD Medieval Warming/Little Climate Optimum followed by 1300-1850 Little Ice Age.)
146 BC: Library of Carthage burned.
70 -
60 BC: Pergamon (Asia Minor) coins dated from the Antikythera wreck which yielded pottery from the same period and the 'Antikythera mechanism' which has been claimed as the oldest known analogue computer. Some scientists have tentatively attributed its design to Archimedes. Cicero (106-43 BC) described similar mechanisms being available earlier and may have their design origins in Babylonian, rather than Greek civilisation.
55 BC: First invasion of Britain by Julius Caesar.
43 BC: Julius Caesar adds 80 days to the year.
476 AD: Roman Empire in Western Europe.
12 BC: Appearance of Halley's Comet (Lane Fox).
8 -
4 BC: Most likely date range for the birth of Jesus because Herod died in 4 BC, according to biblical scholars. On 17th April 6 BC Jupiter was in Aries along with the Moon, Sun and Saturn all of which presaged the birth of a great king. Jupiter shortly went into retrograde motion then became stationery for a while, recalling the description of the Star of Bethlehem's behaviour in Matthew's gospel.
1 BC: The year before 1 AD, there being no concept of 'zero' in the west when the dating system was devised in 525 AD.
TODAY: Earth's orbit similar to that of 400,000 years ago; we are 10,000 years into an interglacial but next cold spell not expected for another 15,000 years....National Geographic, 28/10/2010.
< before
> after
BAGAS- Bristol and Gloucester Archaeological Society Proceedings.
BP 'Before Present' - this is usually taken to mean before 1950 (Whyte, p.24)
BRE and Bible Reader's Encyclopedia Concordance.
Caltech- California Institute of Technology.
CE - Common Era, the same as but now the preferred designation to AD.
CWH-Chronology of World History: the Ancient World. H.E.Mellersh.
DK-Dorling Kindersley (publishers).
EITE- Eden in the East. Oppenheim, Stephen.
Legend -Legend: the Genesis of Civilisation. Rohl, David. Century, 1998.
MYBP- Million Years Before Present.
NF Noah's Flood. Ryan, William and Pitman, Walter.
OT- Old Testament.
PISOWC - Proceedings of the International Symposium on World Climate 8000-0 BC
RI- Royal Institution lecture delivered January 1996, BBC2.
SIS-Society for Interdisciplinary Studies, founded 1974 post-Velikovsky.
TAWH-Times Atlas of World History, 1993 .
TCBC They Came Before Columbus. Van Sertima, Ivan.
trad- traditional.
UV Unauthorized Version. Fox, Robin Lane.
UVD- Ultimate Visual Dictionary.
WBE World Book Encyclopaedia, 1992.
WDP Western Daily Press.
WTSF When The Sky Fell. Rand and Rose Flem-Ath. BCA, 1995.
y or yrs- years.
Allan, D.S. and Delair, J.B. When The Earth Nearly Died. Gateway Books, 1995.
Bible Reader's Encyclopedia and Concordance. Rev. by W. M. Clow, n.d.
Bryson, Bill. Short History of Nearly Everything. Doubleday, 2003.
Butler, Alan. How To Read Prehistoric Monuments. Watkins, 2011.
Chronology of World History: the Ancient World. H. E. Mellersh, Helicon reissue 1994.
Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs and Steel. Vintage, 1997.
Dunbavin, Paul. The Atlantis Researches. Third Millennium, 1995.
Edwards, I. E. S. Pyramids of Egypt, 3rd r.e. Penguin, 1991.
Feuerbacher, Alan. More Evidence for the Ice Ages. Taken from the Web at www.geocities.com/Athens/Academy/6040/flood16htm.
Flem-Ath, Rand and Rose. When the Sky Fell. Orion, 1996.
Fox, Robin Lane. The Unauthorised Version. Viking Penguin, 1991.
Galanopoulos, A. G. and Bacon, E. Atlantis, the Truth Behind the Legend. Nelson, 1969.
Gibbins, David. Atlantis. Headline, 2005 (only historical notes used following work of fiction).
Goudie, Andrew. Environmental Change: Contemporary Problems in Geography. Clarendon Press, 1992.
Gould, Stephen Jay. Wonderful Life. Hutchinson Radius, 1990.
Hancock, Underworld: Flooded Kingdoms of the Ice Age, Michael Joseph, 2002.
Bauval, Robert, and Hancock, Keeper of Genesis: Quest for the Hidden Legacy of Mankind. Arrow, 1997.
Hapgood, Charles. Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings: Evidence of Advanced Civilisation in the Ice Age. Chilton Books, 1966.
Hapgood, Charles. Path of the Pole. 1968.
Hurrell, Stephen. Dinosaurs and the Expanding Earth. One Off Publishing, 1994.
Keys, David CDE Catastrophes: the Diluvial Evidence. Palmer,T., Nottingham Trent University, paper presented at SIS...conference....19/9/99. Downloaded from the Internet 2/01.
Kolosimo, Peter. Timeless Earth. Sphere, 1974.
Langdon, Robert John. Prehistoric Britain - The Stonehenge Enigma. ABC Publishing, 2010.
Macdougall, Doug. Frozen Earth: the Once and Future Story of Ice Ages. University of California Press, 2004.
Olson, Steve. Mapping Human History. Bloomsbury, 2002 .
Oppenheim, Stephen. Eden in the East. Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1998.
Oppenheimer, Clive. Eruptions That Shook The World. Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Proceedings of the International Symposium on World Climate, see Royal Meteorological Society.
Rees, Martin. Just Six Numbers. Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1999.
Rohl, David. Legend - the Genesis of Civilisation. Century, 1998.
Ryan, William and Pitman, Walter. Noah's Flood. Touchstone, 2000.
Schoch, Robert M. Voices Of The Rocks. Thorsons, 1999.
Siegel, L. Five Worst Extinctions in Earth's history. www.space.com/scienceastronomy/planet earth/extinction.
Singer, S. Fred and Avery, Dennis T. Unstoppable Global Warming. Rowman and Littlefield, 2007 (for Dansgaard hypothesis).
Smith, A. The Weather: The Truth About The Health Of Our Planet. Hutchinson, 2000.
Stringer, Chris. Homo Britannicus: The Incredible Story Of Human Life In Britain. Penguin, 2006.
Taylor, Timothy. The Buried Soul: How Humans Invented Death. Fourth Estate, 2002.
Thompson, Thomas. Bible in History: How Writers Create a Past. Jonathan Cape, 1999.
Ultimate Visual Dictionary. Dorling Kindersley, 1994.
Van Sertima, Ivan. They Came Before Columbus. Random House, 1976.
Velikovsky, I. Worlds In Collision. Gollancz, 1950.
Whitcomb, John C. and Morris, Henry M. The Genesis Flood. Baker Book House, 1961.
White, A. J. Monty. How Old Is The Earth? Evangelical Press, 1985.
Whyte, I. World Without End? Environmental Disaster and the Collapse of Empires. I.B. Tauris, 2008.
H.G. Sykes


text:
According to press notes, "An unidentified pair of slippers found under a bed leads to a series of hilarious misunderstandings, mistaken identities and alibis between two young lovers and a middle-aged married couple until no one is certain who's in love with whom."
The design team includes James Noone (scenic), Laurie Churba (costume), 2007 Tony winner (for Spring Awakening) Kevin Adams (lighting), Scott Killian (sound) and Christine Catti (production stage manager).
Relatively Speaking runs July 12-28 at the Westport Country Playhouse. For information, call (203) 227-4177 or toll-free at (888) 927-7529 or visit www.westportplayhouse.org
Now celebrating its 77th season, the Westport Country Playhouse, located in Westport, CT, has produced more than 700 plays, 35 of which have transferred to Broadway.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Rare Aeolian Vocalion Graduola Phonograph (Victrola)
Sold For:
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Sold Date: 01/24/2007
Channel: Online Auction
Source: eBay
Category: Tools
Up for auction is this antique Aeolian Vocalion Graduola mahogany music stand with all it's original parts. This stand case has some mild normal wear. It stands 41 inches high, 20 inches in depth and 17 inches in width. It also comes with extra needles. I'm not aware if it is in working condition never tried to play it. We obtained it from within the family.It comes from a smoke free home. If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Pick up only. Happy Bidding!!!
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Raymond R. Walter, Jr. and Deborah A. (McGhee) Walter of Brighton are celebrating their 45th wedding anniversary. Raymond married the former Deborah McGhee on October 18, 1969, at Upper Alton Baptist Church. Rev. R.V. Santee officiated the...
Jim and Carol Noble of Rosewood Heights are celebrating their 50th wedding anniversary.
Tom and Mickey Weathers of Alton are celebrating their 50th wedding anniversary. Tom married the former Mechthild Prawdzik on August 29, 1964, at Trinity Lutheran Church in Boston, Mass., by Pastor Louis Bier.
Dwight (Doug) Sebastian and Rosemary (Strowmatt) Sebastian of Brighton celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary. Doug married the former Rosemary Strowmatt on September 25, 1964, at Immanuel Methodist Church in Edwardsville.
Jerry A. Prott, Sr. and Sharon R. Prott of Edwardsville are celebrating their 50th wedding anniversary. Jerry married the former Sharon R. Zimmerman on September, 26, 1964, at Immanuel Methodist Church in Edwardsville, Ill., by the Reverend Robert...
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text:
Asked by segredosdeumadolescente
Following you now :)
I just have to say i adore these two together. They dont just seem like brothers but best friends to. Its good to see :)
@ScuseCaseyd: Look who I found @MarkHapka and McQueenie http://lockerz.com/s/101473026
Days of Our Lives meets Vampire Diaries? lol. but awww Casey & Mark, 2 out of 3 of my fave DOOL boys! I'm glad they still hang out. I don't really know who Steven McQueen is. I know he's on VD, but I don't watch it. He's cute too though. :)
Hanging out with TVD castmates in LA || 12.05.11
Steven outside of "Varsity Sports Bar and Lounge" in LA to Celebrate the finale of the Vampire Diaries.
Damn the boy is FINE! haha
I think the 1st ep of the 3rd season will be called "Revenge Of The Crazy Exes" .
Steven R. McQueen arrives at the premiere of Walt Disney Pictures' 'Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides' held at Disneyland on May 7, 2011 in Anaheim, California.
So beautiful! *-*
On the Set of TVD with Steven R. McQueen
Steven R. McQueen Talks 'The Vampire Diaries' At 'Thor' Premiere (by clevverTV)
Really Steven? Just hanging out on the beach? Tsk, tsk. Still adorable tho.
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text:
"Any one must see at a glance that if men and women marry those whom they do not love, they must love those whom they do not marry.
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James's Florida Gators Scrapbook (NCAAF)
Active: Driskel, Gillislee, Debose, Hammond, Reed, Roberson, Bostic. Past: Fred Taylor, Gaffney, Travis Taylor, Ike Hilliard, Tim Tebow, Percy Harvin, Aaron Hernandez, and many others.
Why I am a fan:
Been a fan since my dad introduced me to college football when I was 5.
Favorite Moments:
All 3 National championships
James's New York Jets Scrapbook (NFL)
Active: Tebow, Sanchez, Keller, Revis, Cromartie, Mangold, Wilson, and Stephen Hill. Past: Tomlinson, Pennington, C-Mart, Santana Moss, Keyshawn Johnson, Chrebet.
Why I am a fan:
While I was in the military I was invited to watch a practice and meet the players, ever since then I have been a fan.
Favorite Moments:
2010 Against the Texans I was at the game and called the game winning pass to Holmes before it happened.
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Active: Reggie Bush, Ryan Tannehill, Lamar Miller, Cameron Wake, Karlos Dansby. Past: Orande Gadsden, Chad Pennington, Dan Marino, Jason Taylor.
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Because I like to torture myself by watching the front office ruin our team over and over FIRE IRELAND!
Favorite Moments:
Winning the AFC East in 2008.
James's Minnesota Vikings Scrapbook (NFL)
Active: Percy Harvin, Jared Allen, Christian Ponder, Adrian Peterson. Past: Randy Moss, Randall Cunningham, Cris Carter, Daunte Culpepper, Robert Smith, John Randle, Lito Sheppard.
Why I am a fan:
Loved watching Randy Moss in his prime and still love the Vikings.
Favorite Moments:
Percy Harvin getting Offensive Rookie of the Year honors in 2009.
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James's Bio
6 Takes
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After a crazy week of upsets and horrible officiating, it's now that time of the week when we need to set up our fantasy football lineups. One thing I would like to point out, I'm not going to... Read More »
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The Jets offense looked stagnant against the poor pass defense of the Miami Dolphins. Nobody really expected the Jets to be able to run against the Dolphins who have a top 5 rushing defense in the NFL... Read More »
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About Me
62% Complete Bio
I am a Marine veteran of 5 years. Happily married with 2 children, 2 dogs, and 2 cats. I have a sick obsession with football and this is a good place for me to fill my football needs!
|Eustis High School (FL) Lake Sumter Community College (FL)
|Relationship Status:
|Long Term Contract (Married)
|Titus Brigham Jr. (8 Step-son) Jordan Messick (2 Daughter)
|Full time Computer IT student at Lake Sumter Community College.
|Places I lived:
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|Greatest Moment in Sports:
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|Greatest Event in Sports:
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|Greatest Athlete of All Time:
|Walter Payton.
|Greatest Coach of All Time:
|I can't pick a best, there are too many.
|My Sports Superstitions:
|Always were my teams colors on gameday.
|Most Disappointing Sports Moments:
|Probably having to watch the Gators lose last year.
|Fantasy Sports I Play:
|NFL, College Football
|Fantasy Skill Level:
|I challenge anybody to Fantasy football.
|Sports I Play:
|Basketball, Bowling, Running, Video Games
|Athletes I've Played With/Against:
|Joe Burnett, former NFL cornerback of the Pittsburgh Steelers.
|Greatest Sporting Event I've Attended:
|The 2002 Orange Bowl Florida vs. Maryland.
|Sports People I've Met:
|LaDainian Tomlinson, Jason Taylor, Mark Sanchez, Rex Ryan, and Santonio Holmes.
|Athlete Autographs:
|LaDainian Tomlinson, Percy Harvin, Tim Tebow, and many others.
|Dream Sports Job:
|Writing for a well known football website.
|Ugliest Athletes:
|John Skelton lol.
|Favorite Sports Movies:
|Remeber the Titans, The Express, The Replacements, Love & Basketball, and Coach Carter.
|Favorite Sports Books:
|Quiet Strength by Tony Dungy, Tim Tebow's book, and Never Die Easy by Walter Payton.
|Favorite Sports Websites:
|ESPN.com, NFL.com, BleacherReport.com, FanIQ.com
|Sports Video Games I Play:
|EA Madden Series, EA College Football Series
|Video Game Skill Level/ Playing Style:
|I challenge anyone.
|Non-Sports Hobbies and Interests:
|Collecting trading cards, collecting NFL McFarlane figures, and playing video games.
|The Avengers, The Dark Knight, I Robot, are a few of my favorites.
|NFL Network all day everyday, NCAA Football on Saturdays, and NFL on Sundays. I also watch UFC.
|Rap, R&B, and Rock. Some of my favorite artists are: Lil Wayne, Drake, Ludacris, T.I., Usher, Jagged Edge, Breaking Benjamin, and Crossfade.
|Video Games:
|Madden NFL franchise, NCAA Football franchise, Call of Duty franchise.
Teams James Hates
|Dallas Cowboys
|Why I Hate Them:
|I think everyone knows.
|Players I Hate:
|All of them.
|Florida St. Seminoles
|Why I Hate Them:
|Biggest rivals of my Gators
|Players I Hate:
|All of them.


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Legalism, Dancing Clash in Footloose Remake
- Friday, October 14, 2011
Far more disturbing than Moore's inability to get the facts straight (town gossip is his preferred "news" source, apparently) is the rampant legalism that fuels most of his sermons, not to mention the moral behavior in Bomont. See, religion—and all it's performance-driven trappings—is what primarily fuels his faith, and his followers, the loyal townspeople, only seem to go to church because it's the cultural thing to do.
Funny enough, only Ren and Ariel seem to notice the disconnect, yet another instance where the teens are clearly more in touch with reality than their adult counterparts. But let's face it, most people buying a ticket won't even care about all these inconsistencies. It's all about the dancing, after all, which is exactly why a new generation of fans will probably enjoy cutting loose with Footloose—even if the story is chock full of caricatures.
- Drugs/Alcohol: Underage drinking contributes to a fatal car accident. Teenagers are shown drinking beer. A student smokes pot and asks Ren if he'd like to. Ren refuses, but is caught holding the joint anyway.
- Language/Profanity/Humor: Profanity including as-, as-h---, son of a bit--, sh--, da--, he—throughout, plus instances where God's name is used in vain. A couple of expletives are uttered in the church building, but Ariel later apologizes for doing so. Some sexually explicit humor and double entendres.
- Sex/Nudity: Ariel, the rebellious pastor's daughter tends to wear tight, skimpy clothing. She's also sleeping with her troublemaker boyfriend Chuck (TV actor Patrick John Flueger), even though he doesn't treat her particularly well (we see her unbutton her shirt and close the door when Chuck taunts her about being a little girl rather than a real woman). Ariel strips down to her bra in one scene. Some mention of female and male anatomy and your typical high school talk about "hot" members of the opposite sex and "getting busy."
- Violence: A jarring collision between a car and a semi is shown (all four teenagers die) and referenced several times. There are also a couple of fight scenes between Chuck and Ren and their respective friends where a few punches are thrown. Willard gets in a fight with a guy who's trying to steal his girlfriend. In a fit of anger, Reverend Moore slaps his daughter across the face.
Religion: In Bomont, religion and legalism go hand in hand. There's little actual talk of God, just about being a "good" person and following the rules. Led by Rev. Moore, church services are a regular part of life in Bomont (the whole town is basically in attendance), but one immediately gets the feeling that everyone attends simply because it's expected. Bible verses are used to defend dancing, which has been banned in Bomont.
Christa Banister is a full-time freelancer writer, specializing in music, movies and books-related reviews and interviews and is the author of two novels, Around the World in 80 Dates and Blessed Are the Meddlers. Based in Dallas, Texas, she also weighs in on various aspects of pop culture on her personal blog.
For more information, including her upcoming book signings and sample chapters of her novels, check out her Website.
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Should the Florida Panthers miss the playoffs this season, they can look back at the games between 2/15 and 2/23 as their undoing. The Panthers came into that four game home stand riding a three game winning streak (including last two on the road, no less) and looking to take a firm hold of the Southeast Division as the regular season draws to a close. However, what was a dream setup has turned into a bit of a nightmare. Thursday night, the Panthers were able to pull out a point out of a game they were trailing but eventually fell 3-2 in a shootout to the Minnesota Wild.
The good news for the Panthers is that despite the Winnipeg Jets taking over first place in the division (courtesy of their win over the Tampa Bay Lightning on Thursday), they still hold the 8th spot in the Eastern Conference (by virtue of having three games in hand against the Toronto Maple Leafs). But, this squad can't rely on other teams in the division and needs to find ways to start getting both points out of a game.
After a scoreless first period, Mikael Samuelsson ended a 6+ period goal drought with a rebound goal on the power play at 13:23 in the second. The complexion of the game and the play of goaltenders Jose Theodore and Niklas Backstrom made it seem like that would be the only goal of the game but the Cats wouldn't be so lucky. Kyle Brodziak would corral a bouncing, deflected puck and put it past Theodore with under 20 seconds left to tie the game at 1 heading into the second intermission. It didn't seem like a fitting result considering the Panthers had dominated much of the second period, outshooting the Wild 14-8 but, Backstrom's strong play kept the Panthers from any further damage in the period.
It only took 1:14 of the third for the Wild to take the lead. Former Panther Matt Cullen made them pay for a Stephen Weiss (playing in his team record 614 game as a Florida Panther) penalty by burying his 13th on a rebound for a 2-1 lead. When it seemed like the Panthers were headed to their fourth straight regulation loss, it was Sean Bergenheim to the rescue. With under five minutes to play, a tightly-marked Bergenheim, the Panthers best forward since he returned from injury, took a Brian Campbell pass just above Backstrom's crease, turned and fired a perfectly placed shot in the back of the net to tie things at 2.
With neither team able to net the winner in the overtime session, the game went to the shootout, the Panthers kryptonite. As you might expect, it didn't go well as the Wild nailed both of their chances while the Panthers weren't even close with theirs.
The Panthers close the home stand banking only 1 of an 8 possible points and you can pin most of the blame on the offense. The Panthers only managed four goals over the course of the home stand while Theodore played strong in the final three games, allowing only five goals in that span. I don't know if there will be any remedy for a fading offense between now and Monday's trade deadline but, if the Cats don't start finding some goals and soon, they could see this season of rejuvenation end in the same fashion as the previous ten.
With 22 games remaining, this team is capable of going on a run to put themselves back in front of this division and the games in hand to put some space in between the other teams but, can they rediscover their play of October/November in time?
Thanks for reading! Any and all comments are greatly appreciated.
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Tags: Brian Campbell Florida Panthers Kyle Brodiak Matt Cullen Mikael Samuelsson Minnesota Wild Sean Bergenheim Southest Division Stephen Weiss Tampa Bay Lightning Winnipeg Jets


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Homelands 2003
Date: 24 May 2003
Venue: The Bowl, Matterley Estate, UK
We Love... Homelands And Away!
Your ultimate preview to the ultimate dance event. There's only one party going on this weekend and it's in Winchester. We're lining our stomachs and de-waxing our ears for what promises to be a truly wicked opener to the UK festival season.
Ozzy Osbourne's son for Homelands!
No, it's not that oversized embodiment of brattish vileness aka Jack, it's the considerably more pleasant Louis Osbourne, you know... the globetrotting DJ.
De La Soul and Oaky for Homelands!
New York Hip Hoppers De La Soul are the latest act to join the Live Arena at Homelands 2003, whilst one of the biggest DJ's ever - Paul Oakenfold - gatecrashes the Arena 1 Line-up.
More acts for Homelands Arena 3
Photek presents 'Do or Die' featuring Choc Ty and Chiara, Krust & Die present: 'I Kamanchi', Lemon D & Dillinja, DJ Zinc and Fabio have been added to Arena 3 presented by Movement.
Homelands 2003 - Tickets Onsale Now!
As we announced a few days ago, The Streets have now been confirmed as one of the headline acts for Homelands 2003. Alongside them will be big names like Groove Armada, Chemical Brothers and an un-disclosed superstar!
EXCLUSIVE! The Streets to headline Homelands 2003
The Streets will play the UK's biggest and best dance festival when it returns on May 24th of this year. The full line-up will be announced this Friday (February 28) naturally, VF isn't waiting 'til then!