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Answer the sirens' call with the Come Visit tee from RVCA's Artist Network Program series featuring custom artwork by Ben Horton!
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Your young Magic fan knows what is "in" and what is "out". Show them you do too by getting them this 360 Windmill tee from adidas! This tee features a stylized basketball graphic printed across the front overlapped with "Orlando Magic Basketball" and the team logo. It will be a big hit among their friends and, who knows, they may even speak to you as a result!
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Hyperglycemia - control; Hypoglycemia - control; Diabetes - blood sugar control
Know the basic steps for managing your diabetes to stay healthy. Poorly managed diabetes can lead to many health problems.
Know how to:
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You should also live a healthy lifestyle.
Take your medicines the way your doctor and nurse ask you to.
Checking your blood sugar levels often and writing down the results will tell you how well you are managing your diabetes. Talk to your doctor and diabetes educator about how often you should check your blood sugar.
Usually, you will test your blood sugar before meals and at bedtime. You may also check your blood sugar:
Keep a record for yourself and your doctor or nurse. This will be a big help if you are having problems managing your diabetes. It also tells you what works, and what doesn't work, to keep your blood sugar under control. Write down:
Many new glucose meters let you store this information.
You and your health care provider should set a target goal for your blood sugar levels for different times during the day. If your blood sugar is higher than your goals for 3 days and you do not know why, call your doctor or nurse.
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For people with type 2 diabetes, the American Diabetes Association recommends the following blood sugar targets. Talk to your doctor and diabetes educator about these goals.
High blood sugar can harm you. If your blood sugar is high, you need to know how to bring it down. Here are some questions to ask yourself if your blood sugars are high:
Call your doctor if your blood sugar is too high or too low and you don't understand why. When your blood sugars are in your target range, you will feel better and your health will be better.
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes -- 2010. Diabetes Care. 2010 Jan;33 Suppl 1:S11-61.
Shehzad Topiwala, MD, Chief Consultant Endocrinologist, Premier Medical Associates, The Villages, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc.
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text: Great pics, Brad! Nice to see all those smiling faces. What a great thing the hike raised so much money. How is it we didn't meet at the dinner? We had a table with Rockin'Rex, Do not go gentle, Bill O, Detour to the Whites and all the volunteers, how did we miss you? Emma looked all over for you!


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Synthesis of Animal- Vehicle Collision
Mitigation Measures
Final Report 612
Prepared by:
Courtney Reuer
HDR Engineering, Inc.
3200 East Camelback Road, Suite 350
Phoenix, AZ 85018
August 2007
Prepared for:
Arizona Department of Transportation
206 South 17th Avenue
Phoenix, AZ 85007
in cooperation with the
U. S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the
facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily
reflect the official views or policies of the Arizona Department of Transportation or the
Federal Highway Administration. This report does not constitute a standard,
specification, or regulation. Trade or manufacturers' names which may appear herein are
cited only because they are considered essential to the objectives of the report. The U. S.
Government and the State of Arizona do not endorse products or manufacturers.
Technical Report Documentation Page
1. Report No.:
2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No.
4. Title and Subtitle
Synthesis of Animal- Vehicle Mitigation Measures
5. Report Date:
August 2007
6. Performing Organization Code
7. Authors: Courtney Reuer 8. Performing Organization Report No.
9. Performing Organization Name and Address
HDR Engineering, Inc.
3200 East Camelback Road, Suite 350
Phoenix, AZ 85018
10. Work Unit No.
11. Contract or Grant No.
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address
Arizona Department of Transportation
206 South 17th Avenue
Phoenix, AZ 85007
13. Type of Report & Period Covered
Final Report
14. Sponsoring Agency Code
15. Supplementary Notes:
Prepared in cooperation with the U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway
16. Abstract
In all western states, domestic animal and wildlife populations are increasing as well as the
vehicular traffic volumes. Consequently, increases in animal- vehicle collisions have been
reported by many states. The purpose of this report is to provide a synthesis of animal-vehicle
collision mitigation measures utilized by other states and to provide a cost- effective
recommendation for ADOT to further reduce animal- vehicle collisions. Preparation for this
report included assembling documented studies currently underway and existing reports, and
conducting a survey among selected states and countries to learn what practices have been
used for solving or alleviating animal- vehicle collisions.
17. Key Words
Cattle guard, elk fencing, right of way
fencing, animal crossings, animal- vehicle
18. Distribution Statement
Document is available to the
U. S. public through the
National Technical
Information Service,
Springfield, Virginia 22161
23. Registrant's Seal
19. Security Classification
20. Security Classification
21. No. of Pages
22. Price
Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol
in inches 25.4 millimeters mm mm millimeters 0.039 inches in
ft feet 0.305 meters m m meters 3.28 feet ft
yd yards 0.914 meters m m meters 1.09 yards yd
mi miles 1.61 kilometers km km kilometers 0.621 miles mi
in2 square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm2 mm2 Square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in2
ft2 square feet 0.093 square meters m2 m2 Square meters 10.764 square feet ft2
yd2 square yards 0.836 square meters m2 m2 Square meters 1.195 square yards yd2
ac acres 0.405 hectares ha ha hectares 2.47 acres ac
mi2 square miles 2.59 square kilometers km2 km2 Square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi2
fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz
gal gallons 3.785 liters L L liters 0.264 gallons gal
ft3 cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m3 m3 Cubic meters 35.315 cubic feet ft3
yd3 cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m3 m3 Cubic meters 1.308 cubic yards yd3
NOTE: Volumes greater than 1000L shall be shown in m3.
oz ounces 28.35 grams g g grams 0.035 ounces oz
lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg kg kilograms 2.205 pounds lb
T short tons ( 2000lb) 0.907 megagrams
( or " metric ton")
( or " t")
mg megagrams
( or " metric ton")
1.102 short tons ( 2000lb) T
TEMPERATURE ( exact) TEMPERATURE ( exact)
º F Fahrenheit
or ( F- 32)/ 1.8
Celsius temperature º C º C Celsius temperature 1.8C + 32 Fahrenheit
º F
fc foot candles 10.76 lux lx lx lux 0.0929 foot- candles fc
fl foot- Lamberts 3.426 candela/ m2 cd/ m2 cd/ m2 candela/ m2 0.2919 foot- Lamberts fl
lbf poundforce 4.45 newtons N N newtons 0.225 poundforce lbf
lbf/ in2 poundforce per
square inch
6.89 kilopascals kPa kPa kilopascals 0.145 poundforce per
square inch
lbf/ in2
SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380
Table of Contents
2.1 Animal Behavior................................................................................................. 3
2.1.1 Livestock..................................................................................................... 3
2.1.2 Wildlife ....................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Arizona's Current Practices and Studies............................................................. 3
2.2.1 ADOT's Design Guidelines and Standards ................................................ 3
2.2.2 ADOT's Existing Studies ........................................................................... 5
3.1 Interagency Coordination.................................................................................... 8
3.2 Public Education ................................................................................................. 8
3.3 Solutions to Alleviate Animal- Vehicle Collisions.............................................. 9
3.3.1 Cattle Guard................................................................................................ 9
3.3.2 Fencing........................................................................................................ 9
3.3.3 Construction.............................................................................................. 10
3.3.4 Post Construction and Maintenance.......................................................... 11
3.3.5 Driver Awareness...................................................................................... 11
3.3.6 Infrastructure Adaptation .......................................................................... 12
3.3.7 Animal Deterrent ...................................................................................... 13
3.3.8 Vehicle Systems........................................................................................ 13
List of Acronyms
ADOT Arizona Department of Transportation
ATRC Arizona Transportation Research Center
BCMoT British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure
BLM Bureau of Land Management
DOT Department of Transportation
FHWA Federal Highway Administration
GIS Geographic Information System
ICOET International Conference on Ecology & Transportation
ROW Right of Way
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
USDOT United States Department of Transportation
Animal- vehicle collisions in Arizona have a large effect on highway safety and the local
economy. Due to growth in wildlife and vehicular traffic throughout Arizona, the
number of animal- vehicle collisions has a potential to increase. Accidents involving
wildlife can result in significant damage to transport trucks and other motor vehicles and
produce long traffic delays. This is especially true in remote areas where alternative
highway routes are not readily available ( Sielecki 2005). The Arizona Department of
Transportation ( ADOT) is currently studying various measures to reduce animal- vehicle
Each year more than 200 motorists are killed and 29,000 more are injured in animal-vehicle
collisions in the United States ( Bies 2007). The insurance industry estimates the
annual cost to society for these fatalities and injuries is $ 200 million. The nationwide
average for vehicle repair costs incurred from animal- vehicle collisions is approximately
$ 2,000. With continued urban sprawl and suburban development the costs associated
with animal- vehicle collisions is likely to increase ( Peterson et al. 2003).
The purpose of this report is to provide a synthesis of animal- vehicle collision mitigation
measures utilized by other states and agencies and to provide a cost- effective
recommendation for ADOT to further reduce animal- vehicle collisions. Preparation for
this report included documenting studies currently underway and existing reports, and
conducting a survey among selected states and countries to learn what practices have
been used for solving or alleviating animal- vehicle collisions.
In 2005, Arizona had an estimated population of 6,044,985, which is an increase of
17.8% from the year 2000 census ( Arizona Workforce Informer 2007). This population
increase has led to an increase in vehicular traffic and may potentially add to the number
of animal- vehicle collisions throughout Arizona causing both economic and highway
safety concerns. While the number of households in the U. S. grew by 72% between 1969
and 2001, household vehicle miles traveled shot up by 193% ( Oberstar 2005).
ADOT has actively taken actions and measures to reduce animal- vehicle collisions. For
example, a research report titled Evaluation of Measures to Minimize Wildlife- Vehicle
Collisions and Maintain Permeability across Highways: Arizona Route 260 ( Dodd et al.
2007) reports the results of a study conducted on ways to minimize the incidence of
wildlife- vehicle collisions along Arizona State Route 260.
In all western states, elk populations and vehicular traffic volumes are increasing.
Consequently, increases in elk- vehicle collisions have been reported by many states. The
reported number of elk- vehicle collisions in 2003 in Arizona was 396. However, it is
estimated that the actual number of elk killed in highways may be two to three times that
reported ( Ruediger et al. 2005). Arizona's efforts in studying wildlife habitat
fragmentation due to highway systems and possible solutions will go a long way in
reducing animal- vehicle collisions statewide.
A number of states in the United States have also taken a leadership role in addressing
wildlife ecology and transportation through policy, procedure, planning, project
development, design, construction, and maintenance. However, these states vary in the
treatment of animal- vehicle collisions due to lack of national uniform standards and
guidelines for mitigation. The International Conference on Ecology and Transportation
( ICOET) has demonstrated that some European countries are ahead of the United States
in this area of science and research ( Bank et al. 2002).
Animal- vehicle collision mitigation studies and measures fall into two categories: those
for wildlife and those for domestic animals or livestock. In 2003, deer were struck in
three out of four animal- vehicle collisions that caused human fatalities, but collisions
with other animals such as cattle, horses, dogs and bears also led to fatalities ( Huijser et
al. 2007). The average adult elk weighs 600- 850 pounds. This indicates that an elk-vehicle
collision has the potential to be much more serious than a deer- vehicle collision
( Ruediger et al. 2005). The traditional high and strong fencing and cattle guards have
proven to work for some animals, but there are new measures that have been proposed
and studied throughout the world to mitigate the number of animal- vehicle collisions on
highways. Recent studies include how to cost- effectively apply various fencing material
to different locations.
2.1 Animal Behavior
Understanding livestock and wildlife behavior is necessary before designing and
implementing an effective animal exclusion method.
2.1.1 Livestock
Cattle, horses, and mules have panoramic vision: they can see everything except what is
directly behind them. Cattle also have very limited depth perception. While a cow may
see a fence nearby, it cannot judge its distance. Livestock, especially cattle, are curious
creatures that often investigate fence oddities and use stationary structures to rub against
( AgrAbility Project 2002). Often cattle rub against fencing poles causing damage to
fencing and creating gaps for cattle to wander onto adjacent property or highway right- of-ways,
creating the potential for animal- vehicle collisions.
2.1.2 Wildlife
Wildlife behavior is related to the " fight- or- flight response." Wildlife feel safe when there
is space or a boundary around them. Once that boundary is violated the animal's
response is unpredictable. Even if an animal sees a vehicle, it may still jump in front of
it, or it may not even recognize the vehicle as a danger and may bolt in front of it, greatly
increasing the chance of a collision. Wildlife also tend to travel in groups and if one
animal crosses the road, there may be others that follow.
Humans may see roads as being a dangerous place for animals, but wildlife is attracted to
the road, highway right- of- way, and roadside ditches, for many reasons including:
• Grasses growing within the highway right- of- way can increase feeding.
• Removal of snow in the winter can provide for ease of movement.
• More wind on the road and right- of- way provides relief from biting insects.
• Product spillage ( such as grain) from vehicles can create temporary food sources.
( Wildlife Collision Prevention Program 2007)
2.2 Arizona's Current Practices and Studies
ADOT has actively taken measures to reduce both domestic and wildlife animal- vehicle
collisions through policies, guidelines, and research.
2.2.1 ADOT's Design Guidelines and Standards
The ADOT Roadway Design Manual ( ADOT 2007a) and the Construction Standard
Drawings ( ADOT 2007b) provide standardized preparation and implementation
procedures for highway design and construction throughout Arizona. Specific guidelines
and drawings have been developed for right- of- way fencing and cattle guards to keep
domestic animals from entering the right- of- way and interfering with traffic.
Roadway Design Manual
Sections 313 and 314 of the Roadway Design Manual are ADOT's guidelines for right-of-
way fencing and cattle guards.
313 – Right- of- Way Fence
Fencing is provided along the ADOT right- of- way to physically identify the right-of-
way and to impede unauthorized access onto the right- of- way.
All controlled access highways shall have right- of- way fencing except where
walls or other physical barriers adequately define the right- of- way or where
public access to the highway is permitted.
Non- controlled access highways in rural areas should be fenced. In fringe- urban
areas, highways should be fenced unless access to adjacent properties is so
frequent that only short runs of fencing could be provided.
In urban areas, those state highways which also function as arterial streets
generally should not be fenced since access to the adjacent properties may be
expected to be provided at frequent intervals along the highway.
The construction standard drawings include the standard types of fences generally
used by ADOT. The types of fencing to be included in the plans depends upon a
number of factors and the selection should involve representatives from the
ADOT district, the right- of- way group, and the environmental planning and
enhancement group.
314.1 – Cattle Guards
Cattle guards, with or without gates, may be required to prevent livestock from
interfering with roadway traffic or to maintain range control. To prevent cattle
from entering the right- of- way, the construction of cattle guards may be required
at side roads and private entrances. When placed near traffic interchanges on a
crossroad, cattle guards without gates should be placed at or near the access
control line to prevent livestock entering the main roadway. Only under unusual
circumstances will cattle guards be justified in urban areas. The number of units
required should be determined by the width of the roadway.
Construction Standard Drawings
The following are ADOT's construction standard drawings for cattle guards and fencing.
C- 11.10 Roadway Cattle Guard ( 3 Sheets)
C- 11.20 Cattle Guard, Drainage
C- 12.10 Fence Woven Wire with Gates ( 5 Sheets)
C- 12.20 Fence, Chain Link Types 1 and 2 with Gates ( 3 Sheets)
C- 12.30 Fence, Chain Link Cable Barrier ( 3 Sheets)
ADOT's construction standard drawings for cattle guards and fencing are very similar to
other states. ADOT doesn't, however, have a standard detail for wildlife fencing. Due to
the size and agility of wildlife, wildlife fencing must be higher and more specialized than
typical right- of- way fencing used to contain livestock. Wildlife exclusion systems should
be designed for specific species that represent the greatest potential hazard to the
motoring public. The structural components of the fencing should be designed to
withstand the forces of the largest animals and prevent the smallest animals from
breaching gaps in the fence ( Sielecki 2005). ADOT is currently testing several types of
wildlife fencing. Standards will be considered upon conclusion of various wildlife-vehicle
crash studies.
The British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure ( BCMoT) has found
exclusion fencing to be the most effective means of keeping wildlife off highway right-of-
ways. BCMoT's experience with 2.4m ( 8 feet) high fencing on both sides of right- of-way
show it is 97% - 99% effective in preventing wildlife- vehicle accidents ( Sielecki
2004). The bottom of the fence may need to be buried to prevent bears and coyotes from
digging under the fence and providing access to the highway for other animals ( Ruediger
et al. 2005).
2.2.2 ADOT's Existing Studies
State Route 260
In a coordinated effort among ADOT, FHWA, the US Forest Service and the Arizona
Game and Fish Department, new highway upgrades were implemented to Arizona State
Route 260 that addressed traffic and safety concerns. A major goal of this plan is to
improve wildlife protection and habitat connectivity in the area. Habitat fragmentation
associated with highways and other developments can affect wildlife populations by
reducing or eliminating access to important habitat components ranging from critical
winter range to key watering sites.
ADOT has employed a comprehensive package of mitigation measures along SR 260.
These measures include eleven sets of bridged wildlife underpasses, six sets of larger
bridges over streams, wildlife- proof fencing, innovative fencing alternatives, such as
steep cut- and- fill slopes and " elk rock" or closely placed rock rip- rap, to deter movement
across the highway and encourage use of underpass structures, and escape structures to
prevent wildlife from getting trapped within the fenced roadway sections.
Once completed, the SR 260 project will be one of the most comprehensive efforts in
North America to reduce the risk of wildlife- vehicle collisions and maintain or enhance
wildlife passage across a highway corridor. Current and future research, including a full
analysis of the relationship between wildlife passage and design characteristics of all
seventeen sets of underpasses and other project features such as fencing and escape
structures should contribute substantially to the understanding of wildlife and highway
relationships. For more information on SR 260 mitigation measures, see Evaluation of
Measures to Minimize Wildlife Vehicle- Collisions and Maintain Wildlife Permeability
Across Highways: Arizona Route 260 ( Dodd et al. 2007).
The realignment of U. S. Highway 93 in Arizona and Nevada, entitled the Hoover Dam
Bypass Project, includes the construction of 3.5 miles of new roadway and a bridge
across the Colorado River. The Arizona Game and Fish Department, with funding from
FHWA and ADOT, placed collars on thirty bighorn sheep to study their migration
patterns. The realignment of U. S. Highway 93 has been designed to mitigate impacts on
bighorn habitat by including wildlife crossings, jump- outs and fencing. The corridor
study of impacts of construction and mitigation measures on desert bighorn sheep are
Reducing the risk of collisions between motor vehicles and animals will mean fewer
human injuries and fatalities, less money spent on vehicle repair and insurance costs, and
reduced mortality in wildlife and livestock populations. In addition, allowing safe passage
for wildlife will also ensure that animals have access to all necessary habitats and resources
and that connectivity among different populations is maintained ( Lloyd and Alexis 2005).
Each highway project needs to be evaluated individually because not all mitigation
measures will have the same set of factors including project location, area habitat, and
roadway design. When wildlife is considered during the planning process for roadway
design the overall cost will be minimized. Designers and agencies should work with the
entities that manage landscapes surrounding project areas to minimize animal crossings
and maintain the landscape structure cues that bring animals to mitigated crossing
locations ( Barnum 2003). ADOT's animal exclusion solutions should meet these five
goals to be considered effective:
1. Improve public safety
2. Reduce animal mortality
3. Maintain wildlife habitat and connectivity
4. Protect threatened populations of wildlife species
5. Be cost- effective
Developing a comprehensive and efficient strategy for addressing the environmental,
economic, and social costs of animal- vehicle collisions must therefore be based on an
understanding of where conflicts between wildlife and highway operations are most
severe ( Lloyd and Alexis 2005). Having identified the scope of the problem and location
of the accident hotspots regarding animal- vehicle collisions, more efficient decision
making can be developed into solution options and thereby more efficiently use the
limited economic resources ( Perrin and Disegni 2003). Obtaining crash data from
Arizona's traffic records will help to identify problem areas of high animal- vehicle
collisions. Determining areas with high concentrations of animal- vehicle collisions can
be used in project prioritization for new highways and improvements or retrofits to
existing highways. Developing site specific solutions for these problem areas first will
create the best cost/ benefit ratio. BCMoT uses collision data to provide a detailed
historical record of wildlife mortality that is used as a tool for supporting decision-making
with regard to the development of wildlife exclusion systems on existing and
planned highways ( Sielecki 2005).
The use of GIS data by layering state highway systems, structure locations, wildlife
habitats, animal- vehicle collision data, land ownership, and livestock operations will
assist in determining the appropriate, habitat specific solutions for differing locations.
Arizona's Wildlife Linkages working group has already developed and is currently
refining the statewide linkage map ( ADOT 2004). The GIS data will be used to identify
migration patterns and animal behavior. Broad- scale or landscape- level wildlife habitat
linkage analysis is critical to improving highway mitigation for wildlife ( Ruediger et al.
3.1 Interagency Coordination
Interagency education, coordination and cross training is an essential and cost- effective
method of communicating current efforts, problem areas and possible solutions for
animal- vehicle collisions. The streamlining, context- sensitive design, and stewardship
programs in state transportation agencies should be used to collaborate and share
information ( Bank et al. 2002). A common language is also needed for agencies to
communicate effectively and efficiently. The U. S. Forest Service has developed a
Wildlife Crossings Toolkit with a glossary of common terms used by engineers and
biologists on highway issues ( USDA 2007).
Europe has devised a communication network that has been developed to coordinate
information, enhance wildlife connectivity, and garner support for providing measures of
wildlife in the transportation system. The Europeans have used many symposia and
journals to spread information related to wildlife and transportation ( Bank et al. 2002).
Conducted every two years, the International Conference on Ecology & Transportation is
designed to address the broad range of ecological issues related to surface transportation
development, providing the most current research information and best practices in the
areas of wildlife, fisheries, wetlands, water quality, overall ecosystems management, and
related policy issues. The mission of the International Conference on Ecology and
Transportation is to identify and share quality research applications and best management
practices that address wildlife, habitat, and ecosystem issues related to the delivery of
surface transportation systems.
3.2 Public Education
Educating the public on issues concerning animal- vehicle collisions will go a long way in
reducing the number of collisions and improving highway safety for both the public and
wildlife. Increasing public awareness through education can be accomplished by a
variety of methods with relatively minimal cost. These methods include, but are not
limited to, specific project public involvement or outreach, driver education, public
service announcements, and an increase in media exposure.
Colorado has an ongoing education campaign called Colorado Wildlife on the Move. It is
an effort by state and federal agencies, insurance groups and non- profit organizations to
prevent traffic crashes involving wildlife. The educational effort includes the distribution
of more than 58,000 Driver Safety Tip Sheets at 175 locations in 85 cities across
Colorado, with a list of suggestions about how to avoid hitting animals. The most
important tip was a reminder to drivers to stay alert and slow down ( Southern Rockies
Ecosystem Project 2006).
Public involvement during the project planning phase is a great tool for educating the
public regarding the importance of highway safety using animal exclusion design
measures. The importance of public involvement in the planning process is evident on a
highway project in Slovenia where a public opinion survey and public demonstration
resulted in the placement of an underpass on the Ljubljana- Postonjana Highway for
wildlife/ human connectivity and hydraulic needs ( Bank et al. 2002). The public must
first understand the issue or problem before it can make a good judgment on a solution.
3.3 Solutions to Alleviate Animal- Vehicle Collisions
3.3.1 Cattle Guard
Cattle Guards – The basic objective of a cattle guard is to allow the rancher to pass
through a fenced livestock area without having to open and close a traditional gate, while
simultaneously keeping the livestock from passing through. Cattle guards also known as
deer guards, have been proven extremely effective in containing livestock when properly
installed and maintained. Since livestock lack depth perception they will not cross open
slatted construction. Painted white strips on black pavement have also been known to
contain cattle. Cattle guards require side framing for stability. Typical cattle guards are
6 to 8 feet across and 10 to 16 feet wide over a 2 foot deep pit. Maintenance is required
to remove debris accumulated in the pit.
If cattle guards are only required for a short period of time, temporary cattle guard may
be used. Temporary cattle guards are a raised platform with slats allowing vehicles to
cross, but not livestock.
Cattle guards are widely used to stop deer from crossing as well as cattle. Many cattle
guards have been installed at BLM and Forest Service sites throughout the Pacific North-west.
Both the Forest Service and BLM believe that the cattle guards have performed
beyond expectations, at reasonable cost, with minimal maintenance ( Vachowski 1998).
Cattle guards reduce deer crossings by at least 95% ( Curtis and Sullivan 2001). A study
to review deer control devices intended for use on airports concluded that deer would
approach cattle guards but rarely attempted to cross them ( Seamans 2001). However, in
snow country, cattle guards alone may not be as effective from deterring elk and other
wildlife from accessing the roadway because snow compaction in cattle guards allows
animals to walk across them and into the roadway ( Ruediger et al. 2005).
3.3.2 Fencing
Fencing along highway right- of- way is greatly effective in reducing animal- vehicle
collisions when it is designed to withstand the largest animal of concern within the area
of installation, is properly maintained and frequently inspected. Animal exclusion
fencing must be designed for different kinds of affected species. Wildlife exclusion
fencing is different than domestic animal ( livestock) exclusion fencing.
BCMoT wildlife exclusion fencing specifications are designed to produce a fence with a
15 to 20- year lifespan. Certain locations of wildlife exclusion fencing make daily
inspection and maintenance impractical. Wildlife exclusion fencing has proven very
effective in reducing wildlife accidents on the Coquihala Highway located between Hope
and Marritt in British Columbia, reducing wildlife accidents by 100% ( Sielecki 2005).
Fencing for elk and other ungulates should be at least 8 feet tall and used in conjunction
with overpasses and underpasses to improve effectiveness. Fencing commonly increases
elk use of underpasses or overpasses by 80% or more ( Ruediger et al. 2005).
British Columbia has established a Highways Fencing Program to increase motorist and
livestock safety. For land owners to be eligible for fence replacement they must operate
an active livestock operation adjacent to a highway right- of- way and the fencing must be
part of a complete containment system. Fence replacement priorities are given to areas in
most need or repair or reconstruction ( British Columbia Cattlemen's Association 2007).
Fences are used extensively in the United Sates and Europe to keep wildlife off major
highways ( Bank et al. 2002). A variety of fence types are used. Fencing should be
designed to withstand the largest animal of concern within the area of installation.
British Colum- bia standard wildlife fencing is 8 feet tall and made of steel or wood posts
and wire mesh.
Fencing, combined with underpasses and overpasses as appropriate, is the only broadly
accepted method that is theoretically sound and proven to be effective in the reduction of
animal- vehicle collisions ( Hedlund et al. 2004). Fencing, intercept feeding, and eco-passes
are the most promising techniques currently available for reducing deer- vehicle
collisions. ( Romin and Bissonette 1996).
Fencing can become a trap if not adequately installed or maintained, increasing the
probability of an animal being struck by a vehicle. Animals caught within highway right-of-
way fencing can become stressed by both traffic and the inability to escape which
could result in an animal- vehicle collision ( Maine Interagency Work Group 2001). Fence
exits from the inside of highway right- of- way, one- way gates, earthen ramps, or funnel
fences should be provided to allow wildlife to return to their habitat. Many types of wild-life
one- way gates exist. Jump- outs or earthen ramps are a relatively new technology.
Their effectiveness is being studied on the new alignment of U. S. Highway 93 in Arizona
and Nevada. Because the roadway has not been opened to vehicular traffic, no conclu-sions
as to their effectiveness have been determined. Wildlife tends to follow fencing
until they find gaps to traverse. Funnel fencing leads wildlife to strategically placed one-way
Roadway geometry plays a large role in determining necessary placement of animal
exclusion fencing. If animal at- grade crossings are necessary, they should be located on
the designed roadway tangent where driver's line- of- sight is maximized providing
motorists adequate time to react if an animal is crossing the highway. For low- volume
highways where animal- vehicle collisions do not present a significant safety hazard to
animals or drivers, the most cost- and biologically- effective strategy for reducing
conflicts is to encourage animals to cross freely at- grade.
3.3.3 Construction
Workmanship and materials are vital components of the construction phase for animal
exclusion systems. Attention to design by workers and the use of good quality materials
help ensure the systems will operate as designed for an extended period of time ( Sielecki
2005). It is important to construct animal exclusion systems using quality workmanship
and materials because continuous maintenance is difficult and costly to perform.
Wildlife exclusion systems are most easily incorporated into the design and construction of
new highways. In this way, the designs of major structures, such as bridges and culverts,
can be modified to maximize their effectiveness for wildlife passage ( Sielecki 2005).
3.3.4 Post Construction and Maintenance
Regular maintenance is essential for ensuring that fencing and cattle guards operate
properly. Fencing must be continually maintained because it can be easily damaged by
weather, erosion, animals and vehicles. Fencing with gaps due to erosion or topographic
contours can be traversed by deer and other wildlife. Maintenance of fencing must be
frequent in order to be successful in reducing animal- vehicle collisions because animals
exploit breaks in the fence ( Foster and Humphrey 1995).
Maintenance of cattle guards can be performed less frequently than fencing. If the cattle
guard is too short, lacks side guards or wings, or has incorrect spacing between the tread
rails, cattle may be tempted to try to jump or walk through it ( Vachowski 1998).
3.3.5 Driver Awareness
Road Lighting – According to FHWA road lighting is not effective in reducing wildlife
mortality. It does however increase driver awareness, but unless utilities exist near the
highway, the cost of implementing this solution is high.
Driver Education – As mentioned in 3.2.1 public education is a relatively inexpensive yet
extremely effective way to reduce animal- vehicle collisions.
Animal Detection Devices – Detection systems use radio frequencies and infrared sensors
to detect the presence of large animals. The system warns drivers as they are entering an
area of the freeway that there is an animal present ( Transport Canada 2003).
Reduction in speed limits – Reducing speed limits in areas with potentially high levels of
animal- vehicle collisions is effective in reducing collisions ( Maine Interagency Work
Group 2001). Reduced speeds provide motorists additional time to respond and are a
very low- cost solution. Colorado DOT has experimented with night time speed limit
reductions in areas with high wildlife activity crossing the roads. This research is
ongoing and additional data is needed before a determination can be made as to its
Signing – Sixty percent of drivers will not notice wildlife crossing signage ( Perrin and
Disegni 2003). Highway signs tend to be so common, often for such long stretches of
road, that drivers become complacent to their warnings unless the warning on the sign is
reinforced by actual experience and drivers see wildlife in the area ( Danielson and
Hubbard 1998). According to Leonard Sielecki, an environmental issues analyst with
BCMoT, animal crossing warning signs decline in effectiveness over time. Combining
wildlife signs with speed limit signs seems to increase their effectiveness. Including
flashing lights also is believed to be effective ( Bank et al. 2002).
Thermal Sensors – Solar powered thermal sensors detect the presence of animals, which
triggers a fiberoptic wildlife warning sign to reduce the speed limit. This installation has
reduced wildlife mortality on a two- lane regional road in Switzerland ( Bank et al. 2002).
3.3.6 Infrastructure Adaptation
At- grade crossings – At- grade crossings for livestock and wildlife, combined with active
signs, offer a long- shot chance at providing greater safety than uncontrolled crossings
marked only with passive signs. At- grade crossings are most promising for highways that
cross mule deer migration routes in western states ( Hedlund et al. 2004). At- grade
crossings should only be implemented where traffic volumes are low ( Barnum 2003). The
Colorado Department of Transportation has a research project underway titled Roads and
Connectivity in Colorado: Animal- Vehicle Collisions, Wildlife Mitigation Structures, and
Lynx- Roadway Interactions which focuses on a means to maintain an at- grade crossing for
wildlife. The research is focusing on a detection system using electromagnetic detection to
identify when animals are moving within the right- of- way towards the road. The detection
will be used to activate lighting at night to illuminate the roadside for drivers to see the
animals more easily. This research is scheduled to be completed in 2008 but may take
several years to provide conclusive evidence to validate this type of mitigation.
Cattle Underpasses – Cattle underpasses are used in British Columbia in conjunction
with fencing and cattle guards and have proven effective when regular fence maintenance
is performed.
Deer Crosswalk - Crosswalks are used in conjunction with fencing to funnel deer to
specific crossing locations. Deer crosswalks are dirt paths that run from one- way gates in
highway fencing across dirt portions of the right- of- way. Paint is used to delineate
crosswalks on the actual roadway surface. Stone river cobble, which is believed to deter
deer from leaving the path, is placed along both sides of the dirt path. Complete
elimination of deer- vehicle collisions is unlikely with the use of the crosswalk technique.
However, they are a lower- cost alternative to overpasses and underpasses ( Danielson and
Hubbard 1998).
Clearing right- of- way – Roadside clearing may be effective, although there is very
limited information supporting it. Roadside clearing must be part of a broader strategy of
roadway design and maintenance ( Hedlund et al. 2004).
Wildlife Underpasses – Wildlife underpasses are structures that provide grade separation
between motor vehicles and animal traffic. Underpasses increase the success of exclu-sion
fencing by increasing the permeability and habitat connectivity across highways.
There are many ongoing studies on Arizona's State Route 260 to determine what type of
structures and different configurations of the seventeen wildlife underpasses constructed
are most used by wildlife. Effective underpasses for elk are the open- span crossings.
These are large bridges that have long roadway spans with sloped abutments to the
natural ground floor. Engineers and biologists in Canada and Arizona often recommend
open- span wildlife crossings as both effective and cost efficient ( Ruediger et al. 2005).
Wildlife Overpasses – Wildlife overpasses are sometimes considered green bridges and
can be straight or hourglass shaped. They are vegetated highway overpasses which
greatly improve habitat connectivity. Wildlife overpasses are costly and therefore should
only be placed where existing wildlife habitat exists and connectivity is desired.
Overpasses in Europe are considered successful for the largest spectrum of animals. The
presence of habitat on overpasses allows for use by everything from insects to large
carnivores. Structure size, width, location, and habitat must be considered in the design
of overpasses for the target species in the area of application. Overpasses can serve dual
purposes, where small volume roads or human recreational activities share the overpass
( Bank et al. 2002).
Culverts – A culvert is a conduit covered with embankment around the entire perimeter
and can be in the shape of a rectangle, circle or arch. Small animals can pass under an
intersecting roadway through a culvert. Culverts are most effective as animal crossings
when paired with fencing directing the animals away from the highway right- of- way.
3.3.7 Animal Deterrent
Reflective Devices – Reflectors are less expensive and less intrusive than fencing,
however, studies suggest that reflectors do not modify wildlife behavior and are therefore
ineffective ( Perrin and Disegni 2003).
Wildlife Warning System – Wildlife warning systems alert wildlife at an animal crossing
that a vehicle is approaching. Upon activation animals are frightened away from the
roadway allowing vehicles to pass safely ( Bushman et al. 2001). This system may cause
animals to run onto the road, and is only cost effective for small areas.
Animal Repellents – Deer repellents have a limited effect on modifying deer feeding and
movement patterns ( Hedlund et al. 2004). Animals adapt to the scent and therefore the
repellents are ineffective in alleviating animal- vehicle collisions.
3.3.8 Vehicle Systems
Vehicle Mounted Whistles - Research in the United States has indicated that deer whistles
and other ultrasonic devices are ineffective in reducing wildlife- vehicle accidents ( Curtis
and Sullivan 2001).
Night Vision - Night Vision is available as an option on all Cadillac's DeVille 2000
models as well as some other makes/ models. Night Vision uses thermal imaging, or
infrared, technology to create pictures based on heat energy emitted by objects in the
viewed scene. Night Vision uses a refractive optical- lens system to gather infrared
energy. Infrared driver vision technology in vehicles may be effective in the future. Its
development and implementation will depend on its usefulness in improving driver night
vision ( Hedlund et al. 2004). This system is available on high- end vehicles only and
therefore is of limited use for the general driving public.
Based on the results of previous studies and reports, the following are recommended cost-effective
practices and measures for alleviating the animal- vehicle collisions throughout
• Start early – Begin thinking about wildlife and livestock issues and exclusion
solutions at the planning stages of design projects.
• Continue Arizona's efforts of interagency coordination, education and cross
training for communicating current efforts, problem areas and possible solutions
for animal- vehicle collisions. Educate the design team through interagency
meetings on specific projects.
• Implement a public education program to increase public awareness. Educate the
public on specific projects through project outreach, including open houses, design
workshops, and community meetings.
• Determine areas of high animal- vehicle collisions through trend analysis of
collision data. Prioritize animal exclusion projects on existing highway systems
based on areas of high levels of animal- vehicle collisions. Study areas of high
animal vehicle collisions prior to any new roadway or bridge design.
• Design site- specific solutions of animal exclusion projects based on location, area
habitat, and roadway design.
• Continue refining GIS data to determine actual wildlife habitats in relation to the
Arizona state highway system. Using GIS data, avoid placing highways were
large habitats exist.
• Combine the use of animal exclusion fencing, cattle guards and underpasses for
maximum habitat continuity and reduction in animal- vehicle collisions.
• Maintain fences through inspections, especially in areas of livestock grazing or
known wildlife habitats.
The following websites are useful in providing up- to- date material on animal- vehicle
collision mitigation measures and studies from around the world.
British Columbia Cattlemen's Association – Highways Fencing Program
http:// www. cattlemen. bc. ca/ hwy_ fencing. htm
Center for Transportation and the Environment
http:// itre. ncsu. edu/ cte
FHWA – Critter Crossings – Linking Habitats and Reducing Road Kill
http:// www. fhwa. dot. gov//// environment/ wildlifecrossings
International Conference on Ecology and Transportation
http:// www. icoet. net
Wildlife Crossings Toolkit
http:// www. wildlifecrossings. info
Wildlife- Vehicle Accident Prevention Program
http:// www. wildlifeaccidents. ca/
Allen, R. and D. McCullough. 1976. Deer- Car Accidents in Southern Michigan. Journal
of Wildlife Management 40( 2): 317- 325.
AgrAbility Project . 2002. From a Cow's Point of View. AgrAbility Quarterly 3: 2.
Arizona Department of Transportation. 2004. Wildlife Linkages.
http:// www. azdot. gov/ Highways/ OES/ AZ_ WildLife_ Linkages/ assessment. asp
( accessed June 27, 2007)
Arizona Department of Transportation. 2007a. Roadway Design Guidelines. Phoenix,
AZ: Arizona Department of Transportation.
Arizona Department of Transportation. 2007b. Construction Standard Drawings.
Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Department of Transportation.
Arizona Workforce Informer. 2007. Census & Population. www. workforce. az. gov
Bank, F. G., C. L. Irwin, G. L. Evink, M. E. Gray, S. Hagood, J. R. Kinar, A. Levy, D.
Paulson, B. Ruediger, R. M. Sauvajot, D. J. Scott, P. White. 2002. Wildlife Habitat
Connectivity across European Highways. Publication No. FHWA- PL- 02- 011.
Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.
Barnum, S. 2003. Identifying the Best Locations along Highways to Provide Safe
Crossing Opportunities for Wildlife. Report No. CDOT- DTD- UCD- 2003- 9. Denver, CO:
Colorado Department of Transportation.
Bashore, T., W. Tzilkowski, and E. Bellis. 1985. Analysis of Deer- Vehicle Collision
Sites in Pennsylvania. Journal of Wildlife Management 49( 3): 769- 774.
Bies, L. M. 2007. New Report Released on Wildlife and Highways. The Wildlife Policy
News 17( 4): 6- 7.
British Columbia Cattlemen's Association. 2007. Highways Fencing Program.
http:// www. cattlemen. bc. ca/ hwy_ fencing. htm ( accessed June 27, 2007)
British Columbia. Ministry on Transportation and Infrastructure. May 5, 2003. Wildlife
Exclusion Fencing Program. Victoria, British Columbia: Ministry of Transportation and
http:// www. th. gov. bc. ca/ publications/ eng_ publications/ environment/ references/ Wildlife_
Fencing_ Program. pdf ( accessed June 27, 2007)
Brown, J. W. 2006. Eco- Logical: An Ecosystem Approach to Developing Infrastructure
Projects. Report No. FHWA- HEP- 06- 011. Washington DC: Federal Highway
Bushman, R. et al. 2001. Development of Warning System for the Reduction of
Animal/ Vehicle Collisions. Proceedings of the Rural Advanced Technology &
Transportation Systems 2001 International Conference.
http:// www. irdinc. com/ library/ pdf/ wws- summary. pdf ( accessed June 27, 2007)
Craighead, A., E. Roberts, and L. Craighead. 2001. Bozeman Pass Wildlife Linkage
Study and Highway Safety Study. In Proceedings of the International Conference on
Ecology and Transportation, Keystone, CO, September 24- 28, 2001, 405- 422. Raleigh,
NC: Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University.
Curtis, P. and K. Sullivan. 2001. White- Tailed Deer. Wildlife Damage Management Fact
Sheet Series. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Cooperative Extension, Cornell University.
Danielson, B. and M. Hubbard. 1998. A Literature Review for Assessing the Status of
Current Methods of Reducing Deer- Vehicle Collisions. Prepared for The Task Force on
Animal Vehicle Collisions. Ames, IA: Iowa Department of Transportation.
Dodd, N. L., J. Gagnon, S. Boe, A. Manzo, and R. Schweinsburg. 2007. Evaluation of
Measures to Minimize Wildlife- Vehicle Collisions and Maintain Wildlife Permeability
across Highways: Arizona Route 260. Report No. FHWA- AZ- 07- 540. Phoenix, AZ:
Arizona Department of Transportation.
Eilerts, B. and S. Nordhaugen. 2007. Arizona's Wildlife Linkages Assessment. In
Proceedings of the International Conference on Ecology and Transportation, Little Rock,
AR, May 20- 25, 2007, 311- 312. Raleigh, NC: Center for Transportation and the
Environment, North Carolina State University.
Foster, M. and S. Humphrey. 1995. Use of Underpasses by Florida Panthers and Other
Wildlife. Wildlife Society Bulletin 23( 1): 95- 100
Hedlund, J. H., P. Curtis, G. Curtis, and A. F. Williams. 2004. Methods to Reduce Traffic
Crashes Involving Deer: What Works and What Does Not. Traffic Injury Prevention
5( 2): 122- 131.
Huijser, M. P., P. McGowen, J. Fuller, A. Hardy, A. Kociolek, A. P. Clevenger, D. Smith
and R. Ament. 2007. Wildlife- Vehicle Collision Reduction Study. Report to Congress.
Washington DC: Federal Highway Administration.
Kenley, E. 2005. On the Road to Safer Roads. Public Roads 68( 6): 10- 13.
Knapp, K. K., C. Kienert, and A. Witte. 2005. Statewide and Upper Midwest Summary of
Deer- Vehicle Crash and Related Data from 1993 to 2003. Report No. DVCIC- 03.
Madison, WI: Wisconsin Department of Transportation.
Lloyd, J. and C. Alexis. 2005. Wildlife Hot Spots along Highways in Northwestern
Oregon. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Ecology and Transportation,
San Diego, CA, August 29- September 2, 2005, 680- 686. Raleigh, NC: Center for
Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University.
Maine Interagency Work Group on Wildlife/ Motor Vehicle Collisions. 2001. Collisions
Between Large Wildlife Species and Motor Vehicles in Maine. Interim Report. Augusta,
ME: the Group.
Oberstar, J. L. 2005. The Future of Transportation Finance: ' Gas Tax Plus' and Beyond.
In Proceedings of the 2005 Oberstar Forum, April 18, 2005. Minneapolis, MN: Center
for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota.
Perrin, J. and R. Disegni. 2003. Animal- Vehicle Accident Analysis. Report No. UT- 03.31.
Salt Lake City, UT: Utah Department of Transportation. Research Division.
Peterson, M. N., R. R. Lopez, N. J. Silvy, C. B. Owen, P. A. Frank and A. W. Braden. 2003.
Evaluation of Deer- Exclusion Grates in Urban Areas. Wildlife Society Bulletin
31( 4): 1198- 1204.
Romin, L. and J. Bissonette. 1996. Deer- Vehicle Collisions: Status of State Monitoring
Activities and Mitigation Efforts. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 24( 2): 276- 283.
Ruediger W., K. Wall and R. Wall. 2005. Effects of Highways on Elk Habitat in the
Western United States and Proposed Mitigation Approaches. In Proceedings of the
International Conference on Ecology and Transportation, San Diego, CA, August 29-
September 2, 2005, 269- 278. Raleigh, NC: Center for Transportation and the
Environment, North Carolina State University.
Seamans, T. 2001. A Review of Deer Control Devices Intended for Use on Airports. 3rd
Joint Annual Meeting Bird Strike Committee USA/ Canada, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,
August 27- 30, 2001.
http:// digitalcommons. unl. edu/ cgi/ viewcontent. cgi? article= 1020& context= birdstrike2001
( accessed June 27, 2007)
Sielecki, L. E. 2004. WARS 1983- 2002: Wildlife Accident Reporting and Mitigation in
British Columbia: Special Annual Report. Victoria, BC: British Columbia Ministry of
Transportation, Environmental Management Section.
Sielecki, L. E. 2005. Wildlife Exclusion Systems for Accident Mitigation on British
Columbia Highways. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Wild Animals and Traffic
Accidents: Monitoring, Analysis, Prevention Measures, and Measure Evaluation. IXth
International Mammalogical Congress ( IMC 9), August 2, 2005, Sapporo, Japan, 71- 92.
Southern Rockies Ecosystem Project. 2006. Linking Colorado's Landscapes ( Phases I &
II): http:// www. restoretherockies. org/ reports. html ( accessed June 27, 2007)
Transport Canada. 2003. Overview of Technologies Aimed at Reducing and Preventing
Large Animal Strikes. Ottawa, ON: Transport Canada.
USDA Forest Service. 2007. Wildlife Crossings Toolkit.
http:// www. wildlifecrossings. info ( accessed June 27, 2007)
Vachowski, B. 1998. Cattle Guards for Off- Highway Vehicle Trails. Tech. Report 9823-
2826- MTDC. Missoula, MT: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Missoula
Technology and Development Center.
Wildlife Collision Prevention Program. 2007. http:// www. wildlifeaccidents. ca
( accessed June 27, 2007)
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text:
Here is the summary of an incident last night , as related to me this morning by a MW State Park Staffer:
"Hiker" summited MW on Saturday 9/6/08 at 5:30 PM, just as the rain from Hanna was beginning. He signed the register as coming from the Ammo Trailhead. There were no seats left for down-bound riders by any possible means via the Auto Road so he was going to have to get down on his own. Dressed in a windbreaker, t-shirt, jeans, sneakers.....no pack, no water, no food, his only gear a cell phone and and a wind-up/crank "flashlight", he headed down Jewell Trail from the Summit Building @ close to 6 PM.
10 PM phone rings at State Park staffers home... from NH Fish and Game Doug Gralenski.... said hiker is lost on the west side of MW and the cell phone caller is patched thru. Talking through the clues and possibilities, hiker says he thinks he is in the vicinity of two brook crossings and may have missed a trail connection from the Jewell Trail towards Marshfield Station.
The probabilities are weighed and the hiker's location narrowed to "most likely" off of the Boundary Trail in the vicinity of Clay Brook.
Matt Holmes of NH F&G was woken up and sent to fetch out the hiker, who was indeed in the close vicinity of Clay Brook on the Boundary Trail.
The exercise is to Identify and Explain from the above summary why this "hiker" had to be "fetched out"?
Anyone game to participate? There is no prize and there is no scoring involved, but 2 word answers are discouraged


text:
- Antique Jewelry
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Antique Georgian Spring Flowers: Emerald Pearl Ruby Ring
The typical cluster ring is expressed in a classic flower form of 14k yellow gold. Petals of six (6) natural half seed pearls (each over 3 mm in diameter) coalesce around a central emerald of exceptional color set in a crimped collet. The scalloped perimeter with its hand crimped edges intersperses the pearls with six (6) natural rubies. All of the precious gems have been set closed back. The simple gold hoop and under gallery are a later date addition.
Circa 1830 for the top; shank and under gallery added later.
Measurements: 1/2 of an inch (1.2 cm) in length north to south on the hand and rises 1/4 of an inch (0.6 cm) in height off the finger. Weight of 5.4 grams (3.4 dwt).
Ring Size: US 6-1/2 (M-1/2; Int. Dia. 17; Euro 53.5 mm; Japan 13) and easily can be sized to fit most. Ring sizing information.
Condition: Excellent for the top; shank and under gallery added at later date.
Origin: Possibly English in origin.
Important: This ring should not be in water for an extended period of time nor exposed to other liquids, cleaning products or harsh chemicals.
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Cross Country - Girls Varsity
The girls' cross country program takes advantage of Berkshire's beautiful setting with a course that has striking views of the campus. The course is challenging, but idyllic in that it truly incorporates a variety of different terrain. There are hills, meadows, woods, and even a brook to cross. It is clearly marked each year per NCAA regulations, with double white lines and directional signs. Additionally, favorite running loops on country roads in the surrounding rolling hills of southwestern Massachusetts provide even more territory than Berkshire's own 400 acres.
Berkshire runners compete in the annual Canterbury Invitational, a number of Division I and II dual, tri, and quad meets, and the New England Prep School Championship - which Berkshire has proudly hosted a number of times. Though we have established a tradition of excellence, runners of every talent level are encouraged to come out for Cross Country at Berkshire. Creating a team that appreciates each other and the sport of running is the ultimate goal every season.
Prospective Runner Inquiry Form
|University of New Hampshire
The cross country team enjoyed team and personal success in 2013. Racing newcomer Sarah Kinney '15 captured the Div. II New England Championship with a course record at Suffield Academy. Seniors Francesca Ghi, Aly Hall and Julia Slyer also recorded personal bests during the season to lead the Bears.


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Anonymous asked:
Anonymous asked:
strangeparkings answered:
Okay, so I normally answer this question with like a 2 minute sentence, but I feel you guys deserve a definitive answer so here we go.
Nicole and I met in 2011, how you may ask, where we met right here. Yup, right here on the same blue dashboard you're likely reading this post on. We started talking and getting to know each other pretty well, so we moved over to facebook were our friendship escalated into something more.
Soon enough into our long distance relationship we started video chatting:
This went on for about 11 months until we would finally be able to be together.
This is me in an airport on my way to her for the first time:
It was probably the most terrifying moment of my life, personally, and I was incredibly nervous.
This is us on the car ride back to her house:
She was really shy about being in pictures, so naturally I tried to take 300.
Eventually she started giving in and took more pictures.
It was only a week, but it was the best week of my life.
Eventually we decided to start living together, I lived with her and her mom while I found a job in Michigan and made enough to get our own place.
Job hunting was fun
Not everything works out as planned though, and we ended up on the streets for 2 months trying to figure out what to do with our lives.
Looking pretty good for a homeless couple right?
When we realized things weren't gonna work out in Michigan we decided to move to Florida with my family where things would be easier for us.
I found a job right away.
And eventually Nicole even joined the crew.
Things were going really well for us, so we decided to save every penny we had and give it a go in Michigan again. We found a place that we liked and we were happily awaiting to move in in 2 months.
Things took somewhat of a dramatic turn when Nicoles depression (which she had been battling for a major part of her life) kicked in and she made an attempt at taking her own life.
Unfortunately her family thought I was to blame for it, and since we were still living under their house while the place we wanted was available I had to go back to Florida to live with my family. We were separated for the first time in over a year.
She dropped her life in Michigan and flew back to me ASAP
Our youtube channel and our blog had started to pick up a decent amount of followers, so when we asked for your help and put up a wishlist for Charlie things you guys did not disappoint.
Soon enough Nicoles belly started growing
Things had finally settled down, and we were able to enjoy ourselves for the first time, here's the last Christmas we spent as a party of 2
Before we knew it February had rolled by and it was time for the baby.
And just like that we had conceived and brought a new life into this world.
As of May 2nd 2014 it's been 3 months since Charlie was born.
She's absolutely beautiful, and she's become the center of our world. It's been a long, hard, and sometimes stressful journey. It isn't the most polished, or magical, or glamorous love story you will ever hear. But it is our love story, it is our journey, and we are grateful for every step of it we've been able to take side by side.
If you're still following our blog after this huge post with our faces on it thank you so much, you're awesome! <3
i"m so glad I follow them, they are my faves and I love their story. <3
oh my god can I just say how perfect they are and you should go follow them right now?
- 15 Life Hacks You Can Actually Use
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- Secret McDonald Menu Hacks
- Ramen hacks: super creative ways to eat top ramen!
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- Food hacks that will make you fat.
- Awesome Life Hacks


text: Panamax MOD-SPKP Add-on protection module for outdoor speakers and control lines Zoom Front Photos Videos Item #: 299MODSPKP Be the first to write a review Low Stock Free Crutchfield lifetime tech support Free Shipping Open Box Price Loading... $52.24 Add to cart + Add to wishlist Email me alerts for this product $54.99 New Stock Buy this item and earn up to 53 Rewards points See more offers and ways to save Special Financing Available x By buying this product you'll earn up to 53 Rewards points. When you sign up for a Crutchfield account, you'll be enrolled in Crutchfield Rewards. You'll earn one point for every dollar you spend on gear from us. You can turn your points into Rewards Cards that you can use toward future purchases. You can sign up for an account now, or after you complete your purchase (you'll get credit for the points either way). Sign up for a Crutchfield account Overview Details Customer Reviews Q&A Articles & Videos Our take on the Panamax MOD-SPKP by Ralph Graves Protect your outdoor gear from surges and spikes There's nothing like having great outdoor speakers and volume control to enjoy your favorite tunes beyond the confines of your living room. Secure your investment with the Panamax MOD-SPKP. Full system or solo defense This plug-in module gives you additional protected connections for your outdoor equipment. It features eight screw terminals for your speaker wires, control lines, or security wires. You can expand the protection offered by your Panamax surge protector or provide a separate ground to use as a stand-alone. See more info on this item Our 60-day money-back guaranteeHighlights:protects outdoor speakers, keypads and control lineeight protected screw terminalsall terminals connected to groundaccepts up to 12-gauge wirepower handling capacity:225 watts per channel for 4 ohm speakers450 watts per channel for 8 ohm speakerswall-mountable4-3/4"W x 4-5/16"H x 1-3/4"Dlimited lifetime warranty Hands-on research from the Crutchfield Labs (what are the Labs?) Features and specs chart | What's in the box? | In-depth notes Features and Specs Type Module Total AC Outlets 0 High-Current Outlets --- USB Connections None RF-EMI Filtering No Joule Rating N/A Powerline Network Compatible No Connected Equipment Guarantee N/A Width (inches) 4-3/4 Height (inches) 4-5/16 Depth (inches) 1-3/4 Weight (pounds) 4.4 Parts Warranty Lifetime Labor Warranty Lifetime Product Research What's in the box? Download owner's manual Signal line protection module Rectangular grounding bracket 2 Machine screws (M4 x 6mm) 4 Self-tapping screws (#6 x 3/4") 3 Spacer eyelets 3 Drywall anchors Instructions Bracket installation instructions Our Product Research Team At Crutchfield, you'll get detailed, accurate information that's hard to find elsewhere. That's because we have our own in-house Product Research team — they open the box, verify contents, check the owner's manual, and record dimensions, features and specs. We stay on top of new products and technologies to help people make informed choices. Features Product Overview: The Panamax MOD-SPKP is a signal line protection module, designed to work with several Panamax surge protectors and line conditioners. The module lets you protect outdoor speaker, keypad, control and security wires from bringing a surge in from the outside to damage connected equipment. Add-on Modules: Panamax offers add-on modules that can be daisy-chained to specific AC surge protector base units. Modules can be "stacked" one on top of another to protect additional phone and data lines, computer network lines, satellite and CATV coax lines, and speaker, keypad, control, and security wires. Brackets are included for connecting the module to the base unit. Panamax Unit Compatibility: The MOD-SPKP works with the following Panamax units capable of accepting add-on signal line modules: PM8-EX, PM8T-EX, PM8C-EX, PM8DBS-EX M8-EX, M8T-EX, M8C-EX, M8DBS-EX, M4-EX, M4T-EX M8C-Pro, M8HC-Pro M8HT-PRO, M8-HT, PM8-HT Installation: The MOD-SPKP has two rows of 8 screw terminals, allowing you to connect up to 4 pairs of speakers or 8 control, keypad, or security wires. The screw terminals will work with a range of wire sizes, up to 12 AWG. Spade lugs are not required, but may be used. One row connects the lines from the outside equipment, while the other row connects the lines from the inside equipment. Any surges that come from the outside are stopped by the module before reaching the indoor equipment. Be the first to review this product Submit a review and then enter to win a $500 rewards card Review this product: Thanks for taking the time to share your experiences about this product. Please be sure to focus your comments on the product itself. Read our Review Guidelines for more information. Review title * Email Your email won't be visible. Please use the email address that is associated with your order. Display name (e.g., JohnD) Your review will be signed using the display name and location * Your location (e.g., Charlottesville, VA) * Your rating Click on a star to rate the overall product on a scale of 1-5 1500 characters left * Your review Attach a YouTube Review Crutchfield Video Review Guidelines Only submit videos that you made or are authorized to use. Do not submit videos that contain music, video or visuals that are copyrighted and belong to someone else. Please see our Review Guidelines for more information. Submit the URL of your YouTube™ video review or product demonstration. e.g., "http://www.youtube.com/v/o79TWHh598U" 500 characters left Pros 500 characters left Cons * Agree to Terms By checking this box you agree your review becomes the property of Crutchfield, that you are over 18 years of age, that you own or have owned this product, and that you are located within the United States or its territories. Please see our Review Guidelines for more information. We reserve the right (but are not obligated to) review all submissions and edit or remove any review in any manner which we deem necessary. Your review should be posted within seven days. For a more in-depth review and enhanced detailed information on the Panamax MOD-SPKP, please visit the Crutchfield website product page (/ISEO-rccbcspd/p_299MODSPKP/Panamax-MOD-SPKP.html ). × Front


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|Chickasha, Oklahoma
|Current World Rank
|Best Finish in 2013
|72 - Lake Okeechobee, 2/7/2013
|Last 3 Finishes
121 - Lake Chickamauga, 6/27/2013
78 - Grand Lake, 6/6/2013
143 - Lake Eufaula, 5/16/2013
|Click a column heading to re-sort.
|Tournament Finishes
|(Only recent tournaments are included. Not necessarily a career listing.)
Biographical data last updated: 2/8/2013
You may report any errors or omissions by clicking here. Please be certain of your information before submitting anything. Submissions will be examined, and if approved will be included in a future update.
By Todd Ceisner BassFan Editor Stacey King was sitting in a deer stand last fall when he felt the urge to itch the side of his neck. He thought little
By Todd Ceisner BassFan Editor One triple-digit finish is hard enough to overcome with a six-tournament schedule. Two such results is usually a death
By John Johnson BassFan Senior Editor A couple of back-to-back events last spring notwithstanding, Justin Lucas' transition from the FLW Tour to the


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I know it's a kick in the pants to hear that the problem is you, but it's also fucking fantastic. You are, after all, the only person you can change.
Loved this Cheryl Strayed Dear Sugar column, "Romantic Love is Not a Competitive Sport" - those seven words I could've used the last few years, that's for sure. (via suchvodka)
Girls Have 3 Types of Panties
- period panties
- chillen panties
- and im about to get me some dick panties
(Source: undress-thebarbiee, via flirting-will-get-you-trouble)
distract me pls
- 1: Is there a boy/girl in your life?
- 2: Think of the last person who hurt you; do you forgive them?
- 3: What do you think of when you hear the word "meow?"
- 4: What's something you really want right now?
- 5: Are you afraid of falling in love?
- 6: Do you like the beach?
- 7: Have you ever slept on a couch with someone else?
- 8: What's the background on your cell?
- 9: Name the last four beds you were sat on?
- 10: Do you like your phone?
- 11: Honestly, are things going the way you planned?
- 12: Who was the last person whose phone number you added to your contacts?
- 13: Would you rather have a poodle or a Rottweiler?
- 14: Which hurts the most, physical or emotional pain?
- 15: Would you rather visit a zoo or an art museum?
- 16: Are you tired?
- 17: How long have you known your 1st phone contact?
- 18: Are they a relative?
- 19: Would you ever consider getting back together with any of your exes?
- 20: When did you last talk to the last person you shared a kiss with?
- 21: If you knew you had the right person, would you marry them today?
- 22: Would you kiss the last person you kissed again?
- 23: How many bracelets do you have on your wrists right now?
- 24: Is there a certain quote you live by?
- 25: What's on your mind?
- 26: Do you have any tattoos?
- 27: What is your favorite color?
- 28: Next time you will kiss someone on the lips?
- 29: Who are you texting?
- 30: Think to the last person you kissed, have you ever kissed them on a couch?
- 31: Have you ever had the feeling something bad was going to happen and you were right?
- 32: Do you have a friend of the opposite sex you can talk to?
- 33: Do you think anyone has feelings for you?
- 34: Has anyone ever told you you have pretty eyes?
- 35: Say the last person you kissed was kissing someone right in front of you?
- 36: Were you single on Valentines Day?
- 37: Are you friends with the last person you kissed?
- 38: What do your friends call you?
- 39: Has anyone upset you in the last week?
- 40: Have you ever cried over a text?
- 41: Where's your last bruise located?
- 42: What is it from?
- 43: Last time you wanted to be away from somewhere really bad?
- 44: Who was the last person you were on the phone with?
- 45: Do you have a favourite pair of shoes?
- 46: Do you wear hats if your having a bad hair day?
- 47: Would you ever go bald if it was the style?
- 48: Do you make supper for your family?
- 49: Does your bedroom have a door?
- 50: Top 3 web-pages?
- 51: Do you know anyone who hates shopping?
- 52: Does anything on your body hurt?
- 53: Are goodbyes hard for you?
- 54: What was the last beverage you spilled on yourself?
- 55: How is your hair?
- 56: What do you usually do first in the morning?
- 57: Do you think two people can last forever?
- 58: Think back to January 2007, were you single?
- 59: Green or purple grapes?
- 60: When's the next time you will give someone a BIG hug?
- 61: Do you wish you were somewhere else right now?
- 62: When will be the next time you text someone?
- 63: Where will you be 5 hours from now?
- 64: What were you doing at 8 this morning.
- 65: This time last year, can you remember who you liked?
- 66: Is there one person in your life that can always make you smile?
- 67: Did you kiss or hug anyone today?
- 68: What was your last thought before you went to bed last night?
- 69: Have you ever tried your hardest and then gotten disappointed in the end?
- 70: How many windows are open on your computer?
- 71: How many fingers do you have?
- 72: What is your ringtone?
- 73: How old will you be in 5 months?
- 74: Where is your Mum right now?
- 75: Why aren't you with the person you were first in love with or almost in love?
- 76: Have you held hands with somebody in the past three days?
- 77: Are you friends with the people you were friends with two years ago?
- 78: Do you remember who you had a crush on in year 7?
- 79: Is there anyone you know with the name Mike?
- 80: Have you ever fallen asleep in someones arms?
- 81: How many people have you liked in the past three months?
- 82: Has anyone seen you in your underwear in the last 3 days?
- 83: Will you talk to the person you like tonight?
- 84: You're drunk and yelling at hot guys/girls out of your car window, you're with?
- 85: If your BF/GF was into drugs would you care?
- 86: What was the most eventful thing that happened last time you went to see a movie?
- 87: Who was your last received call from?
- 88: If someone gave you $1,000 to burn a butterfly over a candle, would you?
- 89: What is something you wish you had more of?
- 90: Have you ever trusted someone too much?
- 91: Do you sleep with your window open?
- 92: Do you get along with girls?
- 93: Are you keeping a secret from someone who needs to know the truth?
- 94: Does sex mean love?
- 95: You're locked in a room with the last person you kissed, is that a problem?
- 96: Have you ever kissed anyone with a lip ring?
- 97: Did you sleep alone this week?
- 98: Everybody has somebody that makes them happy, do you?
- 99: Do you believe in love at first sight?
- 100: Who was the last person that you pinky promise?


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Happy Birthday, Chuck Berry!!!
Thursday, October 18, 2012
Happy Birthday to Chuck Berry, the "Father Of Rock N' Roll," who turns 86-years-old today (October 18th)!!! Berry, who pioneered the rock genre with his unique storytelling and clever use of poetics, will undoubtedly be remembered for his signature two-note, guitar-bending lick, variations of which opened up his classic '50s hits "Johnny B. Goode," "Roll Over Beethoven," "Little Queenie," "Carol," and many more.
Berry's music bridged the gap between rockabilly and blues on songs like "Maybellene," and broke the color barrier on classics such as "You Never Can Tell" and "School Days," which had more to do with the problems of white American teens than those of segregated blacks living in the south.
George Thorogood has been a lifelong fan of Berry's and says that as far as rock artists go, Berry is a complete and unbeatable package: "With Chuck Berry, you've got the all-time four-star player. He's a great performer, a great writer, a great singer, and a great player. Not many people have that, all four things combined. Some can sing great, but they don't write. Some write, but they don't sing. Chuck Berry was the first of that. There's only a handful of them. John Fogerty -- one, the Beatles. . . There's very few that have all that covered. And I'm talking about great writing and great performing. I'm not just talking about, 'Oh, he plays guitar pretty good or he writes pretty good.' (He's) up there on the top with all four things. . . Arguably, probably the greatest rock n' roll star ever."
Berry paved the way for the major songwriters of the '60s, such as Bob Dylan, John Lennon and Paul McCartney, Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, Brian Wilson and Pete Townshend, who were inspired by Berry and his peers Little Richard and Buddy Holly to compose and perform their own material. Chuck Berry's resurgence in the mid-'60s was due largely to his influence on the British invasion.
Dave Davies of the Kinks told us that the band probably never would've existed if not for Berry's legendary '50s tunes: "Ray (Davies) and I were big fans of Chuck Berry, and we used to get together and play Chuck Berry riffs. Maybe we would never have formed the band without people like Chuck Berry."
Although the Beatles only released two Berry covers on their official albums ("Roll Over Beethoven" and "Rock And Roll Music"), their 1994 Live At The BBC compilation included six additional Berry covers that were often performed in their nightclub repertoire: "Too Much Monkey Business," "I Got To Find My Baby," "Carol," "Johnny B. Goode," "Memphis, Tennessee," and "Sweet Little Sixteen." The group's "I Saw Her Standing There" actually borrowed the bassline from Berry's "Little Queenie."
The Beatles opened their first U.S. concert on February 11th, 1964 at the Washington Coliseum with "Roll Over Beethoven" as a salute to Berry.
John Lennon covered Berry's "You Can't Catch Me" on his 1975 Rock N' Roll collection, and McCartney paid tribute to Berry by recording "Brown Eyed Handsome Man" on his 1999 album, Run Devil Run.
The Rolling Stones' debut single was a cover of Berry's "Come On." They went on to cover eight other Berry classics, including "Carol," "Sweet Little Sixteen," "You Can't Catch Me," "Bye Bye Johnny," "Little Queenie," "Talkin' About You," "Around And Around," and "Let It Rock."
In 2006, Berry's 1987 concert documentary, Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll, was released in both two- and four-DVD expanded editions. The movie chronicled the concert and rehearsals around Berry's 60th birthday concert in St. Louis, and featured performances by the Rolling Stones' Keith Richards, Eric Clapton, Linda Ronstadt, and others.
John Lennon often called Chuck Berry rock's first "poet." Berry says that his secret was always to keep his lyrics simple and make them rhyme: "'Mary had a little lamb, her fleece was white as snow, a da-da-da-da-da-da-da-o.' That's the way it rhymes. Rhyming to me is creating the vowels on the end of each line that is supposed to be, so it's a mathematical thing, y'know? Two and two makes four, and as you go on down the line, all those numbers are equal not odds. Isn't that something? Isn't that a way to explain something? Anyway, I liked it, so I kept it up."
Berry says that while looking back on his career, he ultimately has very few complaints: "The good life outweighs. . . now, I don't say bad, I say the indifferent lives that I've had. It just makes me happy to know that nobody's gonna live a perfect life -- nobody ever has. So I'm thankful that I've come this far, this long, this good."
Chuck Berry will next perform on October 27th in Cleveland, Ohio at the "American Music Masters Series" at the State Theatre.
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The sights and sounds of New York City will inspire you, but if you're not a native, planning an event can be challenging. In the "city that never sleeps" you can find everything you need and want to plan the most fantastic event ever, if you know where to look, know what you're looking for and have a budget to keep you focused. Perhaps the greatest reason to choose New York as a destination for your event is that each season presents a different and exciting cityscape so whether you're getting married in the spring or celebrating a birthday in the fall, New York has all the elements to bring your event to life. You'll want to decide the time of the year for your affair well ahead of time.
Next, with all the wonderful neighborhoods and historic parts of town, New York is the perfect backdrop. Deciding what area of the city or the boroughs suits your style requires time and patience. Are you planning a funky downtown vibe? A ladies tea or bridal shower with old world charm? A Boys night out at the stadium and dinner? It's all possible and available in New York.
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