text:
About This Manual
This manual is designed to help you obtain a driver
license or an instruction permit by explaining
the Arizona motor vehicle laws without using
technical language. It is not a proper legal authority and
should not be relied upon in a court of law.
If you are applying for a motorcycle license, you will need
to study the Motorcycle Operator Manual in addition
to this manual. If you are applying for a Commercial
Driver License, please refer to the Commercial Driver
License Manual. All manuals are available by calling
one of the numbers below.
Questions or Comments?
Phoenix 602-255-0072
Tucson 520-629-9808
elsewhere in Arizona 800-251-5866
(TDD Hearing/Speech Impaired service:
Phoenix 602-712-3222,
elsewhere 800-324-5425)
You are required by law to notify MVD
within 10 days of any change to
your name or address (see Page 4).
Changes may have been made to the information
contained in this publication since it was last revised.
Please check the Motor Vehicle Division's
What's New page at
www.azdot.gov for updates.
Revised January 2005
Table of Contents
Roadway And Vehicle Knowledge
Signal Lights ........................................................25
Trafic Signs ..........................................................26
Mile Posts ............................................................28
Roadway Construction Warning Devices .............29
Pavement Markings ..............................................30
Vehicle Equipment ...............................................31
Basic Driving Knowledge
Steering ................................................................31
Signaling ..............................................................32
Turning ................................................................32
Braking and Stopping ..........................................34
Right-Of-Way ......................................................35
Speed Limits ........................................................37
Passing .................................................................38
Backing ................................................................38
Parking .................................................................38
Driving Techniques
City Driving .........................................................39
Freeway Driving ...................................................41
Driving the Open Road .......................................42
Night Driving ......................................................43
Emergencies .........................................................43
Travel Information Service ...................................45
Weather Conditions .............................................45
Defensive Driving
Attitude and Alertness/Foresight ..........................47
Knowledge and Experience ..................................48
Scanning ..............................................................48
Blind Spots ...........................................................48
Communicating ...................................................49
The Space Cushion ..............................................49
Compromise ........................................................49
Driver Safety ........................................................50
Driver Improvement
Revocation ...........................................................51
Suspension and Traffic School ..............................51
Driving Under The Influence ...............................53
Aggressive Driving ................................................54
Red-Light Running ..............................................54
Test Review Questions ..................56
Driver License Manual 25
Roadway and
Vehicle Knowledge
The flow of traffic on our streets and highways is
controlled by various signal lights, traffic signs and
pavement markings. You must fully understand their
meaning in order to drive safely. There are also various
requirements concerning vehicle equipment that you
should know. This section provides information about
these important basics.
Signal Lights
Signal lights (red, yellow and green) are placed at many
intersections to regulate the direction and flow of
traffic. These traffic lights apply to pedestrians, bicycle
and moped riders, as well as to motorists. You must
obey the signal lights unless a police officer is directing
Red − Red Means Stop!
This signal means STOP. You must come
to a complete stop before you reach
the intersection, stop line or crosswalk.
Remain stopped for as long as the light
stays red. Where not prohibited by signs,
a right turn may be made after coming
to a complete stop, when motor traffic
and pedestrian traffic are clear. See Page 4
regarding penalties.
Yellow − Yellow Means Brake!
This signal means CAUTION. A steady
yellow light is a warning that the light is
about to turn red. If you have not entered
the intersection, you should come to a safe
stop. If you are already in the intersection,
you should continue moving and clear it
safely. Speeding up to "beat the light" is
illegal and could cause an accident.
Green − Green Means Go
This signal means GO. You may go through an
intersection in the direction indicated by the signal if
the roadway is clear. Check right and left for oncoming
Flashing Red Light
A flashing red light has the same meaning as a Stop
sign. You must come to a full stop; then proceed with
caution when the roadway is clear.
Flashing Yellow Light
A flashing yellow light means you should slow down
and proceed with caution if the roadway is clear.
Red Arrow
A lighted red arrow means that you may not turn in
the direction of the arrow. You must stop and wait for
the green arrow to appear before making the turn.
Yellow Arrow
A yellow arrow warns that the light is about to change
to red. If you have not entered the intersection, you
must stop and wait for a green arrow. If you are
already in the intersection, you should continue your
turn and clear the intersection safely.
Green Arrow
A green arrow appearing alone or with
another signal light means that you may
proceed in the direction of the arrow,
if you are in the proper lane and the
roadway is clear.
Inoperative Signal Lights
When approaching an intersection with
an inoperative traffic control signal, treat
it as you would a 4-way stop. Come to
a complete stop before entering the
intersection and then proceed when the
roadway is clear. If two vehicles arrive at
the intersection at about the same time,
both must stop and the driver of the
vehicle on the left must yield the right-of-
way to the driver on the right.
Traffic Signs
Traffic signs regulate traffic and provide important
The shape of a traffic sign can give you as much
information about the meaning of a sign as the
sign's color or wording. When visibility is poor, such
as in heavy rain, dust storms, or fog, you may be
able to make out only the shape of a particular sign.
These signs regulate traffic and direct the driver's
speed and direction.
Octagon — Eight Sides
This shape is reserved for stop signs. You must come
to a complete stop.
Triangle Pointing Down
This shape requires that you yield the right-of-way
to cross traffic or to merging traffic.
No Right Turn No "U" Turn
Turn Left or
Go Straight
Driver License Manual 27
These signs are yellow. They warn of a possible danger ahead.
Turn, Curve and Winding Road Signs
These signs are used to warn drivers of turns in the
roadway. Below the signs may be small yellow
square signs indicating the safe speed to drive
through the curve.
This sign marks the beginning of a no passing zone.
School Crossing Sign
Permanent 5-sided (pentagon shaped) School Crossing signs on the side of the roadway
warn drivers that children may be crossing any time of the day. New yellow-green signs are
approved in Arizona and may be used at school crossings.
Drivers must also obey the portable signs placed at times in the center of the roadway. The
maximum speed from the first sign to past the school crossing is 15 mph. When portable
signs are not in place, the normal speed limit for area applies.
Passing another vehicle in school crossing is prohibited. There will often be a crossing guard
assisting children crossing the roadway. You must follow the instructions of the crossing
guard, and you must come to a complete stop when any person is in crosswalk.
Signal Ahead Two Way Traffic Bike Crossing Merge "Y" Intersection Divided
Slippery When
Cattle Crossing Crossroad to
the Right
Crossroad to
the Left Hill Divided
Highway Ends
Side Road
at Angle
The Federal Highway Administration permits the optional use of fluorescent
yellow-green pedestrian, bicycle and school warning signs.
School Crossing
Railroad Warning Sign
A circle-shaped sign provides a warning that you are approaching a railroad crossing.
Railroad Crossing Sign
This sign marks the location of a railroad crossing. When you arrive at a railroad crossing,
you must stop no closer than 15 feet from the nearest railroad track when you observe
any of the following:
Flashing red lights
Lowered crossing gate
Ringing bells
Flagger warning of an approaching train
Do not cross the tracks until all signals have stopped and the crossing gate is up all the
way. Do not drive around or under a gate that is lowered.
In addition to obeying the regulations above, the following rules will reduce your
chances of becoming another fatality:
Expect a train on any track at any time
Do not get trapped on a railroad crossing
Get out of your vehicle if it stalls on the tracks
Look for a second train in the other direction
Never race with a train
Watch for vehicles such as buses and gasoline tankers, which must stop at railroad
When driving at night, be alert for railroad crossing warning signs that are not lighted
Highway Signs
Mile Posts
Arizona is one of the few states where all state highways have mileage markers. These
reference "posts" are set 2 feet off the right shoulder and are about 1 mile apart.
Mile posts can be used to tell where you are located if you have an accident, have
mechanical problems, or are out of gas. If you have to stop, note the route you are on
and the approximate distance from a mile post.
Interstate Route Marker U.S. Route Marker State Route Marker
Driver License Manual 29
Roadway Construction
Warning Devices
Alerting and controlling devices are used in road
construction and in maintenance work areas to direct
drivers or pedestrians safely, as well as to protect
the safety of highway workers. Orange is the basic
color for these devices. You must drive slowly and be
especially alert at all construction sites. Always obey
the posted speed limit.
Construction and Maintenance Signs
Construction and maintenance signs are used to
notify drivers of possible danger in or near work areas.
Most signs used in highway and street work areas are
Flashing Arrow Panels
Flashing arrow panels are used both day and night to
give advance warning to drivers to move to the right
or left into another lane. Slow down and prepare to
merge in the direction of the arrow.
Electronic Signs
Electronic message signs are used on some roadways
to give you advance warning of construction zones,
special traffic directions, road closures or even weather
Cones, Drums, and Barricades
These devices are used to alert you and to guide you
safely through the work area. At night, they may be
equipped with warning lights. You must slow down
when you drive through these areas.
Flaggers are often used in road work zones to stop,
slow or guide traffic safely through the area. Flaggers
wear orange vests or jackets and use red flags or
stop/slow panels to direct traffic through work zones.
Remember to drive carefully through construction
areas to protect workers on the roadway.
Fines double when traffic
violations occur in work zones
on Arizona highways.
Pavement Markings
Pavement markings are used to guide and warn drivers,
as well as to regulate traffic. Markings may be either
yellow or white and can appear in combinations.
Each combination has a different meaning. Yellow
center lines indicate that there is two-way traffic,
flowing in both directions. White lines are used to
separate lanes of traffic moving in the same direction
and to mark the edge of the roadway, stop lines and
pedestrian crosswalks.
Broken Yellow Lines
Broken yellow lines separate lanes of
traffic going in opposite directions.
A broken yellow line indicates that
passing on the left is permitted when
the roadway is clear. Since you are
facing oncoming traffic, overtaking and
passing must be done with extreme
Solid and Broken Yellow
A broken yellow line alongside a solid
yellow line indicates that passing is
permitted only in one direction. If the
broken yellow line is on your side, you
may pass when the roadway ahead is
clear. If the solid yellow line is on your
side, you may not pass.
Double Yellow Lines
Double solid yellow lines mean that
passing is not allowed in either direction.
You may not cross the lines unless you
are making a left turn.
Broken White Lines
Broken white lines separate lanes of
traffic going in the same direction.
These lines may be crossed with caution.
(Remember to signal your intention to
change lanes.)
Solid White Lines
Solid white lines are used for turn
lanes and to prevent lane changes
near intersections. Arrows are
often used with the white lines to
indicate which turn may be made
from the lane.
Turn Lane Arrow
If you are traveling in a lane marked with a curved arrow
and the word ONLY, you must turn in the direction of
the arrow. If your lane is marked with both a curved
and a straight arrow, you may turn in the direction of
the arrow or you may go straight.
Painted Curbs
A painted curb means that you must follow special rules
to park there. The colors on the curbs mean:
You may stop only long enough to pick up or drop off
You may stop only long enough to load or unload. Stay
with your car.
You may not stop, stand or park.
Vehicle Dimensions
Maximum Width
A vehicle and its load cannot be wider than 96 inches
(8 feet). On interstate highways and designated state
highways, the maximum width is 102 inches (8 feet 6
Maximum Height
The vehicle and its load cannot exceed a height of 13
feet 6 inches.
Driver License Manual 31
Vehicle Equipment
Every motor vehicle must have brakes in good working
condition. Cars and trucks must have both a foot brake
and an emergency brake. Each set of brakes must apply
to at least two wheels. A motorcycle must have at least
one brake that may be applied by hand or foot. Trailers
of 3000 lbs or more gross weight must be equipped
with separate brakes.
Safety Belts
Each front seat occupant of a motor vehicle manufactured
after 1972 must have the seat belt properly fastened and
adjusted while the vehicle is in motion (See Page 21).
Child Safety Seats
A child less than 5 years old must be properly secured in
a child passenger restraint system while being transported
in a vehicle in this state (See Page 20).
Head Restraints
Seat back, head restraints are designed to reduce the
chance of whiplash injury in rear-end collisions. If they
are adjustable, they should be positioned to fit against
the back of your head and to line up with the middle
of the ear.
Every motor vehicle must have a muffler in good
working condition and in constant operation to prevent
excessive or unusual noise. It is against the law to use a
muffler "cut-out," bypass or similar device.
Air Pollution Control
Motor vehicles of 1968 model year and newer must
be equipped with an exhaust emissions system to help
reduce air pollution. Also, the engine of every motor
vehicle must be equipped to prevent the escape of
excessive fumes and smoke.
Windows and Windshields
Vehicles must have a windshield without cracks and
windshield wipers that are in good working condition.
Sun screening materials on windows and windshields
are legal only within certain limits. Owners should
make sure that the manufacturer or installer of the
material complies with Arizona law.
Rearview Mirrors
Every vehicle that is made or loaded so that the
driver's view to the rear is blocked, must have at
least one outside mirror that shows the view of the
highway for at least 200 feet to the rear.
Horns and Warning Devices
A working horn that can be heard for 200 feet is
required on your vehicle. Emergency vehicles may
have a siren, whistle or bell.
Red Lights and Flashers
Flashing red warning lights are prohibited on the
front of the vehicle, even those vehicles that are
disabled, except on authorized emergency vehicles,
school buses and snow removal equipment.
Hazard warning signal lights (emergency flashers)
should be activated whenever your vehicle is stopped
on the roadway or shoulder of the road.
Basic Driving
This section introduces the basics of driving: steering,
signaling, turning, braking and stopping, right-of-way,
speed limits, passing, backing and parking.
Many new drivers tend to turn the steering wheel too
much because they are using a fender or part of the
hood as a guide. The proper way to stay in your lane
of travel is to look well ahead and make only slight
steering corrections as needed. Only practice can
teach you how to steer.
Other drivers expect you to keep doing what you are
doing. Signaling lets them know you are going to do
something different and gives them time to react to
your move. Signaling does not give you the right-of-
way. Turns may be indicated using electric turn
signals, hand signals, or both. The law designates
which lanes and
positions you must
use when turning,
and requires you
to signal at least
100 feet before you
turn. The hand
signals are shown
You should always
signal before you:
Change lanes
Turn at an
intersection or
into a driveway
or alley
Enter or leave a freeway
Pull away from the curb
Pull over to the side of the road
Slow down or stop suddenly
Here are some other important signaling rules
to follow:
Get in the habit of signaling every time you
change direction. Signal even if you do not see
anyone else around. It is the car you do not see,
that is the most dangerous.
Signal at least 4 seconds before you turn so
other drivers will have time to react.
Use both turn and hand signals in heavy traffic.
A hand signal may be seen by drivers who are
several cars back and cannot see your car signal
If you plan to turn beyond an intersection, do
not signal until you are in the intersection. If you
signal earlier, another driver may think you intend
to turn at the intersection and might pull into
your path.
After you complete your move, be sure your turn
signal is off.
Rules for turning apply at all locations, even driveways
and alleys, not just at intersections. Signal, reduce your
speed and turn smoothly. As you turn, make sure to
check for pedestrians, mopeds and bicycles.
In some areas, turns may be made from more than one
lane. If this is allowed, signs and pavement markings
will tell you. At some locations, turns may be prohibited
by signs.
Right Turns
As you prepare to turn right, stay close to the right curb
or edge of the road. Do not swing wide before or while
Right on Red
When making a right turn at a red light, you must first
come to a complete stop before reaching the marked
or unmarked crosswalk. Be sure to check for signs that
may prohibit the turn.
Left Turn
Right Turn
or Slowing
Driver License Manual 33
Left Turn
Two-Way Road To One-Way Road
Approach the turn in the traffic lane just to the right
of the center line. As you enter the intersection, turn
into the extreme left lane of the road you are entering.
(A right turn in the pattern also is shown.)
Left Turn
One-Way Road To Two-Way Road
Approach the intersection in the traffic lane closest
to the left curb. Turn into the lane just to the right
of the center line. Do not move to the right lane
without checking traffic to your right and signaling
for a lane change. This turn cannot be made against
a red light.
Always yield the right-of-way to pedestrians, bicyclists
and of course, oncoming traffic. Unless signs direct
you otherwise, turn into the right lane of the road you
Left Turns
On a two-way road, approach the turn with your car
in the lane just to the right of the center line. Turn just
to the left of the center point of the intersection. Enter
the lane just to the right of the center line. This avoids
conflict with other traffic making either right or left
If a special lane for making left turns has been signed
or marked, use that lane — do not turn left from any
other lane.
Left Turn
One-Way Road To One-Way Road
Approach with your car in the traffic lane nearest the
left curb. Turn without swinging wide. Bring your car
into the extreme left traffic lane on the road you are
entering. This is the only left turn situation where,
unless signs prohibit it, you may make the turn against
a red light after stopping and yielding to traffic and
Braking and Stopping
It takes long distances to come to a safe, complete
stop. Braking distance is directly related to:
Driver perception time (length of time
it takes to see and recognize a dangerous
Driver reaction time (time from perception
of danger to start of braking — the average
is 0.75 seconds)
Type and condition of the pavement
Type and condition of the tires
Vehicle design and condition of the shock
Vehicle weight when loaded or towing
Type and condition of the brakes
Speed of the vehicle
The distance required to stop your vehicle is
important in helping you choose a safe driving
speed. This chart can be used as a rough guide, but
your actual stopping distance will depend upon many
of the above items.
When vehicles ahead do something unexpectedly,
you will need time to react. You need to keep enough
following distance between you and the vehicles ahead
to avoid a collision if the traffic stops suddenly.
Allow at least a 2-second following distance for most
driving situations (See Page 49, Space Cushion). There
will be situations where a longer (3 to 6 seconds)
following distance will be required:
When driving on slippery roads,
you should double your following
distance to at least 4 seconds to
allow for the extra distance needed
to adjust your speed or to stop.
When the driver behind you wishes
to pass, reducing your speed will
allow that driver to pass more
quickly. The added distance will
make it easier for the passing
motorist to pull back into the lane.
When you are following a large vehicle, such as a
tractor-trailer, that blocks your field of vision of
the road ahead, you will need extra distance to see
around the vehicle.
Following Emergency Vehicles
You are not allowed to follow within 500 feet of fire
vehicles or other emergency vehicles.
Driver License Manual 35
Alleys and Driveways
When entering the roadway from an alley or driveway,
you must stop before reaching the sidewalk. Yield
the right-of-way to pedestrians and approaching
Left Turn
When you are preparing to turn left, you must
yield the right-of-way to any oncoming vehicle and
The law requires certain vehicles to yield the right-of-way
to other vehicles. The law does not actually "give"
the right-of-way to any particular motorist, it just states
who must yield. No one is allowed to take the right-of-way
if taking it means an accident may result.
Controlled Intersections
You must obey the traffic signals and signs. Yield the
right-of-way to other vehicles as directed. Do not
assume it is safe to proceed just because you have the
right-of-way. Check for traffic and pedestrians.
Uncontrolled Intersections
When approaching an intersection with an inoperative
traffic control signal or no traffic lights, stop signs or
yield signs, treat it as you would a 4-way stop. Come
to a complete stop before entering the intersection and
then proceed when the roadway is clear. If two vehicles
arrive at the intersection at about the same time, both
must stop and the driver of the vehicle on the left must
yield the right-of-way to the driver on the right.
At a "T" intersection, the driver on the street which
ends must yield the right-of-way to vehicles on the cross
Green vehicle has the right-of-way
Red vehicle must yield.
Green vehicle has the right-of-way
Red vehicle must yield.
Rules of the Road in the
Modern Roundabout
Know where you're headed – Know where you want
to go as you approach the intersection. Follow the signs
and get in the appropriate lane.
Slow down – Vehicles approaching a roundabout need
to slow down.
Yield – Vehicles in the roundabout have the right of
Watch out for Large Trucks - Don't try to pass large
trucks in the roundabout.
Emergency Vehicles – Proceed with caution in the
roundabout when you see an emergency vehicle, exit if
you can or pull over to the right.
Pedestrians – Pedestrians be aware of multiple threats
of all cars in all lanes.
Bicyclists – Be aware of traffic rules or walk your bike
and use the crosswalks.
For more information about modern roundabouts in
Arizona visit our website www.arizonaroundabout.com
Modern Roundabouts are not Traffic
Modern roundabouts follow a yield at entry rule,
which requires approaching vehicles to wait for a
gap in the circulating traffic before entering the
Modern roundabouts involve low speeds for traffic
entering and driving through the roundabout.
Modern roundabouts use deflection to slow
entering traffic and enhance safety.
Vehicles in the modern roundabout have the right
of way.
Driving Straight Through
U Turns
Left Turns
Right Turns
Driver License Manual 37
Visually Impaired
The driver of a vehicle approaching a visually impaired
pedestrian who is carrying a white or metallic cane, is
using a guide dog or is assisted by a sighted person,
must yield the right-of-way and take precautions to
avoid injury to the pedestrian.
Speed Limits
Vehicle speed is an important part of traffic safety. You
must obey all speed regulations and be ready to adjust
your speed quickly if necessary.
Elements such as road conditions, traffic flow and the
number of accidents are used to determine the proper
speed limits for roadways. You must obey all posted
limits. The following speed limits must be observed
when no limit is posted:
15 mph when approaching a school crossing
25 mph in any business or residential district
55 mph on open highways or city freeways
65 mph on designated open highways
75 mph on rural interstate highways
Adjusting Speed to Conditions
The speed limits are set for the best driving conditions.
When driving in bad weather, your speed should be
reduced to a level that is reasonable. Three guidelines
When driving on wet roads, reduce your speed by
at least one-third
When driving on roads with snow or ice, reduce
your speed by at least one-half
When driving in bad weather, double the following
distance from the vehicle in front of you
Impeding Traffic
Driving too slowly can be as dangerous as driving
too fast. Remember to drive in the right lane and
allow faster moving vehicles to pass whenever you are
driving slower than traffic around you. If you become
School Buses
When approaching a school bus that is picking up or
dropping off passengers, you must come to a complete
stop before reaching the bus, regardless of your direction
of travel. A school bus will have alternating flashing
lights and a mechanical stop-sign arm extended while
passengers are entering or leaving the bus. You must
remain stopped until the school bus moves ahead or
until the stop-sign arm and flashing lights are no longer
shown. Look out for children crossing the road in front
of, or behind the school bus.
You are not required to stop for a school bus on a divided
roadway, when traveling in the opposite direction. A
divided roadway is one in which the road is separated by
physical barriers such as a fence, curbing or separation
of the pavement. Roadway striping by itself does not
constitute a physical separation of the roadway.
Caution: Motorists should exercise extreme care when
in the vicinity of any stopped school bus, as a child may
dart from the front or the rear of the bus.
Emergency Vehicles
Always be alert for emergency vehicles, especially at
intersections. Do not play your radio so loudly that
you are unable to hear sirens. Whenever a police car,
fire engine, ambulance or other emergency vehicle
approaches using a siren, lights or other warning devices,
you must yield the right-of-way. Drive at once to the
right side of the road and stop until the vehicle has
Drivers must yield the right-of-way to any vehicle that is
part of a funeral procession being led by a funeral escort
vehicle flashing a red or a blue light.
You must yield the right-of-way to pedestrians crossing
the street in any marked or unmarked crosswalk. When
the light turns green, you must still yield to pedestrians
and vehicles in intersections. The law also requires
vehicles to come to a complete stop at any school
crossing when the crosswalk is occupied by any person.
In the interest of safety, if you see persons crossing any
street, give them the right-of-way.
Within 100 feet of a bridge, tunnel, or underpass
where your view is blocked
Backing is dangerous because it is hard for you to see
behind your car. Here are some rules you should follow
whenever you have to back your car:
Check behind your car before you get in. Children
or small objects are hard to see from the driver's
Place your arm on the back of the seat and turn
around so that you can look directly through the
rear window. Do not depend on your mirrors.
Back slowly. Your car is much harder to control
and to stop while you are backing.
When you park on a public roadway, you must be
sure that you are not in the way of traffic, obstructing
visibility or in an illegal parking zone.
Parallel Parking
Your ability to judge distances while controlling the
speed of your vehicle is the key to completing this
maneuver. When parallel parking, be sure to continually
check for oncoming traffic.
To parallel park correctly:
Check traffic behind you and signal that you are
Stop when you are alongside the forward car and
your car's back bumper lines up with the back
bumper of the parked vehicle. Leave approximately
2 feet between you and the forward car.
Shift into reverse. While looking over your right
shoulder, back up slowly while turning the wheel
sharply to the right.
When your front bumper passes the rear bumper
of the forward car, turn the wheel sharply to the
left. Keep backing until parallel to the curb.
Straighten the wheels and slowly pull forward.
lost or disoriented, pull off the roadway instead of
slowing your vehicle.
When you want to pass a vehicle traveling in the same
direction, pass on the left. Signal that you are about to
change lanes. Make sure you have time and room to
get all the way in front of the vehicle you are passing
without creating danger for vehicles coming toward
you. Move into the left lane and pass the vehicle. When
you can see the entire front or both headlights of the
vehicle you passed in your rearview mirror, look over
your shoulder to be sure the lane is clear, signal that you
are changing lanes, then return to the lane on the right.
This procedure also applies to passing slow-moving
bicycles and mopeds.
When another vehicle comes up behind you and sounds
its horn or flashes its lights, move to the right when safe
and let it pass. Never speed up when another vehicle is
passing you.
Passing on the Right
Passing on the right is permitted only when it is safe and:
The driver of the other vehicle is making a left
turn (Never pass to the left of a driver who has
signaled a left turn.)
An open highway is clearly marked for two
or more lanes of vehicles moving in the same
direction as you are going
You are in a business or residential district where
the pavement is wide enough for two or more
lanes of vehicles moving in the direction you are
You must never pass on the right by driving off
the paved or main portion of the roadway
Do Not Pass
You must not pass when:
Approaching a curve or the top of a hill where you
cannot see ahead to be sure of safe passing
Approaching within 100 feet of a street crossing
Approaching within 100 feet of a railroad crossing
Driver License Manual 39
Emergency Parking
In the event it becomes necessary for you to leave
your vehicle parked on a highway or street, follow
these rules:
Pull onto the shoulder of the road as far away
from traffic as possible. If there is a curb, pull
your vehicle as close to the curb as possible.
Set your parking brake, shift into park or leave
the vehicle in gear, and turn off the engine.
Lock your vehicle.
Set out proper emergency signals.
Parking on a Hill
When you park on a
downhill grade, turn
your wheels toward the
curb and set your parking
If you park on an uphill
grade, turn your wheels
to the left, let your car
roll back until the right
front wheel rests against
the curb and stops.
If there is no curb, turn
the wheels to the right
so that the car will roll
away from the center of
the road in the event the
brakes fail. Always set
your parking brake.
It is illegal to park:
On a sidewalk
In front of a private or public driveway
Within the boundaries of an intersection
On a crosswalk or within 20 feet of a crosswalk
at an intersection
Turn Wheels
Toward Curb
Uphill with Curb-
Turn Wheels Away
From Curb
Uphill - No Curb
Turn Wheels Toward
Edge of Road
On any freeway or interstate highway (except
for an emergency)
In any area with signs prohibiting parking
Within 15 feet of a fire hydrant
Within 50 feet of a railroad crossing
On a bridge or within a tunnel
In such a way that you create a hazard for other
International Symbol of Access
This symbol, which appears on reserved parking
signs, placards and license plates, is the international
symbol of access for persons with physical disability.
Parking spaces marked with this symbol are only to be
used by a vehicle displaying a valid placard or license
plate with this symbol, and only when transporting
the person who was issued the placard or plate.
It is illegal for anyone else to park in these spaces and
it may result in a fine.
Driving Techniques
It is important for safety sake to obey traffic laws,
abide by the rules of the road and drive defensively.
City Driving
One-Way Streets
If you will be traveling on a one-way street for several
blocks, it is best to stay in the center lane. The left
and right lanes will be used by turning vehicles.
left for several reasons, such as:
Turning left
Avoiding hazards
Passing pedestrians or vehicles
If the lane in which the person is operating a
bicycle is too narrow for a bicycle and motor
vehicle to travel safely side by side
Important rules for bicyclists:
Do not carry more persons than the design of the
bicycle permits
Do not ride more than two side-by-side
Ride as near to the right side of the road as
Use proper hand signals (See Signaling on Page
Do not bicycle under the influence of drugs or
alcohol — it is illegal
When riding at night, have a white head lamp
visible from 500 feet, and a rear deflector
Sharing the Road With a
Motorcyclists are more vulnerable to injury than a car
driver if involved in an accident. Most car/motorcycle
accidents are the result of a car turning in front of a
motorcycle; usually because the driver did not see the
motorcycle. Watch for the unexpected and give the
motorcycle its share of the road.
The small size of a motorcycle may make it hard to spot in
traffic, and it may appear to be farther away and traveling
slower than it actually is. Because it is difficult to judge
the distance and speed, drivers need to pay close attention
and take extra care.
Lane Position
Some travel lanes are
designed to carry traffic
in one direction at
certain times and in the
opposite direction at other times. These lanes are usually
marked by double-dashed yellow lines. Before you start
driving in them, check to see which lanes you can use at
that time. There may be signs posted by the side of the
road or overhead.
Two-Way Left Turn Lane
Many two-way streets have a center lane marked as a
two-way left-hand turn lane. This lane is bordered on
either side by two yellow lines - the inner line is broken,
the outer line is solid. This lane is only for use of vehicles
turning left in either direction. This lane provides a safe
area to slow before a left turn off of the street, or to speed
up after a left turn onto a street. Drivers should follow
these rules:
Signal before entering the lane
Move completely into the lane
Be alert for others using the lane
Do not use the lane for passing or for thru traffic
Sharing the Road With a Bike
Bicyclists must obey the same traffic laws as drivers of
motor vehicles, and they have the right-of-way under the
same conditions as motorists.
Motorists should be alert for bicyclists along the roadway,
because cyclists are often difficult to see. Extra caution is
necessary. Motorists are required to allow a minimum safe
distance of 3 feet when passing a bicycle traveling in the
same direction.
At night, you should dim your headlights for bicyclists.
Drivers should be prepared for a bicyclist swerving.
Although bicyclists must ride with the flow of traffic and
stay near the right side of the road, they can legally move
Bike Crossing
Driver License Manual 41
Because of the motorcycle's size, its position within
a lane will change as traffic conditions change.
Often this means riding in the left side of the lane
to allow a better view of traffic and road conditions.
However, as conditions change, the rider may move
to the center or to the right side of the lane. These
sideways movements sometimes occur suddenly to
avoid hazards. Motorists need to be alert and to drive
Intersections are the most likely places for car/
motorcycle collisions, which are usually the result of
a driver turning into the motorcycle's path. Do not
assume the rider's intentions. A rider will move to one
side not only to prepare for a turn, but also to avoid a
hazard or to improve visibility.
Motorcycle turn signals do not automatically shut
off and riders may forget to cancel them after a turn
is completed. Make sure you know what the rider is
doing before you move into the motorcycle's path.
Motorcycles are allowed the full width of a lane in
which to maneuver. Never crowd into the same lane
as a motorcycle. Returning to the original lane too
soon can force the rider to swerve into traffic or off
the road.
Freeway Driving
Freeways and interstate highways are designed to
handle higher speed traffic safely. You need to be
comfortable with driving at these speeds and with
the special procedures discussed below before you
attempt freeway driving.
Entering a Freeway
The key to entering a freeway smoothly is to accelerate
on the entrance ramp/lane to match the speed of
freeway traffic in the right lane. Then, signal, check
the traffic around you, and merge carefully. Do not
cross a solid line.
Drivers on the freeway should signal and move left
one lane to assist traffic trying to merge from the
entrance ramp or other traffic merging from the right.
Sometimes this does not happen, however, and it is up
to you to adjust your speed to merge.
Stopping while entering a freeway is dangerous. If
you must stop, signal the vehicle behind you. Be sure
to leave enough room between you and the vehicle
ahead of you on the entrance ramp, so if that vehicle
stops, you can safely stop.
Lane Use
The right lane is used for entering and exiting, and
for slow traffic. The left lane is used by higher-speed
Avoid the right lane of a freeway during rush hour.
This will leave room for vehicles entering and
Be alert for other vehicles attempting to merge into
your lane, and use proper signals to let other drivers
know if you are changing lanes. Do not exceed the
posted speed limits. Avoid "tailgating" (following the
car ahead of you too closely).
On the freeway, you may not:
Drive a vehicle carrying fewer than two persons,
including the driver, in a high occupancy
vehicle (HOV) lane at the following times: 6
a.m. to 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. to 7 p.m. Monday
through Friday (At those times the HOV lanes
are restricted to car pool vehicles, motorcycles,
buses or vehicles displaying alternative fuel
license plates. A motorist who violates this
restriction is subject to a penalty of $350.)
Drive over or across any dividing section or
Make a U-turn
Change lanes without signaling
dangerous as driving in heavy city traffic. It is easy
to relax your attention…and suddenly come upon a
dangerous surprise. Animals in the road, slow-moving
farm equipment just over the crest of a hill or a low
spot covered with water are not unusual hazards in rural
driving. Stay alert, watch for warning signs, and slow
down when approaching curves or hills that block your
view of the roadway ahead.
Slow Moving Vehicles
Farm machinery and other slow-moving vehicles can be
particularly hazardous. Be sure to
maintain a safe following distance
that provides an adequate field of
vision. Farm machinery usually
travels at 25 mph or less, may
take up more than one lane of the
road, and may not have signals.
To make a wide turn, operators
of farm machinery may first pull to the left, then turn to
the right.
When you see this symbol on the back of a vehicle ahead,
it is a warning to slow down. The vehicle with the sign
cannot travel faster than 25 mph.
Do not become impatient if you find yourself behind one
of these slow vehicles. It has the legal right to be there.
Share the Road With a Truck
Trucks are important to the Arizona economy, transporting
products that are both critical to life and those that make
life a lot more comfortable. However, as a motorist,
sharing the road with large trucks can make you feel very
uncomfortable unless you learn how to share the road
safely with large vehicles. Here are five ways to safely share
the road with trucks:
Don't cut in front of trucks. It takes trucks twice as
long to stop. If you move into that space and have to
brake suddenly, you cut the truck's available stopping
distance in half–placing you and your passengers in
Watch out for the blind spots, or the
"No-Zone", around large trucks and buses. Trucks
have large blind spots around the front and back
sides of the vehicle. Be safe and don't hang out in the
Drive onto the freeway, except at an on-ramp
Park or stop on the freeway, except in specially
provided areas (Parking on the shoulder of the
freeway is prohibited, except in case of emergency.)
Back up if you miss an exit (You must go on to
the next exit.)
Gore Area
It is against the law to drive over or park in any part of
a gore area. A gore area is the space between a through
roadway and an entrance or exit ramp.
Special Situations on the Freeway
If you need assistance, pull over onto the right shoulder
as far as possible. Avoid stopping your vehicle on or
near freeway ramps.
To signal for assistance on the freeway, turn on your
emergency flashers and tie a white handkerchief or scarf
to the radio antenna, or raise the hood of the car. To
signal after dark, turn on your inside dome light and/or
set out flares or portable warning signals. Wait for help.
Do not walk along the freeway.
While driving on the freeway, watch for disabled
vehicles. If you are the first motorist to approach a
disabled vehicle, reduce your speed and turn on your
emergency flashers; then proceed around the disabled
vehicle with caution.
Exiting the Freeway
Use your signals at least one-half mile before your exit.
Most freeways will have deceleration lanes to assist you
in your exit. Use proper braking to allow for a smooth
exit. Be sure to maintain adequate space (space cushion)
between your vehicle and the vehicle ahead when
exiting in heavy traffic. Do not cross a solid line.
Driving The Open Road
Driving on empty rural highways can be just as
Driver License Manual 43
Follow trucks at a safe distance. Trucks are almost
as wide as some lanes of travel. If you follow too
closely behind, you won't be able to react quickly
enough to changing traffic conditions.
Right turns. Pay close attention to truck turn
signals. Trucks make wide right turns and
sometimes must leave an open space to the right
just before the turn. To avoid an accident, do not
pass a truck on the right if there is any possibility
that it might make a right turn.
If you break down, pull off the highway as far as
you can. If a parked vehicle on a highway shoulder
is struck by a moving vehicle, the damage suffered
by the parked car is more severe. When the moving
vehicle is a truck weighing as much as 25 cars, the
result could be tragic.
If each of us does our part to share the road, we'll all
be safer!
Night Driving
Reduced visibility, glare from oncoming headlights, and
unseen objects in the road all combine to make night
driving hazardous. In the late afternoon, as soon as the
light begins to fade, turn on your headlights — not
parking lights — to make your vehicle more visible to
others. You must use headlights from sunset to sunrise,
but be aware that other drivers may not have turned on
their headlights.
Headlights are a poor substitute for daylight. Never
drive so fast that you cannot stop within the distance
you can see ahead with your lights. Use low beams
when driving on city or town streets. Use high beams
on highways when no other vehicle is coming toward
you within 500 feet. Switch to low beams whenever
you meet oncoming traffic to avoid blinding the other
driver. When following another car, use low beams
whenever you are within 200 feet.
If the high beams of an oncoming car are not dimmed,
avoid looking directly at the bright lights. Glance
toward the right side of the road, then look ahead to
determine the position of the other vehicle. Keep doing
this until you have passed the other vehicle.
Do not become a victim of "Highway Hypnosis" or
"White Line Fever" (a trance-like state that can occur
during a long period of highway driving). Anytime
you become tired when traveling, pull over and
rest. Use the radio and fresh air to ward off highway
hypnosis. Stop every hour to walk and exercise. This
will help keep you alert.
Skids, tire blowouts and mechanical failures can
happen at any time. You need to be prepared to
handle them.
Some of the most common driving problems
are discussed next. By following the suggestions,
you should be able to deal with most emergency
Brake Failure
Pump the brakes rapidly. This may build up
enough pressure to stop your vehicle.
If pumping the brakes does not work, slowly
apply the parking brake. Be sure to hold the
brake release so you can ease off the brake if the
rear wheels lock and the car begins to skid.
Shift to low gear and look for a place to stop.
Do not pump anti-lock brakes.
Skid Recovery
Driving on a slippery roadway surface or braking too
sharply can throw your vehicle into a skid. When this
occurs, there are several actions to take:
Do not press on the brake any further; this will
only make the skid worse.
Turn the wheel quickly in the direction you
want your vehicle to follow (in the direction of
the skid).
As the car begins to straighten out, turn the
wheel quickly back the other way, so your
vehicle does not skid in the opposite direction.
Continue turning the wheel back and forth as
necessary until your vehicle straightens to its
normal path.
Tire Blowout
(Example: Your engine dies as you pull around a
Pull on the wheel with both hands to complete
the turn and steer to the right side of the road.
Stop the car; push the brakes extra hard if your
vehicle has power brakes.
Shift to neutral and try to restart the engine.
Headlight Failure
Try the high beam/low beam switch. This may
restore normal function.
Turn the headlight switch on and off several
If neither of these steps works, put on the
parking lights, emergency flashers or turn
signals; pull to the side of the road and stop.
Accelerator Sticks
Keep your eyes on the road and shift quickly to
Pull off the road as quickly as you can.
Bring your car to a stop and turn off the engine.
If you are stopped at a traffic light or stop sign and
another vehicle is approaching you from behind at a
high rate of speed, you should:
If possible, pull your vehicle forward in an effort
to give the approaching vehicle more room to
If the accident cannot be avoided, brace yourself
between the steering wheel and the back of the
seat and release your brake an instant before
impact. This will help to lessen the impact.
If you are in danger from a potential head-on
Reduce your speed and flash your headlights in
an effort to warn the other driver. Using your
horn might also be effective.
Head for the shoulder of the road, even if you
must hit a fence or go through bushes.
Hold the steering wheel tightly and keep your
vehicle going straight.
Ease off the gas pedal; do not apply the brakes.
Let the vehicle slow down until it is almost
Just before your vehicle stops, pull off the roadway
and apply the brakes.
Fires are usually caused by a short circuit in the electrical
system. If you have a fire, pull quickly off the road,
shut off the ignition to cut electrical power and get all
passengers away from the car.
Always carry a fire extinguisher. Do not use water if
gasoline is burning since this will spread the flames. If
you do not have a fire extinguisher, a heavy blanket, a
heavy coat or sand can help to smother the flames.
Fires are dangerous. If you have any indication that the
fire may be beyond your control, get away from the
Steam coming from under your hood may mean that
your cooling system has overheated. You should:
Pull to the side of the road and turn off your
engine immediately.
Raise the hood but do not open the radiator cap.
Opening the radiator cap while the engine is hot
may allow steam to escape and cause severe burns.
Driving a car with an overheated cooling system can
ruin the engine. Most cooling problems are easily fixed
by skilled mechanics.
Carry extra water in your car to add to your radiator if
the engine overheats. Never attempt to add water while
the engine is hot! Add water only after the engine has
Power Steering Failure
Driver License Manual 45
If you cannot avoid the collision, try to maneuver
your vehicle in such a way as to lessen the severity
of impact.
Always wear your safety belts. This is the best thing you
can do to protect yourself from injury in the event of a
Accident Reports
If you are involved in an accident, you are to remain at
the scene of the accident to provide assistance to any
person injured and to exchange information with the
other drivers. You should provide:
Driver license number
Name and address
Insurance company name and policy number
Information on witnesses of the accident
License plate numbers
If anyone was injured, you are also required to
immediately file a report with the police.
Assisting at the Scene of an Accident
If you are one of the first persons to come upon the
scene of an accident:
Pull your vehicle off the road
Turn off the ignition of vehicles involved in the
Do not smoke
Give as much assistance as possible to those who
may have been injured (However, do not move
injured persons, unless there is danger of fire.)
Notify emergency officials — call 911
Do not stand or walk in traffic lanes
Ask others who have stopped, to warn the
approaching traffic
Recommended Emergency Equipment
Travel Information Service
The Arizona Department of
Transportation offers 511 Travel
Information Service. It's simple, just
dial 511 to get your traffic updates,
closures & delays, public transit services
and weather & road conditions. You no longer need to
remember those long phone numbers and it's simple to
use. With this service you will be able to avoid delays,
get updates on traffic, get your bus route information,
check the weather conditions before you leave and
take an alternate route for that closed road. All this
information is available by just dialing 511 or you
can visit our website at www.az511.com. Give it a try
Weather Conditions
Driving becomes more difficult when your ability to see
is reduced by bad weather or when the road surface is
covered with rain, snow or ice. Reduced visibility and
traction problems often occur at the same time.
Remember that changes in road and weather conditions
will reduce your time to react and that those conditions
will affect the way your car handles. You must be ready
to respond. The first rule is to slow down to make up
for reduced visibility and reaction time in any kind of
First Aid Kit
Can Opener
Tire Chains
Gasoline Can
Water Containers
/Drinking Water
Electrical Tape
Jumper Cables
Motor Oil
Fire Extinguisher
Notepad and Pencil
Jack, Lug Wrench and
Spare Tire
Hand tools
(screwdriver, pliers,
Stop as far to the right as possible.
Turn off your lights / Take your foot off the brake.
Wait until the dust storm has passed.
Driving in heavy rain can be hazardous, especially if
you also encounter gusty wind conditions, such as in
a thunderstorm. Vehicles to the rear and in blind spots
are especially difficult to see. Wait a short time after
the rain begins before using your wipers. The blades
may cause smearing if you have a dirty windshield. You
should slow down to increase the distance between your
vehicle and the vehicle ahead to at least 4 seconds. Be
extra careful during the 30 minutes after rain begins;
grime and oil on the road surface mix with water and
make the road slippery.
Hydroplaning may occur during rainstorms. In a heavy
rain, your tires can ride on a film of water, and at 50
mph your tires can lose all contact with the road. Under
inflated, worn, or bald tires lose contact with the road at
much lower speeds. A slight change of direction or gust
of wind could throw your vehicle into a skid.
The best way to prevent hydroplaning is to slow down.
If your car does hydroplane:
Take your foot off the accelerator
Do not brake
Avoid steering changes (if possible)
Hold the wheel firmly until your tires grip the
road again
Heavy rain frequently causes "flash floods" in Arizona
washes. Do not cross flooded washes. Water can stall
your engine, hide potholes and can carry your vehicle
downstream. Estimate the depth of the water by
looking at parked cars or other objects along the road;
watch what other vehicles are doing. Two vehicles
should not meet in deep water; one should go entirely
through before another starts from the other direction.
This reduces the possibility of stalling caused by waves
of water. You may be charged for emergency response
expenses, if you or your vehicle needs to be removed
from a flooded road.
Sun Glare
Bright sunlight in the early morning or late afternoon
creates a glare when driving into the sun. Glare can
be reduced by wearing sunglasses, keeping windows
clean and using sun visors. If the sun is behind you,
oncoming drivers may have the glare problem. They
may not be able to see your signals or your car.
Strong winds, especially crosswinds, can make it more
difficult for you to control your vehicle. Wind is
very dangerous if you are driving a camper or large
recreational vehicle, or if you are towing a trailer.
Lightweight vehicles are also more difficult to control
in strong winds.
To gain more control over your vehicle in a strong wind,
slow down. If you are approaching an open space after
driving in a protected area, be alert for crosswinds that
will push you to the side or middle of the road. If you
are pulling a trailer, the wind may cause your vehicle to
sway. Be ready to make necessary steering corrections.
When you meet large trucks or buses, you may also
have to make steering corrections because of the gusts
of wind these vehicles create. If you are pulling a trailer,
wind currents can cause your vehicle to jackknife.
When a truck or bus is passing you on the left, move as
far as possible to the right of your lane and slow down.
As the vehicle passes, accelerate slowly to keep the trailer
pulling in a straight path.
If you are driving into a strong head wind, you may need
to accelerate more, and steering will be more difficult.
A tailwind will increase your speed, so you will have to
decelerate and begin braking earlier to stop.
Dust storms are common in Arizona and can, at times,
reduce a driver's visibility to zero. You should tune
your radio to a local radio station for up-to-the-minute
weather and road condition reports.
If you encounter a severe dust storm:
Reduce your speed immediately.
Drive carefully off the highway.
Driver License Manual 47
Driving through water must be done at a slow and
steady speed. Applying the brakes gently with your
left foot may help keep them dry. Check your brakes
after leaving the water to see if they will stop the car.
If the brakes are wet, they may suddenly grab or pull
to one side. Dry them by accelerating slowly while
gently holding down the brake pedal.
Fog reflects light and can reflect your own headlights
into your eyes. When driving in fog, use low beams
only and look for road edge markings to guide you.
Even light fog reduces visibility and your ability
to judge distance, so it is very important to slow
down. Since conditions may change from moment
to moment as you pass through areas of even thicker
fog, you should adjust your speed and be prepared for
emergency maneuvers. If necessary, pull off the road
and turn your headlights off; then stay there until the
fog lifts.
Snow and Ice
Snow limits visibility, so turning on your headlights
is necessary to see and to be seen. Often, snow
will completely cover lane markings. Drivers may
tend to move away from the edge of the road, thus
passing closer to each other. Snow or ice between
your tires and the road greatly reduces your traction
and increases the distance you need to stop by 5 to
6 seconds. On slippery surfaces, you have the most
traction and control when the front tires are rolling;
therefore, your vehicle will respond better to steering
than to braking.
If you decide to brake on ice or other slippery surfaces,
apply the brakes gently, increasing the pressure as
you feel the tires grip the road. Do not brake to the
point that the wheels lock. If the wheels should lock,
ease slightly off the brakes, but do not release them
completely. This action may unlock them without
losing brake power entirely. Then apply the brakes
and ease off again, repeating the process.
Here are some other suggestions for safe winter
Before you start driving, clear snow or ice from
all windows and lights so you can see and be
Equip your car with snow tires or chains to help
prevent skidding and reduce stopping distances
Drive gently; do not change speed or direction
Slow down before stopping or turning (Driving
on packed snow is much like driving on ice.)
Watch for ice on bridges and in shady areas
(Bridge surfaces freeze before other road
Defensive Driving
"Defensive Driving" means being constantly aware of
the driving conditions, planning ahead, anticipating
dangers and taking the right action so as not to come
in contact with any obstacle or other vehicle.
All of us want to avoid collisions that could result in
personal injury or even death. But, even when there
is no personal injury, a collision means inconvenience
and auto repair costs. It may also result in a court
appearance and fines, as well as increased insurance
rates. You have a great financial stake in your own
good driving record. Driving defensively will help
protect your life and your driving record.
Attitude and Awareness
Courtesy and consideration toward others are the
most important driving attitudes you can develop.
They are the key to safe driving.
Concentration and alertness are other important
elements. You must develop the habit of keeping
your mind on driving. The driver seat is no place
for daydreaming, window shopping, ego building,
or worrying. Driving when you are suffering from
extreme fatigue or emotional distress can be just as
dangerous as driving drunk.
In driving terms, foresight means being able to size
up traffic situations as quickly as possible and being
prepared to take corrective action. Safe driving
requires exercising good judgment and recognizing
the proper choices to make in any given traffic
must continually strive for improvement. Improvement
can be measured in your elimination of risk-taking,
your adherence to speed limits and your ability to take
corrective action when necessary.
Most of what you do as a defensive driver is in response
to what you see while driving. Avoid a fixed stare. Keep
your eyes moving and learn to "read" the road. To avoid
the need for last minute decision-making, look ahead for
a distance of about one city block. Whenever you reach
a place in the road where other cars, people or animals
may cross your path, look to both sides to be sure the
way is clear. These trouble spots include intersections,
crosswalks, shopping centers, construction areas and
When entering an intersection, be sure to check both
left and right before proceeding. By frequently checking
the traffic behind you, you will know when someone
is tailgating or moving up too quickly. Check your
rearview mirror often for the position of traffic behind
you. When changing lanes, check your side mirrors and
quickly turn your head and look over your shoulder, to
be sure that it is safe to proceed with the lane change.
By knowing the speed and position of traffic on all four
sides of your vehicle, you will be better able to make
decisions quickly and safely.
Blind Spots
Blind spots are areas on the left and right sides of your
vehicle that are not visible in your mirror. If your vehicle
(shown here in red) does not have a right side view
mirror, the right blind spot will be larger than the one
on the left. Other blind spots can occur when vehicles
are parked too close to an intersection or when bushes,
trees and buildings block your view. In situations like
these, inch your vehicle forward until you have a clear
view. Then proceed when the way is clear.
Avoid driving in someone else's blind spot. This can be
Suppose you are driving down a steep hill; you
apply your brake, but your vehicle does not
decrease in speed. Should you pump the brake?
Shift to a lower gear? Apply the emergency brake?
Run into something?
Perhaps you see a driver traveling in the wrong
direction on a one-way street. Should you honk the
horn? Stop? Flash your lights? Move to another lane?
Maybe you are driving on a freeway and suddenly
you come upon a 5-car pileup. Do you leave
the scene and call for help? Try to give medical
attention to those with injuries? Set up flares at the
accident scene?
Any of these choices could be the right thing to do. It
all depends on how you evaluate your driving situation
and the existing conditions.
You will be constantly making decisions every mile you
drive. There is a right way to make these decisions. It is
known as defensive driving.
Knowledge and Experience
The beginning driver should learn through instruction,
observation and practice. If you are not enrolled
in a driver training program, ask an experienced,
skilled, licensed driver for help. After you obtain your
instruction permit, practice starting, stopping and
vehicle control in a parking lot or other open area with
little traffic. Practice will sharpen your basic skills, as
well as build your confidence.
Experienced drivers, on the other hand, often face
the problems of carelessness, overconfidence and bad
driving habits that develop over time. Changes have
taken place in cars and trucks and in driving rules
and techniques. The amount of traffic is constantly
increasing. Your ability to adjust and adapt to these
changes will determine how safe a driver you really
are. Your knowledge should include recognition of the
hazards of driving and how to protect yourself.
Skill is more than eye/hand/foot coordination. It
is a well rehearsed driving strategy, which involves
anticipation, reaction and the constant changing of
the space between your vehicle and other vehicles. You
Driver License Manual 49
just as dangerous as not checking your own. Speed up
or drop back, but never stay for an extended time in
a blind spot area. Make sure your vehicle can be seen
by other drivers.
Do not rely on your mirrors alone to see other
vehicles. Turn your head quickly to see if the way is
Communicating means clearly showing other drivers
and pedestrians what you plan to do early enough
to avoid a collision. Any time you plan to change
directions, use your turn signals — whether you are
changing lanes, turning at an intersection, entering
a freeway, pulling away from a curb or pulling off to
the side of the road. Develop the habit of using your
turn signals even when you do not see other vehicles
on the road.
The vehicle you do not see is the most dangerous one.
Here are some rules to follow:
Signal at least 4 seconds before you turn so other
drivers will have time to react
If you plan to turn beyond an intersection,
do not signal until you are in the intersection
(Drivers in the intersection may pull out in front
of you.)
After you complete your move, be sure your
turn signal is off
The Space Cushion
The space between you and other vehicles gives you
(and the other drivers) time to react in emergencies
and avoid collisions. Create a space cushion around
you by staying in the middle of your lane. Make sure
there is enough room ahead and behind to pass or
stop safely.
When sharing a lane with a bicycle, try to allow 2
to 4 feet for clearance between you and the bicycle.
Moderate your speed. At high speeds, your vehicle may
cause a gust of wind that could knock the bicyclist to
the ground. Be alert for the bicycle swerving.
Leave enough space between you and the car ahead
of you to allow for a sudden stop. At high speeds, the
distance your vehicle travels while you are reacting to
a problem is greater — and your margin for error is
less. If you are following too closely, you may not be
able to stop in time. Most rear end crashes are caused
by following too closely.
You can use the "2-second" rule to determine if you
have enough cushion between you and the vehicle you
are following. When the vehicle ahead of you passes a
certain point, such as a sign or over-pass, count "one-thousand-
one, one-thousand-two". This takes about
two seconds. If you pass the same point before you
finish counting, you are following too closely. At faster
speeds the distance should be greater.
At times you will need more than a 2-second cushion
(e.g., poor road conditions). Give yourself 3 to 6
seconds for more cushion.
You can help the driver behind you maintain a safe
following distance by driving at a constant speed and
signaling in advance whenever you are slowing or
stopping. After all, you know what you are going to do,
but the other driver does not.
If another driver follows you too closely, move to another
lane if there is room, or when the road ahead is clear,
gradually slow down and move to the right. These
actions should encourage the tailgater to pass you.
Remember, what you do can affect the driver behind
you, especially if you must stop suddenly.
Another important defensive driving skill is
compromise. When you cannot separate risks, and
you must deal with two or more at the same time,
compromise by giving the most room to either the
greatest or most likely danger. For example, suppose
Try not to drive late at night
Take frequent rest stops, get out of the vehicle and
exercise, breathe deeply and move around
Do not stare straight ahead, keep your eyes
moving, and check your mirrors and dash gauges
Roll down the windows to get fresh air, sing along
with the radio, or chew gum
If possible, change drivers frequently
Minor distractions can take your attention away from
driving. There is a potential accident in every minor
distraction. It is your responsibility to pay full attention
to your driving. Avoid minor distractions such as:
Searching for an item dropped on the seat
Reaching across the dash into the glove
Trying to get out of a sweater or jacket, or fasten a
safety belt while driving
Controlling children
Reading a road map
Using a phone
Cell Phones
It is best to pull off the road safely and stop if you
are going to use a cellular telephone. Trying to dial,
answer or talk on a phone while driving can divert your
attention from your driving and can be dangerous.
While operating a motor vehicle both hands should be
on the steering wheel. This allows the driver full control
of the vehicle.
Drinking and Driving
Alcohol and driving do not mix. The driver who drinks,
causes accidents, injuries and death.
Driving is a serious business that requires the ultimate
in skill and judgment — both of which are diminished
through consumption of alcohol.
Alcohol seriously reduces your reflexes, physical control
over the vehicle and ability to recognize dangerous
you are driving on a two-lane street with oncoming cars
to your left and a child riding a bike to your right. The
child is the most likely to move suddenly, so you need
a larger space cushion to the right. In this case, moving
closer to the center line is the correct compromise.
Driver Safety
Your physical, mental and emotional conditions
outweigh any other potential problems you will face on
the road. Even a simple headache or cold could affect
your ability to drive safely. Be as objective as possible
about your fitness to drive. Postpone your trip or have
someone else drive if you are ill.
Drugs can affect your ability to drive safely. Many
contain chemicals that can affect your alertness and
coordination, and they may also cause drowsiness and
dizziness. Read the label before taking any drug or
medicine. Call your physician for possible side effects
of the medication and the impact it might have on your
You cannot drive well if you are angry, excited, worried
or depressed. Anger is the emotion that probably occurs
most often while driving, especially in heavy traffic.
Do not allow your emotions to influence the decisions
you must make while driving. Giving your emotions
a foothold over your judgment will result in driving
Drowsy Driving / Fatigue
If you find yourself feeling sleepy while driving, it is
already past the time to get off the road. Fatigue dulls
the mind and reduces your ability to act quickly and
correctly. Five groups of drivers have been identified
as at risk for accidents due to sleepiness; shift workers,
business travelers, commercial drivers, those with sleep
disorders and young people. Drowsy Driving / Fatigue
is an issue as serious and perilous as driving under
the influence of alcohol, but not as detectable. Rest
is the only safe remedy. To avoid fatigue, follow these
Get plenty of rest before you • start a long trip
Driver License Manual 51
These combined physical effects make the drinking
driver, a dangerous driver. Even when you may not
appear or feel drunk, alcohol produces a false sense of
confidence in your driving ability.
Open Container
It is a Class 2 misdemeanor for a driver or passenger
to consume or possess an open container of spirituous
liquor in the passenger compartment of a motor
vehicle while on any public highway or right-of-way.
Passengers riding in a bus, limousine, taxi or the
living area of a motor home are exempt. Passenger
compartment includes any unlocked compartments or
portable devices within reach of the driver or passenger.
It does not include the trunk or the area behind the last
upright seat of a vehicle not equipped with a trunk.
Do Not Drink and Drive!
Driver Improvement
Along with your Arizona driver license comes the
obligation to drive responsibly. "Driver Improvement"
refers to the process of identifying those who are not
driving responsibly and either correcting their behavior
or removing their privilege to drive in Arizona.
Revocation is the removal of your privilege to drive. It
is required by law, upon conviction of certain driving
offenses. Once your revocation period has ended,
your driving privilege will remain revoked until an
investigation is completed. The investigation is to
determine that all withdrawal actions have ended, and
that all statutory requirements are met. You will be
required to pay the appropriate application fee and a
$20 reinstatement fee, and you may be required to file
a Certificate of Insurance (commonly known as an SR-
22). A written, vision and road test may be required.
Your driving privilege will be revoked for:
Driving a vehicle under the influence • of any drug
Any homicide or aggravated assault involving
use of a vehicle
Any felony in which a vehicle is used
Perjury relating to the ownership or operation of a
Perjury or making false statements to MVD under
Failure to stop and render aid at the site, if you
are involved in a traffic accident
Drive-by shooting
Aggravated DUI (Driving while Under the
Influence of alcohol or drugs)
Your driving privilege will be revoked for two or
more convictions for:
Reckless driving
Racing on the highways
In addition, your driving privilege may be revoked
Failure to take and pass a required driving retest
If you are determined to be medically,
psychologically or physically incapable of
operating a motor vehicle
If continued operation of a motor vehicle would
endanger the public health, safety and welfare
Suspension and Traffic School
Suspension is the temporary removal of your driving
privilege. It is an action that may be taken after
a review of your driving record. The suspension
remains in effect until application for reinstatement
is made. In addition to the reinstatement fee, you
must pay the appropriate license application fee for
your age group.
Each time you are convicted or forfeit bail for a
moving traffic violation, points are assessed against
your permanent driving record. If you accumulate
8 or more points within any 12-month period,
Have committed an offense for which
mandatory revocation of the driving privilege is
required upon conviction
Are under 21 and have been convicted of
receiving, consuming or possessing alcohol
Are under 21 and have been convicted of any
illegal drug violation
Are medically unsafe to drive a motor vehicle
Following the suspension or revocation period of your
license, you must pay the appropriate application fee
to reinstate your license. In addition, you may be
subject to an investigation and you may be required
to file an SR-22 Certificate of Insurance.
Driving on a Suspended or
Revoked License
If you are cited for driving on a revoked or suspended
license your vehicle may be impounded by the law
enforcement agency for up to 30 days. If you are
convicted of driving on a suspended or revoked license,
your period of suspension or revocation will be extended
for an equal time, up to an additional one year.
Failure to Appear or Pay Fine for
Your driver license will not be issued or renewed if
MVD has been notified that you have not appeared
in court for a traffic violation charge. When you are
cited for a traffic violation, your signature on the
citation is a promise to appear in traffic court. If you
fail to appear in court, or fail to pay a fine, the court
may direct MVD to suspend your driving privilege.
If you are under 18, your driving privilege may be
suspended for failure to appear in court, pay a fine or
failure to comply with any court order.
Traffic Ticket Enforcement
Any person who is delinquent paying fines or penalties
for civil or criminal traffic violations in excess of $200,
or who has failed to appear in a criminal traffic case
will be reported to us. We are then required by ARS
28-1632 to update the person's record to prohibit the
you may be required to attend Traffic Survival School
(TSS), or your driving privilege may be suspended up
to 12 months. (See Page 18).
Points are assessed as follows:
Violation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Points
Extreme DUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Reckless driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Racing on highways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Aggressive driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Leaving the scene of accident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Failure to stop for a traffic signal, stop sign
or to yield the right-of-way, causing death . . . . . . . 6
Failure to stop for a traffic signal, stop sign
or to yield the right-of-way, causing
serious injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Speeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Driving over or parking in a gore area . . . . . . . . . . 3
All other moving violations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
MVD may suspend or revoke your driving privilege
or require you to attend and successfully complete an
approved TSS if you:
Have been convicted of frequent, serious offenses
which show disrespect for traffic laws and a
disregard for the safety of others
Have been convicted of reckless driving or are a
repeat reckless or negligent driver
Have committed or permitted an unlawful or
fraudulent use of your driver license
Have been convicted of driving a motor vehicle
while under the influence of alcohol, drugs, or
toxic vapors
Have been arrested for refusal to take or
successfully complete a chemical test (alcohol/drug
content) (The penalty for refusal or unsuccessful
completion is a 12-month suspension of
your driver license, or 2 years for a second or
subsequent refusal within a 5-year period.)
Have an unresolved judgment from another state
Driver License Manual 53
you have been driving while under the influence, the
officer will request that you submit to a BAC test of
your blood, breath, urine or other bodily substance
to measure the amount of alcohol present in your
DUI Penalties
If you are stopped for driving under the influence and
a test shows that you have an alcohol concentration of
0.08 percent or more (0.04 in a commercial vehicle
requiring a commercial driver license), you will lose
your driving privilege on the spot.
It should be understood that you may be found guilty of
driving while intoxicated even though the BAC was less
than 0.08 percent. If you are under 21 your license may
be suspended if there is any alcohol concentration.
If you refuse to submit to or do not successfully
complete any tests when you are arrested for driving
under the influence, you will automatically lose your
driving privilege for 12 months or 24 months for a
second refusal within 60 months.
In addition to any criminal penalties imposed by the
court for a second or third offense DUI violation, your
driving privilege will be automatically revoked.
First offense – You will be jailed for not less than 10
consecutive days, fined not less than $250. You will also
be required to undergo alcohol screening/education/
treatment and may be ordered to perform community
Second and subsequent offenses – You will be jailed for
not less than 90 days, fined not less than $500 and your
license will be revoked for 12 months. You will also
be required to undergo alcohol screening/education/
treatment and to equip any vehicle you operate with a
certified ignition interlock device, and may be ordered
to perform community service.
Extreme DUI
This category of DUI applies to a person with an
alcohol concentration of 0.15 or higher.
First offense – You will be jailed for not less than 30
consecutive days with no eligibility for probation or
suspended sentence and fined not less than $250. You
renewal of any vehicle registrations with that person
as an owner.
Nitrous Oxide
If you are under 18, it is unlawful to use false
identification to cause a person to sell, serve, give
or furnish a nitrous oxide container. These actions
will result in your driving privilege being suspended;
you are also subject to possible fines and/or a jail
sentence. Nitrous oxide is commonly known as
laughing gas and has a variety of uses, including as
an anesthetic by doctors and dentists. It can also be
addictive and long-term use may cause severe medical
problems or death.
The suspension penalties are:
First offense – Your driving privilege will be
suspended for 6 months
Second and subsequent offenses – Your driving
privilege will be suspended for 12 months
Altered or Fictitious License
It is unlawful to display any license that you know is
canceled, revoked, suspended, fictitious or altered. It
is also illegal to alter a license or obtain a false driver
license. These actions will result in your driving
privilege being suspended; you are also subject to
possible fines and/or a jail sentence.
Driving Under The Influence
It is unlawful for any person who is under the
influence of intoxicating liquor or any drugs to drive
or be in actual physical control of any vehicle. There
are many conditions that can affect your ability to
drive even after one drink; for example, body weight,
emotional state or physical condition. The best rule
to follow is still: If you drink, do not drive.
When you apply for and accept the privilege to drive
a vehicle in Arizona, you give consent to test for blood
alcohol concentration (BAC) or drug content if you
are arrested for driving while under the influence of
intoxicating liquor or drugs (DUI). This is known as
the Implied Consent Law.
When a law enforcement officer has reason to believe
will also be required to undergo alcohol screening/
education/treatment and may be ordered to perform
community service and to equip any vehicle you
operate with a certified ignition interlock device.
Second and subsequent offenses – You will be jailed
for not less than 120 days, fined not less than $500
and your license will be revoked for 12 months. You
will also be required to undergo alcohol screening/
education/treatment and to equip any vehicle you
operate with a certified ignition interlock device, and
may be ordered to perform community service.
Aggravated DUI
This category of DUI applies to a person who commits
a DUI while suspended or revoked, commits a third
DUI in 5 years, or commits a DUI while a person
under 15 is in the vehicle.
You will be sent to prison for not more than 2 years
and, in addition to any other penalty required by law,
your license will be revoked for 3 years. You will also
be required to undergo alcohol screening / education /
treatment and to equip any vehicle you operate with a
certified ignition interlock device, and may be ordered
to perform community service.
Certified Ignition Interlock Device
A certified ignition interlock device is a breath alcohol
testing instrument connected to the ignition and power
system of the vehicle. The driver blows into the device
before attempting to turn the ignition. If the driver's
alcohol level is above a certain level, the vehicle will not
start. While the vehicle is in operation, the driver must
blow into the device at random intervals.
Aggressive Driving
You may be cited for aggressive driving if you commit
a series of acts during a single, continuous period of
driving that presents an immediate hazard to another
person or vehicle, exceed the posted speed limit and
commit two of the following violations:
Failure to obey traffic control signs or signals
Passing another vehicle on the right side
Unsafe lane change
Following too close
Failure to yield to emergency vehicles
The penalties for Aggressive Driving are:
First offense – You will be required to attend a
Traffic Survival School course and your license
may be suspended for 30 days
Second and subsequent offenses – If you commit
a second offense within 24 months, you are guilty
of a Class 1 misdemeanor and your license will be
revoked for 12 months
Red-Light Running
If you run a red light (or a flashing red light) and receive
a traffic citation, upon conviction of that violation, you
will be required to attend Traffic Survival School. Upon
completion, no court appearance is required.
If you run a red light and cause an accident that results in
life-threatening injuries to another driver or passenger,
you may be fined up to $500 and your driving privilege
may be suspended for 3 months. Additionally, you may
be ordered to perform community service.
If you cause an accident that results in the death of
another driver or passenger you may be fined of up to
$1,000 and your driving privilege may be suspended
for 6 months. Additionally, you may be ordered to
perform community service.
If you cause an accident that results in the death of
another driver or passenger you may be fined of up to
$1,000 and your driving privilege may be suspended for
6 months. Additionally, you may be ordered to perform
community service.
Failure to Stop at Accident
If you are a driver involved in an accident where there
is damage to a vehicle, injury or death, you are required
by law to stop your vehicle at the scene of the accident,
or as close as possible and immediately return to the
scene. You must remain at the scene to:
Driver License Manual 55
Provide aid to any injured person, including
making arrangements for medical treatment
Provide your name, address and license plate
If requested, show your driver license to any
person involved
Conviction for failure to comply will result in your
driving privilege being:
Revoked for 5 years if involving death or serious
physical injury
Revoked for 3 years if involving injury other than
death or serious physical injury
Suspended for 1 year if involving only damage to
a vehicle
Reinstatement Online
After you have met all the requirements, you may be
eligible to reinstate your driver license online at www.
11. What are the rights of a person riding a bicycle in the
street? (See Page 40)
12. When approaching a school bus that is picking up or
dropping off passengers, you must...? (See Page 37)
13. How many days do you have to report a change of
address? (See Page 24)
14. What should you do if you have a tire blowout?
(See Page 44)
15. What is the speed limit in a residential area?
(See Page 37)
16. When is it OK to pass on the right? (See Page 38)
17. When must you use headlights? (See Page 43)
18. What should you do in a dust storm? (See Page 46)
19. When must you use a child safety seat? (See Page 20)
20. How long should you signal before you turn?
(See Page 32)
21. Where are your blind spots? (See Page 48)
22. What is aggressive driving? (See Page 54)
23. When can you make a left turn on red?
(See Page 33)
24. What is the 2-second rule? (See Page 49)
25. What is the purpose of a diamond-shaped traffic
sign? (See Page 27)
These are examples of questions which may appear on the
driver license test.
1. When do pedestrians have the right-of-way over motor
vehicles? (See Page 37)
2. What is the best way to bring your car out of a skid?
(See Page 43)
3. Refusal to submit to the required test to determine the
alcohol/drug content of any person operating a motor
vehicle will result in...? (See Page 53)
4. Before leaving your car parked on a downgrade, you
should...? (See Page 39)
5. What does a flashing red traffic light mean?
(See Page 25)
6. What does a green arrow appearing with a red traffic
light mean? (See Page 25)
7. When you are leaving an alley or private driveway and
approaching a sidewalk, you should...?
(See Page 35)
8. You have arrived at a red light and intend to make a
right turn. Your car is in the right (outside) lane. You
should...? (See Page 32)
9. When driving in traffic you should stay far enough
behind the vehicle ahead to...? (See Page 49)
10. What does a solid yellow line painted on your side of a
highway center line mean? (See Page 30)
Test Review Questions
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