text:
Lindsey's Legacy: Her Heart, Habits, Humility
Lindsey Moore is flanked by mom Amy and dad Rich on Senior Day Sunday.
Yori Named; Hooper First-Team All-Big Ten
Moore Makes All-Time All-Devaney Team
By Randy York
When the curtain finally came down on Lindsey Moore's last act inside the Bob Devaney Sports Center Sunday, the best point guard in Nebraska women's basketball history made sure that the last line in her postgame Senior Day speech was an assist, not a shot. Nearly 11,000 fans saw Nebraska's Big Ten championship loss to No. 7 Penn State, and most all of them stayed to watch Moore be honored with fellow senior Meghin Williams.
"Double Zero" used the occasion to offer some personal advice for "the best fans in the nation". After saying goodbye to the Devaney Center on Sunday night, Moore put in a plug for Big Red loyalists standing on their feet to buy season tickets at the new Pinnacle Bank Arena in the downtown West Haymarket Area. "Thanks Lindsey, director of marketing," deadpanned Connie Yori, who, less than 24 hours later, was voted Big Ten Conference Coach of the Year by her colleagues, who also voted Jordan Hooper first-team all-conference and Moore second-team all-conference – the same league award each received last year.
"All postseason awards are about teams more than individuals," Yori said, acknowledging that Moore's incredible stats include the honor of having played the most minutes of any women's player in Nebraska history and leading her teams to the most wins in Husker history. Moore's value, though, goes well beyond any statistic or number. Lindsey's legacy is rooted in her heart, her habits and her humility.
Moore Shows Her Heart in Every Game
I asked two fans in front of me Sunday why they thought Moore was getting such a sustainable standing ovation after the disappointment of losing a championship game. "Right here," one fan said, pointing to his heart. "That's what everyone loves about Lindsey – the heart she shows every time she takes the floor." Her heart is built from the habits she's formed since the day Moore arrived on Nebraska's campus. "Everybody wants to win, right?" Yori asked. "Everybody wants to win on game day and everybody wants to win in life. But not everybody is willing to put the time in to get better every day or to develop the work habits it takes to win. I think Lindsey leads by example every day in practice. We didn't lose a game in February – the toughest month in college basketball."
Such toughness starts at the point of attack, and Moore leads by example. She made 9-of-11 field goals Sunday and led the Huskers with 23 points, but Penn State repeated as Big Ten champion with a swarming defense that targeted Moore's ball-handling and Hooper's range of touches. And that leads us to the third "H" in Moore's character profile – her humility. She was her usual honest self in postgame analysis, heaping praise on Penn State shortly after she thanked Nebraska fans for their unwavering support "throughout our ups and downs."
Since it was the last women's game played in 37 years at the Devaney Center, Yori couldn't resist the nostalgia in her rear-view mirror. She remembers how fans gave the Huskers standing ovations even when they would lose by lopsided scores. They applauded "because we tried hard," Yori said. "There are a lot of wins and losses. But to me, the fans are what have made this place special. I truly believe we have the best fans in women's college basketball."
Moore, Hooper Make Teammates Better
Penn State Head Coach Coquese Washington, the media's choice for Big Ten Coach of the Year, said Nebraska has "two fantastic offensive players in Lindsey Moore and Jordan Hooper. They can get their shot whenever they want to, and they make tough plays. They make big shots, and they do a really good job of making their teammates better."
Nebraska's firepower has helped develop a rivalry between the two programs since Nebraska joined the conference. "It's a game that our fans enjoy watching," Washington said. "You have two teams that play similar styles and like to get up and down the court. I just think it's a great matchup. It's a fantastic basketball series, and it's fun to watch." Fun probably would not describe Nebraska fans who watched Penn State junior guard Maggie Lucas make a Devaney Center record eight three-pointers in her game-high 34-point performance. Respect was the more appropriate descriptor for a basketball savvy crowd whose collective groan grew louder with every long-range basket.
"This was a great environment to play in. They just have a great basketball culture here," said Lucas, who Monday was named 2013 Big Ten Player of the Year by both the league's coaches and the media. "It's great to see the amount of fans that come out and support women's basketball anywhere you go. It was a lot of fun to play here." The buzz inside the last women's basketball game at the Devaney Center was so palpable that about 8,000 early arriving fans gave a middle-aged man a resounding standing ovation for making a layup and a shot from the top of the key. He won a free night's stay in the downtown Embassy Suites at the same time Nebraska won the respect of the Big Ten's back-to-back champion.
Coach: Devaney Has NCAA Atmosphere
"In the NCAA Tournament, we're going to have to go on somebody's home court and win," Washington said. "That's what environments like this help. I love playing in the Big Ten. You get to go on the road, and this is an NCAA Tournament type of atmosphere." An atmosphere, I might add, that can work both ways. Penn State was the No. 1 Big Ten Tournament seed whether the Nittany Lions won or lost Sunday. Nebraska also had secured the No. 2 seed before tipoff. That means, barring upsets, the two teams could be headed to the Big Ten Tournament Championship game this weekend in suburban Chicago.
If that happens, don't dismiss Nebraska's chances to win, and please understand the importance Big Red fans might play, not to mention Nebraska's knack for being road warriors. The Huskers, after all, won seven of their eight Big Ten road games this season. And you know what the basketball gods say about beating the same team three times in one season. Nebraska may have lost its chance to share the conference title, but the Huskers can enhance their NCAA opportunities in a major way if they win the rematch.
Moore's leadership is contagious, and Nebraska's third-leading vote-getter on the All-Time All-Devaney team has added something to go with her heart, habits and humility … the hunger to avenge a 74-70 double-overtime loss to Purdue in last year's Big Ten Tournament Championship in Indianapolis. Remember, that was the Huskers' fourth game in that tournament. This year, they only have to win three, and that means hope increases exponentially for the Big Ten's newest member. Since this is Nebraska's biggest chance to be a game-changer, I end with some advice of my own … stay tuned. The excitement has only just begun.
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text:
- Home
- Academics
- Programs & Majors
- Japanese Minor
In addition to a Spanish major and minor (see Spanish), Buena Vista University offers language instruction using a combination of on-campus offerings and exchange programs. Languages offered in this form are Chinese, German, and Japanese. The aim of such programs is to provide a degree of language competency as well as an understanding of the culture of the country in which the language is predominantly spoken.
A minor in one of these languages is available with the approval of the dean of the School of Communication and Arts. A minor requires 18 credit hours, including 101, 102, 201, 202, 490 in the specific language area and COMM 302. Teaching licensure is not available.
This page contains information about Japanese on our Storm Lake campus. For information about programs and majors for adult learners and degree completion, visit our Graduate & Professional Studies site.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
1) A boy telling you you're pretty won't make you see the beauty in the fullness of your cheeks, in redness of your lips at 2 in the morning when tequila is making the bar bathroom spin. He can't take away the ugliness that you see in yourself, you have to do that.
2) You have to be ready to hear someone say they love you. You have to be ready, and you have to be willing, and you have to listen. Because sometimes, they won't say those three words, they'll put a blanket over you while you're watching a movie, they'll kiss your cheek when they think you're asleep, they'll smile when they see you first thing in the morning. But you, you have to be willing to see it, feel it, let it in. Letting someone love you takes practice.
3) Don't make compromises you can't live with. Compromise is a different version of what you want, not a whole other Universe.
4) Learn to say no. No - to a movie you don't want to watch; no - to sex you don't want to have, no- to a relationship that's driving you mad. Say no - to things that hurt you, to people that extinguish your fire, to jobs you hate and places that are desolate. There are bad things that we can't control, bad things that happen and we are sucked into and have to feel with every fibre of our being, but the rest - learn to distance yourself, learn to say no.
5) Don't expect people to walk through fire for you - not your parents, not your friends, not the person you're in love with. Love doesn't mean sacrifice, love shouldn't mean sacrifice. Don't expect someone to give away pieces of them, so they could fit you better. And don't feel hurt when they refuse to - it's self-preservation. Instead - learn from them. Do it as well.
6) Don't tether yourself to people. Learn to make connections, to love, with both your feet steady on the ground. Learn to let people pass through your life; like a summer breeze, not a storm that's just been unleashed.
7) Learn the difference between growth and growing up before it's too late. Rooftops and water fights and ice cream for breakfast can be a part of your life at 10, 25, or 35. But by the time you're 35 you need to learn to say enough, to be able to walk away, you need to be able to love yourself. Love yourself the way you loved yourself at 10, before the world had a chance to fill your head with ugliness.
(via trankillity)


text:
Hazardous Materials
Transportation in Arizona
Final Report 624
Prepared by:
Kelly W. Kading and Kathryn E. Bender, Faisal Chowdhury
HDR Engineering, Inc.
3200 East Camelback Road, Suite 350
Phoenix, AZ 85018-2311
March 2010
Prepared for:
Arizona Department of Transportation
206 South 17th Avenue
Phoenix, Arizona 85007
In cooperation with
U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and
the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official
views or policies of the Arizona Department of Transportation or the Federal Highway
Administration. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. Trade or
manufacturers' names which may appear herein are cited only because they are considered
essential to the objectives of the report. The U.S. Government and The State of Arizona do not
endorse products or manufacturers.
This report can also be found on our web site…
Technical Report Documentation Page
1. Report No.
2. Government Accession No.
3. Recipient's Catalog No.
5. Report Date
March, 2010
4. Title and Subtitle
6. Performing Organization Code
7. Author
Kelly W. Kading, Kathryn E. Bender, Faisal Chowdhury
8. Performing Organization Report No.
10. Work Unit No.
9. Performing Organization Name and Address
HDR Engineering Inc.
3200 East Camelback Road, Suite 350
Phoenix, Arizona 85018-2311
11. Contract or Grant No.
13.Type of Report & Period Covered
June 2008 – December 2009
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address
Arizona Department of Transportation
206 S. 17th Avenue
Phoenix, Arizona 85007
ADOT Project Manager: Estomih M Kombe, PhD, PE
14. Sponsoring Agency Code
15. Supplementary Notes
Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration
16. Abstract
The purpose of this report is to summarize the data that have been collected, provide references to other
researched material that supports the findings of this study, and provide a set of viable recommendations for
moving forward with the preparation of a hazardous materials transportation plan (HMTP) for ADOT.
Overviews of other states' programs are documented and describe which plans or portions of the plans may be
adapted for use by ADOT. This report includes an overview of the computer modeling software available, and
discusses the evaluations of the models. State and federal regulations and guidance with regard to
transportation of hazardous materials and incidents involving hazardous materials are discussed.
Strengths and weaknesses of some of the available data are identified. It is concluded that ADOT should
consider the Texas approach for preparing an HMTP. The following are actionable recommendations to begin
the process for the HMTP preparation:
• Use the Texas Administrative Codes as a basis for Arizona to develop and pass similar statutes.
• Support a statute to require all trucks transporting hazardous materials to stop at ports of entry.
• Develop a Web site with GIS-based maps for designated routes and other suitable information.
• Create an alliance with AZSERC for using the commodity flow studies and prioritize corridors for
completion of coverage of the state.
• Form an interagency task force consisting of representatives from ADOT, AZSERC, ADPS, EMD,
FHWA, FMCSA, metro Phoenix and Tucson municipalities, and others.
• Fill in data gaps with air, rail, borders, and intrastate transport of hazardous materials.
• Participate in a peer-to-peer program with Texas DOT for experience and technical transfer related to
the HMTP preparation and utilization.
17. Key Words
Hazardous Materials Transportation Plan,
Commodity Flow Study
Data Gaps
18. Distribution Statement
Document is available to the U.S.
public through the National
Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Virginia, 22161
19. Security Classification
20. Security Classification
21. No. of Pages
22. Price
23. Registrant's Seal
Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol
in inches 25.4 millimeters mm mm millimeters 0.039 inches in
ft feet 0.305 meters m m meters 3.28 feet ft
yd yards 0.914 meters m m meters 1.09 yards yd
mi miles 1.61 kilometers km km kilometers 0.621 miles mi
in2 square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm2 mm2 Square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in2
ft2 square feet 0.093 square meters m2 m2 Square meters 10.764 square feet ft2
yd2 square yards 0.836 square meters m2 m2 Square meters 1.195 square yards yd2
ac acres 0.405 hectares ha ha hectares 2.47 acres ac
mi2 square miles 2.59 square kilometers km2 km2 Square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi2
fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz
gal gallons 3.785 liters L L liters 0.264 gallons gal
ft3 cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m3 m3 Cubic meters 35.315 cubic feet ft3
yd3 cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m3 m3 Cubic meters 1.308 cubic yards yd3
NOTE: Volumes greater than 1000L shall be shown in m3.
oz ounces 28.35 grams g g grams 0.035 ounces oz
lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg kg kilograms 2.205 pounds lb
T short tons (2000lb) 0.907 megagrams
(or "metric ton")
(or "t")
mg megagrams
(or "metric ton")
1.102 short tons (2000lb) T
TEMPERATURE (exact) TEMPERATURE (exact)
ºF Fahrenheit
or (F-32)/1.8
Celsius temperature ºC ºC Celsius temperature 1.8C + 32 Fahrenheit
fc foot candles 10.76 lux lx lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc
fl foot-Lamberts 3.426 candela/m2 cd/m2 cd/m2 candela/m2 0.2919 foot-Lamberts fl
lbf poundforce 4.45 newtons N N newtons 0.225 poundforce lbf
lbf/in2 poundforce per
square inch
6.89 kilopascals kPa kPa kilopascals 0.145 poundforce per
square inch
SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380
3.1.1 Arizona.................................................................................................................7
3.1.2 California.............................................................................................................8
3.1.3 Colorado...............................................................................................................8
3.1.4 Kansas ..................................................................................................................8
3.1.5 Michigan ..............................................................................................................8
3.1.6 New Mexico..........................................................................................................9
3.1.7 Nevada..................................................................................................................9
3.1.8 Texas.....................................................................................................................9
3.1.9 Utah ....................................................................................................................10
3.2.1 Arizona...............................................................................................................10
3.2.2 California...........................................................................................................11
3.2.3 Colorado.............................................................................................................11
3.2.4 Kansas ................................................................................................................12
3.2.5 Michigan ............................................................................................................12
3.2.6 New Mexico........................................................................................................12
3.2.7 Nevada................................................................................................................13
3.2.8 Texas...................................................................................................................13
3.2.9 Utah ....................................................................................................................14
4.3.1 Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operations (CAMEO) ........18
4.3.2 SLAB Simulation Model...................................................................................18
4.3.3 Dense Gas Dispersion Model (DEGADIS)......................................................18
6.2.1 Recommendations for Route Designation for Hazardous Materials ...........26
6.2.2 ADOT and AZSERC ........................................................................................27
6.2.3 Interagency Task Force ....................................................................................27
6.2.4 Borders...............................................................................................................28
6.2.5 Mining ................................................................................................................28
6.2.6 Airports ..............................................................................................................28
Table 1 - Overview on Various Modeling Packages ...........................................................19
Table 2 - Various Models by Release Scenarios..................................................................21
List of Acronyms
ADOT Arizona Department of Transportation
ADPS Arizona Department of Public Safety
AHEOP All Hazards Emergency Operations Plan
ALOHA Area Location of Hazardous Atmospheres
AZSERC Arizona State Emergency Response Commission
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CFS commodity flow study
CFSR commodity flow study reports
CHP California Highway Patrol
CAMEO Computer Aided Management of Emergency Operations
CoDOT Colorado Department of Tranportation
DEGADIS Dense Gas Dispersion Model
DEQ Department of Environmental Quality
DHS Department of Health Services
DOE Department of Energy
EMD Emergency Management Division
EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
FHWA Federal Highway Administration
FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
FRA Federal Railroad Authority
GIS Geographic Information Systems
HDR HDR Engineering Inc.
ICS Incident Command System
KDOT Kansas Department of Transportation
HMTP Hazardous Materials Transportation Plan
LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
MARPLOT spatial mapping software for CAMEO package
MIOSHA Michigan Occupational Safety & Health Administration
NHI National Highway Institute
NHS National Highway System
NMDOT New Mexico Department of Transportation
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NRHM non-radioactive hazardous materials
OEM Office of Emergency Management
PHMSA Pipeline Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
SHIM State Highway Incident Management Plan
TAC Technical Advisory Committee
TxDOT Texas Department of Transportation
TRB Transportation Research Board
USCG United States Coast Guard
UDOT Utah Department of Transportation
USDOT United States Department of Transportation
HDR Engineering, Inc. (HDR) was contracted by the Arizona Department of
Transportation (ADOT) to perform a study of hazardous materials transportation and
routing throughout the state of Arizona. This final report and Research Note summarize
the data that has been collected, provide references to other researched material that
supports the findings of this study, and provide a set of viable recommendations for
preparing a hazardous materials transportation plan (HMTP) for the state of Arizona.
For reasons of public health and safety, transportation of hazardous materials ("hazmat")
should be limited to designated routes. These routes should be chosen with consideration
given to the sources and destinations of hazardous materials, as well as the different
modes of transportation used. Arizona statutes should contain a suitable declaration of
public purpose to this effect.
Rail transport is generally regarded as safer than highway transport and also takes place
within corridors that are exactly defined (e.g. the locations of rail tracks are well known
and not subject to sudden change). Hazardous materials can however, be transported via
various modes, in addition to rail transport. The commodity flow study reports (CFSRs)
owned by the Arizona State Emergency Response Commission (AZSERC) contain
information regarding hazardous commodity flows on Arizona rail lines. Because the
information relies to some extent on voluntary disclosures by private organizations, it is
not complete.
The highest level of concern is engendered by truck transport on public roadways,
because currently trucks have the ability to travel on virtually any road. In contrast, cargo
aircraft is limited in where it can safely land or take off, and freight rail is limited to
existing track. Therefore, the major focus of this report is on truck transport of hazardous
materials. For long-distance traffic, the national interstate highway system is presumed to
be the major trucking route for hazardous materials. All interstate routes should be
regarded as hazardous material corridors and treated accordingly. In addition to interstate
routes, other major transportation corridors may be designated as hazardous materials
For this study, the planning of hazardous material transportation in nine states was
reviewed. These states were chosen because of their location and/or similarity to Arizona
regarding hazmat transportation, border crossings, and interstate and intrastate hazmat
transportation by railroads, highways, and air. Most of the researched states do not
include railroads and air traffic in their plans. Railroads are private entities and are
regulated by the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) Federal Railroad
Authority (FRA) and by the Pipeline Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
(PHMSA) regulations. Air transportation of hazardous materials is closely regulated by
the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and also the PHMSA regulations.
This report also provides an overview of available computer modeling software packages
and evaluates the potential use of the models in ADOT's preparation of an HMTP.
Commonly transported hazardous materials have the potential to cause serious health and
environmental effects if released. Simulation models are particularly valuable for
assessing the impacts of discharges, the risk associated with these materials, and
determining areas of concern adjacent to the transportation corridors.
After review of data gathered from the targeted comparison states (California, Nevada,
Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Michigan, and Kansas), HDR has determined that
the Texas approach is best suited to the state of Arizona. A discussion of Texas' approach
and methods that fit Arizona is in section 6.1 of this report.
HDR recommends that ADOT adopt the Texas approach for preparing an HMTP. The
following are recommendations to begin the process for the HMTP preparation:
• Use the Texas Administrative Codes as a basis for Arizona to develop and pass
similar statutes.
��� Find a sponsor to support a statute to require all trucks transporting hazardous
materials to stop at ports of entry (POE).
• Develop a Web site to be housed at ADOT, with Geographic Information System
(GIS)-based maps for designated routes and other suitable information.
• Create an alliance with AZSERC for using the CFSRs already available, and
prioritize corridors for complete coverage of Arizona.
• Form an interagency task force with representatives from ADOT, AZSERC, the
Arizona Department of Public Safety (DPS), the Emergency Management
Division (EMD) of the Arizona Department of Emergency and Military Affairs,
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration (FMCSA), metropolitan Phoenix and Tucson municipalities, and
others as appropriate.
• Develop a public information and partnering process to allow public input to the
rulemaking process.
• Fill in data gaps with air, rail, borders, and intrastate transport of hazardous
materials by performing CFSRs for corridors not yet studied.
• Participate in a peer-to-peer program with the Texas Department of
Transportation (TxDOT) to draw on its experience and technical expertise in
HMTP preparation and utilization.
HDR Engineering, Inc. (HDR) was contracted by the Arizona Department of
Transportation (ADOT) to study hazardous materials transportation and routing
throughout Arizona. This report provides the results of the research, including the review
of current programs in place in various other states. The purpose of reviewing and
presenting information from other states' programs is to identify plans or portions of the
plans that may be adapted for use by ADOT. This report also provides an overview of
available computer modeling software packages, and evaluates the potential use of the
models in ADOT's preparation of a hazardous materials transportation plan (HMTP).
This report also includes a summary of state and federal regulations and guidance with
regard to transportation of hazardous materials and incidents involving hazardous
A literature review has been prepared for use by ADOT. The information presented in it
is based on the project scope of work, which included research of other states' hazardous
materials plans, state of Arizona plans and statutes, limited interviews, and a computer
model analysis. HDR has relied on information provided in interviews with employees of
state and federal agencies for its description of state hazardous materials plans. HDR
makes no guarantees regarding the accuracy or completeness of the information provided
or compiled by others. HDR made every attempt to gather reasonably ascertainable
public data. No guarantee is made that all available information was gathered and
reviewed (e.g., some information requested from public agencies was not released due to
security issues).
This project provides ADOT with resource information for the preparation of an
integrated HMTP, complete with modeling and a publicly accessible HMTP document.
The goals of the study were to:
• Gather existing information.
• Review and assess literature from ADOT.
• Review and assess literature from other state DOTs.
• Review and assess literature from other state agencies.
• Review Arizona and federal regulations related to hazardous materials
• Assess available risk assessment computer models used by other states.
• Provide an analysis of information gathered (and identify gaps in needed
information) to the Technical Advisory Committee (TAC), other ADOT
stakeholders, or the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA).
• Summarize data gathered to date.
• Provide references to other researched material that supports findings and
conclusions of this study.
• Recommend actions for Arizona agencies to take to progress towards preparation
of an HMTP for the state of Arizona.
HDR performed a literature review of materials from various sources including states
within the southwest region of the United States, states with hazmat transportation issues
similar to those in Arizona, and from states with specific HMTP elements that have been
effectively implemented. Similar issues include border crossings, interstate and intrastate
transportation of hazardous materials, metropolitan and rural areas, railroads, and airports
statewide. California, Colorado, Kansas, Michigan, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, and
Utah were contacted and researched for each state's HMTP or similar plan.
3.1.1 Arizona
The Arizona State Emergency Response Commission (AZSERC) was contacted to
review the five commodity flow study reports (CFSRs), prepared by AMEC Earth and
Environmental, Inc. for the state of Arizona. HDR personnel visited the AZSERC office
of Mr. Roger Soden and reviewed the CFSRs. HDR filed a request for information from
AZSERC for portions of the reports. Specifically, HDR requested copies of the report
cover, submittal letter, acknowledgements, table of contents, executive summary, body of
publication and the references page for all five reports. At a later date, another request for
information was filed for the modeling appendix pages from each of the five reports.
The five reports provide information on the transportation of hazardous materials on
Arizona's the interstate highway system, national highways, arterial state highways,
railroads, and through its POE. These studies focus on the through the state. The studies
include a survey of placarded trucks, railroad data reviews, identification of
environmentally high risk areas, computer modeling of hazardous material incidents to
delineate areas of concern along interstate corridors, and railroad corridors.
The specific reports reviewed were:
• Santa Cruz County Hazardous Materials Commodity Flow Study Report, 2003.
This report covered from the U.S./Mexico border to Tucson, Arizona; Santa Cruz
and Pima counties, Arizona; and the Tohono O'Odham Nation.(5)
• Arizona I-40 Corridor Hazardous Materials Commodity Flow Study Report,
2004. This report covered the I-40 Corridor, arterial highways and railways in
Mohave, Coconino, Navajo and Apache counties, Arizona.(4)
• I-8 and I-10 Hazardous Materials Commodity Flow Study Report, 2006. This
report covers the I-8 and I-10 Corridor, arterial highways and railroads in Yuma,
Maricopa, Pinal, Pima, and Cochise counties, Arizona.(3)
• US 60 Hazardous Materials Commodity Flow Study Report, 2007. This report
covers the US 60 Corridor, arterial highways and railroads in Pinal and Gila
counties, Arizona.(2)
• US 60 and US 70 Hazardous Materials Commodity Flow Study Report, 2008.
This report covers the US 60 and US 70 corridors, arterial highways and railroads
in Gila, Navajo, Apache, Graham and Greenlee counties, Arizona.(1)
3.1.2 California
The California Highway Patrol (CHP) bases alternate route decisions on the state and
federal regulations for route determination. Restricted routes and designated routes for
hazmat cargo are defined by CHP.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region IX, US/Mexico
Border Program produced at least two hazardous material commodity flow studies. These
are the Calexico Commodity Flow Study(33) and the San Diego Hazardous Material
Commodity Flow Study,(34) dated January 2001 and June 2001 respectively.
Research of California information is continuing to determine what other literature is
available relevant to this project.
3.1.3 Colorado
The Colorado Department of Transportation (CoDOT) Web site was researched, and an
interview was conducted with the CoDOT Research Branch Librarian, Joan Pinamont.
She provided a Web link for the Department of Public Safety (DPS) Division of State
Patrol, Rules and Regulations Concerning the Permitting, Routing, and Transportation of
Hazardous and Nuclear Materials and the Intrastate Transportation of Agricultural
Products in the State of Colorado.(11)
Ms. Pinamont also provided the Web link for the Colorado Department of Transportation,
2006, FINAL REPORT, Risk Analysis Study of Hazardous Materials Trucks through
Eisenhower/Johnson Memorial Tunnels, "Executive Summary."(12)
3.1.4 Kansas
Kansas Department of Transportation's (KDOT) Safety Highway Engineer, Mr. Steven
Buckley, was unaware of anything that their department has concerning a HMTP. He
advised contacting Mr. Tim Braxmeier, Safety Investigator at the Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration (FMCSA) in Kansas. Mr. Braxmeier advised that KDOT does not
have a HMTP, but that it follows the sections in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs)
that apply to hazardous materials transportation.
Kansas State University produced a guide for small communities to handle emergencies
resulting from the accidental release of hazardous materials during transport. This is
referred to as the "Kansas Model."(22)
3.1.5 Michigan
The Michigan Emergency Management and Homeland Security Division of the
Department of State Police produced two guides for hazmat response plans for
communities.(15,16) The guides cover the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
(SARA) Title III (Michigan Fire Fighter Right-to-Know), and the Michigan Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (MIOSHA) Hazardous Waste Operations and
Response certification for fire fighters plans. Michigan also has a workbook for
developing a site emergency plan.
In addition, the Hazardous Materials Bulletin, December 2007,(17) from the Michigan
State Police, designates routing restrictions for the state of Michigan.
3.1.6 New Mexico
The New Mexico Department of Public Safety (DPS) compiled an All Hazards
Emergency Operations Plan (AHEOP)(19) at the direction of the Governor's office in
1999. The AHEOP was updated in 2007. Cabinet secretaries are signatories to this
document and each agency (New Mexico State Police, NMDOT, Risk Management
Division, NM Environment Department, Governor's Office of Homeland Security, and
all local jurisdictions) are responsible for fulfilling their responsibilities. The NMDOT
has prepared a supplement to the plan, called the State Highway Incident Management
Plan (SHIM), completed in 2001.(20)
3.1.7 Nevada
The state of Nevada has an incident-based approach to hazmat incident response and
alternate routing involving the Nevada DOT and the Nevada Department of Public
Safety. They do not have a HMTP. Metropolitan Las Vegas and Reno have some routes
classified as restricted, but the state has not been involved in the process for designating
these routes.
3.1.8 Texas
Mr. Charles Koonce at the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), Traffic
Operations Division, advised that the non-radioactive hazardous materials (NRHM)
routing process establishes which roads may be used to transport certain hazardous
materials. These routes are generally developed by local jurisdictions (cities and counties)
and must follow federal regulatory guidelines. TxDOT's Administrative Codes contain
the rules designating NRHM routes. The relevant Administrative Codes are Title 43, Part
1, Chapter 25, Subchapter F, Rules 25.101 through 25.104.(24) The Administrative Codes
give TxDOT the responsibility to review and approve NRHM routes. The routes are
listed, and maps are available on the TxDOT Web site at www.dot.state.tx.us/services/
traffic_operations/non-radioactive_routings.htm. These NRHM route maps are listed by
city and county. The Traffic Operations Division at TxDOT is the "keeper of the maps."
The City of Laredo, Texas, has a Hazardous Cargo Community Risk Assessment and
Transportation Route Alternative Analysis.(10) This analysis follows the Texas
Administrative Codes and is a good example of a metro-area plan that deals with issues
related to the shipment of hazardous materials across a border.
3.1.9 Utah
HDR contacted Mr. Chad Sheppick, Motor Carrier Safety Manager, at the Utah
Department of Transportation (UDOT). He reported that the only rules that govern
hazmat transport in Utah are the Code of Federal Regulations. He reported that Utah does
not have any restricted routes or modeling software for determining alternative routes,
nor do they have special permits or registration requirements mandated by UDOT. Mr.
Sheppick is listed as the contact on the Safety Regulations for Motor Carriers
Transporting Hazardous Materials and/or Hazardous Waste.
3.2.1 Arizona
The AZSERC CFSRs(1,2,3,4,5) focus on transportation of hazardous materials along
interstate highways, arterial highways, and railways throughout the state of Arizona.
They include the following data:
• Inventories of hazmat transported along the study corridors.
• Flow of hazmat into and out of the study corridors.
• Locations of high risk and environmentally sensitive areas.
• Placarded truck counts.
• Counts of rail cars carrying hazardous materials.
• Flow of hazmat through the Arizona POE.
• Review of databases identifying hazmat incidents.
• Computer modeling of potential releases of hazmat.
These studies do not include hazmat transportation into or out of Arizona by air. The
current reports do not cover the entire state. In particular, Interstate 10 from its
intersection with Interstate 8, south of Phoenix, to the California state line still needs to
be studied. Interstate 15 at the northwesternmost corner of Arizona has not yet been
studied. There are multiple crossings on the Mexican border that still need to be studied ,
as well as state line crossings with New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and California.
The studies state that there are placarded trucks which bypass the POE on the interstate
highways where the studies were performed. Various reasons contribute to this including
hours of operation at POE, weigh-in-motion sites, and the PrePass system. Apparently,
commercial trucks using the PrePass system are supposed to stop at POE if they are
transporting hazardous materials, but they don't always stop. Stated in the studies, the
POE officials indicated that no state law exists requiring that all trucks transporting
hazardous materials stop at POE for inspection.
3.2.2 California
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region IX, US/Mexico
Border Program produced at least two hazardous material commodity flow studies. These
are the Calexico Hazardous Commodity Flow Study(33) and the San Diego Hazardous
Material Commodity Flow Study.(34) These studies include:
• A regional overview of the counties and cities involved in the study.
• Identification of the nature, quantities, and routes of hazardous substances
transported through the Calexico and San Diego areas.
• Import and export of hazmat by rail, truck, air, or water.
• Geographic and environmental data including environmentally sensitive areas,
airports, brokerage warehouses, waterways, residential areas, business districts,
educational facilities, and other public locations.
• Truck and rail traffic carrying hazmat.
• Maps of the study areas and maps of specific areas of concern.
These studies are similar to the studies from AZSERC, but include more information
regarding air traffic, waterways, and warehouses.
3.2.3 Colorado
Colorado Department of Public Safety, Chief of the Division of State Patrol has the
authority to promulgate rules and regulations for the permitting, routing, and safe
transportation of hazardous materials and nuclear materials by motor vehicle within the
state of Colorado. These rules cover:
• Colorado State Patrol agency information regarding hazmat, nuclear material, and
agricultural products transportation.
• Permits, insurance, etc. (administrative requirements) for transporting hazmat.
• Hazmat route designation process.
• Minimal CoDOT role except for the purpose of petitioning for a hazmat route
• List of designated hazmat routes.
• List of designated nuclear material routes.
• State map of designated hazmat and nuclear material routes including county
• References to 49 CFR Parts 107, 171-173, 177, 178, 180, 387, and 397.
The information provided by these rules is comprehensive and allows for proactive
compliance with the regulations of the Colorado State Patrol for motor vehicle transport
of nuclear and other hazardous material. Maps depicting the designated hazmat and
nuclear materials routes are very clear and useful. The rules promulgated by the State
Patrol do not address hazmat and nuclear material transportation by rail or air. No
discussion is provided regarding cooperative efforts with other state agencies during a
state of emergency.
3.2.4 Kansas
Mr. Tim Braxmeier, Safety Investigator at FMSCA in Kansas, advised that the KDOT
does not have a HMTP, but that they follow the CFRs that apply to hazmat transportation
in their state.
The Kansas Model produced by the Kansas State University is a simple guide for small
communities dealing with hazmat transportation emergencies.
3.2.5 Michigan
The Michigan Emergency Management and Homeland Security Division of the
Department of State Police produced a guide for hazmat response plans for
communities.(15,16) This guide includes:
• Extensive local entity planning and training information referring to SARA Title
III plans.
• Extensive information for local level assistance from state police.
• Workbook for guiding local governments to develop site emergency planning.
This guide is for local governments looking at "site" emergency planning rather than
creating a cumulative statewide, regional, or corridor plan. DOT involvement is not
included. This is not a plan but purely a guide. SARA Title III regulations require each
community to develop emergency response plans to address an accidental release of an
extremely hazardous substance from a site within that community, and these regulations
are referenced. The Michigan governor assigned the Michigan State Police's Emergency
Management, and Homeland Security Division to assist the communities to develop their
plans. These publications are copyrighted by the state of Michigan.
The Hazardous Materials Bulletin,(17) December 2007, from the Michigan State Police
• References to federal regulations with regard to hazmat transportation.
• Lists of routing restrictions within the state of Michigan.
3.2.6 New Mexico
The New Mexico Department of Public Safety compiled the All Hazards Emergency
Operations Plan (AHEOP)(19) in 1999 and updated it in 2004 and again in 2007. This is a
general incident plan for natural disasters, hazmat, and terrorism. This plan includes:
• Specific guidance relating to emergency incidents on the National Highway
System (NHS).
• Assumptions based on the Incident Command System (ICS). The ICS is a
federally standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management concept,
designed to provide a common framework within which multiple agencies can
work together effectively.
• Details on establishing coordinated communications between agencies and the
• Clear guidance on procedures and organizational responsibilities for other
agencies during an emergency event.
• A map of the NHS in New Mexico.
• An incident flow chart.
• Graphical representation of technical terms.
• A master contact list of state agencies, districts, FHWA, and railroads emergency
This plan is specific in many areas, but it is directed at individual incidents rather than
proactive planning. Coordinated communication is a focus of the plan, which does not
refer to any of the federal regulations regarding hazmat transportation or identify any
routing restrictions.
The NMDOT State Highway Incident Management (SHIM)(20) plan generally parallels
the NMDPS AHEOP and is titled as a supplement to the AHEOP. It includes:
• An overview of NMDOT's approach to emergency operations.
• The NMDOT organizational chart for chain of command for AHEOP.
• A matrix of NMDOT organization responsibility for entire agency.
• A list of critical points along New Mexico's interstate system that have no
reasonable alternate routing available.
• A rating system for incident type and probable level of response required.
• Multiple attachments from a wide variety of sources which vary in applicability.
The NMDOT SHIM was written within months of the September 11, 2001 terrorist
attacks, and provides a good basis for an HMTP. It does discuss airports and their
specifics in New Mexico. The rating system for incident type is useful because of
strategies identified in the SHIM for responding to different types and magnitudes of
incidents. It does not refer to any federal regulations for hazmat transportation.
3.2.7 Nevada
The state of Nevada does not currently have an HMTP, according to Nevada DPS and
DOT contacts.
3.2.8 Texas
Texas DOT's Administrative Code(24) includes rules designating non-radioactive
hazardous materials routes. TxDOT is responsible for review and approval of the routes,
while local jurisdictions are responsible for designating the routes following the federal
guidelines. The TxDOT plan includes:
• City and county maps of hazmat routes (available online).
• City and county hazmat route descriptions (available online).
• State statutes for designating hazmat routes.
• References to Federal guidelines.
This plan does not include coordinated efforts with other state or federal agencies and
does not include coordinated communications in the event of an emergency incident.
The City of Laredo, Texas, has a Hazardous Cargo Community Risk Assessment and
Transportation Route Alternative Analysis.(10) This analysis follows the Texas
Administrative Codes and includes:
• An executive summary with a detailed synopsis of the document.
• A community risk assessment.
• Route alternative analysis.
• Issues related to the transport of hazardous and materials across a national border.
• A focus on population risk assessment and sensitive sites.
• Consideration of congestion delay, environmental risk, and emergency response.
This is a good example of a community-based plan that is organized and thorough.
3.2.9 Utah
Utah does not have a plan, according to the UDOT Motor Carrier Safety Manager.
The Arizona State Legislature established the Emergency Management Division (EMDin
the Department of Emergency and Military Affairs) with Arizona Revised Statute (ARS)
section 26-305.02.(6) The EMD is the designated lead agency for developing and
implementing a state hazardous materials emergency management program. It is also
responsible for emergency planning and community right to know issues. The following
agencies and departments are involved in the development and implementation of the
• Department of Environmental Quality
• Department of Health Services
• Department of Public Safety
• Department of Transportation
• Department of Agriculture
• Corporation Commission
• Industrial Commission
• State Fire Marshal
• State Mine Inspector
• Radiation Regulatory Agency
With regard to hazardous materials transportation in Arizona, DPS(8) is responsible for
establishing a special hazardous materials emergency response unit as the initial response
element of the hazardous materials emergency management program, pursuant to ARS
DEQ is responsible for the registration of and fee collection from transporters of
hazardous waste, pursuant to ARS 49-929.(9)
ADOT is responsible, pursuant to ARS 28-5204,(7) for rules governing safety operations
of motor carriers, shippers and vehicles transporting hazardous materials, hazardous
substances or hazardous wastes. ADOT also may audit records and inspect these vehicles
(as prescribed in Title 49), pursuant to ARS 28-5204.(7).
ARS 28-7045 (7) gives ADOT complete and exclusive operational control and jurisdiction
over the use of state highways and routes, and for rules regarding the use of these
highways and routes.
Numerous federal guidance documents and regulations are available to provide direction
in preparing an HMTP. The primary source for designating routes are the federal
regulations found at 49 CFR 100 – 185 and 49 CFR 397.
Title 49, CFR Part 397, Subpart C - Routing of non-radioactive hazardous materials;
authorizes a political subdivision of a state to establish NRHM route designations on
roads and highways open to the public under the jurisdiction of the political subdivision.
Highway Routing of Hazardous Materials: Guidelines for Applying Criteria
(USDOT/FHWA/NHI, 1996)(28) is a comprehensive document describing in technical
detail the federal guidelines that must be followed by states, territories, and Indian tribes
when designating NRHM routes. The National Highway Institute (NHI) provided
training covering these guidelines in the past, but it appears that this training is no longer
offered. These guidelines include the 13 criteria that are critical in identifying and
designating a hazardous material transportation route.
The United States Department of Transportation (USDOT), Pipeline and Hazardous
Materials Safety Administration, Office of Hazardous Material Safety is the federal
authority for ensuring safe transport of hazmat by air, rail, highway, and water. These
regulations are found at 49 CFR Part 100 -185.(29)
The USDOT Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's (FMCSA) mission is to
promote safe commercial motor vehicle operation through education, regulation,
enforcement, and innovative research and technology, and to reduce truck and bus
crashes resulting in fewer fatalities and injuries. The FMSCA strives to achieve a safer
and more secure transportation environment through shared responsibilities with their
partners and stakeholders. The FMSCA is responsible for the upkeep of The National
Hazardous Materials Route Registry (NHMRR),(25).which is the national repository of
motor carrier routes that are either designated or restricted for hazmat transportation (both
radioactive and non-radioactive).
The FMCSA has a guidebook for building a model state hazardous materials program.
The FMCSA State HM Program Model Guidebook(26) helps states develop plans for
hazardous materials transportation.
Guidelines for Selecting Preferred Highway Route Controlled Quantity Shipments of
Radioactive Materials was authored by the USDOT Research and Special Programs
Administration in 1992.(30) This publication comprehensively details the federal
guidelines for selecting highway routes for transporting controlled quantities of
radioactive materials.
Hazards Analysis on the Move, SARA Title III (EPCRA) and Conducting a Commodity
Flow Study, (USDOT, 1993)(27) are guiding documents for local planners and responders
on how to conduct a commodity flow study through communities and priority areas.
Numerous computer models are available for the purpose of analyzing the potential public
risk resulting from an accidental release of hazardous materials during transport. This
chapter gives a summary overview of various computer models and tools used to assess the
risk within Arizona, as well as comparing other states' programs to one another. Widely used
models have been evaluated in terms of their usability, input parameters, end results,
limitations, and applicability, as well as the training and educational needs required to
understand and implement the model.
The most commonly transported hazardous materials in Arizona include gasoline, propane,
diesel, sulfuric acid, ammonium nitrate, pesticides, and copper concentrate products.(1) These
materials have the potential to cause serious health and environmental damage in the event of
an accidental release. Computer models are particularly valuable for assessing the impacts of
discharges and the risk associated with these materials; they are also useful in determining
the areas of concern adjacent to the transportation corridors.
The models' appropriateness and efficiency are important considerations in the selection of a
model to use in analyzing the risk resulting from an accidental release of hazardous
materials transported on public routes. Many dispersion models and software packages are
available that are designed to perform the dispersion analysis for various accidental releases.
The data handling capabilities of each software program are such that an accurate output is
based on the characteristics associated with the accidental release. These characteristics can
include emission source characteristics (released chemicals, chemical properties, released
source orientation, and release conditions), plume characteristics (dense or neutrally
buoyant), release duration, and/or atmospheric conditions (wind, temperature.(13) Therefore,
the characteristics associated with the release and the data handling capabilities of the model
can play an important role in choosing a model.
The accuracy of the parameter data, such as emission and meteorological data, is important
in assessing the risk, irrespective of the model type and use. The software can only provide
accurate outputs if the data entered into the system is accurate. In addition to choosing a
suitable model for the task (based on parameters), other significant factors that determine the
quality and accuracy of the results are the availability of accurate source information, and the
availability of accurate meteorological data.(18)
Some of the commonly used models were identified to conduct a comparative analysis of
their salient features. The following sections discuss the software model packages
reviewed for this report.
4.3.1 Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operations (CAMEO)
This application consists of three integrated tools: Area Location of Hazardous
Atmospheres (ALOHA), Mapping Applications for Response, Planning, and Local
Operational Tasks (MARPLOT), and Computer Aided Management of Emergency
Operations (CAMEO). This package was developed by EPA's Office of Emergency
Management (OEM) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Office of Response and Restoration, to assist front-line chemical emergency planners and
responders.(31) ALOHA is an emergency planning and response tool, while MARPLOT is
a spatial mapping application integrated in the CAMEO suite. CAMEO provides a
powerful search engine that lets users find chemical-specific information on fire and
explosive hazards, health hazards, firefighting techniques, cleanup procedures, and
protective clothing.
4.3.2 SLAB Simulation Model
This computer model simulates the atmospheric dispersion of denser-than-air releases.
The types of releases treated by the model include a ground-level evaporating pool, an
elevated horizontal jet, a stack or elevated vertical jet, and an instantaneous volume
source.(14) SLAB was developed in the 1980s by Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory (LLNL), with financial support from the Department of Energy (DOE). .
4.3.3 Dense Gas Dispersion Model (DEGADIS)
This tool models the atmospheric dispersion of elevated or ground-level, area-source,
denser-than-air gas (or aerosol) contaminants released with negligible momentum or as a
jet from pressure relief valves, into an atmospheric boundary layer over flat, unobstructed
terrain. DEGADIS Version 1.0 was developed for the United States Coast Guard (USCG)
and Gas Research Institute (GRI) in 1985. In 1989, this model was modified (DEGADIS
Version 2.1) to provide for an elliptical plume cross-section with air entrainment
consistent with the Pasquill-Gifford plume dispersion coefficient representation of
atmospheric turbulent entrainment.(23)
Another commonly used tool is RMP*Comp, which is used to perform the off-site
consequence analysis (both worst case and alternative scenarios) required under the Risk
Management Program rule published by the EPA. RMP*Comp is a planning tool and
cannot be used for emergency response.(4) There are numerous other emergency
management models capable of assessing the risks. However, this study is limited to the
models which are commonly used, widely accepted, and have proven applicability
throughout the nation.
Table 1 summarizes various emergency management computer models for assessing risks
from accidental release of hazardous materials.
Table 1 - Overview on Various Modeling Packages
ALOHA (used alongside CAMEO & MARPLOT) SLAB DEGADIS
ALOHA computes time-dependent source strength for
evaporating puddles, pressurized or non-pressurized gas, or
liquid release from a storage vessel, and pressurized gas from
a pipeline. It models pure non-reactive chemicals, Gaussian
puff and plume, heavy gas dispersion. Wind speed and
direction are assumed constant. It accounts for the effects of
vertical wind shear on both Gaussian and heavy gas
dispersion, and on pool evaporation.
SLAB is one of the simplest dense gas models to set up
and begin using. It does not calculate source emission
rates. It assumes that all source input conditions have been
determined externally. The model can treat evaporating
pool sources, jet releases at any height, and instantaneous
volume sources. It produces outputs of chemical
concentrations at various positions downwind and at
specified heights above the ground.
DEGADIS models the atmospheric dispersion of denser-than-
air contaminants released with negligible momentum
or as a jet into an atmospheric boundary layer over flat,
unobstructed terrain. It models the dispersion processes
that accompany the gravity-driven flow, contaminant
entrainment into the atmospheric boundary layer, and
subsequent downwind travel from the release.
ALOHA does not account for terrain steering or changes in
wind speed and horizontal direction, nor does it model
particulate dispersion. It does not account for initial positive
buoyancy of a gas escaping from a heated source. Due to its
non-robust Gaussian nucleus, improvements in its ability to
address comprehensive scenarios, is limited.
SLAB does not calculate source emission rates. It handles
jets in a simplified manner and does not calculate the
details of the jet motions and thermodynamics. It is not
suitable for use with strongly buoyant plumes.
Model has limited ability to address release scenarios in
complex terrain. Application of the model is limited to
releases where the depth of the dispersing layer is much
greater than the height of the surface roughness elements.
It does not provide for concentration time averaging in the
wind direction.
Downloadable at no charge from the EPA Web site with a
user's manual. The ALOHA code has evolved over the years
to add capabilities, improve algorithms, and correct errors.
SLAB is recognized as the easiest-to-use dense gas
model. It agrees well with available field data.
It can address many types of dense gas releases and
address atmospheric dispersion of contaminant releases in
various fluid flow regimes.
Results are less reliable for conditions of low wind speed or
very stable atmospheric conditions. It does not account for the
effects of fires or chemical reactions and terrain steering
effects. It limits predictions to one hour after the release
begins or to distances up to 6 miles and does not model the
evaporation of chemical constituents in a mixture or solution.
It does not calculate source emission rates. Model is
restricted to dense gas releases or liquid spills that
evaporate into a dense gas. The model assumes a flat
atmospheric flow with no obstructions and takes no
sloping terrain into account.
It does not account for positive thermal buoyancy; unable
to address complex meteorological flow phenomena; does
not account for aerodynamic effects of nearby buildings;
does not account for dry or wet deposition effects; can
only address pure chemical releases. It does not consider
chemical mixtures or chemical transformations.
Mean wind speed, wind direction, and air temperature,ground
roughness length, cloud cover, and relative humidity. Time,
date, latitude, and longitude are required to compute solar
radiation and atmospheric pressure.
Pollutant properties, source conditions, meteorological
conditions, maximum receptor downwind distance, and
receptor heights. There is an option of specifying either
the traditional or a continuous discrete stability class.
Release type, rate, duration, source flux, initial density,
initial temperature, average time, release Richardson
number, wind speed at elevation, surface roughness,
Pasquill stability class, ambient temperature and pressure,
absolute humidity, surface temperature.
User inputs and model results; graphs of predicted source
strength and on and off-centerline indoor and outdoor
concentrations; dose over time at specified locations; and a
"footprint" plot of the area downwind of a release where
concentrations may exceed a user-set threshold level.
The output file contains distributions with downwind
distance of the maximum pollutant concentration, the time
when the maximum concentration occurs, the duration of
the cloud, and the parameters that describe cloud
geometry (width and depth).
Tabular reflection of input data and calculated source
parameters (time, gas radius, height, mole fraction,
density, Richardson number, etc.), mole fraction,
concentration, density, temperature, half width, sigma-y,
sigma-z as a function of various downwind distances.
Designed to be extremely user friendly. It contains pull-down
menus with prompts and warning and caution messages.
Model has a rudimentary command-line user interface.
User manually prepares the input file using a text editor
and executes the program by typing the program name.
DEGADIS is designed to be user friendly once the user
becomes familiar with the physical principles of the
model and the input-output details.
Identify whether the code has any error diagnostic messages
to assist the user in troubleshooting operational problems.
Run-time error diagnostics are missing. The code appears
to be robust and encounters any numerical problems and
can be run in batch mode using DOS batch files.
Provides various diagnostic messages to assist the user in
determining the source of problems in running the model.
Program setup time is relatively minimal.
Source: Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology,(21) User's Manuals for ALOHA, SLAB and DEGADIS
Each model, described in Table 1, has its strengths and limitations. Choosing a proper
model is a should be based on cost and technical expertise, as well as applicability for
various release scenarios. The Richardson number1 can help determine the type of model
best used for analysis. Typically, a Richardson number greater than 32 indicates a
continuous gas release, whereas Richardson numbers exceeding 700 indicate the
instantaneous release of a dense gas. (32) Based on the capabilities of various computer
models, Table 2 shows the model type that could be used for various release scenarios.
Table 2 - Various Models by Release Scenarios
Release Type
Source Type
Continuous Finite Transient Instantaneous
Ground Level
Liquid Spill
Vertical Jet//Plume
-- --
Horizontal Jet SLAB SLAB -- --
Instantaneous -- -- -- SLAB
Source: Trinity Consultants, Dallas, TX (2004), User's Manuals for ALOHA, SLAB and DEGADIS
Results from various models could vary due to the inherent assumptions and limitations
associated with each model. Therefore, choosing an appropriate model is important.
Review of the hazardous commodity flow studies conducted in various states indicated
that the CAMEO package, including ALOHA and MARPLOT, is widely used for off-site
consequence analysis in the states of Arizona, Michigan, California, Nevada, Oregon,
Alaska, Florida, Ohio, and Washington. Spatial compatibility (through MARPLOT),
availability at no cost, user-friendliness, and simplicity made this model very popular. In
addition, the CAMEO package is EPA-recognized. RMP*Comp and TNT-EMA are
additional models which are used occasionally within Arizona, depending on the task and
objective of the study.
The Arizona State Emergency Response Commission (AZSERC) was contacted to
conduct an overview on computer models used across the country for risk assessment.
Texas uses the model HOTSPOT for initial emergency assessment or safety analysis
1 The Richardson number is the dimensionless number that expresses the ratio of potential to kinetic energy.
planning of a radionuclide release. Colorado does not use any particular computer model
for assessing risk. Availability, user-friendliness, and accuracy of outputs appeared to be
contributing factors in selecting a specific computer model throughout the states.
Data gaps are related to the availability of information encountered during the
investigative and research processes that may affect the ability of the analysts/modelers to
draw conclusions. The environmental professional thus estimates the relative importance
of the data gaps. The environmental professional uses multiple data sources as a method
to provide coverage for data gaps. For the purpose of developing an HMTP, the following
items may constitute data gaps:
• Limited information offered due to the sensitive nature of the information.
• Lack of air transport information.
• Incomplete railroad transport information in the AZSERC CFSRs.
• Limited AZSERC CFSR coverage for the entire state.
▪ I-10 from its intersection with I-8, south of Phoenix to the California state
line, still needs to be studied.
▪ I-15 at the northwestern corner of Arizona has not yet been studied.
▪ Primary and secondary highways with multiple border crossings still need to
be studied on the Mexican border as well as with New Mexico, Colorado,
Utah, Nevada, and California.
The following items are considered to be significant data gaps for the purpose of
developing an HMTP:
• The lack of complete coverage of the state with commodity flow study
• Lack of air transport information.
• Incomplete railroad transport information.
• Placarded trucks bypassing POE stations.
Nine states (including Arizona) were researched for HMTPs. These states were chosen
based on their locations and/or similar issues regarding hazmat transportation. Specifically,
border crossings, and interstate and intrastate hazmat transportation by railroads, highways,
and air. Most of the states do not include railroads and air traffic in their plans. Railroads
are private entities and are regulated by the USDOT Federal Railroad Authority and by
portions of the PHMSA regulations. Air transportation of hazardous materials is closely
regulated by the Federal Aviation Administration and also by portions of the PHMSA
The CFSRs (which AZSERC owns) provide coverage for the interstate highway system,
U.S. highways, arterial highways, railroads, and certain POEs across Arizona. These studies
focus on the transportation of hazardous materials through the state. The studies include
placarded truck surveys, railroad data review, identification of environmentally high risk
areas, and computer modeling of hazardous material incidents to delineate areas of concern
along both interstate and railroad corridors. The key component for analyzing various
routes and options for transport of hazardous materials in Arizona is the CFSRs. These
studies are absolutely critical as the basis for any work performed by a cooperative
interagency task force looking at non-interstate route designations.
These reports do not completely cover the state. Incomplete areas of coverage include I-10
from its intersection with I-8, south of Phoenix to the California state line, and I-15 at the
northwesternmost corner of Arizona. Multiple international and state border crossings with
Arizona, which are primary and secondary highways, still need to be studied prior to the
preparation of an HMTP.
The EPA Hazardous Material Commodity Flow Studies for San Diego and Calexico could
be useful to ADOT in the preparation of an HMTP because they reference cargo flowing in
and out of Southern California to Arizona.
HDR found a 1986 Transportation Research Board (TRB) study on handling hazmat
transportation emergencies. This study states that little or no uniformity existed in state
laws of the day, and that sources of data on hazardous material shipments were inconsistent
or nonexistent. The research performed during this study for ADOT indicates that little has
changed in the intervening years. Following the events of September 11, 2001, emphasis in
the field seems to have changed from hazardous materials transport to terrorist threats.
Information previously regarded as technical is now considered sensitive to homeland
security, and is therefore difficult to obtain.
There appears to be no consistency among states or major metropolitan areas regarding
planning for or responding to hazardous material transportation issues. After review of the
data gathered from the targeted comparison states (California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado,
New Mexico, Texas, Michigan, and Kansas), and the federal regulations and guidance
documents, it appears that an adaptation of the Texas approach is best suited to Arizona.
The Texas approach has the most applicability and includes useful methods for route
designation which Arizona could follow for hazardous material route designation. Texas
specifies two parallel methods for designation of hazardous material routes, one at the local
level and one at the state level. These methods are similar and use the 13 factors for
determining the route designations found in 49 CFR 397. The local method allows political
subdivisions to establish routes and requires municipalities with a population of more than
750,000 to establish routes. It includes a simple public involvement process,
intergovernmental consultation, involvement by TxDOT, and specifications for posting the
adopted route. An analogous state-level process is similar, but includes approval by the
state transportation commission.
Applied to Arizona, this approach would require Phoenix and Tucson to develop local
hazardous material routes, with approval from ADOT. The rest of the state designations
would be performed by ADOT with appropriate input from other entities and agencies.
An important component of the Texas approach is the use of GIS-based mapping for all
designated routes. The route maps are available online at the TxDOT Web site in a
consistent format. TxDOT is the "keeper of the maps," providing single-point access to the
maps, which are maintained and updated on a regular basis. It also ensures easy access to
these maps in the event of a hazardous material accident.
The Colorado approach may be useful to supplement the HMTP process with regard to
enforcement and for routing shipments of radioactive materials.
In general, the planning and route designation, enforcement, and incident response aspects
of hazardous material transport are separate functions. While they may involve many of the
same partners, the designated lead agency and appropriate processes are distinct and
different. Incident response, in particular, includes widely differing scenarios; these require
carefully designated procedures that will work well in stressful situations and extremely
short timeframes. This is different from the planning aspect of route designations, which
requires thorough consultation with all affected parties. It is also different from the routine
aspect of year-in, year-out truck inspection and law enforcement.
6.2.1 Recommendations for Route Designation for Hazardous Materials
HDR recommends that ADOT adopt the Texas approach for preparing an HMTP. The
following are viable recommendations to begin the process for the HMTP preparation:
• Use the Texas Administrative Code as a basis for developing and passing similar
• Find a sponsor to support a statute to require all trucks transporting hazardous
materials to stop at POE.
• Develop a Web site to be housed at ADOT, with GIS-based maps for designated
routes and other suitable information.
• Create an alliance with AZSERC for using the CFSRs already available, and
prioritize corridors for completion of coverage of the state.
• Form an interagency task force consisting of representatives from ADOT, AZSERC,
ADPS, EMD, FHWA, FMCSA, metro Phoenix and Tucson municipalities, and
others as appropriate.
• Develop a public information and partnering process to allow public input to the
rulemaking process.
• Fill in data gaps about air, rail, borders, and intrastate transport of hazardous
materials by performing commodity flow studies (CFSs) for corridors not yet
• Participate in a peer-to-peer program with TxDOT for experience and technical
transfer related to the HMTP preparation and utilization.
6.2.2 ADOT and AZSERC
ADOT and AZSERC should work cooperatively to find the funding and conduct CFS in the
corridors still lacking studies at the earliest possible opportunity. In the normal course of
events, there may be little reason for these two agencies to cooperate closely, since both
agencies have broad mandates and many responsibilities. In this case, the need for
cooperation, coordination, and mutual understanding cannot be overemphasized. The two
agencies should begin bilateral discussions at the earliest possible opportunity.
6.2.3 Interagency Task Force
ADOT should develop and lead an interagency task force to oversee the development of all
hazardous material transport routes within the state. Many partners could be considered for
membership in this task force, but in the interest of efficiency, the primary members should
be ADOT, DPS, AZSERC, EMD, FHWA, and FMCSA. The task force should have close
linkages to the EMD and that division's cooperative working group of departments and
divisions as specified in section 3.3 of this report and in ARS 26-305.02. Additional repre-sentation
should include the local governments of the Phoenix and Tucson metro areas,
when appropriate, and could include the air and rail sectors, as well as mining interests.
The task force should work with AZSERC to prioritize CFS corridors that have not yet
been assessed. The task force could serve as an advocate for needed funding for the priority
CFS in the state legislature, if Homeland Security grant funds are no longer available to
AZSERC. The task force would be responsible for assuring coordination among involved
agencies for route designation, enforcement, and incident management.
The task force should work toward filling in data gaps in non-highway modes of
transportation of hazardous materials. The borders of Arizona as well as intrastate
transportation of hazardous materials are other data gap areas for which some kind of
data is required.
6.2.4 Borders
It is probably not practical to expect to intercept and inspect all hazardous materials
shipments at Arizona's borders. However, it may make sense to emphasize the
international border with Mexico. Additional information may be available at this border
(in comparison to internal U.S. borders with neighboring states). For example, the
commodity flow studies owned by AZSERC indicate that explosives and other hazardous
materials related to mining are entering Arizona by truck and rail (which may not be
discovered at existing border checkpoints).
6.2.5 Mining
The widespread presence of mining interests in Arizona indicates a considerable
intrastate component to hazardous material transport. In addition to the mines themselves,
Arizona has facilities that support mining, such as sites for storage, processing, waste
disposal, and manufacturing. The intrastate flows of materials resulting from these
activities need to be incorporated into the various route designation analyses. The
transport of hazardous materials for mining operations is conducted by truck and rail.
6.2.6 Airports
With regard to air transportation of hazmat, it does not appear that information is
currently available for Arizona. Airports that have hazardous materials flowing through
them, together with the types, quantities, sources, and destinations of these materials,
need to be identified.
1. Arizona State Emergency Response Commission.2008. US 60 and US 70 Hazardous
Materials Commodity Flow Study Report. Phoenix, AZ.
2. Arizona State Emergency Response Commission. 2007. US 60 Corridor Hazardous
Materials Commodity Flow Study Report. Phoenix, AZ.
3. Arizona State Emergency Response Commission. 2006. I-8 and I-10 Hazardous
Materials Commodity Flow Study Report. Phoenix, AZ.
4. Arizona State Emergency Response Commission. 2004. Arizona I-40 Corridor
Hazardous Materials Commodity Flow Study Report. Phoenix, AZ.
5. Arizona State Emergency Response Commission. 2003. Santa Cruz County
Hazardous Materials Commodity Flow Study Report. Phoenix, AZ.
6. Arizona State Statutes, Title 26 Military Affairs and Emergency Management,
Chapter 2, Article 1, Section 26-305.02. Accessed May 8, 2009 at
7. Arizona State Statutes, Title 28 Transportation, Chapter 14, Article 1, Section 28-
5204 and Section 28-7045. Accessed May 8, 2009 at
8. Arizona State Statutes, Title 41 State Government, Chapter 12, Article 2, Section 41-
1711. Accessed May 8, 2009 at http://www.azleg.gov/ArizonaRevisedStatutes.asp
9. Arizona State Statutes, Title 49 The Environment, Chapter 5 Article 1, Section 49-
929. Accessed May 8, 2009 at http:///www.azleg.gov/ArizonaRevisedStatutes.asp
10. Cambridge Systematics, Inc. with Alliance Transportation Group, Inc. 2006.
Hazardous Cargo Community Risk Assessment and Transportation Route Alternative
Analysis for the City of Laredo. Laredo, Texas: City of Laredo.
11. Colorado, Department of Public Safety, Division of State Patrol (2007). Rules and
Regulations Concerning the Permitting, Routing & Transportation of Hazardous and
Nuclear Materials and the Intrastate, Transportation of Agricultural Products in the
State of Colorado. Denver, CO. Accessed May 8, 2009 at
12. Colorado Department of Transportation, 2006, FINAL REPORT, Risk Analysis Study
of Hazardous Materials Trucks through Eisenhower/Johnson Memorial Tunnels,
"Executive Summary".
13. Dai, W. 2004. Applying Proper Dispersion Models for Industrial Accidental
Releases. Dallas, Texas: Trinity Consultants.
14. Ermak, D.L.1990. User's Manual for SLAB: An Atmospheric Dispersion Model for
Denser than Air Releases, DE91-009 443.
15. Michigan Department of State Police, Emergency Management and Homeland
Security Division (2008 updated). Guidance for Community Hazmat Response Plans.
16. Michigan Department of State Police, Emergency Management Division. 2000. Site
Emergency Planning Workbook. EMD-PUB 602.
17. Michigan Department of State Police. 2007. Hazardous Materials Bulletin, Highway
18. Ministry for the Environment. 2004. Good Practice Guide for the Atmospheric
Dispersion Modeling, Wellington, New Zealand.
19. New Mexico Department of Homeland Security. 2007. New Mexico Emergency
Operations Plan. Santa Fe, NM.
20. New Mexico Department of Transportation. 2001. State Highway Incident
Management Plan. Santa Fe, NM.
21. Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology. 2008. General and Specific
Characteristics for Models, Silver Spring, MD. Accessed May 8, 2009 at
22. Russell, E. R., J. J.Smaltz,; J. P. Lambert, , V. P.Deines, ; and R. I. Jepsen., ,1986.
Community Model for Handling Hazardous-Material Transportation Emergencies. ,
Manhattan, Kansas: Kansas State University.
23. Spicer, T. and Havens, J., EPA's User's Guide for the DEGADIS 2.1 Dense Gas
Atmospheric Dispersion Model, EPA-450/4-89-019.
24. Texas Department of Transportation, (1998). Texas Administrative Code, Title 43,
Part 1, Chapter 25, Subchapter F, Rule §25.101 through §25.104. Austin, TX.
25. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration The
National Hazardous Materials Route Registry. Accessed May 8, 2009 at
26. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration,
(2004). The FMCSA State HM Program Model Guidebook. Accessed May 8, 2009 at
27. U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
28. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Institute. 1996. Highway
Routing of Hazardous Materials: Guidelines for Applying Criteria.
29. U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety
Administration, Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR)Title 49 CFR Parts 100-
185. Accessed on May 8, 2009 at http://phmsa.dot.gov/hazmat/regs
30. U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration.
1992. Guidelines for Selecting Preferred Highway Route Controlled Quantity
Shipments of Radioactive Materials.
31. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency Management. 2008.
Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operations (CAMEO), Washington,
32. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency Management. 2006.
ALOHA Area Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres User's Manual.
33. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9, US/Mexico Border Program.
(2001. Calexico: Hazardous Material Commodity Flow Study. San Francisco, CA.
34. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9, US/Mexico Border Program. 2001.
San Diego Hazardous Material Commodity Flow Study. San Francisco, CA.
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Ritz Sovereign stainless steel 84 piece 8 person canteen
Item No.33255_RISB2084
Traditional skills are used alongside state-of-the-art technology to ensure manufacturing excellence. Manufactured using the finest 18/10 Stainless Steel to give you a truly lasting performance. The 2 piece knives are always beautifully balanced with a keen lasting cutting edge. It is the attention to detail, knowledge and craftsmanship which continue to make Arthur Price of England that name you can trust for the finest cutlery. Lifetime guarantee. Comprises 8 Table Knives, 8 Table Forks, 8 Dessert Spoons, 8 Dessert Knives, 8 Dessert Forks, 8 Soup Spoons, 8 Tea Spoons, 8 Coffee Spoons, 8 Fish Blades, 8 Fish Forks and 4 Serving Spoons. Presented in a mahogany finish wooden cabinet.
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Becoming a legendary fighter like Jon "Bones" Jones requires discipline, dedication and heart. On top of that, you need some topnotch training equipment like this UFC Lateral training top—the very same training shirt he wore for his UFC 145 fight with Rashad Evans. This 4-way stretch shirt features UFC's moisture-wicking performance fabric, contrast panels and UFC screened graphics on the front and at the back. Training tops don't get any better than this; just ask Jon Jones.
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Apply to outdoor plants as soon as insect problems are noticed.
Apply to outdoor plants as soon as insect problems are noticed.
For use on roses, flowers, shrubs, listed fruits and vegetables, and houseplants.
Insects: GARDEN INSECTS CONTROLLED
Aphids (including Green Peach, Wooly, Melon, and Cotton), Army Worms (including Fall Army Worm, and Southern Army Worm), Banded Grape Bug, Beetles (including Bean Leaf Beetle, Colorado Potato Beetle, Flea Beetle, Japanese Beetle, Mexican Bean Beetle and Oriental Beetle), Cucumber Beetle (including Spotted, Striped and Western Striped), Bollworm, Borers (including Dogwood Borer, European Corn Borer, Peach Twig Borer and Squash Vine Borer), Budworm (including Tobacco Bud Worm), Caterpillars (including Red Humped Caterpillar, Tomato Fruitworm, and Cabbage Looper), Rose Chafer, Plum Curculio, European Chafer, European Pine Sawfly, Filbertworm, Flea Hopper, Fruit Fly (including Cherry, Black Cherry and Western Cherry), Western Grapeleaf Skeletonizer, Hickory Shuckworm, Hornworms, Katydid, Phylloxera (aerial form only), Leafhoppers (including Glassy Wing Sharpshooter and Potato Leaf Hopper), Leaf Miners (including Chrysanthemum, Citrus, and Tentiform), Lesser Apple Worm, Apple Maggot, Mealybugs (including Citrus, Grape, Obscure, Longtail, Pink Hybiscus, and Maderia), Melonworm, Moths (including Codling, Diamondback Moth, Gypsy Moths and Oriental Fruit Moth), Navel Orangeworm, Pecan Nut Casebearer, Pickleworm, Plantbugs (including Tarnished, and Mullein Plant Bug), Psyllids, European Apple Sawfly,Scale (including Asian Cycad Scale, Caribbean Black Scale, California Red Scale, Citricola Scale,Cottony Maple Scale, Euonymus Scale, Fletcher Scale, Florida Wax Scale, Green Shield Scale, Indian Wax Scale, Oyster Shell Scale, Pine Needle Scale, Red Scale, San Jose Scale and Tea Scale), Squash Bug, Stinkbug, Swede Midge, Thrips (including Citrus, Cotton, Palm, and Western Flower), Weevils (including Pecan Weevil, Pepper Weevil and Strawberry Weevil), Whiteflies (including Greenhouse, Sweet Potato, Silverleaf, Banded and Giant)
For use on roses, flowers, shrubs, listed fruits and vegetables, and houseplants.
For best results always read and follow label directions.
0.006% Acetamiprid
If empty: Nonrefillable. Do not reuse or refill this container. Place in trash or offer for recycling if available. If partly filled: Call your local solid waste disposal company for disposal instructions. Never place unused product down any indoor or outdoor drain.
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From Chicken Noodle to Egg Drop: 10 Soothing Broth-Based Soups
Kitchn Recipe Roundup
Don't get us wrong: hearty whole grain, bean, and creamy soups are entirely satisfying, and we don't know how we'd make it through the winter without them. But sometimes you just can't beat a slurpy, brothy soup. Throat-soothing and soul-warming, these 10 soups are a must for cold nights when you need to get a little heat into your bones.
• 1 Tangy Mulligatawny with Turkey
• 2 How To Make Egg Drop Soup
• 3 Chorizo Soup with Shitake Mushrooms and Chickpeas
• 4 How To Make Easy Chicken Noodle Soup
• 5 Quick Udon Noodle Soup
• 6 Hot and Sour Mushroom, Cabbage, and Rice
• 7 How To Make French Onion Soup at Home
• 8 Sherry Garlic Soup with Smoke Paprika
• 9 Italian Wedding Soup
• 10 Ham Bone, Greens, and Bean Soup
Related: The Power of Soup: 20 Soup Recipes to Warm and Satisfy
(Images: see linked posts for full image credits)
1 Comment
In our Italian tradition we make many soups without broth (and certainly without cream in the southern Italian tradition). Many of our bean soups (including minestrone, Pasta e Fagioli, and lentil soup) have good, filtered, water as a base.


text: Thanks for all the welcomes! I'm glad I could join, but just so you know I rarely build wrist slings any more. That would be my sisters department. She builds better wrist slings than I do I might add. My forte is building bow strings. So if there is any one to thank for the wrist slings it would probably be my sister.


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Any one know what the poundage would be on a mystic using furious cams on the above limbs thanks.
Any one know what the poundage would be on a mystic using furious cams on the above limbs thanks.
I guess not. Best I can do is tell you that my 04 Cougar lll Elite has 5m limbs, and peaks at 46 #s, But its nitrous camed. Using 3M limbs it would be 36#s and 4M limbs would give me 41#s.
Last edited by elkslayer4x5; 09-27-2011 at 12:50 PM.
Martin 06 Slayer, Nitrous C, shoot thru, 63lb, Quiktune 3000, HAA OL 5519, Beman ICS Hunter
Martin 06 Slayer, Nitrous C, Shoot thru, 55lb, Quiktune 3000, HHA OL 5519 2X, Easton A/C/C
Ben Pearson 1968 'Cougar' 62" 45#s @ 28" recurve, parallel shaft POC, Zwickey 'Eskimo' 2 blade
Looks like you'll have to go to AT with this one.
If You're Not Living on the Edge You're Taking Up Too Much Space
Martin Gold Plus Staff Shooter
Alien Mafia
PSAA Life member, UBP Life member
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yep i guess so and this a pure martin site mostly
3M Limbs should be about 33 - 48
4H Limbs 40 - 55
May All Of Your Arrows Find The Bulls Eye-MSMFSL
NRA Life Member
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Martin Proud
Scepter IV Elite w/Furious X Cams


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