text:
The Taxpayer's Bill of Rights:
Evidence from Colorado and
Implications for Arizona
February 2005
Dennis Hoffman, Ph.D.
Professor of Economics, Director
L. William Seidman Research Institute
Timothy Hogan, Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus
L. William Seidman Research Institute
Note: The authors gratefully acknowledge the research support provided by the Arizona
Office for Strategic Planning and Budgeting and the Arizona Department of Commerce
For those interested in one of the most extreme state tax and expenditure limitations
(TELs), TABOR – Colorado's initiative that limits the funding of most expenditures to
annual revenue growth restrained by the sum of annual population growth and inflation
rates – would seem to be exactly the right choice. To some, the initiative simply limits
government to spend within its means. However, the analysis in this paper reveals that,
true to the language in the 1992 Colorado initiative, TABOR limits government growth,
and over time the public sector, as a share of the overall economy, declines sharply –
crowding out opportunities for investments in strategic initiatives or opportunities for tax
reform that may be popular with large voter constituencies or the business community.
Advocates point out that provisions in TABOR do allow for voter overrides, but these are
costly in both time and money, and until the overrides take place, government is
hamstrung. A simpler, more efficient alternative would be to elect fiscally conservative
legislators and hold them accountable for prudent fiscal decisions that strike the right
balance between a tax base conductive to economic growth and strategic investments
that provide public sector infrastructure, nurturing the business climate and promoting
the health and well-being of the citizenry.
The paper first outlines the TABOR amendment in Colorado and examines its fiscal
consequences for that state. It then examines the potential impact of a TABOR in
The Taxpayers' Bill of Rights, popularly known by the acronym TABOR, is an
amendment to the Colorado Constitution [Article X, Section 20] approved by initiative in
1992. As stated in its first paragraph, the primary objective of the amendment was to
limit the growth of government. To do so, it requires voter approval of any tax changes
that would increase revenues and imposes limitations on the amount of revenue that
government can collect and spend. TABOR applies to all levels of state and local
government in Colorado.
Voter Approval of Tax Increases and Debt
TABOR requires prior voter approval of any new tax, any tax rate increase, any
increase in the assessment ratio for a class of property, any extension of an expiring
tax, or any tax policy change that would cause a net tax revenue increase. Voter
approval is also required for the creation of most financial obligations that extend
beyond the current year unless government sets aside enough money to fund the
obligation in all years that payments are due. The requirement for voter approval can be
temporarily suspended for tax increases in declared emergencies.
Spending (Revenue) Limits
TABOR limits the maximum annual percent change in spending in a given fiscal year to
the sum of the inflation rate (as measured by the Denver-Boulder-Greeley CPI) and a
measure of growth in the prior year. For the state, the growth measure specified is the
percentage change in population (as estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau) in the prior
year. For local governments, it is the percent change in the valuation of real property in
the jurisdiction; and for school districts, the growth measure specified is the percent
change in student enrollment.
Since TABOR classifies as spending any transfer of revenues into reserve accounts or
to other governments, the limit effectively applies not only to spending but to revenues.
Thus, in practice, TABOR operates as a limit on revenues that can be retained by
government. The TABOR limit applies to spending of both General and Cash Fund
revenues (both taxes and fees), but excludes federal funds, litigation settlements, gifts,
and donations.
TABOR Surplus
Any revenue collected above the allowable TABOR limit for that fiscal year must be
refunded to the taxpayers in the following fiscal year. The amendment does not specify
the refund procedures to be used. With voter approval, a government may retain or
spend all or a portion of its TABOR surplus.
Other Provisions
Prohibited Taxes
Any new or increased real estate transfer tax, local income tax, or state real estate
property tax is prohibited by TABOR. Any state income tax change is required to have a
single tax rate applicable to individuals and corporations with no surcharge and may not
take effect until the following tax year.
Emergency Reserve
TABOR requires an emergency reserve equal to 3 percent of fiscal year spending. This
reserve can only be spent in a declared emergency. The amendment defines
"emergency" to not include economic or fiscal crises.
Voter Approval for Changes in Existing Revenue, Spending, or Debt Limits
Any changes that would weaken current limits on state or local government revenue,
spending, or debt require voter approval.
Government Enterprises
Enterprises, defined as a government-owned business approved to issue revenue
bonds and receiving less than 10 percent of its revenue from state and local taxes, are
exempt from TABOR limitations.
Various types of tax and expenditure limitations (TEL) have been adopted in more than
half of the 50 states. Proponents of TELs assert that without such restraints the normal
political process will result in increasing tax burdens and a growing government sector
over time. California's Proposition 13, which focused on property tax relief, is often
credited as the first of these initiatives, but the trend in most states has been to broaden
the measures into restrictions on taxation or spending in general. (This phenomenon
includes California, which passed a more comprehensive TEL in 1979.)
Most TELs have been based on two basic approaches:
1) A "fiscal cap" establishing a limit on state revenues and/or expenditures – These
limits have been defined in various ways but most often by (a) setting a limit on
total revenues or total spending as a proportion of some variable measuring the
size of the total economy; or (b) setting a limit on the future rate of growth of
revenue and/or spending.
2) A "supermajority" requirement – This approach seeks to limit the growth of
government by requiring either a supermajority of the legislature (usually two-thirds)
or voter approval for any tax increase.
Although TELs could be adopted that would cause immediate cuts in spending or taxes,
both the supermajority requirement and the fiscal caps (that have been put into effect)
have been aimed at restricting the growth of the public sector or limiting its size to some
proportion of the total economy.
TABOR is a fiscal-cap TEL. Twenty-eight states have some form of fiscal-cap TEL.
Some states, like Colorado, actually have more than one type of fiscal cap in force. The
precise formulation of these fiscal-cap TELs differs widely. The key differences relate to
whether the limit is on spending or revenue, how the limit is calculated, and the
treatment of any surplus over the limit.
1. Spending or Revenue Limit – A majority of the states have limits that apply to
spending (16). Four have limits on revenue; three have TELs that limit
appropriations to the estimated revenue; and three (including Colorado with TABOR)
have limitations that are some type of combination of
revenue/spending/appropriation limits.
2. Calculation of the limit
a. Colorado (TABOR) and three other states use the sum of population growth and
inflation to calculate their limits
b. Four states base their limits on a percent of state personal income.
c. Seven states use the percent change in personal income to calculate their limits.
d. Three states use a combination of share of personal income and percent change
in personal income.
e. Four states limit appropriations to a percentage of revenues received.
f. Five states have miscellaneous other systems.
3. Treatment of the Surplus
a. Colorado (TABOR) and only one other state require the surplus to be refunded.
b. Five states have a system that provides for partial return of the surplus.
c. Six states put any surplus into a "rainy day" fund.
d. Four states transfer the surplus into other reserve funds
e. One state requires any surplus be used to retire debt.
f. Ten states make no provision for any surplus.
[For a more complete comparative analysis of fiscal cap TELs, see Resnick 2004.]
TABOR is generally considered to be one of the most restrictive TELs in the country.
This evaluation is founded on the following characteristics of TABOR compared with
other TELs:
1. TABOR establishes limits on General Fund and Cash Fund revenues (hereafter
referred to as TABOR revenues). Revenue limits generally are more restrictive than
expenditure limits. In addition, TABOR applies to a broad definition of revenues, not
just the General Fund, and also applies to fees in addition to tax revenues.
2. Growth in TABOR revenues is limited to the sum of the percent change in population
and the inflation rate. This formula apparently is based upon the assumption that
government spending should grow only if it has to provide services to a larger
population or if the cost of providing services increases. It ignores any effects of
increases in standard of living or other factors. In most years, this type of limit is
more restrictive than a limit based on change in aggregate personal income.
3. The Arveschoug-Bird limit, a second TEL in Colorado, also establishes limits on
General Fund appropriations. Their growth is limited to a maximum of 6 percent. In
many years during the 1990s, this limit was more restrictive than the TABOR limit.
4. TABOR requires the refunding of any surplus in the next fiscal year. Any other use of
the surplus must be approved by the voters. In most other states, these funds can
be put into a rainy day fund or used for other purposes.
5. The TABOR limit is based upon the lesser of the prior year's limit or actual revenues
in the prior year. Whenever Colorado's revenues are less than the allowable limit, a
so-called "ratchet-down effect" occurs, with the lower actual revenue figure
becoming the new base for calculating the next year's limit, and the TABOR limit is
permanently reduced for subsequent years. This method is more restrictive than the
procedures used by other states. For example, if the calculation is based only on the
previous year's allowable limit or as a maximum percent of personal income, no
similar ratchet-down effect would occur.
6. Any change in the tax system that would result in a net increase in revenues must
be approved by the voters. The TABOR limit applies to aggregate revenues, but this
provision prohibits changes that would increase revenues from one tax to offset
decreased revenues from another.
7. The TABOR definition of an "emergency" specifically excludes economic conditions
or fiscal crises.
Colorado's early experience with TABOR was benign due to the rapid economic and
demographic growth the state experienced during most of the 1990s. By 1992, when
TABOR was adopted, Colorado had emerged from stagnant economic conditions of the
late 1980s and early 1990s and entered a period of strong growth that lasted through
2000. Personal income growth averaged 8.2 percent per year during the 1990-2000
decade – ranking it second only behind Nevada. Even with robust economic growth,
Colorado did not incur its first TABOR surplus until Fiscal Year 1997, the fourth year of
its existence. The state's population growth rate was the third-fastest in the nation
during the 1990s, averaging 2.7 percent per year. This rapid population growth in
combination with moderate inflation (3.6 percent over the 1992-2000 period) produced
annual TABOR growth factors averaging about 6 percent for the FY1994 – FY2001
Starting in FY1997, revenues exceeded the TABOR limit for five consecutive years,
resulting in a total of $3.2 billion in TABOR surpluses over the FY1997 – FY2002 period.
In addition, permanent cuts in both income tax and sales tax rates also were enacted in
1999 and 2000, which reduced the stream of TABOR revenues (and the surplus) about
$1 billion per year [Center for Budget and Policy Priorities 2004].
Unfortunately, the boom ended in 2001. The combination of the dot-com crash, the
national recession, and the impact of Sept. 11th hit the state hard. Personal income
growth fell from second-fastest in the nation in 2000 to 49th in 2002. State revenues
subject to the TABOR limit declined by 12.6 percent in FY 2002 and an additional 1.1
percent in FY2003 [Colorado Office of Strategic Planning and Budget 2004].
The Legislature responded to the fiscal crisis with three policies to offset the revenue
shortfalls: transferring monies from cash and reserve funds to the General Fund;
increasing existing fees and establishing new ones; and cutting spending. In the
absence of a rainy day fund, the Legislature used $1.1 billion in one-time transfers from
cash and reserve funds to prop up the General Fund. To deal with revenue shortfalls to
cover immediate needs and arguably to mitigate the ratchet-down effect, government
officials in Colorado also have increasingly relied on fee increases. The Massachusetts
Taxpayer's Foundation (MTF) reports that Colorado's ranking of combined state and
local fees per capita soared from 10th highest overall in 1992 to sixth highest in 2002. (In
contrast, Arizona residents pay very low fees. The state ranked 45th on a per capita
basis in 1992 and 50th in the 2002 survey – some $760 per person – lower than
Because of TABOR's ratchet-down effect, whenever actual revenue is less than the
allowable TABOR limit, the base for determining the following year's limit is reduced.
This occurred in both FY2002 and FY2003. Actual revenue in FY2002 was $366 million
lower than the FY2002 limit. Similarly, revenue in FY2003 was $584 million lower than
the limit. Because of the ratchet-down effect, the TABOR base for FY2004 was $950
million below the FY2002 base, and so even if revenues rebound, the base to which the
state applies the formula is permanently shifted down by nearly $1 billion. The Colorado
Office of Strategic Planning and Budget's September 2004 forecast indicates that
TABOR surpluses will begin to appear again as early as the current fiscal year
[Colorado Office of Strategic Planning and Budget 2004] even though the state has a
structural deficit estimated by some in the range of $500 million [Poulson 2004].
Colorado's fiscal problems were exacerbated by conflicting voter-approved initiatives.
First, the Gallagher amendment limits residential property taxes to only 45 percent of
the total property taxes collected. To maintain this restriction, assessment ratios on
residential property have been reduced to about 8 percent in comparison with non-residential
assessments of 29 percent – a disparity even larger than is observed in
Arizona. Some business advocates argue that the existence of TABOR has limited their
progress in addressing this disparity.
Perhaps a greater contributor to the current fiscal crisis in Colorado is the inherent
conflict between the state's TABOR and Amendment 23 that requires spending on K-12
to increase on a per-pupil basis by the rate of inflation plus 1 percent. As a result,
agencies other than K-12 have borne the brunt of the reductions that have taken place
over the last several years. Table 1 reveals that funding for health care, K-12 education,
public safety, and even local affairs have continued to grow despite the fact that the
latter two have seen reductions in funding that comes from the state. Higher education,
regulatory and environmental agencies have seen the slowest growth over the period,
with support from the General Fund plummeting. The Colorado Fiscal Policy Institute
concludes from this information that "many departmental activities that could be funded
with fees, special revenues or federal funds instead of taxes, were 'refinanced' at least
in part, in order to reduce their General Fund dependence. " [Fiscal Policy Institute,
November 2004]
% General Fund Growth % All-Funds Growth
Health Care Policy 24.0 31.0
Education 18.5 34.3
Judicial 6.3 12.3
Corrections 18.0 15.5
Public Safety -1.2 32.2
Military-Veterans Affairs -4.3 10.2
Higher Education -21.3 8.6
Revenue -21.9 9.2
Law -22.5 8.8
Natural Resources -23.2 10.4
Personnel & Administration -45.6 19.6
Regulatory Agencies -47.9 5.3
Public Health & Environment -59.7 9.4
Local Affairs -60.7 32.3
Treasury -85.5 -2.8
Governor -20.8 -4.0
Source: Colorado Fiscal Policy Institute, November 2004
Table 1
Percent Change, FY 02 over FY 01
The fiscal challenges posed by TABOR in Colorado have impacts on the overall
economy. Joe Blake, President and CEO of the Denver Metro Chamber of Commerce,
believes that TABOR has been an impediment to needed tax reform in Colorado. The
fiscal constraints imposed by TABOR have made it impossible to reduce business
property taxes where, like Arizona, business property is assessed at rates far higher
than are residential property owners. Blake also laments the lack of strategic
investments in transportation and higher education that are the direct result of TABOR
restrictions. As the fiscal challenges loomed in Colorado, bond rating agencies
decreased their ratings on state projects, citing the uncertainty of the revenue streams
available. As a result, capital projects cost more than they would in the absence of
The Denver Business Journal reports [December 2004] that business groups have
aligned behind making significant changes in Colorado's TABOR. On their agenda is tax
reform (the business property tax), water issues, and economic development. But
addressing the serious fiscal issues – including funding for higher education and
transportation – is tied to achieving fiscal stability. Denver Metro Chamber's Blake
contends "it is no longer satisfactory to say you need to keep cutting to make the state
the kind of state that will grow… and attract jobs."
Proponents of TABOR may argue that it sends a clear signal of fiscal responsibility and
austerity to businesses considering relocation to Colorado. But the measure drives tax
relief and control for overrides to individual taxpayers rather than a pro-business
initiative per se. The business sector wants relief from business taxes and regulations
and, at the same time, an education/transportation/ infrastructure that supports both
vibrant consumer markets and skilled labor markets. And an important ingredient in this
mix is fiscal stability. It is not clear that states with tax structures that shift
disproportionate burdens from residents to corporations will foster business expansion
over the long run.
Colorado, along with a number of states and regions across the nation, experienced
rapid growth in economic activity. What role did TABOR play? Joe Blake of the Denver
Metro Chamber of Commerce contends that no one in the business community believes
that TABOR was responsible for the economic expansion Colorado experienced in the
1990s. The nonpartisan Colorado Legislative Council [2003] reports there is no
evidence that TABOR played any role in the expansion or contraction of business
activity in Colorado over the last decade. Indeed, Colorado enjoyed the economic
success brought by the boom in the telecom industry and related expansions in
information technology industries. Arguably, the economic boom created by this rapid
economic expansion masked any adverse effects from TABOR until the inevitable
downturn occurred in 2001.
Figure 1 depicts growth in Colorado state real per capita Gross State Product along with
similar growth rates for Arizona and the United States as a whole. Colorado led both
Arizona and nation in the late 1970s and early 1980s; then both Arizona and Colorado
lagged the nation in the late 1980s as both states experienced the real estate
adjustments associated with the savings and loan crisis, and Colorado lagged as
interest in alternative sources for energy (e.g. oil shale) waned. Throughout much of the
1990s both Colorado and Arizona again led the nation in real per capita state GSP
growth, then they lagged the nation in the most recent downturn. Growth in real per
capita GSP in Arizona in the 1990s was nearly as large as that in Colorado. But, no
doubt growth in Silicon Valley (not depicted) was even more rapid – despite a far more
onerous tax environment than in either Arizona or Colorado.
Figure I
Growth in Real Per Capita Gross State Product
1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
United States Arizona Colorado
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis and author calculations.
The fiscal impasse in Colorado has the business community on edge. TABOR
necessitates immediate action on the part of Colorado lawmakers, and business
community advocates are clearly concerned, as should any business contemplating
relocation to Colorado. Chuck Berry, president of the Colorado Associate of Commerce
and Industry, reports: "Our overall objective is increased job creation in Colorado. We
want the economy to fully recover. We really hope that they will not introduce and vote
for legislation that will increase the cost of doing business." Colorado technology
companies are also worried about the consequences. The Denver Business Journal
[December 2004] reports that industry officials like Les Wyatt of PeopleSoft/Oracle are
pushing for adequate funding for education while considering tax policies that help
companies conduct research and development – all while keeping taxes to a minimum.
According to the Denver Business Journal [December 2004], Bob Moody, executive
director of the Colorado chapter of the National Association of Industrial and Office
Properties, says: "…. TABOR needs fixing. We are watching higher education get
screwed, and for most of the business community, higher ed is a big economic
development issue."
Colorado's conservative Governor Bill Owens, one of two governors who received the
highest conservative rating from a recent Cato report, has said that several key changes
must take place in order for the state to "make the needed investments in
transportation, higher education and other essential services." [Denver Business
Journal, December 2004]. Among Owens' recommendations are to ask voters for
permission to retain some $500 million in expected TABOR surplus revenues and to
amend TABOR to eliminate the ratchet effect during and following recessions.
Arizona seems an unlikely candidate for a TABOR limitation. First, the state already
has a TEL, which prevents appropriations of revenue collected from growing faster than
the overall pace of the economy. Article 9 section 17 of the Arizona Constitution reads,
The legislature shall not appropriate for any fiscal year state revenues in excess of
seven per cent of the total personal income of the state for that fiscal year as
determined by the economic estimates commission. The limitation may be exceeded
upon affirmative vote of two-thirds of the membership of each house of the legislature
on each measure that appropriates amounts in excess of the limitation.
History has shown that appropriations have rarely threatened this TEL limit.
Second, the Massachusetts Taxpayers Foundation report indicates that Arizona state
and local revenue collections fell from $164.60 per $1,000 of personal income in 1992
to $142.75 in 2002, and the ranking among the states plummeted from 18th highest to
39th. Arizona's relative position in revenue collection among the states [see Table 2]
dropped from 34th to 47th on a per capita basis, according to the Massachusetts study,
using the most recent census data [Massachusetts Taxpayers Foundation 2004]. The
2002 figure is also below the 1972 level of $158.92. On a real per capita basis,
collections have grown just over 1 percent on average since 1972 and less than half of
that since 1992.
Dollars) Rank
$1,000 of
Income Rank
Tax & Fee
Collection Growth
1992-2002 (annual
Personal Income
Growth 1992-2002
(annual average)
Real Per Capita
Tax & Fee
Growth 1992-
2002 (annual
1992 $2,726 34 $163.26 18
6.3% 7.7% 0.4%
2002 $3,640 47 142.74 39
Table 2
(Combined State and Local Collections)
Source: Massachusetts Taxpayers Foundation and U. S. Census, U.S. CPI used as the price
deflator, Bureau of Economic Analysis, author calculations
The District of Columbia Tax Study [2004] reveals that the Phoenix metro area is
relatively kind to taxpayers represented by hypothetical families of four [see Table 3].
The Phoenix area ranks among the bottom 10 in tax burdens for the largest city in each
of the 50 states, and well below median and mean levels across the nation. This result
holds for families at low, moderate, and high income levels.
Total Taxes Rank
Phoenix $1,338 42
National Average $1,816
National Median $1,740
Total Taxes Rank
Phoenix $3,025 44
National Average $4,172
National Median $4,070
Total Taxes Rank
Phoenix $4,782 44
National Average $6,832
National Median $6,805
Total Taxes Rank
Phoenix $6,901 42
National Average $9,203
National Median $9,391
Total Taxes Rank
Phoenix $10,888 41
National Average $13,859
National Median $14,011
Source: Tax Rates and Tax Burdens in the District of Columbia,
A Nationwide Comparison, August 2004
Table 3
Arizona already has reaped benefits that might accrue from the label as a fiscally
conservative state. It is hard to find evidence of anyone who has a different assessment
of the state's standing when it comes to fiscal conservatism. But questions do remain
about the state's willingness to build an education/transportation/communications
infrastructure that can support quality growth that will maintain high living standards for
all Arizonans.
TABOR is no doubt championed by proponents as a measure that compels government
to "spend within its means" – with rates of growth limited by the simple sum of
population growth and inflation. However, the following arithmetic demonstrates that
application of TABOR rules led to substantial reductions in the share of the aggregate
economy that comprises the public sector. For those with a taste for shrinking
government (as a component of a state or region's economy) with time, TABOR is a
savory recipe. These illustrations are directly applicable to the Arizona economy, but the
basic arithmetic conclusions will apply in most states or regions.
There are a number of ways to design a TABOR rule. For purposes of both illustration
and comparison with other states, we examine the implications for restricting growth in
collections on the combined state and local level to the sum of population growth and
inflation. Alternatives clearly exist. Focusing only on state revenues (about 50 percent)
of the combined state and local collections would change the scale of discussion, but
the findings of the analysis would not be materially different. That is, if applied
exclusively to state revenues, the simulations would portray a shrinkage of state
collections as a share of overall economic activity at essentially the same rates as
observed in the simulations in this section.
The basic arithmetic of TABOR and its consequences for Arizona tax collections can be
seen by examining the amount of tax and fee collections that take place at the state and
local level across the states.1 In 1992, Arizona's total state and local collections were
12.2 percent below the national average and ranked 34th among the 50 states on a real
per capita basis, according to census estimates, and 18th as a share of personal income
[see Table 2]. By the year 2002, the state's collections were 20.8 percent below the
national average and ranked 47th on a per capita basis and had slipped to 39th as a
share of personal income – about 6.2 percent lower than the state average. Indeed,
using the CPI to control for inflation, real per capita tax and fee collections grew only 0.4
percent per annum from 1992 through 2002 while growth across the 50 states averaged
1.5 percent on a real per capita basis.
Aggregate nominal personal income growth averaged 7.7 percent from FY 92 through
FY 2002, while total nominal revenue from own sources grew 6.3 percent on an annual
average basis. The basic picture of Arizona suggests that over much of the 1990s, tax
and fee collections actually were growing 1.4 percent per annum slower than the overall
economy (6.3 percent vs. 7.7 percent) and that the tax burden, measured against total
population or total personal income, declined in comparison with other states.
These numbers suggest that imposing a TABOR-type restriction on all taxes and fees
collected in Arizona (ignoring ratchet-down effects) would not have had much impact in
the last 10 years because the state's collections did not grow substantially above the
TABOR limit. Indeed, with real per capita growth in collections at 0.4 percent per
annum, collections in the state only exceeded the TABOR restriction (a rate of zero on a
real per capita basis) by 0.4 percent! These conclusions are consistent with the findings
of Edwards, Moore, and Kerpen [2003] who, in writing for the Cato Institute, noted that
1 The analysis is based on comparison tables published by the Massachusetts Taxpayers Foundation
[2004] that utilize U.S. Census data on total tax and fee collections. The numbers used by the MTF can
be obtained by dividing census own source revenues by state for each fiscal year by the "prior" calendar
year personal income number published by BEA. We verified the per capita numbers by checking the
Arizona numbers with population data from DES. All adjustments for prices in the analysis are conducted
using the national CPI.
Arizona was one of the few states in the nation that did not reap a "windfall" in revenue
collections in the 1990s.
If TABOR had been imposed across the board on all state and local taxes and fees in
Arizona in 1992, assuming no ratchet-down effects, revenue available to state and local
governments would have been 23 percent below the national average in 2002 (rather
than the actual 20 percent) [see Table 4]. With TABOR, Arizona would slip to 33 percent
below the average in 2012, assuming current growth trends prevail for the decade for
the other 49 states. Even without TABOR, if current trends were to continue, per capita
state and local collections in Arizona would be 28 percent below the national average by
2012. If TABOR had been imposed in 1992, Arizona would have ranked 49th in taxes
and fees per capita and 44th as a share of personal income in 2002. By 2012, the state
would rank last among the states in combined state and local tax and fee collections. If
TABOR were imposed in 2002, Arizona collections would be some 31 percent below the
national average by 2012.
Year Imposed As of 2002
As of 2012
(with TABOR)
As of 2012
(w/o TABOR)
1992 -22.9% -33.4%
2002 -19.7% -30.6%
* Table entries represent percent departure of Arizona combined
state and local tax and fee collections on a real per capita basis
when compared with the average among the 50 states. Scenarios
to 2012 assume rates of growth for the 50 states from 1992-2002
occur for the next 10 years.
Table 4
Hypothetical Simulations from 1972
Finally, the Arizona TABOR simulation demonstrates that the ratchet-down effect is
likely to make TABOR even more restrictive. As discussed in the definition of the
Colorado TABOR, ratchet-down effects occur because TABOR limits for a given year
are established by growing from the prior year TABOR limit or actual revenue,
whichever is less. Based upon census data, actual revenue in Arizona grew less than a
TABOR limit in five of the last 10 years. Adjusting the TABOR limit to the realities of
Arizona revenues would have left it some 11 percent below the level actually collected
in the year 2002.
The negative consequences that a TABOR rule would have on the public sector really
become clear when examined over longer time horizon. Simple illustrations using data
observed in Arizona, for perspective, reveal that a TABOR would result in substantially
shrinking the relative size of the public sector in comparison with the overall economy.
Table 5 presents the basic landscape for Arizona.2 Total own source revenues in
Arizona generally have grown just slightly slower than overall personal income growth
and slightly above the simple sum of population and inflation growth over the past 30
Own Source
TABOR Rule
(No Ratchet)
72-02 9.65% 10.04% 3.48% 5.04% 8.52%
82-02 7.99% 7.80% 3.22% 3.39% 6.61%
92-02 6.29% 7.80% 3.41% 2.66% 6.07%
* Fiscal year: Combined State and Local Collections
** 71-01, 81-01, 91-01
Source: Census data, BEA, DES and author calculations
Table 5
(Average Annual Growth)
In contrast, suppose total state and local collections had grown at exactly the same rate
as personal income since 1972. In this case, collections in 2002 would have been
$158.92 per $1000 of personal income, about 4.4 percent higher than the national
average, and would have ranked 18th overall – the same ranking Arizona maintained in
Now suppose that a TABOR rule had been imposed on all state and local revenues in
1972. Assume that NO ratchet effects apply (which would result in substantially lower
collections). With TABOR, net collections would have grown about 1.1 percent slower
per annum over the 30 years and would have totaled about $104.73 per $1000 in
personal income, some 31.2 percent below the national average and 12.9 percent
below number 50, New Hampshire, in the 2002 rankings [see Table 6].
2 Growth rates for total own-source revenues refer to fiscal years and growth rates for personal income,
population, and prices refer to calendar years. Setting personal income, population and price indices as
averages over two calendar years or at the second calendar year of the two years spanned by the fiscal
year would slightly change the arithmetic but have NO substantive impact on the basic conclusions
reached in this analysis.
Total State & Local
Collections per $1,000 in
Personal Income Rank
% Departure from
Average State
Today $142.74 39th -6.2%
Growth $158.92 18th +4.4%
TABOR Rule $104.73* 50th -31.2%
* 12.8% below New Hampshire, #50 in 2002
Source: Data sources for Table 2 and author calculations
Table 6
The effects of a TABOR rule show up over longer time periods simply because of the
arithmetic of compounding minor differences in growth rates. This can be demonstrated
dramatically by assuming that the rates of growth in personal income, population and
prices for the 1992-2002 period will prevail over the next 10, 50 and 100 years
respectively. In 2002, total Arizona state and local collections per $1,000 in personal
income were $142.74. Under a simple TABOR rule (with no ratchet-down effects),
collections would total $121.29 per $1000 in 10 years, $63.21 in 50 years and only $28
per $1,000 of personal income in 100 years. These figures suggest that under a simple
TABOR rule, the state and local government sector would shrink from about 14 percent
of the aggregate economy today to under 3 percent in 100 years [Table 7]!
Comparisons with other states are obtained by allowing their revenue bases to grow at
the rates they have grown over the most recent decade – just allowing them to continue
on the same trend. Arizona collections plummet from today's number of 6.2 percent
below the state average, to over 80 percent below the state average!
Total State & Local
Collections per $1,000 in
Personal Income
% Departure from
Average State*
2002 $142.74 -6.2%
2012 $121.29 -20.3%
2052 $63.21 -58.5%
2102 $28.00 -81.6%
Table 7
Simple TABOR Rules
(10yr, 50yr, and 100yr scenarios)
*Actuals in 2002, simulated in future years by allowing AZ revenues to grow at TABOR restricted rates
and other States to grow at the average annual rates observed over the last 10 years. Source:
Massachusetts Taxpayer's Foundation, Census, and author calculations.
Adding ratchet-down effects (assuming recessions at approximately one per decade)
would hasten the descent sharply. Based upon similar growth assumptions but including
cyclical fluctuations in the revenue stream, the size of the state and local sector in
Arizona would drop from 14 percent to 7 percent of the total economy in 20 years and to
less than 3 percent after 50 years.
All simulations to this point have been based on applying TABOR to the combined state
and local revenue of the state. This is reasonable in light of the stated intent of the
legislation in Colorado. Moreover, it facilitates comparisons with revenues collected in
other States. However, Table 8 examines the impact of a TABOR restriction on total
state collections and General Fund collections. Estimates suggest that the impact on
major revenue categories is quite dramatic. Within 20 years (assuming some ratchet
effects), total state collections including the General Fund plus all highway taxes and
charges, university tuition, and all state user fees, shrink in scale to a percent of
personal income that is just slightly greater than the share the General Fund is today.
To understand the impact, presume that the General Fund is used today to incur all the
expenditures now covered by highway taxes, tuition, and general fees – without using
any money from these sources! Basic arithmetic suggests that significant cuts must
occur somewhere. In 50 years (again assuming ratchet effects), all revenues available
to all levels of state and local government will be (as a share of aggregate income) less
than the General Fund is today. The impact can be gauged by thinking about how
difficult it might be to finance all of state and local government (all education, all police,
fire, etc.) today with $6.4 million (about 35 cents on each dollar that is currently
available to state and local government). Some might argue that TABOR is an attempt
at efficient government or forcing government to "live within its means." These
simulations suggest that TABOR is simply a plan to relegate government to an
insignificant role in the economy.
Table 8
TABOR Impact Simulations
Fund Total State
State and
Billions of
current Dollars 6.4 10.6 19.8
percent of personal income
Share of
(est.) 4.70% 7.80% 14.60%
Simulated Shares (% of personal income)
no ratchet down 3.91% 6.48% 12.10%
ratchet down 3.22% 5.34% 10.00%
no ratchet down 2.03% 3.37% 6.30%
ratchet down 0.97% 1.60% 3.00%
100 years
no ratchet down 0.90% 1.50% 2.80%
ratchet down 0.40% 0.67% 1.25%
Note: Simulations based on assumption that personal income grows at
average annual rate observed over the past decade and that the TABOR rule
grows at the average annual rate observed over the past
Ratchet down simulations are obtained by simulating business cycles at the
frequency observed in the past decade, approximately one episode per decade.
The long-run negative effects that a TABOR rule would have on the Arizona economy
was stated succinctly by Rep. Brad Young, chairman of Colorado's Legislative Budget
Committee: "There is a hole in the bottom of the boat – that is the TABOR spending
limit. It works for a little while, but you go out in the future and you sink the boat."
[Colorado Springs Gazette, March 2, 2004].
Some proponents argue that TABOR simply forces government to "live within its
means." The fiscal crisis that Colorado is enduring, coupled with the numerical
illustrations presented above, show instead that the application of a TABOR rule
actually results in shrinkage of government as a share of the economy over time,
resulting in reductions that go well beyond a simple conservative fiscal agenda.
But there also are serious limitations placed on responsible public policy by Colorado's
TABOR rule:
• A TABOR rule inhibits the tax system from acting as an automatic stabilizer. An
efficient stabilizer would take money out of the economy during expansions and
buffer downturns by injecting funds when economic conditions erode. TABOR
preempts this stabilization feature by restricting the transfers into a rainy day fund
when revenues grow above TABOR limits.
• Expansion periods provide opportunities for states and regions to address long-run
infrastructure (transportation/communication/education/water/environment)
needs. TABOR simply returns surpluses to taxpayers, limiting or preventing
spending on these initiatives.
• Business advocates argue that TABOR inhibits tax reform for tax codes that
become unbalanced or outdated. Often, there is simply no opportunity to deliver
tax relief in needed areas.
• The mechanism for rebating surpluses to taxpayers in Colorado need not be
optimal or free from political haggling. There is no evidence that the particular
redistribution formula adopted by Colorado has nurtured the business climate in
the state.
• In Colorado, TABOR has forced the state to conform to federal laws, resulting in
unintended tax cuts.
Clearly, TABOR is consistent with a political agenda aimed at shrinking state and/or
local government as a share of the overall economy. But setting politics aside, it is
difficult to understand why a TABOR rule is superior to an effort to plan for business
cycle fluctuation by setting and maintaining tax rates at low rates across a broad base of
taxpayers, both individuals and businesses alike.
The rates are optimal when the trend growth in revenue is just sufficient to support
infrastructure investment and social needs over time. In expansionary periods,
policymakers should "save" any surplus in a budget stabilization fund or take
opportunities to make strategic investment that accrue benefits over a long time horizon.
The stabilization fund should be built in sufficient quantity to support spending needs
when inevitable business cycle downturns occur. Prudent policymakers would leave
some room for discretion in this fiscal planning model rather than setting the maximum
growth at some arbitrary level – like a TABOR limit.
1. "Business Vital to Session," Denver Business Journal, December 31, 2004.
2. Edwards, Chris, Moore, Stephen, and Kerpen, Phil, "States Face Fiscal Crunch after
1990s Spending Surge," Cato Institute Briefing Papers No. 80, February 12, 2003.
3. "Governor Lays Out 5-Step Plan," Denver Business Journal, December 20, 2004.
4. Johnson, Nicholas, Hedges, Carol, and Zelenski, Jim, Colorado's Fiscal Problems
Have Been Severe and are Likely to Continue, Center on Budget and Policy
Priorities, March 17, 2004.
5. Massachusetts Tax Burden Falls to Bottom Tier of States, Massachusetts Taxpayer
Foundation Press Release, September 2004.
6. Moore, Stephen and Slivinski, Stephen, "Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's
Governors: 2002, Policy Analysis No. 454, September 20, 2002.
7. Poulson, Barry W., Colorado's TABOR Amendment: Recent Trends and Future
Prospects, Americans for Prosperity Foundation, July 2004.
8. Resnick, Phyllis , Fiscal Cap Style TELs in the States: An Inventory and Evaluation,
Center for Tax Policy, University of Denver, February 2004.
9. State Budget Cuts, 2001-05 (Part 1), Colorado Fiscal Policy Institute, November
10. "State Budget Squeeze Tough on Lawmakers," Colorado Springs Gazette, March 2,
11. TABOR – The Taxpayer's Bill of Rights, Colorado Office of State Planning and
Budget, September 2004.
12. Tax Rates and Tax Burdens: In the District of Columbia-A Nationwide Comparison
2003, Government of the District of Columbia, August 2004.
13. "Tech World hoping to Escape Tax," Denver Business Journal, December 31, 2004.
Click tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections.


text:
Let's get a new contest going. Guess the date when the summit will have the highest temperature in the month of June based on the daily F6 report.
The F6 report can be found at
- On the daily F6 report the column labeled "MAX" for temperature will be the official data source.
- Entries (guesses) can be made starting now.
- All entries must be made and dated by this forum to be no later than 11:59 PM on Monday, June 7th.
- Employees of any company claiming to be able to alter the weather are not allowed to win. They may enter if they wish.
- If a date has been selected by more than one person, only the first entry will be valid.
- Once a guessed date has passed, that entry is no longer valid.
- If the actual date is not guessed, then the person who guesses the next calendar date is the winner.
- The winner will receive a hearty round of applause from all participants and lurkers.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
HI I bought my wife a firecat XR pro saeries with the small round cams, it says on the lower limb
peak weight 25 - 40
string length 42
and draw length 25. I have treid everything I can to adjust the draw out for her. I was wondering if there is anything else I can do to increase the draw but keep the light draw weight for her.I adjusted the string on the cams all the way. would I have to have the limb changed and cams changed to increase this.


text:
Main Content
Order today, receive no later than
Order today, receive no later than
Thursday, November 6th
Some limitations apply
$4.99 3-day shipping. Need it faster?
Add a little old-school flair to your collection of Toronto Maple Leafs apparel with this stylish Toronto Maple Leafs Remote Control jersey shirt. This comfy shirt made by Red Jacket features printed graphics of your favorite team's vintage logos to give it a cool, retro look. Be seen wearing this piece of Maple Leafs gear and everyone will know you are a die-hard fan.
- 100% Cotton
- Embroidered and printed twill patches
- Machine-washable
- Officially licensed
- Super comfy vintage-wash design
Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


text:
Indoor Shoes
DIADORA QUINTO ID$57.00UPPER: Lightweight Supreltech synthetic upper with mesh underlay for breathability. Anti-stretch lining and anti-slip rear lining. Slip-lasted for superior comfort and cushioning. INSOLE: Cotton and shock absorbing EVA foam. MIDSOLE: Molded EVA foam for cushioning. OUTSOLE: Abrasion resistant gum rubber Learn More
ADIDAS SAMBA MILLENNIUM$65.00The evolution of the classic, world-famous Samba for indoor play. Features a soft leather upper and comfortable gum rubber outsole. Learn More
PUMA LIGA FINALE SALA$60.00A shoe that fits many parts of the soccer player's life. Whether at leisure or at play, the Liga Finale Sala looks and feels great! UPPER: Suede and synthetic leather for style and comfort. INSOLE: Cushioned EVA insole. OUTSOLE: Rubber cupsole for better support and durability. WEIGHT: (11.2 oz.) Learn More
SAMBA M I$35.00Classic soccer boot from adidas. UPPER: Soft Arena leather with updated Samba silhouette. OUTSOLE: Gum-rubber with EVA midsole. Torsion System provides midfoot support and allows for natural flexibility. For indoor surfaces. WEIGHT: (12.6 oz.) Learn More


text:
"After six months of physical therapy with Becky Rippe of Children's Care through the Birth to 3 Program, our son Jackson is performing at his age level in terms of his gross motor skills. Becky was fantastic with him, and was ALWAYS very encouraging. We feel very blessed and thankful that we chose to have him complete this program."
– Trent & Melissa P., Parents
Make a donation
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text:
use the following search parameters to narrow your results:
e.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dog
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~65 users here now
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Direct ALL coupon posts here, ** Coupons**
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Feel free to join our group here.
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Anyone scamming the system by winning items to trade them away WILL be banned.
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text:
Footmuff to match your Oyster stroller, keeps baby warm on those cooler days and can be unzipped to leave a liner
I bought the babystyle oyster pushchair then ordered the footmuff due to the cold weather, little man loves it and it keeps him warm and toasty.
Great product
Bought this product to keep my baby cosy during the colder months. Found it fiddly to fit to the stroller but got easier as I went along and got the hang of it. It looks very smart. Just using the liner at the moment- found the cover tricky to take on and off.
Will keep my little one warm throughout the cold months.
Excellent product enough room to allow for growth as well.
These are exclusive customer reviews unless otherwise stated. Specifications of goods are subject to change.
Click for audio and text help.
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This product is available as a pre-order. This means that we do not currently have the item in stock but we are expecting it shortly. You can place an order for this product now your expected shipping date will be 27-07-2012
A place where people come together to discuss our products and services, ask questions and seek advice.
to be a part of it.


text:
28 October 2009
Review & Giveaway: Progresso Panko Crumbs & Broth
I've actually never used panko style bread crumbs before. (Was I missing out?) I usually use the regular Progresso Bread Crumbs, unless I have bread I need to use or lose, in which case I make my own. Apparently, Panko is Japanese style bread crumbs, and made from the inside bread, not the crust. It's supposed to make lighter, crisper breading texture. (You learn something every day!) Progresso's Panko Bread Crumbs comes in plain and Italian - I received the Plain to try.
I tested it out on some pork steaks for DH. Now when I use bread crumbs to coat my meat, I usually avoid the extra calories of flour and egg to do so. I found out this doesn't work so well with the Panko crumbs. You really do need to use the egg and flour method to use them. You'll see I added a little bit of Italian seasoning to give it some oomph, but this is how it turned out without extras:
DH says it came out great and would love it again, so that's good! Next time, I'll break down and use the egg and flour.
Now I've used Progresso broth in the past and love it. Available in chicken flavor, as well as reduced sodium chicken and reduced sodium beef flavors, I like to keep it on hand. If I'm not making my own broth, I like Progresso's, even if it's a little more expensive than several other brands. I use it to make instant mashed potatoes, to flavor my rice, and when I'm making stews in my slow cooker. If you've never used chicken broth to make instant potatoes, you're missing out! Switch out the milk (or water, if it's only made with water) and you won't want any gravy!
If you're looking for some new recipes to try, visit Progressofoods.com, where you cam find some from celebrity chef Michael Chiarello, who you might recognize from the Food Network (how I miss cable!). You can also print money saving coupons from Progresso, as well as other Betty Crocker brands here.
Win it! One lucky reader will win this Progresso prize pack, courtesy of MyBlogSpark. It includes Progresso panko, a carton of Progresso broth, a measuring cup, slotted spoon, soup ladle and a little sheet pan for baking. To enter, tell me how often you use bread crumbs or broth in your cooking at home. Do you have a special recipe you make often?
As always, you can receive extra entries for:
-Subscribing to my feed or following my blog
-Blogging about this giveaway with a link back
-Tweeting about this giveaway (leave the link or @psychotichouse me)
-Add my blog to your Technorati favs (leave your username)
That's five possible entries! Giveaway ends November 7th at 11:59 PM PST, and please leave your email address in your entry or have it available in your profile. US only, sorry :( Good luck everyone!! :)
171 comments:
- hollowsins said...
We use bread crumbs to coat fish,add some fish fry seasoning or other fish seasoning and dip the fish in water first..this works well fir me to help the oating stick,when doing pork or beef I use eggs whipped and it seems to work too.
I use broth when making stew or chicken and noodles or chicken and dumplings.
- 28 October, 2009 20:36
- hollowsins said...
- 28 October, 2009 20:36
- hollowsins said...
- 28 October, 2009 20:37
- Amber said...
I use broth very often, but bread crumbs not so much. I would love to start using them more though and trying new recipes!
Thank you for the giveaway :)
- 28 October, 2009 20:42
- Amber said...
I follow your blog!
Thank you for the giveaway :)
- 28 October, 2009 20:42
- tawnda said...
I use bread crumbs to coat pork chops... and, if I try something 'new' with the lil chops... I get complaints like 'these aren't pork chops!'... (I always thought it was the cut of meat... lol)
- 29 October, 2009 03:27
- tawnda said...
rss subscriber
- 29 October, 2009 03:28
- cdziuba said...
I use bread crumbs to coat my filets and cutlets, and use broth to make yummy Chicken Tortilla soup.
firstname.lastname@example.com My email is easily seen in my profile, thanks
- 29 October, 2009 05:12
- cdziuba said...
blogged http://ceeceeblogger.blogspot.com/2009/10/progresso-panko-giveaway.html
- 29 October, 2009 05:12
- cdziuba said...
tweeted http://twitter.com/cdziuba/status/5257093544
- 29 October, 2009 05:13
- cdziuba said...
- 29 October, 2009 05:13
- cdziuba said...
- 29 October, 2009 05:13
- cdziuba said...
cdziuba Technorati fave blog of mine
- 29 October, 2009 05:13
- sue14625 said...
i use bread crumbs to coat chicken breasts and toppings on some casseroles especially veggies -i use broth for soups and also when i have a cold it helps use it as a soup
- 29 October, 2009 06:41
- Leona P said...
I use broth when ever i make a soup
- 29 October, 2009 07:12
- Amy B. said...
I use broth to make Ginger Chicken Soup!
Thanks for the giveaway!
Amy B.
- 29 October, 2009 08:11
- Amy B. said...
I'm a subscriber!
Thanks for the giveaway!
Amy B.
- 29 October, 2009 08:11
- Moni said...
I tend to use breadcrumbs a lot. My hubby likes my breaded pork chops!
- 29 October, 2009 13:10
- Kristin at My Art and the Mom in Me said...
I love me some Panko breadcrumb-coated baked chicken!! So Yummy!! I tried it about a year ago after watching some show on the food network! Anyway..just a little tidbit of info about me and Panko, lol.
- 29 October, 2009 14:07
- mogrill said...
I make homemade chicken noodle soup. Thanks for the chance.
- 29 October, 2009 15:06
- Ellen C. said...
I love mshrooms so I often make stuffed mushrooms. I use Progresso seasoned bread crumbs to add flavor and texture to the mushrooms. Thanks for the chance.
sweetascandy579 at yahoo dot com
- 29 October, 2009 16:12
- chromiumman said...
i generally only use bread crumbs once a month or so to make meatloaf
- 29 October, 2009 17:10
- dolls123 said...
I use bread crumbs at least twice a month
- 29 October, 2009 19:13
- dolls123 said...
Blog follower
- 29 October, 2009 19:14
- julis55 said...
I use bread crumbs to coat my filets and cutlets, and use broth to make yummy Chicken Tortilla soup
- 29 October, 2009 19:52
- Nickolay said...
I like to mix lemon pepper and the bread crumbs together to coat pork chops. Awesome
- 30 October, 2009 12:16
- JC said...
We use bread crumbs a lot in cooking. Basically on everything such as seafood, chicken, pork or veggie.
- 30 October, 2009 12:33
- JC said...
I am a subscriber.
- 30 October, 2009 12:33
- JC said...
- 30 October, 2009 12:34
- JC said...
http://tcarolinep.blogspot.com/2009/10/giveaway-confessions-of-phsychotic_30.html blogged.
- 30 October, 2009 12:35
- JC said...
Blogger follower!
- 30 October, 2009 12:36
- JC said...
Not an entry.
Just to let you know Technorati isn't working for adding favorite for a while.
- 30 October, 2009 12:38
- Theron said...
I'd use the Panko to coat tilapia fish. Hope to win!
- 30 October, 2009 13:31
- mverno said...
about once a week on both firstname.lastname@example.com
- 30 October, 2009 13:52
- Barb V said...
I use bread crumbs to coat chicken, I also use them in my meatloaf recipe. I use broth in the place of water when I'm making rice as a side dish. I probably use both of them once or twice a week.
- 30 October, 2009 14:07
- MPRICE1953 said...
I rarely use bread crumbs but use broth when I am cooking to reduce carbs.
- 30 October, 2009 15:15
- Theresa said...
I go through tons of broth, especially this time of year when I make lots of soups. My favorite soup to make is Croatian Sour Soup, it's fantastic.
- 30 October, 2009 19:35
- cstironkat said...
I bake veggies with breadcrumbs and velveeta cheese.
- 30 October, 2009 20:05
- makeetis said...
I use broth for homemade noodles all the time. I used to just make them for Holidays but then found myself making them at least once a month.
- 31 October, 2009 00:44
- txgiggles45 said...
I use bread crumbs on fish and chicken. My favorite recipe to use bread crumbs in is trout fish rolled in bread crumbs!
Happy Halloween!
- 31 October, 2009 06:26
- sphinx63 said...
I use bread crumbs a couple times a month, and I use broth more often, to make different soups that we like. Thanks!
sphinxcw at aol dot com
- 31 October, 2009 07:03
- courtneystoffel said...
I only use each about once a month. I love to make yogurt chicken with the panko bread crumbs.
hebert024 at aol dot com
- 31 October, 2009 15:21
- Alicia said...
I use broth a couple of times a week to make rice & stuffing with.
Thanks for the giveaway >^..^<
bloggyig at gmail dot com
- 31 October, 2009 16:22
- llinda29 said...
I use bread crumbs about once a month
- 31 October, 2009 18:39
- janetfaye said...
I use Chicken Broth in most of the soups that I make. In the winter I make soup at least twice a week. I use bread crumbs in meatloaf and meatballs..
janetfaye (at) gmail (dot) com
- 01 November, 2009 03:01
- janetfaye said...
Email subscribed.
janetfaye (at) gmail (dot) com
- 01 November, 2009 03:33
- mail4rosey said...
We make Chicken Cashew quite a bit because it's a favorite.
Thank you.
- 01 November, 2009 05:33
- Sydney said...
I use chicken broth quite a lot, but love to use bread crumbs in stuffed artichokes.
- 01 November, 2009 06:24
- dawns41 said...
I use chicken broth in homemade soups which I normally make once a month in winter, but I think this winter I am going to do it twice a month.
- 01 November, 2009 07:22
- sweetsue said...
I use bread crumbs to top casseroles, coat chicken for frying, and add them to meat loaf.
smchester at gmail dot com
- 01 November, 2009 14:28
- sweetsue said...
I follow your blog.
smchester at gmail dot com
- 01 November, 2009 14:29
- Janna @ Feed Your Pig said...
I make my grandma's chicken swiss casserole with both bread crumbs and broth!
Thanks for entering me! Great Contest!
Janna Johnson
- 01 November, 2009 15:10
- scottsgal said...
I use bread crumbs in homemade meatballs
msboatgal at aol.com
- 01 November, 2009 18:25
- bleush said...
I use it to bread fish
- 01 November, 2009 22:09
- mscoffee77 said...
We use chicken and beef broths fairly often, but don't use bread crumbs very often. I would love to try the Progresso Panko Crumbs though:)
- 02 November, 2009 06:58
- mickeyfan said...
I use broth a lot. Beef and noodles, soup, stew, baked steak--anything that contains meat and water!
- 02 November, 2009 12:21
- MOMMY'S A WAITRESS said...
Broth about 3 times a month.
Bread crumbs about 12 times a month. hmmm Thats a lot more than i actually thought i used.
- 02 November, 2009 12:38
- Carolyn G said...
I use bread crumbs for breading meats but I also use them in casseroles to keep them together. I use broth all the time. I love using that instead of milk for mashed potatoes.
- 02 November, 2009 19:39
- Carolyn G said...
- 02 November, 2009 19:40
- Carolyn G said...
I have your button http://theartofrandomwillynillyness.blogspot.com/2009/03/my-favorite-blogs.html
- 02 November, 2009 19:41
- jlafount said...
I use broth a few times a year and breadcrumbs maybe once or twice a year
- 02 November, 2009 19:47
- jlafount said...
I use broth a few times a year and breadcrumbs maybe once or twice a year
- 02 November, 2009 19:48
- Erica C. said...
I use bread crumbs once a week for chicken breasts...and will ocassionally use broth when I make soups. I'd like to try this!
- 02 November, 2009 22:48
- Sharon said...
I use them for my 'famous' meatloaf and mashed potatoes...crumbs in the meatloaf and broth in the potatoes YUM
My favorite recipes are from my Aunt who was kind enough to pass along after I begged haha
- 03 November, 2009 03:21
- Sharon said...
I follow
- 03 November, 2009 03:22
- Sharon said...
I blogged about your giveaway at
- 03 November, 2009 03:24
- Sharon said...
I tweetered at
- 03 November, 2009 03:25
- Sharon said...
I faved you on technorati
- 03 November, 2009 03:28
- msrodeobrat said...
i never use bread crumbs.. i love them, but i just don't know how to use them.i use broth in most "intense" cooking. i will be using lots of it over the next couple of months withthe holidays approaching
- 03 November, 2009 08:05
- Deborah said...
I use broth instead of water when cooking rice, couscous and other grains that absorb liquid. asthenight at gmail dot com
- 03 November, 2009 08:43
- AmandaK said...
I use broth quite a bit. My family and I love soup and stews, so when I make one, I use broth to give it a little more taste!
- 03 November, 2009 14:23
- tutugirl said...
We use broth quite a bit for soups and other dishes. My husband uses crumbs to make our hamburgers.
- 03 November, 2009 15:05
- Deb K said...
I like to take ground beef and mix it with bread crumbs,eggs and onions.Bake and they are so good and easy!!
I use the chicken broth in my mashed potatoes instead of water~gives them a great taste!
- 03 November, 2009 18:14
- Deb K said...
I am a new email subscriber!!
- 03 November, 2009 18:17
- Deb K said...
I am Subscribing to my feed with Google Reader
Deb K
- 03 November, 2009 19:21
- Deb K said...
You are on my favs at techno
- 03 November, 2009 19:22
- Deb K said...
- 03 November, 2009 19:24
- LittleEagle said...
I use broth and bread crumbs at least once a week. I use the broth in rice, mashed potatoes, soups and sauces. I use panko bread crumbs to make my own "oven fry". sharonaquilino(at)hotmail(dot)com
- 04 November, 2009 12:48
- karenmed409 said...
I use broth and bread crumbs weekly, I add bread crumbs to our meatloaf.
karenmed409 at comcast dot net
- 04 November, 2009 20:28
- karenmed409 said...
subscriber and follower
karenmed409 at comcast dot net
- 04 November, 2009 20:29
- karenmed409 said...
subscriber and follower
karenmed409 at comcast dot net
- 04 November, 2009 20:29
- karenmed409 said...
following on twitter and tweeted
karenmed409 at comcast dot net
- 04 November, 2009 20:30
- LindaD said...
One of my go-to recipes is coating talapia filets with olive oil and dredging in equal parts of panko crumbs and pretzel bits and then saute in more olive oil. Yummmm!
- 05 November, 2009 06:14
- idahomom said...
I used the bread crumbs to fry the zucchini from my garden. Very good.
- 05 November, 2009 07:57
- ellie said...
I use bread crumbs a lot. I use it in meatloaf, meatballs, and salmon patties at least 2 or 3 times a month.
Thanks for the giveaway.
eswright18 at gmail dot com
- 05 November, 2009 11:11
- Smooshy said...
i usually only use bread crumbs a few times a year, maybe 4 or 5
- 05 November, 2009 11:48
- terri142 said...
I use bread crumbs several times a week. I make breaded chicken breasts, meatloaf and fried fish.
- 05 November, 2009 12:23
- Jen said...
I use Panko bread crumbs about once a week to make a faux fried chicken. Just dredge the pieces in yogurt, then in the panko and bake. Quick, easy, and yummy too!
- 05 November, 2009 14:42
- Jen said...
- 05 November, 2009 14:43
- Jen said...
I follow your blog through google friend connect (Jen V)
- 05 November, 2009 14:44
- Becca said...
I love using bread crumbs on fish and broth in casseroles...but I don't do it as often as I'd like to! Thanks :) sbcashortie (at) hotmail (dot) com
- 05 November, 2009 16:45
- Becca said...
I follow your blog. sbcashortie (at) hotmail (dot) com
- 05 November, 2009 16:45
- Becca said...
I am an email subscriber. sbcashortie (at) hotmail (dot) com
- 05 November, 2009 16:46
- Becca said...
I blogged about the giveaway at http://beccascontestlist.blogspot.com/2009/11/progresso-prize-pack.html
- 05 November, 2009 17:28
- Becca said...
I am following you on twitter (I am sbshortie) and I tweeted the giveaway at http://twitter.com/sbshortie/status/5466394268
- 05 November, 2009 17:29
- calicokid said...
I use bread crumbs in a recipe about once a week.
dirtyprettylibertine at hotmail dot com
- 05 November, 2009 18:12
- heaventrees said...
Breadcrumbs maybe once a week. Chicken broth I use at least three times a week.
- 06 November, 2009 02:43
- jewell330 said...
I use bread crumbs for frying (which I don't do often) AND for one of our favorite meals which is a copycat recipe of Boston Market meatloaf. I use broth for lots ... almost anything that calls for water (rice, chicken and dumplings, etc.)
jewell330 at aim dot com
- 06 November, 2009 07:58
- Deedles said...
I use breadcrumbs a lot. I use it for my homemade meatballs, to coat fish or pork chops. I add some parmesan cheese to it when coating chicken. I also use it for my 3 different types of meatloaves-onion meatloaf, salsa meatloaf, and bacon wrapped meatloaf.
I use broth for my homemade soups.
- 06 November, 2009 08:36
- Diane said...
I use the bread crumbs on chicken and fish-
Diane Baum
- 06 November, 2009 08:54
- monky said...
I use chicken broth soups and the bread crumbs I use to coat chicken and pork chops
:) Thank you for the wonderful giveaway! :)
- 06 November, 2009 10:23
- erma said...
I use broth all the time.
- 06 November, 2009 10:42
- see above said...
I frequently use broth to replace water in recipes. It gives whatever I'm making that much more flavor. Breadcrumbs are a little trickier, I don't use them often, but every once in a while we'll have veal or breaded chicken breasts. Thanks for the giveaway, that looks like a super-handy gift pack!
- 06 November, 2009 10:58
- denyse said...
A few times a week. Broth for my rice and bread crumbs for my fried foods.
- 06 November, 2009 11:21
- JillianLVeit said...
I use broth more than bread crumbs
- 06 November, 2009 12:39
- georgie c said...
Maybe use the bread crumbs on a nice blue cheese potato casserole to top it.
- 06 November, 2009 12:46
- georgie c said...
Following blog.
- 06 November, 2009 12:47
- SeahorseLady said...
I use bread crumbs when I make meatballs, casseroles and also to bread pork chops. I use broth when making soups and mashed potatoes.
And, I always use Progresso.
- 06 November, 2009 13:04
- SeahorseLady said...
I follow and subscribe.
- 06 November, 2009 13:05
- amp said...
I use broth frequently for soups and stews, especially in my Crock Pot. I also use bread crumbs, and I love Panko ones, to bread and bake pork chops as well as chicken fingers. I dredge the chicken tenders in milk with dijon mustard and then the bread crumbs and bake-they are very good and pretty healthy too!
apoalillo at hotmail dot com
- 06 November, 2009 14:25
- Jackee Ann said...
I love panko and broth, here's my top secret best use for panko:
Slice an onion into rings, dip them into buttermilk mixed with a bit of flour, then dip into panko. Bake at 400 for 20 minutes and you'll have delicious, crunch onion rings (better then deep fried if you ask me!)
happeejackee at gmail dot com
- 06 November, 2009 14:28
- Jackee Ann said...
Tweet : http://twitter.com/happeegirl/statuses/5490884120
happeejackee at gmail dot com
- 06 November, 2009 14:31
- txgrl1502 said...
I use bread crumbs often, mainly for my meatloaf
- 06 November, 2009 15:42
- Reeva said...
i use breadcrumbs in my salmon croquettes.. mm! making me hungry!
- 06 November, 2009 18:33
- Rob said...
The only thing I use breadcrums for is my meatloaf..although I'd love to try some of their recipes. My special meal has to be my baked chicken.
Thanks for the giveaway!
- 06 November, 2009 19:06
- Mom said...
Crab Cakes Chiarello
looks so good, and I plan to make them, using the Panko Italian breadcrumbs.
- 06 November, 2009 20:35
- Jammie said...
I use bread crumbs to make chicken Parmesan, I do not use broth too often, but when I do it is usually for soups.
- 06 November, 2009 20:39
- rb109972 said...
I use bread crumbs on fish , kinda make my own fish sticks
- 06 November, 2009 20:49
- Cynthya said...
I use them both. I use broth to make soup and breadcrumbs to make Eggplant Parmesan among other things.
- 06 November, 2009 21:20
- Sonya said...
I use either bread crumbs or broth at least once a week! I love making Dijon Parmesan chicken with breadcrumbs!
- 06 November, 2009 21:45
- azrosebud said...
I use broth to make stew, soup or hamburger gravy. I use breadcrumbs probably 2 times a month to make fish or fried chicken.
- 06 November, 2009 22:26
- 1993wel said...
I use bread crumbs in my meatloaf, which we probably eat twice a month, and also to coat chicken.
- 06 November, 2009 23:21
- Lisa said...
I don't use broth that often, but I am always using bread crumbs. They work wonders in meatballs and as a coating for chicken. Thanks for the giveaway!
- 07 November, 2009 00:03
- texaslady22 said...
I hardly ever use bread crumbs, but I use broth all the time for soups, stews, and roasts.
- 07 November, 2009 04:39
- amyd said...
I use breadcrumbs for chicken or pork sometimes
I do use broth often in Soups&stews
- 07 November, 2009 07:04
- amyd said...
I subscribe by email
- 07 November, 2009 07:06
- Deborah Wellenstein said...
I use broth more than breadcrumbs. I have a wonderful recipe for chicken parmesan which uses breadcrumbs, and is divine! Thanks!
- 07 November, 2009 07:16
- Francine said...
I use bread crumbs to coat chicken maybe once a month.
- 07 November, 2009 10:12
- Ingrid said...
I use the chicken broth to cook rice, sure does give it a different flavor. Also in place of water, I use their chicken broth to cook grits with cheese.
- 07 November, 2009 10:37
- Ingrid said...
I follow you on Google blogger publicly.
- 07 November, 2009 10:39
- ~*~lilshuga2001~*~ said...
i use bread crumb alot!
It just gives many casseroles an OOMPPH!!
- 07 November, 2009 10:57
- ~*~lilshuga2001~*~ said...
I follow!!
- 07 November, 2009 10:58
- Pamela S said...
I occasionally use both. I use broth in soups, stews and chicken & dumplings, and I used bread crumbs for coating fish or chicken before baking. Looks like a great product!
Thanks so much! pamelashockley(AT)netscape(DOT)net
- 07 November, 2009 11:09
- Pamela S said...
Follower. Thanks so much! pamelashockley(AT)netscape(DOT)net
- 07 November, 2009 11:10
- Pamela S said...
Subscribed via google reader. Thanks so much! pamelashockley(AT)netscape(DOT)net
- 07 November, 2009 11:11
- stormy said...
I use bread crumbs quite a bit when I cook. I use them mainly for coating chicken, but I also add them to my meatball mixture to give them extra holding power. I just used breadcrumbs in my turkey meatballs. I have not used a lot of broth in my cooking unless the recipe I'm following requires it.
- 07 November, 2009 11:27
- Pamela said...
I use broth for soups, sauces, gravy, also add a little to the water when cooking rice.
Use the panko for fried shrimp, as a coating for baked fish & pork chops.
- 07 November, 2009 11:33
- cowboyswife said...
I use the Itlaian Bread crumbs in my meatloaf and it makes it oh so good.
- 07 November, 2009 11:57
- Mishia said...
Often. Bread crumbs for shrimp and chicken and broth for soups and stews.
- 07 November, 2009 12:10
- Candie L said...
My husband uses broths a lot when he broils chicken. Yummy. Thank you
- 07 November, 2009 12:55
- susan1215 said...
I use bread crumbs when I make meatloaf or baked chicken. I use broth when I make chicken soup
- 07 November, 2009 13:26
- sixteencandles42 said...
I use them every once in a while, like when I make soup, or meatballs, meatloaf, chicken, stuff like that.
- 07 November, 2009 14:35
- Alma said...
We use broth a lot but don't use bread crumbs very often. My mom loves homemade noodle soup made with broth.
- 07 November, 2009 15:20
- Carolsue said...
I use bread crumbs to coat the chicken for chicken parmigiani and broth for rice pilaff
- 07 November, 2009 16:20
- Carolsue said...
I subscribe by e-mail
- 07 November, 2009 16:22
- pms3237 said...
I was never able to eat liver until I coated it with bread crumbs..now it is delicious!
- 07 November, 2009 17:25
- Angela said...
I use bread crumbs quite a bit. I stretch out meat loaf and coat fish for frying. The trick is flour, then egg, then bread crumbs.
- 07 November, 2009 17:56
- Janette said...
I use broth nearly every day, for anything from deglazing to soups and stews. I coat my tilapia with panko bread crumbs and parmesan and it always turns out great!
- 07 November, 2009 18:14
- Janette said...
subscribed via rssc
- 07 November, 2009 18:15
- Janette said...
faved on technorati - gidgie
- 07 November, 2009 18:17
- Deb said...
I use bread crumbs and broth all the time! Broth is a handy liquid for so many dishes, since it not only adds moisture but flavor too. Panko crumbs are good to make anything more crunchy, even desserts like apple crisp.
- 07 November, 2009 19:53
- Deb said...
I'm a follower
- 07 November, 2009 19:54
- Deb said...
I get your rss feed
- 07 November, 2009 19:54
- Deb said...
I posted a link on my blog
- 07 November, 2009 19:56
- Deb said...
I tweeted here
- 07 November, 2009 19:56
- Deb said...
I faved you on technorati tnshadylady
- 07 November, 2009 19:57
- barblong said...
I use bread crumbs and/or broth at least once every couple of weeks.
- 07 November, 2009 20:06
- liliesrnice said...
I always use broth when i'm making rice and mashed potatoes.
- 07 November, 2009 20:37
- Atreau said...
I use broth once or twice a week, usually as starters for recipes.
- 07 November, 2009 20:40
- Nancy S. said...
I use bread crumbs often for meat loaf and meat balls and chicken parmesan.
ncschools at yahoo dot com
- 07 November, 2009 20:42
- Nancy S. said...
I follow your blog.
ncschools at yahoo dot com
- 07 November, 2009 20:43
- Nancy S. said...
I tweeted.
ncschools at yahoo dot com
- 07 November, 2009 20:44
- Gianna said...
I use breadcrumbs for fried chicken usually. I use broth for soups and gravies.
- 07 November, 2009 21:26
- Bakersdozen said...
I can't live without broth because so many of my recipes call for it. As to bread crumbs, I use them occasionally for parmesagn recipes and for breaded chicken and fish. vidomich(at)yahoo(dot)com
- 07 November, 2009 22:10
- Bakersdozen said...
I subscribe via email. vidomich(at)yahoo(dot)com
- 07 November, 2009 22:10
- Swtlilchick said...
I use breadcrumbs all the time,in
my chicken casserole which I also
use chicken broth and I add bread
crumbs to my macaroni & cheese.I
also use them to coat my chicken
when I make fried chicken.I put beef broth in my vegetable soup I make
- 07 November, 2009 22:32
- Swtlilchick said...
Subscriber via email
- 07 November, 2009 22:33
- Swtlilchick said...
- 07 November, 2009 22:46
- Swtlilchick said...
Fave you on Technorati (Swtlilchick)
- 07 November, 2009 22:47
- lilyk said...
I use bread crumbs and broth in my cooking regularly. I like to use bread crumbs for pork chops and broth for mashed potatoes.
- 08 November, 2009 00:08
- lilyk said...
I subscribed to your feed.
- 08 November, 2009 00:08


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News about George Karl, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.
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March 2, 2014, Sunday
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George Karl, who coached and tried to reason with Carmelo Anthony for five and a half years in Denver, said he was pleased to see Anthony playing at such a high level.
December 10, 2012, Monday
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text: |After 30 years in the game from entry-level to high school, the Nike Land Shark 2 has been proven to perform. Synthetic materials in the upper combine to create a great fit to enhance this classic mid-cut model. The full-length Phylon� midsole enhances support and the rubber Shark outsole brings its proven and tested traction elements. Wt. 8.4 oz.


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People and Places, March 10
Club president Janet Smith welcomed new members Linda Gibson, Jeweldean Kincaid, Rich Zatulove and Janelle Murray during the recent Kneeling Gardners meeting.
Kym Cress from Cut of Glass along with Phyllis Craft presented cut glass windows and yard pieces.
Joanne and Jim Reynolds along with club member Doris Davis showed and explained pieces they had done.
Club chaplain Nancy Rutledge led devotions, Judy Coggins gave the treasurer's report and Rutledge reported the purchase two benches with the money for the Veteran's Park project that have "Kneeling Gardeners" inscribed on them and will be in place for the park opening.
Earl Gray, chair of the plant sale committee, is organizing the annual plant sale scheduled for the first Saturday in May. Flowers, bulbs, herbs, bushes, and small trees will be offered for sale. Proceeds from this project help the Club support charitable needs within the community.
For information about donating plants, contact Earl at 704-933-4476. Donations will be accepted from the Kannapolis-Concord area.
Refreshments were provided by Earl and Shirley Gray, Gail Puntch, Nancy Rutledge, Sarannet Shelton, Janet Smith, Royce and Carolyn Thomason.
Kneeling Gardeners meet at 7 p.m. on the fourth Monday at Trinity United Methodist Church in Kannapolis.
During the March 25 meeting, Michael Bradshaw from Wild Birds Unlimited will provide a program on hummingbirds. Anyone interested in gardening is welcomed to attend. For details, call the church office at 704-933-1127.


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Their staggering statures and on-court finesse make your favorite NBA players fierce competitors. Cheer them on while you wear the Big Man big & tall T-shirt. This short-sleeved tee showcases a full-color NBA team logo printed on the chest.
- 100% Cotton fabric
- Crew neckline
- Full-color NBA team logo printed on chest
- Made in Bangladesh
- Officially licensed
- Short-sleeved T-shirt
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Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


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10/26/2014 3:01:34 AM. For Customer Service, please call 800.606.6252
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fresh ink. Glazed matte black, smooth stoneware cylinder mirrors the sculptural form of an ink well. In a time-intensive process, vessel is dip-glazed, polished, then dipped again to achieve an opaque finish inside and out. Gives bold rise to blooms or stands alone as an object of art.
Details and Dimensions
ink vase. 9.25"H
- Stoneware
- Matte black glaze
- Wipe with clean, soft dry or damp cloth
- Made in China
Overall DimensionsHeight: 9.25" TopDiameter: 1.25" BaseDiameter: 4.5"
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The short story is that you have 90 days within receipt of your purchase to make a return on most non-furniture items. For furniture returns or exchanges, please call us within 7 days of receipt at 800.606.6252 so we can advise you on how to make your return within 90 days of receipt. Our policy is simple. If you are not satisfied with your purchase, we promise an appropriate refund, credit or exchange.


text: Hey all. Hoping to get some input and advice for a question I have. So at full draw my bow wants to jump a little. I have my cams all timed and the specs are good on it for ATA and BH. I still have some room for let off adjusent on my cam. Right now at full draw the let off peg is firm against the bottom limb, but if I adjust it then it doesn't come close to touching the bottm limb where the foam pad is. Does this matter at full draw? I'm strictly a hunter but shoot a little Dart System so I want as much let off as possible. Thanks in advance for your help and advice.


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are you guys getting gang shootings in the citys around your parts.i know that every morning that i turn the news on ther has been atleast 2 gang related shootings a day for the past month.it is gettin crazy in portland.more and more people getting shot every day.the other day 2 homeless people were shot wile they were sleeping under a bridge,it was a drive by.one was shot in the chest the other in the side.
my wife wants to take the kids to the zoo but i wont let her take my kids any where near portland.road rage shootings,drive bys,walking shootings,in house shooting,kids shooting kids,a guy i once knew shot his dad in the head last year fron not taking him fishing.IT IS GETTIN CRAZY OUT HERE.
so how is your area,safe and sound or are you staying away from the big citys too.


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Six UM-Dearborn students are spending part of their summer studying at anthropological field schools and blogging about their hands-on research experiences
June 14, 2011
DEARBORN / June 14, 2011---Six University of Michigan-Dearborn studentsAbbeygail Epelman, Shantel Reynolds, Sara Richter, Yvette Steggel, John VandenBossche and Elise Widmeyerare spending part of their summer studying at various anthropological field schools in the U.S. and abroad.
These students are blogging about their studies at www.umdearbornfieldstudyblogs.com, which features their first-person stories about hands-on experience in anthropological techniques.
- Abbeygail is studying at the Ecomuseu Cap de Cavalleria field school in Menorca, Spain, which researches, protects and makes known the heritage, cultural and natural values of the Cavalleria territory and Sanitja harbor.
- Shantel will share her experiences at the Irish Archaeological Field School, Irelands leading provider of university accredited, site-based archaeological research and training.
- Sara is doing her research at the Utica College Forensic Anthropology Field School in Albania, Greece and Romania where shell visit some of the worlds greatest historical monuments with hands-on archaeological study at ancient sites.
- Yvette and John are studying at Southern Illinois University-Carbondales Field School which focuses on archaeological field methods with a special emphasis on basic excavation and laboratory techniques.
- Elise will share her experiences with the New Hampshire State Conservation and Rescue Archaeology Program (SCRAP), a public participation program for archaeological research, management and education administered by the Archaeology Bureau in the Division of Historical Resources of the New Hampshire Department of Cultural Resources.
These students join the more than 20 UM-Dearborn students who have traveled to various field schools worldwide in the past five years thanks to field research scholarshipsmade possible by a gift from Beth Beson, an alumna of UM-Dearborns College of Arts, Sciences, and Letters.
These generous scholarships have allowed UM-Dearborn students majoring or minoring in anthropology to make trips to field schools within the U.S. as well as countries such as Australia, Mexico, Belize, Malta, Jordan, Lebanon, Peru, Guam and Tanzania.
About UM-Dearborn
Founded in 1959 with a gift of just over 200 acres of land and $6.5 million from the Ford Motor Company, University of Michigan-Dearborn is a metropolitan university serving southeastern Michigan, committed to excellence rooted in strong academics, innovative research and programming and civic engagement. The University has nearly 8,900 students pursuing more than 90 bachelor's, masters, doctoral and professional degrees in liberal arts and sciences, engineering, business and education. A top-ranked university with a faculty devoted to teaching, and students committed to achievement, UM-Dearborn has been shaped by its history of partnering with local leaders and communities, and is committed to finding solutions for the challenges that face the region.
Beth Marmarelli
313-593-5542 / email@example.com