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Human population control
Human population control is the practice of artificially altering the rate of growth of a human population. Historically, human population control has been implemented by limiting the population's birth rate, usually by government mandate, and has been undertaken as a response to factors including high or increasing levels of poverty, environmental concerns, religious reasons, and overpopulation. While population control can involve measures that improve people's lives by giving them greater control of their reproduction, some programs have exposed them to exploitation.[1]
Worldwide, the population control movement was active throughout the 1960s and 1970s, driving many reproductive health and family planning programs. In the 1980s, tension grew between population control advocates and women's health activists who advanced women's reproductive rights as part of a human rights-based approach.[2] Growing opposition to the narrow population control focus led to a significant change in population control policies in the early 1990s.[further explanation needed][3]
This section does not cite any references or sources. (September 2013) |
Population control may use one or more of the following practices although there are other methods as well:
- Contraception
- Abstinence
- Reducing infant mortality so that parents do not increase their family size to ensure at least some survive to adulthood.[4]
- Abortion
- Improving status of women causing departure from traditional sexual division of labour.
- Emigration
- Immigration reduction
- Sterilization
- Legislation
The method(s) chosen can be strongly influenced with the religious and cultural beliefs of community members. The failure of other methods of population control can lead to the use of abortion or infanticide as solutions[citation needed]. While a specific population control practice may be legal/mandated in one country, it may be illegal or restricted in another, indicative of the controversy surrounding this topic.
This page addresses population control within and between sovereign countries or distinct groups; it does not attempt to address the myriad of socio-economic influences which have provoked slaughter and wars to reduce certain group populations.
Ancient times through Middle Ages[edit]
A number of ancient writers have reflected on the issue of population. At about 300 BC in India, Kautilya, a political philosopher (c. 350-283 BC), considered population as a source of political, economic, and military strength. Though a given region can house too many or too few people, he considered the latter possibility to be the greater evil. Kautilya favored the remarriage of widows (which at the time was forbidden in India), opposed taxes that encourage emigration, and believed that asceticism should be restricted to the aged.[5]
In ancient Greece, Plato (427-347 BC) and Aristotle (384-322 BC) discussed the best population size for Greek city states such as Sparta, and concluded that cities should be small enough for efficient administration and direct citizen participation in public affairs, but at the same time needed to be large enough to defend themselves against hostile neighboring city states. In order to maintain a desired population size, the philosophers advised that procreation, and if necessary, immigration, should be encouraged if the population size was too small. Emigration to colonies would be encouraged should the population become too large.[6] Aristotle concluded that a large increase in population would bring, "certain poverty on the citizenry, and poverty is the cause of sedition and evil." To halt rapid population increase, Aristotle advocated the use of abortion and the exposure of newborns.[7]
Confucius (551-478 BC) and other Chinese writers cautioned that, "excessive growth may reduce output per worker, repress levels of living for the masses and engender strife." Confucius also observed that, "mortality increases when food supply is insufficient; that premature marriage makes for high infantile mortality rates, that war checks population growth."[6]
Ancient Rome, especially in the time of Augustus (63 BC- AD 14), needed manpower to acquire and administer the vast Roman Empire. A series of laws were instituted to encourage early marriage and frequent childbirth. Lex Julia (18 BC) and the Lex Papia Poppaea (AD 9) are two well known examples of such laws, which among others, provided tax breaks and preferential treatment when applying for public office for those that complied with the laws. Severe limitations were imposed on those who did not. For example, the surviving spouse of a childless couple could only inherit one-tenth of the deceased fortune, while the rest was taken by the state. These laws encountered resistance from the population which led to the disregard of their provisions and to their eventual abolition.[5]
Tertullian, an early Christian author (ca. AD 160-220), was one of the first to describe famine and war as factors that can prevent overpopulation.[5] He wrote: "The strongest witness is the vast population of the earth to which we are a burden and she scarcely can provide for our needs; as our demands grow greater, our complaints against Nature's inadequacy are heard by all. The scourges of pestilence, famine, wars and earthquakes have come to be regarded as a blessing to overcrowded nations, since they serve to prune away the luxuriant growth of the human race."[8]
Ibn Khaldoun, a famous North African Arab polymath (1332–1406), considered population changes to be connected to economic development, linking high birth rates and low death rates to times of economic upswing, and low birth rates and high death rates to economic downswing. Khaldoun concluded that high population density rather than high absolute population numbers were desirable to achieve more efficient division of labour and cheap administration.[8]
During the Middle Ages in Christian Europe, population issues were rarely discussed in isolation. Attitudes were generally pro-natalist in line with the Biblical command, "Be ye fruitful and multiply."[8]
The means of controlling and regulating populations can be traced back to many cultures. "Infanticide, or the killing of infants and young children, has occurred since early times. In early Rome, the father was given complete power to kill, abandon, or even sell his child. In Greek legend, Odepus was doomed to death until he was rescued by a family retainer. In Hawaii, China, and Japan, many female or disabled children were killed to maintain a strong race without overpopulation. Infanticide was practiced for many reasons. Like the Hawaiians, Chinese, and Japanese, some cultures saw the practice of infanticide as a means of controlling and regulating the population so that society's resources could be expended on the strongest and most valuable (Crosson, Cynthia)."
16th and 17th centuries[edit]
European cities grew more rapidly than before, and throughout the 16th century and early 17th century discussions on the advantages and disadvantages of population growth were frequent.[9] Niccolò Machiavelli, an Italian Renaissance political philosopher, wrote, "When every province of the world so teems with inhabitants that they can neither subsist where they are nor remove themselves elsewhere... the world will purge itself in one or another of these three ways," listing floods, plague and famine.[10] Martin Luther, a German monk and theologian (1483–1546), concluded on the issue, "God makes children. He is also going to feed them."[10]
Jean Bodin, a French jurist and political philosopher (1530–1596), argued that a larger population would mean more production and in turn more export, which would increase the influx of silver and gold, and thus increase the riches of a country.[10] Giovanni Botero, an Italian priest and diplomat (1540–1617), emphasized that, "the greatness of a city rests on the multitude of its inhabitants and their power," but pointed out that a population cannot increase beyond its food supply. If this limit was approached, late marriage, emigration, and war would serve to restore the balance.[10]
Richard Hakluyt, an English writer (1527–1616), observed that, "Throughe our longe peace and seldome sickness... wee are growen more populous than ever heretofore;... many thousandes of idle persons are within this realme, which, havinge no way to be sett on worke, be either mutinous and seeke alteration in the state, or at leaste very burdensome to the commonwealthe." Hakluyt believed that this led to crime and full jails and in A Discourse on Western Planting (1584), Hakluyt advocated for the emigration of the surplus population.[9] With the onset of the Thirty Year War (1618–1648), characterized by widespread devastation and deaths brought on by hunger and disease in Europe, concerns about depopulation returned.[11]
The population control movement[edit]
In the 20th century, population control proponents have drawn from the insights of Thomas Malthus, a British clergyman and economist who published An Essay on the Principle of Population in 1798. Malthus argued that, "Population, when unchecked, increases in a geometrical ratio. Subsistence increases only in an arithmetical ratio." He also outlined the idea of "positive checks" and "preventative checks." "Positive checks," such as diseases, war, disaster and famine, are factors that Malthus considered to increase the death rate.[12] "Preventative checks" were factors that Malthus believed to affect the birth rate such as moral restraint, abstinence and birth control.[12] He predicted that "positive checks" on exponential population growth would ultimately save humanity from itself and that human misery was an "absolute necessary consequence."[13] Malthus went on to explain why he believed that this misery affected the poor in a disproportionate manner.
[There is a] constant effort towards an increase in population [which tends to] subject the lower classes of society to distress and to prevent any great permanent amelioration of their condition…The way in which these effects are produced seems to be this. We will suppose the means of subsistence in any country just equal to the easy support of its inhabitants. The constant effort towards population …increases the number of people before the means of subsistence are increased. The food, therefore which before supplied seven millions must now be divided among seven millions and half or eight millions. The poor consequently must live much worse, and many of them be reduced to severe distress.[14]
Finally, Malthus advocated for the education of the lower class about the use of "moral restraint," or voluntary abstinence, which he believed would slow the growth rate.[15]
Paul R. Ehrlich, a US biologist and environmentalist, published The Population Bomb in 1968, advocating stringent population control policies.[16] His central argument on population is as follows:
A cancer is an uncontrolled multiplication of cells; the population explosion is an uncontrolled multiplication of people. Treating only the symptoms of cancer may make the victim more comfortable at first, but eventually he dies - often horribly. A similar fate awaits a world with a population explosion if only the symptoms are treated. We must shift our efforts from treatment of the symptoms to the cutting out of the cancer. The operation will demand many apparent brutal and heartless decisions. The pain may be intense. But the disease is so far advanced that only with radical surgery does the patient have a chance to survive.[17]
In his concluding chapter, Ehrlich offered a partial solution to the "population problem," "[We need] compulsory birth regulation... [through] the addition of temporary sterilants to water supplies or staple food. Doses of the antidote would be carefully rationed by the government to produce the desired family size".[17]
Ehrlich's views came to be accepted by many population control advocates in the United States and Europe in the 1960s and 1970s.[18] Since Ehrlich introduced his idea of the "population bomb," overpopulation has been blamed for a variety of issues, including increasing poverty, high unemployment rates, environmental degradation, famine and genocide.[13] In a 2004 interview, Ehrlich reviewed the predictions in his book, and found that while the specific dates within his predictions may have been wrong, his predictions about climate change and disease were valid. Ehrlich continued to advocate for population control and co-authored the book The Population Explosion, released in 1990 with his wife Anne Ehrlich.
Paige Whaley Eager argues that the shift in perception that occurred in the 1960s must be understood in the context of the demographic changes that took place at the time.[19] It was only in the first decade of the 19th century that the world's population reached one billion. The second billion was added in the 1930s, and the next billion in the 1960s. 90 percent of this net increase occurred in developing countries.[19] Eager also argues that, at the time, the United States recognised that these demographic changes could significantly affect global geopolitics. Large increases occurred in China, Mexico and Nigeria, and demographers warned of a "population explosion," particularly in developing countries from the mid-1950s onwards.[20]
Population control and economics[edit]
Opinions vary among economists about the effects of population change on a nation's economic health. US scientific research in 2009 concluded that the raising of a child cost about $16,000 yearly ($291,570 total for raising him/her up to his/her 18th birthday).[21] In the USA, the multiplication of this number with the yearly population growth will yield the overall cost of the population growth. Costs for other developed countries are usually of similar order of magnitude.
While some believe that reduction of the population is a key to economic growth, others argue that population reduction should be focused on what they judge to be undesirable sections of the population (see Eugenics). Other economists doubt that a correlation between population reduction and economic growth exists. Some economists, such as Thomas Sowell[22] and Walter E. Williams,[23] have argued that poverty and famine are caused by bad government and bad economic policies, not by overpopulation.
In his book, The Ultimate Resource, economist Julian Simon argued that higher population density leads to more specialization and technological innovation, which in turn leads to a higher standard of living. He claimed that human beings are the ultimate resource since we possess "productive and inventive minds that help find creative solutions to man's problems, thus leaving us better off over the long run".[24] He also claimed that, "Our species is better off in just about every measurable material way."[25][context?]
Simon also claimed that, when considering a list of countries ranked in order by population density, there is no correlation between population density and poverty and starvation[citation needed]. Instead, if a list of countries is considered according to corruption within their respective governments, there is a significant correlation between government corruption, poverty and famine.[citation needed]
Contemporary research[edit]
It is generally accepted that overpopulation is aggravated by poverty and gender inequality with consequent unavailability, and lack of knowledge, of contraception. Third world evidence usually bears this theory out. However, first and second world fertility rates, in the Depression era United States, modern Russia, Japan, Italy, Sweden, Estonia and France suggest that these populations are responding inversely to poverty and economic pressures, especially on women.[26] Thus, France is increasing social and women's services, like childcare and parental leave, expecting the policy to stop the aging of its population. Italy is regarded as alleviating overpopulation more rapidly than Sweden as a result of less gender equality and fewer children's services.[citation needed]
Newer research has been done by the U.S. National Security Council, in a study entitled National Security Study Memorandum 200, under the direction of Henry Kissinger in 1974. This report stressed that only 13 countries are projected to account for 47 percent of the world population increase by the year 2050. This, it is argued, (due to its impact on development, food requirements, resources and the environment) adversely affected the welfare and progress of countries concerned. It further argued that this would undermine the stability of countries friendly to the US and therefore harm the "national security" of the US as well.[27]
David Pimentel, professor of ecology and agriculture at Cornell University, and Mario Giampietro, senior researcher at the National Research Institute on Food and Nutrition (INRAN), place in their study Food, Land, Population and the U.S. Economy the maximum U.S. population for a sustainable economy at 200 million. To achieve a sustainable economy and avert disaster, the United States must reduce its population by at least one-third, and world population will have to be reduced by two-thirds, says the study.[28] A more recent study by Pimentel and colleagues (2010) suggests that the Earth can support a population of two billion individuals, but only if all individuals are willing to live at a European standard of living and use natural resources sustainably. These researchers state that reducing population from today's level of over 6.8 billion to the suggested 2 billion would take slightly longer than 100 years if every couple, worldwide, agrees to produce an average of only one child.[29]
Pimentel and Giampietro believe that agricultural crises will develop, but they will only begin to impact us after 2020, and will not become critical until 2050.[28] Geologist Dale Allen Pfeiffer claims that coming decades could see spiraling food prices without relief and massive starvation on a global level never experienced before.[30][31]
Another study has been done by the National Audubon Society which recently released a 16-page document called "Population and Habitat: Making the Connection." In this study, population control is widely supported.[32]
Views on population control[edit]
The neutrality of this section is disputed. (February 2013) |
Population control is also increasingly being featured in many environmental documentaries and films. An example is The Planet-documentary, which describes the ongoing rising human population, its effects on the planet, and the necessity of population control.
As early as 1798, Thomas Malthus stated in his Essay on the Principle of Population that population control needed to be implemented into society. Around the year 1900, Sir Francis Galton said in his publication called "Hereditary Improvement" that, "The unfit could become enemies to the State, if they continue to propagate." In 1968, Paul Ehrlich noted in The Population Bomb that, "We must cut the cancer of population growth," and that, "if this was not done, there would be only one other solution, namely the 'death rate solution' in which we raise the death rate through war-famine-pestilence etc."
In the same year, another prominent modern advocate for mandatory population control was Garrett Hardin, who proposed in his landmark 1968 essay The Tragedy of the Commons that society must relinquish the "freedom to breed" through "mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon." Later on, in 1972, he reaffirmed his support in his new essay "Exploring New Ethics for Survival", by stating that, "We are breeding ourselves into oblivion." Many prominent personalities, such as Bertrand Russell, Margaret Sanger (1939), John D. Rockefeller, Frederick Osborn (1952), Isaac Asimov and Jacques Cousteau have also advocated for population control.
Today, a number of influential people advocate population control, including:
- David Attenborough[33]
- Michael E. Arth[34]
- Jonathon Porritt, UK sustainable development commissioner[35]
- Sara Parkin[36]
- Crispin Tickell[37]
- Christian de Duve, Nobel laureate[38]
The head of the UN Millennium Project Jeffrey Sachs is also a heavy proponent of decreasing the effects of overpopulation. In 2007, Jeffrey Sachs gave a number of lectures (2007 Reith Lectures) about population control and overpopulation. In his lectures, called "Bursting at the Seams", he featured an integrated approach that would deal with a number of problems associated with overpopulation and poverty reduction. For example, when criticized for advocating mosquito nets he argued that child survival was, "by far one of the most powerful ways," to achieve fertility reduction, as this would assure poor families that the smaller number of children they had would survive.[39]
The Roman Catholic Church has opposed abortion, sterilization, and contraception as a general practice, but specifically in regard to population control policies.[citation needed] Pope Benedict XVI has stated that "The extermination of millions of unborn children, in the name of the fight against poverty, actually constitutes the destruction of the poorest of all human beings."[40]
Present-day practice by countries[edit]
The most significant population control system is China's one-child policy, in which, with various exceptions, having more than one child is discouraged. Unauthorized births are punished by fines, although there have also been allegations of illegal forced abortions and forced sterilization.[41] As part of China's planned birth policy, (work) unit supervisors monitor the fertility of married women and may decide whose turn it is to have a baby. [42]
The Chinese government introduced the policy in 1978 to alleviate the social and environmental problems of China.[43] According to government officials, the policy has helped prevent 400 million births. The success of the policy has been questioned, and reduction in fertility has also been attributed to the modernization of China.[44] The policy is controversial both within and outside of China because of the issues it raises, the manner in which the policy has been implemented and because of concerns about negative economic and social consequences e.g. lower female births.
Only those with two or fewer children are eligible for election to a Gram panchayat, or local government.
Us two, our two ("Hum do, hamare do" in Hindi) is a slogan meaning one family, two children and is intended to reinforce the message of family planning thereby aiding population control.
Facilities offered by government to its employees are limited to two children only. Government is offering incentives for families accepted for sterilization. Moreover India was the first country to take measures for family planning back in 1951.
Iran has succeeded in sharply reducing its birth rate in recent years. In Iran mandatory contraceptive courses are required for both males and females before a marriage license can be obtained. The government emphasizes the benefits of smaller families and the use of contraception.[45]
Singapore has undergone two major phases in its population control: first to slow and reverse the baby boom in the Post-World War II era; then from the 1980s onwards to encourage couples to have more children as the birth rate had fallen below the replacement-level fertility. In addition, during the interim period, the eugenics policies were adopted.[46]
The anti-natalist policies flourished in the 1960s and 1970s: intitiatives advocating small families were launched and developed into the Stop at Two programme, pushing for two-children families and promoting sterilisation.[47] In 1984, the government announced the Graduate Mothers' Scheme, which favoured children of more well-educated mothers;[48] the policy was however soon abandoned due to the outcry in the general election of the same year.[49] Eventually, the government became pro-natalist in the late 1980s, marked by its Have Three or More plan in 1987.[50]
United States[edit]
Enacted in 1970, Title X of the Public Health Service Act provides access to contraceptive services, supplies and information to those in need. Priority for services is given to people with low-incomes. The Title X Family Planning program is administered through the Office of Population Affairs under the Office of Public Health and Science. It is directed by the Office of Family Planning.[51] In 2007, Congress appropriated roughly $283 million for family planning under Title X, at least 90 percent of which was used for services in family planning clinics.[51] Title X is a vital source of funding for family planning clinics throughout the nation,[52] which provide reproductive health care.
The education and services supplied by the Title X-funded clinics support young individuals and low-income families. The goals of developing healthy families are accomplished by helping individuals and couples decide whether to have children and when the appropriate time to do so would be.[52]
Title X has made the prevention of unintended pregnancies possible.[52] It has allowed millions of American women to receive necessary reproductive health care, plan their pregnancies and prevent abortions. Title X is dedicated exclusively to funding family planning and reproductive health care services.[51]
Title X as a percentage of total public funding to family planning client services has steadily declined from 44% of total expenditures in 1980 to 12% in 2006. Medicaid has increased from 20% to 71% in the same time. In 2006, Medicaid contributed $1.3 billion to public family planning.[53]
It is reported that Uzbekistan has been pursuing a policy of forced sterilizations, hysterectomies and IUD insertions since the late 1990s in order to impose population control.[54][55][56][57][58]
See also[edit]
- Birth control
- Birth credit
- Eugenics
- Malthus' Dismal Theorem
- Overpopulation
- Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Knudsen, Lara (2006). Reproductive Rights in a Global Context. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780826515285.
- ^ Knudsen, Lara (2006). Reproductive Rights in a Global Context. Vanderbilt University Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 9780826515285.
- ^ Lifeblood: How to Change the World One Dead Mosquito at a Time, Alex Perry p9
- ^ a b c Neurath, Paul (1994). From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back. M.E. Sharpe. p. 7. ISBN 9781563244070.
- ^ a b Neurath, Paul (1994). From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back. M.E. Sharpe. p. 6. ISBN 9781563244070.
- ^ Neurath, Paul (1994). From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 6–7. ISBN 9781563244070.
- ^ a b c Neurath, Paul (1994). From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back. M.E. Sharpe. p. 8. ISBN 9781563244070.
- ^ a b Neurath, Paul (1994). From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back. M.E. Sharpe. p. 10. ISBN 9781563244070.
- ^ a b c d Neurath, Paul (1994). From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back. M.E. Sharpe. p. 9. ISBN 9781563244070.
- ^ Neurath, Paul (1994). From Malthus to the Club of Rome and Back. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 10–11. ISBN 9781563244070.
- ^ a b Rosenberg, M. (2007, September 09). Thomas Malthus on Population. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from About.com "Geography Web site"
- ^ a b Knudsen, Lara (2006). Reproductive Rights in a Global Context. Vanderbilt University Press. pp. 2–3. ISBN 9780826515285.
- ^ Bleier, R. The Home Page of the International Society of Malthus. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from The International Society of Malthus Web site: http://desip.igc.org/malthus/principles.html
- ^ Thomas Robert Malthus, 1766-1834. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from The History of Economic Thought Website Web site: http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/profiles/malthus.htm
- ^ Knudsen, Lara (2006). Reproductive Rights in a Global Context. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780826515285.
- ^ a b Knudsen, Lara (2006). Reproductive Rights in a Global Context. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780826515285.
- ^ Knudsen, Lara (2006). Reproductive Rights in a Global Context. Vanderbilt University Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9780826515285.
- ^ a b Whaley Eager, Paige (2004). Global Population Policy. Ashgate Publishing. p. 36. ISBN 9780754641629.
- ^ Whaley Eager, Paige (2004). Global Population Policy. Ashgate Publishing. p. 37. ISBN 9780754641629.
- ^ Abbott, Charles (August 4, 2009). "Pricetag to raise a child -- $291,570, says U.S". Reuters.
- ^ Thomas Sowell Julian Simon, combatant in a 200-year war Thomas Sowell, February 12, 1998
- ^ Population control nonsense Walter Williams, February 24, 1999
- ^ Moore, S. (1998, March/April). Julian Simon Remembered: it's a Wonderful Life. Retrieved June 25, 2009, from CATO Institute Web site
- ^ Regis, E. (1997, February). The Doomslayer. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from Wired.com site
- ^ IPPF.org
- ^ Population-security.org
- ^ a b Pfeiffer, Dale Allan (2 October 2003) Eating Fossil Fuels Post Carbon Institute, Energy Bulletin, Accessed 22 May 2012
- ^ Pimentel, David; Michele Whitecraft, Zachary R. Scott, Leixin Zhao, Particia Satkiewicz, Timothy J. Scott, Jennifer Phillips, Daniel Szimak, Gurpreet Singh, Daiela O. Gonzalez, Tun Lin Moe (August 2010). "Will Limited Land, Water and Energy Control Human Population Numbers in the Future?". Human Ecology 38: 599–611. doi:10.1007/s10745-010-9346-y. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
- ^ Peak Oil: the threat to our food security
- ^ Agriculture Meets Peak Oil
- ^ Audubon Society
- ^ Leake, Jonathan (August 3, 2003). "Attenborough cut population by half". The Times (London).
- ^ Corrupt.org, Interview with Michael E. Arth
- ^ Schwarz, Walter (September 1, 2004). "Crowd control". The Guardian (London).
- ^ Local to Global: Kingston University
- ^ The green diplomat: Sir Crispin Tickell
- ^ Lloyd, Robin (30 June 2011) Laureate urges next generation to address population control as central issue Scientific Americain, Retrieved 9 April 2012
- ^ BBC.co.uk Bursting at the Seams
- ^ Vatican.va
- ^ Arthur E. Dewey, Assistant Secretary for Population, Refugees and Migration Testimony before the House International Relations Committee Washington, DC December 14, 2004 http://statelists.state.gov/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind0412c&L=dossdo&P=401
- ^ http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+cn0081)
- ^ Pascal Rocha da Silva, "La politique de l'enfant unique en République Populaire de Chine", 2006, Université de Genève, p. 22-28., cf. Sinoptic.ch
- ^ "Has China's one-child policy worked?". BBC News. September 20, 2007.
- ^ Iran's Birth Rate Plummeting at Record Pace
- ^ Theresa Wong and Brenda S.A. Yeoh (June 2003), Fertility and the Family: An Overview of Pro-natalist Population Policies inSingapore, Asian MetaCentre Research Paper Series (12)
- ^ Population control in Singapore (this version)
- ^ Pekka Louhiala (2004). Preventing intellectual disability: ethical and clinical issues. Cambridge University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-521-53371-3.
- ^ Quah, Jon (1985). "Singapore in 1984: Leadership Transition in an Election Year". Asian Survey: 225. JSTOR 2644306.
- ^ "Singapore: Population Control Policies". Library of Congress Country Studies (1989). Library of Congress. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
- ^ a b c Office of Population Affairs
- ^ a b c Planned Parenthood, Title X
- ^ Sonfield A, Alrich C and Gold RB, Public funding for family planning, sterilization and abortion services, FY 1980–2006, Occasional Report, New York: Guttmacher Institute, 2008, No. 38.
- ^ Birth Control by Decree in Uzbekistan IWPR Institute for War & Peace Reporting, published 2005-11-18, accessed 2012-04-12
- ^ BBC News: Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women BBC, published 2012-04-12, accessed 2012-04-12
- ^ Crossing Continents: Forced Sterilisation in Uzbekistan BBC, published 2012-04-12, accessed 2012-04-12
- ^ Uzbeks Face Forced Sterilization The Moscow Times published 2010-03-10, accessed 2012-04-12
- ^ Shadow Report: UN Committee Against Torture United Nations, authors Rapid Response Group and OMCT, published November 2007, accessed 2012-04-12
Further reading[edit]
- Mandani, Mahmood (1972). The Myth of Population Control: Family, Caste, and Class in an Indian Village, in series, Modern Reader. First Modern Reader Pbk. ed. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1973, cop. 1972. 173 p. SBN 85345-284-9
- Warren C. Robinson; John A. Ross (2007). The global family planning revolution: three decades of population policies and programs. World Bank Publications. ISBN 978-0-8213-6951-7.
- Thomlinson, R. 1975. Demographic Problems: Controversy over Population Control. 2nd ed. Encino, CA: Dickenson.
External links[edit]
- The Environmental Politics of Population and Overpopulation A University of California, Berkeley summary of historical, contemporary and environmental concerns involving overpopulation
- Are we smarter than yeast ? A statement/video made by Dan Chay about our similarities with yeast in regards to overcrowding
- The Nine Lives of Population Control by Midge Decter Traces the history of the perceived need for population control.
- Motherjones.com , "The Charge: Gynocide", article by Barbara Ehrenreich, Stephen Minkin and Mark Dowie, Mother Jones, November/December 1979
- BMJ.bmjjournals.com, "To the point of farce: a martian view of the hardinian taboo—the silence that surrounds population control by Maurice King & Charles Elliott", British Medical Journal 1997
- BBC.co.uk, "Population size 'green priority'"
- Guardian.co.uk, Population growth is a threat. But it pales against the greed of the rich.
- LiveVideo.com, "Population Control: The Eugenics Connection", Retrieved June 20, 2009
- YouTube.com, The PRC Forum-Julian Simon. Retrieved June 20, 2009.
- UNmilleniumProject.org, UN Millennium Project, retrieved June 20, 2009.
- [2], Overpopulation in India, retrieved November 12, 2013.


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Like spicy food, facials begin with generous amounts of water and end with a brave face. Explore full frontals with today's Groupon: for RM88, you get a bio cell facial, full body massage, ear candling and drainage massage from Monz Beauty & Soul, valid at two outlets in Selangor (RM504 value).
Package includes:
- 90-min Bio Cell Facial with cleansing, toning, exfoliation, extraction, whitening mask, face and decollete massage (RM268 value)
- 60-min full body massage with essential oil (RM168 value)
- 30-min ear candling and drainage massage (RM68 value)
Iniquitous visages are given clean slates as pore police prep for a rogue regime of cleaning, extracting and paper-mache making. Body massages are subsequently summoned after a stressful bout of plundering, as essential oils are kneaded into organ repositories demanding the immediate eviction of stress and river trolls. Sound weavers rendezvous over dark candle-light settings while jealous lymph vessels are appeased with a consoling drainage massage that reinforces immune systems and insecurities. Faces join in on the bedazzled bandwagon as they guzzle hydrating masks after they have been sufficiently doughified.
Customers are advised to arrive 10 minutes before appointment time.
Valid at:
Monz Beauty & Soul, Damansara Utama
No. 105, Jalan SS21/1A, Damansara Utama, 47400 Petaling Jaya, Selangor.
Phone: 03-7725 9945 (Call Tue – Fri: 11am – 8pm / Sat – Sun: 10am – 6.30pm, not including public holidays)
Monz Beauty & Soul, IOI Boulevard
Lot D-1-55, IOI Boulevard, Jalan Kenari 5, Bandar Puchong Jaya, 47170 Puchong, Selangor.
Phone: 03-8076 3779 (Call Tue – Fri: 11am – 8pm / Sat – Sun: 10am – 6.30pm, not including public holidays)

subset: commoncrawl


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Crisp air, fresh dew on the grass and a bright, blue sky: all the makings of a perfect day of golf, and that's precisely what alumni and friends enjoyed at the 2011 Alumni Golf Outing.
Photo Gallery
Held at the beautiful Mill River Club in Upper Brookville, Long Island, this year's event raised over $100,000 for student scholarships, the most in its history. Foursomes teed off throughout the day, putting their skills to the test in a best-ball competition, followed by a cocktail reception and dinner in the clubhouse. This year's honoree was Albert M. Farina, CPA '75CBA, an outstanding alumnus who currently serves as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Sound Shore Health System. He's also an active member of the St. John's community and is quick to attribute his success to the college education he received. "St. John's was exceptional and has meant a great deal to me," Farina noted. "I know everyone probably says that, but it's so true. I met some really great professors who changed what I was doing in my life. When I first came to St. John's in 1971, I stepped onto campus and said, 'Wow, look at this place!' And I still get that same feeling when I see campus today. It's even more vibrant than ever." Farina enjoyed the opportunity to go golfing with his friends and colleagues and appreciated the turnout. "The course was great, the club was great and everybody had a fantastic time," he said. "And with the weather being so beautiful, you just can't get much better than this." Victor E. Ramos '91CBA, '93MBA, Associate Vice President, Division of Institutional Advancement and Interim Director of Alumni Relations, welcomed the guests at dinner and thanked them for making this year's outing such a success. "Even in these tough economic times, our alumni and friends still come out to support us," Ramos said. "We thank you for not only this golf outing, but for all of your continued annual support, which has helped St. John's University and its students grow in remarkable ways." Melody Howard, a senior in St. John's College of Professional Studies, is one of the recipients of the Long Island Alumni Golf Outing Scholarship. She attended the dinner to meet the people who have helped make her education so affordable. "If it wasn't for this scholarship, I don't know how I'd be able to pay for school," Howard explained. "I can't thank these alumni enough, and you can really sense their camaraderie and school spirit. As the saying goes, 'We Are St. John's,' and you definitely see that in our alumni." Guests were thrilled with the success of this year's outing. Scott Watson '81L, a member of the Alumni Golf Outing Committee and a father himself, knows how difficult it can be to pay for college tuition and was glad that his support helped students like Howard. "My wife and I are very fortunate to be able to afford the cost of college," he said, "but it's certainly a struggle for us. To be a part of this fundraising process – to put real dollars into the hands of real students who could really use it – is the best feeling. That's what the outing is all about, and this year's success is great news."


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Guest blog by Nelson Oppong, an independent analyst with Think Africa Press. His main interests are in the political economy of resources and state building in Africa and the British Carribean.
Ghana's Rural Enterprise Project (REP) demonstrates that – with clear-sighted goals, well-defined targets and determined international donor support – state-driven social intervention can succeed.
Initiated by the government in 1995 under the auspices of the GRATIS Foundation and with the support of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the project seeks to reduce poverty and improve living conditions in rural areas through increased productivity for the rural poor.
Making a real impact
According to Ulac Demirag, the Country Programme Manager of IFAD-Ghana, REP is one of IFAD's best performing programmes in West and East Africa. With an initially modest target of about ten districts in the Brong Ahafo and Ashanti regions, the project has expanded and recorded achievements which have received glowing recognition from other international donors such as the African Development Bank.
In 2002, the Ghanaian government and IFAD scaled up the project to cover 66 districts that were considered amongst the poorest in Ghana. Within these operating districts, there have been verifiable success stories as exemplified by the number of businesses operating sustainably and making profits over the last decade.
With 70% of Ghanaians - and around 86% of the population who live below the poverty line - living in rural areas, REP's targeting of economically-active youth and women in the rural areas lends support to a strategic area of the country's development.
Conservative estimates from the government indicate that over 170,000 people have been trained under REP in various community-based trading and enterprise development undertakings. Between 2003 and 2010, almost GHS150000 ($83,000) was been disbursed by financial institutions involved in the project. A Graduate Apprenticeship Scheme initiated in 2009 has so far produced over 12,000 new businesses. And several rural-based small and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) dealing in things such as clothing, textiles, soap-making, carpentry, hairdressing and food-processing have benefited from the project's business development services, technology transfer, apprenticeship training, and rural finance services.
Many of the major beneficiaries have been women. In the Garu-Tempane District of the Upper East Region, for instance, half of the 1,200 clients using support services are female. And in the same district, women are healthily represented in the 150 new businesses and 700 jobs created in 2011.
REP is also among the few national interventions that have survived the turbulence of Ghana's schizophrenic development planning since 1992. While the country's policy atmosphere has considerably fluctuated under different governments, with many initiatives either being abandoned or significantly altered after general elections, REP has done well to maintain a degree of steadiness.
Room for improvement
As many Ghanaians revel in the remarkable success and well-noted institutional and operational strengths of REP, there are also some legitimate suggestions that the project could benefit from a more holistic approach from the government, especially in tackling the structural unemployment and underdevelopment of rural communities.
In spite of REP contributions, there are also some concerns that progress could be undermined by the decreased attention given to other rural development priorities, especially in areas such infrastructure building. In addition, increased partisan involvement in local governance has also produced various policy initiatives that have sought to promote similar objectives to REP but which have no meaningful harmonisation with REP.
The many parties involved in REP's success must be wary of these upcoming challenges to ensure the project continues to yield the impressive successes it has thus far, and go from strength to strength.
You can find out more from the full version of this article on the Think Africa Press website.
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Authors » Michal Bosworth
Michal Bosworth
Michal Bosworth was born in New Zealand in 1944 and had her first experience as a migrant in 1952 when she moved with her parents and brother to live in Brisbane. In later years she lived in England and Italy where she discovered not everyone spoke Australian. Most recently she moved to Western Australia, where she lives with her family in Perth. Since 1965 she has worked as an historical researcher and writer for a variety of employers and publishers. She has also written books for school children, articles about women, and has gathered together recipes of traditional Italian dishes with the help of a friend. Working with Emma Ciccotosto has been an extension of her abiding interest in women's history and the history of food.
Winner, Western Australian Week Literary Award, 1991
Books available from Fremantle Press
From the Catalogue
Light Horse Boy at Bologna
Fremantle Press illustrators are again set to shine at the Bologna Children's Book Fair in March 2014. Drawings from Light Horse Boy will feature in the Australian Publishers Association exhibition Hello! from Australia while The Last Viking and Dreamers will feature in the exhibition's book showcase.


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Egnyte CEO says: IT should get physical with their cloud provider (video)
Sponsored Post For most cloud providers, the biggest PR problem is security. Egnyte CEO Vineet Jain has invested years into understanding — and alleviating — commons concerns about the cloud. In a video interview, Jain recommends customers investigate the physical perimeters of the data center.


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The bathroom toilet needed a bucket of water to use to flush the toilet. Everything about this place is horrible. Absolutely the worst hotel I have ever stayed at in the world. And I travel for a living.
Algeria >
Constantine Province >
Ranked #7 of 7 hotels in Constantine


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Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
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Set your sights on victory. With a high-precision optical engine, the G400 gives you consistent tracking and precise aiming no matter how fast you move your hand. It's the new MX518.
Filter Results |
Good for like 16 months.Pros: Good accuracy, nice shape, good weight. Cons: The side buttons. I found myself accidentally pressing them and losing typed up messages and job applications by navigating to the previous screen in my browser as a result. Had to get 3rd party software to change their function to something actually useful. Other Thoughts: The mouse died slowly (cable connection came looser and looser over time) in just under 2 years of use. I was hoping it would last longer than that. Did you find this review helpful? |
It seemed great. and then...Pros: Small, light weight, very responsive with 5 DPI settings that can be changed with the click of a mouse button. Works really good if you don't use a MSI MB in your rig! Cons: Small, light weight. Moves the cursor by itself if there is any tension on the cord. it is that light! I'm not so sure about the firmware. This was a major issue! Not the software. The problem begins before the software is even installed and installing the software doesn't change the behavior. Other Thoughts: The first computer I used this mouse on had a Gigabyte MB. I upgraded my computer 6 months later and got a MSI MB. From day 1 of the new computer my USB ports would be detected and then un-detected by Windows. This would happen once or maybe several times in a row. Then the USB ports would die completely and everything plugged into USB ports would no longer function. (keyboard, ext. HDD, game pads and joystick, etc.) I honestly thought that it was the MSI MB but after a couple weeks of trial and error I've made my new computer work by NOT plugging in this mouse. It is still possible that the MSI MB could very specifically not like this very specific mouse. This mouse works on every other computer I've plugged it into. But then, none of these other computers have a MSI MB. Did you find this review helpful? |
decent mousePros: Its fast and I like the ergonomics as well as adjustment on mouse sensitivity. This is replacing an older, similar model logitech mouse that just stopped working. The left mouse button seems to be "catching something" at times with uneven movement. It works fine though. The one it is replacing was so good, I ignored the durability aspect and got this one (which is likely the same model with some simply alterations). Cons: Maybe durability, but hey whats $50 every 2-3 years for a good mouse. Did you find this review helpful? |
Dependable mousePros: Awesome mouse, we're approaching two years of ownership now. Amazing feel; I can palm a basketball quite easily, and this mouse fits my big hands great. I just bought Logitech's G510 Gaming keyboard from Newegg, and they both work great together; they both utilize the same gaming program. It would've been nice if the G400 had backlit illuminated lights on it's buttons like the G510 keyboard; but I won't knock off an egg because of it. I realize the G500 is already out. Definitely a Logitech fanboy for life! Cons: None really. Did you find this review helpful? |
Pretty much a perfect mousePros: Very responsive, never skips, software works pretty well. Cons: My ideal mouse would have ~4 more buttons, but unless you need more this is ideal. Buttons above and below scroll wheel are a bit awkward for quick access. Did you find this review helpful? |
works goodPros: feels good in the hand.. havent had any problems with the tracking.. optical seems to be better than laser mice from my experience Cons: feels a bit odd to hold at first but you get used to it. the mouse cord feels a bit cheap, and could be a bit longer Other Thoughts: i have also owned two of the RAT-7 mouse's, had to return both of them because the laser stopped working. its pretty bad when a device fails under regular useage. one of them lasted almost a year, the other one lasted a few months. nolonger buying from that brand. Did you find this review helpful? |
Good product, but failedPros: Worked fine for about six months, then failed. Cons: Warranty phone line is not toll-free, which is absurd. I'm still waiting on a replacement. 1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? |
Support is utter garbagePros: The mouse itself worked great for about six months, then it died. I guess the fact that the product worked well without dying for that long deserves an egg. Cons: Logitech support is utter garbage. I try to call the warranty number listed on their website (Support / Warranty Claims, +1 646-454-3200), it's not toll-free and is currently disconnected. Disconnected! I couldn't believe it! As if it wasn't bad enough that they're having the consumer foot the bill for calling, then they don't even have it connected! It's like a joke! A major tech company's warranty line isn't even reachable. What a load. It's past the 70 day RMA period on Newegg, so they can't do anything about it. I know what vendor I'm never buying from again. Did you find this review helpful? |
update of the great, durable MX518 gaming mousePros: Durable, good feel, great button placement, very accurate, lots of software options Cons: none Did you find this review helpful? |
Great MousePros: Overall this is just a solid mouse. I really like the design and shape. It feels very good in my hand. I believe it's meant to be palm gripped but I have somewhat larger hands and I pull off a fingertip grip easily. The side buttons are good, but it took me a while to be able to use the 2nd one. On the fly DPI changing is a nice feature I thought I would use but I really don't care for it after trying it. Has great tracking and was joyed when I figured out I could turn off acceleration. Would recommend to just about anyone. Cons: Some people may like a higher DPI mouse but I dont see the need. Did you find this review helpful? |


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Total amount of available memory may be less based on system configurations graphics support, and other factors.
Samsung's innovative solutions bring maximum value, performance and award-winning design to companies of every size, from startups and small businesses to Fortune 500 companies.
Features and specifications are subject to change without prior notification |


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This event brings together the most influential Asian-Pacific executives in the international carrier communities.
Capacity Asia connects senior executives from the Asian and international carrier communities to network and learn about the trends shaping the whole saletelecoms industry.
With 450+ delegates from over 150 companies representing countries across Asia, Europe, North America, the Middle East and Russia,Capacity Asia provides a unique opportunity to make valuable contacts and expand your presence across the region.
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NP Rank:
26-year Old Financial Firm with Proven History of Accurate Predic
Biggest Ponzi Scheme
Dear Fellow Citizen:
My name is George Leong, and I'm writing to you today about a threat to the United States that is bigger than any threat I've ever witnessed.
This threat is so big; it could quickly bring the United States to its knees and transform this once-mighty nation into a third-world country.
Just how big is this threat?
It's bigger than the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression that followed.
It's bigger than the oil crisis of the 1970s, during which the price of oil spiked dramatically.
And it's bigger than the financial and banking crisis of 2008.
If you've heeded our past warnings, then you already know we have a track record of accurately predicting major events like this before they happen.
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The islanders are bi-lingual and speak Spanish (castellan) and their own local language that is called Menorquì, which is a variety of Catalan.
Catalan was introduced into the Minorcan society with the conquering of the island by Alfonso III of Aragón, who encouraged his Catalonians to migrate to the island.
Apart from the different dialects, the Minorcan lexicon includes some words and phrases inherited by the British and French dominions of the past. A clear example is the use of words such as "gin" to refer to the spirit, introduced by the British during the 18th century. Other words in use are "xoc" (chalk in English and tiza in Spanish), "marvels" as for marbles or "bòtil": a clear reference to the English bottle.
With the law of linguistic standardization (1986), Catalan was promoted into the school curriculum. Catalan is used in the majority of the island's signs; therefore please note "platja" (beach), "port" (port/harbour) or "camí" (way/road).


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Golden State green-tech contest warms up
The California Clean Tech Open kicked off its second competition with a sunny outlook at San Francisco's City Hall Tuesday night. In October the contest will award six fledgling green businesses with start-up starter kits worth $100,000 in cash, office space and professional services. Prize sponsors include AMD, Google, Lexus and Pacific Gas & Electric.
Last year 156 seedling companies entered the open, which is backed by nonprofit Acterra; twice as many contenders are anticipated for 2007. A new green building award joins five other categories: energy efficiency; renewables; smart power; transportation; and air, water and waste. Entries … Read more


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Whatever the reason you may be giving some thought to DISH in Tupelo, you should be aware that you will get all the most popular channels and can select from a smorgasbord of programming packages. There's a DISH offer that meets just about anyone's budget. You might be amazed to learn how affordable it is to get started up with DISH, especially if you are used to to the high price of cable TV. DISH offers provide Tupelo residents most of the same television channels that you will receive on cable for less money.
You'll encounter top-rated television channels like The Discovery Channel, The History Channel, The Weather Channel, TLC, Animal Planet, Soap Net, Lifetime, A&E, HGTV, ESPN, Nickelodeon, Fox News, CNN, MSNBC and many more.
Sports lovers in Tupelo can choose to catch channels such as NFL Red Zone, ESPN Full Court, NBA League Pass, ESPN Game Plan and NHL Center Ice. For wrestling fans, DISH provides special pay-per-view events from the WWE and TNA. Boxing and mixed martial arts fans are also able to catch the most exciting fights on pay-per-view special event programming. All from the convenience of your very own home base in Tupelo.
For devotees of sports that are more recognized in other parts of the world, DISH provides coverage of cricket, rugby and soccer.
Be aware of fake statements by the cable TV industry that claim satellite TV does not offer too many local broadcasts. DISH actually includes local channels in high definition in over 93% of U.S. markets and standard definition is covered in excess of 97% of markets. Chances are darn solid that your local broadcasts in the Tupelo area are on tap on DISH.
DISH really rises above the others when it comes to multinational programming, whereas cable does not offer nearly as much international programming. For instance, DISH offers programming in the following languages Arabic, Armenian, Bangla, Cantonese, Farsi, Filipino, French, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hebrew, Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Kannada, Korean, Malayalam, Mandarin, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Russian, Tamil, Telugu, Ukrainian, Urdu, and Vietnamese.
All DISH programming is beamed utilizing a 100% digital signal, taking advantage of the very latest MPEG-4 format, which provides for the most channels distributed in the highest possible quality.
Although it looks like the service offering the most HD channels is always in conflict, it is hard to dispute unbiased reports that arrive at the conclusion that DirecTV's number of HD channels are numbered at 78 and DISH's HD channels at 84 as of November, 2009. Although you are likely to hear numbers something like "over 100" or "more than 130" in industry commercials, those figures are most likely inflated by counting local sports channels and pay-per-view event channels. When most people are counting HD channels, they are most likely not thinking about those varieties of channels.
In addition to all the exceptional programming DISH has to offer, they are also noted for their first-rate systems that boast receivers and DVRs that regularly come out on top when put up against the equipment from the cable companies and DISH's rivals at DirecTV. See my equipment page for additional information and independent comparisons of DISH DVR systems.
DISH has led the way in advanced technology in the satellite industry, being first to introduce features like multi-room HD DVRs, 1080p HD video on demand, multi-screen channels and multi-cam broadcasts.
Thousands of other Mississippi residents are enjoying DISH service right now and free installation can ordinarily be arranged in a matter of a few days for Tupelo residents. Call 1-866-537-9648 anytime (24/7/365) to get your hottest deal on DISH or check the latest information to see all the very latest special offers and promotions available today.


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LELAND, NC (WWAY) -- In this week's Kitchen Cops report, a regrade for Pizza Hut in Leland. Last week we told you the restaurant had a very low grade due mostly to a faulty prep cooler.
In its last inspection the restaurant scored a low 84 with a number of items cited and a warning to repair the pizza prep cooler to hold food to 45 degrees or cooler.
Upon reinspection the cooler is working properly, and despite a few minor clean and repair items the new score is a healthy 97.


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Agoraphobia (cont.)Medical Author:
Roxanne Dryden-Edwards, MD
Roxanne Dryden-Edwards, MDDr. Roxanne Dryden-Edwards is an adult, child, and adolescent psychiatrist. She is a former Chair of the Committee on Developmental Disabilities for the American Psychiatric Association, Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, and Medical Director of the National Center for Children and Families in Bethesda, Maryland. Medical Editor:
Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD
Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MDMelissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, is a U.S. board-certified Anatomic Pathologist with subspecialty training in the fields of Experimental and Molecular Pathology. Dr. Stöppler's educational background includes a BA with Highest Distinction from the University of Virginia and an MD from the University of North Carolina. She completed residency training in Anatomic Pathology at Georgetown University followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology. In this Article
What are the symptoms of agoraphobia?
Comment on this
The symptoms of agoraphobia include anxiety that one will have a panic attack when in a situation from which escape is not possible or is difficult or embarrassing. The panic attack associated with agoraphobia, like all panic attacks, may involve intense fear, disorientation, rapid heart beat, dizziness, or diarrhea. Agoraphobic individuals often begin to avoid the situations that provoke these reactions. Interestingly, the situations that are often avoided by people with agoraphobia and the environments which cause people with balance disorders to feel disoriented are quite similar. This leads some cases of agoraphobia to be considered as vestibular function agoraphobia. What are the risk factors for agoraphobia?Agoraphobia tends to begin by adolescence or early adulthood. Girls and women, Native Americans, middle-aged individuals, low-income populations, and individuals who are either widowed, separated, or divorced are at increased risk of developing agoraphobia. Individuals who are Asian, Hispanic, or of African/African-American descent tend to have a lower risk of developing this disorder. While having a history of panic attacks is a risk factor for developing agoraphobia, agoraphobic individuals are at increased risk for developing panic attacks as well. Other anxiety disorders that tend to co-occur with agoraphobia include social anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Even the use of alcohol can result in severe, temporary anxiety. Patient CommentsViewers share their comments
Agoraphobia - Treatments
Question: How do you treat or manage your agoraphobia? Do you take medication?
Agoraphobia - Experiences
Question: Please share your experiences of agoraphobia.
Agoraphobia - Symptoms
Question: What were your symptoms associated with agoraphobia?


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Blog: Gestational diabetes — some explanations
By Mayo Clinic staffOriginal Article: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/gestational-diabetes/MY00956
- With Mayo Clinic certified nurse-midwife
Mary M. Murry, R.N., C.N.M.
read biographyclose windowBiography of
Mary M. Murry, R.N., C.N.M.
Mary M. Murry, R.N., C.N.M.
Mary Murry is a certified nurse-midwife in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.
Murry, a Cincinnati native, has been a nurse-midwife practitioner for more than 20 years and is an instructor at the College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic. She was a contributing reviewer and writer of the "Mayo Clinic Guide to a Healthy Pregnancy" book.
Her research interests include adult female survivors of sexual abuse, women's perception of pain in labor, and obesity in pregnancy.
Latest entries
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Dec. 3, 2013
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Nov. 8, 2013
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Oct. 24, 2013
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Oct. 9, 2013
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Pregnancy and you blog
Sept. 24, 2009
Blog: Gestational diabetes — some explanations
By Mary M. Murry, R.N., C.N.M.
35 comments posted
I'm looking forward to becoming a grandmother for the first time, likely in January. My daughter isn't always enjoying her pregnancy, but she's deeply in love with her baby. Last week, she was scheduled for her gestational diabetes test — often referred to as a glucose challenge test. She had read about it but still had some questions. I thought this would be a good place to answer them since you may have similar questions.
During pregnancy, the placenta produces hormones that interfere with insulin. If insulin can't get into your cells, your blood sugar level will rise. If your body isn't able to produce enough insulin to control your blood sugar level, you may develop gestational diabetes.
Some health care providers screen all pregnant women for gestational diabetes. Others screen only women who have specific risk factors — such as being older than age 25, being overweight, having a personal or family history of diabetes, having given birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds (4 kilograms), or being a member of certain ethnic groups.
The glucose challenge test is usually done between weeks 24 and 28 of pregnancy. The test itself isn't too bad. You'll begin by drinking a syrupy glucose solution. One hour later, you'll have a blood test to measure your blood sugar level. If your blood sugar level is higher than normal, you may need a different type of follow-up glucose challenge test.
If you're diagnosed with gestational diabetes, diet and exercise become especially important. You'll get a glucose meter and learn how to check your blood sugar level, and your health care provider might recommend consulting a registered dietitian for help developing a meal plan. If diet and exercise aren't enough, you may need oral medication or insulin shots.
The possible complications of gestational diabetes — such as preeclampsia and a risk of developing diabetes later in life for mom and excess growth, low blood sugar and breathing trouble for baby — are scary. Still, making healthy lifestyle choices can go a long way toward ensuring a healthy pregnancy.
If you've been diagnosed with gestational diabetes, how have you been handling the condition? Please share your stories.
35 comments posted
- What I need to know about gestational diabetes. National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse. http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/gestational. Accessed Sept. 23, 2009.
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Harriet Betts Broadhead
Her birth and death dates are confirmed by her death certificate.
Moses Clawson Company (1853)Age at departure: 22
New FamilySearch/Family Tree
- Perpetual Emigrating Fund, General Files (except for 1847-49 which are in Camp of Israel schedules and reports, 1845-1849).
- Source Location
- Church History Library, Salt Lake City
- Utah State Death Certificate, Utah State Archives
- Source Location
- Internet Web Site


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Digital Media Committee
SPJ's Digital Media Committee aims to help news professionals wanting to learn more in a hurry about technology. The committee monitors the continued electronic evolution of the journalism industry and advises the organization on the latest trends so it can prepare journalists for the latest changes.
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Arrest on CRESCENT LANE, GASTON COUNTY, NC |
Arrest - CRESCENT LANE, GASTON COUNTY, NC
Email to a friend Submit a Crime Tip |
Google Map Loading ...
Google Streetview Disclaimer: This is a Google Maps Street View of the approximate area where the crime occurred. It is not necessarily the exact address view of the crime.
Local news for Gaston County provided by
Police: Man posing as deputy pulls gun on newspaper carrier (by WSOCTV)
A woman told Channel 9 she was only doing her job when she came face-to-face with a gun.
Who got arrested? 9/8/13 (by The Gaston Gazette)
The following is a daily arrest report provided by the Gastonia and Gaston County police departments and the Gaston County Sheriff's Office.
Police: Suspect identified in shooting, no charges yet (by The Gaston Gazette)
Sgt. Tracy Bess said a 25-year-old man was shot during what is being labeled a domestic dispute.
Brothers going to prison for killing one's girlfriend (by The Gaston Gazette)
Two brothers accused of killing a Gastonia woman accepted plea offers that will send both men to prison.Mark Collins will spend at least 20 years in prison, while his brother, John Collins, will spend a minimum of 4½ years behind bars.
Police capture suspect accused of assaulting officer (by The Gaston Gazette)
A Gastonia police officer was hurt Sunday night while trying to arrest a man who was assaulting a bail bonds agent, according to police.


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Sub-Zero ICBWS30/S/TH/RH Wine Cabinet
Click on the image to zoomProduct information
Please note: This product is not available in our shops for viewing.Wine that is well cared for becomes a meal's most worthy companion. And great wine needs to be nurtured and cared for to enjoy it at it's best. Don't think of the Sub-Zero ICBWS30/S/TH/RH as a wine storage cabinet, but a guardian against the enemies of wine - heat, humidity, light and vibration.
In stainless steel with a full-view glass door, soft LED interior lighting and several display shelves, you'll not only be showing off your collection, but also bringing some 'wow' factor to your kitchen. And Sub-Zero's largest wine storage unit can house up to 147 bottles — 50 in the upper zone, 97 in the lower - over 15 shelves in total. You can set temperatures from 3°C to 18°C in each zone.
- Lighting - discreet lighting is independent of door opening
- Temperature - two sealed temperature zones that let you set ideal serving or storage temperatures
- Compressor - quiet compressor
- Shelves - pull out on roller assembly for easy access to bottles, and accommodate half-bottles
- Microprocessor - touch pad controls make it easy to set the correct temperature and you can even chose between Celsius or Fahrenheit for the display
- Control of humidity - ideal humidity prevents corks from drying out
- Servicing - indicators that let you know when a service may be necessary or if a door is open
- Bottle display - illuminated display shelf lets you show off your prize bottles
- Security - optional lock to protect your wine
- UV-resistant glass - that keeps out harmful rays
- Lighting - discreet lighting is independent of door opening
- Cherry wood shelves - stainable cherry wood shelf fronts display your collection beautifully
Please note: additional non-standard delivery charges may apply after the telephone or site survey - this takes place prior to delivery. Right-hand hinge model (which cannot be reversed). Minimum door clearance requirement of 94.6cm for standard fit or 95.9cm for a flush fit.
Sub-Zero has been designing the ultimate in refrigeration for more than 60 years, built to the highest standards in Wisconsin, USA, from the very best materials. There are no shortcuts and their attention to detail is obsessive, with every product being rigorously tested to ensure perfection.
- Ambient operating temperature Information Optimum outside temperature the appliance will work best at. Any cooler/hotter than this may cause the item to cease functioning
- 10 - 28ºC
- Annual Energy consumption Information Amount of electricity used. The lower the figure, the less electricity used
- Information not available
- Average annual energy cost Information How much the appliance costs to run a year (with John Lewis assuming 1kwh = 10p inc VAT). Please contact your electricity supplier for the price you would actually pay for a unit of electricity
- Information not available
- Bottle capacity (75cl) Information How many bottles the wine cooler holds
- 147
- Brand
- Sub-Zero
- Dimensions
- H213.4 x W76.2 x D61cm
- Eligible for International Delivery
- Maximum noise level Information How noisy, in decibels, the machine is. The lower the dB, the quieter the appliance
- Information not available
- Model name / number
- Net storage (fridge) Information Usable fridge volume
- Information not available
- Number of Shelves
- 15
- Online Exclusive
- Reversible door Information Can be reversed by yourself after delivery, or -selected appliances only - by John Lewis (charge applies)
- No - hinge mounted on the right
- Type
- Built-in
Delivery in 7 weeks from our supplier
- Free
International delivery not available
We want you to be happy with your purchase. If you're not, just return the products to us or to one of our shops. Unless faulty, we'd like this to be within 90 days of purchase. Exceptions apply to certain products - find out more about our refund policy.
Depending on the type of product, you can make free returns via our shops, Royal Mail (or courier collection for large or heavy items), Collect+ or via MyHermes.
Q & As
UK delivery:
Free Standard UK delivery within 7 weeks
International delivery not available:
Returns are free
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Bookworm, goth, vegetarian? There's a site for that.
Geek seeking geek. Do-gooder looking for the same. Single bulldog lover needs a date—for herself and her four-legged buddy.
If you've been looking for love in all the wrong places, consider a niche dating site, which directs singletons to very specific audiences. U.S. News rounded up some of the more interesting choices.


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Annex Mexico.
Living in Texas, I've given a lot of thought on the issue of homeland security, especially as it applies to the border. Admittedly, here in the Panhandle, we're about as far away from the Mexican border as you can be, and still live in the great State of Texas. However, you might be surprised to learn that border security is an issue that has a | Read More »


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Remember Me
Anna Stevens and Jada Smith hang on for a wild ride at the Yazoo County Fair during the Saturday matinee.
By JAMIE PATTERSONManaging EditorThe Parks and Recreation Commission are slowly getting out of the red with its budget, but there are still some bumps in the road. The commission runs its department with a very limited budget due to tough economic times and high legal fees. But there has been some recent action that could slowly lift the parks and recreation department out of its hole.-------for the rest of the story see The Yazoo Herald printed edition or subscribe to the Digital Edition.----------
By JAMIE PATTERSONManaging EditorAlderman Aubry Brent Jr. said he is invited the state board of education to attend the city's next board meeting. "The buck stops with the Board of Mayor and Aldermen when it comes to our schools," he said.-------for the rest of the story see The Yazoo Herald printed edition or subscribe to the Digital Edition.----------
CarverBy JAMIE PATTERSONManaging EditorCity leaders were uneasy about striking an agreement with Chancery Clerk Quint Carver concerning the collection of delinquent taxes. Carver appeared before the Board of Mayor and Aldermen during its opening meeting Monday afternoon to request possible compensation from the city for his office's work with delinquent taxes. Carver said he is adjusting to recent budget cuts within the chancery clerk's office. "The county went to a situation where they reduced my budget," Carver said. "A big part of my budget elimination was delinquent taxes that I collect."The chancery clerk's office operates on the fees that come through its doors. Although there were cuts, Carver said he still has to collect those delinquent taxes."A large portion of those taxes is within the city," Carver said.-------for the rest of the story see The Yazoo Herald printed edition or subscribe to the Digital Edition.----------
Cadet Capt. Wesley Uthoff with the Yazoo County High JROTC helps his fellow cadets unfold the flag at a ceremony dedicating a flagpole at the home of veteran Dewayne Williams. The group present the Williams family with a flagpole and flag. Williams who served in Iraq, was seriously injured in an automobile accident earlier this year while serving at Camp Shelby.
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An anti-government protester receives a head massage as tens of thousands gather at the Democracy Monument in central Bangkok December 8, 2013. Thai Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra proposed a referendum on her future on Sunday and promised to resign if that was what the people wanted, as anti-government protesters prepared for a final push to try to force her from power. REUTERS/Damir Sagolj (THAILAND - Tags: SOCIETY CIVIL UNREST POLITICS)
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This was the best place to stay at Kovalam. The hotel was really good and it was very near and clean. We have loved the complimentary breakfast and with that the dinner was also awesome. The location of the hotel was real nice. It was calm and quiet and the beach was just a meter away. It was a real... More
- Also Known As:
- Hotel Sea Rock Kovalam, Kerala
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Hotel Sea Rock - A haven of sun, surf and sand. Embedded in the picturesque Corromandal coastline near the architectural showpiece of Kerala -Kovalam. A luxurious refuge in the lap of winds and the waves. Wherein the hushed serenity, is situated, Sea Rock Beach Resort, a 15 km drive from Trivandrum International Airport and 16 kms from Trivandrum Railway Station. In this lap of nature is a haven of man-made luxury. Naturally, the in-house specialty is sea food-crabs, lobsters and a wide variety of fish, straight from the nets of the local fishermen. Sea Rock Beach Resort, a peace and beauty crystallized for you. The main attraction of this resort is its Ayurveda Centre where different Ayurveda packages like Special Holistic treatment for Rejuvenation and detoxification. When you stay in the resort you can be adventurous and take a boat ride to Kovalam Beach, and uninhabited beach that justifies its name. After wafting on the crystal clear water and fanned by the cool breeze from the Arabian sea, you can let the golden velvety sands to massage your limbs. It can be exclusively for your relish if you wish. Water sports. The Resort has palatial colonial English type rooms over looking golden stretch of Beach. The resort is having all the modern facilities like air-conditioned rooms and multi cuisine restaurant. That's the beauty of staying at Sea Rock Beach Resorts. You privacy is kept sacred. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com and Agoda so you can book your Hotel Sea Rock reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


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Sunday, August 30, 2009
Nightmare: 'I have little hope that anyone can undo the damage that has been done to him.'
This is a must read. It is the story of how our justice system fails boys falsely accused of rape. Here, a young man was falsely accused of rape and wrongly incarcerated for 17 months. The girl recanted, but the boy still can't clear his name. He's still listed on the state's sex-offender registry. His life has been ripped apart; his family has been forced to move; and even his younger brother has been the target of a false rape accusation, in retaliation for the older brother's "rape."
"I have always taught my boys that if they are honest and law-abiding and respectful, they will be safe in the community," Edgar Dulaney, the boy's father said. "My boys now know that this is not true. [My oldest son] learned a lot at the age of 15 that the 'community' is not always fair, and that his mother and I cannot really protect him."
Undoing the damage is like unringing a bell, or putting the toothpaste back in the tube. This is the kind of case that prompted us to start this blog.
Read the story here: http://falserapearchives.blogspot.com/2009/08/teen-attempts-to-clear-name.html
12 comments:
When I began reading this piece I was wondering why the suit had a defense lawyer as the target.
I wonder what sort of relationship, if any, existed between Detective Gerald Lloyd and court-appointed attorney, Denise Rafferty.
Rafferty was clearly playing for the other side here.
Alternatively is she the Tara Levicy of defense attorneys and Lloyd her co-conspirator?
I'll remain polite and call it "unprofessional".
Both these young people are seriously disenhanced intellectually and are borderline in terms of their capacity to function in our communities. Interestingly she has a record of crossing those borders without really being called to order. Meanwhile he seems to have been relatively stable previously but has now been hounded, probably irretrievably, beyond ALL borders - all for NOTHING.
Surely gender has nothing to do with this.
bloody ha ha
No laughing matter. Our communities have always had a way of showing their true nastiness.
Guess which groups are the easiest targets for this in our time? This boy was perfect. He's male. That on it's own is sufficient for all when a sobbing woman presents. He's a teenage boy. Easy peasy. Throw in the intellectual handicap and the innermost bully gets a geurnsey. He's the ultimate helpless victim for all our rancid ignorant bigotries.
Why do I keep hearing this disjointed chant in the back of my mind...
"Burn the ...! Burn the ...!"
I can never quite get the third word.
I presume you've tried to contact these folks?
Is there a way the site can contribute to their cause as a bloc?
Easier for them too if they don't have to deal with lots of little bits of help when they could have one big one. - Aug 30, 2009, 10:14:00 AM
To add...
Those responsible for this should be in criminal court - not civil. - Aug 30, 2009, 10:17:00 AM
Always, always, always, always, always hire a real lawyer! If you plead guilty it's extremely difficult to persuade the legal system that you weren't guilty.
Two mentally retarded kids have sex, they're about the same age -- and the conclusion is that he raped her. What a big surprise.
If that history of false accusations is legit then this kid should be CLEARED. If you convict based on nothing then you should exonerate based on nothing. (Although apparently there was a real sex act involved.) - Aug 30, 2009, 1:12:00 PM
Enabling false rape accusers is a perversion of the modern American legal system.
The perversion will collapse, for it is an affront to justice, and equal protection of the law. The root of the perversion lies in the new gender feminist / law enforcement "misinformation alliance". By the law enforcements act of "redefining", what the meaning of is, is, they can tell the public that false rape accusations are only 2% of all accusations, when in reality they are NOW MORE THAN 50% ..of all accusations.
This misinformation is faulty and inflammatory, and creates a legal prejudice against innocent men/boys. - Aug 30, 2009, 2:32:00 PM
The defense attorney should be imprisoned for 7 or 8 years minimum - she is a criminal.
Also they should round up all the people who harassed the family, and put them in jail for at least a few days. Perhaps that will instill some humility in them, even though they will remain lifetime fascists. - Aug 30, 2009, 2:33:00 PM
"We don't want a rapist in our neighborhood." But if you're going to prosecute everything that moves, you will have a convicted sex offender in every neighborhood. Some of them may be innocent, but they will be on the database listed in your neighborhood, possibly one or two houses from your own, and your property values may be somewhat lower as a result.
I'd like to ask the outraged person who wrote that letter: what's so special about your neighborhood? When you convict this many people you can't lock them all up forever, and they have to be allowed to live somewhere. - Aug 30, 2009, 3:42:00 PM
"We don't want a rapist in our neighborhood."
Yeah, and we don't want a lying fuck false accuser in ours....
anon for obvious reasons - Aug 30, 2009, 3:51:00 PM
And it's interesting that we only have databases for convicted sex offenders, and sometimes for domestic violence offenders.
Why not the murderer database, or the drunk driver database, or the people who sell drugs to kids database? Why only SEX SEX SEX? Which is the answer: these databases exist to whip up the public into a frenzy, not to protect anybody. Studies have shown that databases are useless.
The politicians know this, which is why you only have SEX offender databases. But sure, why not have a lying piece of shit database? I'd like to know if the girl next door is someone my son should avoid. - Aug 30, 2009, 4:20:00 PM
or someone that you should avoid
- Aug 31, 2009, 3:12:00 AM
IMHO, the sex offender registry may have been created for the "protection" of women and children (never mind the men who may become victims) but, it has become another weapon for women and children to use against men.
- Aug 31, 2009, 3:18:00 AM
The sex offender registry also serves as a weapon that is backfiring on states that depend on tourism for revenue. Who wants to visit a place that has people who have been convicted of sexual offenses. Why would women or parents visiting from abroad want to visit a place where the women can be raped or sexually assaulted? What parent wants to have their children put in danger of being preyed upon?
- Aug 31, 2009, 3:24:00 AM
- Archivist said...
Gwallan, it sounds to me that, for right now, they have done exactly what they need to do to correct an awful situation. The sad part about this story, like so many others, is that we often hear about it only after the damage has been done.
Your note fortified in my mind something that I've been mulling for a while. After Labor Day here in the US (next Monday) -- which we regard as the unofficial end of summer, we need to turn up the heat, so to speak. We need to start challenging the major false rape problems -- the absence of adequate punishments for false accusers, the absence of anonymity for falsely accused persons, and the insistence on arresting men and boys solely on the basis of an accusation, and then setting bail so high that persons of ordinary means are imprisoned for a crime they might not have committed. - Aug 31, 2009, 8:34:00 AM


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If a theater is not available for online ticketing it is either because they have not yet become a Fandango partner or their location does not have the technical capability to support online ticketing.
1089 Interstate Parkway Akron, OH 44312 (330) 644-2146
Opens Wed, Dec. 25
Opens Fri, Jan. 3
Opens Fri, Feb. 28
Take your picture in our lobby display and tweet your best photo with the hashtag #RegalCloudyPromo for a "chance" to be our VIP guests on opening weekend!
Regal online ticketing theaters:


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Smoker's Lung: Pathology Photo Essay (cont.)Medical Author:
Michael C. Fishbein, MD
Michael C. Fishbein, MDDr. Fishbein received his undergraduate and medical degrees from the University of Illinois. He completed a residency in anatomic and clinical pathology at Harbor General Hospital/UCLA Medical Center. He is board certified in anatomic and clinical pathology. Medical Editor:
Jay W. Marks, MD
Jay W. Marks, MDJay W. Marks, MD, is a board-certified internist and gastroenterologist. He graduated from Yale University School of Medicine and trained in internal medicine and gastroenterology at UCLA/Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. In this Article
What happens to the lung in emphysema?In emphysema, the walls of the air sacs (alveolar septae) are destroyed.
Consequently, the individual air spaces (alveoli) become larger but irregular
and decreased in number. These larger spaces are less efficient than normal
sized alveoli for gas exchange. Thus, emphysema impairs diffusion of oxygen and
carbon dioxide (gas exchange). The more extensive the emphysema, the poorer the
gas exchange becomes. Also, in emphysema, the capillaries are destroyed with the
rest of the alveolar wall. As a result, emphysema also disrupts the normal blood
supply. Figure 4 contrasts the nasty
appearance of a smoker's emphysematous lung with a normal lung.
(Roll mouse over each image to see which is which.) Emphysema usually starts in the upper lobes of the lung and, as depicted in this photo, is more severe in the upper lobes for complex reasons. That is, the abnormal (enlarged and irregular) air sacs (alveoli) are more prominent in the upper lobes. (The blood vessels in the lungs should not be mistaken for the abnormal air sacs.) In someone with severe emphysema, the entire chest actually can enlarge. What probably happens is that the patient's extra (compensatory) efforts to suck in as much air as possible (to increase ventilation) contribute to enlarging the lungs and the chest. Thus, a person with severe emphysema often develops what has been described as a barrel-chest. Patient CommentsViewers share their comments
Smokers' Lung - Emphysema
Question: Please share your history and experience with smoking and emphysema.
Smokers' Lung - COPD and Pneumonia
Question: If you're a smoker with COPD, have you ever had pneumonia? Please share your story.
Smokers' Lung - Lung Cancer Concerns
Question: If you, a friend, or relative smokes, please share your experience with or concerns about lung cancer.


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Edwards: No romance for 1D film
2:20pm Wednesday 21st August 2013 in National Entertainment News © Press Association 2013
Little Mix's Perrie Edwards has revealed that it wasn't hard to keep her relationship with One Direction's Zayn Malik out of the One Direction: This Is Us film.
The 20-year-old singers, who are rumoured to be engaged after Perrie was spotted with a ring on her wedding finger, decided to exclude their romance in the film, which follows the chart-topping boyband as they toured around the world.
"Our relationship is quite private but they are quite open with their fans and everybody watching, and what they wanted in the movie is what they have got. So it's an incredible movie," she said.
"It's amazing. It's really, really good. It's all about what they do, how hard they work and how much fun they have on the road," she added.
Perrie was joined by her bandmates Jesy Nelson and Leigh-Anne Pinnock at the film's world premiere in London.
Leigh-Anne admitted she felt "overwhelmed" by all the crowds, saying: "I'm looking around and the amount of fans is just crazy."
She also hinted that she would like to see a Little Mix film in the future, adding: "We hope this will be us in a couple of years' time!"
One Direction: This Is Us, directed by Super Size Me filmmaker Morgan Spurlock, will open in cinemas on August 29.


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Two Oregon families are recovering after losing their homes to an early morning fire Thursday.
The homes were on Lake Way Drive, right near Lake Erie.
"It was just choking, just choking, burning smoke," said Betsy Urso. "I couldn't see anything. It was dark."
Urso and her boyfriend were inside one house when they woke up to the smell of smoke around 2:30 a.m.
"We couldn't get out of the first window, so then we got out of the second story window and jumped off the ledge," Urso explained.
They then ran next door to call 911. That's when they discovered the fire had spread to their neighbor's home.
"Upon my arrival, we had the large white house that was fully involved, and the blue house right next to it was partially involved," said Oregon Fire Chief Ed Ellis.
There were three people in the neighboring home. They all made it out safely.
Ellis says Urso and her boyfriend were lucky, because they didn't have a working smoke alarm.
"I can't stress it enough for people to have a working smoke alarm in their homes, to check it on a regular basis, to change the battery on a regular basis," he said.
Urso is looking at the bright side.
"Things work out, and there are worse things in this world than something like this," she said. "It's just shocking."
Mobile users, click on the "Video" button in the app to watch this story. Download our app here.
Copyright 2013 Toledo News Now. All rights reserved.


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If movies have taught us anything, it's that the best way to settle a score and win the love of your life's affection is to challenge your rival to a dangerous race. If the long lives the Fast and the Furious movies have led is any indication, racing is still one of the more badass of past times. That doesn't always translate well to NASCAR and official drag racing where there are rules, controlled environments, and medics around for when things inevitably go sour. Safety doesn't always make things appealing, but do you know who does? Batman.
That's not what we came here to see, though. The real test is about which moves faster. Anyone can place their bets now because the race doesn't start until about 7 minutes and 45 seconds into the video. Maybe sometime in the future both cars can go up against The Dark Knight's Tumbler, but we're not holding our breath. Check out all the action in the video below:


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WANT to be a film critic? As part of The Age Critics Award, to be presented to the best Australian feature in the Melbourne International Film Festival, we are inviting readers to hone their own critical skills of wit, acuity, creativity - and brevity.
Tweet us a 140-character review of the eligible films during the festival using the hashtag #agecritics or email it to firstname.lastname@example.com. The best mini reviews will be in the running for three double passes to MIFF's closing night film and party. Entries close at 6pm on Thursday, August 16. Winners will be notified on August 17.
Films eligible for The Age Critics Award are: Errors of the Human Body; 100 Bloody Acres; Being Venice; Hail; Jack Irish - Bad Debts; Last Dance; The Sapphires; Save Your Legs!; Dead Europe (not eligible for the people's choice Twitter prize).
The Age is a festival sponsor.