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Life extension
Life extension science, also known as anti-aging medicine, indefinite life extension, experimental gerontology, and biomedical gerontology, is the study of slowing down or reversing the processes of aging to extend both the maximum and average lifespan. Some researchers in this area, and "life extensionists", "immortalists" or "longevists" (those who wish to achieve longer lives themselves), believe that future breakthroughs in tissue rejuvenation with stem cells, molecular repair, and organ replacement (such as with artificial organs or xenotransplantations) will eventually enable humans to have indefinite lifespans (agerasia[1]) through complete rejuvenation to a healthy youthful condition.
The sale of putative anti-aging products such as nutrition, physical fitness, skin care, hormone replacements, vitamins, supplements and herbs is a lucrative global industry, with the US market generating about $50 billion of revenue each year.[2] Some medical experts state that the use of such products has not been proven to affect the aging process, and many claims of anti-aging medicine advocates have been roundly criticized by medical experts, including the American Medical Association.[2][3][4][5][6]
However, it has not been shown that the goal of indefinite human lifespans itself is necessarily unfeasible; some animals such as lobsters and certain jellyfish do not die of old age, and an award was offered to anyone who could prove life extensionist Aubrey de Grey's hopes were 'unworthy of learned debate'; nobody won the prize.[7] The ethical ramifications of life extension are debated by bioethicists.
- 1 Public opinion
- 2 Average and maximum lifespans
- 3 Current anti-aging strategies and issues
- 4 Proposed strategies of life extension
- 5 History of life extension and the life extension movement
- 6 Ethics and politics of life extension
- 7 Aging as a disease
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 Further reading
- 11 External links
Public opinion[edit]
Life extension is a controversial topic; many people oppose it due to fear of overpopulation and effects on society. Religious people are no more likely to oppose life extension than the unaffiliated,[8] though some variation exists between religious denominations. Blacks and Hispanics are more likely to support life extension than white people.[8] Biogerontologist Aubrey De Grey counters the overpopulation critique by pointing out that the therapy could postpone or eliminate menopause, allowing women to space out their pregnancies over more years and thus decreasing the yearly population growth rate.[9]
A Spring 2013 Pew Research poll in the United States found that 38% of Americans would want life extension treatments, and 56% would reject it. However it also found that 68% believed most people would want it and that only 4 percent consider an "ideal lifespan" to be more than 120 years.[8]
Average and maximum lifespans[edit]
During the process of aging, an organism accumulates damage to macromolecules, its cells, its tissues and its organs. This accumulated damage is the result of oxidation damage to the cell contents caused by free radicals,[10][11] though other things cause aging as well.
The longest a human has ever been proven to live is 122 years, the case of Jeanne Calment who was born in 1875 and died in 1997, whereas the maximum lifespan of a mouse, commonly used as a model in research on aging, is about four years. Genetic differences between humans and mice that may account for these different aging rates include differences in efficiency of DNA repair, types and quantities of antioxidant enzymes, rates of free radical production and rates of occurrence of DNA damage. Another challenging factor is the telomere limitation of each individual species.
Average lifespan in a population is lowered by infant and child mortality, which are frequently linked to infectious diseases or nutrition problems. Later in life, vulnerability to accidents and age-related chronic disease such as cancer or cardiovascular disease play an increasing role in mortality. Extension of expected lifespan can often be achieved by access to improved medical care, vaccinations, good diet, exercise and avoidance of hazards such as smoking.
Maximum lifespan is determined by the rate of aging for a species inherent in its genes and by environmental factors. One widely recognized method of extending maximum lifespan in organisms such as nematodes and mice is caloric restriction. Another technique used evolutionary pressure such as breeding from only older members.
Theoretically, extension of maximum lifespan could be achieved by reducing the rate of aging damage, by periodic replacement of damaged tissues, or by molecular repair or rejuvenation of deteriorated cells and tissues and the enhancement of telomerase enzyme activity. Future research will be geared towards telomere repair strategies.
Current anti-aging strategies and issues[edit]
Diets and supplements[edit]
Much life extension research focuses on nutrition—diets or supplements—as a means to extend lifespan, although few of these have been systematically tested for significant longevity effects. The many diets promoted by anti-aging advocates are often contradictory. A dietary pattern with some support from scientific research is caloric restriction.[12][13]
Preliminary studies of caloric restriction on humans using surrogate measurements have provided evidence that caloric restriction may have powerful protective effect against secondary aging in humans. Caloric restriction in humans may reduce the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis.[14] More research is needed.
The free-radical theory of aging suggests that antioxidant supplements, such as Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Q10, lipoic acid, carnosine, and N-acetylcysteine, might extend human life. However, combined evidence from several clinical trials suggest that β-Carotene supplements and high doses of Vitamin E increase mortality rates.[15] Other substances proposed to extend lifespan include oxytocin, insulin, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and erythropoietin (EPO). Resveratrol is a sirtuin stimulant that appears to extend lifespan in simple organisms such as nematodes[16] and short-lived fish.[17]
Some supplements, including the minerals selenium[18] or zinc[19][20] have been reported to extend the lifespan of rats and mice, though none have been proven to do so in humans, and significant toxic effects were observed. Metformin[21] may also extend life span in mice.
There are many traditional herbs purportedly used to extend the health-span, including a Chinese tea called Jiaogulan (Gynostemma pentaphyllum), dubbed "China's Immortality Herb." [22] Ayurveda, the traditional Indian system of medicine, describes a class of longevity herbs called rasayanas, including Bacopa monnieri, Ocimum sanctum, Curcuma longa, Centella asiatica, Phyllanthus emblica, Withania somnifera and many others. Along with their Chinese counterparts (called superior or tonic herbs), Indian rasayanas demonstrate preliminary positive results in animal models.[23]
Hormone treatments[edit]
The anti-aging industry offers several hormone therapies. Some of these have been criticized for possible dangers to the patient and a lack of proven effect. For example, the American Medical Association has been critical of some anti-aging hormone therapies.[2]
Although some recent clinical studies have shown that low-dose growth hormone (GH) treatment for adults with GH deficiency changes the body composition by increasing muscle mass, decreasing fat mass, increasing bone density and muscle strength, improves cardiovascular parameters (i.e. decrease of LDL cholesterol), and affects the quality of life without significant side effects,[24][25][26] the evidence for use of growth hormone as an anti-aging therapy is mixed and based on animal studies. An early study suggested that supplementation of mice with growth hormone increased average life expectancy.[27] Additional animal experiments have suggested that growth hormone may generally act to shorten maximum lifespan; knockout mice lacking the receptor for growth hormone live especially long.[28] Furthermore, mouse models lacking the insulin-like growth factor also live especially long and have low levels of growth hormone.[28]
Insulin like growth factor (IGF-1) restriction[edit]
People suffering from a rare condition known as Laron syndrome have a mutation in the gene that makes the receptor for growth hormone. It is theorised that this mutation may hold a key to life extension.
Longo said that some level of IGF-1 was necessary to protect against heart disease, but that lowering the level might be beneficial. A drug that does this is already on the market for treatment of acromegaly, a thickening of the bones caused by excessive growth hormone. "Our underlying hypothesis is that this drug would prolong life span," Longo said. He said he was not taking the drug, called pegvisomant or Somavert, which is very hard to obtain.
Scientific controversy regarding anti-aging nutritional supplementation and medicine[edit]
Some critics dispute the portrayal of aging as a disease. For example, Leonard Hayflick, who determined that fibroblasts are limited to around 50 cell divisions, reasons that aging is an unavoidable consequence of entropy. Hayflick and fellow biogerontologists Jay Olshansky and Bruce Carnes have strongly criticized the anti-aging industry in response to what they see as unscrupulous profiteering from the sale of unproven anti-aging supplements.[4]
Ethics and politics of anti-aging nutritional supplementation and medicine[edit]
Politics relevant to the substances of life extension pertain mostly to communications and availability.[citation needed]
In the United States, product claims on food and drug labels are strictly regulated. The First Amendment (freedom of speech) protects third-party publishers' rights to distribute fact, opinion and speculation on life extension practices. Manufacturers and suppliers also provide informational publications, but because they market the substances, they are subject to monitoring and enforcement by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which polices claims by marketers. What constitutes the difference between truthful and false claims is hotly debated and is a central controversy in this arena.[citation needed]
Consumer motivations for using anti-aging products[edit]
Research by Sobh and Martin (2011) suggests that people buy anti-aging products to obtain a hoped-for self (e.g., keeping a youthful skin) or to avoid a feared-self (e.g., looking old). The research shows that when consumers pursue a hoped-for self, it is expectations of success that most strongly drive their motivation to use the product. The research also shows why doing badly when trying to avoid a feared self is more motivating than doing well. Interestingly, when product use is seen to fail it is more motivating than success when consumers seek to avoid a feared-self.[30]
Proposed strategies of life extension[edit]
Anti-aging drugs[edit]
There are a number of drugs intended to slow the aging process currently being researched. One type of research is related to the observed effects a calorie restriction diet, which has been shown to extend lifespan in some animals[31] Based on that research, there have been attempts to develop drugs that will have the same effect on the aging process as a caloric restriction diet, which are known as Caloric restriction mimetic drugs. Drugs that have been studied for possible longevity effects on laboratory animals because of a possible CR-mimic effect include Rapamycin,[32] Metformin,[33] and Resveratrol.[34] Two drugs that may have potential benefits of combating age-related maladies are Resveratrol and Rapamycin. These drugs are considered to be the forefront drugs in anti-aging research.[35] Before these drugs had been tested, the best-characterized anti-aging therapy was,and still is,calorie restriction or CR. Calorie restriction has been proven to extend the life of mice,yeast, and rhesus monkeys significantly.[36][37] Long-term human trials of CR are now being done.It is the hope of the anti-aging researchers that Resveratrol and Rapamycin may act as CR mimetics to increase the life span of humans.[35]
Resveratrol was first thought to be an activator of sirtuins, a family of deacetylases, that would promote anti aging effects without having to restrict caloric intake.[38] However, recent replication studies have failed to show that Resveratrol increases the life span in yeast or mice and that Resveratrol may not activate sirtuins that are biologically beneficial to age reduction.[39][40][41][42] Another study was done showing that Resveratrol activates or inhibits fifteen or more different enzymes.[43] Of those enzymes, one stands out with potential for reducing age-related disease. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has shown to increase life span of nematodes and prevent obesity in mice.[44] Although Resveratrol has not been proven to extend the life-span of mammals at the current doses tested, Resveratrol could be used to access some of the same molecular pathways that CR does. Several examples would include diet induced obesity, some cancers, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases.[45]
While Resveratrol has not been proven to increase life span, Rapamycin has shown much more promise.[35] Rapamycin is shown to increase longevity by inhibiting the target of rapamycin kinase (TOR) the same way CR does.[46] Study systems including yeast, nematodes, flies, and mammals, have shown that reduction of TOR signaling will result in an increased life span.[47][48] Additionally, Rapamycin has similar effects of Resveratrol in protecting against several cancers, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases.[35][47] Rapamycin also has been shown to act as an immunosuppressant, however more testing is needed to show if the life extending dose comes at the cost of an impaired immune system.[47]
Resveratrol and Rapamycin have both shown protection against cancers, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases in multiple study systems.[45][47] Rapamycin looks to have more potential in life span extension than Resveratrol, but my come at a price of immune system impairment.[35][47] Clinical trails are now being performed to see if Rapamycin or Resveratrol will have anti-aging effects in humans.
Other attempts to create anti-aging drugs have taken different research paths. One notable direction of research has been research into the possibility of using the enzyme telomerase in order to counter the process of telomere shortening.[49] However, there are potential dangers in this, since some research has also linked telomerase to cancer and to tumor growth and formation.[50]
Future advances in nanomedicine could give rise to life extension through the repair of many processes thought to be responsible for aging. K. Eric Drexler, one of the founders of nanotechnology, postulated cell repair machines, including ones operating within cells and utilizing as yet hypothetical molecular computers, in his 1986 book Engines of Creation. Raymond Kurzweil, a futurist and transhumanist, stated in his book The Singularity Is Near that he believes that advanced medical nanorobotics could completely remedy the effects of aging by 2030.[51]
Cloning and body part replacement[edit]
Some life extensionists suggest that therapeutic cloning and stem cell research could one day provide a way to generate cells, body parts, or even entire bodies (generally referred to as reproductive cloning) that would be genetically identical to a prospective patient. Recently, the US Department of Defense initiated a program to research the possibility of growing human body parts on mice.[52] Complex biological structures, such as mammalian joints and limbs, have not yet been replicated. Dog and primate brain transplantation experiments were conducted in the mid-20th century but failed due to rejection and the inability to restore nerve connections. As of 2006, the implantation of bio-engineered bladders grown from patients' own cells has proven to be a viable treatment for bladder disease.[53] Proponents of body part replacement and cloning contend that the required biotechnologies are likely to appear earlier than other life-extension technologies.
The use of human stem cells, particularly embryonic stem cells, is controversial. Opponents' objections generally are based on interpretations of religious teachings or ethical considerations. Proponents of stem cell research point out that cells are routinely formed and destroyed in a variety of contexts. Use of stem cells taken from the umbilical cord or parts of the adult body may not provoke controversy.[54]
The controversies over cloning are similar, except general public opinion in most countries stands in opposition to reproductive cloning. Some proponents of therapeutic cloning predict the production of whole bodies, lacking consciousness, for eventual brain transplantation.
For cryonicists (advocates of cryopreservation), storing the body at low temperatures after death may provide an "ambulance" into a future in which advanced medical technologies may allow resuscitation and repair. They speculate cryogenic temperatures will minimize changes in biological tissue for many years, giving the medical community ample time to cure all disease, rejuvenate the aged and repair any damage that is caused by the cryopreservation process.
Many cryonicists do not believe that legal death is "real death" because stoppage of heartbeat and breathing—the usual medical criteria for legal death—occur before biological death of cells and tissues of the body. Even at room temperature, cells may take hours to die and days to decompose. Although neurological damage occurs within 4–6 minutes of cardiac arrest, the irreversible neurodegenerative processes do not manifest for hours.[55] Cryonicists state that rapid cooling and cardio-pulmonary support applied immediately after certification of death can preserve cells and tissues for long-term preservation at cryogenic temperatures. People, particularly children, have survived up to an hour without heartbeat after submersion in ice water. In one case, full recovery was reported after 45 minutes underwater.[56] To facilitate rapid preservation of cells and tissue, cryonics "standby teams" are available to wait by the bedside of patients who are to be cryopreserved to apply cooling and cardio-pulmonary support as soon as possible after declaration of death.[57]
No mammal has been successfully cryopreserved and brought back to life, and resuscitation from cryonics is not possible with current science. Some scientists still support the idea based on their expectations of the capabilities of future science.[58][59]
Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence (SENS)[edit]
Another proposed life extension technology would combine existing and predicted future biochemical and genetic techniques. SENS proposes that rejuvenation may be obtained by removing aging damage via the use of stem cells and tissue engineering, removal of telomere-lengthening machinery, allotopic expression of mitochondrial proteins, targeted ablation of cells, immunotherapeutic clearance, and novel lysosomal hydrolases.[60]
While many biogerontologists find these ideas "worthy of discussion"[61][62] and SENS conferences feature important research in the field,[63][64] some contend that the alleged benefits are too speculative given the current state of technology, referring to it as "fantasy rather than science".[3][5]
Genetic modification[edit]
Gene therapy, in which artificial genes are integrated with an organism to replace mutated or otherwise deficient genes, has been proposed as a future strategy to prevent aging.[65][66] Targeting catalase to the mitochondria resulted in a 20% lifespan increase in transgenic mice, and improved performance in AAV therapeutically infected mice.[67] In 2012, Israeli researchers from Bar-Ilan University exhibited an increase in lifespan of male mice by over-expression of the SIRT6 gene. In these transgenic mice, levels of proteins involved in the 'insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)' pathway, which has been previously linked to longevity, were affected by SIRT6 expression.[68]
Fooling genes[edit]
In The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins describes an approach to life-extension that involves "fooling genes" into thinking the body is young.[69] Dawkins attributes inspiration for this idea to Peter Medawar. The basic idea is that our bodies are composed of genes that activate throughout our lifetimes, some when we are young, and others when we are older. Presumably, these genes are activated by environmental factors, and the changes caused by these genes activating can be lethal. It is a statistical certainty that we possess more lethal genes that activate in later life than in early life. Therefore, to extend life, we should be able to prevent these genes from switching on, and we should be able to do so by "identifying changes in the internal chemical environment of a body that take place during aging... and by simulating the superficial chemical properties of a young body".[70]
Reversal of informational entropy[edit]
According to some lines of thinking, the ageing process is routed into a basic reduction of biological complexity,[71] and thus loss of information. In order to reverse this loss, gerontologist Marios Kyriazis suggested that it is necessary to increase input of actionable and meaningful information both individually (into individual brains),[72] and collectively (into societal systems).[73] This technique enhances overall biological function through up-regulation of immune, hormonal, antioxidant and other parameters, resulting in improved age-repair mechanisms. Working in parallel with natural evolutionary mechanisms that can facilitate survival through increased fitness, Kyriazis claims that the technique may lead to a reduction of the rate of death as a function of age, i.e. indefinite lifespan.[74]
Mind uploading[edit]
One hypothetical future strategy that, as some suggest, "eliminates" the complications related to a physical body, involves the copying or transferring of a conscious mind from a biological brain to a non-biological computer system or computational device. The basic idea is to scan the structure of a particular brain in detail, and then construct a software model of it that is so faithful to the original that, when run on appropriate hardware, it will behave in essentially the same way as the original brain.[75] Whether or not an exact copy of one's mind constitutes actual life extension is matter of debate.
History of life extension and the life extension movement[edit]
In 1970, the American Aging Association was formed under the impetus of Denham Harman, originator of the free radical theory of aging. Harman wanted an organization of biogerontologists that was devoted to research and to the sharing of information among scientists interested in extending human lifespan.
In 1976, futurists Joel Kurtzman and Philip Gordon wrote No More Dying. The Conquest Of Aging And The Extension Of Human Life, (ISBN 0-440-36247-4) the first popular book on research to extend human lifespan. Subsequently, Kurtzman was invited to testify before the House Select Committee on Aging, chaired by Claude Pepper of Florida, to discuss the impact of life extension on the Social Security system.
Saul Kent published The Life Extension Revolution (ISBN 0-688-03580-9) in 1980 and created a nutraceutical firm called the Life Extension Foundation, a non-profit organization that promotes dietary supplements. The Life Extension Foundation publishes a periodical called Life Extension Magazine. The 1982 bestselling book Life Extension: A Practical Scientific Approach (ISBN 0-446-51229-X) by Durk Pearson and Sandy Shaw further popularized the phrase "life extension".
In 1983, Roy Walford, a life-extensionist and gerontologist, published a popular book called Maximum Lifespan. In 1988, Walford and his student Richard Weindruch summarized their research into the ability of calorie restriction to extend the lifespan of rodents in The Retardation of Aging and Disease by Dietary Restriction (ISBN 0-398-05496-7). It had been known since the work of Clive McCay in the 1930s that calorie restriction can extend the maximum lifespan of rodents. But it was the work of Walford and Weindruch that gave detailed scientific grounding to that knowledge.[citation needed] Walford's personal interest in life extension motivated his scientific work and he practiced calorie restriction himself. Walford died at the age of 80 from complications caused by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Money generated by the non-profit Life Extension Foundation allowed Saul Kent to finance the Alcor Life Extension Foundation, the world's largest cryonics organization. The cryonics movement had been launched in 1962 by Robert Ettinger's book, The Prospect of Immortality. In the 1960s, Saul Kent had been a co-founder of the Cryonics Society of New York. Alcor gained national prominence when baseball star Ted Williams was cryonically preserved by Alcor in 2002 and a family dispute arose as to whether Williams had really wanted to be cryopreserved.
Regulatory and legal struggles between the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Life Extension Foundation included seizure of merchandise and court action. In 1991, Saul Kent and Bill Faloon, the principals of the Foundation, were jailed. The LEF accused the FDA of perpetrating a "Holocaust" and "seeking gestapo-like power" through its regulation of drugs and marketing claims.[76]
In 1992, the American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine (A4M) was formed to create what it considered an anti-aging medical specialty distinct from geriatrics, and to hold trade shows for physicians interested in anti-aging medicine. The American Board of Medical Specialties recognizes neither anti-aging medicine nor the A4M's professional standing.[77]
In 2003, Doubleday published "The Immortal Cell: One Scientist's Quest to Solve the Mystery of Human Aging," by Michael D. West. West emphasised the potential role of embryonic stem cells in life extension.[78]
In 2013, Google announced Calico, a new company based in San Francisco that will focus on aging through new technologies, lead by Arthur D. Levinson.[79]
Ethics and politics of life extension[edit]
Though many scientists state[80] that life extension and radical life extension are possible, there are still no international or national programs focused on radical life extension. There are political forces staying for and against life extension. By 2012, in Russia, the United States, Israel, and the Netherlands, the Longevity political parties started. They aimed to provide political support to radical life extension research and technologies, and ensure the fastest possible and at the same time soft transition of society to the next step - life without aging and with radical life extension, and to provide access to such technologies to most currently living people.[81] [82]
Leon Kass (chairman of the US President's Council on Bioethics from 2001 to 2005) has questioned whether potential exacerbation of overpopulation problems would make life extension unethical.[83] He states his opposition to life extension with the words:
"simply to covet a prolonged life span for ourselves is both a sign and a cause of our failure to open ourselves to procreation and to any higher purpose ... [The] desire to prolong youthfulness is not only a childish desire to eat one's life and keep it; it is also an expression of a childish and narcissistic wish incompatible with devotion to posterity."[84]
John Harris, former editor-in-chief of the Journal of Medical Ethics, argues that as long as life is worth living, according to the person himself, we have a powerful moral imperative to save the life and thus to develop and offer life extension therapies to those who want them.[85]
Transhumanist philosopher Nick Bostrom has argued that any technological advances in life extension must be equitably distributed and not restricted to a privileged few.[86] In an extended metaphor entitled "The Fable of the Dragon-Tyrant", Bostrom envisions death as a monstrous dragon who demands human sacrifices. In the fable, after a lengthy debate between those who believe the dragon is a fact of life and those who believe the dragon can and should be destroyed, the dragon is finally killed. Bostrom argues that political inaction allowed many preventable human deaths to occur.[87]
Aging as a disease[edit]
Most mainstream medical organizations and practitioners do not consider aging to be a disease. David Sinclair says: "I don't see aging as a disease, but as a collection of quite predictable diseases caused by the deterioration of the body".[88] The two main arguments used are that aging is both inevitable and universal while diseases are not.[89] However not everyone agrees. Harry R. Moody, Director of Academic Affairs for AARP, notes that what is normal and what is disease strongly depends on a historical context.[90] David Gems, Assistant Director of the Institute of Healthy Ageing, strongly argues that aging should be viewed as a disease.[91] In response to the universality of aging, David Gems notes that it is as misleading as arguing that Basenji are not dogs because they do not bark.[92] Because of the universality of aging he calls it a 'special sort of disease'. Robert M. Perlman, coined the terms 'aging syndrome' and 'disease complex' in 1954 to describe aging.[93]
The discussion whether aging should be viewed as a disease or not has important implications. It would stimulate pharmaceutical companies to develop life extension therapies and in the United States of America, it would also increase the regulation of the anti-aging market by the FDA. Anti-aging now falls under the regulations for cosmetic medicine which are less tight than those for drugs.[92][94]
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- ^ a b Bonkowski, MS; Pamenter, RW; Rocha, JS; Masternak, MM; Panici, JA; Bartke, A (1 June 2006). "Long-lived growth hormone receptor knockout mice show a delay in age-related changes of body composition and bone characteristics". The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 61 (6): 562–7. doi:10.1093/gerona/61.6.562. PMID 16799137.[dead link]
- ^ [1]
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- ^ Elizabeth H. Blackburn. "Telomerase and Cancer". Molecular Cancer Research.http://mcr.aacrjournals.org/content/3/9/477.full
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- ^ Perk, L; Borger van de Burg, F; Berendsen, HH; van't Wout, JW (April 2002). "Full recovery after 45 min accidental submersion". Intensive Care Medicine 28 (4): 524. doi:10.1007/s00134-002-1245-2. PMID 11967613.
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- ^ de Grey, Aubrey; Michael Rae (2007). Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs that Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime. New York City: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-36706-0. OCLC 132583222. [page needed]
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- ^ Clevenger, Ty (Summer 2000). "Internet pharmacies: cyberspace versus the regulatory state". Journal of Law and Health. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
- ^ Kuczynski, Alex (12 April 1998). "Anti-Aging Potion Or Poison?". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
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Further reading[edit]
- Biological Aging Measurement. Clinical Applications. Ward Dean, MD. The Center for Bio-Gerontology. 1988. Paperback, 426 pp. ISBN 0-937777-00-5
- The Biology of Life Span: A Quantitative Approach. Leonid A. Gavrilov & Natalia S. Gavrilova (1991), New York: Harwood Academic Publisher, ISBN 3-7186-4983-7
- Brain Boosters. Foods And Drugs That Make You Smarter. (A quote from the book: "It's hard to distinguish between the health and anti-aging uses of the smart drugs and nutrients.") Beverly Potter & Sebastian Orfali. Ronin Publishing. 1993. Paperback, 257 pages. ISBN 0-914171-65-8
- Brain Fitness. Anti-Aging Strategies To Fight Alzheimer's Disease, Supercharge Your Memory, Sharpen Your Intelligence, De-Stress Your Mind, Control Mood Swings, and Much More... Robert Goldman, MD, DO, PhD, With Ronald Klatz, MD, DO, and Liza Berger. Doubleday. 1995. Paperback, 346 pp. ISBN 0-385-48869-6
- The Directory of Life Extension Supplements. Life Extension Foundation. Published annually.
- Fantastic Voyage: The Science Behind Radical Life Extension Raymond Kurzweil and Terry Grossman, MD. Rodale. 2004. 452 pp. ISBN 1-57954-954-3
- 50 Simple Ways To Live A Longer Life: Everyday Techniques From The Forefront Of Science. Suzanne Bohan and Glenn Thompson. Sourcebooks. 2005. Paperback, 287 pages. ISBN 1-4022-0375-6
- Formula for Life. The Definitive Book on Correct Nutrition, Anti-Oxidants and Vitamins, Disease Prevention, and Longevity. Eberhard Kronhausen, EdD, and Phyllis Kronhausen EdD, with Harry B. Demopoulos, MD. William Morrow and Company. 1989. Paperback, 622 pages. ISBN 0-688-09426-0
- How To Live Longer And Feel Better. Linus Pauling. W.H. Freeman and Company. 1986. Paperback, 413 pages. ISBN 0-380-70289-4
- The Immortal Cell, by Michael D. West, Doubleday (2003) ISBN 978-0-385-50928-2
- Life Extension. A Practical Scientific Approach. Adding Years to Your Life and Life to Your Years. Durk Pearson and Sandy Shaw. Warner Books. 1982. Hardcover, 858 pp. ISBN 0-446-51229-X
- The Life Extension Companion. The Latest Breakthroughs in Health Science. Durk Pearson and Sandy Shaw. Warner Books. 1984. Hardcover, 430 pages. ISBN 0-446-51277-X
- The Life Extension Revolution: The Definitive Guide to Better Health, Longer Life, and Physical Immortality. Saul Kent. 1980. Hard Cover. ISBN 0-688-03580-9
- The Life Extension Revolution: The New Science of Growing Older Without Aging. Philip Lee Miller and Monica Reinagel. Bantam. 2005. Hardcover, (416 pages). ISBN 0-553-80353-0
- The Life Extension Weight Loss Programme. Durk Pearson and Sandy Shaw.
- LifeSpan-Plus. 900 Natural Techniques To Live Longer. Rejuvenate Your Heart; Stay Infection-Free; Prevent a Stroke; Reduce Stress; Control Your Blood Pressure; Strengthen Your Bones; Eliminate Body Toxins. By the editors of Prevention Magazine. Rodale. 1990. Hardcover, 422 pages. ISBN 0-87857-908-7
- Live Longer Now. The First One Hundred Years Of Your Life. Jon N. Leanard, Jack L. Hofer, and Nathan Pritikin. Grosset and Dunlap. 1974 (predates the life extension movement, and therefore lacks megadosing recommendations.) Paperback, 232 pages. ISBN 0-441-48514-6
- The Long Tomorrow. Michael Rose. Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 0-19-517939-0
- Merchants of Immortality. Chasing The Dream Of Human Life Extension. Stephen S. Hall. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2003. Paperback, 439 pp. ISBN 0-618-49221-6
- Mind Food and Smart Pills. How To Increase Your Intelligence and Prevent Brain Aging. Ross Pelton. 1986. Paperback, 170 pp. ISBN 0-936809-00-0
- No More Dying. The Conquest Of Aging And The Extension Of Human Life. Joel Kurtzman and Phillip Gordon. Dell. 1976. Paperback, 252 pages. ISBN 0-440-36247-4
- Prevention's The Sugar Solution. Edited by Sari Harrar, Prevention Health News Editor. Rodale. 2005. Hardcover, 406 pages. ISBN 1-57954-912-8
- Secrets of Life Extension. How to halt or reverse the aging process and live a long and healthy life. You can extend the rest of your life. All the new scientific breakthroughs John A. Mann. Bantam Books. 1980. Paperback, 296 pages. ISBN 0-553-23450-1
- Nutrition Against Disease. Roger J. Williams. Pitman Publishing Corporation. 1971 (predates megadosing). 370 pages. ISBN 0-273-31850-0
- Smart Drugs & Nutrients. How To Improve Your Membory And Increase Your Intelligence Using The Latest Discoveries In Neuroscience. (Many of the substances in this book have life-extending or cell regenerating effects.) Ward Dean, MD and Joh Morgenthaler. B&J Publications. 1990. Paperback, 222 pp. ISBN 0-9627418-9-2
- Smart Drugs II: The Next Generation: New Drugs and Nutrients to Improve Your Memory and Increase Your Intelligence. Ward Dean (MD), John Morgenthaler, Steven Wm Fowkes. Smart Publications. 1993. Paperback, 287 pages. ISBN 0-9627418-7-6
- Stop Aging Now! The Ultimate Plan For Staying Young & Reversing The Aging Process. Based On Cutting-Edge Research Revealing The Amazing Anti-aging Powers Of Supplements, Herbs, & Food. Jean Carper. Harper Perennial. 1995. Paperback, 372 pp. ISBN 0-06-098500-3
- Stop the FDA. Save Your Health Freedom. Articles by Linus Pauling, PhD; Abram Hoffer, MD; Ward Dean, MD; Senator Orrin Hatch; Durk Pearson and Sandy Shaw; and many more. (Many essays on health politics, by various leaders of the Life Extension Movement). Edited by John Morgenthaler & Steven Wm. Fowkes. Health Freedom Publications. 1992. Paperback, 186 pp. ISBN 0-9627418-8-4
- The Wrinkle Cure. The All-Natural Formula for Stopping Time. Unlock the Power of Cosmeceuticals for Supple, Youthful Skin. Nicholas Perricone, MD. Rodale. 2000. Hardcover, 208 pages. ISBN 1-57954-237-9
- Your Personal Life-Extension Program. A Practical Guide to the New Science That Can Make You Stronger, Smarter, Sexier, More Energetic, and More Youthful. Saul Kent. Morrow. 1985. Hardcover, 384 pages. ISBN 0-688-00629-9
Scientific journals[edit]
- Holzenberger M, Dupont J, Ducos B, et al. (January 2003). "IGF-1 receptor regulates lifespan and resistance to oxidative stress in mice". Nature 421 (6919): 182–7. doi:10.1038/nature01298. PMID 12483226.
- http://www.dovepress.com/clinical-interventions-in-aging-journal Clinical Interventions in Aging Editor-in-Chief: Dr Richard F Walker. Publisher: Dove Medical Press Ltd. ISSN 1176-9092. Published Quarterly
- Rejuvenation Research Editor: Aubrey de Grey. Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. ISSN 1549-1684 – Published Quarterly
External links[edit]


text: Eldest daughter of Jeremiah Chamberlain (1740-1829) and Margaret Carmichael (1765-1821), of Grainger Co., TN. Mary (Polly) Chamberlain first married Solomon Massengill (1782-1814). After his premature death, she married David Tate (1789-1868). She was originally interred in the Chamberlain family cemetery in May Spring, TN, but her body was removed with other burials in the early 1940s to Martha Sunderland Cem., Hamblen Co., to make way for Cherokee Lake. Children: Mary J. Massengill (1812-1843); Narcissa F. Massengill (1814-1891); Margaret C. Tate (1816-1851); Wm. B. Tate, Sr. (1819-1903); Comfort K. Tate (1822-1904); Jennet Tate (1823-1909); David Tate, Jr. (1825-1864); John K. Tate (1826-1835); Elizabeth Tate (1829-1835); Edward Tate (1830-1835); and Tennessee J. Tate (1833-1916).

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Joe Wolverton, II, J.D.
Is the Constitution on Life Support?
Mark Twain, upon hearing that his obituary had been erroneously published, told a reporter, "Reports of my death are exaggerated." Lately, there has been a similarly premature concert of requiems sung over the admittedly emaciated body of our founding charter. Although the enemies of liberty, foreign and domestic, have enjoyed some success in extracting the vitals from our body politic and the Constitution that is its lifeblood, there remains a noticeable, pulse and it is not time to pull the plug.
Left and Right Unite in Call for Article V Convention
The clouds of a constitutional crisis are being seeded by the Left and the Right and are reaching the point of saturation. This atmospheric manipulation will likely result in a flood of calls for a modern-day constitutional convention that will drown the inspired work of our Founding Fathers unless immediate steps are taken to build impenetrable levees around our founding charter.
Feds Grant Permission to Challenge Targeting of U.S. Citizens
On Wednesday, officials from the Department of the Treasury removed a hurdle from the path of two organizations seeking to challenge the constitutionality of a government directive authorizing the use of lethal force against American citizens.
Elena Kagan and Chief Justice Roberts: Same Difference?
A recent story published by the respected online political magazine, Politico, proposes to set forth similarities between the philosophies of constitutional interpretation espoused by Chief Justice John Roberts and Supreme Court nominee Elena Kagan.
Senators Call for Hearings on 14th Amendment Citizenship Clause
Several key GOP senators are calling for congressional hearings into the 14th Amendment's supposed grant of citizenship to children born in the United States whose parents are illegal aliens.
Does the District Court Have Jurisdiction in Case Against Arizona?
Apart from the question of whether there exists an enumerated power in Congress to legislate in matters of immigration policy, there is the question of the legality of the lawsuit filed by the Obama administration against the State of Arizona and Governor Jan Brewer. There is evidence that the suit is proscribed by the Constitution and accordingly should be dismissed upon appropriate motion of the defendants.
Is There an Enumerated Power Over Immigration?
In Judge Susan Bolton's ruling granting the federal government partial preliminary injunction of several key provisions of Arizona's S.B. 1070, she made specific reference to the exclusivity of federal power to regulate immigration. Arizona, she held, should be prohibited from legislating in an arena that the Constitution meant to be within the zone of federal power.
Federal Judge Blocks Enforcement of Key Provisions of S.B. 1070
The ink on S.B. 1070 hadn't dried before motions to enjoin its enforcement were filed in federal district court. One of those motions, a motion for a preliminary injunction, was filed by the Department of Justice on behalf of the government of the United States. Wednesday, the court ruled on that motion.
Elena Kagan Furthers the Funding of Radical Islam
Elena Kagan has a problem with fundamentalism — Christian fundamentalism. Kagan has no similar qualms about Sharia, the jurisprudential expression of Islamic fundamentalism, however.
NY National Guard Violate Posse Comitatus
Reports from the Empire State indicate that the National Guard is assisting local law enforcement in Albany, that state's capital city, to search and seize weapons from citizens — an apparent violation of the Fourth Amendment and the Posse Comitatus Act.


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If you are looking to decorate your tree in a more conscious manner here are a few Eco Friendly Ornament suggestions that are both, good for the environment and gorgeous.
Zaniza Cinnamon Pinecones and Citrus ornaments.
Viva Terra really beautiful ornaments.
Or how about one of these cute ornaments, hand-carved and colored with fire using a traditional technique that dates 4,000 year-old. Isn't that Contemporary nativity family unique... available here.


text:
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text:
GT4 - Make a statement. Our distinctive 18x10 GT4 replica wheels come from the GT Supercar - Ford's heavyweight champ of the supercar world. Throw these rims on the rear of your Mustang and they speak for themselves. It's a loud, bold statement that can't be ignored. Designed for a staggered setup, this rim looks incredible with our matching 18x9 Chrome GT4 Wheels up front.
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Triple Chrome Plated. This wheel is plated in a three step process that includes copper, nickel, and then chrome for a bright show winning shine. Lighter than other chrome wheels which are steel underneath, these wheels are cast from lightweight aluminum so they won't slow you down.
Fitment:Note: Priced per wheel.
Mustang Fitment: 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Details >>


text:
Start A Station | Sign In
LoudCity Main Page Your Favorites Newest Stations Alternative Blues Classical Country Decades Easy Listening Electronic Folk Inspirational International Jazz Latin Metal New Age Pop R&B/Urban Rap Reggae Rock Seasonal/Holiday Soundtracks Talk Themes
Max Ink Radio.... Radio For The People. Maximum Ink music magazine's radio station.
This station plays Blues, Metal, Reggae and Hard Rock
Max Ink Radio website


text:
FAO's programme dedicated to assisting countries in developing national forest monitoring systems and assessments with the objective of providing reliable forest resource information for national forest policy development, planning and sustainable management.
>>> Go to News Archive | Meetings Preparing the Forest Sector in Eastern Europe and Central Asia to Meet Global Challenges - A Capacity Building Workshop . |


text:
1962 Rambler Classic Country Club wagon for sale. This vintage wagon, finished in an attractive mint green exterior with two two green interior has... More
1964 Rambler American 440 Convertible Restored, California titled "Black Plate" 1964 convertible. Rock solid floors, frame and sheetmetal. New Aurora Light Turquoise paint (show quality),... More


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NEW YORK, N.Y. - A Chinese immigrant who neighbours said struggled to survive in America was arrested Sunday on five counts of murder in the stabbing deaths of his cousin's wife and her four children in their Brooklyn home — using a butcher knife.
The suspect, 25-year-old Mingdong Chen, implicated himself in the killings late Saturday, police said.
"They were cut and butchered with a kitchen knife," said Chief of Department Philip Banks III.
Two girls, 9-year-old Linda Zhuo and 7-year-old Amy Zhuo, were pronounced dead at the scene, along with the youngest child, 1-year-old William Zhuo. Their brother, 5-year-old Kevin Zhuo, and 37-year-old mother, Qiao Zhen Li, were taken to hospitals, where they were pronounced dead.
Chen is a cousin of the children's father and had been staying at the home for the past week or so, Banks said. He came to the United States from China in 2004 and seemingly struggled to make it, Banks said.
"Ever since he came to this country, everybody seems to be doing better than him," he said.
On Saturday night, Chen had apparently been acting in such a way that concerned Li, Banks said. She tried to call her husband, who wasn't home, but couldn't reach him.
Banks said Li called her mother-in-law in China, who also was unsuccessful in reaching her son. The mother-in-law reached out to her daughter, who lives in the neighbourhood, Banks said.
She and her husband came to the house and banged on the door, then called police.
"It's a scene you'll never forget," Banks said. The victims had wounds in their necks and torsos.
Chen was in custody. He also faces counts of assault on a police officer, which happened while he was being processed, and resisting arrest, Banks said.
Bob Madden, who lives nearby, saw a man being escorted from the building by police. He was barefoot, wearing jeans, and "he was staring, he was expressionless," Madden said.
The working-class neighbourhood has a large Chinese community.


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They have clean room, great price for what it's worth and best part is it's close to San Manuel casino! The service was great! I went with some few friends and we would recommend this hotel. We'll be back here again.
- Also Known As:
- Knights Inn Highland
- Highland Knights Inn
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, Wyndham, Orbitz, Cheap Tickets, Priceline, Booking.com, Travelocity, Hotels.com and Tingo so you can book your Knights Inn Highland Casino reservations with confidence. We help millions of travellers each month to find the perfect hotel for both holiday and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


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This adorable puppy stopped in to visit at the auto repair shop where a very colorful tropical fish tank is located. I was capturing images of the water life when the puppy became the irresistable center of attention. Who can resist a puppy ?
Puppy Love
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This is sort of hard to read, but it says "If I can put one touch of rosy sunset into the life of any man or woman, I shall feel that I Have worked with God." I absolutely love this thought. See the other entries at My Perspective.
As a sidenote, remember my red barn photo from Tennessee that I entered in the Quotography theme, "Anything." (If not, you can see it here.) Well, I was one of the top three photos...which meant I got to help select the winners for last weeks' theme, which was "reflection." To see the top winners for "Reflections" click here!
Themes: Photo You Are Proud of & Anything (LEM)
I snapped this photo in Tennessee and fell in love with it. This was right behind the red barn photo I mentioned above and I loved the green trees and vines and the sunshing was perfect and, of course, this farm girl loves any picture of a horse. So I'm entering this one in the "A Photo Challenge" for the theme "A photo that you're proud of" and in the LEM challenge this week, "Anything." Click on the links to see the other entries.
Theme: Sepia (Project 64)
Anytime there is a color close to brown, my mind goes straight to finding a horse to photograph. Luckily for me, I had tickets to the State Fair rodeo on Thursday night. I got this picture of Sydni Blanchard (a hometown cowgirl!) in the barrel racing. To see the other sepia photos, go to Project 64.
Theme: View from a Window or Door
You guys know how much I love the Washington National Cathedral. I got this shot when I was back visiting my friend Mrs. Top Gun in DC in May and love it. It's also appropriate this week, because I would like to ask for your prayers for my dear friends Mr. and Mrs. Top Gun. Without going into details, I just want to say that they are two of the best people I know and they are going through a very difficult situation right now and I know that your prayers are appreciated.
Theme: Show Off Your Shot


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So I've been researching like a monster to find the most practical ab workout out there. Man, it aint easy. I mean, who likes doing crunches and leg raises? I certainly don't. So my mission is to find an ab workout that I might possibly enjoy doing. Can anybody relate?
Anyway I was talking to a PT and he suggested 'Football Drills', and 'Boxing Drills'. So it made me think to myself, "Self..would sprinting be an effective, yet practical ab workout?"
So I'm posing the same question to all you people out there in Forum Land. Are sprinting drills an effective way to shred up one's midsection?


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On Wednesday 20th and Thursday 21st of April the trade fair MOCON 2011 takes place in the Brabanthallen, 's-Hertogenbosch. It is the meeting place for thousands of professionals within the Dutch motion & control industry.
Besides more than 135 exhibitors and a record number of novelties, such as the Serapid duwketting, the SMS Multi-I/O module, the VLT One Gear Drive Concept, RJ45 connectors for Cat. 6a assembly and compact synchronous motors, the exhibition also presents an extensive exhibition programme.
Current issues such as energy efficiency, robotic applications, safety control and integration into the RAB Safety Mark pass the comprehensive review.
Watch the video impressions
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Etsi tuotteita
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Get your easyFairs® Boosterpack right now and make sure visitors recognize you before, during and after the event, for the best result; do business!


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People keep complaining that movies aren't what they.
Used to -- And they certainly aren't for one thing there fast served.
And they computer generated.
Image can't do every.
There's also the fact that there are very few big stars now that we can actually -- through our heart.
And feel something about but to movies recently give us renewed hope player's guide fall.
The James Bond film there's just making millions all over the world.
And and it bond that is -- -- complicated guy he's getting older.
And he has problems with his site and everything else he's also.
An older woman in this movie there's no real affect the -- amount to do anything.
He loves Judy damage his boss M played by one of the greatest -- -- and the other big movie is Steven Spielberg historic -- screenplay.
Abraham link and this will give Daniel Day-Lewis had chance to win a second.
Academy Award link and the movie is serious stuff.
And it's not very action oriented.
It's more about -- struggled.
With his -- And with this civil war that's going on.
And the emancipation.
If this movie was intended to see that our feelings about the difficulties of the north vs the south.
And -- intended to do so with the recent Obama.
Election -- -- in mind well.
It doesn't give us too much how.
Because the war between the blues and the -- is still going on the war between the north and stuff.
So I don't know if they Movielink and solves -- thing for us.
I'd suggest you go back and read Doris Kearns Goodwin.
Book team abroad.
That tells you whether Clinton with a great friends.
Are not.
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Published October 16, 2012, 12:00 AM
UMD men No. 13, women unranked
COLLEGE HOCKEY: The Minnesota Duluth men remained No. 13 in the U.S. College Hockey Division I poll released Monday following a season-opening weekend split of games at home against Ohio State. The Bulldogs (1-1) play at No. 9 Notre Dame (2-0) on Thursday and Friday in South Bend, Ind.By: News Tribune staff, Duluth News Tribune


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Live baseball Q&A with Richard Griffin
« Dawson treats Expos fans like jilted lovers | Main | Mail Bag »
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Richard Griffin began working for the Star as baseball columnist on Feb.13, 1995. Griffin began his career in major-league baseball with the Montreal Expos in 1973 while attending Concordia University. He became director of publicity in 1978. Griffin is in the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown as '93 winner of the Robert O. Fishel Award and has been at all or part of every World Series since 1978.


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Spent the Day Looking at a Really Nice House
Maria and I spent this morning going down south and looking at a place in the Sedona Canyon lands. I have to say that it was a really impressive place, but it is a bit too far out of town for Maria.It was down Highway 89 Al, on the lower red rock loop road in sedona. You are talking about a road that goes out through a whole lot of hot sandy nothing, but it is really beautiful in my opinion. Maria was making jokes about Wiley E Coyote and the Roadrunner living out there, because that is pretty much what it looks like. It is a long road through a whole lot of desert. I was hoping that she would like it better than I thought she would, but it was just a bit too far away from town as I said already. More »
Easy Ways to Save on Your Car Insurance Rates
Have you finally reached a point where you really want to save money on the car insurance rates you have been paying? There are a lot of ways to save, and here are a few of them. The biggest way to save on automobile insurance is to check around for a lower price. Just make sure you are getting the same coverage amounts. If there are any perks to your current policy that are must-haves to you, then make sure you get a quote that includes them.
If the insurance company does not ask, be sure to inquire if you can save more money by getting all of your documents online instead of having them sent through the mail. Also ask about a discount for setting up automatic withdrawal of payments. Follow Through
Most people might want to become familiar with – Technology Blogs That Work Well, Check Out These Ideas!
Just Started a \driving Job
I just got a really strange sort of job. They called me up the other day and I spent a long time sitting around. After a long time I realized that they were only interested in my driving record and what sort of auto insurance rates they would be charged if I was driving one of their vehicles. They wanted to know if I could drive a truck, if I had a commercial driver's license. I did not have one, but I told them I had driven trucks some while I was with the Marine Corps. It had not been my job really, but it had been something that they would get me to do when it was needed. Follow Through
Customers might need to keep in mind – Excellent Tips To Help In Your Fight Against Acne
Two to three Paths – Learn The Ins And Outs Of Good Nutrition
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Make The Home Picture Best By Using These Interior Design Ideas
Great Guide On How To Make Money Through The Stock Market
Yeast Infections And Also You: The Basic Facts
Why I Dumped My Cable
So last month a few bad things had happen to me. One of the major ones was I was in a car accident and missed 3 weeks of work. Now not only did I have various medical expenses to worry about but I was also out 3 weeks worth of pay since I had no vacation time left. Figures the accident happen just after I used them right? Well at the end of the month I was going thru the motions of paying the monthly bills and got a 200.00 cable bill. Under this bill was a direct tv flyer.
Now I never gave much thought to direct tv but their flyer advertised much more channels then I was getting now and offering it for over half the price my monthly bill with the cable company currently was. So I went online and browsed several sites to see what current customers of theirs were saying about the service. I was really surprised when I couldn't find any negative comments, the same surely could not be said for my cable company!
So the next morning I called and canceled my cable. They sure did not make it easy transferring me from department to department, but I stuck to my guns and finally got them to do what I wanted. I then called direct tv and got someone on the phone who spoke English as a first language and they made the whole signing up process easy, and even gave me free installation which was great since I couldn't be climbing up to install anything because of the car accident.
A few days later the guy came and was very polite and he installed everything for me, made sure it was working and even showed me how to use the DVR. Now that I'm using it, I'm one of those reviews I read that have nothing but positive things to say.
Follow Through


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In preparation for MAX Bus Rapid Transit, West Drake Road from College Avenue to McClelland Drive is scheduled to be repaved as part of the City of Fort Collins 2013 Street Maintenance Program.
Construction will begin Monday, October 28 and will be completed in approximately one week. Working hours for the project will typically be Monday through Friday, 7 a.m. to 6 p.m.; however, work may occur outside these times or on weekends as necessary. West Drake Road will be closed in phases according to the plan below; some side streets will also be closed.
Phase 1: Westbound lanes of Drake Road CLOSED from College Avenue to McClelland Drive
- Duration anticipated: 2-3 working days.
- Bay Road CLOSED at Drake Road.
- McClelland Drive closed to westbound turns at Drake Road.
Phase 2: Eastbound lanes of Drake Road CLOSED from McClelland Drive to College Avenue
- Duration anticipated: 2-3 working days.
- Redwing Drive CLOSED at Drake Road.
- McClelland Drive CLOSED at Drake Road.
The project schedule is an estimate based on favorable conditions; variances may occur due to weather or other unforeseen circumstances.
Alternate routes are suggested to avoid the construction zones. Detour routes include College Avenue, Horsetooth Road, Prospect Road and Shields Street. The Mason Trail will also be closed at Drake Road throughout the duration of this project. A detour route will be marked, directing trail users to Research Boulevard to safely avoid the work zone.
For more information, visit fcgov.com/maxconstruction or call the MAX construction hotline, 970-416-2617.


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Where are you buying your DTMF decoder ICs from? They are pretty hard to find these days.
Started by TrickyNekro Electronics
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Shanghai 4 Star Hotels + Restaurant + Motels
Know When You're Going?
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"My son and I stayed here one night. When we opened the door to our room we said quot... Read more"
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- Join the France 24 community here
- Log in
Latest update: 27/08/2012
- Barack Obama - Bashar al-Assad - Ecuador - Jacob Zuma - Julian Assange - Mitt Romney - Rafael Correa - South Africa - Syria
The World This Week - August 17th, 2012
The US presidential campaign has definitely picked up since Mitt Romney announced his running mate. Now comes the battle for a shrinking number of undecided voters. Also, strong language on Syria serves to mask the West's limited options, and lessons learned from South Africa's worst massacre since Apartheid.
- Steven ERLANGER. Paris Bureau Chief, New York Times;
- Ulrike KOLTERMANN. Freelance journalist;
- Michael KIRTLEY. Journalist, National Geographic & Africa International;
- Mathieu MABIN. Senior Correspondent, France 24.
Produced by François Picard, Anelise Borges, Mary Colombel, Juliette Lacharnay.


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Rachel Welte is the Weekend News Anchor and a General Assignment Reporter.
EL PASO COUNTY, COLO. -- Below is a list of closings and delays for Monday, Sept. 16 following the recent severe storms.
- Canon Elementary in School District 12 will be closed Monday for cleanup. Military:
- Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station will be closed Monday for debris cleanup. - Commander-directed personnel only (24/7 crews) will report on Monday - Mission essential personnel will report Tuesday through Wednesday, Sept. 17-18 - Non-mission essential should not report to CMAFS prior to Thursday, Sept. 19 - Upper and middle parking lots will remain closed during the next three day period. All parking will be in the 300 Area or Visitor Center lots. - Personnel coming to duty inside the mountain are required to check-in at Building 308 and take base shuttle in from that point. - Due to safety concerns, motorcycles will be required to park at the VCC parking lot and not be allowed on base.
- Church for All Nations: NOVA living room canceled


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تجمع المصريين الادينين و الملحدين
Members: 172
Latest Activity: Dec 6
Started by Marvel. Last reply by Laila Moe Nov 12. 26 Replies 2 Likes
CNN has made a list of the world's most dangerous terrorists ... the list included men of different nationalities, ethnicitys and languages ... but they all share one thing ... they were all…Continue
Started by Mette Nielsen. Last reply by Laila Moe Nov 6. 2 Replies 0 Likes
I have a question about the uprisings in Egypt. Various articles state that the Egyptian people are dissatisfied with the economic situation and this is why they demanded that Morsi step down. Do you…Continue
Tags: Economy, Politics, Religion, Demonstrations, Egypt
Started by Marvel. Last reply by Reg The Fronkey Farmer Oct 6. 20 Replies 0 Likes
In a religious country such as Egypt, despite atheism being a taboo highly frowned upon, atheists say their numbers are on the rise. But with any new movement taking hold, a cultural backlash is…Continue
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Anonymous wrote, "I find so many of these comments chilling, along with the atmosphere of anti-Muslim sentiment. (Note: I am not a Muslim!) Just as in Christianity, there are all shades of…Continue
Reham El-Sahly went viral in the meme world after that interview .. she's supposed to be an open-minded AUC graduate .. how did she become that retarded?
Where did this guy get all his patience from? Seriously! I wanna be like him :P
I was looking for more ex-Muslim and Arab Atheists on tumblr when someone showed me a link to this group. I got so excited I joined this page just to join this group haha. This is great, maybe if I visit one day I'll join one of your meet ups and get some basic survival lessons :P
Honestly not sure what I believe in at the moment. But it's good that groups like this exist for people to discuss questions which are usually hushed down with HARAM or "heya keda" (it just is)!
If anyone's on tumblr, link me with your url.
god // dog
note : // is a Mirror ;)
my favorite ATHEIST song
Amazing girl.
I am given this serious consideration as my next tattoo. If anyone reads Urdu please spellcheck. I cannot get the font any bigger here for some reason. It should read "Malala Yousafzai"
ملالہ یوسف زئی
That's an amazing little lady!
Malala interview. I will try to upload it later.
That's a very inspiring interview .. Malala Yousafzai on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart 8 October, 2013
December 23, 2013 from 7pm to 11:45pm – Spartanburg Event Center Cleveland Park
0 Comments 1 LikeStarted by Marvel. Last reply by Laila Moe Nov 12. 26 Replies 2 Likes
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Check out our new mobile/tablet version of Think Atheist! www.ThinkAtheist.com/m
© 2013 Created by Morgan Matthew.


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look who's having fun in the snow today! it's really starting to come down now! but, this is buffalo and we're used to the white stuff. be careful driving out there-remember, it'll be in the 40's in a few days!
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Building & Construction > Building Sets
Encourage creativity and motor development with Kaplan's selection of building sets. Products include plane, car, and bug models, and much more.
Jumbo Playstix Price: $99.95 In Stock Wacky Machines Waba Fun Price: $65.95 In Stock Straws and Connectors Premium Set Price: $59.95 In Stock Texo™ Price: $79.95 In Stock Edu-Tiles Letters and Numbers Edushape Ltd Price: $59.95 In Stock Quadrilla® Music Motion Set (97 Piece Set) HAPE Price: $99.95 In Stock Quadrilla® Roundabout™ Set (91 Piece Set) HAPE Price: $74.95 In Stock Lay-N-Go Large - Blue Price: $64.95 In Stock Tinkertoy Building Set Pink KNex Price: $54.95 Temporarily Out of Stock


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Si vous désirez être livré dans d'autres pays, veuillez choisir la boutique internationale
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The NIXON VEGA – Seek and you shall find. Stirring words; but sometimes the perfectly appropriate vintage piece just never appears, no matter how many flea market stalls you've scoured. The Vega's custom polycarbonate or acetate body comes in a full spectrum of Technicolor-like hues that make a generous hat-nod to our favorite throwback statement-makers. Add to that two hand Japanese movement and you've got a fully loaded, fashionable timepiece worth hanging on to.


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Caribbean Golf Course - The 2nd Hole at the Lucayan Golf Course, Freeport, Bahamas
- Check out my Lucayan Golf Course Photo Gallery
Back in the days when I first dropped anchor in the islands (metaphorically speaking, of course), Caribbean Golf Courses and resorts were not the golf destinations we know today. Many were a little on the seedy side; facilities could quite easily be described as "third world." Golf courses on the islands were often primitive and unkempt. Today, the grand resorts and developers have moved to the islands in force. The Islands of the Caribbean now offer the best of winter golf getaways. The list of golf courses and resorts across the islands from The Bahamas, to Bermuda, Jamaica, Aruba, and the Windward and Leeward Islands is extensive:
Please read my complete round-up of Golf Courses and Resorts in the Caribbean


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Most Popular
Our most popular fall-planted perennials
Can't decide what to plant? We have put together a collection of our most asked-for and popular perennials. These perennials have proven their success with our customers and we wanted to put them all in one place for you to find.
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White Trillium
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Frickin' A! Any New Englander worth his weight in lobstah knows the time honored tradition of summers at the Vineyard. Cabo Cado pays homage to this famous vacation spot with this set jam-packed with gifts en-"Mass". It includes a two color screen-printed tote bag, a Martha's Vineyard postcard printed on silky 16-point cardstock, a two-color beer koozie and a 2013 calendar with wood hanging dowel.
Tote bag printed on 10z environmentally friendly natural cotton and includes a 4" x 6" interior pocket for phones/wallets. Postcard includes a silky feel and matte sheen. Beer koozie is lightweight, foldable, and flexible. Calendar is screen-printed on 7z environmentally friendly natural cotton and includes a 3/8" x 15" dowel with string for hanging.


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Graham Road Branch
Valley Savings Bank has two convenient locations in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. Both locations feature a full-service lobby, convenient drive-through and on-site ATM. But that's not all. What you'll also find are all the latest banking innovations supported by knowledgeable people offering first-name service with a smile. So whether you have been doing business with Valley Savings Bank for years or are just opening your first account with us, we invite you to stop by to discuss all of your personal and/or business banking needs.
Location Information
505 Graham Road
Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44221
On-site MoneyPass® ATM
Drive-Through Hours
Monday – Friday 8:30am - 6:00pm
Saturday 9:00am - 1:00pm
Lobby Hours
Monday – Thursday 9:00am - 4:00pm
Friday 9:00am - 6:00pm
Saturday 9:00am - 1:00pm


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The Shay chair combines clean, modern lines and classic style with the extreme comfort of blend-down cushions, inviting you to sink in and relax.
Details & Dimensions
Care & Fit
Keep your upholstery looking great with our detailed cleaning and care instructions.
Foam Cushion Maintenance video
- Fabric & Upholstery Care
- Watch the video on how to measure your space for delivery or download the instructions
Cushion Details
Seat cushion type: wrapped foam
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- Will soften with use, but designed to retain its shape
Back cushion type: foam and fiber
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- Offers structured, even support
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- Designed to retain its shape with minimal maintenance
Upon delivery, you can expect your cushions to be fuller and firmer. Cushions will soften and personalize with use. Routine maintenance is required for all cushions.
Watch the Foam Cushion Maintenance video
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Reviewed by 1 customer
Displaying review 1
- Comfortable sit
- Cushions hold shape
- Dog Friendly Fabric With
- Great design
- Trim Design But Still Has
- Well made
- Slightly Deep Seat
Best Uses
- Accent
- Small spaces
Customer comments about Shay Chair:
A move to a smaller space challenged us, but this chair, paired with the Wells Studio sofa, and the Dalton recliner fit the bill. The Shay chair is both contemporary in style, but fits well with traditional styles. I bought it for the living room, but can see it easily in a bedroom or home office. It sits well, a little more firm than plush, and for an evening of TV watching, an ottoman is necessary. I am on the short side (5'-3"), so need a little throw pillow behind my back, but do not find the chair too deep, nor too high. It has been perfect for guests of all sizes and was a great choice for our space. We have two small dogs that think they need to share the furniture with us and the stocked fabric has held up well to little paws.
- I live in a:
- Apartment/condo
- This product is used in my:
- Living room/family room/great room
Displaying review 1
Do you have questions about this product?
We're here to help with answers from our expert Design Associates.
- Shay 28x22" Ottoman
Does the ottoman glide?Asked on 7/12/2013 by yogini from Cambridge, MA1 answer
You can find the Shay Glider Ottoman here: http://www.roomandboard.com/rnb/product/detail.do?articleNumber=219689&an=0_219689&productGroup=6348Answered on 7/12/2013 by Design Associate from Room & Board


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The service is friendly and helpful in this hotel. Walking distance to Frankfurt fair, University and public transport. The room had carpet and smelled like a former smokers room or maybe just a bit old. The TV is very small and sits in a cupboard, not very comfortable to watch some TV after a long and busy day in Frankfurt.... More
- Also Known As:
- An Der Messe Frankfurt
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- A true insider tip for business and leisure travellers visiting Frankfurt am Main . This unique bed and breakfast boutique hotel is centrally but at the same time quietly located in the distinguished residential area "Westend", right in the very heart of Frankfurt am Main. The exhibition halls on the fairgrounds, the Congress Centre, the event location "Festhalle" and the CBD are all within 5 minutes walking distance (500m) from the "Hotel an der Messe" Frankfurt.Stops for the public transport systems to reach the train station or Frankfurt airport are just around the corner. The Old Opera, the historical part of the city and the major shopping district "Zeil" are just 25 minutes walking distance from the Hotel an der Messe. Museums, cultural highlights, sports events and a wide range of nightclubs offer visitors a huge variety of entertainment options. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, Booking.com, Travelocity, Hotels.com, Agoda, Priceline, Asiatravel.com Holdings, Venere, Tingo and Otel so you can book your Hotel An Der Messe reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.