text:
Lead–acid battery
Lead-acid car battery
Specific energy | 30–40 Wh/kg[citation needed] |
Energy density | 60–75 Wh/l[citation needed] |
Specific power | 180 W/kg[citation needed] |
Charge/discharge efficiency | 50%–92%[citation needed] |
Energy/consumer-price | 7(sld)-18(fld) Wh/US$[citation needed] |
Self-discharge rate | 3–20%/month[citation needed] |
Cycle durability | 500–800 cycles[citation needed] |
Nominal cell voltage | 2.105V[citation needed] |
Charge temperature interval | min. −40 °C – max.49 |
The Lead–acid battery was invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planté and is the oldest type of rechargeable battery. Despite having a very low energy-to-weight ratio and a low energy-to-volume ratio, its ability to supply high surge currents means that the cells have a relatively large power-to-weight ratio. These features, along with their low cost, makes it attractive for use in motor vehicles to provide the high current required by automobile starter motors.
As they are inexpensive compared to newer technologies, lead-acid batteries are widely used even when surge current is not important and other designs could provide higher energy densities. Large-format lead-acid designs are widely used for storage in backup power supplies in cell phone towers, high-availability settings like hospitals, and stand-alone power systems. For these roles, modified versions of the standard cell may be used to improve storage times and reduce maintenance requirements. Gel-cells and absorbed glass-mat batteries are common in these roles, collectively known as VRLA (valve-regulated lead-acid) batteries.
Lead-acid battery sales account for 40-45% of the value from batteries sold worldwide (1999, not including China and Russia), a manufacturing market value of about US$15 billion.[1]
- 1 History
- 2 Electrochemistry
- 3 Voltages for common usages
- 4 Measuring the charge level
- 5 Construction
- 6 Applications
- 7 Cycles
- 8 Valve regulated
- 9 Sulfation and desulfation
- 10 Stratification
- 11 Risk of explosion
- 12 Environment
- 13 Additives
- 14 Corrosion problems
- 15 Maintenance precautions
- 16 Sizing Nomenclature
- 17 See also
- 18 References
- 19 External links
In 1859, Gaston Planté's lead-acid battery was the first battery that could be recharged by passing a reverse current through it. Planté's first model consisted of two lead sheets separated by rubber strips and rolled into a spiral.[2] His batteries were first used to power the lights in train carriages while stopped at a station. In 1881, Camille Alphonse Faure invented an improved version that consisted of a lead grid lattice into which a lead oxide paste was pressed, forming a plate. This design was easier to mass-produce.
In the 1970s the valve-regulated lead acid battery (often called 'sealed') was developed; it uses a gel electrolyte instead of a liquid, allowing the battery to be used in different positions without leakage.
In the discharged state both the positive and negative plates become lead(II) sulfate (PbSO
4) and the electrolyte loses much of its dissolved sulfuric acid and becomes primarily water. The discharge process is driven by the conduction of electrons from the negative plate back into the cell at the positive plate in the external circuit.
- Negative plate reaction:
Pb(s) + HSO−
4(aq) → PbSO
4(s) + H+
(aq) + 2-
- Positive plate reaction:
2(s) + HSO−
4(aq) + 3H+
(aq) + 2-
e → PbSO
4(s) + 2H
The total reaction can be written:
- Pb(s) + PbO
2(s) + 2H
4(aq) → 2PbSO
4(s) + 2H
The sum of the molecular weights of the reactants is 642.6, so theoretically a cell can produce two faradays of charge (192,971 coulombs) from 642.6 g of reactants, or 83.4 amp-hours per kg (or 13.9 amp-hours per kg for a 12-volt battery).[citation needed] At 2 volts per cell, this comes to 167 watt-hours per kg, but lead-acid batteries in fact give only 30 to 40 watt-hours per kg due to the weight of the water and other factors.[citation needed]
In the charged state, each cell contains negative plates of elemental lead (Pb) and positive plates of lead(IV) oxide (PbO
2) in an electrolyte of approximately 33.5% v/v (4.2 Molar) sulfuric acid (H
4). The charging process is driven by the forcible removal of electrons from the positive plate and the forcible introduction of them to the negative plate by the charging source.
- Negative plate reaction: PbSO
4(s) + H+
(aq) + 2-
e → Pb(s) + HSO−
4(aq) - Positive plate reaction: PbSO
4(s) + 2H
2O(l) → PbO
2(s) + HSO−
4(aq) + 3H+
(aq) + 2-
Overcharging with high charging voltages generates oxygen and hydrogen gas by electrolysis of water, which is lost to the cell. Periodic maintenance of lead acid batteries requires inspection of the electrolyte level and replacement of any water that has been lost.
Due to the freezing-point depression of the electrolyte, as the battery discharges and the concentration of sulfuric acid decreases, the electrolyte is more likely to freeze during winter weather when discharged.
Ion motion[edit]
During discharge, H+
produced at the negative plates and from the electrolyte solution moves to the positive plates where it is consumed, while HSO−
4 is consumed at both plates. The reverse occurs during charge. This motion can be by diffusion through the medium or by flow of a liquid electrolyte medium. Since the density is greater when the sulfuric acid concentration is higher, the liquid will tend to circulate by convection. Therefore a liquid medium cell tends to rapidly discharge and rapidly charge more efficiently than an otherwise similar gel cell.
Voltages for common usages[edit]
This section does not cite any references or sources. (February 2012) |
These are general voltage ranges per cell:
- Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge: 2.10V
- Open-circuit at full discharge: 1.95V
- Loaded at full discharge: 1.75V
- Continuous-preservation (float) charging: 2.23V for gelled electrolyte; 2.25V for AGM (absorbed glass mat) and 2.32V for flooded cells
- All voltages are at 20 °C (68 °F), and must (for a 6 cell battery) be adjusted −0.0235V/°C for temperature changes.
- Float voltage recommendations vary, according to the manufacturer's recommendation.
- Precise float voltage (±0.05 V) is critical to longevity; insufficient voltage (causes sulfation) is almost as detrimental as excessive voltage (causing corrosion and electrolyte loss)
- Typical (daily) charging: 2.37V to 2.4V (depending on temperature and manufacturer's recommendation)
- Equalization charging (for flooded lead acids): 2.5V for no more than 2.205 hours. Battery temperature must be absolutely monitored.
- Gassing threshold: 2.4V
Measuring the charge level[edit]
Because the electrolyte takes part in the charge-discharge reaction, this battery has one major advantage over other chemistries. It is relatively simple to determine the state of charge by merely measuring the specific gravity (S.G.) of the electrolyte, the S.G. falling as the battery discharges. Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls of differing density. When used in diesel-electric submarines, the S.G. was regularly measured and written on a blackboard in the control room to indicate how much longer the boat could remain submerged.[3]
The battery's open circuit voltage can also be used to gauge the state of charge.[4] If the connections to the individual cells are accessible, then the state of charge of each cell can be determined which can provide a guide as to the state of health of the battery as a whole.
The lead–acid cell can be demonstrated using sheet lead plates for the two electrodes. However such a construction produces only around one ampere for roughly postcard sized plates, and for only a few minutes.
Gaston Planté found a way to provide a much larger effective surface area. In Planté's design, the positive and negative plates were formed of two spirals of lead foil, separated with a sheet of cloth and coiled up. The cells initially had low capacity, so a slow process of "forming" was required to corrode the lead foils, creating lead dioxide on the plates and roughening them to increase surface area. Initially this process used electricity from primary batteries; when generators became available after 1870, the cost of production of batteries greatly declined.[1] Planté plates are still used in some stationary applications, where the plates are mechanically grooved to increase their surface area.
Faure pasted-plate construction is typical of automotive batteries. Each plate consists of a rectangular lead grid alloyed with antimony or calcium to improve the mechanical characteristics. The holes of the grid are filled with a paste of red lead and 33% dilute sulfuric acid. (Different manufacturers vary the mixture). The paste is pressed into the holes in the grid which are slightly tapered on both sides to better retain the paste. This porous paste allows the acid to react with the lead inside the plate, increasing the surface area many fold. Once dry, the plates are stacked with suitable separators and inserted in the battery container. An odd number of plates is usually used, with one more negative plate than positive. Each alternate plate is connected.
The positive plates are the chocolate brown color of lead dioxide, and the negative are the slate gray of "spongy" lead at the time of manufacture. In this charged state the plates are called 'formed'.
One of the problems with the plates is that the plates increase in size as the active material absorbs sulfate from the acid during discharge, and decrease as they give up the sulfate during charging. This causes the plates to gradually shed the paste. It is important that there is room underneath the plates to catch this shed material. If it reaches the plates, the cell short-circuits.
The paste contains carbon black, blanc fixe (barium sulfate) and lignosulfonate. The blanc fixe acts as a seed crystal for the lead–to–lead sulfate reaction. The blanc fixe must be fully dispersed in the paste in order for it to be effective. The lignosulfonate prevents the negative plate from forming a solid mass during the discharge cycle, instead enabling the formation of long needle–like crystals. The long crystals have more surface area and are easily converted back to the original state on charging. Carbon black counteracts the effect of inhibiting formation caused by the lignosulfonates. Sulfonated naphthalene condensate dispersant is a more effective expander than lignosulfonate and speeds up formation. This dispersant improves dispersion of barium sulfate in the paste, reduces hydroset time, produces a more breakage-resistant plate, reduces fine lead particles and thereby improves handling and pasting characteristics. It extends battery life by increasing end–of–charge voltage. Sulfonated naphthalene requires about one-third to one-half the amount of lignosulfonate and is stable to higher temperatures.[5]
Practical cells are not made with pure lead but have small amounts of antimony, tin, calcium or selenium alloyed in the plate material to add strength and simplify manufacture. The alloying element has a great effect on the life of the batteries, with calcium-alloyed plates preferred over antimony for shorter life and less water consumption on each charge/discharge cycle. Due to the high price of antimony nearly all car batteries and valve regulated sealed batteries and most other non industrial batteries have been made with lead-calcium grids since the early 2000s and possibly earlier. Tin was added to lead-calcium cells to reduce the corrosion and open circuit effect (the calcium oxidizes whenever the positive plate voltage is lower than 40-80mV above open circuit and forms an insulator between the active material and the grid) Tin helped reduce this corrosion but the benefit wasn't worth 20usd/pound and they dropped tin as well very quickly. It is now very difficult to find antimony cells. It is possible to make lead-antimony positive plates and lead-calcium negatives, however, the plates must be "formed" before constructing the battery otherwise antimony is plated out onto the negative and you lose the water saving benefit of calcium negative, but this hasn't been cost effective for 100 years. While it can be argued that Calcium saves water and maintenance costs, it is almost never worth cutting the battery life from 20 years to 5.
About 60% of the weight of an automotive-type lead–acid battery rated around 60 Ah (8.7 kg of a 14.5 kg battery) is lead or internal parts made of lead; the balance is electrolyte, separators, and the case.[1]
Separators between the positive and negative plates prevent short-circuit through physical contact, mostly through dendrites ('treeing'), but also through shedding of the active material. Separators obstruct the flow of ions between the plates and increase the internal resistance of the cell. Wood, rubber, glass fiber mat, cellulose, and PVC or polyethylene plastic have been used to make separators. Wood was the original choice, but deteriorated in the acid electrolyte. Rubber separators were stable in the battery acid.
An effective separator must possess a number of mechanical properties; such as permeability, porosity, pore size distribution, specific surface area, mechanical design and strength, electrical resistance, ionic conductivity, and chemical compatibility with the electrolyte. In service, the separator must have good resistance to acid and oxidation. The area of the separator must be a little larger than the area of the plates to prevent material shorting between the plates. The separators must remain stable over the battery's operating temperature range.
Absorbed glass mat[edit]
In the absorbed glass mat design, or AGM for short, the spacer between the cells is replaced by a glass fibre mat soaked in electrolyte. There is only enough electrolyte in the mat to keep it wet, and if the battery is punctured the electrolyte will not flow out of the mats. Likewise, the mat greatly reduces evaporation, to the point that the batteries do not require periodic refilling of the water. This combination of features allows the battery to be completely sealed, which makes them useful in portable devices and similar roles.
To address the formation of hydrogen gas during discharge, calcium is added to the plates to absorb the gas. This only works during slow discharges, and gas buildup remains a problem when the battery is deeply or rapidly discharged. To deal with these events, AGMs often include a one-way blow-off valve, and are often known as "valve regulated lead-acid", or VRLA, designs.
Another advantage to the AGM design is that the electrolyte becomes the separator material, and mechanically strong. This allows the plate stack to be compressed together in the battery shell, slightly increasing energy density compared to liquid or gel versions. AGM batteries often show a characteristic "bulging" in their shells when built in common rectangular shapes.
The mat also prevents the vertical motion of the electrolyte within the battery. When a normal wet cell is stored in a discharged state, the heavier acid molecules tend to settle to the bottom of the battery, causing the electrolyte to stratify. When the battery is then used, the majority of the current flows only in this area, and the bottom of the plates tend to wear out rapidly. This is one of the reasons a conventional car battery can be ruined by leaving it stored for a long period and then used and recharged. The mat significantly prevents this stratification, eliminating the need to periodically shake the batteries, boil them, or run an "equalization charge" through them to mix the electrolyte. Stratification also causes the upper layers of the battery to become almost completely water, which can freeze in cold weather, AGMs are significantly less susceptible to damage due to low-temperature use.
Gelled electrolytes[edit]
During the 1970s researchers developed the "gel battery", which mixes a silica gelling agent into the electrolyte. This converts the formerly liquid interior of the cells into a semi-stiff paste, providing many of the same advantages of the AGM. Such designs are even less susceptible to evaporation and are often used in situations where little or no periodic maintenance is possible. Gel cells also have lower freezing and higher boiling points than the liquid electrolytes used in conventional wet cells and AGMs, which makes them suitable for use in extreme conditions.
The only downside to the gel design is that the gel prevents rapid motion of the ions in the electrolyte, which reduces carrier mobility and thus surge current capability. For this reason, gel cells are most commonly found in energy storage applications like off-grid systems.
"Maintenance free", "sealed" and "VRLA"[edit]
Both gel and AGM designs are sealed, do not requiring watering, can be used in any orientation, and use a valve for gas blowoff. For this reason, both designs can be called maintenance free, sealed and VRLA. However, it is quite common to find resources stating that these terms refer to one or another of these designs, specifically.
Most of the world's lead–acid batteries are automobile starting, lighting and ignition (SLI) batteries, with an estimated 320 million units shipped in 1999.[1] In 1992 about 3 million tons of lead were used in the manufacture of batteries.
Wet cell stand-by (stationary) batteries designed for deep discharge are commonly used in large backup power supplies for telephone and computer centers, grid energy storage, and off-grid household electric power systems.[6] Lead–acid batteries are used in emergency lighting and to power sump pumps in case of power failure.
Traction (propulsion) batteries are used in golf carts and other battery electric vehicles. Large lead–acid batteries are also used to power the electric motors in diesel-electric (conventional) submarines and are used on nuclear submarines as well. Valve-regulated lead acid batteries cannot spill their electrolyte. They are used in back-up power supplies for alarm and smaller computer systems (particularly in uninterruptible power supplies ("UPS")) and for electric scooters, electric wheelchairs, electrified bicycles, marine applications, battery electric vehicles or micro hybrid vehicles, and motorcycles.
Lead–acid batteries were used to supply the filament (heater) voltage, with 2 V common in early vacuum tube (valve) radio receivers.
Portable batteries for miners' cap lamps headlamps typically have two or three cells.[7]
Starting batteries[edit]
Lead-acid batteries designed for starting automotive engines are not designed for deep discharge. They have a large number of thin plates designed for maximum surface area, and therefore maximum current output, but which can easily be damaged by deep discharge. Repeated deep discharges will result in capacity loss and ultimately in premature failure, as the electrodes disintegrate due to mechanical stresses that arise from cycling. Starting batteries kept on continuous float charge will have corrosion in the electrodes which will result in premature failure. Starting batteries should be kept open circuit but charged regularly (at least once every two weeks) to prevent sulfation.
Starting batteries are lighter weight than deep cycle batteries of the same battery dimensions, because the cell plates do not extend all the way to the bottom of the battery case. This allows loose disintegrated lead to fall off the plates and collect under the cells, to prolong the service life of the battery. If this loose debris rises high enough it can touch the plates and lead to failure of a cell, resulting in loss of battery voltage and capacity.
Deep cycle batteries[edit]
Specially designed deep-cycle cells are much less susceptible to degradation due to cycling, and are required for applications where the batteries are regularly discharged, such as photovoltaic systems, electric vehicles (forklift, golf cart, electric cars and other) and uninterruptible power supplies. These batteries have thicker plates that can deliver less peak current, but can withstand frequent discharging.[8]
Some batteries are designed as a compromise between starter (high-current) and deep cycle batteries. They are able to be discharged to a greater degree than automotive batteries, but less so than deep cycle batteries. They may be referred to as "Marine/Motorhome" batteries, or "leisure batteries".
Fast and slow charge and discharge[edit]
The capacity of a lead–acid battery is not a fixed quantity but varies according to how quickly it is discharged. An empirical relationship between discharge rate and capacity is known as Peukert's law.
When a battery is charged or discharged only the reacting chemicals, which are at the interface between the electrodes and the electrolyte, are initially affected. With time, the charge stored in the chemicals at the interface, often called "interface charge" or "surface charge", spreads by diffusion of these chemicals throughout the volume of the active material.
Consider a battery that has been completely discharged (such as occurs when leaving the car lights on overnight, a current draw of about 6 amps). If it then is given a fast charge for only a few minutes, the battery plates charge only near the interface between the plates and the electrolyte. In this case the battery voltage might rise to a value near that of the charger voltage; this causes the charging current to decrease significantly. After a few hours this interface charge will spread to the volume of the electrode and electrolyte; this leads to an interface charge so low that it may be insufficient to start the car.[9] As long as the charging voltage stays below the gassing voltage (about 14.4 volts in a normal lead-acid battery), battery damage is unlikely, and in time the battery should return to a nominally charged state.
Valve regulated[edit]
In a valve regulated lead acid battery (VRLA) the hydrogen and oxygen produced in the cells largely recombine into water. Leakage is minimal, although some electrolyte still escapes if the recombination cannot keep up with gas evolution. Since VRLA batteries do not require (and make impossible) regular checking of the electrolyte level, they have been called maintenance free batteries. However, this is somewhat of a misnomer. VRLA cells do require maintenance. As electrolyte is lost, VRLA cells "dry-out" and lose capacity. This can be detected by taking regular internal resistance, conductance or impedance measurements. Regular testing reveals whether more involved testing and maintenance is required. Recent maintenance procedures have been developed allowing "rehydration", often restoring significant amounts of lost capacity.
VRLA types became popular on motorcycles around 1983,[10] because the acid electrolyte is absorbed into the separator, so it cannot spill.[11] The separator also helps them better withstand vibration. They are also popular in stationary applications such as telecommunications sites, due to their small footprint and installation flexibility.[12]
The electrical characteristics of VRLA batteries differ somewhat from wet-cell lead–acid batteries, requiring caution in charging and discharging.[clarification needed]
Sulfation and desulfation[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2013) |
Lead–acid batteries lose the ability to accept a charge when discharged for too long due to sulfation, the crystallization of lead sulfate. They generate electricity through a double sulfate chemical reaction. Lead and lead dioxide, the active materials on the battery's plates, react with sulfuric acid in the electrolyte to form lead sulfate. The lead sulfate first forms in a finely divided, amorphous state, and easily reverts to lead, lead dioxide and sulfuric acid when the battery recharges. As batteries cycle through numerous discharges and charges, some lead sulfate is not recombined into electrolyte and slowly converts to a stable crystalline form that no longer dissolves on recharging. Thus, not all the lead is returned to the battery plates, and the amount of usable active material necessary for electricity generation declines over time.
Sulfation occurs in all lead–acid batteries during normal operation. It impedes recharging; sulfate deposits ultimately expand, cracking the plates and destroying the battery. Eventually so much of the battery plate area is unable to supply current that the battery capacity is greatly reduced. In addition, the sulfate portion (of the lead sulfate) is not returned to the electrolyte as sulfuric acid. The large crystals physically block the electrolyte from entering the pores of the plates. Sulfation can be avoided if the battery is fully recharged immediately after a discharge cycle.[13] A white coating on the plates may be visible (in batteries with clear cases, or after dismantling the battery). Batteries that are sulfated show a high internal resistance and can deliver only a small fraction of normal discharge current.
Sulfation also affects the charging cycle, resulting in longer charging times, less efficient and incomplete charging, and higher battery temperatures.
Desulfation is the process of reversing the sulfation of a lead-acid battery. Desulfation is achieved by high current pulses produced between the terminals of the battery. This technique, also called pulse conditioning, breaks down the sulfate crystals that are formed on the battery plates.[14][dead link] Short high current pulses tend to work best. Electronic circuits are used to regulate the pulses of different widths and frequency of high current pulses. These can also be used to automate the process since it takes a long period of time to desulfate a battery fully. Battery chargers designed for desulfating lead-acid batteries are commercially available. A battery will be unrecoverable if the active material has been lost from the plates, or if the plates are bent due to over temperature or over charging.
Batteries which have sat unused for long periods of time can be prime candidates for desulfation. A long period of self-discharge allows the sulfate crystals to form and become very large. Some typical cases where lead acid batteries are not used frequently enough are planes, boats (esp sail boats), old cars, and home power systems with battery banks that are under utilized.
Some charging techniques can aid in prevention such as equalization charging and cycles through discharging and charging regularly. It is recommended to follow battery manufacturer instructions for proper charging.
SLI batteries (starting, lighting, ignition; i.e. car batteries) have less deterioration because they are used more frequently vs deep cycle batteries. Deep cycle batteries tend to require more desulfation, can suffer from overcharging, and can be in a very large bank which leads to unequal charging and discharging.
A typical lead–acid battery contains a mixture with varying concentrations of water and acid. Sulfuric acid has a higher density than water, which causes the acid formed at the plates during charging to flow downward and collect at the bottom of the battery. Eventually the mixture will again reach uniform composition by diffusion, but this is a very slow process. Repeated cycles of partial charging and discharging will increase stratification of the electrolyte, reducing the capacity and performance of the battery because the lack of acid on top limits plate activation. The stratification also promotes corrosion on the upper half of the plates and sulfonation at the bottom.[15]
Periodic overcharging creates gaseous reaction products at the plate, causing convection currents which mix the electrolyte and resolve the stratification. Mechanical stirring of the electrolyte would have the same effect. Batteries in moving vehicles are also subject to sloshing and splashing in the cells, as the vehicle accelerates, brakes, and turns.
Risk of explosion[edit]
Excessive charging electrolyzes some of the water, emitting hydrogen and oxygen. This process is known as "gassing". Wet cells have open vents to release any gas produced, and VRLA batteries rely on valves fitted to each cell. Wet cells come with catalytic caps to recombine any emitted hydrogen. A VRLA cell normally recombines any hydrogen and oxygen produced inside the cell, but malfunction or overheating may cause gas to build up. If this happens (for example, on overcharging) the valve vents the gas and normalizes the pressure, producing a characteristic acid smell. Valves can sometimes fail however, if dirt and debris accumulate, allowing pressure to build up.
If the accumulated hydrogen and oxygen within either a VRLA or wet cell is ignited, an explosion results. The force can burst the plastic casing or blow the top off the battery, spraying acid and casing shrapnel. An explosion in one cell may ignite the combustible gas mixture in remaining cells.
The cell walls of VRLA batteries typically swell when the internal pressure rises. The deformation varies from cell to cell, and is greater at the ends where the walls are unsupported by other cells. Such over-pressurized batteries should be carefully isolated and discarded. Personnel working near batteries at risk for explosion should protect their eyes and exposed skin from burns due to spraying acid and fire by wearing a face shield, overalls, and gloves. Using goggles instead of a face shield sacrifices safety by leaving one's face exposed to acid and heat from a potential explosion.
Environmental concerns[edit]
According to a 2003 report entitled, "Getting the Lead Out," by Environmental Defense and the Ecology Center of Ann Arbor, Mich., the batteries of vehicles on the road contained an estimated 2,600,000 metric tons (2,600,000 long tons; 2,900,000 short tons) of lead. Some lead compounds are extremely toxic. Long-term exposure to even tiny amounts of these compounds can cause brain and kidney damage, hearing impairment, and learning problems in children.[16] The auto industry uses over 1,000,000 metric tons (980,000 long tons; 1,100,000 short tons) every year, with 90% going to conventional lead-acid vehicle batteries. While lead recycling is a well-established industry, more than 40,000 metric tons (39,000 long tons; 44,000 short tons) ends up in landfills every year. According to the federal Toxic Release Inventory, another 70,000 metric tons (69,000 long tons; 77,000 short tons) are released in the lead mining and manufacturing process.[17]
Attempts are being made to develop alternatives (particularly for automotive use) because of concerns about the environmental consequences of improper disposal and of lead smelting operations, among other reasons. Alternatives are unlikely to displace them for applications such as engine starting or backup power systems, since the batteries are low-cost although heavy.
Lead–acid battery recycling is one of the most successful recycling programs in the world. In the United States 97% of all battery lead was recycled between 1997 and 2001.[18][dead link][citation needed] An effective pollution control system is a necessity to prevent lead emission. Continuous improvement in battery recycling plants and furnace designs is required to keep pace with emission standards for lead smelters.
Since the 1950s chemical additives have been used to reduce lead sulfate build up on plates and improve battery condition when added to the electrolyte of a vented lead–acid battery. Such treatments are rarely, if ever, effective.[19]
Two compounds used for such purposes are Epsom salts and EDTA. Epsom salts reduces the internal resistance in a weak or damaged battery and may allow a small amount of extended life. EDTA can be used to dissolve the sulfate deposits of heavily discharged plates. However, the dissolved material is then no longer available to participate in the normal charge/discharge cycle, so a battery temporarily revived with EDTA will have a reduced life expectancy. Residual EDTA in the lead–acid cell forms organic acids which will accelerate corrosion of the lead plates and internal connectors.
The active materials change physical form during charge/discharge, resulting in growth and distortion of the electrodes, and shedding of electrode into the electrolyte. Once the active material has fallen out of the plates, it cannot be restored into position by any chemical treatment. Similarly, internal physical problems such as cracked plates, corroded connectors, or damaged separators cannot be restored chemically.
Corrosion problems[edit]
Corrosion of the external metal parts of the lead–acid battery results from a chemical reaction of the battery terminals, lugs and connectors.
Corrosion on the positive terminal is caused by electrolysis, due to a mismatch of metal alloys used in the manufacture of the battery terminal and cable connector. White corrosion is usually lead or zinc sulfate crystals. Aluminum connectors corrode to aluminum sulfate. Copper connectors produce blue and white corrosion crystals. Corrosion of a battery's terminals can be reduced by coating the terminals with petroleum jelly or a commercially available product made for the purpose.[20]
If the battery is over-filled with water and electrolyte, thermal expansion can force some of the liquid out of the battery vents onto the top of the battery. This solution can then react with the lead and other metals in the battery connector and cause corrosion.
The electrolyte can weep from the plastic-to-lead seal where the battery terminals penetrate the plastic case.
Acid fumes that vaporize through the vent caps, often caused by overcharging, and insufficient battery box ventilation can allow the sulfuric acid fumes to build up and react with the exposed metals.
Maintenance precautions[edit]
Ammonia can neutralize spilled battery acid. Surplus ammonia and water evaporate, leaving an ammonium sulfate residue. Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) is also commonly used for this purpose.
Sizing Nomenclature[edit]
With the broad range of possible electrical attributes, a part number nomenclature is used by many battery manufacturers to convey basic information such as voltage, Ampere-hour capacity, and terminals.[21] The format follows a pattern such as <mfg><voltage><capacity>.
Part Number | Manufacturer | Voltage | Ampere hours |
LP12-38 | Leoch Battery | 12 V | 38.0 Ah |
NB12-18HR | National Battery | 12 V | 18.0 Ah |
TB12100 | Tenergy | 12 V | 10.0 Ah |
RT632 | Ritar | 6 V | 3.2 Ah |
SP12-18HR | Sigmas Battery | 12 V | 18.0 Ah |
UB12180 | Universal Power Group | 12 V | 18.0 Ah |
Some vendors append a suffix, indicating the terminal types, terminal locations, and battery dimensions. Batteries for passenger motor vehicles usually use BCI sizing nomenclature.[22]
See also[edit]
- ^ a b c d Linden, David; Reddy, Thomas B., ed. (2002). Handbook Of Batteries (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 23.5. ISBN 0-07-135978-8.
- ^ "Gaston Planté (1834-1889)", Corrosion-doctors.org; Last accessed on Jan 3, 2007
- ^ For one example account of the importance of battery SG to submariners, see Ruhe, William J. (1996). War in the Boats: My World War II Submarine Battles. Brassey's. p. 112. ISBN 1-57488-028-4.
- ^ http://www.windsun.com/Batteries/Battery_FAQ.htm#Battery%20Voltages Battery voltages
- ^ United States Patent 5,948,567
- ^ Introduction to Deep Cycle Batteries in RE Systems
- ^ Cowlishaw, M.F. (December 1974). "The Characteristics and Use of Lead-Acid Cap Lamps" (PDF). Trans. British Cave Research Association 1 (4): 199–214.
- ^ "Battery FAQ" at Northern Arizona Wind & Sun, visited 2006-07-23
- ^ Saslow, Wayne M. (2002). Electricity, Magnetism, and Light. Toronto: Thomson Learning. pp. 302–4. ISBN 0-12-619455-6.
- ^ Sudhan S. Misra (25 May 2007). "Advances in VRLAnext term battery technology for telecommunications". Journal of Power Sources 168 (1): 40–8. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.11.005.
- ^ Paper on recent VRLA developments from the Japanese Technical Center (SLI), Yuasa Corporation
- ^ EU Aviation News website tells about history, usage and recent developments for VRLA.
- ^ Equalize charging can prevent sulfation if performed prior to the lead sulfate forming crystals. Broussely, Michel; Pistoia, Gianfranco, ed. (2007). Industrial applications of batteries: from cars to aerospace and energy storage. Elsevier. pp. 502–3. ISBN 0-444-52160-7.
- ^ Lead–acid Battery Reconditioning Technique
- ^ Henry A. Catherino, Fred F. Feres, Francisco Trinidad (2004). "Sulfation in lead–acid batteries". Journal of Power Sources 129: 113–120.
- ^ "2.3 LEAD DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS" (pdf). TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR LEAD. USA: CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. August 2007. p. 31. Retrieved 2013-09-26. "These data suggest that certain subtle neurobehavioral effects in children may occur at very low PbBs. (PbB means lead blood level)"
- ^ DeCicco, John M.; Kliesch, James. ACEEE's Green Book: The Environmental Guide to Cars and Trucks. ISBN 0-918249-45-7.
- ^ "Battery Council International". Retrieved 2006-06-01.
- ^ http://museum.nist.gov/exhibits/adx2/partii.htm A dispute on battery additives when Dr. Vinal of the National Bureau of Standards reported on this for the National Better Business Bureau.
- ^ Horst Bauer (ed.) Automotive Handbook 4th Edition, Robert Bosch GmBH, 1996, ISBN 0-8376-0333-1, page 805
- ^ "Battery Terminals". Retrieved 2013-05-31.
- ^ "BCI GROUP NUMBERS, AND DIMENSIONAL SPECIFICATIONS". Retrieved 2013-05-31.
- Lead Acid Battery Desulfator (Home Power #77 June/July 2000) [1]
- Battery Plate Sulfation (MagnaLabs)[2]
- Battery Desulfation [3]
- Lead Acid Batteries [4]
- DC Supply! (April 2002) [5]
- Some Technical Details on Lead Acid Batteries [6]
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lead-acid batteries. |
- Battery Council International (BCI), lead–acid battery manufacturers' trade organization.
- Car and Deep Cycle Battery Frequently Asked Questions
- ToxFAQs: Lead
- National Pollutant Inventory – Lead and Lead Compounds Fact Sheet
- Case Studies in Environmental Medicine – Lead Toxicity
- Lead Acid Battery Desulfator (Home Power #77 June/July 2000)
- Battery Plate Sulfation (MagnaLabs)
- Battery Desulfation
- Technical Details on lead–acid Batteries
- Primer On Lead–Acid Storage Batteries at the U.S. Department of Energy.
- Battery dischargers - Description and treatment of sulphated batteries


text:
Database Title | Full Description | Coverage | Full Text |
Lexi-Comp. Online Reference Series | Lexi-Comp offers a collection of point-of-care reference products with concise, yet detailed answers to drug information, laboratory tests, diagnostic procedures, infectious diseases, poisoning and toxicology, natural products, etc. Specialty-focused information in the fields of pediatrics, geriatrics, anesthesiology, psychiatry, oncology, and cardiology are also available. | Yes |

subset: commoncrawl


text:
February 23, 2013
MURRAY, Ky. – Junior Jasmine Newsome scored 31 points and senior Rickiesha Bryant recorded her seventh career double-double with 13 points and 15 rebounds to lead The University of Tennessee at Martin women's basketball team to a 72-60 victory over host Murray State Saturday afternoon at the CSFB Center.
Junior Heather Butler tossed in 18 points, while Newsome's 31 points marks the second consecutive game the Millington native has poured in 31 points and the seventh time in her career she has scored 30 or more points in a game.
"This is a good win on the road for us," said UT Martin head coach Kevin McMillian. "Maybe we're starting to come on."
The Skyhawks have now won three consecutive Ohio Valley Conference games (Southeast Missouri State, Tennessee State and Murray State). This is the second time this season the Skyhawks have rattled off a three-game winning streak.
Murray State jumped out to a quick 7-3 lead with 16:15 to play in the first half, but UT Martin answered with a 32-7 run that culminated with a Butler jumper with 2:42 to play before the break. However, Murray State closed out the first half with a 10-0 run. UT Martin led at the break 35-24.
"We're close to being a good basketball team," McMillian said. "But we have to limit runs to be successful."
Murray State made a late 11-1 run and cut the UT Martin lead to nine points when Alyssa Like knocked down a jumper in the paint with 1:17 to play in the game.
UT Martin closed out the game with five consecutive free throws. Newsome made four of those five free throws. She was 8-for-8 from the line in the game, while the Skyhawks shot 86 percent (18-for-21) from the charity stripe.
The Skyhawks drained 10 treys in the game and shot 60 percent from behind the arc in the second half.
Murray State won the battle on the boards, 45-40. Kelsey Dirks led the Racers with nine rebounds.
"Without (Bryant's) boards we are in a lot of trouble," McMillian said. Bryant has led the Skyhawks in rebounding the past three games and 15 times this season.
With the victory the Skyhawks improve to 14-14 on the year and 9-5 in the OVC West. Murray State falls to 15-11 and 7-7 in the league.
The Skyhawks will close out the home portion of their schedule Thursday, Feb. 28, when they host Eastern Illinois at the Kathleen and Tom Elam Center. Tipoff is set for 7 p.m.
- Junior Heather Butler has now made at least one 3-pointer in 74 consecutive games and scored in double-digits in 91 games.
- Senior Rickiesha Bryant has 142 career and 68 blocks this season. Bryant finished the Murray State game with a career-best eight blocks. She is on pace to lead the Skyhawks in blocks for the third consecutive season. Bryant is UT Martin's second career-leader in blocks.
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See All
My Communities
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Visit our Crisis Assistance Link for resources. For immediate help, get to the ER.
If you think you may have a Borderline Personality Disorder, please read this link shared here. Also, Topic Overview.
*No Dr Outside Contact Please*
Weather: over cast. bummer. Hope the sun comes out to play
Sleep: pretty good
Mood: ok
Plans: I have a dentist apt. today. He's going to make the mold for my Veneers. Im going to use the Veneers to hold my teeth in place. Kinda like a retainer. My top teeth are starting to move, so Im gonna stop them in their tracks. I didn't wear braces in high school for over two years, for nothing. Also I may sneak in a trip to the store to buy a few beads. hehehe
Have a good day peeps. muahs
Weather: Sunny but cold
Sleep: 6 hours plus a couple on the couch
Plans: I have an appointment with my pdoc today. Im a little stressed about it because I have been really depressed lately, hard to get moving each day...
Hope everyone is having a good day!
Weather: Blue skies, a few fair weather clouds, and Warm!!! Supposed to get up to 68. Lovin' it!!!
Sleep: Not enough. Hubbie had a appt at 8:30 am and had to get up waaayy to early. Hope to get a nap before pt.
Mood: Upbeat. Positive for a change.
Plans: Took hubbie to dermatologist, finally got a good diagnoses for his skin problem. Ran to the bank, home again home again jiggle de jig. Have pt later this afternoon then grocery shopping. Typical boring day. Hope everyone has a good day. Take care .
Our weather today is oddly overcast and weird...
Sleep was alright got about 5 hours I think
Mood feels fine today, people around here will be relieved, hehehe
Well I took kids to school, made lunch, went for my jog and it really messed with my back so now i've been laying here icing the various parts for a lil over an hour now Back problems and chronic pain just suck a@@
I need to pick kiddos up from school and make dinner still. Thankfully I got quite a bit of cleaning done yesterday so today can be a light day for me. Oh and re-scheduled my sons meeting with his home-school teacher till Friday because today just wasn't/isn't a possibility.
Have a happy day everyone, hugs to all who want or need them!!!!
Cookie get those beads and have fun hun!!
TryForever, I hope your appt goes well and doc is able to help you!
J, your day sounds busy, hope it flies by then you gt to go home and relax
My new jogging buddy here!!! lol
When nothing's going right, go left!
Weather: Started out cool and cloudy, but the sun is now shining.
Sleep: Terrible. Woke up 3 times. I started a new muscle relaxant last night and didn't take Seroquel to help me sleep because I was not sure the combo would make it hard for me to wake up. I after the second time I woke up, I took some Seroquel and slept a couple more hours. Not enough though.
Mood: Irritable, frustrated and physically uncomfortable. The bedroom is being painted, so I am on the couch, but I have to change positions often.
Plans: Ya gotta be kidding! I need to get over my moods to have any real plans. I make a huge pot of chili last night so we have plenty for tonight. The only real plans is to hit the bed as soon as the paint in the room dries and vege in front of my TV. Hopefully tomorrow I can get some needed shopping done at Costco.
Hugs to all, extra to those who need them. You know who you are.
I'm always looking for new things to add that will last and be easy for me with all these mouths to feed (:
Sorry you didn't sleep well and your moods are a mess, i hope you feel better very soon (((((hugs)))))
When nothing's going right, go left!
I hear you about the chronic pain. Having to sit in dentist chair killed my neck and tail bone. Now Im sitting on a heatin pad and using my Ipad. I didn't get a chance to buy beads but I did buy three cute dresses from Ross and it only cost me a total of $14.
I was gonna ask you if you having any problems getting your pain meds? The DEA is making it almost impossible to get them. Im down to one pill of Hydro left. The bottle lasted me for 8 months. Im afraid to ask my dr. for a refill.
Any ways darling, hagd. muah
I haven't ever had any probs getting my pain meds refilled, a few months back my dr did have me sign a paper saying how they were addictive and harmful if abused, long term effects and etc w/all the details which i thought was a weird thing to give me after a year or 2 of prescribing them...maybe they dropped the ball on that? Who knows.
But I switched my PCP & have a new doc now who I haven't seen yet, I keep forgetting to call and make an appt. My .last pain pill refill was in Nov but I've still got more than half the bottle of norco that was supposed to last one month thankfully because days like today i need them to at least TRY and help the pain. I'm back on the ice pack now on the loveseat in my room on my netbook...this sucks
When nothing's going right, go left!
Possible add ins: Elbow macaroni or spaghetti. 1/4 cup leftover ketchup or spaghetti sauce. 1 to 2 cans diced tomatoes. 1/2 14 oz bag of peanut m&ms. ( you can't even taste the chocolate. makes a really yummy chili) You can also increase the tomato juice if you want a really soupy chili. I like mine kinda thick, so I only use enough to fill half the pot.
If you don't want to make chili, use the same recipe to make chili mac'n'burger. Just don't add the beans or onion and decrease the tomato juice. Matt loves when I make that. Good luck!!!
Another really easy recipe that my mom gave me is for salsa soup.
2 grilled chicken breasts cubed.
1 can whole kernel corn
1 large jar salsa of your choice (We use mild)
Corn or tortilla chips
Mix chicken, corn, and salsa in medium crock pot. Cover and heat on low for two to three hours or til desired temperature is reached, stirring about once a half hour while cooking.
Layer bowl with favorite corn or tortilla chips and cover with corn/chicken/salsa mix. Enjoy!!! Can also be eaten with flour or corn tortillas like tacos. I think makes about 4 to 6 bowls. Not sure how many "tacos". Haven't made in a while.
Possible additions: Sour cream, cheese, chopped onion, lettuce if making tacos, nacho cheese or any cheese sauce, hot sauce, pico sauce brown or black beans, rice. Be creative!!! Oh, and mom swears that this is modifiable to the microwave, but I've never been brave enough to try or ask her how do that.
Happy cooking and have fun!!!!
my email addy is email@example.com
When nothing's going right, go left!
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text:
Will the case prevent the iPad from breaking?
- Asked by Colleen M from Troy
- Apr 5, 2013
- Flag as inappropriate
2 Answers from the Community
Yes. It will prevent it as long as you don't drop it in a way that the back hits the floor. I have the same cover and I dropped the iPad on a concrete sideway while walking. The cover prevented the iPad but the cover itself is a little damaged. Nothing much. The iPad fell face down on the sidewalk. But there was no damage to the iPad. :)
- Answered by Amarpal M from Brampton
- May 9, 2013
- Flag as inappropriate
It depends on the distance you drop it and the way it falls. But it probaly can save it from breaking
- Answered by Peter T from Adelaide
- Apr 28, 2013
- Flag as inappropriate
Related Questions
how does cover or case affect the heat load?
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- Aug 25, 2012
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No answers yet
If dropped while in this case, will iphone break? Is it safe?
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- Dec 10, 2011
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will the leather case protect my screen from breaking
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- Asked about: iPhone 5s Case - (PRODUCT) RED


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Climb aboard Thomas the Tank Playtent for hours of make-believe fun. This two-cube structure snaps into place in seconds. Enter through the side entrance or tunnel door; there's mesh ventilation in the roof and two mesh front windows. Tunnel ports allow for expandable play. Includes a convenient carry case. Made of durable nonwoven nylon and mesh. Measures 52"L x 26"W x 38"H.
"R"Web#: 553924
Manufacturer #: 99733
Product Weight:2.3 pounds
Product Dimensions (in inches):15.5 x 14.5 x 4.5
Shipping Info:
Average Customer Rating:
(based on 103 reviews)
Ratings Distribution
5 Stars
4 Stars
3 Stars
2 Stars
1 Stars
of respondents would recommend this to a friend.
Best Uses
Most Helpful Positive Review
Still holding up 3 yrs later!
I got this for Christmas 2008 when my twin boys were 18 months old. They've played with it ever since! They love it! It's easy for them to maneuver and holds up to the...Read complete review
I got this for Christmas 2008 when my twin boys were 18 months old. They've played with it ever since! They love it! It's easy for them to maneuver and holds up to the "abuse" of not only 1, but now 3 boys! The twins are now 4.5yrs old and they play in the tent with their 1 year old brother. It's "roomy" enough that mom can fit in there, not so comfortably with the kids, but alone (for some reason they find it funny when I get in!) Aside from being easy for kids to maneuver, some PRO'S are:-Its durable... no snagging or tearing (and my kids have been pretty rough at times)-It's spacious. My 3 boys can all fit in together with room to spare.-It has many entry/exit ways so you aren't left with only one way in/out-It folds flat-Most importantly, the kids seem to LOVE it!Some CONS:-Being so light weight, it tips over pretty easy if you're inside and lean on it. My 1 year old hasn't figured out that it's not a sturdy wall yet. haha! HOWEVER-- the tipping over is not any worse/more than any other comparable pop up child tent.-The black piece that goes above Thomas' face does not stay up, or on... so we've just took it off. It's completely functional without it.-While it IS possible to get it to fold flat, it's almost impossible to get it to fold to the small shape it comes in in the box. -It can be pretty bulky when opened if you have a small room to put it in Overall, I would rate this a 4 out of 5, mainly because they could make the black piece above his face a little better and it could be easier to fold to the original shape, and I think (like all toys) the price shouldn't be so high but with all of that, my kids love it and it's still going strong 3 christmas's later so it's deffinently passed our test! I WOULD recommend this! ESPECIALLY if you have a Thomas lover!
Most Helpful Critical Review
fun for the price
the product was just what is expected,cute little tent for a little boy, but my problem was everytime he leaned on it,which was alot, it just collapsed,he played with it about ...Read complete review
the product was just what is expected,cute little tent for a little boy, but my problem was everytime he leaned on it,which was alot, it just collapsed,he played with it about a week, and finally stored away.This is not a good toy for a child under 2
Reviewed by 103 customers
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grandson will sure love this
By busy grandma
from Cumberland MD
Comments about PlayHut Thomas The Tank Indoor Play Tent:
This will be perfect for my grandson.
Comment on this review
Decent but flimsy
By momma o
from Milwaukee, wi
About Me Stay At Home Parent
bought this for my son for his 2nd birthday. He loved it because it was Thomas and the size was good for him to crawl in and out. But it is very flimsy amd the top caves in a lot on the front of the train & I don't expect it to last long.
i buy it for another gift
By angelbug
from New york
About Me Education Oriented, Parent Of Two Or More Children, Stay At Home Parent
My kid loves Thomas. He happy so i am that he likes it.
it's great
By Granny of many
from Maryland
About Me Grandparent
My grandson loves his Thomas tent! It's easily stored when not in use.
Very Happy Boys
By Twin
from Chestnut Ridge, NY
About Me First Time Parent, Parent Of Multiples (Twins etc), Parent Of Two Or More Children, Working Parent
I bought this for my friend's twin boys for their 2nd Birthday and they loved it! She sayd they dont' want to come out of it.
Play Time
By Ashley the Lucky Mom
from Brighton, CO
About Me First Time Parent
See all my reviews
We love this!
Great tent for a toddler
By SMM
from North Carolina
About Me Working Parent
Great product for the price. Seemed to have more room that some of the other tent options... and since my toddler loves Thomas it was an easy decision. Seems well constructed at the seams and overall well made. It is light-weight and easy to move.
Kids love it
By Paula the greatest grandma
from Midland MI
This was a good price for the product. My grandson loves to climb and hide so this was a good product for him. it was easy to set up and quick to entertain this busy little child.
Well worth the money!
By The spoiling grandma
from Lima, Ohio
My grandson loved this Thomas the train tent. It was easy to assemble and easy to take down. The only draw back about it was that the smoke stack on the top of the engine does not stay on. But my 3 year old grandson sat in it for a long time watching cartoons through the flap.
waste of money
By johns grandma
from mansfield ohio
not sturdy at all, falls over everytime you go in or out, velcrow missing from pieces so had to use saftey pins to hold together.
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text: Diamonds By Bethany Lee August 25, 2011 6:44 PM Share on Facebook Share on Twitter (Photo by Luis Davilla/Cover/Getty Images) Category: Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! More From 92.9 NIN 10 Things You Didn't Know About 'Home Alone' 15 Moments That Will Make Any Man Cry Airline Stuns Passengers by Buying Awesome Presents From Their Christmas Wish List Watch These Cats Battling Toilet Paper Rolls — Daily Distraction Best of the Web ZergNet


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Crown Paradise Club Provide the best product at the best price. We offer an Early Booking guarantee by ensuring you need no longer worry about changing prices at last minute.
If you buy in our websites and find later a vacation package at lower price in the same travel period Crown Paradise will match the lower price and will refund the difference upon verification.


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Leaving a familiar environment is exciting but it can also feel stressful. It is okay to have these very different emotions as you prepare to live in a new city. You will receive guidance from NYU staff during the pre-departure process to assist you as you follow the requirements for travelling and studying in new surroundings. These requirements may include obtaining a passport and/or a student visa, knowing how to get from the airport to the NYU orientation location, or even advice on what to pack. Upon notification of your eligibility to enroll at one of the Global Academic Centers you will be contacted by a Study Away Counselor who will help guide you through the required steps leading to your departure.
Highly qualified NYU staff is in place at each NYU location to assist you once you arrive at your new city. Each NYU center will welcome you with an extensive orientation program as you adjust to your new city and housing assignment and begin to meet other enrolled students. Orientation activities are mandatory to ensure you are prepared to have an academically successful and personally enriching experience. Additional activities to encourage acclimation to your new surroundings will be scheduled throughout the semester.
To help you prepare for the culture shift you may experience as you transition from one city to another, please watch the What is Culture webinar (20 minutes) by clicking the image below. We encourage you to plan ways to reflect on your experiences, such as keeping a personal journal, creating a vlog to share with friends and family, or writing a blog to document your experience.


text: O Anna North on Jezebel Axe effect Axe body spray fire Kids Today Self-immolation Axe Fire Stupid 4/01/10 9:40am 4/01/10 9:40am Edit1,448g156LEShare to KinjajFacebookiTwitterkTumblrK "We're Setting His Hand On Fire Because ... We're Bored" Dumb new trend: lighting yourself on fire with Axe body spray. Dumber: putting the results on YouTube. Dumbest of all: doing it at school. That's what your friend's basement is for. [Breitbart] LDiscuss


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Following up after you've made a sale will enable you to capture repeat business, the cornerstone of most successful small businesses. You can follow up by phone, in-person, or through the mail. Here are some specific methods you can try:
Call Customers a Few Weeks After a Sale If you run an autobody shop call all customers two weeks after they pick up their car to find out how the car is and make sure they are happy with the job your business performed. This will enable you to address customer discontent, if any exists. This is also a good time to thank them for their patronage. Write a Note A handwritten note thanking a customer for buying from you is a simple step that lots of business owners overlook. This type of personal approach is almost always appreciated and remembered. Form letter follow-ups are not recommended, since they lose their personal touch. Keep in Touch Call your customers periodically to find out if their business has changed in any way, and if you can help them with anything. Customers will also appreciate being kept apprised of any new developments, upgrades, or additional products. Seek Customer Input A survey such as the one below can be printed on the back of a business reply card and sent out to all of your customers. It is excerpted from Superstar Sales Secrets by Barry J. Farber (Career Press). Farber recommends using this survey to determine where you need to improve your follow-up and customer service. China inspections [wwww.china-inspections.com] Sorry, only registered users may post in this forum.
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Asko rug large
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The Asko rug is handwoven and made from 100% pure wool. Produced by Linie design, it is available in this size in grey, black or beige.
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- January 23, 2013
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14 June 2013 - 7:29pm
Okay, so it turns out "flumus" isn't really Latin. (It's slang for the little pooch of skin between your thumb and pointer finger.)
So this is a stretch. (Ba-da-bum.)
For those who didn't catch at least a semester of Latin back in school, there's a phrase, "tempus fugit," which means "time flies."
And indeed, suddenly realizing our Frightful Falls log flume is still splashing after three decades, I felt it was time to say something.
And show something. Love this photo!
Frightful Falls opened in 1984, the same year we became Holiday World. (Prior to that, we were called Santa Claus Land.)
Since we are on the topic of three decades ago, did you know that during the first year we were called Holiday World, we had a different logo? That's right, from 1985 to present day, we have used this logo:
But in 1984, we used this:
When I tweeted this single-year logo, here was the first comment:
@HolidayWorld Has a very comic book futuristic World Fair look to it. — Starwynd 火 (@starwynd) June 14, 2013
@HolidayWorld Has a very comic book futuristic World Fair look to it.
Huh. Good description, @starwynd.
And here I was thinking it was just kind of pointy.
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Checked in at the last minute and glad I did! This place is very nice and well kept up (obviously has a manager who cares). I had a well appointed room on the 2nd floor. Parking free and easy access. Breakfast and evening snacks excellent and good variety. I highly recommend!
- Also Known As:
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Low season is not the best time to go here... It was dead quiet and the ratio of locals to tourists felt like 5-1, which is not bad but some were not very open or tried to sell you activities so that was a bit annoying. Some of the staff were really really awesome though, and the breakfast was just fantastic. The atmosphere was really relaxed and chill and it was all kept up well. A bit expensive for not such a great beach location though.
- Novice Nomad
- jensenk7
- Female, 25-30
- (1 review)


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I am all about shortcuts, but not about store-bought sauces. With the exception of this salmon recipe. It feels like I'm cheating when I make the sweet chili glazed salmon, and I guess I kind of am, but that's between you and me. Ok, there is a touch of work, you throw together store-bought Asian sweet chili sauce with soy sauce, ginger, garlic, and all of a sudden it feels like a restaurant-style meal. The recipe originated from Bon Appetit a couple of years back, and is actually one Epicurious's Blue Ribbon Winners (an all-time top ranked recipe). If you have not started scoping out the blue ribbon recipes, start; you'll find a lot of, well, winners.
In the winter, make the salmon in the broiler (see original recipe), if it is summer, throw it on the grill. I like to pair this meal with jasmine rice (with some of the leftover sauce, and a touch of mayo or sour cream, and salt), salted avocado, and another vegetable like wilted spinach with butter and lemon juice.
Sweet Chili Glaze Salmon
adapted form Bon Appetit April 2010
1/4 cup Asian sweet chili sauce
2 TBS soy sauce
2 tsp finely grated peeled fresh ginger
2 garlic cloves — minced
kosher salt
6 6-ounce salmon fillets with skin
Prepare charcoal or gas grill. In a bowl whisk together all of the ingredients (except the salmon). Place the salmon on cookie sheet with a lip. Lightly salt the fish then place a large spoonful of the sauce over each filet. Reserve 1/4 of the sauce for post cooking (*note: do not let the spoon touch the fish during this process so that you can use the sauce later). Let the salmon and sauce sit for 10 minutes. Place the salmon on the grill (non-skin side down). Cook for 3 minutes, then rotate to get grill marks. Cook another 3-4 minutes then flip and cook until desired doneness (the salmon should feel like the tip of your nose on the non-skin side). ~2 – 5 more minutes. Take off grill and cover with aluminum foil. Serve with another small spoonful of the sauce.


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The report comes as oil pollution forced neighboring Peru to declare an environmental state of emergency in its northern Amazon rainforest.
Ecuador owed China more than $7 billion — more than a tenth of its GDP — as of last summer.
In 2009 China began loaning Ecuador billions of dollars in exchange for oil shipments. It also helped fund two of the country's biggest hydroelectric infrastructure projects, and China National Petroleum Corp may soon have a 30 percent stake in a $10 billion oil refinery in Ecuador.
"My understanding is that this is more of a debt issue – it's because the Ecuadoreans are so dependent on the Chinese to finance their development that they're willing to compromise in other areas such as social and environmental regulations," Adam Zuckerman, environmental and human rights campaigner at California-based NGO Amazon Watch, told the Guardian.
The seven indigenous groups who live on the land are not happy, especially because last year a court ruled that governments must obtain "free, prior, and informed consent" from native groups before approving oil activities on their indigenous land.
"They have not consulted us, and we're here to tell the big investors that they don't have our permission to exploit our land," Narcisa Mashienta, a leader of Ecuador's Shuar people, said in a report.
Dan Collyns of The Guardian reports that "indigenous people living in the Pastaza river basin near Peru's border with Ecuador have complained for decades about ... pollution," which has been caused by high levels of petroleum-related compounds in the area. The Argentinian company Pluspetrol has operated oil fields there since 2001.
Disclosure: Jeff Bezos is an investor in Business Insider through his personal investment company Bezos Expeditions.


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March 11th, 2011
Stylish Mamas Shop at Metro Mum & Save: Up to 40% off Sale Stock + Great GWP Offers
Post written by Anna …………………………………………………………………………………………………… There are some concessions that have to be made when you become a mother – mostly your desire for a full nights sleep! You need not, however, relinquish your desire to lead an 'in vogue' life! It can be done so easily with all the beautiful designer products now on the [...]
Read more


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birth control
When it comes to the case my birth control lives in, I like to keep it classy. So I went all DIY on it.
ankle bracelets
If you are going to decorate your feet, THEN DECORATE YOUR FEET! Don't go halfway in. PLUS: "AS SEEN ON TV!"
I'm not saying that I am pulling this look off successfully, I'm just saying it's interesting.
I don't care if it's still summertime, I'm feeling spooky.
Lilly Pulitzer was a wealthy socialite in 1960s Palm Beach when she started making dresses both to relieve boredom and to solve a problem: Her good clothes were always getting ruined by fruit juice stains.
Some weirdly poignant information you will never, ever use.
What would my life look like if I left all the decisions I would normally make on my own up to the affirmative, negative, or non-committal roll of the icosahedral die?
They frighten me, and the idea of touching one makes me queasy.
I wasn't supposed to like LA... but something had to give.
Food, music, you name it. When I find something I like, I consume it voraciously. Until I don't anymore.
container gardening
You don't have to have a green thumb or lots of cash to share awesome plants with your neighbors.
deathbed regrets
Why do I like these silly time-wasters so much? I'll tell you.
I'm ready for you, 30. Throw all the Merino wool sweaters and New York Times Real Estate sections you want to at me! You'll never win!
The mean, bitter woman is not a good look for me. Cuteness wins again and forever.
british tv
The love story of our time.
fake holidays
So many of the nasty comments leveraged online relate directly to tearing down women -- our appearances, our sexuality, our choices.
friday night!
I was born with many gifts; unfortunately, doing unusual things with my body was not one of them. WHICH TOTALLY SUCKS.
Build a 4-ft modern-industrial rack for hanging clothes in about 30 minutes, for about $60.
I interviewed two Radio City Rockettes named (very conveniently) Angela and Mary. And what we got was the shortest Five Questions answers ever, from two truly sweet dancers.
The Game of Thrones is now being played out IN THE KITCHEN. Yeah, you heard me.
Eric and I officially have faith in and endorse this, and we're sort of bitches. So everyone should be impressed with little Julie!
Reality TV stars inspire blogs, clothing lines, fragrances, and even foods (SkinnyGirl™ Margarita, anyone?). So why NOT a series of quilts?


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3 good but...lethalsaint | 04/12/2011 | See all lethalsaint's reviews (15)Its requires akot of soace to play 2 pkayers and some 1 player games. Crazy babbits are fun though. Good for friends. Not worth the price. Wait untik it gets cheaper
5 Great game, specially carrot juiceNStokholm | 25/01/2012 | See all NStokholm's reviews (1)such a good game to have a laugh with friends, you do need a fair bit of space but if you buy a cheap tv or wall mount for your kinect it should be fine, really social and active game. carrot juice mini game can also be easily made into a drinking game so lots of fun to be had!
5 very funnySirvulka | 19/01/2012 | See all Sirvulka's reviews (1)Very funny and a lot of games for did a good party with friends!!!
4 great fun if u have the spaceredfraggle13 | 16/12/2011 | See all redfraggle13's reviews (22)i have to agree with the previous review you do need a lot of space as most of the fun is when played with more than one player, theres some crazy mini games here awesome for a party with friends, the rabbids are cute and funny quite a lot of cut scenes but the mini games is where its at.


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According to UHP, early Tuesday morning an Audi was going too fast in the southbound lanes when it hit the medium wall. The driver was ejected in to the northbound lane.
The 41-year-old Sandy man was taken to the hospital in critical condition.
Troopers blame speeding and alcohol for the accident.
All lanes were eventually reopened for the morning commute.


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Adorable Lowcountry Cottage in Beaufort
- bedrooms 1
- baths 1
- sleeps 2
- pool no
- hot tub no
- pets allowed yes
- type Cottage
- community Mossy Oaks
rates (USD)
/ night
$ 420 - $ 420 / week
$ 1,200 - $ 1,200 / month
vacation rental description
Adorable cozy one bedroom cottage. Close to downtown, hospitals, & Paris Island. Includes all utilities, cable TV, small appliances and linens. Cottage has covered & enclosed front porch with table and chairs for your outdoor enjoyment or to just enjoy your morning coffee. Owner lives next door. 3 miles from the waterfront park, restaurants, sightseeing, museums,historic homes and churches, shopping and Paris Island. This adorable cottage is located in the quiet, safe, Mossy Oaks area.
Beaufort has served as the backdrop for more than 20 major motion pictures, including Forrest Gump, The Big Chill, The Prince of Tides, GI Jane, Forces of Nature, Something to Talk About and many more.
property availability
Last modified on 11-27-2013 at 9:55 AM.
email owner view full calendar
Sonnie Torrey 843-252-1490
cottage rental amenities
Cable TV, DVD/movies, full kitchen, dishes, small appliances and linens provided. Privacy fence and covered front porch. Private driveway.
activities and attractions in Beaufort South Carolina
Beautiful Beaufort by the sea is an ideal vacation area with the convenience of being located just 18 miles from the ocean at Hunting Island State Park, forty-five minutes from Hilton Head SC, one hour from Charleston,S.C.
Beauforts coast includes the historic towns of Port Royal, Beaufort and Bluffton as well as the resort of Hilton Head Island. It is also made up of numerous smaller islands which spotlight the history of both the Revolutionary and Civil Wars as well as native arts and culture. The Beaufort islands offers scenic beauty and a slow pace of life surrounded by the history and culture, Some traverlers never want to leave.
The Intra coastal Waterway, the Atlantic Ocean and a myriad of rivers and creeks wrap the islands in opportunities for sunrises and sunsets unlike any others you will see. You�ll find cuisine, culture, history and heritage to suit any interest. Beaufort is a beautiful, Southern town surrounded by sea islands. Historic churches and museums are plentiful.
vacation rental rates
$60.00 per night (2 night min)
$25 cleaning fee.
Deposit is 1/2 of the total rental fee and due within 5 days of making the reservation. Deposits are non-refundable.
Check-in time is 4:00 pm and Check-out is 11:00 am. Reservations are not guaranteed until deposit is received.
Sonnie Torrey 843-252-1490
accepted payment methods
Prior to paying a reservation deposit, always verify payment instructions by calling the phone number displayed on this listing page. By contacting the owner directly and paying by an approved method - credit card, paypal, check or bank transfer - your reservation payment will be protected up to $1,000.
Learn more in our Security CenterTop things to do in Beaufort
- Beaches
- Boating
- Fishing
- Historic tour
- Museums
Top things to do on a budget
- Search for sharks teeth @ the sands.
- Fishing from the pier
- Walk/play at the water front park
- Swimming at the beach
- Walking tour of historic Beaufort
Top things to do with a family
- Hunting Island State Park
- Restaurants
- Kayak
- Horse & Buggy tour
- Tour Paris Island Museum
Sonnie Torrey , owner


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Commenced in 2013, the Official Grand Prix Breakfast is fast becoming an event favourite with race fans. Held at Melbourne's premier venue, Crown Palladium, this exclusive breakfast features special guest appearances from motorsport legends and drivers along with live entertainment, insights into Formula 1® and a preview to the 2014 Formula 1® Australian Grand Prix. It's the perfect way to kick off qualifying day on the biggest weekend of the sporting and social calendar.
Official Grand Prix Breakfast features
- Held at Crown Palladium, Melbourne's Premier Venue on the Saturday of the event
- Exclusive breakfast from 8am-11am
- Features special guest appearances from motorsport legends and drivers
- Insights in to F1 and previewing the 2014 season
- Live entertainment
- Perfect way to kick off the biggest weekend on the sporting and social calendar
Prime Ticket
$2500 table of 10 (limit of 300 tickets available)
Premium Ticket
From $450. For more information, please click here.
Features include:
- Gourmet two-course breakfast
- Prime seating
- Shuttle bus to circuit at conclusion of breakfast
The Official Grand Prix Breakfast is held at an external venue, so additional conditions apply.


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A collection of news and information related to Port Canaveral published by this site and its partners.
Top Port Canaveral Articles
Displaying items 12-22
One of world's largest cruise ships docks at Port Canaveral
Cruise lines roll out holiday themes for merry travelers
Cruise ship Breakaway makes 1st port of call at Canaveral
Scott to recommend $35 million for port projects
Story | Oct 15, 2013 | 2:53 PMTALLAHASSEE -- Gov. Rick Scott tomorrow will recommend $35 million in new spending on projects at Port Canaveral, Port Everglades and Port of Tampa. Scott is slated to announce the proposal during a speech at the American Association of Port Authority's... -
20 places for outdoor dining in Orlando
Florida Cruise Guide: Disney Magic ship itinerary
Story | Aug 8, 2013 | 9:07 AMThis itinerary was last updated March 2, 2010. For more information on Disney Magic cruises click here. 7-Night Western Caribbean Cruise Cozumel Before Grand Cayman 2010 Departure Date: March 6 Cruise Ports: Port Canaveral, FL; Key West, FL; Cozumel,... -
Florida Cruise Guide: Disney Magic ship details
Story | Aug 8, 2013 | 9:07 AM Port: Port Canaveral Tonnage: 83,000 Length/Beam: 964 ft./106 ft. Total Staterooms: 877 Total Passengers: 2,700 Amenities: Only fireworks display at sea, show Walt Disney Pictures movies on the day of release, children's activities, Wi-Fi... -
A busy season ahead as summer fades [Perryville]
Story | Sep 6, 2013 | 3:00 AMIt's hard to believe its September, summer is gone and the kids are back to school and some are off to college. Before you know it, Thanksgiving will be here and Christmas will follow soon after. Then we will start a brand new year. Mark your... -
Port officials talk up new marketing campaign
Story | Jun 22, 2013It's the off-season for cruising at Port Everglades with only a handful of ships in-house on weekends, compared to as many as eight during peak season November through April. Port officials are using the down time to promote a new marketing, advertising... -
Tall ship visit is just one thing to do in Ocean City before summer ends
Carnival to send two new ships to Port Canaveral in 2014


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With War for Cybertron and Fall of Cybertron blazing trails on the 360 and PS3, Nintendo has been left in the dark when it comes to good Transformers games. Sure we got the first good Pick-O-Side Bay...
Wow, finishing this game sure din't take long, what? Was it 2, maybe 2.5 or even 3 hours or something? I didn't clock it, but this game is incredibly short and even easier. I died twice, once in the S...
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MZ had the pleasure of working with Winship Marketing reps Theresa Huffman and Kevin Scheffler in producing this touching and informative piece for newly admitted patients to the Cancer Winship Institute. It's truly a powerful place doing amazing things in the fight against Cancer. Big ups to our crew and to Winship for executing on a ground breaking video in this field. Winship wanted to introduce the human element to these types of videos a far departure from the clinical corporate feel usually found in these pieces.
CLIENT: Emory Winship
SHOT ON: 7D's


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I really like this album! It's not mindblowing but there's plenty of really nice stuff on it.
11 The Girl
08 Little Braveheart
07 Just Not Tonight
09 In The Sun
07 Dark To The Light
07 Closing Circles
08 No More Black & Blue
09 Any Love That Is Love
Also the dedication to her ex-husband in the liner notes is quite . She seems like such a classy, gracious lady.


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Authors » Keith McLeod
Keith McLeod
Keith McLeod was born in the south-west of Australia in 1949. He continues to live there with his wife and the youngest of their four children. Shore and Shelter was his first novel.
Books available from Fremantle Press
- Shore and Shelter 2000
From the Catalogue
Whisky Charlie Foxtrot Reading
Annabel Smith's Whisky Charlie Foxtrot was shortlisted for the 2013 Most Underrated Book Award (MUBA). The winner, Fish-Hair Woman was announced on Friday night. Here's a reading Annabel prepared for her presentation at the Wheeler Centre award ceremony.


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The Pearl – Lavish Living In Luxurious Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur city centre's sky is often reminiscent of a backlit canopy, dotted with glittering gemstones and silver spikes piercing through the blue canvas. Now, the city centre has been transformed with the birth of The Pearl, glowing with pride amongst the many resplendent monuments erect in KL's skyline. Regal Comfort In The Heart Of The City The Pearl KL City Centre is an opulent high-rise condominium, located right smack in the heart of the nation's capital. Sprawling over 1.769 acres of prime land and housing a total of 179 units of pure grandeur, The Pearl, a freehold development, is set to become a much sought-after address for expats and Malaysians alike. The Pearl's homes come in three types: A, B, and C. Type A is the smallest of the three designs, measuring at 3,109 sq ft, with 3+1 bedrooms and 5 bathrooms. Type B, which is 3,439 sq ft, also comes with 3+1 bedrooms and 5 bathrooms, albeit incorporating more flexible space. Type C is the biggest of the lot and measures at a grand 3,973 sq ft complete with 4+1 bedrooms and 6 bathrooms. Offering The Luxury Of Luxuries In Every Form The Pearl is the epitome of subtle elegance, which is evident from the lobby of the condominium. First-class concierge services such as delivery arrangement, grocery shopping, and housekeeping are at your fingertips, taking a leaf from the best boutique hotels in the world. The Pearl also offers unobtrusive and effective security and safety services like an intercom system for the homes and perimeter CCTV surveillance, for round-the-clock peace of mind. The lap of luxury does not stop at the lobby, because The Pearl is equipped with some of the best state-of-the-art amenities and facilities which are bound to cause envious gasps. Swimmers will love the 38-metre infinity pool, replete with a pool deck and cabana for ultimate tranquility in the city. Other healthy features include the sauna room, the gymnasium, and the playground. Level 24 of The Pearl is the ultimate indulgence, a Sky Lounge for residents to chill at and mingle around. There are also barbeque pits available for those who love partying outdoors with friends and family. Homeowners and residents will appreciate the private lift lobby, which ensures total privacy and comfort for those who use it. Experiencing The Best Of Kuala Lumpur With The Pearl's oyster being the urban heart of Malaysia, convenience and comfort are available in every nook and cranny. All roads lead to KL, at least in Klang Valley, and proving this true are the many highways running in and out of the capital city. From the DUKE, NPE, SPRINT and Kerinchi Link, to the MRR2, East-West Link and PLUS, connectivity is a given privilege here with the strategic placement of the development. Kuala Lumpur is also very well known as a shopper's paradise, and there are a large variety of shopping malls, night markets and bazaars selling everything under the sun. Food connoisseurs will enjoy the plethora of menus that will ignite every sense, and in KL you are guaranteed the largest variety of food and beverage experiences, from world-famous cuisines to local delicacies. KL also has some of the best theatre and art production houses, with KLPac, the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra and Istana Budaya all within minutes' drives. The Pearl is in fact just walking distance away from the opulent Petronas Twin Towers and Bukit Bintang's vibrancy, making it the perfect property to stay or invest in. Find Out More About The Pearl The Pearl units are priced from RM4mil to RM6mil. For more information about The Pearl, call 03 2722 8268, or visit www.thepearl.com.my. The Pearl is a property managed by Pan-Asia Property Management Sdn Bhd, a property and marketing consultancy specialising in commercial and high-end property developments.


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1 Meetup Group matches "Primitive Camping" near Ardmore, PA
This group was started to share knowledge of survival and bushcraft. The purpose of this group is to get together with like minded people to share skills and ideas about surviving and bushcraft. If your interested in wilderness survival or bushcraft please feel free to join up even if your a beginner at survival and bushcraft. This is another reason this group was started is to educate.
Get an alert email when new Meetup Groups like this start near you.
You'll get advice, help finding members, and tools to make running a Meetup Group easier.


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Only twenty minute walk to city centre but taxis cheap and situated near main square if needed. Rooms clean, spacious and airy - bathrooms excellent. We were at the back of the hotel so road noise was not an issue! Helpful and friendly reception staff! Breakfast good and adequate choice First impressions of area not great when pulled up alongside... More
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, Booking.com, Budget Places, Travelocity, Priceline, Hotels.com, Asiatravel.com Holdings and Venere so you can book your Antica Guest Rooms reservations with confidence. We help millions of travellers each month to find the perfect hotel for both holiday and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


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Results 1 to 5 of 21
Thread: Nickname for Holiday?
June 27th, 2013 03:46 PM #1Senior Member
- Join Date
- Oct 2012
- Location
- Oregon
- Posts
- 253
Nickname for Holiday?
I am suddenly loving Holiday for a girl, to go with my Henry (sometimes known as Atlas, his middle).
Can anyone think of a nickname besides the obvious Hollie/y?
Is it too "unique" to match the classic Henry? I went with classic fn and unique middle with my son, so wonder if Holiday is better suited as a mn to match this style? But I am loving the idea of another H first name, and the quirkiness of Holiday is appealing to me! Are they too matchy?
Also, what do you think of Atlas and Holiday? Too vacation-y sounding together?
Perhaps I am talking myself right out of loving Holiday. But it is so cute and spunky!
Your thoughts are appreciated!Proud mama of Henry Atlas, born in July 2012
Expecting Baby No. 2
Currently loving...
Girls: Lila Poet, Catherine Indiana, Gemma Scout, Juliet Liberty, Ramona Holiday, Louisa Merit
For boys: Julian Sayer, Jasper Locke, Pierre Otis, Pascal Odin, Peter Crusoe, Thomas Wilder, Robin Ulysses
June 27th, 2013 03:49 PM #3♂ | Samuel ◊ Edward ◊ George ◊ Silas ◊ Arthur ◊ Ezra ◊ Freeman ◊ Dean ◊ Jasper ◊ Solomon
♀ | I'm taking a break from girls' names at the moment.
June 27th, 2013 04:12 PM #5Senior Member
- Join Date
- May 2013
- Posts
- 327
Day, Liddy? That's all I can think of.
Previous account: elrock13
Welcoming my new baby sister or brother in February!
June 27th, 2013 04:21 PM #7
June 27th, 2013 04:33 PM #9Proud Mama to a beautiful Juni-bug and expecting our second 27th May 2014.
I'm always on my phone so please excuse my short replies and terrible punctuation!


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Boston's Longfellow Bridge rehabilitation to break ground
State and local officials will hold a ceremony Wednesday to break ground on a $255.5 million rehabilitation of the Longfellow Bridge.
SEPTA to close Bridgeport Viaduct for four months
The bridge's closure is scheduled to begin on July 8 and expected to last into November.
Temporary fix for collapsed Washington bridge expected mid-June
A permanent replacement for the section of a Washington state freeway bridge that collapsed last week is expected in place by early autumn.


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Aimed especially at freelancers working in film and television who are registered as self employed and looking to take that next professional step, the workshop covers all aspects of setting yourself up in business...
Bill Ryder Jones' single 'Give me a Name', which was produced by Newcastle's Pinball Films and funded by NFM, is now available to view online.
As part of Northern Film & Media and Channel 4's The Artist's Cut programme we will be running a series of workshops aimed at developing artists' understanding of film.
As part of Northern Film & Media and Channel 4's The Artist's Cut programme we will be running a series of workshops aimed at developing artists' understanding of film.
In this second Artist's Cut workshop, Producer Samm Haillay will lead a round table session giving an overview of current film industry trends, major players in UK and internationally, finance and networking strategies. Film festivals and markets, which ones to attend and why. He will also talk about his work with artists and the cross over between artist film and traditional film production.
Newcastle's Live Theatre hosted the Jesting About radio recording on Sunday 19 February ahead of BBC Radio broadcasts of the sketch show this Easter.
Jane Rogerson, Director of Commissioning at UKTV, and Mark Adderley, founder of Dog House Media, will be speaking at the latest NFM Commissioning Session, to be held on Friday 17 Feb.
Fresh from a keynote at Sundance, US-based film strategist Peter Broderick will be sharing his latest ideas about creative content distribution and audience engagement at a Northern Film & Media event in Newcastle on Tues 21 February...
NFM has teamed with Channel 4 to deliver a new artist film talent initiative after receiving funding from Arts Council England.
NFM, Channel 4 and Arts Council England have launched a new talent initiative designed to discover the next generation of artist film talent.
Northern Film & Media support has helped secure a new 13x30 minutes children's drama in the North East.
NFM support contributes to delivery of participatory film initiative for disabled children, families and carers.
All content © 2013 Northern Film and Media | Designed by Supanaught | Built by band-x Media


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John Deere Tractors, NE, KS, Plains Equipment Group®, Combines, Parts, Service, Mowers, Gator Utility Vehicles, Planters, Sprayers, AMS, Round Balers, Forage Harvesters, Skid Steers, New, Used
Thanks for visting us on-line! We thank our current customers for your patronage, and we are excited to have the opportunity to serve new customers.
A few things you should know about Plains Equipment Group™:
- We are a full-line John Deere dealer, serving our customers from 15 retail stores across Nebraska and Kansas.
- Products we provide include: John Deere Tractors, Compact Tractors, Combines, Parts, Service, Lawn Mowers, Commercial Mowers, Gator Utility Vehicles, Sprayers, AMS Products, ISG Services, Hay Products, Round Balers, Forage Harvesters, Skid Steer Loaders, New or Used Equipment, authorized Stihl and Reinke dealer, and more available at Plains Equipment Group™.
- As Agriculture evolves, we believe your equipment supplier must also change and evolve to best serve your needs. This philosophy also applies to our residential, commercial and technology customer base.
- We strive to offer solutions that are both unique in our industry, but more importantly valuable to your operation.
- As we become more solutions oriented, we are also modifying our organization structure to become a perpetual equipment supplier and partner for our customers. Meaning, Plains Equipment Group™ is here for the long haul!
- Our current customers and employees tell us it is important to them to work for and with a business that is stable. We strive to provide a career for our employees rather than just a job and for our customers, a business partner, not just another transaction!
This is what differentiates the Plains Equipment Group™ in the market place. Every transaction and customer contact we make has a lasting impact and meaning to us.
Our slogan at Plains Equipment Group™ is "Committed to Your Success" and we mean it!