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Lanthanides in the periodic table | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The lanthanide /ˈlænθənaɪd/ or lanthanoid /ˈlænθənɔɪd/ series of chemical elements[1] comprises the fifteen metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71, from lanthanum through lutetium.[2][3][4] These fifteen lanthanide elements, along with the chemically similar elements scandium and yttrium, are often collectively known as the rare earth elements.
The informal chemical symbol Ln is used in general discussions of lanthanide chemistry to refer to any lanthanide. All but one of the lanthanides are f-block elements, corresponding to the filling of the 4f electron shell; lutetium, a d-block element, is also generally considered to be a lanthanide due to its chemical similarities with the other fourteen. All lanthanide elements form trivalent cations, Ln3+, whose chemistry is largely determined by the ionic radius, which decreases steadily from lanthanum to lutetium.
The lanthanide elements are the group of elements with atomic number increasing from 57 (lanthanum) to 71 (lutetium). They are termed lanthanide because the lighter elements in the series are chemically similar to lanthanum. Strictly speaking, both lanthanum and lutetium have been labeled as group 3 elements, because they both have a single valence electron in the d shell. However, both elements are often included in any general discussion of the chemistry of the lanthanide elements.
In presentations of the periodic table, the lanthanides and the actinides are customarily shown as two additional rows below the main body of the table,[2] with placeholders or else a selected single element of each series (either lanthanum or lutetium, and either actinium or lawrencium, respectively) shown in a single cell of the main table, between barium and hafnium, and radium and rutherfordium, respectively. This convention is entirely a matter of aesthetics and formatting practicality; a rarely used wide-formatted periodic table inserts the lanthanide and actinide series in their proper places, as parts of the table's sixth and seventh rows (periods).
Together with scandium and yttrium, the trivial name "rare earths" is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanides. This name arises from the minerals from which they were isolated, which were uncommon oxide-type minerals. However, the use of the name is deprecated by IUPAC, as the elements are neither rare in abundance nor "earths" (an obsolete term for water-insoluble strongly basic oxides of electropositive metals incapable of being smelted into metal using late 18th century technology)[citation needed]. Cerium is the 26th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, neodymium is more abundant than gold and even thulium (the least common naturally occurring lanthanide) is more abundant than iodine,[5] which is itself common enough for biology to have evolve critical usages for. Despite their abundance, even the technical term "lanthanides" could be interpreted to reflect a sense of elusiveness on the part of these elements, as it comes from the Greek λανθανειν (lanthanein), "to lie hidden". However, if not referring to their natural abundance, but rather to their property of "hiding" behind each other in minerals, this interpretation is in fact appropriate. The etymology of the term must be sought in the first discovery of lanthanum, at that time a so-called new rare earth element "lying hidden" in a cerium mineral, and it is an irony that lanthanum was later identified as the first in an entire series of chemically similar elements and could give name to the whole series. The term "lanthanide" was probably introduced by Victor Goldschmidt in 1925.[6]
Chemistry and compounds[edit]
Chemical element | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu |
Atomic number | 57 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 71 |
Image | |||||||||||||||
Density (g/cm3) | 6.162 | 6.770 | 6.77 | 7.01 | 7.26 | 7.52 | 5.244 | 7.90 | 8.23 | 8.540 | 8.79 | 9.066 | 9.32 | 6.90 | 9.841 |
Melting point (°C) | 920 | 795 | 935 | 1024 | 1042 | 1072 | 826 | 1312 | 1356 | 1407 | 1461 | 1529 | 1545 | 824 | 1652 |
Boiling point (°C) | 3464 | 3443 | 3520 | 3074 | 3000 | 1794 | 1529 | 3273 | 3230 | 2567 | 2720 | 2868 | 1950 | 1196 | 3402 |
Atomic electron configuration* | 5d1 | 4f15d1 | 4f3 | 4f4 | 4f5 | 4f6 | 4f7 | 4f75d1 | 4f9 | 4f10 | 4f11 | 4f12 | 4f13 | 4f14 | 4f145d1 |
Ln3+ electron configuration*[7] | 4f0[8] | 4f1 | 4f2 | 4f3 | 4f4 | 4f5 | 4f6 | 4f7 | 4f8 | 4f9 | 4f10 | 4f11 | 4f12 | 4f13 |
4f14 |
Ln3+ radius (pm)[9] | 103 | 102 | 99 | 98.3 | 97 | 95.8 | 94.7 | 93.8 | 92.3 | 91.2 | 90.1 | 89 | 88 | 86.8 | 86.1 |
Ln2+ ion colour in aqueous solution[9] | — | — | — | — | — | Blood red | Colourless | — | — | — | — | — | Violet-red | Yellow-green | — |
Ln3+ ion colour in aqueous solution[10] | Colorless | Colorless | Green | Violet | Pink | Pale yellow | Colorless | Colorless | V. pale pink | Pale yellow | Yellow | Rose | Pale green | Colorless | Colorless |
Ln4+ ion colour in aqueous solution[9] | — | Orange-yellow | Yellow | Blue-violet | — | — | — | — | Red-brown | Orange-yellow | — | — | — | — | — |
* Between initial [Xe] and final 6s2 electronic shells
Oxidation state | 57 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 71 |
+2 | Sm2+ | Eu2+ | Tm2+ | Yb2+ | |||||||||||
+3 | La3+ | Ce3+ | Pr3+ | Nd3+ | Pm3+ | Sm3+ | Eu3+ | Gd3+ | Tb3+ | Dy3+ | Ho3+ | Er3+ | Tm3+ | Yb3+ | Lu3+ |
+4 | Ce4+ | Pr4+ | Nd4+ | Tb4+ | Dy4+ |
The electronic structure of the lanthanide elements, with minor exceptions is [Xe]6s24fn. In their compounds, the 6s electrons and (usually) one 4f electron are lost and the ions have the configuration [Xe]4fm.[13] The chemistry of the lanthanides differs from main group elements and transition metals because of the nature of the 4f orbitals. These orbitals are "buried" inside the atom and are shielded from the atom's environment by the 4d and 5p electrons. As a consequence of this, the chemistry of the elements is largely determined by their size, which decreases gradually from 102 pm (La3+) with increasing atomic number to 86 pm (Lu3+), the so-called lanthanide contraction. All the lanthanide elements exhibit the oxidation state +3. In addition Ce3+ can lose its single f electron to form Ce4+ with the stable electronic configuration of xenon. Also, Eu3+ can gain an electron to form Eu2+ with the f7 configuration which has the extra stability of a half-filled shell. Other than Ce(IV) and Eu(II), none of the lanthanides are stable in oxidation states other than +3 in aqueous solution. Promethium is effectively a man-made element as all its isotopes are radioactive with half-lives shorter than 20 years.
In terms of reduction potentials, the Ln0/3+ couples are nearly the same for all lanthanides, ranging from −1.99 (for Eu) to −2.35 V (for Pr). Thus, these metals are highly reducing, with reducing power similar to alkaline earth metals such as Mg (−2.36 V).[9]
Separation of lanthanides[edit]
The similarity in ionic radius between adjacent lanthanide elements makes it difficult to separate them from each other in naturally occurring ores and other mixtures. Historically, the very laborious processes of cascading and fractional crystallization were used. Because the lanthanide ions have slightly different radii, the lattice energy of their salts and hydration energies of the ions will be slightly different, leading to a small difference in solubility. Salts of the formula Ln(NO3)3·2NH4NO3·4H2O can be used. Industrially, the elements are separated from each other by solvent extraction. Typically an aqueous solution of nitrates is extracted into kerosene containing tri-n-butylphosphate. The strength of the complexes formed increases as the ionic radius decreases, so solubility in the organic phase increases. Complete separation can be achieved continuously by use of countercurrent exchange methods. The elements can also be separated by ion-exchange chromatography, making use of the fact that the stability constant for formation of EDTA complexes increases for log K ≈ 15.5 for [La(EDTA)]– to log K ≈ 19.8 for [Lu(EDTA)]–.[9][14]
Coordination chemistry and catalysis[edit]
When in the form of coordination complexes, lanthanides exist overwhelmingly in their +3 oxidation state, although particularly stable 4f configurations can also give +4 (Ce, Tb) or +2 (Eu, Yb) ions. All of these forms are strongly electropositive and thus lanthanide ions are hard Lewis acids. The oxidation states are also very stable and with the exception of SmI2[15] and cerium(IV) salts[16] lanthanides are not used for redox chemistry. 4f electrons have a high probability of being found close to the nucleus and are thus strongly affected as the nuclear charge increases across the series; this results in a corresponding decrease in ionic radii referred to as the lanthanide contraction.
The low probability of the 4f electrons existing at the outer region of the atom or ion permits little effective overlap between the orbitals of a lanthanide ion and any binding ligand. Thus lanthanide complexes typically have little or no covalent character and are not influenced by orbital geometries. The lack of orbital interaction also means that varying the metal typically has little effect on the complex (other than size), especially when compared to transition metals. Complexes are held together by weaker electrostatic forces which are omni-directional and thus the ligands alone dictate the symmetry and coordination of complexes. Steric factors therefore dominate, with coordinative saturation of the metal being balanced against inter-ligand repulsion. This results in a diverse range of coordination geometries, many of which are irregular,[17] and also manifests itself in the highly fluxional nature of the complexes. As there is no energetic reason to be locked into a single geometry rapid intramolecular and intermolecular ligand exchange will take place, which typically results in complexes which will rapidly fluctuate between all possible configurations.
Many of these features make lanthanide complexes effective catalysts. Hard Lewis acids are able to polarise bonds upon coordination and thus alter the electrophilicity of compounds, with a classic example being the Luche reduction. The large size of the ions coupled with their labile ionic bonding allows even bulky coordinating species to bind and dissociate rapidly, resulting in very high turnover rates; thus excellent yields can often be achieved with loadings of only a few mol%.[18] The lack of orbital interactions combined with the lanthanide contraction means that the lanthanides change in size across the series but that their chemistry remains much the same. This allows for easy tuning of the steric environments and examples exist where this has been used to improve the catalytic activity of the complex[19][20][21] and change the nuclearity of metal clusters.[22][23]
Despite this, the use of lanthanide coordination complexes as homogeneous catalysts is largely restricted to the laboratory and there are currently few examples them being used on an industrial scale.[24] It should be noted however, that lanthanides exist in many forms other that coordination complexes and many of these are industrially useful. In particular lanthanide metal oxides are used as heterogeneous catalysts in various industrial processes.
Ln(III) compounds[edit]
The trivalent lanthanides mostly form ionic salts. The trivalent ions are hard acceptors and form more stable complexes with oxygen-donor ligands than with nitrogen-donor ligands. The larger ions are 9-coordinate in aqueous solution, [Ln(H2O)9]3+ but the smaller ions are 8-coordinate, [Ln(H2O)8]3+. There is some evidence that the later lanthanides have more water molecules in the second coordination sphere.[25] Complexation with monodentate ligands is generally weak because it is difficult to displace water molecules from the first coordination sphere. Stronger complexes are formed with chelating ligands because of the chelate effect, such as the tetra-anion derived from 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA).
Ln(II) and Ln(IV) compounds[edit]
The most common divalent derivatives of the lanthanides are for Eu(II), which achieves a favorable f7 configuration. Divalent halide derivatives are known for all of the lanthanides. They are either conventional salts or are Ln(III) "electride"-like salts. The simple salts include YbI2, EuI2, and SmI2. The electride-like salts, described as Ln2+, 2I–, e–, include NdI2, DyI2 and TmI2. Many of the iodides form soluble complexes with ethers, e.g. TmI2(dimethoxyethane)3.[26] Samarium(II) iodide is a useful reducing agent. Ln(II) complexes can be synthesized by transmetalation reactions.
Ce(IV) in ceric ammonium nitrate is a useful oxidizing agent. Otherwise tetravalent lanthanides are rare. The Ce(IV) is the exception owing to the tendency to form an unfilled f shell.
Organometallic compounds[edit]
Lanthanide-carbon σ bonds are well known; however as the 4f electrons have a low probability of existing at the outer region of the atom there is little effective orbital overlap, resulting in bonds with significant ionic character. As such organo-lanthanide compounds exhibit carbanion-like behaviour, unlike in transition metal organometallic compounds. Because of their large size, lanthanides tend to form more stable organometallic derivatives with bulky ligands to give compounds such as Ln[CH(SiMe3)3].[27] Similarly complexes of cyclopentadienyl anion (Cp–), e.g. [Ln(C5H5)3], are far less common than the corresponding pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, e.g. [Ln(C5Me5)3Cl]. Analogues of uranocene are derived from dilithiocyclooctatetraene, Li2C8H8. Organic lanthanide(II) compounds are also known, such as Cp*2Eu.[26]
Physical properties[edit]
Magnetic and spectroscopic[edit]
All the trivalent lanthanide ions, except lutetium, have unpaired f electrons. However the magnetic moments deviate considerably from the spin-only values because of strong spin-orbit coupling. The maximum number of unpaired electrons is 7, in Gd3+, with a magnetic moment of 7.94 B.M., but the largest magnetic moments, at 10.4–10.7 B.M., are exhibited by Dy3+ and Ho3+. However, in Gd3+ all the electrons have parallel spin and this property is important for the use of gadolinium complexes as contrast reagent in MRI scans.
Crystal field splitting is rather small for the lanthanide ions and is less important than spin-orbit coupling in regard to energy levels.[28] Transitions of electrons between f orbitals are forbidden by the Laporte rule. Furthermore, because of the "buried" nature of the f orbitals, coupling with molecular vibrations is weak. Consequently the spectra of lanthanide ions are rather weak and the absorption bands are similarly narrow. Glass containing holmium oxide and holmium oxide solutions (usually in perchloric acid) have sharp optical absorption peaks in the spectral range 200–900 nm and can be used as a wavelength calibration standard for optical spectrophotometers,[29] and are available commercially.[30]
As f-f transitions are Laporte-forbidden, once an electron has been excited, decay to the ground state will be slow. This makes them suitable for use in lasers as it makes the population inversion easy to achieve. The Nd:YAG laser is one that is widely used. Europium-doped yttrium vanadate was the first red phosphor to enable the development of color television screens.[31] Lanthanide ions have notable luminescent properties due to their unique 4f orbitals. Laporte forbidden f-f transitions can be activated by excitation of a bound "antenna" ligand. This leads to sharp emission bands throughout the visible, NIR, and IR and relatively long luminescence lifetimes.[32]
The lanthanide contraction is responsible for the great geochemical divide that splits the lanthanides into light and heavy-lanthanide enriched minerals, the latter being almost inevitably associated with and dominated by yttrium. This divide is reflected in the first two "rare earths" that were discovered: yttria (1794) and ceria (1803). The geochemical divide has put more of the light lanthanides in the Earth's crust, but more of the heavy members in the Earth's mantle. The result is that although large rich ore-bodies are found that are enriched in the light lanthanides, correspondingly large ore-bodies for the heavy members are few. The principal ores are monazite and bastnäsite. Monazite sands usually contain all the lanthanide elements, but the heavier elements are lacking in bastnäsite. The lanthanides obey the Oddo-Harkins rule – odd-numbered elements are less abundant than their even-numbered neighbors.
Three of the lanthanide elements have radioactive isotopes with long half-lives (138La, 147Sm and 176Lu) that can be used to date minerals and rocks from Earth, the Moon and meteorites.[33]
Lanthanide elements and their compounds have many uses but the quantities consumed are relatively small in comparison to other elements. About 15000 ton/year of the lanthanides are consumed as catalysts and in the production of glasses. This 15000 tons corresponds to about 85% of the lanthanide production. From the perspective of value, however, applications in phosphors and magnets are more important.[34]
The devices lanthanide elements are used in include superconductors, samarium-cobalt and neodymium-iron-boron high-flux rare-earth magnets, magnesium alloys, electronic polishers, refining catalysts and hybrid car components (primarily batteries and magnets).[35] Lanthanide ions are used as the active ions in luminescent materials used in optoelectronics applications, most notably the Nd:YAG laser. Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers are significant devices in optical-fiber communication systems. Phosphors with lanthanide dopants are also widely used in cathode ray tube technology such as television sets. The earliest color television CRTs had a poor-quality red; europium as a phosphor dopant made good red phosphors possible. Yttrium iron garnet (YIG) spheres can act as tunable microwave resonators. Lanthanide oxides are mixed with tungsten to improve their high temperature properties for welding, replacing thorium, which was mildly hazardous to work with. Many defense-related products also use lanthanide elements such as night vision goggles and rangefinders. The SPY-1 radar used in some Aegis equipped warships, and the hybrid propulsion system of Arleigh Burke-class destroyers all use rare earth magnets in critical capacities.[36] The price for lanthanum oxide used in fluid catalytic cracking has risen from $5 per kilogram in early 2010 to $140 per kilogram in June 2011.[37]
Most lanthanides are widely used in lasers, and as (co-)dopants in doped-fiber optical amplifiers; for example, in Er-doped fiber amplifiers, which are used as repeaters in the terrestrial and submarine fiber-optic transmission links that carry internet traffic. These elements deflect ultraviolet and infrared radiation and are commonly used in the production of sunglass lenses. Other applications are summarized in the following table:[5]
Application | Percentage |
Catalytic converters | 45 |
Petroleum refining catalysts | 25 |
Permanent magnets | 12 |
Glass polishing and ceramics | 7 |
Metallurgical | 7 |
Phosphors | 3 |
Other | 1 |
The complex Gd(DOTA) is used in magnetic resonance imaging.
Life science[edit]
As mentioned in the industrial applications section above, lanthanide metals are particularly useful in technologies that take advantage of their reactivity to specific wavelengths of light.[38] Certain life science applications take advantage of the unique fluorescence properties of lanthanide ion complexes (Ln(III) chelates or cryptates). These are well-suited for this application due to their large Stokes shifts and extremely long emission lifetimes (from microseconds to milliseconds) compared to more traditional fluorophores (e.g., fluorescein, allophycocyanin, phycoerythrin, and rhodamine). The biological fluids or serum commonly used in these research applications contain many compounds and proteins which are naturally fluorescent. Therefore the use of conventional, steady-state fluorescence measurement presents serious limitations in assay sensitivity. Long-lived fluorophores, such as lanthanides, combined with time-resolved detection (a delay between excitation and emission detection) minimizes prompt fluorescence interference.
Time-resolved fluorometry (TRF) combined with fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) offers a powerful tool for drug discovery researchers: Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer or TR-FRET. TR-FRET combines the low background aspect of TRF with the homogeneous assay format of FRET. The resulting assay provides an increase in flexibility, reliability and sensitivity in addition to higher throughput and fewer false positive/false negative results.
This method involves two fluorophores: a donor and an acceptor. Excitation of the donor fluorophore (in this case, the lanthanide ion complex) by an energy source (e.g. flash lamp or laser) produces an energy transfer to the acceptor fluorophore if they are within a given proximity to each other (known as the Förster's radius). The acceptor fluorophore in turn emits light at its characteristic wavelength.
The two most commonly used lanthanides in life science assays are shown below along with their corresponding acceptor dye as well as their excitation and emission wavelengths and resultant Stokes shift (separation of excitation and emission wavelengths).
Donor | Excitation⇒Emission λ (nm) | Acceptor | Excitation⇒Emission λ (nm) | Stoke's Shift (nm) |
Eu3+ | 340⇒615 | Allophycocyanin | 615⇒660 | 320 |
Tb3+ | 340⇒545 | Phycoerythrin | 545⇒575 | 235 |
Biological effects[edit]
Due to their sparse distribution in the earth's crust and low aqueous solubility, the lanthanides have a low availability in the biosphere, and are not known to naturally form part of any biological molecules. Compared to most other nondietary elements, non-radioactive lanthanides are classified as having low toxicity.[34]
See also[edit]
- ^ The current IUPAC recommendation is that the name lanthanoid be used rather than lanthanide, as the suffix "-ide" is preferred for negative ions whereas the suffix "-oid" indicates similarity to one of the members of the containing family of elements. However, lanthanide is still favored in most (~90%) scientific articles and is currently adopted on Wikipedia. In the older literature, the name "lanthanon" was often used.
- ^ a b Gray, Theodore (2009). The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. p. 240. ISBN 978-1-57912-814-2.
- ^ Lanthanide, Encyclopædia Britannica on-line
- ^ Holden, Norman E. and Coplen, Tyler (January–February 2004). "The Periodic Table of the Elements". Chemistry International (IUPAC) 26 (1): 8. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
- ^ a b Helen C. Aspinall (2001). Chemistry of the f-block elements. CRC Press. p. 8. ISBN 90-5699-333-X.
- ^ Hakala, Reino W. (1952). "Letters". Journal of Chemical Education 29 (11): 581. Bibcode:1952JChEd..29..581H. doi:10.1021/ed029p581.2.
- ^ Walter Koechner (2006). Solid-state laser engineering. Springer. pp. 47–. ISBN 978-0-387-29094-2. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
- ^ Lanthanum – Chemistry Encyclopedia – reaction, water, elements, metal, gas, name, atom. Chemistryexplained.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.
- ^ a b c d e f Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1233. ISBN 0080379419.
- ^ Cotton, Simon (2006). Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
- ^ Arnold F. Holleman, Nils Wiberg: Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 102. ed, de Gruyter, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-11-017770-1, p.nbsp;1937.
- ^ dtv-Atlas zur Chemie 1981, Vol. 1, p. 220.
- ^ Mark Winter. Lanthanum ionisation energies. WebElements Ltd, UK. Retrieved 02-09-2010.
- ^ L. Pettit and K. Powell, SC-database. Acadsoft.co.uk. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.
- ^ Molander, Gary A.; Harris, Christina R. (1 January 1996). "Sequencing Reactions with Samarium(II) Iodide". Chemical Reviews 96 (1): 307–338. doi:10.1021/cr950019y. PMID 11848755.
- ^ Nair, Vijay; Balagopal, Lakshmi; Rajan, Roshini; Mathew, Jessy (1 January 2004). "Recent Advances in Synthetic Transformations Mediated by Cerium(IV) Ammonium Nitrate". Accounts of Chemical Research 37 (1): 21–30. doi:10.1021/ar030002z. PMID 14730991.
- ^ Dehnicke, Kurt; Greiner, Andreas (2003). "Unusual Complex Chemistry of Rare-Earth Elements: Large Ionic Radii—Small Coordination Numbers". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 42 (12): 1340–1354. doi:10.1002/anie.200390346.
- ^ Aspinall, Helen C. (2001). Chemistry of the f-block elements. Amsterdam [u.a.]: Gordon & Breach. ISBN 905699333X.
- ^ Kobayashi, Shū; Hamada, Tomoaki; Nagayama, Satoshi; Manabe, Kei (1 January 2001). "Lanthanide Trifluoromethanesulfonate-Catalyzed Asymmetric Aldol Reactions in Aqueous Media". Organic Letters 3 (2): 165–167. doi:10.1021/ol006830z. PMID 11430025.
- ^ Aspinall, Helen C.; Dwyer, Jennifer L.; Greeves, Nicholas; Steiner, Alexander (1 April 1999). "Li3[Ln(binol)3]·6THF: New Anhydrous Lithium Lanthanide Binaphtholates and Their Use in Enantioselective Alkyl Addition to Aldehydes". Organometallics 18 (8): 1366–1368. doi:10.1021/om981011s.
- ^ Parac-Vogt, Tatjana N.; Pachini, Sophia; Nockemann, Peter; VanmHecke, Kristof; Van Meervelt, Luc; Binnemans, Koen (1 November 2004). "Lanthanide(III) Nitrobenzenesulfonates as New Nitration Catalysts: The Role of the Metal and of the Counterion in the Catalytic Efficiency". European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2004 (22): 4560–4566. doi:10.1002/ejoc.200400475.
- ^ Lipstman, Sophia; Muniappan, Sankar; George, Sumod; Goldberg, Israel (1 January 2007). "Framework coordination polymers of tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin and lanthanide ions in crystalline solids". Dalton Transactions (30): 3273. doi:10.1039/B703698A.
- ^ Bretonnière, Yann; Mazzanti, Marinella; Pécaut, Jacques; Dunand, Frank A.; Merbach, André E. (1 December 2001). "Solid-State and Solution Properties of the Lanthanide Complexes of a New Heptadentate Tripodal Ligand: A Route to Gadolinium Complexes with an Improved Relaxation Efficiency". Inorganic Chemistry 40 (26): 6737–6745. doi:10.1021/ic010591. PMID 11735486.
- ^ Trinadhachari, Ganala Naga; Kamat, Anand Gopalkrishna; Prabahar, Koilpillai Joseph; Handa, Vijay Kumar; Srinu, Kukunuri Naga Venkata Satya; Babu, Korupolu Raghu; Sanasi, Paul Douglas (15 March 2013). "Commercial Scale Process of Galanthamine Hydrobromide Involving Luche Reduction: Galanthamine Process Involving Regioselective 1,2-Reduction of α,β-Unsaturated Ketone". Organic Process Research & Development 17 (3): 406–412. doi:10.1021/op300337y.
- ^ Burgess,, J. (1978). 'Metal ions in solution'. , New York: Ellis Horwood. ISBN 0-85312-027-7.
- ^ a b F. Nief "Non-classical divalent lanthanide complexes" Dalton Trans., 2010, 39, 6589–6598. doi:10.1039/c001280g
- ^ Cotton, S.A. (1997). "Aspects of the lanthanide-carbon σ-bond". Coord. Chem. Revs. 160: 93–127. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(96)01340-9.
- ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0080379419. p 1242
- ^ R. P. MacDonald (1964). "Uses for a Holmium Oxide Filter in Spectrophotometry". Clinical Chemistry 10 (12): 1117–20. PMID 14240747.
- ^ "Holmium Glass Filter for Spectrophotometer Calibration". Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ Levine, Albert K.; Palilla, Frank C. (1964). "A new, highly efficient red-emitting cathodoluminescent phosphor (YVO4:Eu) for color television". Applied Physics Letters 5 (6): 118. Bibcode:1964ApPhL...5..118L. doi:10.1063/1.1723611.
- ^ Werts, M.H.V.; Making Sense of Lanthanide Luminescence, Science Progress, 2005, 88, 101–131.
- ^ There exist other naturally occurred radioactive isotopes of lanthanides with long half-lives (144Nd, 150Nd, 148Sm, 151Eu, 152Gd) but they are not used as chronometers.
- ^ a b Ian McGill "Rare Earth Elements" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH , Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22 607.
- ^ "Haxel G, Hedrick J, Orris J. 2006. Rare earth elements critical resources for high technology. Reston (VA): United States Geological Survey. USGS Fact Sheet: 087‐02.". Retrieved 2008-04-19.
- ^ Livergood R. (2010). "Rare Earth Elements: A Wrench in the Supply Chain". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved 2010-10-22.
- ^ Chu, Steven. Critical Materials Strategy p. 17 United States Department of Energy, December 2011. Accessed: 23 December 2011.
- ^ Bunzil, Jean-Claude; Claude Piguet (09 2005). "Taking advantage of luminescent lanthanide ions". Chemical Society Reviews 34 (12): 1048–77. doi:10.1039/b406082m. PMID 16284671. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
External links[edit]
- lanthanide Sparkle Model, used in the computational chemistry of lanthanide complexes
- USGS Rare Earths Statistics and Information
- Ana de Bettencourt-Dias: Chemistry of the lanthanides and lanthanide-containing materials
Periodic table | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | ||||||||||||||||
1 | H | He | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 | Li | Be | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | Na | Mg | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr | |||||||||||||||
5 | Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe | |||||||||||||||
6 | Cs | Ba | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn | |
7 | Fr | Ra | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Uut | Fl | Uup | Lv | Uus | Uuo | |
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American Pit Bull Terrier Puppy
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Johnsons blue bullies
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Location: Monroe, Louisiana
Blue razors edge bully
• Male • $500
Razors Edge UKC purple ribbon Blue Pit
• Female • $1,000
• Female • $2,000

subset: commoncrawl


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Women of all ages, income and education levels are invited to enroll in the Women & Money Series to be offered on Tuesday evenings from 6:00 to 8:30 PM, Sept. 11 through Oct. 30 at the Topeka and Shawnee County Public Library's Marvin Auditorium. Registration is going on right now.
Register for the Women & Money Series
Posted by Lisa Coble-Krings on August 9, 2012


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Topic Review (Newest First) |
LifeofRiley |
FYI... given some of the discussion here, I thought some might be interested in this webinar offered by APHIS - "What is USDAs Inspection Process in a Home?" Here is the link: USDA - APHIS - Animal Welfare - Animal Care By following this link, you will also have the opportunity to read other webinars held re: the rule change. |
CelticGlory |
Actually, when re-reading it; wouldn't pictures and video be included as "seeing the puppy"? Especially, if the hobby breeders get live feed video streaming? Just curious, because if asked some hobby breeders do provide videos of the puppies upon request, at least in other breeds they do. So wouldn't that mean that the purchase of that puppy to someone out of state isn't considered sight unseen? ETA: ALSO, wouldn't this mean that you could infact have another breeder within or outside of the breed be the "second" person that a buyer could use to see the puppy? I'm trying to figure this out because I am not (refuse to) limiting myself to breeder's in my state alone. |
Merciel |
Yeah, the comments on her blog are usually of very good quality and often thought-provoking. I'm still not convinced the rule is actually a good thing, but I do value having other informed perspectives on it. |
Gwenhwyfair |
Interesting read. However the comments following the blog post bring up some concise and pointed counter arguments as well. Worth the time to read comments also IMO. Quote:
Merciel |
Bumping the thread to add a link to Patrica McConnell's blog post on the subject: USDA Internet Sale Regulations TheOtherEndoftheLeash I imagine most here have seen it already but figured I'd put the link in anyway, just to complete the record or whatnot. Her opinion is a lot more favorable than mine and is causing me to reconsider whether I was too uncharitable in my judgments. The comments also include some thoughts from people who work in/with enforcement of the rule, which I found illuminating. |
LifeofRiley |
People here have grounded their opposition of the rule change on the claim that the AWA has been ineffective. I contend that the AWA has been effective in addressing the reporting side of the problem as I have defined it. APHIS Animal Care has a lot of great data on the wholesale side of the commercial breeding business. I believe that this data has played an important role in informing consumer awareness and education campaigns and in informing state and local policy. This has been the primary value of the AWA. It is only because of the AWA that we have 40+ years of data on the wholesale side of the commercial dog breeding industry. Every year the USDA issues a report that reports how many Class A (dog/cat breeders) and Class B (dog/cat dealers) USDA licensees exist in each state. This data allows us to identify those states with the highest concentration of licenses, track national and state-level trends over time as well as track trends in animal inventory at licensed facilities over time. This data allows me to be able to cite the following figures as of 2013: 1. Missouri 678 (note: this number is why it was so interesting to follow Missouris effort to enact a new state law) 2. Iowa - 248 3. Oklahoma - 205 4. Kansas - 195 5. Ohio - 149 6. Arkansas - 146 7. Indiana - 129 8. Nebraska - 74 9. South Dakota - 62 10. Texas - 58 11. Minnesota - 36 12. Pennsylvania - 34 13. New York - 32 14. Wisconsin - 28 15. Illinois - 25 This information can normally be found at this site but obviously it not accessible now due to the shutdown -USDA: Animal Welfare License and Registration List Source for the above: http://files.meetup.com/1258100/2007...yReport_v3.pdf The above linked document also shows 3-year and 7-year trends in license holders as well as trends in animal inventory counts among the highest volume licensees. This data can normally be found using the APHIS Animal Care database. But, again, due to the shutdown, it is not currently available. In addition to this type of data, the documentation provided by inspection reports gives us access to the conditions at these facilities. This information has also been used effectively to raise awareness of the animal welfare problems within the wholesale industry. I believe that, if it were not for the AWA, public awareness about the wholesale industry would not be where it is today. I believe that without the AWA, it would be much harder for states to know the scale and scope of the wholesale industry that exists in their state. That is the value of the AWA, as it has existed for the past 40+ years data collection and reporting. As I have said before, solving the animal welfare problem that some of these facilities represent takes much more than the AWA. But, many of the demand side initiatives would be less effective without the information provided by the AWA particularly since many people on here do not consider the data gathering efforts of animal welfare groups to be credible. |
Gwenhwyfair |
It is true JustJim questioned the validity of your source due to possible bias (Doris Day Animal League) but he's also correct in that since you support the legislation the burden of proof is on you to provide better data. The fact that the regulatory agency itself is not (or cannot?) providing data really does put a big dent in your argument LoR. You've also skirted and deflected about the fact that the USDA isn't funded or able to enforce the regs/rules they have already. The irony of the argument for these rules, at a more macro level, is the USDA/APHIS is basically admitting their failure at putting at least a decent downward curve on unethical breeders/puppy millers. This is then a reason to enact more rules/regs. and expect a different outcome? Nope. So more of the same by an underfunded, undermanned agency is going to help? All the what if's and rhetoric aside a top level view indicates this rule will probably only really hurt small ethical breeders who care about their reputation. There simply is no evidence past or present to convince otherwise. No pun intended, but as they say here in the south, that dog won't hunt. Quote:
Smithie86 |
Riley, He was asking you to clarify (back up) your position with specifics. That is all. |
LifeofRiley |
I thought you wanted to engage in a productive discussion. Yet, clearly, I was wrong. Based on your posts, you obviously have a position of your own as to how to define and address the problem. Yet, you have not articulated it or provided any of your own objective data to support it. As such, I do not think you have made any good faith effort that would incline me to take you seriously or otherwise respond to some of the points you made in your most recent post. |
JustJim |
There should be a factual basis for the development and implementation of these regulations, and that you have provided no facts to support your position calling for increased regulation. (Congress has expressed the same expectations of regulatory bodies. This was something APHIS vaguely addressed in their explanatory notes; unfortunately, they didn't provide any actual facts.) Quote:
In other words, if you consistently apply your definitions to the regulations you support, all APHIS-licensed "commercial breeders" are "puppy mills." This is a common tactic of many of the supporters of the APHIS regulations: to claim they are only trying to regulate "puppy mills," while at the same time they are re-defining all breeders as "puppy mills." This may be part of why some here have the opinion that you are a supporter of the positions of PETA, HSUS, etc. This is a description of the current "regulatory landscape," not a list of "factors that contribute to the problem." You would need to show how these elements contribute to the problem, i.e., how they lead to what you have described as the problem, for them to be relevant. Quote:
What little information collected prior to the initial development and proposal of the new regulations is what in statistics would be called a "convenience sample." APHIS got the numbers where it was convenient to gather the data without considering the source, and seem to have relied heavily on anecdotes where it wasn't "convenient" to gather data. Convenience samples and anecdotes are frequently not representative of the entire population being studied, and leads to inaccurate and prejudicial views of that entire population. What follows is a rather extreme example, but one selected for clarity. I'm specifically not making the claim that the anecdotes and convenience samples used by APHIS have lead to equally-absurd conclusions, but rather that no one knows if they apply to the general population--and thus, if the regulations are necessary. Almost everyone knows, or knows of, someone of advanced years who smokes cigarettes; this is an anecdote. A person could study a local geriatric facility and find many more people of advanced years who smoke cigarettes; this is a convenience sample. It would not be correct to assume, because of this anecdote and convenience sample, that cigarette smoking poses no threat to long-term health. For the most part, there is no need to further read your proposed solution. You have no evidence to support the need for further regulation. No one is questioning your right to your beliefs, but that does not mean you have the right to force others to act in accordance with your beliefs. Quote:
Unless it is contained in their $1,200 market survey, that information is not available from the American Pet Products Manufacturing Association. If true, and if they provided definitions of "buying online," and actual numbers rather than an estimate, that information might have been relevant to increased regulation in 2004-2005. Multi-year data (rather than estimates from a single year) might be directly relevant to the question of actual need for the regulations today. Multi-year data on the number of health problems in dogs purchased sight-unseen would be directly relevant to the question of actual need for the regulations. Quote:
This thread has more than 10 replies. Click here to review the whole thread. |


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Okay, so here's a question. What category do you place the following in:
I have batteries at home that are no longer good any more. I would like to recycle them responsibly and have found out that I can return them to my local electronics store (a 15 minute car drive away from where I live). Would I list this as an @errand? If I am on the road, I can't do this errand unless I have the batteries with me, so I can't just do this while out running another errand. So, I am thinking this may be an @Home item, however, if it's midnight on a Thursday and I am at home, I can't take the batteries to the electronics store. Would this be a project, although the only action is to take them to the store to get them recycled?
There are other things like this, and the above is just an example. Your thoughts would be appreciated.


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The Midlands Travel Guide
- Overview
- Itinerary
- Places to Explore
- Sights
- Restaurants
- Hotels
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- Shopping
- Travel Tips
- Features
- Fodor's Choice
- Deals
Fodor's Ireland 2014
Trade Paperback
Irish schoolchildren were once taught to think of their country as a saucer, with mountains edging the rim and a dip in the middle. The dip is the Midlands—or the Lakelands, as it's sometimes called—and this often-overlooked region comprises nine counties: Cavan, Laois (pronounced leash), Westmeath, Longford, Offaly, Roscommon, Monaghan, Leitrim, and Tipperary.
The Midlands Hotels
The Irish bed-and-breakfast offers great value in the Midlands—farmhouses and homes geared to paying guests provide direct contact with local families and...read more
The Midlands Restaurants
The Midlands town of Birr may be known as the "bellybutton of Ireland" because of its central location, not because this region is regarded as one of the...read more
Things To Do in The Midlands
Explore the best sights, entertainment, and shopping with our top choices and insider tips.
The Midlands Experiences
Stately Clonmacnoise: Atmospheric and still spirit-warm, this great early Christian monastery survived Viking, Norman, and English invaders over... Read more
Whether you opt for a one-hour or one-week journey—and choose between a guided boat tour or private boat hire—cruising on the River Shannon is... Read more
Crystal clear freshwater streams, gushing waterfalls, lush forests, and no fewer than 27 glens are all part of the Slieve Bloom Mountain experience... Read more
All that glitters may not be Goldsmith, but that hasn't prevented the Irish tourist board from promoting the Northern Lakelands to the burgeoning... Read more
Like the Eskimos with their 100 different words for snow, the natives of the Midlands retain a historic attachment to their vast boglands and... Read more
News & Features
Hotels, News
Overlooking the Place de la Concorde, Paris's storied Hôtel de Crillon has joined the Rosewood Hotels... Read more
Cruises, News
A new small ship company, Pearl Seas Cruises, has announced its 2015 Caribbean season, with itineraries... Read more
Airlines, News
Add JetBlue to the list of airlines offering in-flight internet connectivity.... Read more
· Travel Planner
Fodor's Trip Planning Ideas
- Fodor's Go List 2014: Where we are going in 2014
- World Cup Fever: Start planning your trip to Brazil!
- Fodor's 100 Hotel Awards: Check out the winners of 2013
- Weekend Getaways: Fodor's Recommends the Best Weekend Escapes in the US
- Great American Vacation: Find Your Next U.S. Trip with Fodor's
- 80 Degrees: Fodor's Helps You Find Your Best Beach Vacation Spots
- Best of Europe: Fodor's Picks the Best Places to Visit in Europe
· Forums Trip Reports
My boyfriend (D) and I went on a semi-vacation for a few weeks in the Fall of 2013. Read more
PROLOGUE – Shut Out and Scrambling For Lodging
The still-to-this-day-maddening email arrived about 48 hours before Kim, Mary, Tracy and I were to take-off from LAX to London: "London Property Read more
·United Kingdom Forum
Our multi-continent family is meeting in London for Christmas. Read more


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European Decorative Arts and Sculpture "Vermelha (Red)" Chair Made in Pisa, Italy, EuropeDesigned 1993 Designed by Fernando Campana, Brazilian, born 1961, and Humberto Campana, Brazilian, born 1953. Made by Edra s.p.A., Perignano, Pisa, 1987 - present. Epoxy powder-coated steel; aluminum; cotton-covered acrylic cord and metalized polyester mixed with polyamide Currently not on view 2004-6-1 Gift of Edra S.p.A., Perignano, Italy, 2004 |
LabelThis chair is made from thick, soft cord (like that typically used in hot-air balloons) piled spaghetti-like on a tubular metal frame. The Campanas use common materials-even things that might be considered trash-in their furniture; they have also designed chairs made of garden hose and stuffed animals. |


text: I think a lot of skaters who choose non-princessy styles do so because they know they don't have the right kind of talent or the right body type to do well in the classic style. E.g., those who don't excel at glide and stretch. One could think of the choices as covering up or making the best of deficiencies. So it's also interesting to look for examples of skaters who can do classicism well but sometimes choose to something else.


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1 hr ago | Hispanic Business
Zimbabwe Banks to Auction Properties
An increasing number of companies and individuals are losing real estate they pledged to banks and financial institutions as collateral for loans as the liquidity crunch continues as evidenced by auctions set for today by Homeland Real Estate in Harare .
Which Is the Only State That...
Should the federal government stop offering subsidized student loans?
5 hrs ago | SW Radio Africa
Police officers arrested on suspicion of murder
Two more police officers have been implicated in the death of yet another person, in a space of just one week.
10 hrs ago | AllAfrica.com
Zimbabwe: ZBC to Retrench 500 Workers
AT least 500 workers at the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation will be retrenched in a restructuring exercise meant to turnaround the public broadcaster that is saddled with a US$44,3 million debt which is to be assumed by Government.The corporation is technically insolvent as it is realising only US$275 000 per month in revenue against a budget of ... (more)
14 hrs ago | Mail & Guardian
Harare has asked the United Nations to bail it out by scaling down its humanitarian programmes and channelling funds to development work that will support Zanu-PF's economic revival blueprint, the Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation .
Politburo endorses provincial election results
The ZANU PF politburo has endorsed results from the seven provincial elections that were held last weekend, that saw Vice President Joice Mujuru's faction score a landslide victory.
Nelson Mandela did the unexpected
Nelson Mandela speaks to a cheering crowd at an African National Congress rally on April 4, 2004, in Soweto, South Africa.
37 Harare women protestors arrested and cautioned
Police in Harare on Wednesday arrested 37 women protestors who were marking the ongoing 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence.
'God's Gift' on the block in divorce
A cousin of Robert Mugabe accumulated assets worth an estimated 180 million , according to a divorce case in Zimbabwe that has thrown a spotlight on the vast wealth acquired by the regime's inner circle.
Zimbabwe: Govt to Float U.S $8 Million Bond
GOVERNMENT says it plans to tap into Zimbabwe's diaspora population by issuing bonds to fund the construction of hydroelectric power plants.New generation capacity from the plants is projected to help ease power shortages that have hamstrung the economy.
Dam project displaces hundreds of families in Zimbabwe
MASVINGO, 5 December 2013 - Several thousand people in southeastern Zimbabwe's drought-prone Masvingo province have had to leave their ancestral homes and villages in exchange for plots of undeveloped land lacking any infrastructure, in order to make way for the construction of a dam.
Zimbabwe: Tsvangirai Failing to Pay Workers
T leader Mr Morgan Tsvangirai is failing to pay workers he recruited for the parallel government structures when he was still prime minister, with hordes of them besieging his office and home last week demanding their dues.
Robert Mugabe Can Still Contest in 2018
Zimbabwe's Presidential Affairs Minister Didymus Mutasa has said that elderly President Robert Mugabe is still constitutionally free to contest for presidency in 2018.
Nujoma takes a swipe at UK over 'Zim invasion plot'
France is set to tell African leaders at a Paris summit it will no longer play policeman on the continent, even as it prepares to act in a new conflict in CAR after its Mali intervention this year.
UK government gave 80,000 in taxpayers' money to Zimbabwe government ...
The British government accidentally gave 80,000 to the disgraced Zimbabwe regime in the last two years, ministers admitted today.
'Mother of teenager may have started fire in car to kill her and...
A mother found dead in a burning car is thought to have started the blaze which claimed her life and that of her son.
Put Zimbabwe government on 12 month probation
As Zimbabwe struggles to shed its rogue image a leading human rights activist, Arthur Gwagwa, is recommending that the government be put on a probation period of 12 months until it makes 'clear choices'.
Former President Mbeki Claims Former Prime Minister Blair Pressured him to Invade Zimbabwe
South Africa's President Thabo Mbeki stands with Zimbabwe's President Robert Mugabe at Harare International Airport January 17, 2008.
a Zimbabwean woman and her teenage son died in the Thorpe Bay car fire, the Echo can reveal.
The woman is believed to have lived in Shoebury and was the daughter of a founder member of the Movement for Democratic Change, the political opposition to Zimbabwe leader Robert Mugabe.
Updated: Mum and son killed in Thorpe Bay car fire
The woman is believed to have lived in Shoebury and was the daughter of a founder member of the Movement for Democratic Change, the political opposition to Zimbabwe leader Robert Mugabe.
Zimbabwe: Follow Best Practice to Ease Parking Woes
PARKING in big cities is a problem the world over, and a plethora of solutions have been put forward and implemented to ration parking, discourage people from driving into the most congested areas, and stop people clogging roads with badly parked cars.Harare is not exempted from the problems, although the wider streets, the requirement by town ... (more)


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Tata initially told authorities she was in the home's bathroom when the fire happened. Mike DeGeurin, Tata's attorney, attributed her lie to immaturity.
Legal experts said that if prosecutors can prove the deaths occurred because she abandoned the children to go shopping, they don't need to prove intent to harm to secure a murder conviction. Under Texas law, a person can be convicted of felony murder if he or she committed an underlying felony and that action led to the death.
After the fire, Tata fled to Nigeria but was captured after about a month, returned to the U.S. in March 2011 and has remained jailed. She was born in the U.S. but has Nigerian citizenship.
Shomari Dickerson, 3, Elizabeth Kojah, 20 months, Kendyll Stradford, 20 months, and Elias Castillo, 16 months, died in the fire at Jackie's Child Care on Crest Park at Waypark Drive shortly before 1:30 p.m. on Feb. 24, 2011. Three other children were injured. Tata is standing trial for felony murder first for the youngest of the victims -- Elias Castillo.
Tata's trial is expected to last about a month.


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Last November, Leslie McCabe accused a North Myrtle Beach High School teacher's aide of verbally and physically abusing her 16-year-old autistic daughter, Aubrey Price.
After taking Aubrey out of the school and what she claims were failed talks with Horry County School District officials, McCabe sued the teacher's aide, North Myrtle Beach High, Horry County Schools and Horry County for alleged negligence and is pursuing assault charges against the teacher's aide.
In her lawsuit filed on September 4th, McCabe claims the aide, Daryl S. Mizeke, left multiple bruises on Aubrey's leg, shoulder, knee and elbow while supervising her at North Myrtle Beach High School.
She also alleges that Mizeke struck Aubrey with a pencil on the hand, yelled and pushed her.
McCabe claims the school was notified of the assaults but failed to stop other assaults from occurring.
In her lawsuit, McCabe also alleges that the district was grossly negligent and failed to properly train Mizeke on how to care for disabled children such as Aubrey.
The mother says Aubrey began to be scared to go to school but was unable to verbalize to her parents why.
The lawsuit states Aubrey is autistic with intermittent explosive disorder, mental retardation, enuresis, encopresis and sever chronic developmental disabilities.
McCabe says her daughter is incompetent and vulnerable to being taken advantage of.
McCabe is seeking personal damages. She says Aubrey was forced to undergo medical treatment and endure pain and suffering that resulted from her loss of enjoyment of life.
In the lawsuit, McCabe is requesting the school provide a copy of Mizeke's personnel file, the employee handbook Mizeke was given when he was hired and statements from any witnesses along with other documents involved in the case.
Horry County School District spokesperson Teal Britton said the district is aware of the lawsuit.
Last year, the district conducted its own personal investigation during which time Mizeke was placed on administrative leave, said Britton.
Confidentiality prevents specifics details or the outcome of the investigation from being released.
But Britton did say Mizeke was brought back on January 26th and transferred to another school on within the district last year where he worked as a teacher's aide.
Mizeke resigned in July and no longer works for the district, according to Britton.


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Family, connection, and culture keys to success for Aboriginal people
Friday, 13 July 2012 10:00A CURTIN University lecturer's research on what builds resilience in successful Aboriginal people is being implemented into Indigenous health programs.
Aboriginal health complexly linked to socioeconomic factors
Saturday, 17 March 2012 06:00DO social conditions have a pronounced influence on Australian Aboriginal populations?
Century-old lock of hair backtracks early human migration
Monday, 26 September 2011 12:43AN Australian research team including international scientists has published findings that reinterpret the history of early Aboriginal descendants.
The astronomy of Aboriginal Australians
Thursday, 10 September 2009 17:20ABORIGINAL astronomy offers a way for scientists to better understand the depth and richness of one of the world's oldest stargazing cultures, according to CSIRO astrophysicist Ray Norris.


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The Dewey Decimal System by Nathan Larson | Book review
Shudder to Think's guitarist finds a second career.
A military vet wakes up every morning from the same dream: An unseen man (maybe him?) aims a gun at his sleeping family, and the gun's report wakes him up.
At first, the dream appears to be the result of post-traumatic stress disorder, one of the many ways his brain misfires after his time "in a landscape without features, save for the funnels of sand the wind might kick up." But very little is as it seems with the ex-soldier, the job he now barely holds down, the world whose shadows he inhabits, and this punch-drunk, highly addictive debut novel.
The vet goes by the name Dewey Decimal System. Sometime in the near future, he lives in a New York City almost completely abandoned after three financial collapses and terrorist attacks have chased off 90 percent of the population. He holes up in a public library branch, organizing the books to a system in his head, and works as hired muscle for a corrupt district attorney, who has christened him Dewey. The DA gives Dewey the assignment of "silencing" Yakiv Shapsko, a Ukrainian who owns a large construction firm and who has ties to the mob. But thanks in part to Shapsko's preparedness and Dewey's hiccuping brain, things quickly go awry.
Larson relies a little heavily on a few gimmicks—an oversaturated noir style, the constant references to Purell, complete with the floating tm. The former guitarist for Shudder to Think should have more confidence in his chops: In Dewey he's created the perfect protagonist for a story that flies by, strafing contemporary culture as it goes. It's whip smart and bonkers, and Dewey is both vulnerable and dangerous. This is supposed to be the first book in a series, and we're looking forward to seeing where it goes.


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Randall Tarpey-Schwed's interest in books that portray gay and lesbian parents began as a simple search for books to read to his young children that portrayed "his" kind of family. Join us when Mr. Tarpey-Schwed presents a well-illustrated talk. He will discuss the first such children's book which appeared in 1979, to the controversy that surrounded the publication of Heather Has Two Mommies; from the relative dearth of such books during the AIDS crisis of the 1980s to the early portrayals of same-gender marriages. We will learn how changes in society have been mirrored in the pages of these books, and how they have changed for the better over time. The talk will conclude with a discussion of a few of Mr. Tarpey-Schwed's personal recommendations.
Related Exhibitions and Events
- Zero to Maker - An Author Talk with David Lang
- Thursday, December 12, 2013
Main Library, Koret Auditorium - Sylvester: 25 Years Celebration
- Thursday, December 19, 2013
Main Library, Latino/Hispanic Rms A & B - The Book of Matt
- Tuesday, January 21, 2014
Main Library, Koret Auditorium - Jazz at the Library
- Saturday, January 25, 2014
Glen Park


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Late Breaking News
Follow Us
2013 Compendium
TBI Symptoms, Severity Differ for Women Veterans But Cause Remains A Mystery
- Categorized in: 2011 Issues, Air Force, April 2011, Army, Department of Defense (DoD), Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Depression, Geriatrics, Marine Corps, Navy, PTSD, Psychiatry, TBI
WASHINGTON, DC—As more data is emerging on the short and long-term effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI), researchers are discovering that the injury affects women differently than it does men. Most notably, there seems to be a differential pattern of post-concussive symptoms among female compared to male OEF/OIF veterans with deployment–related TBI.
This new information may lead to differences in how post-concussive symptoms are diagnosed in women, and in how they are treated.
More Severe Symptoms
Current estimates are that 12% to 20% of OEF/OIF veterans have TBI—usually blast-related—with most of those cases being mild (mTBI). A significant number of those (65%) experience comorbid PTSD. To date, 13% of U.S. personnel serving in theater are women and, despite having a limited combat role, 10.5% of women OEF/OIF veterans receiving care at VA have screened positive for TBI post-deployment. Sports medicine research has shown that women react differently to TBI than men, explained Katherine Iverson, PhD, clinical psychologist in the Boston VA Healthcare System. "Persistent post-concussive symptoms may be worse for women than men. [We] wanted to see if this remained true for veterans," said Iverson who was speaking at the annual VA Health Services R&D conference.While differences in how the genders react to combat trauma has been recognized for some time, there has been little study on TBI specifically. Iverson and her colleagues examined gender differences in post-concussive symptoms severity. They looked at each of the four types of cognitive symptoms—affective, somatosensory, cognitive, and vestibular.
"Women reported significantly more severe symptoms in all four domains," Iverson said. "But we also looked at symptom severity stratified by PTSD status."
Men with PTSD reported significantly more affective symptoms than those without. Women who had no additional injury at the time of their blast experience reported nearly equivalent symptom severity, regardless of PTSD status.
However, women reported significantly more affective symptoms than their male counterparts across the board, whether they experienced blast only or had additional injuries ("blast-plus"). There was also evidence of a complex interaction between gender, PTSD, and the etiology of the injury when it came to vestibular and somatosensory symptoms.
Causes Unknown
The implications of the data are that women deployed to OEF/OIF experience concussions of all etiologies in meaningful numbers and have returned with more severe post-concussive symptoms than their male counterparts, Iverson said. And the effects of blast trauma are more pronounced in women than men.
The root cause remains a mystery, however. "We can describe gender differences, but we cannot comment on the causes," Iverson said. "There may be gender-related biases in reporting of symptoms by veterans, or in the diagnosing of TBI by evaluators."
What the data does prove is that more attention needs to be paid to the post-concussive symptoms of women, and that education is needed for health care providers, veterans, and the general public, Iverson said.
"Although women make up a smaller percentage of men that have mild TBI, the post-concussive symptoms that they experience are more severe. It's important that we get women connected to services, not only for physical problems, but for their cognitive problems, such as difficulty sleeping and pain problems."
Comments (2)
Saint Louis University is currently conducting research on traumatic brain injury. The study is recruiting military veteran who sustained traumatic brain injuries while on active duty since 2002 to participate in a 2-day brain imaging study. Transportation to St. Louis, MO along with lodging and meals are provided for eligible veterans. For more information, please contact us at (314) 977-8560 or visit our website at www.slu.edu/tbi.
It is good to see that cutting edge research is being conducted to address women's health among Veterans. Understanding the impacts of traumatic brain injuries are important for providing the highest quality care for all men and women who have served our country.
Have your VA bonuses been cut in recent years and are you concerned about getting merit pay in the future?


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Round Oak 18 1892
Round Oak 18 1917
Round Oak 250
The Round Oak Stove Company, founded by the legendary P.D. Beckwith back in the late 1800's, had a stellar reputation for designing and manufacturing top of the line, and state of the art for its day, cylinder heating stoves. Staying true to the reputation, this cylinder heating stove, baring the Round Oak name, is a remarkable stove. The solid cast iron antique stove stands at over four feet in height and can warm a large area for up to ten hours. Ribbing at the base of the stove helps circulate heat. There is an ash clean out door at the base, primary and secondary draft controls and a hidden cooklid on top. The top door of the two front loading doors features a sparkling nickel name plate. The famous name is also located in the nickeling on one of the legs. The nickel skirt features beautiful design work which compliments the design work on the dome, front door and base. The Round Oak Cylinder Stove is a powerful heater and impressive in its looks.
Round Oak Advertisements
Advertisements like the two below were found in the magazines of the day including the Saturday Evening Post, Lady's Home Journal and Country Gentlemen. The local hardware store was a popular place to go and purchase your Round Oak Stove. The price of the handsomely crafted and superior heater? Less than a hundred dollars. Some were even less than $20.00. |
Round Oak Bottom
The story goes that P.D. Beckwith started out in the stove manufacturing business by building himself a heating stove because he didn't have the money to buy one. He originally made his Round Oak stoves for railroad waiting rooms.
It didn't take long for passengers to admire the handsome stove and appreciate the efficient heat and soon folks were inquiring how they could purchase a Round Oak stove for their homes. P.D. Beckwith gave the stove its named because a good-sized chunk of oak could fit into the stove without splitting. Oak trees are handsome, stately trees and that is an image that he wanted associated with his stove. |
P.D. Beckwith gave the stove its named because a good-sized chunk of oak could fit into the stove without splitting. Oak trees are handsome, stately trees and that is an image that he wanted associated with his stove.
The Round Oak stove was first manufactured in the early 1860's. The stove was first sold in 1872 and it wasn't long before The Round Oak Stove Company put the city of Dowagiac, Michigan on the map. The factory in Dowagiac, Michigan employed over 50% of the male population in town.During the nearly eighty years the company was in business it sold over five million stoves nationwide. The Round Oak stove company survived both the Great Depression and World War II before closing its doors in 1947. |
Today the complex of Round Oak buildings in Dowagiac, Michigan house the Ameriwood Furniture Company. Several local companies in the Dowagiac area came about because of the Round Oak Stove Company including: Rudy Manufacturing, Premier Furnace Company, Dowagiac Steel Furnace and Dowagiac Manufacturing.
More Articles...
Round Oak D18
P.D. Beckwith's Round Oak Stove Company published stove catalogs that featured Indian lore stories.
The stories centered around the life of a young Indian brave named Doe Wah Jack. (not so coincidently that is the pronunciation of the Michigan town where the Round Oak Stove Company was located - Dowagiac.)
According to Indian lore, Doe Wah Jack was named by chief Pokagon. Doe Wah Jack had gone out fishing, having learned the skill by the old chief.
When Doe Wah Jack returned to his village with enough fish to feed the hungry tribe, chief Pokagon called out to the young brave that he would now be called, Doe Wah Jack - "he who catches many fishes."
P.D. Beckwith honored the Indian heritage of the Dowagiac Michigan area by using Doe Wah Jack and local Indian lore and images as primary elements of the stove company's marketing campaign.
Below are excerpts from Round Oak Catalogs written in the early part of the 1900's.


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Hi All,
I'm a newbie to UltraEdit.
Does UE have a feature like the context window as seen in Source Insight? Essentially, this window automatically displays the definition of a function or constant defined in another source file. For example, if I have the definition
#define TRUE 1
defined in, say, a header file named allContants.h and I were to use the constant TRUE in a source-code file which includes the header file allContants.h, then the context window automatically displays the corresponding definition line from the header file. This allows for quickly comprehending source code which you may not have written (or wrote, but forgot why you wrote it ). I haven't been able to find such a feature with UE, unless I've been looking in the wrong place.
Can anyone please tell me if UE has such a "context window" feature as in Source Insight?
Thanks for your time.


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Fluids/Oils for Manual Transmission and Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK)
Do not tow the car or run the engine without fluid/ oil in the transmission. The transmission may be damaged by even a tiny speck of dirt, only a clean funnel or spout must be used when adding fluid/ oil. We recommend that you have the fluids/oils changed at your Porsche dealer, who has the required lubricants and the necessary filling equipment.
Wiper Blades
The windshield, wiper arm and blades can be damaged if the wiper arm accidentally falls back onto the windshield. Wiper blades that are frozen in place can be damaged if they are loosened improperly.
Changing windshield wiper blades
If the wiper blades are not changed properly, they can come loose when the car is moving.
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12 Dec, 17:21
Munster Rugby recently held a Clare Schools U16 blitz at Ennis in Lees Road, Co. Clare.
The Editor
Midleton had the advantage of the elements in the opening half but despite dominating territorially failed to press home their advantage.
It was Bandon's turn in the second half and their pack came close on several occasions to scoring but great defensive work by Midleton kept them at bay.
The deadlock was broken fifteen minutes from time when Darren Sweetnam kicked a penalty.
The home side extended their advantage shortly afterwards when Midleton full back Ben Mitchell who had an excellent game, failed to deal with an up and under and winger Mighty Okafor hacked the ball on and Ieuan Walters followed up to touch down and Sweetnam converted.
Scorers: Bandon Grammar: Ieuan Walters 1 try; Darren Sweetnam 1 penalty & 1 conversion.
Bandon Grammar: Conor Moloney; Peter Good, Chris Pringle, Stephen Good, Mighty Okafor; Darren Sweetnam, Jack Robinson; Eoin Crowley, Neil Willoughby, Ross Bateman; Eanna Tyrell, P.J. Hegarty; Sam Hunter, Peter Deane, Richard Kingston.
Replacements: Mark O'Donoghue, Ieuan Walters, Padraig O'Shea, Gavin Peevers, Alan Donnelly, Edward O'Driscoll, Bertie Miller, Jamie Kingston.
Midleton College: Ben Mitchell; Andrew Power, Dean James, Brian Moore, Josh O'Sullivan-Hourihan; Ned Hodson, Rory Hurley; Andrew Colton, David O'Sullivan, Mark Twomey; Stephen England, Stuart O'Sullivan; Alex Tibsfraeney, Greg Chambers, Andy Weston.
Replacements: Killian Abernethy, Kim Crosbie, Adam Colton, Adam Pennington, Nick Burns, John Sweetnam, Louis Farnham.
Referee: Colin McTaggart (M.A.R.)
24 Jan 14 - 25 Jan 14
Foundation Coaching Course - Cork
24 Jan 14 - 25 Jan 14
Mini Coaching Course - Limerick
31 Jan 14 - 01 Feb 14
Foundation Coaching Course - Limerick
31 Jan 14 - 01 Feb 14


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Benson man hurt
in Orwell rollover
ORWELL A rollover crash has left a Benson man in the hospital with injuries to his neck and back.
Police said Brian Scott, 54, of Benson was driving north on Route 22A in Orwell late Monday when he crossed the centerline and went off the southbound side of road.
According to witnesses, Scotts vehicle struck several trees and rolled over several times before coming to a stop on its wheels.
Scott was taken to Porter Medical Center in Middlebury, where his condition was stable.
The vehicle was a total loss, police said.MORE IN This Just InA Rutland man is expected in court today to answer his fourth charge of drunken driving. Full StoryThe man charged in a hit-and-run crash that killed a pedestrian in Killington early Sunday... Full StoryAfter Black Friday, Small Business Saturday and Cyber Monday, most shoppers have a head start on... Full Story -
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"The Life And Times Of Prophecy"
Nicolette Sheridan Keeps It Saucy
posted by Garry "Prophecy" Sun on June 7, 2011
Looks like Michael Bolton aint the only one singin sad love songs…
Nicolette Sheridan was spotted leaving Dan Tana's last weekend, after a late all night bender of sippin on sauce.
Girl was barely able to make it out to her car standing up… which was parked only about 15 feet away from the exit.
Some people take losing jobs and loved ones harder than others I guess… But dangit Nicolette, wouldn't it be nice to make it to your car on both legs??
Photos: www.SunOfHollywood.com
Photos: www.SunOfHollywood.com


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Deals of the week
Baggage fees and charges for optional products and services
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- Save 15% on flights from Ontario, Quebec and Atlantic Canada to California, Seattle and Phoenix
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Featured destinations:
Skiing in Vail, Colorado | Skiing in Kelowna | Newfoundland and Labrador | Alberta | Montreal | Vancouver | California | Bermuda | Martinique | Phoenix
All fares displayed on this page are in Canadian dollars, per person. Tickets must be purchased by 23:59 EST/20:59 PDT on the ticketing deadline date. Fares are valid at time of transmission and apply to new bookings only. Price is subject to change without prior notice and for representative information ONLY. All taxes, fees, charges and surcharges are subject to change. Please refer to the booking flow by clicking on the search option in order to see the final price/breakdown or contact Air Canada reservation at 1-888-247-2262. Certain international destinations may have tax, fee or charge that must be paid at the point of origin or at departure. Please contact the nearest foreign government office of the country you plan to visit for definitive, up-to-date information. Country-specific and interactive passenger-specific information is also available at www.iatatravelcentre.com and www.voyage.gc.ca. Fees for optional services, such as itinerary changes, additional baggage, advance seat selection, or certain special service requests, may increase overall cost. All seats are limited and subject to availability. Certain flights may not be offered on each day of the week. The fares indicated are not valid on seasonal route past the last date the flight operates. Certain flights may be operated by other carriers on a codeshare basis.


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Hello, Chan!
Welcome to our big community of Doll lovers.
Have fun on our site and make new doll friends!
Welcome to our family Chan Sama, this is Yaz'mine!
Hello Chan . Very happy to have you join our little community !!
love your creations
Dolly cheers
Welcome to our little family, Chan!
Oh my Goddess, I just found your Madame Butterfly doll!! My other love is Japanese culture, specifically that of the Floating World of the Geisha, Maiko of Kyoto and Oiran/Tayu of the old Edo period. I think you and I are going to get along GREAT!!
Welcome to DollObservers, we're very happy to have you here
Be sure to visit the Welcome Centre to get acquainted with the site and please say hello in the New Member Forum when you have a moment
Warmest regards, Simon x
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Rewards Card Gift Cards Kids Nature Thing What's Going On Parks Magazine
Make Reservations Check Rates Check Availability Camping Info Cottages Info Getaway Rentals Info Lodge & Conference Centers Info
Find a Park Rewards Card For Kids - Park Pals General Safety Tips Accessible Facilities FAQs Bring Your Pet Order Brochures About Us Support Your Parks Canal Lands Program Nature Preserves Ohio Trails Program Other Resources
Mailing Address: Ohio State Parks 2045 Morse Rd, C-3 Columbus, OH 43229-6693
Email us
Ohio State Parks offer more than 1,000 miles of trails that come in all lengths and levels of difficulty, and pass through all sorts of terrain. A number of state park trails (see the complete Ohio list) weave in and out of the park into adjacent state forests or nature preserves, while some mesh with major trails systems such as the Buckeye Trail or North Country Scenic Trail.
Portions of Burr Oak's 18-mile Backpack Trail mesh with the Buckeye Trail. Parking and the trailhead are located at the park office. Camping is available in the family campground. Registration and payment of the regular camping fee are required.
Caesar Creek offers a 14-mile backpack trail skirting the southeast corner of the lake. Parking and the trailhead are located at the Furnas Boat Ramp. Camping is available in the group camp area. A free permit is required.
East Fork offers 46 miles of backcountry trail including the 14-mile Backpack Trail and 32-mile Perimeter Trail. Parking and the trailhead are located at the south access parking lot near the park entrance. Access and parking on the north side of the Perimeter Trail are available at the campground visitor parking lot. Backcountry camping is free and available by permit only at four designated areas along the backpacking and perimeter trails. Adironack shelters are available at camping areas 1 and 2.
Follow the red blazes along Tar Hollow's 21-mile Logan Backpack Trail. Parking and the trailhead are located near the dam spillway at Pine Lake. Organized groups can camp by reservation in the group area. Camping for backpackers is also available at the Logan Hollow campground. Registration and payment of the regular camping fee are required. A backpack camp at the fire tower on south loop is available by reservation through the ODNR Division of Forestry.
Shawnee State Forest and Zaleski State Forest offer lengthy backpacking trails with primitive backcountry campsites. The Wayne National Forest also offers backpacking and allows backcountry camping off the trail.


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As the semester begins and flu season is upon us, now is a good time to remember simple measures you can take to stay well and continue to enjoy your semester!
If you have any questions or concerns that have not been addressed above do not hesitate to stop by or call Student Health Services. SHS is located on the 1st floor of DaSilva Hall on the Queens Campus, (718) 990-6360 or Campus Center Room B17 on the Staten Island Campus, (718) 990-4447.


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Northwest, United Kingdom Vacations - Travel guide to Northwest, United Kingdom accommodations and vacation packages. Visit Northwest, United Kingdom for getaways and adventure travel. Plan your Northwest, United Kingdom vacation today.
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Manchester, United Kingdom Sight-Seeing Tours - Ibiza invasion is responsible to organize holiday and job trips to Ibiza. They are admired and trusted by thousands of their clients all over the world. Based on their contracts and relations in Ibiza, they successfully manage to offer the world's.
Blackpool, United Kingdom Bed & Breakfasts - Attractive hotel based in the heart of Blackpool. We have a individual style which all ages seem to enjoy. We serve breakfast and evening meals all year round in our comfortable dining room. The hotel has been recently upgraded to a higher standar
Lancaster, United Kingdom Hiking & Trekking - Mountain walking holidays and hiking vacations in England - Lake District, Yorkshire Dales, Cumbria. Guided rambling, trekking and outdoor breaks. Experienced guides, comfortable accommodation and transport included.
Manchester, United Kingdom Hotels & Resorts - This 4-star hotel has a quayside location and is less than a mile from Old Trafford football stadium. It has free Wi-Fi, air-conditioned rooms, an Italian
Liverpool, United Kingdom Hotels & Resorts - Whether relocating to the area on a project, in training, or in need of a serviced apartment Staybridge is the ideal place to stay for temporary housing.
Manchester, United Kingdom Hotels & Resorts - The Days Hotel Manchester City is conveniently situated in the city centre 300 metres from Piccadilly Station and 20 minutes drive from Manchester International
Wigan, United Kingdom Hotels & Resorts - The Mercure Wigan Oak is accessible from the Manchester Airport. Local attractions include Wigan Pier (one mile) and Haydock Racecourse (one mile) and
Liverpool, United Kingdom Hotels & Resorts - Opened in November 2009, the Novotel Liverpool Centre is located within the Paradise Street area of the City.
Liverpool, United Kingdom Hotels & Resorts - The Ibis Liverpool City Centre hotel is located 5 km from the airport and a 10 min walk from the city centre. With pubs, theatres, historic buildings
Manchester, United Kingdom Hotels & Resorts - The Radisson Blu Hotel Manchester Airport is the leading airport hotel and the only one linked to the airport's elevated passenger walkway, connecting
Page: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > |


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On 26 and 27 November 2013, the EMB held its second Members' Meeting this year in the Hanseatic city of Hamburg in Germany. At the meeting the European member o
Our strategy to keep on with milk production all over Europe is clear. We need a flexible volume regulation as basic for fair prices.
Here you find the latest press articles from all over Europe. The press resonance on the planned action day is quite big.


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DIY chalkboard label mason jars
Added by:
Liz Marie Blog
I made these DIY chalkboard label mason jars after finding these lovely chalkboard labels at staples the other day. I am a sucker for painted mason jars, so I love how these turned out! You can see the full post here: http://www.lizmarieblog.com/2012/11/diy-chalkboard-label-mason-jars/ Find me on facebook so we can chat :) http://www.facebook.com/lizmarieblog


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By Sao Noan Oo
In the last two centuries unfair treatment of society by other groups or by their government has improved greatly. This has been due to campaigners and freedom fighters of the world. They resisted and rebelled against dictatorial governments and fought for liberty and freedom. In the face of danger and suffering they have changed society not only in which they lived but in the entire world.
To name but a few George Washington, was the Commander in Chief of the US Army who fought to free America from the British rule. Ghandi was a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian Independence movement. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the greatest freedom fighters who led the Civil Rights Movements in the sixties and fought for equal rights of the black and white Americans, thus removing some colour prejudices in the world. Nelson Mandela was one of the prominent Leaders who with his Nationalists fought to overthrow the Apartheid Government in South Africa and replaced it with a multiracial Government.
The Suffragettes both in the UK and USA fought for the right of women to vote. In Britain, in 1918 Representative of the People Act of 1918 was passed in Parliament, granting limited voting rights to women. Two years later similar rights were given to women in the USA under the amendment of the US constitution, and in 1928 British women were granted the same voting rights as men.
The French Resistance Fighters were one of the most courageous freedoms fighters during World War II. They were individuals and groups who resisted being ruled by Nazi Germany. The French Government collaborated with the Germans but part of the population felt they could not live and be part of the Nazis. They campaigned and resisted the Nazi rule through out the war. They formed resistance organisations and many groups sprang up, and did everything within their power to sabotage the Nazi regime: there were armed groups who attacked road and rail networks, helped prisoners to escape, printed underground newspapers and spied on the Germans to help the British and Americans. Those caught engaged in these activities were shot or imprisoned for many years. Despite these dangers many brave men and women joined the French resistance and fought to liberate France from the brutal Nazi oppression.
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi is Burma's Freedom Fighter and has become an Icon of the world. She has suffered and sacrificed her life for the peoples of Burma. As far I can gather she stands for freedom without violence, equality, democracy, truth and power from kindness.
Than Shwe and his Generals cannot stand "the Lady," because there are enormous polarities in their vision for Burma. The regime believes in oppression, totalitarian rule, dictatorial regime, hiding the truth with lies, disregard for justice and human rights, and power with the use of weapons.
Only people who have been brain washed, threatened or bribed will support such a cruel, greedy, selfish and inconsiderate regime Unconsciously some of such people later or sooner adopt the same identity and act and think like their dictators.
In her struggle for freedom for Burma Daw Aung San Suu Kyi said she had followed the footsteps and tradition of her father. Unlike Than Shwe and his Generals who continually deceive and lie to the people, she strongly believes in political integrity.
The people of Burma love Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. They have a very high opinion of her and think that she is a lady of conscience. The people have complete faith in her ability and believe that when she is free she will lead them to victory. But all must realise that no matter how hard she tries or how deep her commitment, like all freedom fighters she cannot succeed on her own. In order to save her it would be good if the peoples of Burma were to fully understand what Daw Aung San Su Kyi is fighting for, her ideology and her vision for Burma. She needs people who have the same ideology and conviction as herself to support her. It does not mean that they have to meet up with her, because this would not be possible under the watchful eye of the junta. The freedom fighters could use her ideology, vision and hope as an inspiration and spread the message around. The recent downfall of the President of Pakistan, Colonel Musharraf has been successful because the oppositions had the support of the ordinary civilians.
Most Burmese people recognise and look up to Bogyoke Aung San and his colleagues as great heroes and martyrs because they fought for independence and were assassinated for their beliefs in democracy and equality. The people also respect and honour Daw Aung San Suu Kyi for her principles. But we should not forget all the unsung and unrecognised heroes of Burma : the resistance armies whose motives are often misunderstood and are labelled as secessionist, rebels, terrorist , drug traders but in reality they are fighting for the freedom of their peoples; the 1988 university students, many of whom were murdered, and those alive been imprisoned, yet still active in their struggle; all human rights campaigners, and democracy activists; members of NGO; the Sanghas who demonstrated for the suffering and welfare of their people- to mention all will be impossible. If Burma is to be free from an illegal and dictatorial government and become a democratic country these organisation need support and help from the ordinary citizens.
In Burma there is a great need to unite and strengthen civil society which is completely destroyed by the junta. The majority of people have become mentally and physically fatigued and paralysed. This is what the junta demands. Those who are courageous enough and who have a deep conviction to change the face of Burma's society must encourage and instil self-worth into all citizens and make them become involved in changing the face of Burma society.
In the modern 21st. century citizens cannot leave their welfare and decision in the hands of activists. They must be wise about politics and the voting system. It does not mean that they should all become politicians. With their own judgement they should be able to vote for a government, whose members will work for the people and not just for their own selfish self. Citizens of Burma must rebuild and strengthen their voice and action and together fight for what they believe in. They must play a part in encouraging each other and become a society with courage, determination and hope for the present as well as for future generations. The voice of the people is very important in creating democracy. If you just want a Leader to tell you what to do , then you are asking the Leader to be a dictator.
Besides strong civil societies, Burma also needs a team of fair and just policemen to protect citizens from criminals and to enforce the law laid down in the Constitution, a Constitution approved and accepted by the people.
Burma also needs strong Armed Forces, whose officers and soldiers take pride in serving their country and its peoples; and whose officers and soldiers do not take the advantage of their position and bully and do what they like to those weaker than them. In this way the Armed Forces and civilians will live in harmony and gain each other's trust and respect. In a democratic country the legally elected government controls and instructs the army what to do and not visa versa.


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Fantastic fresh King Crab served in a character filled environment! If we are ever in Juneau again, this is where we will eat again! The Combo is amazing!
Fantastic fresh King Crab served in a character filled environment! If we are ever in Juneau again, this is where we will eat again! The Combo is amazing!
This was one of the scheduled stops on our cruise tour and this was one of our best choices along the way ! We had CRAB SHACK COMBO The favorites served w/garlic rolls & butter. (Serves 1 to 2 people) King Crab Leg (1) Crab Cakes (4) Bisque (8 oz) We could have eaten twice this much if not three... More
Tracy's seems a bit expensive for a food cart selling seafood by the docks. You may hesitate on arrival...They have limited seating, plastic chairs and picnic tables, and the area for alcohol is "fenced" off by plastic fencing. And, it's crowded, you'll be lucky to get a seat right away, though they turn pretty quickly. No airs by any stretch... More
OMG! Absolutely delicious. My husband and I got the Combo. The most delicious crab legs, bisque and crab cakes we've ever tasted. Very casual and totally outdoors. Can't wait for our next trip to Juneau and Tracy's!
We visited Tracy's King Crab Shack in Aug 2013. It's a busy spot. The food was fantastic and the service was awesome. There were 5 of us and we ordered 3 King Leg and Soup combos and a big bucket to share. The soup was great and even the bun was delicious. This is a MUST VISIT spot!
I love crab legs and wanted to go to Tracy's Crab Shack after reading my favorable reviews. My husband & myself ordered their combo special (one king crab leg, crab bisque & mini crab cakes) and an Alaskan beer. Our total was right around $85! It was very good though! And while you only got one crab leg with the... More
Rich, creamy, packed full of flavour and served with delicious garlicy buttery bread rolls. Order at the first truck, take a perch outside and they bring it out to you - perfect meal on a rainy day in Juneau!
Tracy's Crab Shack has great food. Get in line, place your order and soon a huge plate of crab legs will be placed in front of you. Not inexpensive but worth the price!
This little shack is not far from the cruise docks. The King Crab was the best I ever had and the King Crab Bisque was incredible. I wish we could have gone back for more, but our cruise left town. You Must visit this place when you are in Juneau.
Tracy sure knows what she's doing in the kitchen. This place is a seafood lovers' paradise. The Alaskan King crab legs were mega sized yumminess served with butter, coleslaw and homemade biscuits. The taste was a one of kind mouth burst of freshness.
If you own or manage Tracy's King Crab Shack, register now for free tools to enhance your listing, attract new reviews, and respond to reviewers.
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You're watching...
Justice Department Sues S&P Over Mortgage Ratings
FBN's Diane Macedo breaks down the stories moving the markets around the world.
Feb 5, 2013
You're watching...
FBN's Diane Macedo breaks down the stories moving the markets around the world.
Feb 5, 2013
Also in this playlist...
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This is this Imus in the morning.
-- -- -- -- Good morning everyone the Justice Department is -- Standard and -- for allegedly inflating its ratings of mortgage bonds that crashed in the financial crisis and cost investors billions.
In a court filing the government says it seeks monetary penalties from S&P and its parent company McGraw-Hill.
In the first US case against a credit -- ratings agency.
Over the housing meltdown that's and he says the lawsuit has no factual or legal merit.
Shares of McGraw-Hill plunged nearly 14% yesterday after the company said it was expecting that lawsuit.
President Obama set to meet with twelve CEOs at the White House this afternoon to talk about ways to improve the US economy.
-- president's guests will include Goldman Sachs chief Lloyd Blankfein.
Yahoo! is Marisa Mayer clouds -- felt about cola Coca Cola's -- chart Kent and -- my sick of United Continental among others.
The president expected to focus on overhauling immigration -- as part of a broader economic agenda as well as efforts to achieve balance deficit reduction.
The White House says the president is also set to meet with progressive in labor leaders this morning to discuss those same issues.
Liberty Global is considering making a bid for Britain's number two pay TV operator Virgin Media.
Virgin has confirmed that it's in talks with John Malone's cable group over possible deal.
Liberty is active in thirteen countries including eleven in Europe and recently increased its stake in a Belgian operator.
Virgin Media which has a market value of ten point six billion dollar sells cable TV.
Telephone and broadband Internet services.
It competes with UK market leader B -- -- which is owned by News Corp.
the parent company of the Fox Business Network.
And we have earnings in from -- -- -- -- busy auto parts company is reporting adjusted profit of ninety cents a share topping estimates for 87 cents.
Revenue was also -- -- three point 77 billion dollars analysts were expecting three point 76 billion.
Checking the markets now in Europe profit at BP fell from a year ago but still topped estimates -- UBS recorded.
A two billion dollar loss for the quarter after booking alive were fine eurozone -- on PMI and services were also better than expected but still -- Of what's considered expansion stocks are up across the board though London's up forty thing those Farris.
Frankfurt's up fifteen let's take a closer look now what's -- those markets with Peter Dixon global equity economist.
-- Commerce Bank in London Peter French president -- -- said that the eurozone currency.
Must develop an exchange rate policy to protect the currency from irrational movements what's your take on -- I mean Tbilisi -- like while the French -- -- because it basically says that so we don't trust the markets that the wide body and read what twelve house some state intervention.
Or or Fisher body of -- -- development how prominent guests to some extent he's responding to the concerns.
Of rising out of rising Euro which -- being traded volume weakening of other currencies but some.
Going to be honest unless the ECB steps -- -- stock split in the market with you as I can't see yet -- -- anybody can do about it right now.
And Peter news survey shows that Britain's dominant service sector return to growth in January and that optimism among companies.
Is up so let's say about the UK's chances of falling back into recession.
Well -- -- that old -- all that in January at least the the numbers will roll them back to the we've seen over the past couple of months so.
And we hope of getting get a positive led growth which in Q -- following.
He had been -- fourth quarter numbers so let's hope that we're not gonna get that so much for -- triple dip recession.
All right that's Peter Dixon at Commerzbank over London nice -- talk to Peter thank you.
And we -- earnings now from Archer Daniels Midland the grain trader and processor is reporting adjusted profit of sixty cents a share.
Topping the estimate by two cents revenue came in at two point a 24 rather point 92 billion dollars that also -- the -- that the 21 point 22 billion.
And shares of -- Brands fell more than 5% in extended trading after the fast food chains.
Fourth quarter profit was down from last year and the company said it no longer expects earnings growth for this year.
The parent of Taco Bell KFC and Pizza Hut.
Reported an adjusted profit of 82 cents a share down more than 5% from a year ago but in line with expectations.
Revenue four point 15 billion dollars just topped the estimate.
-- same store sales in China were hurt by negative publicity from a government review of its poultry supplies.
Though it says it no longer expects earnings per share growth this year due to continued negative same store sales.
And the expectation that it'll take time to recover consumer confidence.
Boeing meanwhile has asked US regulators for approval to conduct test flights of its 787 dreamliner.
-- investigators work to figure out the cause of recent battery issues on two of its jets.
The company submitted an application with the Federal Aviation Administration which says it's evaluating that request.
Imus in the morning continues right now on --
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"I might ski full speed down gunbarrel, through the fence, over the brook, and smack my head off my car bumper "
21 days ago at Ski Sundown.
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245 days ago at Ski Sundown.
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