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James Garner Movies
The son of an Oklahoma carpet layer,
James Garner
did stints in the Army and merchant marines before working as a model. His professional acting career began with a non-speaking part in the Broadway play The Caine Mutiny Court Martial (1954), in which he was also assigned to run lines with stars
Lloyd Nolan
Henry Fonda
, and
John Hodiak
. Given that talent roster, and the fact that the director was
Charles Laughton
managed to earn his salary and receive a crash course in acting at the same time. After a few television commercials, he was signed as a contract player by Warner Bros. in 1956. He barely had a part in his first film,
The Girl He Left Behind
(1956), though he was given special attention by director
David Butler
, who felt
had far more potential than the film's nominal star,
Tab Hunter
Due in part to
's enthusiasm,
was cast in the Warner Bros. TV Western
. The scriptwriters latched on to his gift for understated humor, and, before long, the show had as many laughs as shoot-outs.
was promoted to starring film roles during his
run, but, by the third season, he chafed at his low salary and insisted on better treatment. The studio refused, so he walked out. Lawsuits and recriminations were exchanged, but the end result was that
was a free agent as of 1960. He did quite well as a freelance actor for several years, turning in commendable work in such films as
Boys' Night Out
(1962) and
The Great Escape
(1963), but was soon perceived by filmmakers as something of a less-expensive
Rock Hudson
, never more so than when he played Hudson-type parts opposite
Doris Day
Move Over, Darling
The Thrill of It All!
(both 1963).
fared rather better in variations of his Maverick persona in such Westerns as
Support Your Local Sheriff
(1969) and
The Skin Game
(1971), but he eventually tired of eating warmed-over stew; besides, being a cowboy star had made him a walking mass of injuries and broken bones. He tried to play a more peaceable Westerner in the TV series Nichols (1971), but when audiences failed to respond, his character was killed off and replaced by his more athletic twin brother (also
). The actor finally shed the Maverick cloak with his long-running TV series
The Rockford Files
(1974-1978), in which he played a John MacDonald-esque private eye who never seemed to meet anyone capable of telling the truth.
resulted in even more injuries for the increasingly battered actor, and soon he was showing up on TV talk shows telling the world about the many physical activities which he could no longer perform.
ended in a spirit of recrimination, when
, expecting a percentage of the profits, learned that "creative bookkeeping" had resulted in the series posting none.
To the public,
was the rough-hewn but basically affable fellow they'd seen in his fictional roles and as
Mariette Hartley
's partner (not husband) in a series of Polaroid commercials. However, his later film and TV-movie roles had a dark edge to them, notably his likable but mercurial pharmacist in
Murphy's Romance
(1985), for which he received an Oscar nomination, and his multifaceted co-starring stints with
James Woods
in the TV movies
(1986) and
My Name Is Bill W.
(1989). In 1994,
came full circle in the profitable feature film
(1994), in which the title role was played by
Mel Gibson
. With the exception of such lower-key efforts as the noir-ish
(1998) and the made-for-TV thriller
Dead Silence
's career in the '90s found the veteran actor once again tapping into his latent ability to provoke laughs in such efforts as
Space Cowboys
(2000) while maintaining a successful small-screen career by returning to the role of Jim Rockford in several made-for-TV movies. Providing a voice for the popular animated feature
Atlantis: The Lost Empire
(2001), as well as appearing in the comedy-drama
The Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood
(2002), ensured that, despite his age,
would continue to seek out film roles and maintain a place in the public eye. ~ Hal Erickson, Rovi
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Superman/Shazam!: The Return of Black Adam
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Assuming the role of Captain Marvel as he joins Superman in the quest to defeat the villainous Black Adam, courageous Billy Batson struggles to determine whether he's fighting for justice or revenge. ~ Jason Buchanan, Rovi
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George Newbern
Jerry O'Connell
, (
Battle for Terra
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When the peaceful inhabitants of the planet Terra come under attack from humans in search of a new home, the friendship between a human pilot and an alien girl may hold the key to saving both races. Mala (Evan Rachel Wood) is an alien girl living on the planet Terra. The Terrians are gentle race of extraterrestrials that have no need for war, and harbor a deep respect for nature. When Earth's natural resources began to dwindle, the human race established colonies on Venus and Mars. Although that solution worked temporarily, tragedy struck when the colonies on Venus and Mars attempted to declare independence from Earth, and all three planets were destroyed in the ensuing war. Now, humankind's only hope for survival is to reach Terra. The few remaining humans have developed a machine that will make Terra habitable for them yet poisonous for Terrians, and while the human council is dedicated to finding a peaceful means of coexisting with the Terrians, the villainous General Hemmer (Brian Cox) is fast losing patience. When heroic human fighter pilot Lt. Jim Stanton (Luke Wilson) crash-lands on Terra while chasing Mala into uncharted territory, the empathetic alien girl saves his life, and an interspecies friendship is forged. But time is running out for both the humans and the Terrians, and when General Hemmer stages a military
coup d'état
, the stage is set for a battle that threatens to destroy both species. ~ Jason Buchanan, Rovi
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Evan Rachel Wood
Justin Long
, (
The Ultimate Gift
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Filmmaker Michael O. Sajbel explores the relationship between wealth and happiness with this spiritual-minded tale about a privileged young man who receives a most unexpected inheritance. Adapted from the best-selling book by author Jim Stovall, The Ultimate Gift opens as trust-fund baby Jason Stevens (Drew Fuller) prepares to receive a sizable inheritance from his late grandfather Red (James Garner). Though Jason is convinced that the money is about to come flowing in, he receives a sudden shock upon discovering that Red has instead decided to offer him something much more valuable than simple cash. Realizing that his spoiled grandson has lived a sheltered life in which he has always been handed the very best of everything, Red has devised a crash course in living comprised of 12 gifts that will challenge the arrogant young man in ways that he could never have imagined nor anticipated. In the weeks that follow, Jason will befriend a terminally ill child (Abigail Breslin) and her grief-stricken mother (Ali Hillis) while attempting to determine whether it is money or happiness that truly matters in life. Brian Dennehy and Lee Meriwether co-star in an uplifting drama from the director of The Ride and One Night with the King. ~ Jason Buchanan, Rovi
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Drew Fuller
James Garner
, (
Dust to Glory
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Documentary filmmaker Dana Brown, who created a visually striking look at the world of surfing in 2003's Step Into Liquid, hits dry land running in this portrait of the world of off-road racing. The Baja 1000 is one of the world's premier desert racing events; taking place both on and off the roads in and around Baja California, the annual road rally pits drivers against punishing conditions as they attempt to cover the thousand-mile course in 36 hours or less. With a wide variety of different vehicles competing -- from modified trucks to stock Volkswagens -- Dust to Glory takes viewers into the middle of the race, with camera crews following in the action while several drivers race with cameras mounted to their cars for a "you are there" perspective. Dust to Glory also puts a special focus on driver Mike "Mouse" McCoy, who hopes to achieve a unique distinction as one of the first drivers to drive the entire one-thousand-mile course by himself (most vehicles employ a team of drivers for the long and demanding race). Dust to Glory director Dana Brown is the son of Bruce Brown, director of such legendary sports films as The Endless Summer and On Any Sunday. ~ Mark Deming, Rovi
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The Notebook
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Directed by Nick Cassavetes, this adaptation of author Nicholas Sparks's bestselling novel revolves around Noah Calhoun's (James Garner) regular visits to a female patron (Gena Rowlands) of an area nursing home. Rather than bore her with the inanities of everyday life, Calhoun reads from an old, faded notebook containing the sweeping account of a young couple (Ryan Gosling and Rachel McAdams) whose love affair was tragically put to a halt after their separation in the midst of World War II. Seven years later, the couple was reunited, and, despite having taken radically different paths, they found themselves unable to resist the call of a second chance. The Notebook also features Joan Allen, Sam Shepard, and Kevin Connolly. ~ Tracie Cooper, Rovi
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Ryan Gosling
Rachel McAdams
, (
8 Simple Rules: Season 03
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8 Simple Rules: Season 02
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John Ritter
Katey Sagal
, (
The Land Before Time: The Great Longneck Migration
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Littlefoot the Dinosaur sets out on a spectacular journey and makes a very unexpected discovery in this, the tenth film in the Land Before Time series. Youthful brontosaurus Littlefoot (voice of Alec Medlock) has a vivid dream in which he imagines travelling to a far-away land where there are many of his kind, and when he tells the story to his grandparents (voices of Kenneth Mars and Mariam Flynn), they take it as a sign to set out and find this mysterious place. After days of travel, Littlefoot and his family do, indeed, discover a new world where longneck dinosaurs are plentiful, including one they never expected to see -- Bron (voice of Kiefer Sutherland), Littlefoot's father, who went missing before he was born. While Littlefoot is thrilled to be reunited with his father, now he must choose if he should stay with Bron, or the grandparents who have cared for him for years. The Land Before Time X: The Great Longneck Migration also features the voice talents of James Garner and Bernadette Peters; Olivia Newton-John sings the theme song. ~ Mark Deming, Rovi
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First Monday [TV Series]
Hoping to utilize the Supreme Court in the same dramatic manner that West Wing utilized the White House, the weekly, 60-minute CBS series First Monday focused on the nine Justices who laid down the law for the United States. Joe Mantegna headed the cast as Joseph Novelli, the newest member of the nine-person Supreme Court. Entering a political arena that was evenly divided between Conservative and Liberal, the "moderate" Justice Novelli generally acted as the tie-breaker in matters of national jurisprudence (though supposedly noncommittal politically, Novelli's beard and pugnacious personality indicated that he was the "champion of the underdog" type). James Garner co-starred as staunchly conservative Chief Justice Thomas Brankin, who displayed his contempt for contemporary political correctness by puffing away on a cigarette in his "officially" smoke-free private office. Brankin's chief ally was the whimsical, womanizing Justice Henry Hoskins (Charles Durning), while on varying extremes of the political spectrum were Jewish jurist Esther Weisenberg (Camille Saviola) and black Justice Jerome Morris (James McEachin). Created by Jag's Donald P. Bellisario, First Monday premiered on Tuesday, January 15, 2002, before settling into its standard Friday-night slot. ~ Hal Erickson, Rovi
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Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood
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Screenwriter Callie Khouri makes her directorial debut with this adaptation of a pair of popular novels by author Rebecca Wells, Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood and Little Altars Everywhere. Sandra Bullock stars as Sidda Lee Walker, a New York playwright who opens a can of emotional worms with her estranged, boozy mother, Vivi (Ellen Burstyn), when she discusses her painful childhood and particularly Vivi's less-than-enviable mothering skills in a Time magazine article. The eccentric Louisiana drama queen Vivi has already been barred from her daughter's oft-delayed wedding to her fiancé, Connor (Angus Macfadyen), so the article sends her into a rage. Coming to the rescue of the relationship are Necie (Shirley Knight), Caro (Maggie Smith), and Teensy (Fionnula Flanagan), a trio of bickering women, who, along with Vivi, formed a secret society of feminist empowerment and friendship 60 years earlier that they dubbed the "Ya-Ya Sisterhood." The Ya-Yas kidnap Sidda and bring her home to Louisiana, where they reveal to Sidda via a carefully maintained scrapbook her mother's painful past (with Vivi portrayed in flashback by Ashley Judd), effecting a rapprochement between mother and daughter. Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood also stars James Garner. ~ Karl Williams, Rovi
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Sandra Bullock
Ellen Burstyn
, (
Roughing It
Based on Mark Twain's 1872 autobiographical novel, this made-for-cable film is presented in flashback form, as aged humorist Mark Twain (James Garner) is invited to be keynote speaker at the Bryn Mawr graduation ceremonies of 1891. At first worried that his reputation as a verbal japester will embarrass his daughter Suzy, who is among the graduates, Twain elects to throw all caution to the winds by delivering an inspirational speech in which he recalls his own early days as a Missouri-bred greenhorn on the wild western frontier. Admitting that his recollections may stretch the truth a bit ("When I was younger, I could remember it, whether it happened or not"), Twain spins a tale of two brothers, Sam and Orion Clemens ("Sam Clemens" was of course, Twain's given name). Envious over the fact that Orion (Greg Spottiswood) has landed a job as secretary to the governor of Nevada Territory, young Sam Clemens (Robin Dunne) insists upon tagging along, thereby launching an extended adventure which would include a rugged interlude digging for gold under the baleful eye of a brutal foreman (Eric Roberts), a bone-chilling winter, and an episode involving a gang of outlaws headed by a man (Ned Beatty) so mean that he bit off the ears of his victims as a "calling card." Also in the cast are Jill Eikenberry as Twain's wife Livy and Adam Arkin as a wild-eyed "character" named Henry. Filmed in Calgary, the four-hour miniseries version of Mark Twain's Roughing It was presented by the Hallmark cable channel beginning March 16, 2002. ~ Hal Erickson, Rovi
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James Garner
Greg Spottiswood
, (
The Making of Grand Prix
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The Making of Grand Prix goes behind the scenes of the making of John Frankenheimer's classic car-racing sports drama Grand Prix. This documentary also explores the history of auto racing, from its less respectable early years to its massive modern popularity. ~ Dana Rowader, Rovi
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Atlantis: The Lost Empire
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The first Disney cartoon to be produced in the 70 mm format since The Black Cauldron (1985), this blend of traditional animation with computer-generated imagery is a straight adventure tale of the Jules Verne school, eschewing the studio's typical formula of cute critters mixed with song-and-dance routines. Michael J. Fox is the voice of Milo Thatch, a lowly museum employee and linguist in the early 20th century who's determined to continue his late grandfather's search for the lost, sunken empire of Atlantis. Bankrolled by eccentric millionaire Preston Whitmore (John Mahoney), Milo teams up with a diverse crew of mercenaries led by submarine commander Rourke (James Garner). After a sea battle with a giant denizen of the deep, the explorers locate the submerged civilization. Milo falls in love with Princess Kida (Cree Summer), the daughter of Atlantis' aged ruler (Leonard Nimoy), and must choose sides when it's revealed that some of his fellow expedition members intend to steal a mystical energy source from their hosts. Claudia Christian, Mark Hamill, David Ogden Stiers, Don Novello, and the late Jim Varney co-star. Although considered a shoo-in for a nomination in the debut year of the new Oscar category of Best Animated Feature, Atlantis: The Lost Empire faced stiff competition from other non-live-action entertainment in the summer of 2001, including Shrek, Final Fantasy, and Monsters Inc.. ~ Karl Williams, Rovi
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Michael J. Fox
James Garner
, (
Space Cowboys
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In this adventure drama, four men passed over by the space program get one last chance to be heroes and live out their dreams. Frank Corvin (Clint Eastwood), Hawk Hawkins (Tommy Lee Jones), Jerry O'Neill (Donald Sutherland), and Tank Sullivan (James Garner) were top pilots within an elite Air Force squadron and on the fast track to becoming the first Americans in space in the early 1950s. However, when NASA was established, the pilots were cut out of the loop; Corvin went on to become an aerospace engineer, Hawkins continued on as a freelance pilot, O'Neill became an astrophysicist with a sideline in designing roller coasters, and Sullivan took up preaching as a Baptist minister. Years later, a Russian satellite's guidance system has started to malfunction, and it is expected to crash into the Earth within a matter of weeks. The system is identical to the one Corvin designed for Skylab, so NASA head Bob Gerson (James Cromwell) asks Corvin to help him with the emergency mission to repair the satellite. Corvin agrees under one condition -- that he be sent up to do the repairs himself, with Hawkins, O'Neill, and Sullivan as his crew. Clint Eastwood directed Space Cowboys while also starring as Frank Corvin; his supporting cast includes Marcia Gay Harden, Courtney B. Vance, Loren Dean, and William Devane. ~ Mark Deming, Rovi
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Clint Eastwood
Tommy Lee Jones
, (
Clint Eastwood: Out of the Shadows
A documentary about the iconic career of actor and filmmaker Clint Eastwood, Clint Eastwood: Out of the Shadows traces its subject's work from his earliest days in Hollywood to his award-winning (and career-salvaging) films of the 1990s. Directed by Bruce Ricker, who also made the lauded jazz films The Last of the Blue Devils and Thelonious Monk - Straight, No Chaser, the documentary combines archival footage with interviews from the likes of Sergio Leone, Curtis Hanson, Rip Torn, Meryl Streep, and, naturally, the man himself. ~ Rebecca Flint Marx, Rovi
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Clint Eastwood
Martin Scorsese
, (
God, The Devil and Bob [Animated TV Series]
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This animated NBC show's humor is centered around the eternal battle between God and Satan. In this incarnation, God is depicted as a laid-back aging hippie type (voice of James Garner) while Satan (voice of Alan Cumming) is slick, effete, and British. ~ Jonathan Crow, Rovi
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James Garner
Alan Cumming
, (
The Last Debate
The fine line between reporters objectively covering a political campaign and attempting to sway its outcome is explored in this made-for-cable drama based on the novel by noted television journalist Jim Lehrer. Newspaper columnist Mike Howley (James Garner) is asked to moderate a nationally televised debate between two presidential candidates. In collusion with fellow newspeople and debate panelists Barbara Manning (Audra McDonald), Henry Ramirez (Marco Sanchez), and Joan Naylor (Donna Murphy), Howley formulates a plan to boost the campaign of the Democratic candidate, whom they favor. They ask the Republican nominee a number of pointed questions about unsubstantiated charges that he has a propensity for violence, eventually prompting the candidate to leave the stage in a huff after throwing a microphone. Several weeks later, the Democrat carries the election. While the debate served the goals of the reporters, and boosted their public image, some observers have serious questions about what went on, and investigative reporter Tom Chapman (Peter Gallagher) is determined to bring the public the truth. A number of noted journalists and political figures served as consultants for The Last Debate and appear in cameo roles. ~ Mark Deming, Rovi
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James Garner
Peter Gallagher
, (
The Rockford Files: If It Bleeds... It Leads
James Garner is reunited with several of his fellow cast members from the Rockford Files series in this made-for-TV sequel. It all begins when schoolteacher Ernie Landale (Hal Holbrook), the husband of private eye Jim Rockford's ex-prostitute friend Rita Kapkovic (Rita Moreno), is accused of child molestation. Never mind that the evidence is circumstantial at best, flimsy at worst: The Media have already tried and convicted Landale, irresponsibly whipping up a journalistic frenzy that turns all of the benighted teacher's associates and friends against him. All, that is, except Jim Rockford (Garner), who, together with Landale's attorney Beth Davenport (Gretchen Corbett) and police lieutenant Dennis Becker (Joe Santos), is prepared to move heaven and earth to find the actual pedophile and clear Landale's name. Filmed in 1997, The Rockford Files: If It Bleeds, It Leads made its CBS debut on April 20, 1999. ~ Hal Erickson, Rovi
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One Special Night
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Originally aired on CBS, the made-for-TV holiday romance One Special Night brings together James Garner and Julie Andrews for their third feature together, after The Americanization of Emily and Victor/Victoria. Robert (Garner) visits his wife in the hospital, who is suffering from Alzheimer's disease. There he meets the stern Catherine (Andrews), a widowed pediatrician who spends her downtime visiting the room in the hospital where her husband died a year ago. In the middle of a raging snowstorm on Thanksgiving, Catherine offers Robert a ride and they get stuck in the snow. Taking refuge in an empty cabin, the couple get over their initial personality conflicts to engage in a meaningful dialogue. ~ Andrea LeVasseur, Rovi
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James Garner
Julie Andrews
, (
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Made by and for the TNT cable network, this sharp, satirical courtroom drama skewers the increasingly symbiotic relationship between the judicial system and popular media. The story centers on the trial of a famous model (Gina Gershon) who has been accused of murder. The media touts it "the trial of the century," a notion notorious celebrity lawyer Norman Keane (James Garner) does nothing to dispel. He also doesn't seem to be concerned about the myriad of rumors flying through the airwaves. Reporter Brenda Whitlas (Kathleen Turner) is not as easily fooled as the public and tries to ferret out the truth. Meanwhile a rookie lawyer involved in the case tries desperately to stay afloat amidst the confusion. ~ Sandra Brennan, Rovi
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James Garner
Gina Gershon
, (
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The Nobody's Fool (1994) team of Paul Newman, director Robert Benton, and scripter Richard Russo reassembled for this L.A. detective drama, beginning with a Puerto Vallarta prologue showing private eye Harry Ross (Newman) accidentally shot by 17-year-old Mel Ames (Reese Witherspoon) during his efforts to get her to return home. Two years later, the broke and divorced Ross lives in a garage apartment on the estate of Mel's parents, his movie-star friends Jack and Catherine Ames (Gene Hackman and Susan Sarandon). The cancer-ridden Jack is not unaware that Harry is attracted to Catherine. Delivering a package for Jack, Harry encounters elderly Lester Ivar (M. Emmet Walsh), who shoots at Harry and then dies. Harry's curiosity is provoked when he discovers that Ivar was an investigator checking into the disappearance of Catherine's first husband, written off 20 years earlier as an unsolved case, but now reactivated as Harry's sleuth-work leads him on a trail of past crimes and cover-ups. The Ames residence is actually the former Cedric Gibbons-Delores Del Rio home, and a never-completed Frank Lloyd Wright house near Malibu served as the Ames' ranchhouse. ~ Bhob Stewart, Rovi
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Paul Newman
Susan Sarandon
, (
The Hidden Dimension
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Filmed in a special 3-D version of the IMAX high-definition film format, this short subject uses microscopic and time-lapse photographic techniques to explore the wonders that can be found in an ordinary home. Elly (Charlotte Sullivan) is helping her parents housesit at the home of her grandfather (voice of James Garner), an eccentric inventor. He leaves Elly directions on how to use some of his gadgets, ranging from an alarm clock that spits out soap bubbles to magnifying equipment that permits her to take an up-close look at bugs, plants, and other household items. For the film's 3-D screenings, audience members were issued special laser-controlled LCD glasses that acted as shutters, opening and closing in sequence to separate the right and left images for each eye at a rate of 95 times per second. ~ Mark Deming, Rovi
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Dead Silence
A tense hostage situation erupts when three escaped convicts commandeer a school bus full of deaf children and take them and their courageous teacher (Marlee Matlin) to an abandoned slaughterhouse to negotiate with the cops. No sooner are the crooks and their captives inside the plant than it is surrounded by policemen. An FBI unit led by John Potter (James Garner) arrives. Though a veteran agent, Potter has been laid off since he was accused of botching a bombing situation in Texas. He and the leader of the police force Budd (Kenneth Welsh) are immediately at loggerheads as to how to handle things. The situation is worsened when a publicity hungry assistant D.A. (Charles Martin Smith) shows up with a camera crew. Meanwhile, the clever and determined Melanie devises her own imperfect solution to the problem. Though basically a routine thriller, it does feature a couple of surprising twists at the end. ~ Sandra Brennan, Rovi
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My Fellow Americans
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In this comedy, Russell P. Kramer (Jack Lemmon) and Matt Douglas (James Garner) are two former U.S. Presidents who sit on opposite sides of the political fence. Kramer is a stuffy Republican reluctant to part with a dollar, while Douglas is a left-leaning Democrat with an eye for the ladies. Douglas succeeded Kramer in office after a single term, while Douglas, after four years as chief executive, lost to his former running mate William Haney (Dan Aykroyd). When the facts about a bribery scheme in Haney's administration threaten to surface and destroy his reputation, the ruthless president tries to pin the responsibility on Kramer and Douglas -- and when the ex-presidents learn the truth about Haney's dealings, Haney tries to have them killed before they can talk. Kramer and Douglas soon find themselves on the run, disguising themselves as celebrity impersonators, hiding out in the woods with a homeless family, and marching in a Gay Pride parade in an effort to stay clear of Haney's goons while they bring the truth to the people. My Fellow Americans also features Lauren Bacall as Kramer's long-suffering wife and John Heard as Haney's intellectually-challenged vice president. ~ Mark Deming, Rovi
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Jack Lemmon
James Garner
, (
Streets of Laredo
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This miniseries follows the original Lonesome Dove miniseries, and both are based on the characters created by Pulitzer Prize-winning author Larry McMurtry. Although much of the cast has changed from the original, the compelling saga is as satisfying as ever. The Western tale continues with the gritty Captain Woodrow Call (played this time by James Garner), a former Texas Ranger who is hired as a bounty hunter to track down the elusive and brutal Mexican gunman Joey Garza (Alexis Cruz). The characters Pea Eye Parker (Sam Shepard) and Lorena (Sissy Spacek) also return in this moving and atmospheric drama. ~ Jessica Frost, Rovi
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James Garner
Alexis Cruz
, (
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The Night They Raided Minsky's
Original Release Date: Dec 18, 1968
Britt Ekland portrays a young Amish girl who becomes the toast of New York after she inadvertently invents the striptease in this tantalizing burlesque comedy that co-stars Jason Robards.
- Harry Andrews
- Britt Ekland
- Elliott Gould
- Bert Lahr
- Norman Wisdom
- Jason Robards
- Forrest Tucker
- Screenplay: Rowland Barber
- Production Designer: Joan Eckart
- Production Designer: William Eckart
- Director: William Friedkin
- Costume Designer: Anna Hill Johnstone
- Cinematographer: Andrew Laszlo
- Producer: Norman Lear
- Screenplay: Norman Lear
- Screenplay: Sidney Michaels
- Editor: Ralph Rosenblum
- Screenplay: Arnold Schulman
- Composer: Charles Strouse
- Producer: Bud Yorkin

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Mojang AB
Mojang AB (full Swedish name: Mojäng Aktiebolag—Swedish for "Gadget Ltd."), pronounced /mʊˈjɛŋ/[1] (muu-YENG), also known as Mojang, and originally Mojang Specifications, is the independent video game developer primarily known for the creation and development of Minecraft. It was founded by Markus Persson, Jakob Porsér, and Carl Manneh. Located in Stockholm, Sweden, Mojang currently has 38 employees.[2]
Contents |
[edit] Employees
[edit] Current employees
Name | Avatar | Position: help.mojang.com[2] mojang.com/about[3] |
Favorite games | Special talent | About: Mojang AB: Employees[note 1] | |
Markus 'Notch' Persson | Founder of Mojang, creator of Minecraft Game developer |
Dungeon Master 2, Doom, X-Com | Can look directly at the sun with only minor permanent damage.[4] | @notch | Minecraft is the brainchild of Markus Persson. Rumors have it that he programmed it during a power outage in the summer of 1812 while he was carrying infants out of a burning church which was built on the back of a giant opossum. Also he is 11'6" tall and glows in the dark.[note 2] Used to have a great hat, gave it away, now has a new hat.
His beard has been shaved for charity.[5] 1. Enjoy games |
Jens 'jeb_' Bergensten | Lead game developer (Computer and Pocket Editions) | Starcraft, Doom 2, Don't Look Back | Eating cheese doodles with chopsticks[4] | @jeb_ | Fun Fact #328: The facial hair right below his lower lip is brighter than the rest. He's also a redditor! | |
Daniel 'Kappische' Kaplan | Business developer | Street Fighter IV, Tetris DS, Zelda: A Link to the Past | Typing very fast.[4] | @Kappische | On his Skype picture he looks like a pirate. | |
Markus 'Junkboy' Toivonen | Art director | Wild Guns, Metal Slug, Full Throttle | Laying down digital mosaic.[4] | @jnkboy | Very mysterious. Some say he doesn't even exist. | |
Jakob Porsér | Founder of Mojang Lead game developer of Scrolls Game developer |
X-Com 2, Master of Magic, Diablo 2 | Recursive for loops.[4] | @JahKob | Will be making another game (Scrolls) along with Minecraft. His pants defy gravity and suspenders alike. | |
Carl Manneh | Founder of Mojang Chief Executive Officer |
FIFA 10, Resident Evil, Tetris | Cloning himself.[4] | @carlmanneh | Used to be Notch's old boss. His last name sounds like "money" and he is Mojang's business guy. Coincidence? | |
Tobias Möllstam | Web developer Force of Good |
Developing tight webs to capture customers. | @mollstam | One day he decided to eat failure and shit success. True story. | ||
Aron Nieminen | Game developer (Minecraft Pocket Edition and Scrolls) | He's very bright. His hair looks like a blue, woolen cap. | ||||
Daniel Frisk | Chief architect Web developer |
@danfrisk | He never works on Fridays. | |||
Mattis 'BombBoy' Grahm | Artist (Scrolls) | Time travel. | @BomuBoi | Bombs. (He has one on his T-shirt, ooh...) | ||
Lydia 'MinecraftChick' Winters[6] | Director of Fun | Minecraft, Oregon Trail | Having bright-colored hair. | @LydiaWinters | Minecraft was the second video game she played. | |
Henrik 'Carnalizer' Pettersson | Artist | Board games, strategy games, Team Fortress 2, Half-Life, Minecraft | Extreme procrastination. | @carnalizer | Is the oldest person employed by Mojang. | |
Leonard 'xlson' Axelsson[7] | Web developer | Can recite the entire alphabet by memory. | @xlson | |||
Jon Kågström | Game developer (Scrolls) | @jonkagstrom | Used to work as an AI programmer at DICE on Battlefield. | |||
Kristoffer Jelbring[8] | Web developer | Being Mojang's unofficial DJ. | @KrisJelbring | Peace. | ||
Marc Watson | Customer support manager | Minecraft, Mass Effect, Halo, The Elder Scrolls | Performs improv comedy | @Marc_IRL | Started Minecraft Marathon[9] | |
Karin Severinson | Finances | @KarinSeverinson | ||||
Erik 'Grum' Broes | Game developer | @_grum | Member of the Bukkit team. | |||
Nathan 'Dinnerbone' Adams | Game developer | @Dinnerbone | Member of the Bukkit team. Known as Foreverabone on his Twitter page. | |||
Måns Olson | Game developer | @MansOlson | ||||
Johan Bernhardsson | Game developer (Minecraft Pocket Edition) | Half-Life 2, Bloodline Champions | @jbernhardsson | Previously worked as a Half-Life 2 modder, a minigame developer and a software engineer. Was a programmer for Stunlock Studios on strategy game Bloodline Champions. | ||
Patrick Geuder | Data analysis Business developer |
@pgeuder | ||||
Mathias Andersson | Customer support | @91maan90 | ||||
Vu Bui | Chief operating officer | @vubui | ||||
Tommaso 'tommo' Checchi | Game developer (Minecraft Pocket Edition) | @_tomcc | ||||
Poi Poi Chen | Artist (Scrolls) | @PoiPoiChen | ||||
Owen 'Bopogamel' Hill | Chief word officer | @Bopogamel | Former PC Gamer web editor. | |||
Linn Hultman | Office manager | @Linnsebumsan | ||||
Lisa Kempe | Customer support | |||||
Jonas Mårtensson | Vice president | @maartensson | Carl Manneh's twin brother. | |||
Amir Moulavi | Minecraft Realms lead developer | @mamirm | ||||
Hampus Nilsson | Customer support | |||||
Martin Odhelius | Web developer | @modhelius | ||||
Jonatan 'eldrone' Pöljö | Artist | @eldrone | ||||
Tomas Sommar | Web developer | @tomassommar | ||||
Aleksandra Zajac | Customer support | @MissMarzenia | ||||
Michael Stoyke | Game developer (Minecraft) | @SeargeDP | Founder of the Minecraft Coder Pack (MCP) | |||
Ryan Holtz | Game developer (Minecraft, rendering engine) | @TheMogMiner | Previously worked on Scaleform | |||
Name | Avatar | Position: help.mojang.com[2] mojang.com/about[3] |
Favorite games | Special talent | About: Mojang AB: Employees[note 1] |
[edit] Contractors
Name | Task | Notes | |
57Digital | Developers of Minecraft Explorer, the official Minecraft companion guide for iOS, as well as the official Minecraft Skin Studio. | @57digital | Jamie Chapman and Luke Dixon |
Nikolaj Nyholm | Has assisted Mojang with their early business development. | @nikolaj | |
Daniel 'C418' Rosenfeld | Making the music and sounds for Minecraft and 0x10c. | @C418 | Has high self-esteem! |
Paul Spooner | Assisted with the development of Minecraft's trees. | @dudecon | |
Kristoffer Zetterstrand | Made the paintings for Minecraft. | @Zetterstrand | The subject of a Wikipedia article, and Notch was his brother-in-law! |
[edit] Former employees
Name | Avatar | Position | Notes | |
Anton Albiin | Customer support | @EttGlasVatten | ||
Hayden 'Dock' Scott-Baron | Artist | @Docky | Joined in December 2009,[10] but left shortly after in February 2010 due to work-related issues. | |
Nathan 'Tahg' Gilbert | Minecraft server development | @tahgtahv | Former member of the Bukkit team. | |
Andreas 'hideous' Jörgensen | Customer support | @hideous_ | ||
Joe Liu | Customer support | @JoeBleh | Worked with Marc Watson at a previous job. | |
Warren 'EvilSeph' Loo | Game developer | @EvilSeph | Leader of the Bukkit team. | |
Mike Till | Customer support | @E_Claymore | Worked with Marc Watson at a previous job. |
[edit] Other games
[edit] Scrolls
Scrolls is another Mojang game which was conceived and developed by JahKob.[11] Announced on March 2, 2011,[12] it aims to combine elements from trading card games and traditional board game in the strategy genre. It is unknown who else in Mojang is working on Scrolls. In August 2011, Mojang was threatened with legal action by the legal team representing ZeniMax Media, with the accusation being that the title "Scrolls" infringes on the The Elder Scrolls trademark, a series of role-playing video games published by Bethesda Softworks (a ZeniMax Media subsidiary). In mid-October 2011, the court case was won by Mojang,[13] and one employee described the outcome as "the court saw it from our side". No further action will be taken against Mojang, and the name, "Scrolls" will remain.
[edit] Cobalt
Cobalt is a game developed by Oxeye Game Studio and published by Mojang. Cobalt is an action game of "running, jumping, rolling, shooting, throwing, dancing, hacking, rolling, flying, sliding, climbing, looting, deflecting, racing, piñata-ing, passing, scoring… and even more rolling!" Cobalt is written in Lua and will be released for Windows, Mac and Linux this autumn, although it will be released for Windows first.[14]
Cobalt Theme Song:
[edit] 0x10c
Following the end to his involvement with Minecraft, Notch began pre-production of an alternate reality space game set in the distant future on March 2012. On April Fools' Day, Mojang launched a satirical website for Mars Effect, citing the lawsuit with Bethesda as an inspiration.[15] However, the gameplay elements remained true and on April 4, Mojang revealed 0x10c as a space sandbox title.[16]. It was eventually archived by Notch, as he didn't have the inspiration any more.
[edit] Office tour
[edit] Gallery
The footer logo used on the Minecraft Realms website[17]
Mojang logo splash image used in Minecraft from Beta 1.3 to Beta 1.8. Still used in Xbox 360 Edition
The Mojang Cape.
Mojang building directory board with a note from some griefers[18]
Mojang Pax display.[19]
Oil paintings of most of the Mojang employees.[20]
The Mojang support team hanging out in the ball pit.[22]
[edit] Notes
- ↑ a b
Most of this information was from the support page on minecraft.net that is no longer available, having been replaced by help.minecraft.net, which was later replaced with help.mojang.com.
- ↑
This was from "About", then "Minecraft", on the same page as the others.
[edit] References
[edit] External links
Mojang sites | |||||||||||||||
4J Studios site | |||||||||||||||
Curse.com sites | |||||||||||||||
Former sites | |||||||||||||||
Mojang staff |
Development cycle |
Help | |||||||||||||||||||||
Technical |
Game customization | |||||||||||||||||||||
Versions | |||||||||||||||||||||
Films |


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text:
Murray's Halls named Academic All-State
Austin Halls of Murray has been named Academic All-State by the Iowa Football Coaches Association.
Requirements to be named academic all-state are a senior starter, 3.7 grade point average, involvement in other extracurricular activities and coach's recommendation.
Halls was an all-state quarterback for the Murray 8-Man semifinal team in 2012, and also named to the Des Moines Register's Elite All-State Team as a defensive back. He was named 8-Man all-state captain by the Iowa Newspaper Association, and helped the Mustangs make it to the state championship game in 2011.
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Perspectives: From the Editor
Trevor Kletz Bequeaths Better Process Safety
British expert introduced and championed key concepts to avoid accidents.
Widely regarded as a leading figure, if not the father, of process safety, Trevor Kletz died on October 31st at age 91. Fortunately, he authored many books and articles that offer his insights on what effective process safety efforts involve. In addition, he mentored many other professionals who will carry on his mission.
In 1944, Kletz received a chemistry degree from the University of Liverpool and joined Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), now defunct but then one of the world's leading chemical companies (see: "ICI Fades into History"). He started in research but after seven years was promoted to plant manager, first of an iso-octane facility and later of acetone and tar-acids plants. That hands-on experience of running and troubleshooting operations undoubtedly proved invaluable when, in 1968, ICI appointed him technical safety advisor, one of the first such positions in the chemical industry. His role was to advise designers and operating staff on how to avoid process accidents.
Kletz was fond of repeating: "There's an old saying that if you think safety is expensive, try an accident. Accidents cost a lot of money. And, not only in damage to plant and in claims for injury, but also in the loss of the company's reputation."
He strongly advocated hazard and operability (HAZOP) studies, which had their genesis at ICI. In addition, he pioneered the concept of inherent safety — explaining the approach in a landmark 1978 article "What You Don't Have, Can't Leak."
Kletz retired from ICI after 38 years and then focused his efforts on process safety consulting and writing, as well as working with students at Loughborough University in the U.K., and Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.
His autobiography, "By Accident…: A Life Preventing Them in Industry," provides details on his life and career.
Judith Hackett, president of the Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE), who also chairs the U.K. Health and Safety Executive, notes: "Trevor's impact on industry was striking. His ability to convey safety information succinctly, and effectively, was central to his success." IChemE chief executive David Brown adds: "Trevor unquestionably saved lives. There are people working in the process industries today who will go home safely to their families and loved ones, thanks to Trevor..."
Testifying to Kletz's worldwide stature and impact, Rafael Moure-Eraso, chair of the U.S. Chemical Safety Board (CSB), in noting his passing, calls Kletz one of the world's greatest authorities on chemical process safety.
I first met Trevor in the 1970s and was struck by his easy-going, down-to-earth manner, his obvious passion for process safety and his commitment to help industry improve. He always was willing to share his insights; he wrote several articles for me. For instance, in 2009, when Chemical Processing wanted to mark the 25th anniversary of the Bhopal disaster, the worst industrial accident in history, Kletz clearly was the ideal person to provide a perspective on that accident and what the industry has done and still must do to prevent future disasters. His article, "Bhopal Leaves A Lasting Legacy," is compelling reading.
The best way to honor Kletz is to embrace his passion for process safety and heed his advice, as summarized in that CP article: "Engineers are good at solving problems but not as good at recognizing ones that should be solved. The major safety problem companies should address is maintaining awareness of incidents. Chemical makers should set up systematic procedures — rather than rely on memory — to recall lessons of the past, lessons for which we have paid a high price in deaths and injuries as well as money."
MARK ROSENZWEIG is Chemical Processing's Editor in Chief. You can e-mail him at email@example.com
Be sure to check out his Google+ page.
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Chemical industry and academia must move closer The 7th World Congress of Chemical Engineering is nearly upon us, and "industry people" need to have a larger presence at these types of meetings, says Editor in Chief Mark Rosenzweig. |
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08/11/2008 |


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Doll 26
8.75" high
This Fali doll has been vetted as being authentic.
In addition to a very rich display of beads, this doll is adorned with cowrie shells and 5 coins from the 30's - 50's from British West Africa and a French colony.
In Cameroon, when a young Fali man becomes betrothed, he makes a doll (ham pilu) from wood and decorates it with hair, beads, and other small objects. He then gives it to his fiancee, who wears it in a baby carrier on her back. The doll is a symbol of their marriage commitment and represents their future child. The man gives the doll the gender that he desires for his first-born. The young woman cares for the figure until the promised child is born; at this point, the couple carefully stores the doll away. ---From ISN'T S/HE A DOLL, PLAY AND RITUAL IN AFRICAN SCULPTURE (1996) by Elisabeth Cameron
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A king saves a woman disguised as a rabbit, who gives him a magic ring. Publication Date [n.d.] Languages English Contributor Boston Public Library - United States Publisher Society for the Promoting of Christian Knowledge - United Kingdom The work is no longer under copyright and therefore is in the public domain. Policies Link to This Book |


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The reception area is enormous with marble floors and baroque styling and a glass-roofed atrium. Our room had a high ceiling with plasterwork baroque designs and a completely marble bathroom with a jacuzzi. It was almost a yard high, so climbing into the tub is easy only for the very tall. If you are elderly, forget it. There was room... More
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- Radisson Blu Gewandhaus Hotel Dresden
- Dresden Radisson
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- The Radisson Blu Gewandhaus Hotel is located in the heart of the historic centre of Dresden and just 500 metres from the Elbe River. The capital of Saxony is one of Germany's most beautiful cities and the hotel lies conveniently close to many of its major attractions such as the Semper Opera House, Zwinger, Bruehl's Terrace and church of Our Lady. The history of the Gewandhaus can be traced back to 1295, when the cloth hall was first documented. Originally built as a warehouse in 1768 the Gewandhaus was reduced to a burnt-out shell by heavy bombing in 1945, before being rebuilt as a hotel in the sixties. Now Radisson Blu has completed a lavish refurbishment programme. This charming boutique hotel, whose facade has been restored to the original baroque style of Dresden's famous architect J. F. Knöbel, has 94 double rooms and 3 suites, all furnished in the Biedermeier style, and offering a spacious marble bathroom with airpool bathtub or glass shower. Air-conditioning, safe, minibar, tea and coffee making facilities, radio and cable-TV with movie channel, three telephones, fax and PC sockets are among the first-class facilities. Around the magnificent Atrium our Weber's Restaurant and bar, Chimney lounge and 5 conference rooms with daylight are located. The exclusive spa area with pool, sauna and gym equals an oasis for relaxation. Non-smoking rooms, special rooms for disabled guests as well as rooms for allergy sufferers can also be booked. Room service is available 24 hours a day. ... more less
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Michael N. Widener, JD, MS, has published Driving Pedestrian Traffic to Law Journals, Law Library Journal, 14(4), 569-575 (2012).
Here is the abstract:
Recent technological advances enable the legal academy and law student editors to embed aids to understanding the law journal's content in the articles and student notes published there. As there are compelling social purposes for making the content of law journals more accessible to lay inquirers, the author advocates incorporating into law journals devices such as QR codes and content summaries written for the layperson.
Tags: Law journal publishing, Law journals, Law Library Journal, Legal plain language, Legal scholarly communication, Making law journal articles accessible to the public, Making law review articles accessible to the public, Michael N. Widener, Plain language and law, Plain language and law journal articles, Plain language and law review articles, Plain language summaries of law journal articles, Plain language summaries of law review articles, Public access to legal information, QR codes and legal information, QR codes and legal information systems


text:
Chocolate (Encyclopedia of Food & Culture)
CHOCOLATE. Chocolate is the name applied to the variety of products manufactured from the seeds of the tropical tree Theobroma cacao L. The Swedish naturalist Carl Von Linné (1707778), known as Linnaeus, gave the tree the attribution theobroma or "food of the gods," taken from the Greek. When adjoined to cacao, the indigenous Mixe-Zoquean term for the plant, the name is symbolic of the social, religious, and economic importance of chocolate in both New and Old World cultures. Yet while it was revered, it was also reviled, an ambivalence that attends chocolate even in the twenty-first century. Among all the fruits of tropical and subtropical America, why would this one elicit so much passion?
The Plant and Its History
The geographic origin of T. cacao is obscure. While most texts place its origin in either the Amazon or Orinoco River basins of northern South America, it is equally likely that a separate variety originated in Mesoamerica, perhaps in the Lacandón rainforest of the Mexican state of Chiapas. It has been hypothesized that wild T. cacao was broadly distributed in Central and South America and that at some time trees in the isthmus died out, leaving a northern variety and a southern variety to develop independently. The fruit of criollo, the northern variety, is characterized by elongated, deeply ridged yellow to red pods containing ivory or pale purple seeds, while forastero, the southern variety, is characterized by more ovoid, smooth, melon-like green or yellow pods with pale to deep purple seeds. The pigmented substances and related compounds in the cacao seeds impart bitter and astringent qualities to the chocolate. Hence the forastero variety has a robust flavor, while the delicate, "fine" flavor of the criollo is generally considered of superior quality. In the early twenty-first century, greater than 80 percent of commercial cacao was forastero, since this variety is hardier and more productive.
The word "cacao" seems to have come to the Maya from the Olmec, who inhabited the lowlands of the coast of the Gulf of Mexico between about 1500 and 400 B.C.E. and who probably first domesticated the tree. The Izapan culture that bridged the Olmec and the Classic Maya (25000 C.E.) likely planted the criollo plantations of Xoconochco (Soconusco) on the Pacific coastal plains of Chiapas, later a prize possession of the Aztec (Mexica) Empire. While this suggests that cacao was an important crop to the Olmec and the Izapan, it is not known to what extent chocolate was an icon food. The pre-Classic Quiché Maya of the Guatemala highlands apparently did not hold it in exceeding high regard for it is mentioned only in passing in the sacred Popol Vuh or "Book of Counsel." But sometime before 250 C.E. this changed. Chocolate appears in Classic Maya iconography, where the glyph symbolizing cacao adorns ritual burial vases. Classic Maya, particularly the wealthy, imbibed cacao in betrothal and marriage ceremonies, reminiscent of the modern use of expensive French champagne. However, the ritual use of cacao reached its height during the time of the Aztec (Mexica) Empire between 1300 and 1521 C.E.
Cacao was both an elite drink and coinage among the post-Classic Maya and the Aztecs. Chocolate was considered a drink for warriors and nobles and had ritual significance as a symbol of human blood. Since cacao could not be grown in the Valley of Mexico, the site of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán, it had to be imported from either the conquered lands in Xoconochco or obtained by trade from the Maya of the Yucatán, which gave chocolate an exotic quality. It has been oft repeated that Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin (the familiar "Montezuma") drank fifty flagons of chocolate a day, most especially before entering his harem, but the account of the conquistador Bernal Díaz del Castillo says of those fifty large mugs, "he would drink a little" (Dillinger et al., 2000, p. 2058S). While cacao was an integral part of the beliefs and practices of the ruling Aztec elite, the image they held of it was not wholly positive. This warning is part of one Aztec tale: "You have become old, you have become tired because of the chocolate you drink and because of the foods you eat" (Coe and Coe, 1996, p. 80). The exuberance of the puritanical Aztecs for chocolate may have been tempered by its association with the luxury-loving Maya of the warm lands to the south. This north-south conflict was repeated in Europe.
In American English usage, "cacao" refers to the tree and its dried seeds prior to further processing; "cocoa" refers to the partially defatted, roasted, and ground cacao seeds; and "chocolate" refers to a food prepared from roasted cacao seeds. Although not leguminous, the cacao seeds are often referred to as "beans." The composition of the edible cotyledon or "nib" is by weight approximately 55 percent fat; 30 percent carbohydrates, half of which is dietary fiber; 10 percent protein; and a host of minor nutrients. This breakdown provides a key to the basis for chocolate's status as a luxury food.
Cacao seeds, numbering twenty to forty, develop within a thick-hulled pod surrounded by a white, sweet, mucilaginous pulp that, with the potential to be fermented into ethanol, could have been what first attracted Homo sapiens. Wild cacao is dispersed by primates, who consume the sweet pulp and discard the bitter seed. Cupuaçu, a product made from the pulp of the fruit of Theobroma grandiflorum, a relative of T. cacao, is consumed by peoples of the Amazon. The preparation of cacao seeds for chocolate making begins with a fermentation step that at one point generates ethanol, which may explain why chocolate has at times been described as intoxicating. A "wine" produced from the liquid expressed from the cacao pulp is consumed in the Yucatán. It is speculative but possible that consumption of the cacao seeds was an afterthought, as the bitter flavor of the seeds is an acquired taste.
Processing Cacao
Fermentation is required for the characteristic chocolate flavor to develop when the seeds are roasted. The mucilaginous pulp surrounding the seeds is fermented to ethanol, then progressively to acetic and lactic acids, which facilitates its removal. The acid and heat generated during fermentation kill the seed embryo, preventing germination and allowing enzymatic changes that generate flavor precursors and reduce bitterness and astringency. Following fermentation, the seeds are dried, preferably in the sun, to a final moisture content of about 7.5 percent. In this form, the seeds are transported from the country of origin to the major chocolate manufacturing regions.
For the Maya and the modern American alike, the conversion of the fermented and dried cacao to chocolate involves three major operations: roasting, winnowing, and grinding. Just as with meat, roasting cacao generates complex aromas appealing to the human sense of smell. Winnowing is the removal of the inedible shell surrounding the nib. Grinding, which the Maya accomplished by hand using a metate and for which later processors have used a variety of mechanical mills, liberates the cacao fat (cacao "butter") from within the plant cells, extracts the aroma, and permits easy suspension of the cacao in beverages.
The quantity of protein in cacao is significant, and the amino acid composition, while limited in lysine and methionine, can be considered good for a protein of plant origin. However, unlike the leguminous beans that complement maize nutritionally, the digestibility of cocoa proteins is only about 16 to 17 percent. Therefore the proteins of cacao have little practical nutritional value.
The nitrogenous compounds of cacao include both proteins (80 percent) and the methylxanthines theobromine and caffeine, which are present in chocolate liquor (ground cacao nibs) at levels of about 1.22 percent and 0.21 percent respectively. They are both central nervous system stimulants, diuretics, and smooth muscle relaxants, although theobromine tends to be less so than
While wild game, including deer, peccaries, monkeys, tapir, birds, reptiles, and smaller mammals, were abundant in the New World, the only domesticated animals routinely used for meat were the dog and the ocellated turkey (Meleagris ocellata). Muscle foods were not ordinary fare for the indigenous inhabitants of Mesoamerica, and "when the meat-eating Europeans arrived, they described Maya life as perpetual Lent" (Coe, 1994, p. 153). Perhaps just as significant, this lack of large domesticated livestock meant the Maya had no source of butter, lard, or tallow. Fats and oils have been sought for cooking, lighting, and medicine since the earliest times. Hence some of the earliest domesticated plant species in the Old World were the almond (Prunus amygdalus) and the olive (Oleo europea). Perhaps the well-documented Maya distaste for the fat of European animals resulted from Maya familiarity with the preeminent fat, cacao butter.
Nutritional Value
Cacao butter is unique among natural fats. Its constituent fatty acids are principally the medium-chain saturated fatty palmitic acid and stearic acid and the monounsaturated oleic acid, so cacao butter exhibits a remarkable
As in other fats, the caloric content of cocoa butter is high. Chocolate liquor contains approximately 520 kilocalories per 100 grams, 460 of which are from fat. The 1878 edition of Encyclopedia Britannica refers to "Cocoa, or more properly Cacao," as "a valuable dietary substance" and points out that, while only infusions are made from coffee and tea, leaving large portions of their total weights unconsumed, the entire substance of the cacao seed is utilized. Henry Stubbe, in The Indian Nectar, or, a Discourse Concerning Chocolata [sic] (1662), reported that both English soldiers and Indian women in Jamaica sustained themselves for long periods by eating only chocolate yet did not exhibit a decline in strength. The nutritional qualities of chocolate have been praised by numerous authors since the sixteenth century, and some people have called it a complete food, like bread or milk, containing as much nourishment as a pound of beef. While this helped the Hershey Chocolate Company earn the Army-Navy E award for the Ration D, it caused much consternation within the Catholic Church. Twice the residents of Chiapas consulted Pope Gregory XIII on the question of whether or not drinking chocolate broke the ecclesiastical fast, and both times he responded that it did not because it was a drink. So while coffee and tea can only be regarded as stimulant in effect, a cup of cacao is nutritive in value.
In preconquest Mesoamerica, cacao was an ingredient of a wide variety of drinks, gruels, and porridges, to which were added a great diversity of other flavorings, notably vanilla (Vanilla planifolia), chilli pepper (Capsicum annum), and "ear flower" (Cymbopetalum penduliflorum). It is likely that some of these concoctions were served hot and others cold. The simplest chocolate drink consisted of adding ground cacao and flavorings to water and agitating the mixture by beating or by pouring the liquid from one vessel to another to raise a foam, which was considered the best part of the drink and a sign of quality. During preparation the foam was reserved, then it was added back before serving. While the Maya added indigenous plants to augment the foam, modern consumers have replaced it altogether with whipped cream or marshmallow. The ground cacao was often ameliorated with ground maize or ceiba seed (Ceiba pentandra), though not in the most elite drinks. The bitter taste of most chocolate drinks was not immediately appealing to the European palate. Notable among the ingredients Europeans added to their chocolate are sugar and milk.
From at least the time of the Aztecs, people have been ambivalent about chocolate. Wolfgang Schivelbusch portrayed this ambivalence as a contest between diametrically opposed cultures: capitalist, middle-class, Protestant northern Europe versus aristocratic, Catholic southern Europe. Chocolate was a status symbol of the ancien régime, while coffee appealed to the bourgeois intellect. That chocolate became a status symbol in Europe had much to do with its richness, rarity, and exotic origins. As a status symbol, drinking chocolate vanished with the ancien régime. Cocoa became a breakfast drink for women and children; what formerly symbolized power and glory was now in the hands of the disenfranchised in middle-class society. However, at the same time, solid eating chocolate gained new significance as a luxury in its own right. Once again prestige followed the fat.
While the calories provided by chocolate may have been advantageous to a solider on the march, the idle European nobility found it exceedingly fattening and disagreeable at times to the stomach. In search of a better beverage, Coenraad Van Houten in 1828 developed a means of partially defatting cacao using a mechanical press, an invention that had unanticipated consequences.
The development of solid eating chocolate was evolutionary. Chocolate liquor is solid below 85°F (30°C); formed into small pellets or wafers, it was issued to Aztec warriors on campaign. It was an obvious step to add spices and maize to the cacao during grinding and then form the mixture into cakes. These tablets could later be dispersed into water to prepare a beverage. Seventeenth-century texts mention "eating" as well as drinking chocolate, and recipes for solid confections containing cacao appeared in the eighteenth century. In the 1820s, Goethe wrote of chocolate, "Enjoy this whenever it suits your mood, Not as a drink, but a much loved food" (Morton and Morton, 1986, p. 67). But it was the surplus cacao butter resulting from Van Houten's invention that accelerated the trend toward solid chocolate confections.
The addition of cacao butter to chocolate liquor made it possible to add more sugar to balance the bitterness of the cacao while still producing a thin paste that could be cast into a mold or used as a coating. Solid eating chocolate became an object of trade in the mid-1800s. However, these early products were coarse and gritty. Rudolph Lindt is credited with the 1879 invention of the conch that by grinding the sugar exceedingly fine and homogenizing the mixture creates a smooth and creamy textured chocolate with enhanced flavor and aroma. This "fondant" chocolate became a world standard.
Chocolate has been lauded for its purported medicinal value. Greater than one hundred medicinal uses for chocolate have been reported, and the majority fall into three main categories: 1) to aid emaciated patients in gaining weight; 2) to stimulate the nervous systems of apathetic, exhausted, or feeble individuals; and 3) to improve digestion, stimulate the kidneys (diuretic), and improve bowel function (Dillinger et al., 2000, p. 2057S). These uses can be explained either by cacao's caloric content or by the presence of methylxanthines. In the late twentieth century, attention focused on a class of compounds, phytonutrients, that tend to have antioxidant properties and are said to lower the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Among these phytonutrients are the polyphenols, in particular the catechins, which have demonstrated physiological antioxident properties. Pigment cells in the cacao seed, especially in the forastero variety, are rich in these compounds, which may mean redemption for the lowly cousin of the criollo.
Chocolate has long been called an aphrodisiac, a quality that entered into the debate over whether or not it could be consumed by Catholics during Lent, and references to its stimulation of the sexual appetite are numerous. Like other luxury items, chocolate is a symbol of excess wealth, but the association of chocolate and eroticism may not be entirely iconographic in nature. While no specific chemical compounds have yet been identified that could account for either chocolate's supposed addictive or aphrodisiac properties, debate continues on its physiological and psychological effects. Chocolate has become an essential ingredient in the act of seduction. It could be that the melting of the cacao butter in chocolate is symbolic of the melting of the heart and the breakdown of sexual resistance.
Bailleux, Nathalie, et al. The Book of Chocolate. Paris: Flammarion, 1995.
Beckett, S. T., ed. Industrial Chocolate Manufacture and Use. 3rd edition. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1999.
Coe, Sophie D. America's First Cuisines. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994.
Coe, Sophie D., and Michael D. Coe. The True History of Chocolate. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1996.
Dand, Robin. The International Cocoa Trade. 2nd edition. Cambridge, U.K.: Woodhead Publishing, 1999.
Dillinger, Teresa L., Patricia Barriga, Sylvia Escárcega, Martha Jimenez, Diana Salazar Lowe, and Louis E. Grivetti. "Food of the Gods: Cure for Humanity? A Cultural History of the Medicinal and Ritual Use of Chocolate." Journal of Nutrition 130 (2000): 2057S072S.
Drewnowski, Adam, and Carmen Gomez-Carneros. "Bitter Taste, Phytonutrients, and the Consumer: A Review." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72 (2000): 1424435.
Girard, Sylvie. "Les vertus aphrodisiaques du chocolat [The aphrodisiac qualities of chocolate]." Cahiers Sexol. Clin. 11 (1985): 602.
Knight, Ian, ed. Chocolate and Cocoa, Health and Nutrition. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1999.
Morton, Marcia, and Frederic Morton. Chocolate: An Illustrated History. New York: Crown Publishers, 1986.
Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. Tastes of Paradise: A Social History of Spices, Stimulants, and Intoxicants. Translated from the German by David Jacobson. New York: Pantheon Books, 1992.
Gregory R. Ziegler
Chocolate (How Products are Made)
Chocolate, in all of its varied forms (candy bars, cocoa, cakes, cookies, coating for other candies and fruits) is probably America's favorite confection. With an annual per capita consumption of around 14 pounds (6 kilograms) per person, chocolate is as ubiquitous as a non-essential food can be.
Cocoa trees originated in South America's river valleys, and, by the seventh century A.D., the Mayan Indians had brought them north into Mexico. In addition to the Mayans, many other Central American Indians, including the Aztecs and the Toltecs, seem to have cultivated cocoa trees, and the words "chocolate" and "cocoa" both derive from the Aztec language. When Cortez, Pizarro, and other Spanish explorers arrived in Central America in the fifteenth century, they noted that cocoa beans were used as currency and that the upper class of the native populations drank cacahuatl, a frothy beverage consisting of roasted cocoa beans blended with red pepper, vanilla, and water.
While the Spanish initially found the bitter flavor of unsweetened cacahuatl unpalatable, they gradually introduced modifications that rendered the drink more appealing to the European palate. Grinding sugar, cinnamon, cloves, anise, almonds, hazelnuts, vanilla, orange-flower water, and musk with dried cocoa beans, they heated the mixture to create a paste (as with many popular recipes today, variations were common). They then smoothed this paste on the broad, flat leaves of the plantain tree, let it harden, and removed the resulting slabs of chocolate. To make chocalatl, the direct ancestor of our hot chocolate, they dissolved these tablets in hot water and a thin corn broth. They then stirred the liquid until it frothed, perhaps to distribute the fats from the chocolate paste evenly (cocoa beans comprise more than fifty percent cocoa butter by weight). By the mid-seventeenth century, an English missionary reported that only members of Mexico's lower classes still drank cacahuatl in its original form.
When missionaries and explorers returned to Spain with the drink, they encountered resistance from the powerful Catholic Church, which argued that the beverage, contaminated by its heathen origins, was bound to corrupt Christians who drank it. But the praise of returning conquistadorsortez himself designated chocalatl as "the divine drink that builds up resistance and fights fatigue"vershadowed the church's dour prophecies, and hot chocolate became an immediate success in Spain. Near the end of the sixteenth century, the country built the first chocolate factories, in which cocoa beans were ground into a paste that could later be mixed with water. Within seventy years the drink was prized throughout Europe, its spread furthered by a radical drop in the price of sugar between 1640 and 1680 (the increased availability of the sweetener enhanced the popularity of coffee as well).
Chocolate consumption soon extended to England, where the drink was served in "chocolate houses," upscale versions of the coffee houses that had sprung up in London during the 1600s. In the mid-seventeenth century, milk chocolate was invented by an Englishman, Sir Hans Sloane, who had lived on the island of Jamaica for many years, observing the Jamaicans' extensive use of chocolate. A naturalist and personal physician to Queen Anne, Sloane had previously considered the cocoa bean's high fat content a problem, but, after observing how young Jamaicans seemed to thrive on both cocoa products and milk, he began to advocate dissolving chocolate tablets in milk rather than water.
The first Europeans to drink chocolate, the Spaniards were also the first to consume it in solid form. Although several naturalists and physicians who had traveled extensively in the Americas had noted that some Indians ate solid chocolate lozenges, many Europeans believed that consuming chocolate in this form would create internal obstructions. As this conviction gradually diminished, cook-books began to include recipes for chocolate candy. However, a typical eighteenth-century hard chocolate differed substantially from modern chocolate confections. Back then, chocolate candy consisted solely of chocolate paste and sugar held together with plant gums. In addition to being unappealing on its own, the coarse, crumbly texture of this product reduced its ability to hold sugar. Primitive hard chocolate, not surprisingly, was nowhere near as popular as today's improved varieties.
These textural problems were solved in 1828, when a Dutch chocolate maker named Conrad van Houten invented a screw press that could be used to squeeze most of the butter out of cocoa beans. Van Houten's press contributed to the refinement of chocolate by permitting the separation of cocoa beans into cocoa powder and cocoa butter. Dissolved in hot liquid, the powder created a beverage far more palatable than previous chocolate drinks, which were much like blocks of unsweetened baker's chocolate melted in fluid. Blended with regular ground cocoa beans, the cocoa butter made chocolate paste smoother and easier to blend with sugar. Less than twenty years later, an English company introduced the first commercially prepared hard chocolate. In 1876 a Swiss candy maker named Daniel Peter further refined chocolate production, using the dried milk recently invented by the Nestle company to make solid milk chocolate. In 1913 Jules Sechaud, a countryman of Peter's, developed a technique for making chocolate shells filled with other confections. Well before the first World War, chocolate had become one of the most popular confections, though it was still quite expensive.
Hershey Foods, one of a number of American chocolate-making companies founded during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, made chocolate more affordable and available. Today the most famouslthough not the largesthocolate producer in the United States, the company was founded by Milton Hershey, who invested the fortune he'd amassed making caramels in a Pennsylvania chocolate factory. Hershey had first become fascinated by chocolate at the 1893 Chicago World's Columbian Exposition, where one of leading attractions was a 2,200-pound (998.8 kilograms), ten-foot (3.05 meters) tall chocolate statue of Germania, the symbol of the Stollwerck chocolate company in Germany (Germania was housed in a 38-foot [11.58 meters] Renaissance temple, also constructed entirely of chocolate). When he turned to chocolate making, Hershey decided to use the same fresh milk that had made his caramels so flavorful. He also dedicated himself to utilizing mass production techniques that would enable him to sell large quantities of chocolate, individually wrapped and affordably priced. For decades after Hershey began manufacturing them in 1904, Hershey bars cost only a nickel.
Another company, M&M/Mars, has branched out to produce dozens of non-chocolate products, thus making the company four times as large as Hershey Foods, despite the fact that the latter firm remains synonymous with chocolate in the eyes of many American consumers. Yet since its founding in 1922, M&M/Mars has produced many of the country's most enduringly popular chocolate confections. M&M/Mars' success began with the Milky Way bar, which was cheaper to produce than pure chocolate because its malt flavor derived from nougat, a mixture of egg whites and corn syrup. The Snickers and Three Musketeers bars, both of which also featured cost-cutting nougat centers, soon followed, and during the 1930s soldiers fighting in the Spanish Civil War suggested the M&M. To prevent the chocolate candy they carried in their pockets from melting, these soldiers had protected it with a sugary coating that the Mars company adapted to create its most popular product.
Raw Materials
Although other ingredients are added, most notably sugar or other sweeteners, flavoring agents, and sometimes potassium carbonate (the agent used to make so-called dutch cocoa), cocoa beans are the primary component of chocolate.
Cocoa trees are evergreens that do best within 20 degrees of the equator, at altitudes of between 100 (30.48 centimeters) and 1,000 (304.8 centimeters) feet above sea level. Native to South and Central America, the trees are currently grown on commercial plantations in such places as Malaysia, Brazil, Ecuador, and West Africa. West Africa currently produces nearly three quarters of the world's 75,000 ton annual cocoa bean crop, while Brazil is the largest producer in the Western Hemisphere.
Because they are relatively delicate, the trees can be harmed by full sun, fungi, and insect pests. To minimize such damage, they are usually planted with other trees such as rubber or banana. The other crops afford protection from the sun and provide plantation owners with an alternative income if the cocoa trees fail.
The pods, the fruit of the cocoa tree, are 6-10 inches (15.24-25.4 centimeters) long and 3-4 inches (7.62-10.16 centimeters) in diameter. Most trees bear only about 30 to 40 pods, each of which contains between 20 and 40 inch-long (2.54 centimeters) beans in a gummy liquid. The pods ripen in three to four months, and, because of the even climate in which the trees grow, they ripen continually throughout the year. However, the greatest number of pods are harvested between May and December.
Of the 30 to 40 pods on a typical cacao tree, no more than half will be mature at any given time. Only the mature fruits can be harvested, as only they will produce top quality ingredients. After being cut from the trees with machetes or knives mounted on poles (the trees are too delicate to be climbed), mature pods are opened on the plantation with a large knife or machete. The beans inside are then manually removed.
Still entwined with pulp from the pods, the seeds are piled on the ground, where they are allowed to heat beneath the sun for several days (some plantations also dry the beans mechanically, if necessary). Enzymes from the pulp combine with wild, airborne yeasts to cause a small amount of fermentation that will make the final product even more appetizing. During the fermenting process, the beans reach a temperature of about 125 degrees Fahrenheit (51 degrees Celsius). This kills the embryos, preventing the beans from sprouting while in transit; it also stimulates decomposition of the beans' cell walls. Once the beans have sufficiently fermented, they will be stripped of the remaining pulp and dried. Next, they are graded and bagged in sacks weighing from 130 to 200 pounds (59.02-90.8 kilograms). They will then be stored until they are inspected, after which they will be shipped to an auction to be sold to chocolate makers.
The Manufacturing Process
Roasting, hulling, and crushing the beans
- 1 Once a company has received a shipment of cocoa beans at its processing plant, the beans are roasted, first on screens and then in revolving cylinders through which heated air is blown. Over a period of 30 minutes to 2 hours, the moisture in the beans is reduced from about seven percent to about one percent. The roasting process triggers a browning reaction, in which more than 300 different chemicals present in the cocoa beans interact. The beans now begin to develop the rich flavor we associate with chocolate.
- 2 Roasting also causes the shells to open and break away from the nibs (the meat of the bean). This separation process can be completed by blowing air across the beans as they go through a giant winnowing machine called a cracker and fanner, which loosens the hulls from the beans without crushing them. The hulls, now separated from the nibs, are usually sold as either mulch or fertilizer. They are also sometimes used as a commercial boiler fuel.
- 3 Next, the roasted nibs undergo broyage, a process of crushing that takes place in a grinder made of revolving granite blocks. The design of the grinder may vary, but most resemble old-fashioned flour mills. The final product of this grinding process, made up of small particles of the nib suspended in oil, is a thick syrup known as chocolate liquor.
- 4 The next step is refining, during which the liquor is further ground between sets of revolving metal drums. Each successive rolling is faster than the preceding one because the liquor is becoming smoother and flows easier. The ultimate goal is to reduce the size of the particles in the liquor to about .001 inch (.00254 centimeters).
Making cocoa powder
- 5 If the chocolate being produced is to be cocoa powder, from which hot chocolate and baking mixes are made, the chocolate liquor may be dutched, a process so-named because it was invented by the Dutch chocolate maker Conrad van Houten. In the dutching process, the liquor is treated with an alkaline solution, usually potassium carbonate, that raises its pH from 5.5 to 7 or 8. This increase darkens the color of the cocoa, renders its flavor more mild, and reduces the tendency of the nib particles to form clumps in the liquor. The powder that eventually ensues is called dutch cocoa.
- 6 The next step in making cocoa powder is defatting the chocolate liquor, or removing large amounts of butter from it. This is done by further compressing the liquor between rollers, until about half of the fat from its cocoa beans has been released. The resulting solid material, commonly called press cake, is then broken, chopped, or crushed before being sifted to produce cocoa powder. When additives such as sugar or other sweeteners have been blended, this cocoa powder becomes a modern version of chocalatl.
Making chocolate candy
- 7 If the chocolate being produced is to become candy, the press cake is remixed with some of the removed cocoa butter. The restored cocoa butter is necessary for texture and consistency, and different types of chocolate require different amounts of cocoa butter.
- 8 The mixture now undergoes a process known as conching, in which it is continuously turned and ground in a huge open vat. The process's name derives from older vats, which resembled large conch shells. The conching process can last from between three hours to three days (more time is not necessarily better, however). This is the most important step in making chocolate. The speed and temperature of the mixing are critical in determining the quality of the final product.
- 9 Another crucial aspect of conching is the time and rate at which other ingredients are added. The ingredients added during conching determine what type of chocolate is produced: sweet chocolate consists of chocolate liquor, cocoa butter, sugar, and vanilla; milk chocolate contains sweet chocolate with powdered whole milk or whole liquid milk.
- 10 At the end of the conching process, the chocolate is poured into molds, cooled, cut, and wrapped.
Quality Control
Proportions of ingredients and even some aspects of processing are carefully guarded secrets, although certain guidelines were set by the 1944 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Law, as well as more recent laws and regulations. For example, milk chocolate must contain a minimum of 12 percent milk solids and 10 percent chocolate liquor. Sweet chocolate, which contains no milk solids, must contain at least fifteen percent chocolate liquor. The major companies, however, have a reputation for enforcing strict quality and cleanliness standards. Milton Hershey zealously insisted upon fresh ingredients, and the Mars company boasts that its factory floors harbor fewer bacteria than the average kitchen sink. Moreover, slight imperfections are often enough to prompt the rejection of entire batches of candy.
The Future
Although concerns about the high fat and caloric content of chocolate have reduced per capita consumption in the United States from over twenty pounds (9.08 kilograms) per year to around fourteen (6.36 kilograms), chocolate remains the most popular type of confection. In addition, several psychiatrists have recently speculated that, because the substance contains phenylethylamine, a natural stimulant, depressed people may resort to chocolate binges in an unknowing attempt to raise their spirits and adjust their body chemistry. Others have speculated that the substance exerts an amorous effect. Despite reduced levels of consumption and regardless of whether or not one endorses the various theories about its effects, chocolate seems guaranteed to remain what it has been throughout the twentieth century: a perennial American favorite.
Where To Learn More
Chocolate Manufacturers' Association of the U.S.A. The Story of Chocolate.
Hirsch, Sylvia Balser and Morton Gill Clark. A Salute to Chocolate. Hawthorn Books, 1968.
O'Neill, Catherine. Let's Visit a Chocolate Factory. Troll Associates, 1988.
Cavendish, Richard. "The Sweet Smell of Success," History Today. July, 1990, pp. 2-3.
"From Xocoatl to Chocolate Bars," Consumer Reports. November, 1986, pp. 696-701.
Galvin, Ruth Mehrtens. "Sybaritic to Some, Sinful to Others, but How Sweet it Is!" Smithsonian. February, 1986, pp. 54-64.
Marshall, Lydia and Ethel Weinberg. "A Fine Romance," Cosmopolitan. February, 1989, pp. 52-4.
i>Lawrence H. Berlow
Chocolate (Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior)
An ingredient of many popular treatsandies, sweets, baked goods, soft drinks, hot drinks, ice cream, and other frozen desserts. It is prepared, often as a paste, from the roasted crushed seeds (called cocoa beans) of the small South American cacao tree called Theobroma cacao (this is not the shrub known as the COCA PLANT, which produces COCAINE, Erythroxylon coca).
The cacao tree has small yellowish flowers, followed by fleshy yellow pods with many seeds. The dried, partly fermented fatty seeds are used to make the paste, which is mixed with sugar to produce
Chocolate produces a mild stimulating effect caused by the THEOBROMINE and CAFFEINE it contains. Both are ALKALOIDS of the chemical class called xanthines. Theobromine in high doses has many effects on the body, and it is possible to become addicted to some xanthines, such as caffeine. Nevertheless, some people are so attracted to the flavor that compulsive or obsessive use has resulted in the newly coined term chocoholic. Some scientists are researching the phenylethylamine in chocolate as the factor that encourages compulsive chocolate ingestion.
SERAFIN, W. E. (1996). Drugs used in the treatment of asthma. In J. G. Hardman et al. (Eds.), The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed. (pp. 659-682). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Source: How Products are Made, ©2002 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Encyclopedia of Food & Culture, ©2003 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior, ©2001 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.


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Saint Bertrand of Saint Quentin
Also known as
- Bertram
- Bertran
- Ebertram
Benedictine monk. Friend and spiritual student of Saint Bertinus. Aide to Saint Omer. Missionary in northern France and Flanders, Belgium. Abbot of Saint Quentin abbey.
- 7th century of natural causes
Additional Information
- Book of Saints, by the Monks of Ramsgate
- Our Sunday Visitor's Encyclopedia of Saints
MLA Citation
- "Saint Bertrand of Saint Quentin". Saints.SQPN.com. 1 September 2012. Web. 12 December 2013. <http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-bertrand-of-saint-quentin/>


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Below is a comprehensive list of stores in Oswaldtwistle Mills
Food Produce,Speciality
The Northern Ingredient
The proprietors of 'Ye Olde Sausage Shop' have had a busy couple of years. Having already won 8 golds at the North West BPEX sausage competitions in 2007, they won again in 2008 with 9 Golds to there name and were also crowned North West Champions with there Cumberland Beef, horseradish and mustard sausage. In 2008 they were also asked to represent the North west in the UKTV's 'Food Hero' competition and were highly commended by Gary Rhodes. The business is striving forward selling top quality produce sourced from local suppliers. If there is one thing they are not short of it's good ideas and good advice.
Ye Olde Sausage Shop also offer a variety of lower fat sausages products which include Pork, Sweet Chilli, Garlic, Turkey Seasal, Beef and Cumberland sausages, beef burgers, turkey burgers and turkey vegetable meatballs. The owner and staff at Ye Olde Sausage Shop are highly skilled at preparing lower fat sausages which contain less than 2% fat and 93% meat all products are prepared to the highest possible standards.
Ye Olde Sausage shop are happy to offer advice on how to cook and prepare all there products, but there is one thing for certain they won't do which is to reveal there secret recipies!
Ye Olde Sausage Shop is open 7 days a week.
NORTH WEST BPEX AWARDS 2012/13 WINNERS OF NORTH WEST PRODUCT OF EXCELLENCE FOR OUR CUMBERLAND SAUSAGE CLICK HERE TO READ PRESS RELEASEContact Us
01254 382930
Oswaldtwistle Mills, Moscow Mill, Colliers Street, Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire, BB5 3DE
Tel: 01254 871025 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com. © Copyright
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Information contained on this page is provided by an independent third-party content provider. WorldNow and this Station make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. If you have any questions or comments about this page please contact firstname.lastname@example.com.
SOURCE Minnesota Trucking Association
ST. PAUL, Minn., Oct. 15, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Natural gas is $1.50 to $2.00 cheaper per gallon than diesel fuel today, and it is cleaner burning. Converting more fleets of trucks to natural gas is one of the outcomes expected from the region's first industry-wide summit on natural gas in trucking opening this Thursday, October 17 at the Early Brown Center in Brooklyn Center. Details at www.mntruck.org.
(Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20130916/CG79764LOGO)
The Minnesota Trucking Association (MTA) believes strongly in natural gas as a clean fuel for trucks. It planned the summit to answer questions and hear from the industry experts poised to help trucking companies and any city, county or organization with commercial motor vehicles make the change.
"Many trucking firms can recoup their investment in just a few years and reduce their fuel costs up to 50 percent," said MTA President John Hausladen. "Cost savings are a huge incentive coupled with improved air quality from use of natural gas in heavy duty vehicles. We know its use reduces greenhouse gases by 20-23 percent over diesel. That's a significant positive impact on air quality and health."
"We have a 100-year plus supply of natural gas in the United States," continued Hausladen. "We don't need the government's help to make this work. Natural gas has emerged as a viable truck fuel largely without the help of government subsidies.
"The infrastructure is in place. We have the engines, the distribution and fueling stations. We know what it takes to add natural gas trucks to a fleet and upgrade service facilities to maintain them."
Kwik Trip in LaCrosse is already a regional leader operating much of its fleet with natural gas. They will provide a case study about recently converting their stores and fleets to natural gas. Dart Transit Company in Eagan will also discuss its experiences using natural gas vehicles.
Other speakers for the summit include fuel supplier Clean Energy; engine manufacturer Cummins Westport; truck makers Kenworth, Volvo and Daimler; national leasing company Ryder Systems; and logistics leader UPS.
About MTA: The Minnesota Trucking Association is a non-profit trade association representing over 720 member-trucking companies and allied firms from across the state. The membership reflects the diversity of the Minnesota trucking industry, including less-than-truckload, truckload, bulk, agricultural, heavy specialized and private trucking operations.
Contact: John Hausladen, MTA President /CEO, firstname.lastname@example.com, cell 651-295-5672
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