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Website Critique Please
Posted 28 October 2003 - 09:15 PM
I'm looking for some advice or suggestions on Killwhat. I just finished remodeling the site while paying special attention to SEO guidelines. I'd like to know what else I could do or change to help the site's ranking. I'm also open to any comments on the design, navigation, etc.
PS: If anyone can tell me our page rank, I'd appreciate it. I'm on a Mac so no Google Toolbar for us.
Is this site completed or under construction? completed
If completed:
How long has the site been up? 3 years under this domain name
Do you have incoming links? yes
What keywords are you targeting? not too sure but probably "punk", "fanzine", "chronique"
Do you want your code reviewed for errors or improvements? yes
Who is your target audience? Think about: music fans
Gender m/f
Nationality french speaking
Age Range 15-30 year old
Likes/Dislikes likes independant music
How important is usability? very
What is the purpose of the site? promote bands, musical media outlet
Do you want design suggestions? yes
Posted 28 October 2003 - 09:23 PM
Hopefully that's helpful. The streaming music clip made my hair stand up on end, but I expect that was the point
Posted 28 October 2003 - 10:30 PM
PS: Sorry the first band in the jukebox at the moment is a little harsh I agree but not everything we cover is like that!
Posted 29 October 2003 - 12:47 AM
Many people (unfairly) will not even consider exchanging links with anyone less than a 4, which is why I recommend trying to get that, at least.
A 5 or 6 is fairly normal for the site of a professional SEO or well regarded website.
For reference, most of the moderators on the forum, and the top 50 or so posters, fall between the 4-6 range for their own sites. Only one of us (not me) has a page with a rank of 7 - and it's not who you might think. The local "pro-cloaking/spamming" crowd hover between 0 and 4 mostly.
Having said that, you can have a rank 0 site come up #1 in the rankings for your keywords - hence the lack of a huge amount of concern about PR from most of us.
The SE's usually do a relevance check first, then use PR as the tie breaker. If your site is the most relevant, then there is no need to break the tie and your PR doesn't really factor into it, as best as I know.
Basically, the better your competition and the more hotly disputed the top positions, the more likely the SE will require a tiebreaker, and therefore resort to a system like PR. Every SE uses a different way, of course - only Google actually uses "PageRank".
The fact that G only shows 1 and alltheweb shows 54 is likely related to the fact that G only shows backlinks from sites with around 4 (some say 3.5) or higher. It's still counting the links, it's just not showing them.
You are getting your name out - keep doing it and you will get the page rank you are after naturally. Don't obsess over it, because it's not really under your control (which is the whole idea).
Get as many relevant (remember relevance? -that's the first criteria) links as possible to your site. Don't worry about their page rank - just get ones that are useful and relevant to your site. For example, you are better off getting one good music link then a dozen FFA links. Then your page rank and relevance will tend to go up together. Assuming you have the content worth linking to and looking for.
To be fair, I haven't fully looked at your site yet so I won't give feedback on the content yet (looks nice though).
Posted 29 October 2003 - 12:34 PM
This may be merely and only due to the fact that the site hasn't been fully indexed yet, so don't panic. Wait a bit
Well, the weird thing is that the site was fully indexed last year. All the individual review pages were in Google and based on the band name and the name of their label (a common search combination for my users) it would come up 1st or 2nd in Google for many pages. Then, somehow most pages started dissapearing and the Google results altogether vanished. Even though some of the pages are still indexed, they do not come up in searches with the same keywords as before.
I know my site was down for about a week in April when my old hosting company crahsed their server and lost all my content. I had to switch to a more reliable company. Perhaps that affected it's ranking.
Also, up to this week, I didn't have a robots.txt file in the root directory maybe Google decided to stay away from it because of that.
Any idea ?
Posted 29 October 2003 - 12:55 PM
you are indexed in google with your home page having a pagerank of 3
your site only showed one backlink though. you need to get more backlinks. if you have no links into your site you do not make it easy for google (or other engines) to find your site
its not a good idea to just randomly exchange with anyone (since this will lead to exchanging with viagra sites which will eventually get banned) pick some sites in your niche and exchange links with them
Posted 29 October 2003 - 01:02 PM
Posted 29 October 2003 - 01:32 PM
I just took a closer look at your site and found a couple of things. First, the cache google has right now is still your old site, so it's still in a bit of a waiting mode.
Second, I couldn't find a mention of the words punk, fanzine, or chronique on the home page itself. I know it's in the title (and that's good) but see if maybe you could put up a blurb at the top of your page about what your site is about - and make sure you use those terms somewhere in it. That should help a bit.
Basically, figure out what words the searchers for your site would type in to find it and then make sure you've used those words as frequently as reasonable in the content. I know your site has a certain look that doesn't lend itself well to large amounts of text, but I'd add as much as I could.
Posted 29 October 2003 - 08:42 PM
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Submitted by Mist Maiden on Tue, 2010-11-02 03:36.
My name is Kararaina Rangihau I want to help if I can. I have experience in language & cultural retention programming at a community level. In my country we have multiply owned land, and it is governed and managed by the collective. Please let me know if you would like me to share some of that knowledge with your people.

subset: commoncrawl


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Synesthesia (also spelled synæsthesia or synaesthesia, plural synesthesiæ or synæsthesiæ), from the ancient Greek σύν (syn), "together", and αἴσθησις (aisthēsis), "sensation", is a neurological condition in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway.[1][2][3][4] People who report such experiences are known as synesthetes. Recently, difficulties have been recognized in coming up with an adequate definition of synesthesia:[5][6] many different phenomena have been included in the term synesthesia ("union of senses"), and in many cases it seems to be an inaccurate one. A more accurate term may be ideasthesia.
In one common form of synesthesia, known as grapheme → color synesthesia or color-graphemic synesthesia, letters or numbers are perceived as inherently colored,[7][8] while in ordinal linguistic personification, numbers, days of the week and months of the year evoke personalities.[9][10] In spatial-sequence, or number form synesthesia, numbers, months of the year, and/or days of the week elicit precise locations in space (for example, 1980 may be "farther away" than 1990), or may have a (three-dimensional) view of a year as a map (clockwise or counterclockwise).[11][12][13] Yet another recently identified type, visual motion → sound synesthesia, involves hearing sounds in response to visual motion and flicker.[14] Over 60 types of synesthesia have been reported,[15] but only a fraction have been evaluated by scientific research.[16] Even within one type, synesthetic perceptions vary in intensity[17] and people vary in awareness of their synesthetic perceptions.[18]
While cross-sensory metaphors (e.g., "loud shirt," "bitter wind" or "prickly laugh") are sometimes described as "synesthetic", true neurological synesthesia is involuntary. It is estimated that synesthesia could possibly be as prevalent as 1 in 23 persons across its range of variants.[19] Synesthesia runs strongly in families, but the precise mode of inheritance has yet to be ascertained. Synesthesia is also sometimes reported by individuals under the influence of psychedelic drugs, after a stroke, during a temporal lobe epilepsy seizure, or as a result of blindness or deafness. Synesthesia that arises from events after birth is referred to as "adventitious synesthesia" to distinguish it from the more common congenital forms of synesthesia. Adventitious synesthesia involving drugs or stroke (but not blindness or deafness) apparently only involves sensory linkings such as sound → vision or touch → hearing; there are few, if any, reported cases involving culture-based, learned sets such as graphemes, lexemes, days of the week, or months of the year.
Although synesthesia was the topic of intensive scientific investigation in the late 19th century and early 20th century, it was largely abandoned by scientific research in the mid-20th century, and has only recently been rediscovered by modern researchers.[20] Psychological research has demonstrated that synesthetic experiences can have measurable behavioral consequences, while functional neuroimaging studies have identified differences in patterns of brain activation.[8] Many people with synesthesia use their experiences to aid in their creative process, and many non-synesthetes have attempted to create works of art that may capture what it is like to experience synesthesia. Psychologists and neuroscientists study synesthesia not only for its inherent interest, but also for the insights it may give into cognitive and perceptual processes that occur in synesthetes and non-synesthetes alike.
- 1 Definitional criteria
- 2 Experiences
- 3 Various forms
- 4 Research history
- 5 Prevalence and genetic basis
- 6 Objective verification
- 7 Possible neural basis
- 8 The role of meaning
- 9 Associated cognitive traits
- 10 Links with other areas of study
- 11 Artistic investigations
- 12 Literary depictions
- 13 People with synesthesia
- 14 See also
- 15 References
- 16 Further reading
- 17 External links
Definitional criteria[edit]
Although sometimes spoken of as a "neurological condition," synesthesia is not listed in either the DSM-IV or the ICD classifications, since it most often does not interfere with normal daily functioning. Indeed, most synesthetes report that their experiences are neutral, or even pleasant.[21] Rather, like color blindness or perfect pitch, synesthesia is a difference in perceptual experience and the term "neurological" simply reflects the brain basis of this perceptual difference (see below for associated cognitive traits).
It was once assumed that synesthetic experiences were entirely different from synesthete to synesthete, but recent research has shown that there are underlying similarities that can be observed when large numbers of synesthetes are examined together. For example, sound-color synesthetes, as a group, tend to see lighter colors for higher sounds[22] and grapheme-color synesthetes, as a group, share significant preferences for the color of each letter (e.g., A tends to be red; O tends to be white or black; S tends to be yellow etc.,[21][23][24]). Nonetheless, there are a great number of types of synesthesia, and within each type, individuals can report differing triggers for their sensations, and differing intensities of experiences. This variety means that defining synesthesia in an individual is difficult, and the majority of synesthetes are completely unaware that their experiences have a name.[21] However, despite the differences between individuals, there are a few common elements that define a true synesthetic experience.
Neurologist Richard Cytowic identifies the following diagnostic criteria of synesthesia in his first edition book. However, the criteria are different in the second book:[1][2][3]
- Synesthesia is involuntary and automatic.
- Synesthetic perceptions are spatially extended, meaning they often have a sense of "location." For example, synesthetes speak of "looking at" or "going to" a particular place to attend to the experience.
- Synesthetic percepts are consistent and generic (i.e., simple rather than pictorial).
- Synesthesia is highly memorable.
- Synesthesia is laden with affect.
Cytowic's early cases included individuals whose synesthesia was frankly projected outside the body (e.g., on a "screen" in front of one's face). Later research showed that such stark externalization occurs in a minority of synesthetes. Refining this concept, Cytowic and Eagleman[3] differentiate between "localizers" and "non-localizers" to distinguish those synesthetes whose perceptions have a definite sense of spatial quality.
Synesthetes often report that they were unaware their experiences were unusual until they realized other people did not have them, while others report feeling as if they had been keeping a secret their entire lives, as has been documented in interviews with synesthetes on how they discovered synesthesia in their childhood.[16] The automatic and ineffable nature of a synesthetic experience means that the pairing may not seem out of the ordinary. This involuntary and consistent nature helps define synesthesia as a real experience. Most synesthetes report that their experiences are pleasant or neutral, although, in rare cases, synesthetes report that their experiences can lead to a degree of sensory overload.[21]
Though often stereotyped in the popular media as a medical condition or neurological aberration, many synesthetes themselves do not perceive their synesthetic experiences as a handicap. To the contrary, most report it as a gift—an additional "hidden" sense—something they would not want to miss. Most synesthetes become aware of their "hidden" and different way of perceiving in their childhood. Some have learned how to apply this gift in daily life and work. Synesthetes have used their gift in memorizing names and telephone numbers, mental arithmetic, but also in more complex creative activities like producing visual art, music, and theater.[16]
Despite the commonalities which permit definition of the broad phenomenon of synesthesia, individual experiences vary in numerous ways. This variability was first noticed early on in synesthesia research[25] but has only recently come to be re-appreciated by modern researchers. Some grapheme → color synesthetes report that the colors seem to be "projected" out into the world (called "projectors"), while most report that the colors are experienced in their "mind's eye" (called "associators").[26] It is estimated that approximately one or two per hundred grapheme-color synesthetes are projectors; the rest are associators.[26]
Additionally, some grapheme → color synesthetes report that they experience their colors strongly, and show perceptual enhancement on the perceptual tasks described below, while others (perhaps the majority) do not,[17] perhaps due to differences in the stage at which colors are evoked. Some synesthetes report that vowels are more strongly colored, while for others consonants are more strongly colored.[21] In summary, self reports, autobiographical notes by synesthetes and interviews show a large variety in types of synesthesia, intensity of the synesthetic perceptions, awareness of the difference in perceiving the physical world from other people, the way they creatively use their synesthesia in work and daily life.[16][27] The descriptions below give some examples of synesthetes' experiences, which have been experimentally tested, but do not exhaust their rich variety.
Various forms[edit]
Synesthesia can occur between nearly any two senses or perceptual modes, and at least one synesthete, Solomon Shereshevsky, experienced synesthesia that linked all five senses. Given the large number of forms of synesthesia, researchers have adopted a convention of indicating the type of synesthesia by using the following notation x → y, where x is the "inducer" or trigger experience, and y is the "concurrent" or additional experience. For example, perceiving letters and numbers (collectively called graphemes) as colored would be indicated as grapheme → color synesthesia. Similarly, when synesthetes see colors and movement as a result of hearing musical tones, it would be indicated as tone → (color, movement) synesthesia.
While nearly every logically possible combination of experiences can occur, several types are more common than others.
Grapheme → color synesthesia[edit]
In one of the most common forms of synesthesia, grapheme → color synesthesia, individual letters of the alphabet and numbers (collectively referred to as graphemes), are "shaded" or "tinged" with a color. While different individuals usually do not report the same colors for all letters and numbers, studies with large numbers of synesthetes find some commonalities across letters (e.g., A is likely to be red).[21][23]
As a child, Pat Duffy told her father, "I realized that to make an R all I had to do was first write a P and draw a line down from its loop. And I was so surprised that I could turn a yellow letter into an orange letter just by adding a line." Another grapheme synesthete says, "When I read, about five words around the exact one I'm reading are in color. It's also the only way I can spell. In elementary school I remember knowing how to spell the word 'priority' [with an "i" rather than an "e"] because ... an 'e' was out of place in that word because 'e's were yellow and didn't fit."[28]
Spatial sequence synesthesia[edit]
A special form of the condition, in which people tend to see all numerical sequences they come across as points in space. For instance, the number 1 might be farther away and the number 2 might be closer. A new study shows that those with SSS have superior memories. They were able to recall past events and memories far better, and in far greater detail than those without the condition. They also see months, or dates in the space around them. Some people even see time like a clock above and around them.[29][30][31]
Sound → color synesthesia[edit]
According to Richard Cytowic, sound → color synesthesia, or chromesthesia is "something like fireworks": voice, music, and assorted environmental sounds such as clattering dishes or dog barks trigger color and firework shapes that arise, move around, and then fade when the sound ends.[3] For some, the stimulus type is limited (e.g., music only, or even just a specific musical key); for others, a wide variety of sounds triggers synesthesia.
Sound often changes the perceived hue, brightness, scintillation, and directional movement. Some individuals see music on a "screen" in front of their faces. Deni Simon, for whom music produces waving lines "like oscilloscope configurations – lines moving in color, often metallic with height, width and, most importantly, depth. My favorite music has lines that extend horizontally beyond the 'screen' area."[3]
Individuals rarely agree on what color a given sound is (composers Liszt and Rimsky-Korsakov famously disagreed on the colors of music keys)[32]; however, synesthetes show the same trends as non-synesthetes do. For example, both groups say that loud tones are brighter than soft tones, and that lower tones are darker than higher tones. Synesthetes nevertheless choose more precise colours than non-synesthetes and are more consistent in their choice of colours given a set of sounds of varying pitch, timbre and composition.[33]
Number form synesthesia[edit]
A number form is a mental map of numbers, which automatically and involuntarily appears whenever someone who experiences number-forms thinks of numbers. Number forms were first documented and named by Francis Galton in "The Visions of Sane Persons".[34] Later research has identified them as a type of synesthesia.[12][13] In particular, it has been suggested that number-forms are a result of "cross-activation" between regions of the parietal lobe that are involved in numerical cognition and spatial cognition.[35][36] In addition to its interest as a form of synesthesia, researchers in numerical cognition have begun to explore this form of synesthesia for the insights that it may provide into the neural mechanisms of numerical-spatial associations present unconsciously in everyone.
Ordinal-linguistic personification (OLP, or personification for short) is a form of synesthesia in which ordered sequences, such as ordinal numbers, days, months and letters are associated with personalities.[9][37] Although this form of synesthesia was documented as early as the 1890s,[25][38] modern research has, until recently,[1] paid little attention to this form.
For example, one synesthete says, "T's are generally crabbed, ungenerous creatures. U is a soulless sort of thing. 4 is honest, but… 3 I cannot trust… 9 is dark, a gentleman, tall and graceful, but politic under his suavity."[38] Likewise, Cytowic's subject MT says, "I [is] a bit of a worrier at times, although easy-going; J [is] male; appearing jocular, but with strength of character; K [is] female; quiet, responsible...."[1]
For some people in addition to numbers and other ordinal sequences, objects are sometimes imbued with a sense of personality. Recent research has begun to show that alphanumeric personification co-varies with other forms of synesthesia, and is consistent and automatic, as required to be considered a form of synesthesia.[9]
Lexical → gustatory synesthesia[edit]
In the rare lexical → gustatory synesthesia, individual words and the phonemes of spoken language evoke taste sensations in the mouth. According to James Wannerton, "Whenever I hear, read, or articulate (inner speech) words or word sounds, I experience an immediate and involuntary taste sensation on my tongue. These very specific taste associations never change and have remained the same for as long as I can remember."
Jamie Ward and Julia Simner have extensively studied this form of synesthesia, and have found that the synesthetic associations are constrained by early food experiences.[39][40] For example, James Wannerton has no synesthetic experiences of coffee or curry, even though he consumes them regularly as an adult. Conversely, he tastes certain breakfast cereals and candies that are no longer sold.
Additionally, these early food experiences are often paired with tastes based on the phonemes in the name of the word (e.g., /I/, /n/ and /s/ trigger James Wannerton's taste of mince) although others have less obvious roots (e.g., /f/ triggers sherbet). To show that phonemes, rather than graphemes are the critical triggers of tastes, Ward and Simner showed that, for James Wannerton, the taste of egg is associated to the phoneme /k/, whether spelled with a "c" (e.g., accept), "k" (e.g., York), "ck" (e.g., chuck) or "x" (e.g., fax). Another source of tastes comes from semantic influences, so that food names tend to taste of the food they match, and the word "blue" tastes "inky."
Auditory-tactile synesthesia[edit]
Auditory-tactile synesthesia may originate from birth or be acquired sometime in life. It is one of the rarest forms of synesthesia.[41]
Mirror-touch synesthesia[edit]
This is the rarest form of synesthesia,[citation needed] in which seeing someone else being touched leads to one feeling the touch as well. This means that people can literally feel the pain of others when they see them get hurt. Such a process is hypothesized as being important for understanding and empathising with others.[42]
It has been suggested by Richard Cytowic that the disorder misophonia is related to, or perhaps a variety of, synesthesia. He theorizes that, in the way certain synesthetes have an altered perception of sounds, misophonics exhibit a similar pathology, with certain sounds or types of sound resulting in a specific negative emotional response.[43] Miren Edelstein and her colleagues have compared misophonia to synesthesia in terms of connectivity between different brain regions as well as specific symptoms. They formed the hypothesis that "a pathological distortion of connections between the auditory cortex and limbic structures could cause a form of sound-emotion synesthesia"[44]
Research history[edit]
The interest in colored hearing dates back to Greek antiquity, when philosophers asked if the color (chroia, what we now call timbre) of music was a quantifiable quality.[45] Isaac Newton proposed that musical tones and color tones shared common frequencies, as did Goethe in his book, "Theory of Color." Despite this idea being false, there is a long history of building color organs such as the clavier à lumières on which to perform colored music in concert halls.[46][46][47]
The first medical description of colored hearing is in a German 1812 thesis.[48] The father of psychophysics, Gustav Fechner reported the first empirical survey of colored letter photisms among 73 synesthetes in 1871,[49][50] followed in the 1880s by Francis Galton.[11][51][52] Research into synesthesia proceeded briskly in several countries, but due to the difficulties in measuring subjective experiences and the rise of behaviorism, which made the study of any subjective experience taboo, synesthesia faded into scientific oblivion between 1930 and 1980.
As the 1980s cognitive revolution made inquiry into internal subjective states respectable again, scientists returned to synesthesia. Led in the United States by Larry Marks and Richard Cytowic, and later in England by Simon Baron-Cohen and Jeffrey Gray, researchers explored the reality, consistency, and frequency of synesthetic experiences. In the late 1990s, the focus settled on grapheme → color synesthesia, one of the most common[21][24] and easily studied types. Synesthesia is now the topic of scientific books and papers, Ph.D. theses, documentary films, and even novels.
Since the rise of the Internet in the 1990s, synesthetes began contacting one another and creating web sites devoted to the condition. These early grew into international organizations such as the American Synesthesia Association, the UK Synaesthesia Association, the Belgian Synaesthesia Association, the German Synesthesia Association, and the Netherlands Synesthesia Web Community.
Prevalence and genetic basis[edit]
Early estimates of prevalence varied widely (from 1 in 20 to 1 in 20,000). These studies all had the methodological shortcoming of relying on self-selection, meaning individuals reporting their experience to investigators. Random population studies later determined that 1 in 23 individuals have some kind of synesthesia, while 1 in 90 have colored graphemes.[19] Colored days of the week and colored graphemes are the most common types.[19][21]
Many studies noted that synesthesia runs in families, consistent with a genetic origin for the condition. Francis Galton's 1880 report noted a familial component. Studies from the 1990s[53][54] that noted a much higher prevalence in women than men (up to 6:1) most likely suffered from a sampling bias due to the fact that women are more likely to self-disclose than men. A more recent study, using a non-self-referred sample, has found a prevalence of only 10% more females than males.[19]
At first, the observed patterns of inheritance were consistent with an X-linked mode of inheritance because there had been no verified reports of father-to-son transmission, whereas father-to-daughter, mother-to-son and mother-to-daughter transmission were readily observed[1][54][55] However, the first genome-wide association study failed to find X-linkage,[56] and furthermore verified two cases of father-to-son transmission.
Suggestive of incomplete gene penetrance is the situation of identical twins in which only one member of the pair is synesthetic,[57][58] and the observation that synesthesia can skip generations within a family.[59] It is furthermore common for family members to experience different types of synesthesia, suggesting that the gene(s) involved do not lead to invariably specific types of synesthesia.[55] Developmental factors such as gene expression and environment must also play a role in determining which types of synesthesia an individual has (for example, children must interact with culturally learned artifacts such as alphabets and food names).
Objective verification[edit]
The simplest approach is test-retest reliability over long periods of time, where synesthetes consistently score much higher—around 90% after years, compared to 30–40% after just a month in non-synesthetes even when they are warned they will be retested—using stimuli of color names, color chips, or a computer-screen color picker providing 16.7 million choices.[1][54]
Modified versions of the Stroop effect are popular. In the standard paradigm, it is harder to name the ink color of the word "red," for example, when it is printed in blue ink than when the ink is red. Similarly, if a grapheme → color synesthete is shown the digit 4 (which he sees as red, say) in blue ink, he is slower to name the ink color than when it is printed in red. He sees the blue ink, but the same sort of conflict responsible for the standard Stroop effect occurs between the ink color and the automatic synesthetic color of the grapheme. The conflict is strongest when the ink color is the opponent color to the synesthetic one (e.g., red vs. green), indicating that synesthetic color perception uses the same mechanism as the perception of real colors.[60]
Cross-sensory Stroop tests are possible: for example, a music → color synesthete must name a red swatch while listening to a sound that produces a blue sensation,[61] or a musical key → taste synesthete must identify a bitter taste while hearing a musical interval that tastes sweet .[62] Likewise, Stroop tests work even in those for whom merely thinking about a numeral elicits color. Take a person who sees 7 as yellow and 9 as blue, and make the task one of having to say a math solution out loud followed by naming a color square. In the illustration, having to answer "7" and then "yellow" is congruent with the subject's synesthesia, which unconsciously primes him to respond faster than controls. The automatic blueness of 9, however, interferes with naming the green square, slowing him down compared to controls.
Synesthetic colors can also improve performance for some synesthetes. Inspired by tests for color blindness, Ramachandran and Hubbard presented synesthetes and non-synesthetes with a matrix of 5s in which embedded 2s formed a hidden pattern such as a square, diamond, rectangle or triangle.[35] For someone who sees 2s as red and 5s as green, for example, synesthetic colors help zero in on the embedded figure. Subsequent careful studies have found substantial variability among synesthetes in their ability to do this.[17][26] It certainly does not happen instantaneously; while synesthesia is evoked very early in perceptual processing, it does not occur prior to attention.[63][64]
Possible neural basis[edit]
Dedicated regions of the brain are specialized for given functions. Increased cross-talk between regions specialized for different functions may account for the many types of synesthesia. For example, the additive experience of seeing color when looking at graphemes might be due to cross-activation of the grapheme-recognition area and the color area called V4 (see figure).[35] One line of thinking is that a failure to prune synapses that are normally formed in great excess during the first few years of life may cause such cross-activation.
An alternate possibility is disinhibited feedback, or a reduction in the amount of inhibition along normally existing feedback pathways.[65] Normally, excitation and inhibition are balanced. However, if normal feedback were not inhibited as usual, then signals feeding back from late stages of multi-sensory processing might influence earlier stages such that tones could activate vision. Cytowic & Eagleman find support for the disinhibition idea in the so-called acquired forms[3] of synesthesia that occur in non-synesthetes under certain conditions: Temporal lobe epilepsy, head trauma, stroke, and brain tumors. They also note that it can likewise occur during stages of meditation, deep concentration, sensory deprivation, or with use of psychedelics such as LSD or mescaline, or even, in some cases, marijuana.[3] However, synesthetes report that common stimulants, like caffeine and cigarettes do not affect the strength of their synesthesia, nor do alcoholic beverages.[3]p. 137–140
Functional neuroimaging studies using PET and fMRI demonstrate significant differences between the brains of synesthetes and non-synesthetes. fMRI shows V4 activation in both word → color and grapheme → color synesthetes.[17][66][67] Diffusion tensor imaging allows visualization of white matter fiber pathways in the intact brain. This method demonstrates increased connectivity in fusiform gyrus, intraparietal sulcus and frontal cortex in grapheme-color synesthetes.[68] The degree of white matter connectivity in the fusiform gyrus correlates with the intensity of the synesthetic experience.
The role of meaning[edit]
Evidence has shown that concurrents in synesthesia may be operating at the level of the meaning of the stimulus (i.e. semantic representations), not at the level of the sensory inputs. For example, if presented with letter A, a synesthete would associate concurrent experiences only once the letter has been recognized and the meaning of the stimulus has been extracted. Hence, the basics for understanding synesthesia may be in the semantic structures that, uniquely for synesthetes, associate sensory-like experiences. It has been proposed that a more accurate definition of the phenomenon is within the context of ideasthesia.
Associated cognitive traits[edit]
Little is known about what, if any, cognitive traits might be associated with synesthesia. As early as 1980, Richard Cytowic first noted mild difficulties in left-right confusion, arithmetic, and sense of direction.[1] These observations await large-scale confirmation. What has been confirmed is elevated, sometimes photographic, memory.[69] It was reading Alexander Luria's 1968 book The Mind of a Mnemonist that alerted Cytowic to the link between synesthesia and enhanced memory: Luria's subject had a 5-fold synesthesia that gave him extra hooks on which to hang and remember numerous facts.
Autism and epilepsy occur with synesthesia more often than chance predicts. Daniel Tammet, the savant who set a European record for reciting the digits of pi, has all three conditions indicating that they might share an underlying genetic cause. Synesthesia has so far been linked to a region on chromosome 2 that is associated with autism and epilepsy.[56]
Synesthetes are likely to participate in creative activities.[24][70][71] Individual development of perceptual and cognitive skills, and one's cultural environment likely determine the variety in awareness and practical use of synesthetic skills[18][27] These are major topics of ongoing research.
Links with other areas of study[edit]
Researchers study synesthesia raising questions such as how the brain combines information from different sensory modalities, referred to as crossmodal perception and multisensory integration.
An example of this is the bouba/kiki effect. In an experiment first designed by Wolfgang Köhler, people are asked to choose which of two shapes is named bouba and which kiki. 95% to 98% of people choose kiki for the angular shape and bouba for the rounded one. Individuals on the island of Tenerife showed a similar preference between shapes called takete and maluma. Even 2.5 year-old children (too young to read) show this effect.[72]
Ramachandran and Hubbard suggest the kiki/bouba effect has implications for the evolution of language, because the naming of objects is not completely arbitrary.[35] The rounded shape may intuitively be named bouba because the mouth makes a more rounded shape to produce that sound, while a more taut, angular mouth shape is needed to articulate kiki. The sound of K is also harder and more forceful than that of B. Such "synesthesia-like mappings" suggest that this effect might be the neurological basis for sound symbolism, in which sounds are non-arbitrarily mapped to objects and actions in the world.
Given synesthetes' extraordinary conscious experiences, researchers hope that their study will provide better understanding of consciousness and its neural correlates, meaning what the brain mechanisms that make us conscious might be. In particular, synesthesia might be relevant to the philosophical problem of qualia,[4][35][73] given that synesthetes experience extra qualia (e.g., a colored sound).
Artistic investigations[edit]
The word "synesthesia" has been used for 300 years to describe very different things, from poetry and metaphor to deliberately contrived mixed-media applications such as son et lumière shows or odorama. It is crucial[why?] to separate artists using synesthesia as an intellectual idea—pseudo-synesthetes such as Georgia O'Keeffe who used such titles as "Music-Pink and Blue"—from those who had the genuine perceptual variety, such as Wassily Kandinsky or Olivier Messiaen.
Synesthetic art historically refers to multi-sensory experiments in the genres of visual music, music visualization, audiovisual art, abstract film, and intermedia.[16][20][74][75][76][77] Distinct from neuroscience, the concept of synesthesia in the arts is regarded as the simultaneous perception of multiple stimuli in one gestalt experience.[78] Only recently can science verify and study synesthesia in artists; for deceased artists, one must interpret (auto)biographical information.
Synesthetic art can refer to either art created by synesthetes or art that attempts to convey the synesthetic experience. It is an attempt to understand the relation between the experiences of born synesthetes, non-synesthetes, and an appreciation of such art by both groups. These distinctions are not mutually exclusive given that art by a synesthete might also evoke synesthesia-like experiences in the viewer.
Contemporary synesthetic artists such as Carol Steen[79] and Marcia Smilack[80] (a synesthetic photographer who waits until she gets a synesthetic response from what she sees, and then takes the picture,) have described in detail how they use their synesthesia to create their artworks. They demonstrate the complex interplay between personal experience and artistic creation.
Synesthesia has been a source of inspiration for artists, composers, poets, novelists, and digital artists. Nabokov writes explicitly about synesthesia in several novels. Kandinsky (a synesthete) and Mondrian (not a synesthete) both experimented with image-music correspondences in their paintings. Scriabin composed color music that was deliberately contrived and based on the circle of fifths, whereas Messiaen invented a new method of composition (the modes of limited transposition) to specifically render his bi-directional sound-color synesthesia. For example, the red rocks of Bryce Canyon are depicted in his symphony Des canyons aux étoiles ("From the Canyons to the Stars"). New art movements such as literary symbolism, non-figurative art, and visual music have profited from experiments with synesthetic perception and contributed to the public awareness of synesthetic and multi-sensory ways of perceiving.[16]
Literary depictions[edit]
Synesthesia is sometimes used as a plot device or way of developing a character's inner life. Author and synesthete Pat Duffy describes five ways in which synesthetic characters have been used in modern fiction.[81][82]
- Synesthesia as romantic ideal: in which the condition illustrates the Romantic ideal of transcending one's experience of the world. Books in this category include The Gift by Vladimir Nabokov.
- Synesthesia as pathology: in which the trait is pathological. Books in this category include The Whole World Over by Julia Glass.
- Synesthesia as romantic pathology: in which synesthesia is pathological but also provides an avenue to the Romantic ideal of transcending quotidian experience. Books in this category include Holly Payne's The Sound of Blue.
- Synesthesia as psychological health and balance: Painting Ruby Tuesday by Jane Yardley, and A Mango-Shaped Space by Wendy Mass.
- Synesthesia as young adult literature and science fiction: Ultraviolet by R.J. Anderson
Many literary depictions of synesthesia are not accurate. Some say more about an author's interpretation of synesthesia than the phenomenon itself.
People with synesthesia[edit]
Determining synesthesia from the historical record is fraught with error unless (auto)biographical sources explicitly give convincing details.
Famous synesthetes include David Hockney, who perceives music as color, shape, and configuration, and who uses these perceptions when painting opera stage sets but not while creating his other artworks. Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky combined four senses: color, hearing, touch, and smell.[1][3] Vladimir Nabokov describes his grapheme-color synesthesia at length in his autobiography, Speak, Memory, and portrays it in some of his characters.[83] Composers include Duke Ellington,[84] Franz Liszt,[85] Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov,[86] and Olivier Messiaen, whose three types of complex colors are rendered explicitly in musical chord structures that he invented.[3][87] Physicist Richard Feynman describes his colored equations in his autobiography, What Do You Care What Other People Think?[88]
Other notable synesthetes include musicians Billy Joel,[89]p. 89, 91 Itzhak Perlman,[89]p. 53 Ida Maria,[90] Brian Chase[91][92] and Patrick Stump; actress Stephanie Carswell (credited as Stéphanie Montreux); inventor Nikola Tesla;[93] electronic musician Richard D. James aka Aphex Twin (who claims to be inspired by lucid dreams as well as music); and classical pianist Hélène Grimaud. Although it has not been verified, Pharrell Williams, of the groups The Neptunes and N.E.R.D., claims to experience synesthesia,[94] and to have used it as the basis of the album Seeing Sounds. Singer/songwriter Marina and the Diamonds experiences music → color synesthesia, and reports colored days of the week.[95]
Some artists frequently mentioned as synesthetes did not in fact have the condition. Alexander Scriabin's 1911 Prometheus, for example, is a deliberate contrivance whose color choices are based on the circle of fifths and appear to have been taken from Madame Blavatsky.[3][96] The musical score has a separate staff marked luce whose "notes" are played on a color organ. Technical reviews appear in period volumes of Scientific American.[3] On the other hand, his older colleague Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (who was perceived as a fairly conservative composer) was in fact a synesthete.[97]
French poets Arthur Rimbaud and Charles Baudelaire wrote of synesthetic experience but there is no evidence they were synesthetes themselves. Baudelaire's 1857 Correspondances (text available here) introduced the notion that the senses can and should intermingle. Baudelaire participated in a hashish experiment by psychiatrist Jacques-Joseph Moreau, and became interested in how the senses might correspond.[16] Rimbaud later wrote Voyelles (1871) (text available here), which was perhaps more important than Correspondances in popularizing synesthesia, although he later boasted "J'inventais la couleur des voyelles!" (I invented the colors of the vowels!).
In addition to being a natural mimic and polyglot, the lauded Cartoon Network voice actor Brian Hamilton is a self-described synesthete.[citation needed]
Daniel Tammet wrote a book on his experiences with synesthesia, called Born on a Blue Day.[98]
Joanne Harris, author of Chocolat, is a synesthete who says she experiences colours as scents.[99] Her novel Blueeyedboy features various aspects of synesthesia.
Sean Day, synesthete and the President of the American Synesthesia Association, maintains a list of famous synesthetes, pseudosynesthetes, and non-synesthetes who used synesthesia in their art or music.
See also[edit]
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- ^ Quoted from an anonymous article in the Neuen Berliner Musikzeitung (29 August 1895); quoted in Mahling, Friedrich. 1926. "Das Problem der 'Audition colorée: Eine historische-kritische Untersuchung." Archiv für die Gesamte Psychologie; LVII Band. Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft M.B.H. Pp. 165–301. Page 230. Translation by Sean A. Day.
- ^ according to the Russian press: Yastrebtsev V. "On N.A.Rimsky-Korsakov's color sound- contemplation." Russkaya muzykalnaya gazeta, 1908, N 39–40, p. 842–845 (in Russian), cited by Bulat Galeyev (1999).
- ^ see Samuel, Claude. 1994 (1986). Olivier Messiaen: Music and Color. Conversations with Claude Samuel. Translated by E. Thomas Glasow. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press.
- ^ Feynman, Richard. 1988. What Do You Care What Other People Think? New York: Norton. P. 59.
- ^ a b Seaberg, M. (2011). Tasting the Universe. New Page Books. ISBN 978-1-60163-159-6.
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- ^ Tesla, Nikola. "The Strange Life of Nikola Tesla". pitt.edu. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
- ^ It just always stuck out in my mind, and I could always see it. I don't know if that makes sense, but I could always visualize what I was hearing... Yeah, it was always like weird colors." From a Nightline interview with Pharrell
- ^ Loose Women | Marina and the Diamonds – ITV Lifestyle ITV – 27 April 2010 – Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ Dann, Kevin T. (1998). Bright colors falsely seen: synaesthesia and the search for transcendental knowledge. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-06619-8.
- ^ This is according to an article in the Russian press, Yastrebtsev V. "On N.A.Rimsky-Korsakov's color sound- contemplation." Russkaya muzykalnaya gazeta, 1908, N 39-40, pp. 842–845 (in Russian), cited by Bulat Galeyev (1999).
- ^ Tammet, Daniel (2007). Born on a Blue Day. Free Press. ISBN 978-1416535072.
- ^ "Chocolat author Joanne Harris talks about her latest novel Blue Eyed Boy". Metro. 7 Apr 2010.
Further reading[edit]
- Baron-Cohen, S. and Harrison, J. (Eds., 1997). Synaesthesia: Classic and Contemporary Readings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-19764-8.
- Bosch, P. (2007) The Name of This Book is Secret Little, Brown Young Readers. ISBN 978-0-316-11366-3.
- Córdoba M.J. de, Hubbard E.M., Riccò D., Day S.A. (2009). III Congreso Internacional de sinestesia, Ciencia y Arte, 26-29 de abril, Parque de las Ciencias de Granada, Ediciones Fundación Internacional Artecittà, Edición Digital interactiva, Imprenta del Carmen. Granada. ISBN 978-84-613-0289-5
- Córdoba M.J. de, Riccò D. (et al., 2012), Sinestesia. Los fundamentos teóricos, artísticos y científicos, Ediciones Fundación Internacional Artecittà, Granada. ISBN 978-84-939054-1-5
- Campen, Cretien van. (2007) The Hidden Sense. Synesthesia in Art and Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Leonardo Books. ISBN 0-262-22081-4
- Cytowic, R.E. (2003)The Man Who Tasted Shapes. Cambridge: MIT Press ISBN 978-0-907845-43-0.
- Cytowic, R.E. (2002) Synesthesia: A Union of The Senses, second edition. Cambridge: MIT Press ISBN 978-0-262-03296-4.
- Cytowic, R.E. & Eagleman, D.M. (2009) Wednesday is Indigo Blue: Discovering the Brain of Synesthesia, with an afterword by Dmitri Nabokov. Cambridge: MIT Press ISBN 978-0-262-01279-9.
- Dann, K. (1998). Bright Colors Falsely Seen. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-300-06619-8.
- Duffy, P. L. (2001). Blue Cats and Chartreuse Kittens: How Synesthetes Color their Worlds. New York: Henry Holt & Company. ISBN 0-7167-4088-5.
- Harrison, J. (2001). Synaesthesia: The Strangest Thing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-263245-0.
- Jay, C. (2009) Breathing in Colour. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-7499-2978-7.
- Marks L.E. (1978), The Unity of the Senses. Interrelations among the modalities, Academic Press, New York.
- Riccò D. (1999), Sinestesie per il design. Le interazioni sensoriali nell'epoca dei multimedia, Etas, Milano.
- Riccò D. (2008) Sentire il design. Sinestesie nel progetto di comunicazione, Carocci, Roma.
- Robertson, L. and Sagiv, N. (Eds., 2005). Synesthesia: Perspectives from Cognitive Neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516623-X.
- Tammet, D. (2006) Born on a Blue Day: A Memoir of Aspergers and an Extraordinary Mind. Hodder & Stoughton Ltd. ISBN 978-0-340-89974-8.
- Tornitore T. (1986) Storia delle sinestesie. Le origini dell'audizione colorata, Genova.
- Tornitore T. (1988) Scambi di sensi. Preistoria delle sinestesie, Centro Scientifico Torinese, Torino.
- Mass, W. (2003) A Mango-Shaped Space. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-52388-7
- Ward, J. (2008) The Frog who croaked Blue: Synesthesia and the Mixing of the Senses. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-43014-2.
External links[edit]
- TED talk: "I listen to color"
- Synesthesia: What it is and how to diagnose it.
- TED Blog, including video links to V. S. Ramachandran's TED talk.
- Cytowic's video lecture at the Smithsonian's Hirshhorn Museum Visual Music exhibit. Four-part YouTube version [2].
- Scientific American article Hearing Colors, Tasting Shapes (PDF version) by Ramachandran & Hubbard, May 2003.
- Sinestesie.it (Politecnico di Milano University), including a list publications.
- Campen, Cretien van (2009), The Hidden Sense: On Becoming Aware of Synesthesia, TECCOGS, vol. 1, pp. 1–13.
- Synaisthesis Publishers, a Luxembourgish publishing house with focus on synaesthesia
- Red Mondays and Gemstone Jalapeños: The Synesthetic World a documentary short featuring, featuring David Eagleman and four synesthetes, from ResearchChannel.
- Lawrence Marks, a pioneering synesthesia researcher, interviewed by Anton Dorso
- Danis, Alex. "Grapheme → colour synesthesia". Numberphile. Brady Haran.
- Mailman, Joshua B. "Improvising Synesthesia: Comprovisation of Generative Graphics and Music" in Leonardo Electronic Almanac v.19 no.3, Live Visuals, 2013, pp.352-84.
Scientific resources[edit]
- Richard E. Cytowic Downloads, videos, and information.
- David Eagleman's Synesthesia Battery: tests for synesthesia.
- Houston synesthesia study
- Synesthetics by Cretien van Campen Artistic and scientific experiments, historical background.
- Synaesthesia Research Group at the University of Sussex Information and article links.
- Synesthesia in Art and Science Bibliography compiled by Cretien van Campen for Leonardo/ISAST
- Blue Cats Resource Center by Patricia Lynne Duffy
Synesthesia associations[edit]
- American Synesthesia Association
- Australian Synaesthesia Association
- Belgian Synesthesia Association
- UK Synaesthesia Association
- synaesthesia.com: international synaesthesia community (synaesthesia-tests, workshops, Infos)
- Russian Synaesthesia Web-community
- Italian Synaesthesia web portal - community
- The Synesthesia Association at Berkeley


text:
Morgan Collett, Josh Rosen, and Colin Tunstall, the trio behind Saturdays Surf NYC, let GQ in on the essential items they couldn't live without. Check it out here.
Food + Travel
- Chart: The Family Tree of Bourbon Whiskey
- Recipe: Semi-Summer Salad - Chef Jeff Taibe of Oak + Almond
- The Great Franco-Italian Pasta Experiment
- How to Pick from an Overpriced Restaurant Wine List
- Alan Richman: At Estela, An Extraordinary Chef and What Could Be the Steak Dish of the Century (So Far)
- Alan Richman: ZZ's, the Most Expensive 58 Minutes in New York Dining


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(based on 3 reviews)
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Nice hostess gift or stocking stuffer.
By Ms. B
from Canada
Best Uses
Comments about Personalized Wings & Blossoms Calendar Towel:
I have purchased a few of these calendars as gifts over the years for a few of the ladies in our family. They hang up easily on your pantry door to use as a calendar, and wash up for use as a tea towel after the fact. The type-font printed on the towel is quite crisp and fairly large, so it is easy to read. The colours are vibrant and pleasant without being gawdy and loud. Nice for the kitchen!
(2 of 4 customers found this review helpful)
Incorrect Grammar
By grandma grammar
from Louisiana
It should say "its" and not "it's".
(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
Unhappy that calendar is not in paper en
By Brenda
from Farmington Hill MI
About Me Practical
I enjoy giving these calendars as gifts. They used to come in a paper envelope. What happened??


text:
free november desktop :o)
Saturday, October 30, 2010
hey guys :o) SP here with a super QUICK post to share our FREE november DESKTOP ! i had a lot of fun working on this one…it has a beautiful and rich fall theme :o) pretty much everything is from the free PLENTIFUL kit (I added in a few items from Autumn Medley and Bountiful, too)! I hope you guys enjoy it…
CLICK HERE to download the 1024 x 768 version
CLICK HERE to download the 1280 x 800 version
have a WONDERFUL weekend and a super HAPPY (and safe) Halloween! We'll see you back here on Monday with a new LOTW!


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Law School Admissions Consulting Services
Get Expert Advice from Law School Admissions Professionals
Kaplan offers the most experienced team of law school admissions consultants available. Most have served on admissions committees—many at the top law schools—and they bring really cogent insight into the admissions decision-making process.
In addition' most have their J.D.'s' so they are especially attuned to your needs and understand your school and career goals. They'll work with you to build the best application package possible—one that positions you well for acceptance. They'll guide and advise you—and most importantly be a big part of your cheering section.
Consulting with Kaplan since: 2004
Education: MA from Michigan State University Background: Former Assistant Director of Pre-Law and Graduate School Advising at Brandeis University With over 12 years experience of law school advising, Barb has assisted individuals from around the world with their applications to law school in both the United States and Canada. She has had clients accepted to all of the top ten law schools but is just as proud to say that she has helped hundreds of clients figure out the best law school for them. Barb was the Assistant Director for Pre-Law and Graduate School Advising at Brandeis University for four years where in addition to advising, she created and presented to hundreds of students on the application process and organized a law school and graduate school fair. She was trained and certified by NAPLA (The Northeast Association of Pre-Law Advisors). Prior to that, Barb worked in residence life at both Boston College and Florida State University. She earned both her undergraduate and graduate degrees from Michigan State University - master's degree is in Higher Education Administration and bachelor's in Political Theory and Constitutional Democracy with a minor in Psychology. When not working with future law students, Barb enjoys spending time with her family at the beach. Brenda
Consulting with Kaplan since: 1999
Education: JD from NYU, BA in English from Yale Background: Former JD Career Advisor, University of Wisconsin Law School Brenda has been with Kaplan's Law School Admissions Consulting Program since its inception and has helped clients gain acceptance to nearly every law school in the United States and Canada. She obtained her J.D. from NYU and practiced public interest law in New York City for ten years. She then moved to Madison, Wisconsin where she founded a writing and editing business, The Essay Expert LLC. Brenda worked as a J.D. Career Advisor at the University of Wisconsin Law School for one year before devoting herself fully to The Essay Expert and Kaplan. Helaine, 2008 Law Consultant of the Year
Consulting with Kaplan since: 2005
Education: JD from Boston University School of Law Background: Deputy General Counsel, New York City Office of Administrative Trials and Hearings Helaine is currently employed as the Deputy General Counsel for the New York City Office of Administrative Trials and Hearings (OATH). OATH oversees four New York City Administrative Tribunals--the OATH Tribunal, the Environmental Control Board (ECB), the Health Tribunal and the Taxi and Limousine Tribunal. Much of Helaine's time is spent training Administrative Law Judges and Hearing Officers. She also acts as Legal Director to the ECB, a thirteen member body that employs hearing officers who hear and decide approximately 250,000 notices of violation per year. Prior to becoming Deputy General Counsel, Helaine was employed as a managing attorney and as a hearing officer for ECB's Brooklyn office where she supervised and reviewed the decisions of a staff of forty attorneys. She also heard and decided cases that had a substantial impact on the quality of life in New York. Jesse, 2007 National Consultant of the Year
Consulting with Kaplan since: 1997
Education: MA & PhD from Princeton University Background: Has advised more than 1,500 graduate school applicants, one-on-one, worldwide Jesse R. Borges is Senior Graduate Admissions Consultant and Trainer with Kaplan. He begins his twenty-second year in the field of educational / professional advancement and 16th with Kaplan having personally advised more than 1,500 applicants of widely varying racial, ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds, from every geographic region of the U.S. and the world. In the process, he's helped applicants secure admission to nearly every ABA-approved school in North America, including the top ten law schools, as well as most schools in Canada. Jesse not only has extensive experience with JD, Transfer and LLM applicants, but also joint degree applicants. Indeed, his primary field of expertise covers not just admission to law school, but also business school, public policy, international affairs, health, social science, health and humanities programs, as well as a range of additional professional schools. Kathy
Consulting with Kaplan since: 2005
Education: Master's from San Francisco State University Background: Associate Director, Pre-Law Advisor, Stanford University Kathy has worked with university and post-university students for over 35 years at Stanford University where she serves as Associate Director of Undergraduate Advising and research. She enjoys working as the primary pre law advisor at Stanford University, and has served in that capacity for the past 25 years. Kathy has also served as the past president of the Pacific Coast Association of Pre Law Advisors (PCAPLA); and as a past member of the Pre Law Advisors National Council (PLANC); and as member of the PLANC National Conference planning committee. Michelle, 2006 and 2008 Consultant of the Year
Consulting with Kaplan since: 1997
Education: BSL and JD from Glendale University College of Law Michelle is a law school graduate having earned BSL and JD degrees from Glendale University College of Law. She worked in personal injury plaintiff/defense firms in LA and Beverly Hills before moving to Hawaii where she is a published writer and former successful real estate agent. She is especially helpful with the essay, Resume, diversity statement portions of the application. Her calm and nurturing manner make the application process easier. She is currently enhancing her admissions consulting skills through training to become a motivational coach. She specializes in working with clients who come from unique backgrounds and circumstances, and many of those she works with receive multiple acceptances, including to their dream schools. Tani
Consulting with Kaplan since: 2004
Education: MBA, Harvard; BA Middlebury College Background: 30+ years in marketing and strategy for organizations ranging from start-ups to Fortune 500 companies Applying to law school can be exciting, frustrating and more than a little scary. Am I applying to the right schools? Is my personal statement strong? Is my LSAT score high enough? As a Kaplan Admissions Consultant and teacher (I have taught LSAT, GMAT, GRE, ACT, SAT and more) over the last nine years, Tani has successfully guided hundreds of students through Kaplan's LSAT course, helping them build that all-important aspect of their quest for law school admissions. On the business school side, she has helped several hundred students gain admission to the top business schools in the world. She can help you answer the hundreds of questions you are dealing with during this stressful time. |
Bill, Consultant of the Year Recipient
Consulting with Kaplan since: 2000
Education: Master's from Hunter College (CUNY) Background: Former Pre-Law Advisor and Associate Director of Career Services at Princeton For the past 12 years, Bill has been one of Kaplan's most active and requested consultants and has helped hundreds of Kaplan clients successfully thread their way through the application maze. As Bill likes to say, the process is not so much difficult as it is detailed, so he makes sure all clients get those details right. He is particularly good at reducing the "challenging" (dreaded?) law school personal statement into entirely manageable bite-sized pieces. Bill says he enjoys working with every one of his clients including applicants targeting the ultra-competitive national schools to others looking at strong regional law schools. Graham
Consulting with Kaplan since: 1997
Education: JD from Vanderbilt Law School Background: Law School Assistant Dean Graham has counseled law students and applicants for 18 years at the largest law school in the West, where he learned the admissions process from the inside. He is an expert on the legal job market and helps applicants mute the noise of law school rankings and surveys so they can select the right schools for their targeted markets. This combined understanding of admissions and the job market has been valuable for clients choosing the right schools. His clients have gained admission to such elite schools as Berkeley, Chicago, Cornell, NYU, Georgetown as well as UCLA, USC, Loyola Law School (LA); Hastings, William and Mary, Miami, Tulane; Seton Hall, NY Law and others. Joy
Consulting with Kaplan since: 2003
Education: Master of Arts from Spertus College Background: Former Director of Admissions, Chicago-Kent Prior to entering the nonprofit industry as a fundraiser, Joy was Director of Admissions at Chicago-Kent College of Law. Her responsibilities included serving on the Admissions Committee, reviewing applications and recommending candidates for acceptance, deferral, or denial; recruiting prospective students at law forums and undergraduate pre-law days throughout the country; providing counseling to law school applicants regarding school policies and procedures, the application process, and other related concerns; and evaluating and selecting scholarship recipients. Joy's in-depth insider's perspective serves her Kaplan clients well; she knows what admissions officers are looking for and assists her clients to position themselves in the best light possible. Laura
Years consulting with Kaplan: 5
Education: JD from Boston College Law School Background: Former Admissions committee member, Boston College Law School Laura brings diverse and extensive experience to law school admissions consulting. She worked as a construction litigator in the private and public sectors, and sat on the admissions committee at Boston College Law School. Sitting on the other side of the fence gave her a firsthand view of the admissions process as she reviewed thousands of applications reflecting a wide diversity of candidate profiles. These and other experiences have allowed her to develop an ability to effectively counsel law school applicants. Loren
Consulting with Kaplan since: 2004
Education: JD from University of Kansas Background: Assistant General Counsel, Department of Mental Health During Loren's nineteen years with Kaplan, the last nine of which have focused exclusively on law school admissions consulting, he has helped thousands of students achieve their dream of going to law school. His clients have been admitted to schools as diverse as Harvard, Columbia, Duke, Georgetown, University of Kansas, University of Missouri, and University of Missouri - Kansas City. A licensed attorney since 1993, Loren studied law at the University of Kansas, where he was a Rice Scholar (a distinction which provided him a full scholarship). Ricky
Consulting with Kaplan since: 2002
Education: JD from the University of Minnesota Law School Background: Assistant Attorney General, Illinois and Texas Richard (Ricky) begins his second decade helping students earn acceptance to a national array of law schools on behalf of Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions. As a University of Minnesota Law School graduate and an attorney in multiple jurisdictions (including service as Assistant Attorney General for the States of Texas and Illinois, Assistant Legislative Counsel for the State of Oregon, and Legal Counsel for the Aurora Colorado Public Schools), he worked and continues to enjoy relationships with an impressive list of law school admissions deans and committee members. He is a regularly invited guest to join law school deans to lend his expertise on national admissions panels. He most recently moderated a law school admissions consortium at the Sam Houston State University attended by the leading Texas law schools. |


text: Oh, boy, skating pig-out! I plan to watch them one after the other. But I couldn't wait and watched Grishuk and Platov dancing Libertango, a favorite piece of mine. Thanks so much, Andante; I finally "get" G and P. What a masterful tango. Their skating equivalent of the flick movement is amazingly done, and their unison is remarkable.


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Gwyneth Bolton
Amazon.com Author
has 751 followers and is following 721 people
Gwyneth Bolton was born and raised in Paterson, New Jersey. She currently lives in Syracuse, New York with her husband Cedric. When she was 12-years-old, she became an avid reader of romance by sneaking her mother's stash of Harlequin and Silhouette novels. In the 90s, she was introduced to African American and multicultural romance novels and...
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- Syracuse, NY, USA
- member since July 19, 2007


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FidelityVoice: Back To Basics
Emerging markets are a potential boon for stocks in the consumer staples sector.
Fidelity Contributor@FidelityEmerging markets are a potential boon for stocks in the consumer staples sector.
Fidelity Contributor@FidelityDouble-tax-free funds have been boosting yield with debt from shaky Puerto Rico.
William Baldwin, Forbes StaffMany investors see retirement as the goal line, the point after which you can coast along on your portfolio with little worry, no retirement investment mistakes ahead to make. read »
There are two kinds of investors in the world: Hands-on and hands-off. Investment management either requires daily attention from an experienced manager — or it doesn't. read »
DFA is often noted for the cultish attraction financial advisors have for its products but there are plenty of other reasons to pay attention to this mutual fund company. read »
Maury Fertig, CPA, Co-founder and Chief Investment Officer, Relative Value Partners LLC read »
Ralf Scherschmidt is cleaning up by poking holes in the efficient markets hypothesis. read »
The age-old saying is that "If Santa Claus should fail to call, bears may come to Broad and Wall." read »
Puerto Rico is way beyond the point of no return: it should default now read »
A look at some of the safest to the scariest sovereign bonds in the world as measured by their risk of default. The following country's bonds credit default[...]
Gundlach discusses one Black Friday stock you should probably avoid. read »


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Private Townhome with All Bills Paid including Cable. No Hook Up Fees! Beautifully maintained grounds and landscaping. Private Community Pool. Full Sized Washer/Dryer included as well as Refrigerator with Ice Maker. Two Master Ensuites; each bedroom has its own full bath with tub and shower. Powder Room on Main Floor. Huge Closets! Alarm System can be activated at Resident's expense. Personal Double Carport behind large Private Patio. Available Now ~ Contact me today! 832.203.5036 AGENT
Dec 10 - Houston
very nice doublewide mobile home in magnolia school district.Access to private fishing pond. maximum of 2 Spayed or neutered pets ok.House has 3 bedrooms,2 baths and 2 car carport.Garbage,sewer and water included in rent.Deposit of 850.00 and 1st month rent of 850.00 required.Telephone # 281-356-3511
Dec 10 - Magnolia
Step into this beautiful open concept floor plan foyer with leaded glass front door leads to dining area that flows to the huge living area and also opens to the island kitchen with Stainless Steel appliances, tile flooring and high ceilings. Tons of big double paned windows make this home light and bright. Relax in your master suite with double sinks; soak away the days stress in your garden tub. Split plan with study and three more bedrooms. Washer, dryer and refrigerator stay. Desirable Cy-Fair ...
Dec 9 - Houston
Beautiful updated home on quiet cul-de-sac. New wood flooring throughout first floor, freshly painted, new bath fixtures, owner replacing all windows, new washer, dryer and refrigerator. Spacious open floor plan with tons of natural lighting. Two living areas one can be used as game room or study. Nice big back yard with newly covered back patio for plenty of fun and relaxation.
Dec 9 - Katy
House in the Country for Rent. Great Huffman schools! Free Water with paid rent. Must have references. Deposit of 700.00 and first months rent of $700.00 due at signing of lease. Large 3 bedroom ranch style house. 1 bathroom. Open concept kitchen, dining, and living room. Central Air. Contact owner if you are interested. Great features: Large front and back yard, front covered porch, back covered porch, down the street (walking distance) from Lake Houston river...that gives access to ...
Dec 6 - Huffman
Located just off FM 1960 @ T.C. Jester, in the Gated Community of the Villas at Northpark. Approximately 1,423 sq. feet of living space, newer home (first lived-in in 2004), available for immediate occupancy. This semi-detached halfplex has a fully fenced backyard and a common wall with the neighbor. Designed with easy living in mind - its three bedrooms are perfect for the family on the go. All appliances included. The openness of the family room (featuring newly installed tile floor), dining room ...
Dec 5 - Houston
Located just off FM 1960 @ T.C. Jester, in the Gated Community of the Villas at Northpark. Approximately 1,599 sq. feet of living space, newer home (first lived-in in December 2004, and fully remodeled in November 2013), available for immediate move-in. This semi-detached home has a fully fenced backyard and a common wall with the neighbor. Brand new appliances included. New wood floor in the living room. New carpet upstairs. All bedrooms upstairs. Master Suite features a large walk-in closet and ...
Dec 5 - Houston
Beautiful 2 bed 1 bath. Just remodeled! Great school's , Conroe ISD. New flooring thru out, new fridge with ice maker, new electric stove w/ self clean oven, new lighting, all new windows, new doors on bedrooms, new hot water tank, central a/c and heat. This is a small friendly mobile home park. Everyone looks out for each other. situated on 4 acres of land, your children can play without a worry of them going in the road , or playing in the yard. the beautiful large covered deck offers you the ...
Dec 5 - Conroe
Located off of 1484, Conroe ISD , This Beautiful 4 bedroom 2 full baths, has been totally remodeled, New Fridge w/ icemaker, New top of the line Dishwasher, New self cleaning digital oven, New rugs and flooring thru out, New Shower,New Electric, New Plumbing, New Central A/C and Heat, Great kitchen with plenty of cabinets and counter space, This Beautiful 4 Bed 2 Full Baths , Has Been totally remodeled, Wash room with washer and dryer hook ups. Spacious Master bedroom with Master bath , and GARDEN ...
Dec 5 - Conroe
This beautiful spacious 5th wheel is completely furnished. ATTENTION THIS UNIT CAN BE PAID FOR BY THE MONTH OR WEEK! All bills paid; water, sewer, trash, terminix pest service, electric, basic cable, lawn care. EXCELLENT SCHOOLS. CONROE ISD. this would be the ideal set up for a single person or a couple with 1 child. their is central a/c, double door fridge with ice maker, micro wave, double sink with sprayer, stove with oven, couch with pull out queen size bed, rocker recliner, table with 4 chairs, ...
Dec 5 - Conroe
Formal Living and Dining Room. Study with French Doors. Tile in all wet areas. Spacious family room with gorgeous brick fireplace. Bright sunny kitchen w/ updated appliances, island and walk-in pantry. Huge Master bedroom up with a sitting area and large private bath. Master bath has double sinks, a separate tub and shower and a walk-in closet. Large secondary bedrooms each have ceiling fans and HUGE closets. Large cul-de-sac lot w/ a storage shed in the back. New int/ ext paint. You can find more ...
Dec 5 - Pearland
BAD CREDIT OK. Must have good job.5 beds, 4 full baths, guest bedroom down with full bath, formal living,formal dining,family with fire place,kitchen with island kitchen and granite counter tops, built in oven and appliances. Master bedroom up with large baths rooms, gameroom and media room is up. New interior and exterior paint, carpet installed June,2010. A must see home, near lake,school and tennis court. You would love the location of this home
Dec 4 - Sugar Land
3/4 Bedroom 2 Bathroom Located In the Rushwood Subdivision in North Houston! Amazing upgrades. Home built in 1982, So if age doesn't matter and you want something NICE...this is for you! Felonies & Bad Credit Accepted!
Dec 4 - Houston
POPULAR OPEN FLOOR PLAN 2 STORY, FORMAL DINING, BREAKFAST AREA, 5 BEDROOMS 3 BATHS MINI-BLINDS,10X10 PATIO. NEW CARPET TO BE INSTALLED AT DEPOSIT ON STAIRS AND DOWNSTAIRS AREAS. For an appointment or for listings in your area. Call J Daniel @ Champions Real Estate Group Mobile:281-777-5779
Dec 4 - Cypress
!!!HUGE LAYOUT!!!LOCATED IN A NICE QUIET COUNTRY SETTING, JUST MINUTES TO TOWN CENTER, ROSENBERG, AND FIRST COLONY SHOPPING CENTERS. BIG EASY TO MAINTAIN BACKYARD. NEW PORCELINE TILE THROUGHOUT THE 1st FLOOR. 2ND FLOOR HAS BRAND-NEW HIGH QUALITY LAMINATE FLOORING. 2 INCH BLINDS ON ALL WINDOWS, LOTS OF NATURAL LIGHT, EASY ACCESS to US-59, US-90, AND TX-529 !!!COME SEE TODAY!!! For appointmets or for listings in your area, Call J Daniel a Licensed & Experienced agent TOTALMOVEIN @ Champions Real ...
Dec 4 - Rosenberg
Already a classic, recent construction, two story house, five bedrooms, three full baths, living, dining, den, central a/c and heat, garage, fenced back yard, immediate availability, thank you! For Appointments or Listngs for your area, Call J Daniel @ Champions Real Estate Group 281-777-5779 Mr.Real Estate Man!
Dec 4 - Houston
5 Large Bedrooms and Huge Back Yard! Newer Energy Efficient home in lake community with pavillion, basketball court, and more. Fresh neutral paint, new tile and wide plank walnut flooring, ready to move in! On Cul-de-sac with NO back neighbors, just trees! Schools within minutes! Close to The Woodlands, I45, Hardy Toll Road, New Kroger Shopping Center. GREAT price for newer home in Conroe School District! For appointments or Listings in your area, Call J Daniel @ Champions Real Estate Group 281 ...
Dec 4 - Spring
This particular property is located in the Sugar land/ Richmond Tx area! Available as of 1/8/2012! Call in today to receive a more up to date list for your area and price! Totalmoveintx.com (MAKE SURE YOUR DEALING WITH SOMEONE LEGIT) Javary Daniel Licensed & Expericed agent! 281-777-5779
Dec 4 - Sugar Land
This beautiful 5x2 is located in the heart of Sugar Land. Available as of 1/8/2012 Please call in for a more up to date list of properties for your area! Visit us online and start your process TOTALMOVEINTX.COM & Start Search!
Dec 4 - Sugar Land
Available as of 1/8/2012! Call today for a list of properties for your area & price! TOTALMOVEINTX.COM Call today-View today- Move tonight!
Dec 4 - Sugar Land
Available as of 1/8/2012 OVER 5000 SF! Call for an appointment or for an updated list for your area and price! Totalmoveintx.com 281-777-5779
Dec 4 - Sugar Land
"We advertise availble propeties through out the mls" Listings & Service are free! The home in the picture is an actual property, that is CURRENTLY available as of 1-8-2012! If you happen to call in after the date the posting was made, we will send you a more up to date list of homes for your area and price.
Dec 4 - Sugar Land
Move-in ready! No carpet! Tile throughout. Formal living, formal dining, breakfast room and large family room. Kitchen w/ granite counters, glass tile backsplash, stainless steel apps including gas oven, range, microwave and dishwasher. Spacious master bedroom with private bath. Double sinks and separate tub and shower. 2 additional spacious bedrooms with ceiling fans and walk-in closets. Stone tile back patio w/ walking path to gazebo. Great community zoned to Pearland schools. You can find more ...
Dec 3 - Pearland
*** Would you like a COMPLETE LIST of all of the houses that are currently on the market in your price range ................. This can be for LEASE or for SALE.I am a specialized BUYERS REPRESENTATIVE and I display typical or representative pictures of the neighborhood Heights houses.******** The SALE Prices range from approximately $300,000.00 to over $700,000.00.********* The LEASE Prices range from ...
Dec 1 - Houston


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Teaze Lounge Coupons and Deals
Tea drinks, much like baths and nightmares about drowning, are always better with a few bubbles in them. Experience the brightest side of froth with this Groupon. Choose Between Two Options $10 for five tea and coffee drinks (a $20 value) $5 for $10 worth of tea and coffee drinks Tiny balls of tapioca float at the bottom of beverages such as Thai iced tea ($3.50), pudding tapioca cream tea ($3.75), and a vanilla cappuccino ($4). See the full menu.
The Fine Print
Limit 1 offer per person; 2 additional as gifts. Limit 1 per visit. Valid at 2 locations: 1700 West Parmer Ln, Suite 210 and 9600 South IH-35, Suite B-300. Offer valid for a $20 gift card, which can be used over multiple visits.
Bubble tea, boba tea, milk pearl tea—there are many fun names for this Taiwanese phenomenon, whose expanding presence across the U.S. includes Austin's Teapioca Lounge. Fully customizable, these drinks infuse flavors of green, black, or cream milk tea (some favorites: lychee, jasmine, lavender, and almond) with two sizes of chewy tapioca balls or other "sinkers" like pineapple jelly and mango pudding. Blended ice makes your sips extra slushy, and with professional baristas behind the counter, a refreshing, made-for-you masterpiece is all that awaits (you can even return or exchange at no cost). Whatever your style, boba is meant for socializing, so grab your favorite dominoes opponent and start dreaming of Thai tea with tapioca; it's like going for coffee, only cooler (in every sense of the word).
A comforting warm cup of tea or coffee can provide a soothing respite -- but when you add in delicious tapioca flavors, your ordinary cuppa turns into a delicious new sensation worth savoring. With today's half-off deal from Teapioca Lounge, at Southpark Meadows, you pay $10 for $20 to spend on food and drink, or pay $5 for $10 to spend. Get lost in this community-minded atmosphere off South IH-35 -- good for multiple visits, this punch card will help you to enjoy a drink made with experience-enhancing tapioca balls made with a specially prepared dark brown sugar and caramel. Try a traditional tapioca cream tea made with a luscious blend of non-dairy creamer and black tea, a mango green tea, blended iced coffee, or fresh avocado smoothie as you enjoy the warm, earthy atmosphere. Stop by to tap into the complimentary Wi-Fi with a strawberry green tea or hazelnut frozen mocha in hands, and discover why so many Urbanspooners are cozying up to Teapioca Lounge.