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Viktor Yanukovych
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2012) |
Viktor Yanukovych Віктор Янукович |
4th President of Ukraine | |
Incumbent | |
Assumed office 25 February 2010 |
Prime Minister | Mykola Azarov |
Preceded by | Viktor Yushchenko |
Prime Minister of Ukraine | |
In office 4 August 2006 – 18 December 2007 |
President | Viktor Yushchenko |
Deputy | Mykola Azarov |
Preceded by | Yuriy Yekhanurov |
Succeeded by | Yulia Tymoshenko |
In office 21 November 2002 – 24 January 2005 |
President | Leonid Kuchma |
Deputy | Mykola Azarov |
Preceded by | Anatoliy Kinakh |
Succeeded by | Yulia Tymoshenko |
Governor of Donetsk | |
In office 14 May 1997 – 21 November 2002 |
Preceded by | Volodymyr Shcherban |
Succeeded by | Anatoliy Blyzniuk |
Personal details | |
Born | Viktor Fedorovych Yanukovych 9 July 1950 Yenakiieve, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union |
Political party | Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union) (Before 1991)[1] Party of Regions (2003–2010) Independent (2010–present) |
Spouse(s) | Lyudmilla Oleksandrivna |
Children | Oleksandr Viktor |
Alma mater | Donetsk National Technical University Ukrainian Academy of Foreign Trade |
Religion | Ukrainian Orthodoxy |
Signature | |
Website | Government website |
Viktor Fedorovych Yanukovych (Ukrainian: Ві́ктор Фе́дорович Януко́вич, listen (help·info); Russian: Виктор Фёдорович Янукович; born 9 July 1950) is a Ukrainian politician who has been the President of Ukraine since February 2010.
Yanukovych served as the Governor of Donetsk Oblast from 1997 to 2002. Subsequently he was Prime Minister of Ukraine from 21 November 2002 to 31 December 2004 under President Leonid Kuchma, and he was an unsuccessful candidate in the 2004 presidential election, ultimately losing to Viktor Yushchenko. Yanukovych continued to lead his party, the Party of Regions, after the 2004 election, and he served as Prime Minister for a second time from 4 August 2006 to 18 December 2007 under President Yushchenko. On 3 March 2010, Yanukovych transferred the leadership of the party to Mykola Azarov.[2][3]
Yanukovych won the most votes in the first round of the January 2010 presidential election, and faced Yulia Tymoshenko in the second round of the election.[4][5] Yanukovych won the second round of the election with 48.95% of the vote against Tymoshenko's 45.47%.[6]
- 1 Early life
- 2 Early career
- 3 Presidency
- 3.1 Consolidation of family power
- 3.2 Official actions, predictions, and policies
- 3.3 Official political positions
- 3.3.1 Infrastructure
- 3.3.2 On new alliances
- 3.3.3 Regarding the EU
- 3.3.4 Russian gas
- 3.3.5 East/West Ukraine unification
- 3.3.6 Holodomor
- 3.3.7 Russian as an official language
- 3.3.8 Domestic spending vs. debt
- 3.3.9 Modernizing energy
- 3.3.10 Corruption
- 3.3.11 Press
- 3.3.12 Religion
- 3.3.13 Misc.
- 3.3.14 Presidential powers of appointment
- 3.3.15 Reconciliation between opposing World War II factions
- 3.4 Foreign policy
- 3.5 Inauguration
- 3.6 First days
- 4 Political career: 1996–2010
- 5 Criminal convictions
- 6 Personal life
- 7 Cultural and political image
- 8 See also
- 9 Further reading
- 10 Notes
- 11 References
- 12 External links
Early life[edit]
Viktor Yanukovych was born in the village of Zhukovka near Yenakiieve in Donetsk Oblast, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union. He had a very hard childhood about which he has said: "My childhood was difficult and hungry. I grew up without my mother who died when I was two. I went around bare-footed on the streets. I had to fight for myself every day."[7] Yanukovych is not ethnically Ukrainian, but rather of Russian, Polish,[8][9] and Belarusian descent. Yanukovych is a surname of Belarusian origin;[10] Yanuk[11][12] being a derivative of the Catholic name Yan ("John").[10][13][14] His mother was a Russian nurse who died when Yanukovych was two years old, and his father was a Polish-Belarusian locomotive driver, originally from Yanuki, Vitsebsk Voblast.[15][16] By the time he was a teenager, Yanukovych had lost both his parents and was brought up by his Polish paternal grandmother, originally from Warsaw. His grandfather and great-grandparents were Lithuanian-Poles. Yanukovych has half-sisters from his father's remarriage, but has no contact with them.[17]
President Yanukovych in Warsaw 4 February 2011, speaking about Ukrainian corruption and cronyism:
"Bureaucracy and corruption are today hiding behind democratic slogans in Ukraine. The Ukrainian nation is wise and it will understand. Because a small handful of people, who have been plundering the country for 20 years is only a handful, from which the whole society, the whole state and our image in the world have been suffering. The interest of the Ukrainian nation is that the practice was put an end to... The country has to change. We need to reverse our approaches 180 degrees, and we will do it. The Ukrainian nation stimulates us to.[18]
Early career[edit]
In 1972, Yanukovych took a job as an electrician in a local bus company and later enrolled and completed a technicum course.[citation needed] In July 1974, he succeeded in enrolling into the Donetsk Polytechnic Institute with his first application. In 1976, as a second-year student, he was promoted to director of a small trucking division within the Ordzhonikidzeugol coal mining company.[19] In 1980, he graduated (by correspondence) from the institute, with a major in mechanical engineering.[citation needed] Immediately upon graduation, Yanukovych was appointed chief manager of a transportation company in Yenakiieve and admitted to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[citation needed] His appointment as the chief manager marked the start of his managerial career as a regional transport executive, a position in which he served for two decades.[7] Amongst the companies he has worked for have been: Donbasstransremont, Ukrugolpromtrans, and the complex Donetskavtotrans.[citation needed]
Consolidation of family power[edit]
By January 2013, more than half of the ministers appointed by Yanukovych were either born in the Donbas region or made some crucial part of their careers there, and Yanukovych has been criticized for "regional cronyism" for his staffing of police, judiciary, and tax services "all over Ukraine" with "Donbas people".[20] Over 46% of the budget subventions for social and economic development was allotted to the Donbas region's Donetsk Oblast and Luhansk Oblast administrations – 0.62 billion UAH ($76.2 million) versus 0.71 UAH ($87.5 million) for the rest of the country.[21]
Anders Åslund, a Swedish economist and Ukraine analyst, has described the consolidation of Ukrainian economic power in the hands of a few elite industrial tycoons, the richest and most influential of whom has become President Yanukovych's own son Oleksandr Yanukovych. While the exact distribution of wealth and precise weight of influence are difficult to gauge, two things are evident: No one has been enriched more than the younger Yanukovych, and most of the country's richest men are afraid to cross the Yanukovich family, even in cases where their own economic interests favor an economically pro-EU Ukraine and even when forced to sell their companies to the Yanukovych family at heavy discounts. One notable exception to the Yanukovych family's grip on the country's oligarchs is Petro Poroshenko, who is described as "uncommonly courageous" and whose confectionery empire is less susceptible to ruin by the tremendous power the Yanukovych family wields, strongest in the heavy industry sectors located in Yanukovych's geographic power base, the traditionally pro-Russian eastern part of Ukraine.[22]
In an overview The Ukrainian Week claimed in March 2013 that by then Yanukovych had failed to meet his 2010 election promises.[23]
Official actions, predictions, and policies[edit]
Amid controversy Ukrainian lawmakers formed a new coalition on 11 March 2010 which included Bloc Lytvyn, Communist Party of Ukraine and Party of regions that led to the Azarov Government.[24] 235 deputies from the 450-member parliament signed the coalition agreement.[25]
Downgrading uranium stock[edit]
During the 2010 Nuclear Security Summit Yanukovych announced that Ukraine would give up its 90-kilogram stock of highly enriched uranium and convert its research reactors from highly enriched to low-enriched uranium. It intends to accomplish these goals by 2012.[26]
On 21 April 2010 in Kharkiv, Yanukovych and Dmitry Medvedev, the Russian President, signed the 2010 Ukrainian–Russian Naval Base for Natural Gas treaty, whereby the Russian lease on naval facilities in Crimea would be extended beyond 2017 by 25 years with an additional 5-year renewal option (to 2042–47) in exchange for a multi-year discounted contract to provide Ukraine with Russian natural gas. This treaty was approved by both the Russian and Ukrainian parliaments (Verkhovna Rada) on 27 April 2010.[27] On 22 April Yanukovych stated he does not rule out the possibility of holding a referendum on the stationing of the Russian Black Sea Fleet in Ukraine after the necessary legislative framework is adopted for this in future. Yanukovych did plan to hold plebiscites also on other subjects.[28] Opposition members have accused Yanukovych of "selling out national interests".[29] According to Yanukovych the main priority of his foreign policy is to integrate Ukraine "into the European mainstream", while improving relations with Russia.[29] According to Yanukovych the only way out of holding the state budget deficit down, as requested by the International Monetary Fund, while protecting pensioners and minimal wages was to extend the Russian Navy lease in Crimea in exchange for cheaper natural gas.[29]
Press censorship allegation[edit]
During spring 2010 Ukrainian journalists and Reporters Without Borders complained of censorship by Yanukovych's Presidential Administration; despite statements by Yanukovych how deeply he values press freedom and that 'free, independent media that must ensure society's unimpeded access to information.'[30] Anonymous journalists stated early May 2010 that they were voluntarily tailoring their coverage so as not to offend the Yanukovych administration and the Azarov Government.[31] The Azarov Government,[32] the Presidential Administration and Yanukovych himself denied being involved with censorship.[33][34] In a press conference 12 May 2010 President Yanukovych's representative in the Verkhovna Rada Yury Miroshnychenko stated that Yanukovych is against political repression for criticism of the regime.[35]
Wish for 2022 Winter Olympics[edit]
On 27 May 2010 Yanukovych announced during a visit to Lviv that Ukraine "will start working on the official nomination of our country as the holder of the 2022 Winter Olympics in Carpathians".[36]
Vetoed new tax code[edit]
On 30 November 2010 Yanukovych vetoed a new tax code made by the Azarov Government and earlier approved by the Verkhovna Rada but protested against in rallies across Ukraine (one of the largest protests since the 2004 Orange Revolution).[37][38][39] Yanukovych signed an new Tax Code on 3 December 2010.[40]
Public sector reform[edit]
Yanukovych set in motion a set of administrative reform with the aim to reduce the number of civil servants in Ukraine early December 2010.[41][42][43] According to Yanukovych this is part of a "course of reforms aimed at deep and comprehensive modernization of Ukraine".[44] One of the planned reforms is decentralization.[45] The fight against corruption is also a spearhead in his domestic policies.[18][46][47] He also promised reforms on 21 directions in 2011.[18]
Controlled democracy[edit]
President Yanukovych and the Party of Regions have been accused of trying to create a "controlled democracy" in Ukraine and as a means to this are trying to "destroy" main opposition party BYuT, but both have denied these charges.[48][49][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58] One frequently cited example of Yankukovych's attempts to centralize power is the 2011 sentencing of Yulia Tymoshenko, which has been condemned by Western governments as potentially being politically motivated.[59][60] Other high-profile political opponents currently under criminal investigation include Leonid Kuchma,[61] Bogdan Danilishin, Igor Didenko,[62] Anatoliy Makarenko,[63] and Valeriy Ivaschenko.[64] According to Yanukovych (on 4 February 2011) "many lies told and attempts made to misinform the international community and ordinary people in Ukraine about the true state of affairs in the country"; he also stated "a crushing blow delivered under his rule to corruption and bureaucracy has been met with resistance".[18] He did state in February 2012 the trial of Tymoshenko and other former officials "didn't meet European standards and principles".[65]
Chernobyl workers' benefits cut[edit]
Social benefit cuts for Chernobyl rescue workers, small business owners and veterans of the Soviet war in Afghanistan caused fierce protests in Kiev in October/November 2011 by several thousand protesters.[66][67]
2011-2012 predictions[edit]
In early November 2011, Yankukovych claimed that "arms are being bought in the country and armed attacks on government agencies are being prepared."[67] These claims were met with disbelief.[67]
For 2012 he predicted "social standards will continue to grow" and "improvement of administrative services system will continue".[68][69][70] Yanukovich announced $2 billion worth of pension and other welfare increases on 7 March 2012.[71][72][73]
In May 2012 Yanukovych set up the Constitutional Assembly of Ukraine; a special auxiliary agency under the President for drawing up bills of amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine; the President then can table them in parliament.[74]
Official political positions[edit]
"The new modernization strategy sets a number of basic priorities, first of all, the creation of a modern competitive state, the substantial characteristics of which are the supremacy of law and a developed legal culture, a balanced representative democracy, strong self-government, and disciplined and mobile state management.
The second priority is the humanization of development, which means increasing social investments in human capital and the formation of a modern life sustenance infrastructure.
On new alliances
The organization of the modernization of the education and healthcare systems, an increase of social standards, the creation of a culture of the creative use of spare time and the development of national cultural industries are defined as the top priorities of the reforms."
Yanukovych has said, "Ukraine's integration with the EU remains our strategic aim", with a "balanced policy, which will protect our national interests both on our eastern border – I mean with Russia – and of course with the European Union".[76][77] According to Yanukovych, Ukraine must be a "Neutral state" which should be part of a "collective defence system which the European Union, NATO and Russia will take part in." Yanukovych wants Ukraine to "neither join NATO nor the CSTO".[78] He stated on 7 January 2010 that Ukraine is ready to consider an initiative by Dmitry Medvedev on the creation of a new Europe collective security system[78] stating "And we're ready to back Russia's and France's initiatives".[79] Yanukovych stated during the 2010 presidential election-campaign that the current level of Ukraine's cooperation with NATO is sufficient and that the question of the country's accession to the alliance is therefore not urgent.[79] "The Ukrainian people don't currently support Ukraine's entry to NATO and this corresponds to the status that we currently have. We don't want to join any military bloc".[79] On 27 May 2010 President Yanukovych stated he considered Ukraine's relations with NATO as a partnership, "And Ukraine can't live without this [partnership], because Ukraine is a large country".[80]
Regarding the EU[edit]
Regarding the European Union (EU) Yanukovych wants to create a free trade zone and visa-free travel between Ukraine and the EU countries. Once "Ukraine achieves those standards that currently exist in Europe", then the country should consider joining the EU. "But today this is an absolutely motivating, stimulating process we must aspire to", he stated in January 2010.[81] In May 2011 Yanukovych stated that he will strive for Ukraine to join the EU.[82] According to Yanukovych Ukrainian relations with "the West" are "a guide in both social and technical standards that we should strive for in creating a European life level in Ukraine". Yanukovych believes that the European integration of Ukraine is not an end in itself, but a way of implementation of the European standards in the state.[83]
Russian gas[edit]
According to Yanukovych, relations between Ukraine and Russia in the gas sector must be built "according to the rules of the market".[84][85] He sees the gas agreement signed in 2009 after the 2009 Russia-Ukraine gas dispute as very unprofitable for Ukraine he and wants to "initiate the discussion of the most urgent gas issues" after the 2010 presidential election.[78] Yanukovych has promised before his election as Ukrainian President to "solve the issue" concerning the Russian Black Sea Fleet, currently stationed in the Ukrainian port Sevastopol, "in a way so that the interests of Russia or Ukraine would not be harmed".[86] This led to the April 2010 Ukrainian–Russian Naval Base for Natural Gas treaty. Yanukovych had also promised to create a consortium that would allow Russia to jointly operate Ukraine's gas transportation network and he has pledged to help Russia build the South Stream natural gas pipeline.[87] As of June 2010 both did not happen. Yanukovych rejected accusations that improvement of Ukrainian-Russian relations harms relations with the European Union. "Our policy is directed to protection of our national interests. We do not live in a fairy tale and understand that our partners also defend their interests".[83] In February 2012 Yanukovych stated, referring to relations with Russia, "It is not wise to fall asleep next to a big bear".[88]
East/West Ukraine unification[edit]
Yanukovych has stated that his "aim and dream" is a unification of Ukraine, although in his opinion "there are already no borders between the East and West of the country today".[89] Yanukovych wants to create a free trade zone and visa regime with the EU as soon as possible. Prospects for Ukraine's joining the European Union first depend on a political decision of the European Union, according to Yanukovych.[90]
Yanukovych's stance on the Holodomor is: "Holodomor took place, was denounced and the international society gave an evaluation of the famine, but it was never labeled as a genocide of the Ukrainian people. Ukraine's attempts to do so by blaming one of our neighbors are unjust."[91] "The Holodomor was in Ukraine, Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan. It was the result of the policies of Stalin's totalitarian regime."[92] In 2003 he supported then President Leonid Kuchma's position that the Holodomor famine was genocide against Ukrainians.[93] Yanukovych's press service claims that he does not approve of crimes of the KGB and their predecessors in Soviet times, however, in 2002 he wrote in a book endorsing the KGB and its predecessors, stating that the NKVD and Cheka "firmly stood on guard over the interests of our people and the state" and praised them for launching "a struggle against political extremism, sabotage and criminal activities.").[93]
Russian as an official language[edit]
Yanukovych has stated in the past that he wants Russian to become the second state language in Ukraine[94] (currently Ukrainian is the only official language of Ukraine; Russian is more spoken in daily communications in Ukraine than Ukrainian[95]). On the other hand, he stated at a meeting with Taras Shevchenko National Prize winners in Kiev on 9 March 2010 that "Ukraine will continue to promote the Ukrainian language as its only state language".[96] In a newspaper interview during the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election-campaign he stated that the status of Russian in Ukraine "is too politicized" and said that if elected President in 2010 he would "have a real opportunity to adopt a law on languages, which implements the requirements of the European Charter of regional languages". He said that this law would need 226 votes in the Ukrainian parliament (50% of the votes instead of the 75% of the votes needed to change the constitution of Ukraine) and that voters told him that the current status of Russian in Ukraine created "problems in the hospital, school, university, in the courts, in the office".[97]
Domestic spending vs. debt[edit]
Yanukovych Party of Regions wants to increase social benefits, and raise salaries and pensions.[98] In late 2009, a law that raised the minimum wage and pensions was passed in the Ukrainian Parliament. As a result of this, the International Monetary Fund suspended its 2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis emergency lending programme: according to the IMF, the law breached promises to control spending. During the 2010 presidential campaign Yanukovych had stated he would stand by this particular law.[99] According to Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc member of parliament Oleh Shevchuk, Yanukovych broke this election promise just three days after the 2010 presidential election when only two lawmakers of Yanukovych's Party of Regions supported a bill to raise pensions for low-incomes.[100]
Yanukovych thinks that the demographic situation in Ukraine "is unacceptable" and hopes to increase the birth rate in Ukraine by improving the economic situation. He also stated that the Party of Regions is planning to create conditions for the return of Ukrainian migrant workers to Ukraine.[101]
Modernizing energy[edit]
During the 2010 presidential campaign Yanukovych called for the modernization of Ukraine's energy sector (including technologies to save energy) increase of Ukraine's domestic natural gas production,[102] tax reforms (cut the Value Added Tax (VAT) to 17 percent by 2011 from 20 percent and corporate tax to 19 percent from 25 percent, banks should not offer mortgages with more than 7 percent interest rates[103]), and reforming the legal system in order to fight against corruption.[84] He also believed that by 2019 Ukraine should be one of the G-20 major economies.[104] Yanukovych believes Ukraine could gain energy security through the development and construction of more nuclear power stations and he wants to modernise the Ukrainian coal industry.[103] Yanukovych favors import substitution industrialization and deregulation.[105]
Immediately after his election as President of Ukraine in February 2010 Yanukovych announced that "The new Cabinet of Ministers should start a war against corrupt practices".[106] During the festivities dedicated to the 20th anniversary of the State Tax Service of Ukraine on 1 July 2010 President Yanukovych announced a step up of efforts towards the eradication of corruption.[107]
As president Yanukovych stated in early February 2010 that he would support the freedom of speech of journalists and protect their interests.[108] In general he wants the civil society to be involved in government policy making.[109]
In a late July 2013 speech Yanukovych stated: "All churches and religious organizations are equal for the state. We respect the choice of our citizens and guarantee everyone's Constitutional right to freedom of religion. We will not allow the use of churches and religious organizations by some political forces for their narrow interests. This also refers to foreign centres through which religious organizations sometimes seek to affect the internal political situation in Ukraine. This is a matter of the state's national security".[110]
Yanukovych has been a speaker at congresses of the Russian political party United Russia.[85][111] Party of Regions signed a collaboration agreement in 2005 with United Russia.[112]
During the campaign Yanukovych stated that if elected president in 2010 he would not oblige government representatives to hang his portraits or other symbols portraying him.[113]
Presidential powers of appointment[edit]
On 25 June 2010 President Yanukovych criticised 2004 amendments in the Ukrainian Constitution which weakened presidential powers such as control over naming government ministers, passing those functions to parliament.[114]
During the 2011 World Economic Forum Yanukovych called Ukraine "one of the leaders on democratic development in Eastern Europe".[115]
Reconciliation between opposing World War II factions[edit]
Yanukovych noted the importance of finding ways of reconciliation between Ukrainians fighting on opposite sides in World War II in his speech at the ceremony to mark Victory Day 2013.[116] In this speech he also expressed confidence that Nazi and Soviet totalitarianism of the past would never return.[116]
Foreign policy[edit]
Yanukovych's first foreign visit was to Brussels to visit the President of the European Council, Herman Van Rompuy, and the EU Foreign Affairs chief, Catherine Ashton.[117][118] During the visit Yanukovych stated that there would be no change to Ukraine's status as a member of the NATO outreach program.[119]
During his second foreign visit to Moscow in March, Yanukovych vowed to end years of acrimony with Russia, saying that ties between Russia and Ukraine "should never be the way they were for the past five years". He indicated that he was open to compromise with Russia on the Black Sea Fleet's future (this led to the April 2010 Ukrainian–Russian Naval Base for Natural Gas treaty), and reiterated that Ukraine would remain a "European, non-aligned state", referring to NATO membership.[120] Both Russian President Dmitry Medvedev (April 2010[121]) and Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin (June 2010[122]) soon stated they noticed a big improvement in relations with Ukraine since Yanukovych's presidency.
On 3 June 2010, the Ukrainian parliament excluded, in a bill written by Yanukovych, with 226 votes, Ukrainian membership of any military bloc, but allowed for co-operation with military alliances such as NATO.[123][124] A day later Yanukovych stated that the recognition of the independence of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Kosovo violates international law, "I have never recognized Abkhazia, South Ossetia or Kosovo's independence. This is a violation of international law".[125]
On 22 November 2010 the European Council and Ukraine announced "an action plan for Ukraine toward the establishment of a visa-free regime for short-stay travel".[76] In May 2011 Yanukovych stated that he will strive for Ukraine to join the EU.[82] Yanukovych's stance towards integration with the EU has, according to The Economist, led him to be "seen in Moscow as a traitor", a reversal of the 2004 presidential election where Moscow openly supported Yanukovych.[126][127]
The sentencing of Yulia Tymoshenko to seven years in prison on 11 October 2011 was met with national and international protest and threatens Ukraine–European Union relations.[128][129][130]
This article is outdated. (February 2010) |
Ukraine's parliament had (on 16 February) fixed 25 February 2010 for the inauguration of Yanukovych as president.[131] Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko signed a decree endorsing a plan of events related to Yanukovych's inauguration on 20 February 2010.[132] Yushchenko also congratulated and wished Yanukovych "to defend Ukrainian interests and democratic traditions" at the presidential post.[133]
On 20 February 2010 Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko (BYuT) announced that they would not attend the inauguration.[134]
Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Rus at Yanukovych's invitation conducted a public prayer service at Kiev Pechersk Lavra before Yanukovych's presidential inauguration.[135] Patriarch Kirill also attended the inauguration[136] along with High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton, United States National Security Advisor James Jones and speaker of the Russian parliament Boris Gryzlov.[137][117]
Yanukovych's immediate predecessor, Yushchenko, did not attend the ceremony, nor did the Prime Minister, Yulia Tymoshenko, and her party, Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko.[138]
The event was attended by many foreign dignitaries.[139]
First days[edit]
Yanukovych wanted to oust the second Tymoshenko Government.[140][141] On 21 February 2010 Yanukovych did offer three candidates for Prime Minister: Sergiy Tigipko, Our Ukraine faction member Arseniy Yatsenyuk and Party of Regions lawmaker Mykola Azarov.[140] The second Tymoshenko Government fell on 3 March 2010 after the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian Parliament) had passed a motion of no confidence in the Government.[142]
On 3 March 2010 Yanukovych suspended his membership in the Party of Regions. Yanukovych was barred by the Constitution from heading a political party,[143] and handed over leadership in the party and its parliamentary faction to Mykola Azarov.[144]
Political career: 1996–2010[edit]
Yanukovych's political career began when he was appointed as a Vice-Head of Donetsk Oblast Administration in August 1996. On 14 May 1997 he was appointed as the Head of the Administration (i.e. Governor).[145] Between May 1999 and May 2001 he was also the Head of Donetsk Oblast Council.
Academic career[edit]
In 1980, at the age of 30, Yanukovych completed tertiary studies in mechanical engineering as a correspondence student at the Donetsk Politechnical Institute. In 2001, at the age of 51, he received his Masters in International Law from the Ukrainian Academy of Foreign Trade. The President's site also states that he is an Academic of the Academy of Economic Sciences of Ukraine, Doctor of Economic Sciences, and a Professor.[146] In 1999, while in the position of vice head of the Donetsk Oblast Administration, not yet having completed his masters degree, received the honorary title of docent (lecturer) of the (nonexistent) Faculty of Automobile Transport at the Donetsk State Academy of Administration; a tertiary education establishment that specialised in Economics and Management.[147] Students of the academy testify that such a faculty did not exist, nor do they remember Yanukovych reading any lectures.[147]
In 2000, it is reported that Yanukovych received the academic credential of Doctor Habilitatus of Science. In order to receive this academic credential, apart from his dissertation, Yanukovych needed to publish at least ten papers, to prepare five students for their doctoral defense and to be actively involved in academic work. No evidence that he fulfilled these requirements can be found.[147]
From December 2000 to February 2004, while in the position of Ukrainian Premier, it is stated that Yanukovych headed the faculty of Innovative management at the Donetsk State University of management.[148]
In 2001, while in the position of Governor General of the Donetsk Oblast it is reported that Yanukovych graduated from the Ukrainian Academy of Foreign Trade as a Master of International Law. However, very few of the then-enrolled students remember him in classes, taking exams, or attending graduation.[149] Yanukovych was further granted[by whom?] the titles of Professor in Economics.[150]
The Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine's electronic catalog has a list of 23 publications, text books, and monographs with Yanukovych listed as author. However, on further investigation[by whom?] the library does not have any copies of the above-mentioned works. The Academy where they were prepared and apparently printed also has no record of the said publications.[147]
In order to receive the academic title of professor, one needs to lecture for at least 10 years and to publish a number scientific articles in internationally accredited peer publications.[147] It remains unknown[weasel words] how he could have allegedly fulfilled these duties in addition to serving as governor.[151]
Yanukovych is also a "professor" of the International Academy of Sciences, Education, Industry and Arts, registered to a P.O. Box in Mountain View, California.[152]
Apart from his academic credentials, Yanukovych has the military rank of major, however, there is no record of him serving in the military.[151]
Prime Minister (2002–2004)[edit]
President Leonid Kuchma appointed Yanukovych to the post of Prime Minister following Anatoliy Kinakh's resignation.[153] Yanukovych began his term as Prime Minister on 21 November 2002 following a 234-vote confirmation in the Verkhovna Rada, only 8 more than needed.[154][155] Under Yanukovych, the government began to pay more attention to reforming the coal industry.
In foreign affairs, Yanukovych's cabinet was considered to be politically close to Russia, although declaring support for Ukrainian membership in the European Union. Although Yanukovych's parliamentary coalition was not supporting Ukrainian membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), his cabinet agreed the commission of Ukrainian troops to the Iraq War in support of the United States' War on Terrorism.
2004 presidential campaign[edit]
In 2004, as the Prime Minister, Yanukovych participated in the controversial Ukrainian presidential election as the Party of Regions candidate. Yanukovych's main base of support emerged from the southern and eastern regions of Ukraine, which favor close ties with neighbouring Russia. In the first round of voting held on 31 October 2004, Yanukovych took second place with 39.3 percent of the votes to opposition leader Viktor Yuschenko with 39.8 percent. Because no candidate passed the 50 percent threshold, a second round of voting was scheduled.
The third place candidate, with 5.82% of the vote, was the Socialist Party's Oleksandr Moroz, a leader of the anti-Kuchma movement and opponent of the Ukraine's NATO-membership attempts. In fourth place was the Communist Party's Petro Simonenko, with 4.97%. In fifth place was the Progressive Socialists' Natalia Vitrenko with 1.53%. Vitrenko endorsed Yanukovych and Moroz endorsed Yushchenko for the second round of elections; Simonenko did not endorse any of the candidates, however, and so Yushchenko became the favourite to win. In the second round of the election, Yanukovych was initially declared the winner. However, the legitimacy of the election was questioned by many Ukrainians, international organizations, and foreign governments following allegations of electoral fraud. The second round of the election was subsequently annulled by the Supreme Court of Ukraine, and in the repeated run-off, Yanukovych lost to Yushchenko with 44.2 percent to Yushchenko's 51.9 percent.[156]
After the election, the Ukrainian parliament passed a non-binding motion of no confidence to his government, urging outgoing President Leonid Kuchma to dismiss Yanukovych and appoint a caretaker government. Five days after his electoral defeat, Yanukovych declared his resignation from the post of Prime Minister. In November 2009 Yanukovych stated that he conceded defeat only to avoid violence. "I didn't want mothers to lose their children and wives their husbands. I didn't want dead bodies from Kiev to flow down the Dnipro. I didn't want to assume power through bloodshed."[157]
After the Orange Revolution[edit]
Following his electoral defeat in 2004, Yanukovych led the main opposition party against the Tymoshenko government made up of Yushchenko's Our Ukraine, the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc, and Oleksandr Moroz's Socialist Party. This government was marred by growing conflict between Yushchenko and Tymoshenko. Yanukovych's Party of Regions support allowed for the establishment of Yuriy Yekhanurov's government in late 2005.[citation needed]
In October 2004, Ukrainian deputy Hryhory Omelchenko accused Yanukovych of having been a member of "a group of individuals who brutally beat and raped a woman, but bought off the victim and the criminal case was closed".[158] The press-service of the Ukrainian Cabinet asserted that Yanukovych suffered for the attempt to defend a girl from hooligans.[citation needed]
2006 and 2007 parliamentary elections (second turn as Prime Minister)[edit]
In January 2006, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine started an official investigation of the allegedly false acquittal of the criminal convictions which Yanukovych received in his youth. Yuriy Lutsenko, the head of the ministry, announced that forensic tests proved the forgery of the respective documents (issued in instead of 1978) and initially claimed that lack of the formal acquittal precluded Yanukovych from running for the seat in the 2006 parliamentary election.[159] However, the latter statement was corrected within days by Lutsenko himself who conceded that the outcome of the investigation into the legality of the Yanukovych's acquittal could not affect his eligibility to run for the parliament seat since the deprivation of his civil rights due to the past convictions would have expired anyway due to the statute of limitations.[160][161] Viktor Yanukovych's Party of Regions won the 2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election. These elections determined the next government's makeup as, due to constitutional changes that came into force on 1 January 2006, the Prime Minister and his cabinet were now appointed by the parliament.[citation needed] Having ruled out any post-election deals with the parties headed by either Yushchenko or former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko, Yanukovych was given an opportunity as squabbling between Yushchenko and Tymoshenko failed to produce a government for weeks, though deals restoring Tymoshenko to the premiership appeared at times to be completed. Yushchenko insisted that one of his allies become speaker of the Rada, even though Oleksandr Moroz coveted the post. Yanukovych offered Moroz the post of speaker, permitting Yanukovych to establish a new government with the Socialist Party and Petro Simonenko's Communist Party. As the presidency maintained control of foreign affairs and defence despite the weakening of its powers under the amended constitution, Yanukovych had to assure that he would not interfere with the president's pro-Western international ambitions.[citation needed] Yushchenko commissioned Yanukovych to form a government in cooperation with his own Our Ukraine party on 3 August 2006 (several hours after the deadline for doing so expired).[citation needed]
In 2006 a criminal charge was made for the falsification of documents regarding the retraction of Yanukovych's prior conviction.[peacock term] According to Rossiyskaya Gazeta two documents had been forged regarding Yanukovych's robbery in association with rape and assault and battery. The signature of the judge for these documents in Yanukovych's retraction was also forged. .[162][163]
On 25 May 2007, Viktor Yanukovych was assigned the post of appointed chairman of the Government Chiefs Council of the Commonwealth of Independent States.[164]
In the parliamentary elections on 30 September 2007, the Party of Regions won 175 out of 450 seats (34.37 percent of the votes) in the Verkhovna Rada. Despite increasing its overall percentage of support compared to the 2006 election (when it was 32.14 percent), the party lost 130,000 votes and 11 parliamentary seats.[165] This was due in part to the Socialist Party, a coalition ally, just missing the threshold of votes required to enter parliament. After the Our Ukraine and the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc formed a coalition government on 18 December 2007, the Party of Regions went into the opposition.[citation needed]
Ukrainian presidential election, 2010[edit]
In 2009, Yanukovych announced his intent to run for President in the upcoming presidential election.[166] He was endorsed by the Party of Regions.[167] In December 2009 Yanukovych's candidacy was also endorsed by the Youth Party of Ukraine.[168]
During the campaign Yanukovych declared he didn't see any opportunity for Yulia Tymoshenko to be Prime Minister if he is elected the president.[169] On 9 December 2009 opposition leader Yanukovych stated that he would consider holding new parliamentary elections in March if a majority coalition cannot be quickly formed after his election as president[170] because incumbent Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko "has her own program, and I do not think that she would agree to implement somebody else's. And what is even more important, even if she agrees, I won't believe her; President [Viktor] Yuschenko believed her twice, and she deceived him, I don't and can't have any confidence in Tymoshenko".[171]
Minister of Internal Affairs Yuriy Lutsenko accused him of financial fraud during the campaign.[172] Yanukovych's campaign was expected to have cost $100 to $150 million.[173]
In November 2009, Italian singer and composer Toto Cutugno accused the writers of the pro-Yanukovych song "Leader" written for the 2010 campaign of plagiarism of his song "Ti amo". Yanukovych distanced himself from the song, saying "I have heard nothing and I have ordered nothing".[174]
On 11 December 2009 Yanukovych stated that his Party of Regions possesses information that "government representatives are currently "motivating" the chairmen of election commissions and seeking options for victory in every possible way" and called for his supporters go to the Maidan Nezalezhnosti in case of election fraud.[175]
Early vote returns from the first round of the election held on 17 January showed Yanukovych in first place with 35.8% of the vote.[4] He faced a 7 February 2010 runoff against Tymoshenko, who finished second (with 24.7% of the vote). Analysts predicted a slight advantage for Tymoshenko in the second (and final) round as she was more likely to attract voters from the other 16 candidates who did not proceed to the second round.[176] Viktor Yanukovych refused before the second round of voting to hold debates with his opponent, saying Yulia Tymoshenko should either take responsibility for every word as prime minister, or go to the kitchen.[177] After all ballots were counted the Ukrainian Central Election Commission declared that Yanukovych won the election with 48.95% of the vote compared with 45.47% for Tymoshenko.[6] Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc members immediately claimed that there was systematic and large-scale vote rigging in this run-off.[178][179][180][181] On 10 February 2009 Yanukovych called on Tymoshenko to abandon her protests and resign as Prime Minister.[181] On 9 February 2010 Yanukovych had stated that Borys Kolesnykov was his preferred next Prime Minister of Ukraine. According to him pre-term parliamentary elections will be imminent if the Ukrainian parliament would not work effectively. Yanukovych also stated that, as the largest faction in the parliament at the time, his party was entitled to nominate the premier.[182] On 15 February Yanukovych stated "I do not rule out the candidature of Tigipko (as next Prime Minister). Tigipko is on the list which, in my opinion, will be discussed next week in parliament".[183]
On 16 February 2010 Ukraine's parliament had fixed 25 February 2010 for the inauguration of Yanukovych as president.[131] On 17 February 2010 "the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine", suspended the results of the election on Yulia Tymoshenko's appeal.[184][185] On 20 February 2010 Tymoshenko withdrew her appeal after "the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine" rejected her petition to scrutinize documents:[186]
— about 300,000 voters who voted but were not in the "Register of Voters of Ukraine";
— about 1.3 million voters who "without right" voted in their homes;
— about falsification in the election in the eastern regions (Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv region, Crimea, etc.) — fixed by law-enforcement officials.[187]
Tymoshenko stated : "I and my political party will never recognize Yanukovych as the legitimately elected president of Ukraine"; "an honest court will assess that Yanukovych was not elected President of Ukraine, and that the will of the people had been rigged".[188]
Public opinion[edit]
Public Opinion Polls predicted the Party of Regions and Viktor Yanukovych's win in the 2010 Presidential election, which he won in the second round ballot against Yulia Tymoshenko in February 2010. According to an article in Kyiv Post in November 2009, Yanukovych's popularity in the Donbass was fading and Donbass voters voted mainly for Yanukovych to keep Tymoshenko from power.[189]
Ukrainian presidential election, 2015[edit]
On 19 December 2013 Yanukovych stated that he had not made the decision yet to participate in the 2015 presidential election and would do so after "some dialogue with our society and see that I have some prospects and I can have the chance to continue my work".[190] He added "If, theoretically speaking, my rating is low and has no prospects, I won't hinder the country's development and movement ahead".[190]
Criminal convictions[edit]
On 15 December 1967, at the age of 17, Yanukovych was sentenced to three years incarceration for participating in a robbery and assault.[162] The sentence was later reduced to 18 months as part of the amnesty announced in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution. The court did not show Yanukovych clemency, a practice common for young, first-time offenders. At the court trial Yanukovych pleaded guilty and did not appeal his sentence even though he had the chance to do so at the expense of the state.[citation needed]
On 8 June 1970 he was convicted for a second time on charges of assault and was sentenced to two years of imprisonment. The verdict was not appealed. Decades later, Yanukovych characterized his arrests and incarceration as "errors of youth".[163]
On 11 July 2005, the office of the Donetsk Oblast Prosecutor charged Mr. Yanukovych with fraud[191] stemming from alleged irregularities in the way his convictions were expunged twenty years earlier.[192] In 2006 the General Prosecutor of Ukraine closed the case due to lack of evidence.[193] In 2006 a criminal charge was filed for the falsification of documents regarding the alleged quashing of Yanukovych's prior convictions after it was discovered that two documents had been forged. The signature of the judge in Yanukovych's case had also been forged as a charge of battery.[162][163] The charge failed because all documentation regarding the conviction had been destroyed due to its expiry.[citation needed] However, there were no official records regarding the destruction of these documents.[original research?]
On 29 January 2010 the Prosecutor General of Ukraine Oleksandr Medvedko claimed that Yanukovych was unlawfully jailed in his youth, which astonished the (then) Minister of Internal Affairs Yuriy Lutsenko.[194][195]
Personal life[edit]
Yanukovych is married to Lyudmyla Oleksandrivna. They have two sons, Oleksandr and Viktor.[196] Viktor is a member of the Parliament of Ukraine.[197] Yanukovych is a member of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate).
In March 2012 Yanukovych stated it was a problem for him in 2002 to speak Ukrainian but that "once I had the opportunity to speak Ukrainian, I started to do it with pleasure".[198]
Until 2004, Yanukovych was known as batia ("Dad") among his family members, but since that time he became leader.[199][200] As Yanukovych himself stated, his wife does not wish for her grandson to pick up the bad habits of his grandfather, albeit Yanukovych did not specify what kind of habits those were.[201]
Yanukovych acquired the Mezhyhirya estate in a former forest preserve near Kiev in 2007, according to critics through a murky series of companies and transactions. Yanukovych did not reveal the price he paid, although he called it a "very serious price".[202]
Yanukovych has been accused of plagiarism regarding a book by him published in August 2011.[203]
Cultural and political image[edit]
Yanukovych is seen by opponents as representing the interests of Ukraine big business; they point out that his campaigns have benefited from backing by Ukrainian billionaire Rinat Akhmetov.[204] Supporters of Yanukovych point out Donetsk Oblast (province) secured unprecedented levels of investment during his governorship.[145]
Yanukovych draws strong support from Russian-speaking Ukrainians in the east of the country.[145] Yanukovych is disliked and distrusted in western Ukraine.[205] The People's Movement of Ukraine labeled his election on 10 February 2010 as "an attack by anti-Ukrainian forces in our state" and stated that "all possible legal means should be used to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of anti-state politician Yanukovych and his pro-Moscow retinue".[206] On 16 February 2010 Yanukovych issued a statement that read "I can say only one thing to those who anticipate that my presidency will weaken Ukraine – that will never happen.[207] Yanukovych refers to himself as Ukrainian.[208] Voters for Yanukovych in 2010 believed he would bring "stability and order". They blamed the Orange Revolution for creating broken promises, a dysfunctional economy and political chaos.[209][210] During the 2010 presidential election campaign Yuriy Yakymenko, director of political research at the Razumkov Centre, stated "I think he has not just changed on the surface but also in his ideas."[7]
In 2004 Yanukovych was seen as outgoing President Leonid Kuchma and Russian President Vladimir Putin's protégé.[145] Although Kuchma in conversation with United States Ambassador to Ukraine John F. Tefft, in a document dated 2 February 2010 uncovered during the United States diplomatic cables leak, called the voters choice between Yanukovych and Yulia Tymoshenko during the second round of the 2010 presidential election as a choice between "bad and very bad" and praised (the candidate eliminated in the first round of the election) Arseniy Yatsenyuk instead.[211] In another January 2009 cable (then) Ambassador of Ukraine to Russia Kostyantyn Gryshchenko stated that Putin had a low personal regard for Yanukovych.[212] In another Wikileaks diplomatic cable, Volodymyr Horbulin, one of Ukraine's most respected policy strategists and former presidential advisor to then-President Viktor Yushchenko, told the United States Ambassador to Ukraine John E. Herbst in 2006 that Yanukovych's Party of Regions was partly composed of "pure criminals" and "criminal and anti-democracy figures."[213]
Yanukovych is not known as a great speaker.[214][215][216] His native language is Russian,[217] similar to a majority of the population of his power-base and native Eastern Ukraine.[218] He was however making efforts to speak better Ukrainian.[204] He did admit in March 2012 that it was a problem for him in 2002 to speak Ukrainian.[198] He has made some blunders in Ukrainian however since then.[219][220][221][222] For the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election Yanukovych wrote an autobiography for the Central Election Commission, in which he misspelled his academic degree.[223] Thereafter, he came to be widely referred to under this nickname in oppositional media and opponents' speeches.[223] His autobiographic resume of 90 words contains 12 major spelling and grammatical errors.[224] Opponents of Yanukovych made fun of this misspelling and his past (criminal) convictions during the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election campaign and the incident during the campaign (September 2004) in Ivano-Frankivsk when Yanukovych was rushed to hospital after he had been hit with an egg (while government officials claimed he was hit by a brick) was a source of ridicule.[223] Other famous blunders by Yanukovych are his claim that Anton Chekhov was "the Ukrainian poet" in January 2010,[225][226][227][228] forgetting on 6 January 2011 to congratulate the Greek-Catholic Ukrainian community that by following the Julian calendar also as the rest of Ukrainian people celebrates Christmas that day[229] and confusing Kosovo with Serbia and Montenegro, and North Ossetia with South Ossetia in March 2010.[230] Over the years, Yanukovych's proficiency in the Ukrainian language has noticeably improved and at the 2013 Yalta European Strategy forum he debated with the President of Lithuania Dalia Grybauskaitė who seemed as provokingly spoke in the Russian language.[231]
Yanukovych stated in November 2009 that he respects all Ukrainian politicians. "I have never offended anyone. This is my rule of politics."[232] Despite of his claim, on 22 September 2007, during 2007 Ukrainian Parliamentary Election campaign, while delivering a speech in Vinnytsia, he compared Yulia Tymoshenko's performance as Prime Minister to "a cow on the ice"[233] (" Вона прем'єр-міністр, як корова на льду....", "She is as prime minister as a cow on the ice") most likely referring to her skills and professionalism as a prime minister. Other cases of strong colloquialisms used by Viktor Yanukovych include the incident when he called former president Viktor Yushchenko "a coward and a babbler" ("трус и трепач")[234] as well as the speech in Donetsk during 2004 Ukrainian presidential election, when he referred to the electorate of his opponent Viktor Yushchenko as "goats that make our lives difficult" ("эти козлы, которые нам мешают жить"). Later, during the TV debates with Yushchenko he explained, "I called goats the traitors. According to the Bible, the goat is a traitor, and there are also rams, sheep."[235]
Opinion polls have shown Yanukovych's popularity has sunk since his election as President in 2010, with polls giving him from 13% to 20% of the votes if a presidential election was to be held in 2012 (in 2010 he received 35.8% of the vote in the first round of that election[4]).[197][236][237] A public opinion poll taken by Sociological group "RATING" gave him 25.1% of the votes in an imaginary February 2013 presidential election.[238][nb 1]
American consultant Paul J. Manafort has advised Yanukovych since 2005.[173]
The Ambassadors of the European Union to Ukraine, Jose Manuel Pinto Teixeira, stated at an April 2012 interview with Korrespondent that Yanukovych's presidency "fell short of expectations".[240]
- This article incorporates information from the equivalent article on the Italian Wikipedia.
- Order of Merit, 3rd class (13 November 1998), 2nd class (3 July 2000), 1st class (3 July 2002)
- Order "Miner's award" 3, 2, 1 class
- Order "Miner's glory" 3, 2, 1 class
- Certificate from the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (2000)
- Order of Saint Nestor (1998)
- Order of St. Vladimir (Patriarchate of Russia), 3rd class (1998), 2nd class (2004), 1st class (2010)
- Order of the Holy Prince Daniel of Moscow, 1st class (Patriarchate of Russia, 2004)
- Order of St. Sergius, 1st class (Patriarchate of Russia, 2004)
- Knight Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (France, 2010)
- Order of the Precious Wand (Mongolia, June 2011)
- Order of St. Mashtots (Armenia, 30 June 2011)
- Order of José Martí (Cuba, 22 October 2011
- Order Ismoili Samoni (Tajikistan, 15 December 2011
See also[edit]
- 2006 Ukrainian political crisis
- 2007 Ukrainian political crisis
- Alliance of National Unity
- Ukrainian presidential election, 2010
- Party of Regions
Further reading[edit]
Yanukovych, Viktor F.: Opportunity Ukraine. Vienna 2011. (Mandelbaum Publishing; ISBN 978-3-85476-379-6).
- ^ According to polling organization Sociological group "RATING" in February 2013 Yanukovych would have lost the second round of the presidential election against Vitali Klitschko and/or Arseniy Yatsenyuk and/or Yulia Tymoshenko; and he would have defeat in a close race Oleh Tyahnybok (with 33.5% of the votes).[239]
- ^ "Yanokovich, Viktor". Lentapedia (in Russian). Lenta.ru. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
- ^ Янукович припинив членство у Партії регіонів : Новини УНIАН. Unian.net.
- ^ Kyiv Post. Independence. Community. Trust – Politics – Yanukovych suspends his membership in Party of Regions, hands over party leadership to Azarov. Kyivpost.com.
- ^ a b c Marson, James (18 January 2010). "Ukrainian Presidential Election Set for Runoff". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
- ^ Because no candidate in the first round ballot had 50% or more votes, the two highest polling candidates faced off in a second round of the elections.
- ^ a b (Ukrainian)Regular elections of the President of Ukraine 17/01/2010, Central Election Commission of Ukraine
- ^ a b c "Ukraine's 'Orange villain' seeks last laugh", U.K. Telegraph online (12 January 2010)
- ^ Wojciechowski, M. Janukowycz zmienia konstytucję Ukrainy, przedłuża sobie kadencję i podkreśla polskie korzenie. "Gazeta Wyborcza". Kiev, 02/2011.
- ^ [http://polskinetwork.org/strona,duma,43,znani-polacy-wspolczesnie.html Polski Network. Znani Polacy współcześnie.
- ^ a b (Belarusian) Бiрыла, М. В. (1966). Беларуская антрапанiмiя. Уласныя iмёны, iмёны-мянушкi, iмёны па бацьку, прозвiшчы. Мiнск: Навука i тэхнiка. с. 85–86.
- ^ Unbegaun, B. O. (1972). Russian Surnames. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 529 p.
- ^ (Belarusian) Усціновіч, Г. К. (1975). Антрапанімія Гродзеншчыны і Брэстчыны (ХІV—ХVІІІ стст.). Мiнск: Навука і тэхніка. с. 89–106.
- ^ (Belarusian) Ластоўскі, В. (1924). Падручны Расійска-Крыўскі (Беларускі) слоўнік. Коўна. c. 761–767.
- ^ (Belarusian) Шур, В. В. (2010). Уласнае імя ў мастацкім тэксце. с. 93.
- ^ "Politicians' roots: Ataman from Khoruzhivka and Kuzhel-Dolgorukaya" (in Russian). Segodnya. 1 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
- ^ Interfax-Ukraine. "Yanukovych announces Polish roots ahead of Warsaw trip on Feb. 3". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
- ^ (Russian) "Прємьєр-міністр" Янукович, или неофициальная биография для тех, кто подзабыл, Ukrayinska Pravda (4 August 2006)
- ^ a b c d Yanukovych: 'Some misinform international community about Ukraine', Kyiv Post (7 February 2011)
- ^ Public image of Yanukovych. Pravda.com.ua.
- ^ http://expres.ua/main/2012/01/31/59312
- ^ http://www.epravda.com.ua/columns/2012/12/24/352306/
- ^ "Ukraine crisis: Yanukovych and the tycoons". BBC News Europe online. 11 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
- ^ Three Years of Promises, The Ukrainian Week (15 March 2013)
- ^ Ukrainian parliament creates new coalition, Kyiv Post (11 March 2010)
- ^ Update: Former finance minister nominated as Ukraine prime minister, Kyiv Post (11 March 2010)
- ^ Wilson, Scott (12 April 2010). "Ukraine to Give up Highly Enriched Uranium, Convert Nuclear Reactors". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
- ^ Update: Ukraine, Russia ratify Black Sea naval lease, Kyiv Post (27 April 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych: Referendum on Russian Black Sea Fleet's stationing in Ukraine may be held, Kyiv Post (22 April 2010)
- ^ a b c Yanukovych snipes at opponent, defends fleet move, Kyiv Post (13 May 2009)
- ^ 1+1 TV journalists claim censorship of news reports, Kyiv Post (6 May 2009)
- ^ Journalists, in defensive crouch, swing news coverage to Yanukovych's favor, Kyiv Post (6 May 2009)
- ^ Semynozhenko: No examples of censorship on Ukrainian TV channels, Kyiv Post (13 May 2009)
- ^ Opposition benefiting from topic of censorship at mass media, says Hanna Herman, Kyiv Post (13 May 2009)
- ^ (Ukrainian) Янукович: Україна готова, якщо Європа готова, BBC Ukrainian (10 May 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych bears no grudges against Tymoshenko, Z I K (12 May 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych wants Ukraine to host 2022 Winter Games, Kyiv Post (27 May 2010)
- ^ Tax code protests intensify, Kyiv Post (26 November 2010)
- ^ Update: Yanukovych vetoes tax code after protests, Kyiv Post (30 November 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych vetoes the tax code, Kyiv Post (30 November 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych signs new tax code, Kyiv Post (3 December 2010)
- ^ President initiates administrative reform in Ukraine. Kyivpost.com (10 December 2010).
- ^ Lavrynovych: Administrative reform aimed at ensuring a new quality of public administration. Kyivpost.com (11 December 2010).
- ^ Yanukovych to slim ranks of government, Kyiv Post (16 December 2010)
- ^ President's address at opening of VIII session of Verkhovna Rada, president.gov.ua (2 February 2011)
- ^ Yanukovych promises to start local government reform soon, Kyiv Post (31 August 2011)
- ^ Yanukovych vows to put an end to corruption, Kyiv Post (15 September 2011)
- ^ Yanukovych: Over 400 officials of current government stand trial, Kyiv Post (Augustus 25, 2011)
- ^ Ukraine right-wing politics: is the genie out of the bottle?, openDemocracy.net (3 January 2011)
- ^ a b Ukraine viewpoint: Novelist Andrey Kurkov, BBC News (13 January 2011)
- ^ Ukraine ex-PM Tymoshenko charged with misusing funds, BBC News (20 December 2010)
- ^ The Party of Regions monopolises power in Ukraine, Centre for Eastern Studies (29 September 2010)
- ^ Ukraine launches battle against corruption, BBC News (18 January 2011)
- ^ Ukrainians' long wait for prosperity, BBC News (18 October 2010)
- ^ Ukraine:Journalists Face Uncertain Future, Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting (27 October 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych Tells U.K's Cameron No Fears for Ukraine's Democracy, Turkish Weekly (6 October 2010)
- ^ Yulia Kovalevska:Only some bankrupt politicians try to use the Day of Unification with the aim of self-PR, Party of Regions official website (21 January 2011)
- ^ President: Ukraine must fulfill its commitments to Council of Europe, president.gov.ua (13 January 2011)
- ^ Our Ukraine comes to defense of Tymoshenko, Lutsenko, Didenko, Makarenko in statement, Interfax-Ukraine (25 May 2011)
- ^ http://ukraine.usembassy.gov/government-statement-tymoshenko.html US Embassy, Kiev, (24 September 2011)
- ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14459446 BBC News, (24 September 2011)
- ^ http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/112105/, Kyiv Post (24 September 2011)
- ^ http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,736745,00.html, Der Spiegel (24 September 2011)
- ^ http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/79199/ Kyiv Post (24 September 2011)
- ^ http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/112081/ Kyiv Post (24 September 2011)
- ^ Trials of Tymoshenko, other officials fall short of European standards, Yanukovych admits, Kyiv Post (25 February 2012)
- ^ Ukrainian protesters storm parliament, Kyiv Post (4 November 2011)
- ^ a b c Creeping Paranoia, Kyiv Post (10 November 2011)
- ^ President:Social standards will continue to grow in 2012, President.gov.ua (16 February 2012)
- ^ President:Improvement of administrative services system will continue, President.gov.ua (16 February 2012)
- ^ President:We need to bring perinatal care in Ukraine to European standards, President.gov.ua (16 February 2012)
- ^ Yanukovych outlines four areas of social reforms in Ukraine, Kyiv Post (7 March 2012)
- ^ Ukraine government earmarks $2 billion in pre-election spending, Kyiv Post (7 March 2012)
- ^ Azarov:Government to cope with tasks set by Yanukovych, Kyiv Post (7 March 2012)
- ^ Klitschko:UDAR won't join work of Constitutional Assembly, Kyiv Post (7 December 2012)
- ^ Yanukovych address:New modernization strategy of Ukraine based on four priorities, Kyiv Post (April 7, 2011)
- ^ a b EU, Ukraine Agree On 'Road Map' For Visa-Free Travel , Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (22 November 2010)
- ^ Ukraine's political cat-fight leaves voters cold, BBC News (2 December 2009)
- ^ a b c "Yanukovych: Ukraine will remain a neutral state", Kyiv Post (7 January 2010)
- ^ a b c Yanukovych describes current level of Ukraine's cooperation with NATO as sufficient, Interfax-Ukraine (12 January 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych: Ukraine currently not ready to join NATO, Kyiv Post (27 May 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych: Ukraine needs to be Western-oriented to achieve European standards of living, Kyiv Post (12 January 2010)
- ^ a b Yanukovych Drives Ukraine Toward EU as Russian Natural Gas Agreement Looms, Bloomberg L.P. (25 May 2011)
- ^ a b Yanukovych: we do not live in fairy tale, UNIAN (2 February 2011)
- ^ a b "It is necessary to restore law and order in our country", Euronews (12 October 2009)
- ^ a b Yanukovych calls for new format of Ukraine-EU dialog on collective security, Kyiv Post (21 November 2009)
- ^ "Ukraine presidential candidates trade warnings, promises", Earth Times (13 January 2010)
- ^ What Yanukovych presidency would mean for Ukraine, Kyiv Post (8 February 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych gives rare and long television interview (VIDEO), Kyiv Post (25 February 2012)
- ^ Yanukovych said about his big dream. UNIAN. (28 September 2009).
- ^ "Prospects for Ukraine's joining EU depend on EU's political decision, says Yanukovych", Interfax-Ukraine (28 September 2009)
- ^ Ukraine must not blame neighbors for famine – Yanukovych, RIA Novosti (16 January 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych: Famine of 1930s was not genocide against Ukrainians, Kyiv Post (27 April 2010)
- ^ a b In 2002, Yanukovych as Donetsk Oblast governor endorsed book glorifying Stalin-era secret police, Kyiv Post (16 December 2011)
- ^ Yanukovych imagines how he signs law on Russian language, UNIAN (3 September 2009)
- ^ In an October 2009 poll by FOM-Ukraine 52% of the respondents state they use Russian as their "Language of communication"; 41% of the respondents state they use Ukrainian and 8% stated they use a mixture of both. Source: FOM-Ukraine (bottom of page) (Russian)
- ^ Yanukovych: Ukraine will not have second state language, Kyiv Post (9 March 2010)
- ^ (Russian) "Доверия к Тимошенко у меня нет и быть не может", Kommersant (9 December 2009)
- ^ Yanukovych: Tymoshenko to use issue of increasing social benefits in her presidential campaign, Interfax-Ukraine (16 September 2009)
- ^ "Analysis: West seeks clarity in Ukraine to boost economy", Kyiv Post (8 February 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych back-tracks on his pre-election promises, Z I K (10 February 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych sees demographic situation in Ukraine as unacceptable, Interfax-Ukraine (28 October 2009)
- ^ "Yanukovych: Ukraine should increase its gas production", Kyiv Post (26 November 2009)
- ^ a b Economic policies of Ukraine's election front-runners, Kyiv Post (18 January 2010)
- ^ "Ukraine should join the G-20 in ten years, says Yanukovych", Interfax-Ukraine (26 October 2009)
- ^ Yanukovych said previous government failed to introduce reform and ensure economic growth, Kyiv Post (3 January 2013)
- ^ Yanukovych appeals to the nation, asks Tymoshenko to step down, Kyiv Post (10 February 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych promises to eliminate corruption among tax officials, Kyiv Post (2 July 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych says he will protect freedom of speech and interests of journalists, Kyiv Post (10 February 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych says good governance depends on involvement of civil society, Kyiv Post (23 September 2011)
- ^ Mission: Impossible, The Ukrainian Week (6 August 2013)
- ^ Yanukovych to participate in congress of United Russia party in Moscow, Kyiv Post (20 November 2008)
- ^ Party of Regions hopes for strengthening collaboration with 'United Russia' party, Kyiv Post (22 November 2009)
- ^ If president, Yanukovych not planning to insist that his portraits hang at institutions, Kyiv Post (19 January 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych criticises limits on his power, Kyiv Post (25 June 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych: Ukraine a leading country in Eastern Europe, Kyiv Post (28 January 2010)
- ^ a b Yanukovych: We should find ways of reconciliation between all parties participating in World War II, Interfax-Ukraine (9 May 2013)
- ^ a b Ukraine Yanukovych sets visits to Moscow, Brussels, Kyiv Post (25 February 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych Will Visit EU Before Russia, Moscow Times (24 February 2010)
- ^ Ukraine's Yanukovych: EU ties a 'key priority', Kyiv Post (1 March 2010)
- ^ Ukraine vows new page in ties with Russia, The News International (6 March 2010)
- ^ Russia and Ukraine improve soured relations – Russian President, RIA Novosti (16 May 2010)
- ^ Putin satisfied with state of Ukrainian-Russian relations, Kyiv Post (28 June 2010)
- ^ Ukraine drops Nato membership bid, EUobserver (6 June 2010)
- ^ Ukraine's parliament votes to abandon Nato ambitions, BBC News (3 June 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych: Recognition of independence of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Kosovo violates international law, Kyiv Post (4 June 2010)
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ Euronews, Putin calls Tymoshenko jail term unfair, 11 October 2011.
- ^ RFI English ''Tymoshenko supporters protest at jail sentence'', by Jan van der Made, 12 October 2011. English.rfi.fr.
- ^ Amnesty International: Jailed former Ukraine prime minister must be released, Kyiv Post (11 October 2011)
Putin: Tymoshenko verdict unfair, Kyiv Post (11 October 2011)
EU feels let down by Ukraine over Tymoshenko, Euronews (11 October 2011)
Russia and West condemn Tymoshenko verdict, RIA Novosti (11 October 2011)
[3], RIA Novosti (12 October 2011)
Council of Europe concerned about Tymoshenko trial, Kyiv Post (12 October 2011) - ^ a b Update: Ukraine's Yanukovych to be sworn in on Feb. 25, Kyiv Post (16 February 2010)
- ^ Yushchenko endorses plan of presidential inauguration events, Kyiv Post (20 February 2010)
- ^ Yushchenko congratulates Yanukovych on being legally elected Ukrainian president, Kyiv Post (20 February 2010)
- ^ BYuT will not attend inauguration ceremony, Official website of Yulia Tymoshenko (20 February 2010)
- ^ Patriarch Kirill to conduct prayer service in Kyiv before Yanukovych's inauguration, Kyiv Post (February 2010)
- ^ Russian patriarch to attend Yanukovych's inauguration in Kiev, RIA Novosti (19 February 2010)
- ^ New Ukraine president pledges neutrality, Agence France-Presse (24 February 2010)
- ^ Half-empty chamber greets Ukraine's new president, Kyiv Post (25 February 2010)
- ^ Armenian News - PanARMENIAN.Net | Armenian News Agency – Inauguration of Viktor Yanukovich held in Kiev:, PanARMENIAN.Net (26 February 2010)
- ^ a b Yanukovych has yet to secure ruling majority in parliament, Kyiv Post (25 February 2010)
- ^ Ukraine: Tymoshenko vows to contest election result, BBC News (15 February 2010)
- ^ Ukraine parliament votes out Tymoshenko's government, Kyiv Post (3 March 2010)
- ^ Ukraine's Party of Regions to choose new leader, RIA Novosti (23 April 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych suspends his membership in Party of Regions, hands over party leadership to Azarov, Kyiv Post (3 March 2010)
- ^ a b c d http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4038803.stm Profile: Viktor Yanukovych, BBC News (regularly updated)
- ^ The Presidents official site. President.gov.ua (13 January 2012).
- ^ a b c d e The Path of the Professor. Pravda.com.ua.
- ^ Президент Украины. Ua.spinform.ru.
- ^ When did Yanukovych take the tests?. Pravda.com.ua (30 October 2009).
- ^ http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/cvyanukovy/cvyanukovych.pdf
- ^ a b The unique biography of President Yanukovych[dead link]
- ^ International Academy. Akademy.com.
- ^ The countries of the former Soviet Union at the turn of the twenty-first century: the Baltic and European states in transition (page 556) by Ian Jeffries, ISBN 0-415-25230-X, 9780415252300 (published in 2004)
- ^ "Political career of Viktor Y.". from-ua.com (in Russian). Retrieved 2009-06-13.
- ^ How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy by Anders Åslund, Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2009, ISBN 978-0-88132-427-3 (page 153)
- ^ Paton Walsh, Nick. "Pressure Mounts on Yanukovych to yield." The Guardian. 29 December 2004.
- ^ Yanukovych says presidential election scenario of 2004 won't be repeated in 2010, Interfax-Ukraine (27 November 2009)
- ^ (Russian) Мог ли Янукович сесть в третий раз, Газета.ua (12 November 2009)
- ^ "Lutsenko accepts the fact of falsification with the clearing of charges on Yanukovych". Korrespondent (in Russian). Retrieved Januar.
- ^ "The head of MVD of Ukraine did not find a way to remove Yanukovych from the election ballot" (in Russian). Lenta.ru. Retrieved January.
- ^ "Yanukovych can go to the elections, even with falsifications". Korrespondent (in Russian). Retrieved January.
- ^ a b c Gorina, Ivanna (13 July 2005). "Criminal record of Yanukovych not purged". Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian).
- ^ a b c "Yanukovych's criminal record re-instated" (in Russian). Polit.ru. 12 July 2005.
- ^ "Viktor Yanukovych was appointed chairman of the Government Chiefs Council of the CIS". for-ua. Retrieved May.
- ^ Yanukovych Loses 300,000 While Tymoshenko Receives Additional 1.5 Million, Ukrainska Pravda(Ukrainian truth)
- ^ "Yanukovych tops list of presidential candidates in Ukraine – poll". Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 2 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
- ^ "Party Of Regions Nominates Yanukovych As Its Presidential Candidate". 23 October 2009.
- ^ Ukraine's Youth Party to support Yanukovych at elections, party's congress decides, Interfax-Ukraine (7 December 2009)
- ^ Tymoshenko to go into opposition if not elected president, Kyiv Post (5 December 2009)
- ^ "Opposition leader promises new parliamentary election in March, if elected", Kyiv Post (9 December 2009)
- ^ Yanukovych won't nominate Tymoshenko for prime minister if elected president, Kyiv Post (9 December 2009)
- ^ Lutsenko accuses Yanukovych of giving false data in his income declaration, Interfax-Ukraine (8 December 2009)
- ^ a b "Paid advisers descend on candidates, nation", Kyiv Post (19 November 2009)
- ^ Cutugno is upset because of pre-election hymn of Yanukovych, UNIAN (23 November 2009)
- ^ Yanukovych vows to gather people on Maidan if election results are rigged, Interfax-Ukraine (11 December 2009)
- ^ Analysts say exit poll results favor Tymoshenko win on Feb. 7, Kyiv Post (18 January 2010)
- ^ [4], The Financial (1 February 2010)
- ^ Turchynov: vote rigging in favor of Yanukovych was systematic, large-scale, Kyiv Post (10 February 2009)
- ^ Nataliya Korolevska: victory will be ours, Yulia Tymoshenko official website (8 February 2009)
- ^ Andriy Shevchenko: whole gamut of fraud in Donbas, Yulia Tymoshenko official website (8 February 2009)
- ^ a b Ukraine election: Yanukovych urges Tymoshenko to quit, BBC News (10 February 2009)
- ^ "Yanukovych opts for Borys Kolesnykov to become premier", Z I K (9 February 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych does not rule out Tigipko as prime minister, Kyiv Post (15 February 2010)
- ^ Ukrainian election results suspended on appeal, Associated Press (17 February 2010)
- ^ Ukrainian election result suspended after PM's appeal, BBC News (17 February 2010)
- ^ Yulia Tymoshenko will not challenge election results in Supreme Court, Official website of Yulia Tymoshenko (20 February 2009)
- ^ Ukraine Prime Minister Drops Election Challenge, NY Times (20 February 2010)
- ^ Yulia Tymoshenko: sooner or later an honest court will assess the fraudulent 2010 elections, Official website of Yulia Tymoshenko (20 February 2009)
- ^ "Voting for Yanukovych, but unenthusiastically", Kyiv Post (26 November 2009)
- ^ a b Yanukovych vows not to run in 2015 presidential elections if his rating is low, Interfax-Ukraine (19 December 2013)
- ^ Expert report with official documents. Pravda.com.ua.
- ^ Ukrainian Pravda August 4, 2006 (Ukrainian)
- ^ Ukrainian Pravda July 20, 2006. Pravda.com.ua.
- ^ (English)"Lutsenko cannot believe what Medvedko did"
- ^ Outside perspective of the Ukrainian leader (English)
- ^ "About us: The Leader". for-www.partyofregions.org.ua. Retrieved January.
- ^ a b All In The Family, Kyiv Post (2 March 2012)
- ^ a b (Russian) Украина надеется на урегулирование газового вопроса с Россией – президент Украины Виктор ЯНУКОВИЧ, Information Telegraph Agency of Russia (19 March 2012)
- ^ The biography of Yanukovych for who has forgotten it. Pravda.com.ua.
- ^ Interview of Viktor Viktorovich. Pravda.com.ua.
- ^ Ukrainian pravda February 19, 2006. Pravda.com.ua.
- ^ Ukrayinska Pravda exposes president's Mezhygirya deal, Kyiv Post (6 May 2009)
- ^ Mystery surrounds Yanukovych's book, Kyiv Post (3 October 2011)
- ^ a b Ukraine's election: portraits of main players, Kyiv Post (1 January 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych faces uphill battle in getting Lviv to accept him, Kyiv Post (18 February 2009)
- ^ Popular Rukh of Ukraine calling on political forces to prevent concentration of power in hands of Yanukovych's team, Kyiv Post (10 February 2009)
- ^ Viktor Yanukovych: My aim is to build a strong and independent Ukraine. For this purpose I will use all tools, Party of Regions Official Information Server (16 February 2010)
- ^ Let's Get Acquainted, Viktor Yanukovych Personal Information Server
- ^ Exit polls favor Yanukovych in Ukraine race, Kyiv Post (7 February 2009)
- ^ Ukraine set for tilt to east as Russia's ally holds poll lead, The Guardian (7 February 2010)
- ^ Kuchma: Yanukovych-Tymoshenko contest a choice between 'bad and very bad', Kyiv Post (3 December 2010)
- ^ Putin shows no respect for Yanukovych, U.S. cable says, Kyiv Post (11 April. 2011)
- ^ Grytsenko, Oksana (23 January 2012). "WikiLeaks: Regions Party partly composed of 'criminals'". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ Tymoshenko challenges Yanukovych to televised debates, Z I K (21 December 2009)
- ^ Bred-TV and Marazm-cinema. Youtube.com.
- ^ Хроніка конфузів Ялинковича. Youtube.com.
- ^ Viktor Yanukovych promises Ukraine will embrace Russia, guardian.co.uk (5 March 2010)
- ^ Russia's Medvedev in Ukraine visit to boost ties, BBC News (17 May 2010)
- ^ Yanukovych bullish ahead of runoff, Kyiv Post (4 February 2010)
- ^ Янукович и ёлка.avi. Youtube.com (4 December 2010).
- ^ Чисто Йолка. YouTube. 24 December 2010.
- ^ Tymoshenko slams Yanukovych's gift for gaffe, Kyiv Post (29 December 2009)
- ^ a b c Revolution in Orange, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, ISBN 0-87003-221-6 (page 58 + 59 written by Taras Kuzio)
- ^ Тому що "проффесор". Pravda.com.ua.
- ^ (English)"Chekhov is a Ukrainian poet"
- ^ (Russian)raw video footage claiming Chekhov is a poet or is that something of a "slip of a tongue"
- ^ (English)discussion board about Yanukovych literally claims
- ^ (English)Kyiv Post on Yanukovych Presidential program
- ^ Yatseniuk lashes at Yanukovych for ignoring Greek Catholics. Zik.com.ua.
- ^ Ukraine's New President Shows Poor Knowledge of Geography, Pravda.ru (3 March 2010)
- ^ Янукович поспорил с Грибаускайте, у кого дороже газ. Youtube. 20 September 2013.
- ^ "Yanukovych: Tigipko, Yatseniuk will take top posts after presidential elections", Kyiv Post (26 November 2009)
- ^ "5.ua :: Янукович назвав Тимошенко "коровою на льду", YouTube (22 September 2009)
- ^ "Янукович прилюдно обозвал Ющенко!", YouTube
- ^ Orange Revolution Democracy Emerging in Ukraine. Archives.gov.ua (21 December 2004).
- ^ If presidential elections were held next Sunday how would you vote?, Razumkov Centre
Poll: Yanukovych's electoral rating is four percentage points higher than Tymoshenko's, Kyiv Post (14 March 2012) - ^ Ratings of politicians, Sociological group "RATING"
Electoral moods of the Ukrainian population: February 2012, Sociological group "RATING" (5 March 2012) - ^ Every fourth Ukrainian ready to vote for Yanukovych in presidential election – poll, Interfax-Ukraine (6 March 2013)
- ^ Ratings of politicians in presidential elections: February 2013, Sociological group "RATING" (6 March 2013)
- ^ EU ambassador to Ukraine:Yanukovych comes short of expectations, Kyiv Post (12 April 2012)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Viktor Yanukovych. |
- President of Ukraine — Official website (Ukrainian) (Russian) (English)
- "All power to councils – not to a President Czar"
- Yanukovych Personal Information Service
- Viktor Yanukovych on Twitter
- Party of Regions Official Information Server
- Yanukovych's inner circle – Kyiv Post (21 January 2010)
Political offices | ||
Preceded by Anatoliy Kinakh |
Prime Minister of Ukraine 2002–2005 |
Succeeded by Yulia Tymoshenko |
Preceded by Yuriy Yekhanurov |
Prime Minister of Ukraine 2006–2007 |
Succeeded by Yulia Tymoshenko |
Preceded by Viktor Yushchenko |
President of Ukraine 2010–present |
Incumbent |
Sporting positions | ||
Preceded by Ivan Fedorenko |
President of the National Olympic Committee 2002–2005 |
Succeeded by Sergey Bubka |
Party political offices | ||
Preceded by Volodymyr Semynozhenko |
Leader of the Party of Regions 2003–2010 |
Succeeded by Mykola Azarov |
- 1950 births
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Civil War Interactive Discussion Board > Civil War Talk > General Civil War Talk > Looking for answers... |
Moderated by: javal1 |
Looking for answers... | Rate Topic |
Author | Post |
Posted: Fri Jul 25th, 2008 05:02 am |
1st Post |
BloodyBob64 Member
I'm going on vacation until Sunday so I won't be able to check your responses but I'm looking for information and so it will give everyone time to do some research. I have this small Civil War encyclopedia that talks about Confederate Colonel Angus MacDonald or McDonald (I've seen different spellings). The book says that he recruited his own company in the lower Shenandoah and "was known for his unorthodox and non-military academy view that tomahawks were better calvary weapons than sabers. MacDonald also favorered other tactics more commonly employed by Plains Indians, such as striking swiftly in small groups, the retiring from the field." This is a character who I would love to know more about but can't find anything on. Even general searches online yield nothing. I'm sure theres a tid bit about him in Generals in Grey but I don't have the book. Anyone know anything about him? |
Posted: Fri Jul 25th, 2008 05:14 am |
2nd Post |
Texas Defender Member
BloodyBob 64- A search for: "Confederate Colonel Angus MacDonald" (sic) yields a considerable amount of information. You should be able to spend quite awhile reading many contributing websites. AOL Search results for "confederate colonel angus macdonald" Here is a picture of COL McDonald and his monument. Col Angus William McDonald, Sr (1799 - 1864) - Find A Grave Memorial Buried with COL McDonald in Hollywood Cemetery is his second wife, Cornelia Peake. Her diary kept during the war was later published. Her struggles during and after the war were heroic. Cornelia Peake McDonald (1822 - 1909) - Find A Grave Memorial COL McDonald graduated from West Point 13th in the Class of 1817, the first year that class ranks were official. He was only 18 years old when he graduated. (Cullum Number 173). Last edited on Fri Jul 25th, 2008 07:51 am by Texas Defender |
Posted: Fri Jul 25th, 2008 02:07 pm |
3rd Post |
BloodyBob64 Member
Thanks Texas, that memorial site is pretty good, never knew they had something like that. But I'm not finding substantial information on MacDonald's military operations or his influence on the war, if he had any at all. Most of the websites that have his name in it usually just mention his name in some passing instance. Apparently he was under Ashby's command. But I will keep looking; the sites you gave me are a great head start, I've already learned a little bit why he favorered Indian tactics. Thanks again. |
Posted: Fri Jul 25th, 2008 04:15 pm |
4th Post |
Texas Defender Member
BloodyBob64- Actually, it was Turner Ashby who was under COL McDonald's command early in the war. COL McDonald formed the 7th Virginia Cavalry. He saw the potential of then Captain Ashby, and wanted him in his command. It was by his recommendation that General J.E. Johnston promoted Ashby two grades to lieutenant colonel in June of 1861. The troops then commanded by Ashby were incorporated into the 7th Virginia Cavalry. COL McDonald was very elderly for a commander in the field (62 at this time), and he suffered from ill health during the war. When he was forced to leave the regiment early in 1862, Ashby became the regimental commander. (March of 1862). Turner Ashby was promoted to brigadier general two months later, in spite of the opposition of Thomas J. Jackson. Unfortunately, he was killed less than two weeks after that (perhaps by friendly fire), and never saw his promotion confirmed. Turner Ashby - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
Posted: Fri Jul 25th, 2008 04:36 pm |
5th Post |
BloodyBob64 Member
Thanks Texas, thats great information! |
Current time is 06:40 pm | |
Civil War Interactive Discussion Board > Civil War Talk > General Civil War Talk > Looking for answers... | Top |


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Building: Babcock Hall , Bock Laboratories , Bradley Hall , Camp Randall Sports Center , Cole Hall , Fred Hall , Fredrick Center , Goodnight Hall , Gulley Commons , Hiram Smith Hall , Holt Commons , Humphrey Hall , Jorns Hall , King Hall , Adams Hall , Agricultural Hall , McClain Athletic Facility , Moore Hall , Slitcher Hall , Solls Building , Steenbock Library , Stovall Building , Sullivan Hall , Tripp Hall , Russell Laboratories , Wingra Park Advancement Association Hall
Cape: Picnic Point
Church: Faith Bible Church , First United Church of Christ , Madison Chinese Christian Church , Saint Andrews Episcopal Church
Locale: Allen Centennial Gardens , Fitchburg Ridge Shopping Center
Park: Henry Mall , Camp Randall Stadium , Vilas Circle , Henry Vilas Park
Populated Place: Wingra Park , Oakland Heights
School: Randall Elementary School , University of Wisconsin , University of Wisconsin Arboretum
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Time to build: 0.8580 Secs | Cached: 07-Dec-13 05:18 AM


text:
Russian News
Important information for international students on studying and living in New Zealand
Thursday, 28 July 2011
Your New Zealand study experience is important to us here at New Zealand Educated. Here are some key links for international students on studying and living in New Zealand
Your rights to care and safety
In New Zealand all education providers and their agents must provide international students with a high standard of care while they live and study here. The standards of care are set out by the New Zealand Government in a document called the Code of Practice for the Pastoral Care of International Students (or the Code of Practice). You can get a summary or full version of the Code of Practice in multiple languages from the Ministry of Education website. These documents tell you what level of care you can expect from your education provider and what you can do if you have a complaint against your provider and/or agent. Your provider should also give you a copy of these when you enrol.
Withdrawal and refund of fees
All education providers in New Zealand that enrol international students are required to have policies and procedures in place for student withdrawals and refunds. You should receive this information from your provider when you enrol. The New Zealand Government also specifies the rules for refunds for students enrolled at private training establishments. You can find details on these government regulations on the New Zealand Qualification Authority's Study in New Zealand website. You can also find information about what to do and who to contact in case your education provider's course closes here.
Education provider quality
If you have any concerns about the quality of education you are receiving while studying here, the first thing you should do is talk to a staff member at your education provider and follow their advice on how to make a complaint. If your complaint is still not resolved then you can contact an independent organisation for help. If you (or your child) are at:
• A university, polytechnic or college of education - contact the Office of the Ombudsmen.
• A private training establishment or language school - contact the New Zealand Qualifications Authority (NZQA) – phone 0800 697 296.
• A primary or secondary school - contact the school's Board of Trustees or the New Zealand Education Review Office (ERO) – phone 04 499 2489
Reports on the quality of providers
The quality assurance of education providers in New Zealand is monitored by a number of organisations. These organisations and the types of education providers that they review are:.
• Universities - the Committee on University Academic Programmes and the New Zealand Universities Academic Audit Unit
• Tertiary education organisations (other than universities) – the NZQA
• Primary and secondary schools – ERO