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Video and Copyright
ALA Library Fact Sheet 7
Please note that ALA cannot give legal advice. If you need legal advice, you should contact an intellectual property attorney.
For general information and guidance, you may contact Program Director Carrie Russell of the ALA Washington (DC) Office, at phone number 1-800-941-8478 or via e-mail to email@example.com. See the blog sponsored by ALA's Office for Information Technology Policy in Washington, the Copyright Advisory Network: A community of librarians, copyright scholars, policy wonks. Join us.
For further assistance, you can contact the United States Copyright Office directly, at phone number 202-707-5959 or 1-877-476-0778 (toll free) Monday through Friday, 8:30 am to 5:00 pm, Eastern Time only, or use the Ask a Copyright Question online submission form. Many questions are answered on the United States Copyright Office website at Copyright.gov; see Frequently Asked Questions About Copyright and the Copyright Basics Circular (PDF).
For links to lists of ALA's recommended and award-winning videos/DVDs for all ages, sorted by age group, see ALA Recommended Viewing.
Resources and Publications for Librarians and Educators
Answers to some of the most common questions concerning video and copyright have been addressed on the Ask the ALA Librarian Blog compiled by the ALA Library staff on the AmericanLibrariesMagazine.org website; be sure to see the August 26, 2010 entry, VHS to DVD? as well as the April 20, 2011 entry, Recommended Viewing - Movies and DVDs. Additional resources include the Public Performance Rights and Online Video Use pages at the ALA Professional Tips Wiki.
ALA Washington Office Program Director Carrie Russell (mentioned above) is the author of the article that is freely available from the ALA website as an Adobe Reader PDF file, The Best of Copyright and VideoLib (PDF), which originally appeared in the Winter 2010 ("Current Trends in Academic Media Collections and Services," edited by Ciara Healy) issue of the Library Trends journal, on pages 349-357.
Current publications on video and copyright include:
- Bonner, Kimberly M. The Center for Intellectual Property Handbook. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 2006.
- Butler, Rebecca P. Copyright for Teachers and Librarians in the 21st Century. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 2011.
- Colleges, Code, and Copyright: The Impact of Digital Networks and Technological Controls on Copyright and the Dissemination of Knowledge in Higher Education. Chicago: Center for Intellectual Property in the Digital Environment, Association of College and Research Libraries, 2005.
- Crews, Kenneth D. Copyright Law for Librarians and Educators: Creative Strategies and Practical Solutions, Third Edition. Chicago: American Library Association, 2012.
- Keogh, Patricia and Rachel Crowley. Copyright Policies in College Libraries, CLIP Note #39. Chicago: College Library Information Packet (CLIP) Committee, College Libraries Section, Association of College and Research Libraries, 2008.
- Laskowski, Mary S. Guide to Video Acquisitions in Libraries: Issues and Best Practices. Chicago: Association for Library Collections & Technical Services, 2011.
- Lipinski, Tomas A. The Librarian's Copyright Liability Handbook. New York: Neal-Schuman, 2005.
- Russell, Carrie. Complete Copyright: An Everyday Guide for Librarians. Chicago: American Library Association, 2004. NOTE: Russell's follow-up publication, Complete Copyright for K–12 Librarians and Educators, is scheduled for release Spring 2012.
- Simpson, Carol. Copyright for Schools: A Practical Guide, Fifth Edition. Santa Barbara, Calif: Linworth, 2010.
- Simpson, Carol, and Christine Weiser. Copyright for Administrators. Columbus, Ohio: Linworth Pub, 2008.
- Wherry, Timothy L. Intellectual Property: Everything the Digital-Age Librarian Needs to Know. Chicago: American Library Association, 2008.
Use of Videotapes/DVDs/Video Files
The Copyright Act of 1976 governs the rights of reproduction, adaptation, distribution, and public performance and display. Several sections of this act have implications for videocassettes, DVDs and computer file formats.
When libraries purchase a videocassette or a DVD, or make a video file accessible to patrons for a specific rental period, they own the physical object but not the copyright. Copyright law, therefore, determines what libraries can and cannot do with the videotapes/DVDs/video files they own without infringing upon the copyright they do not own. However, the law also includes exceptions and limitations to the exclusive rights of the rights holder that allow libraries to lend, preserve and replace videos and allow non-profit educational institutions the right to publicly perform videos in the face-to-face classroom, and under certain conditions, in the distance educational classroom via digital networks. When libraries want to use a videotape/DVD/video file in such a way that would infringe upon the copyright, permission must be sought from rights holder in the form of a license agreement. Permission fees are likely. (See #4 below.)
1. Loan/Rental of Video
Libraries may loan/rent videos, in whatever available format, to patrons for their personal use. This is true even if the video is labeled "For Home Use Only." The first sale exception (§109) copyright allows an owner of a work to lend, rent or other depose of the work. Because of this, libraries can lend, people can sell videos or books at their garage sale, Amazon call sell new and used books, and second hand book stores are a legitimate business.
- Libraries should not knowingly loan a video to groups for use in (non-educational) public performances. If a patron inquires about a planned performance of a video, he or she should be informed that only private uses of it are lawful.
- If libraries are aware that library patrons are checking out videos or DVDs in order to copy them, the patron should be advised that the use is not lawful. Having a policy regarding the lending of works, especially those works that can be easily copied should be developed. In this way, if a librarian has reason to believe that works are copied without authorization, she can invoke the policy and suspend lending privileges.
- Libraries can charge a nominal fee for use of videos.
- While not required by law, librarians can label videos and DVDs with a copyright warning statement such as "This work may be protected by copyright. Further reproduction and distribution may be an infringement under the copyright law (17 U.S.Code)."
2. Classroom Use of Videos
Public performances of a video/DVD in the face-to-face classroom is an exception to the public performance right §110 (1) and therefore lawful. The following conditions apply:
- The teaching activities are conducted by a non-profit education institution
- The performance is in connection with face-to-face teaching activities.
- The performance takes place in a classroom or similar place devoted to instruction.
- The person responsible for the performance has no reason to believe that the videotape was unlawfully made.
3. Library Use of Videos
Most public performances of a video in a public room (including library meeting rooms), whether or not a fee is charged, are an infringement of copyright. Such performances require a public performance license from the rights holder. There are few exceptions to this rule unless the public performance is determined to be a fair use.
Libraries that permit patrons to watch videos, DVDs, or video files in private viewing rooms should strictly limit the viewing to one individual or a very small group and should not levy charges or fees.
Previewing a video before borrowing or purchasing it should be done in a private space.
Notices may be posted on video recorders or DVD players or on computer monitors used in the library to educate and warn patrons about the existence of the copyright laws. Such a notice might read:
4. Motion Picture Licensing Corporation (MPLC) and Movie Licensing USA
Unless a library purchases a video that comes with public performance rights, it is a copyright infringement for the library to use that video for in-house viewing or programs. Typically, the videos and DVDs purchased through normal retail channels or from video rental stores do not carry the necessary public performance rights, and it will be necessary to obtain those rights in writing from the copyright holder or from a licensing agent. If your library or school plans to show videos frequently, you may wish to consider a site license.
Movie Licensing USA provides Public Performance Site Licensing. See the site licensing for public libraries along with library licensing manager contact information. See the site licensing for K-12 Schools along with school copyright licensing manager contact information.
Motion Picture Licensing Corporation (MPLC) includes FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) and an explanation of the MPLC Umbrella License®. See the MPLC Umbrella License® for Public Libraries and the MPLC Umbrella License® for Day Schools. Contact MPLC directly with any questions using the MPLC contact form.
School and academic libraries do not require public performance rights if the titles will be shown only for non-profit, educational purposes.
Are libraries required to purchase videos or DVDs at the higher institutional price? No. Vendors or publishers often use tiered pricing, but the library does not have to pay the higher fee unless it is getting something in return (discounted replacement copies, etc.) Many libraries by their own choice pay the institutional price for ethical reasons, recognizing that many people will use the video and a higher fee may be warranted.
Can libraries buy videos or DVDs at retail outlets, such as Wal-Mart or Sam's Club? Yes, these videos can be added to the collection, loaned and shown for non-profit, educational purposes.
Why are some videos/ DVDs labelled "Home Use Only?" Vendors or publishers want to remind consumers that videos and DVDs should not be shown to the public as this is an exclusive right of the rights holder. There is an exception to the public performance rights that allows non-profit, educational institutions the right to publicly perform videos/DVDs for non-profit, educational purposes.
Can I should an entire DVD in the distance educational classroom via digital networks? The Technology, Education, and Copyright Harmonization (TEACH) Act of 2002 says only portions of DVDs can be screened in the distance classroom. However, fair use may apply when it is necessary to show the entire film to meet the teaching need.
What if I obtain a video or DVD via a license agreement? In general, a license agreement (even those that are non-negotiated such as a "click-on" license) override the copyright law. This means that contract terms will define what you can or cannot do with the copy.
Educators and students use YouTube videos for classroom or assignment purposes? Are these uses lawful? If associated with a license agreement, it may be a breach of contract (but not an infringement of copyright) to use the videos for anything but private, non-commercial use. However, the use of YouTube videos in non-profit, educational settings is wide spread and common. Rights holder have not sued educational institutional for this use, so it may be a use that rights holders tolerate or find relatively harmless since there are no market implications. Using YouTube videos outside of the educational environment, especially for commercial purposes, may require permission.
Is it lawful to make film clip compilations for use in the classroom? Yes, this use is a fair use. Screen capture is an easy way to accomplish this. You must be a higher educational faculty member or college student studying media or film studies if you wish to circumvent technological measures employed by the rights holder (such as Content Scrambling System (CSS)), This rule may change or be expanded based on federal rules determined by the Librarian of Congress in conjunction with the Copyright Office's triennal rulemaking on the circumvention of technological protection measures. §1201(a)(C).
Last updated: March 2012
For more information on this or other fact sheets, contact the ALA Library Reference Desk by telephone: 800-545-2433, extension 2153; fax: 312-280-3255; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; or regular mail: ALA Library, American Library Association, 50 East Huron Street, Chicago, IL 60611-2795.


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Ching blends cucumber and ginger into a refreshing virgin cocktail.
Emeril tops cucumber slivers with smoked salmon and a simple vinaigrette.
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Want to try your hand at pickle-making? Here's a fast, foolproof technique.
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Don't let pickling intimidate you: Tyler shows how to do it fast and easy.
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Winter Kate
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Our website uses cookies so that we can provide a better service. Continue to use the site as normal if you're happy with this, or find out how to manage cookies.
We are closed from 5:00pm on Monday 23rd December until 8:00am on Friday 3rd January
All orders placed after Friday 20th December will be despatched on Monday 6th January
A wide range of DeWalt, Bosch and Festool jig saw blades are available from Kelvin Power Tools. Jigsaws can be used to cut in more varied ways than standard straight cutting saws, and are therefore one of the tradesman's essentials. New blades should replace blunt ones to maintain safe cutting, as blunt blades reduce cutting performance and quality, resulting in rougher finishes. We stock a variety of blades for different materials and cutting depths; from ultra-thin sheet metal of 1.5mm to wood up to 120mm thick. Jigsaw blades are capable of cutting wood, metal, laminate, tiles, plastics, and more, and each one has a special application:
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text: we got the family membership and go at least 1x every 2 months - we live an hr and a half away. the art studio, garage, water floor, and te room of traveling exhibits is great. some of the better exhibits have been the wizard of oz, rolling one, bounce house and the current one (tape house?). the tape structure... More


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This is the text alternative transcript for the U.S. Hydrogen Program podcast titled: Hydrogen Safety. The media files can be accessed on the DOE Hydrogen Program Media Files page.
Sound Intro Here (music)
Welcome to The Hydrogen Report.
In this edition, we're going to discuss hydrogen safety. As with most fuels, the more you know about hydrogen, the easier it is to feel safe about using it. We have a certain comfort level with the familiar. We've been using gasoline for more than 100 years, so today most of us don't think twice about going to the gas station and filling up. But when a new fuel — a different fuel — enters the picture, people can wonder about its safety.
Music Intro
The fact is that hydrogen is not entirely new. About 9 million tons of hydrogen is produced in the U.S. annually. Most of this is used for petroleum refining, ammonia production, and in the electronics, food, chemical, and steel industries, but to put this number in perspective, it's enough hydrogen to refuel 34 million cars. Industry has used hydrogen safely for decades. What is new about hydrogen is that now we're talking about using hydrogen in consumer environments — in publicly accessible buildings for power and to refuel our personal cars, public transit buses, and other vehicles.
Hydrogen can be used as safely as other fuels we use today, like gasoline and natural gas, but like those other fuels, it must be handled appropriately. The characteristics of hydrogen are different — like gasoline is different from natural gas — and a number of its properties can be advantageous with regard to safety. Understanding a little about hydrogen's properties and just how it is different from other familiar fuels can help dispel any myths about the safety risks of using it.
Sound Break Here (music)
Hydrogen is non-toxic, non-corrosive, and non-poisonous.
Unlike gasoline, hydrogen is a gas at ambient temperature. It's the lightest and smallest element in the universe — it's 14 times lighter than air, which means that when released in an outside environment, it rises and disperses quickly.
Hydrogen is colorless, odorless and tasteless, which makes it difficult for us to detect. Natural gas has similar properties and is also hard to detect, but industry adds an odorant (that sulfur smell) so it's relatively easy to notice a leak. Odorants are not currently used with hydrogen because there is no known odorant light enough to travel with it — remember it's the lightest and smallest element. Today's known odorants also contaminate fuel cells, an important hydrogen application. Hydrogen systems are designed with ventilation and leak detection systems to mitigate any potential hazards, should there be a hydrogen release.
Today, most hydrogen is stored in tanks as a gas under pressure, or as a liquid at -423 degrees Fahrenheit. Anything stored at high pressure or as a super-cooled liquid must be handled appropriately and with caution. The Department of Energy's Pat Davis explains how hydrogen systems are engineered with these characteristics in mind:
"Hydrogen storage tanks must meet strict safety guidelines and they also undergo rigorous testing for safety. They have been subjected to fire, gunshots (literally), and even dropped from great heights to verify their structural integrity. Stationary fuel cell systems and hydrogen refueling stations are sited to the established building codes, and have leak and flame detection systems and pressure relief devices for safety. Today's hydrogen demonstration vehicles also have redundant safety systems, including leak detection and pressure relief devices for safety. In the DOE Hydrogen Learning Demonstration, we've established an excellent safety record."
The process of refueling a hydrogen vehicle is similar to refueling a gasoline car. The same rules apply: no smoking and no using your cell phone while refueling. Hydrogen refueling systems are designed for safety — the refueling nozzle actually locks onto the vehicle, creating a closed loop system to prevent hydrogen from being released anywhere but into the vehicle's tank in the process.
Because hydrogen is stored at pressure, if for some reason a vent release does occur, the hydrogen vents very quickly, and, as we noted, because the gas is so light, it rises and disperses rapidly into nonflammable concentrations in outside environments.
What about if hydrogen does catch fire? Pat Davis explains:
"If hydrogen does catch fire, its flames can be difficult to detect. Because hydrogen flames are nearly invisible in daylight. Although the flames themselves are just as hot as flames from fuels such as gasoline and propane, they radiate much less heat. This means that the risk of secondary fires is lower, but it also means you can come very close to a hydrogen flame before feeling that heat. Given these characteristics, fire fighters and other first responders will use flame detection equipment. In addition, training courses on hydrogen help prepare them to identify situations in which a flame might be present."
All fuels by nature are energetic substances — they wouldn't be useful as fuels if they weren't — yet we handle fuel as part of our every day routines, whether it's filling our car, using the natural gas stove, or lighting the propane grill in the summer time. We are familiar with these fuels and know how to handle them properly. Our comfort with handling hydrogen as a fuel should be no different. As hydrogen begins to enter the commercial market, the more familiar it will become, and it, too, can be just part of the routine.
Thanks for listening. If you'd like to learn more about hydrogen — and increase your H2IQ — visit hydrogen.energy.gov. And be sure to listen for future episodes of The Hydrogen Report.


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Sign in to digital edition
Friday 20 Dec 2013
He will be the first African-born curator in the exhibition's 100-year history
Published online: 04 December 2013
A no-show at this year's Venice Biennale has prompted questions about the country's cultural ambitions
Published online: 12 September 2013
As collectors swap Italy for Switzerland, will strong sales at the Biennale boost Art Basel?
Published online: 13 June 2013
Potential 2015 clash with Frieze New York
Published online: 12 June 2013
The verdict on Massimiliano Gioni's biennale
Published online: 11 June 2013
How artists feel about exhibiting at both events in quick succession
Wenny Teo: Lee Kit's 'You (you)' is Great (Great)
Wenny Teo: "The Unicorn and the Dragon" brings China closer to Venice
Aaron Cezar: Rebuilding Utopias in Venice
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As Muslims start celebrating the festival of Eid, Art Dubai shares the second edition of Posting Ramadan, a collection of blogs by artists,...
Australia is due to build a new pavilion in the Giardini at the Venice Biennale (1 June-24 November)—but the Singapore-born artist Simryn...
Russian journalists, curators and collectors descended upon the Stella Art Foundation in Moscow last night (28 February) to discover...
All entries
What now for India's contemporary art scene?
Eid in Venice?
Venice Biennale: city pavilions
Venice Biennale: Giardini
Venice Biennale: Arsenale
Lee Kit's 'You (you)' is Great (Great)
"The Unicorn and the Dragon" brings China closer to Venice
Venice makes the art world go round
Venice Biennale could open earlier in May
Reading the great Venetian encyclopaedia


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We're a fan of the audiobook at my house for this very reason:
"It took people 10 years to figure out that while stuck in a morning commute, they could be listening to a book."
~ Paul Hilts, Publishers Weekly
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This entry was posted on Wednesday, March 17th, 2010 at 8:55 pm and is filed under For fun. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
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Overview of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine Center
The Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine Center provides mental health diagnostic and treatment services to children and families. Staff includes experts in the fields of child and adolescent psychiatry, pediatric psychology, neuropsycholoy and psychotherapy.
We offer diagnosis and treatment for:
- Adjustment to an illness or life circumstance problem.
- Anxiety disorders.
- Attachment disorders.
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
- Behavioral disorders of childhood.
- Bipolar disorder.
- Child abuse and neglect.
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- Psychotic disorders.
Our subspecialty clinics and services include:
- Consultation and liaison service.
- Evaluation Clinic.
- Group therapy.
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- Medication management.
- Neuropsychology Clinic.
- Psychopharmacology Clinic.
- Psychological/neuropsychological testing.
- Second Opinion Clinic.
- Trauma Clinic.


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Newton B. Drury Scenic Parkway is CLOSED due to hazardous road conditions.
Inclement weather often creates unsafe road conditions. Currently, there is a "glaze" of transparent ice on sections of the road. The Parkway will reopen as soon as State law enforcement officers deem it safe to travel upon.
Most campgrounds remain OPEN. Sites are available on first-come, first-served basis.
Jed Smith, Elk Prairie, Gold Bluffs Beach campgrounds are OPEN. All sites are available on first-come, first-served basis. Mill Creek Campground is CLOSED and will reopen May 16, 2014. More »
Gravel Access Road CLOSED.
Gravel access road to the Tall Trees trailhead is closed until further notice. Tall Trees Trail and Grove are still open. The easiest way to access this area is by hiking the Redwood Creek Trail, which is 8 miles one way.
Multimedia Presentations
Did You Know?
While oceans contain most of Earth's carbon, about half stored on land in Redwood National and State Parks is in soils. The amount of carbon in the upper two meters of soil alone is ~14 million metric tons. That's equal to 1% of total U.S. emission in a year!


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Thai Patriots Network sues FM
- Published: 14 Jan 2013 at 15.03
- Online news: Politics
The Thai Patriots Network on Monday filed a lawsuit with the Criminal Court against the Foreign Ministry, accusing it of posting false and misleading information about the Preah Vihear temple on its official, public website.
Also named as defendants in the case are Foreign Minister Surapong Tovichakchaikul, permanent secretary for foreign affairs Sihasak Puangketkaew, East Asian Affairs Department director-general Passakorn Siriyaphan, Information Department chief and ministry spokesman Thani Thongphakdi and Treaties and Legal Affairs Department chief Touchayoot Pakdi.
The lawsuit was filed in the name of the network by its core members Chaiwat Sinsuwong, ML Walwipa Burusphan and Somboon Thongburan.
This article is older than 60 days, which we reserve for our premium members only.You can subscribe to our premium member subscription, here.


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WALKING DEAD's Michael Rooker joins the team to test zombie myths. Is an ax or a gun more effective when you're swarmed by zombies? Adam turns un-dead to test if the "might of the living dead" can bust down Jamie's door. Can you outrun--or smart--a horde? watch
Obnoxious, uncouth, and a worldclass loudmouth, Wally Sparks is the notorious television talk show host all America just loves to hate! Features an all star comic cast!
Nate Parker (The Great Debaters) stars with Golden Globe-winner Rick Schroder (TV's 24) in this electrifying true story as told in the award-winning book by Timothy Tyson. When a black Vietnam War vet is murdered by whites in small-town North Carolina, it sparks a firestorm of violent protest. Amid the rising chaos, a local teacher (Parker) and newly arrived preacher (Schroder) will risk everything to see justice done and change the brutal legacy of the past. From writer/director Jeb Stuart (screenwriter of Die Hard), it's a powerful, emotionally explosive film the New York Times applauds as "rich and fascinating."
Keys To Tulsa movie trailer - starring Eric Stoltz, Cameron Diaz, James Coburn, James Spader, Joanna Going, Mary Tyler Moore. Directed by Leslie Greif. Genre: Drama Rating: R
A mysterious power failure in a major city leads to a nightmarish social breakdown. Everything the people of the city have taken for granted no longer works and soon ordinary rules no longer apply.
more Michael Rooker Clips & Interviews videos
The electrifying true story of a brutal racial murder in North Carolina, and the extraordinary courage of those who fought to change a small town's legacy of hatred and discrimination.
When a black Vietnam War vet is murdered by whites in small-town North Carolina, it sparks a firestorm of violent protest. Amid the rising chaos, a local teacher and newly arrived preacher will risk everything to see justice done.
Writer-director J.J. Abrams crafts a supernatural tale about six kids who witness something incredible while shooting a movie with a Super 8 camera.
J.J. Abrams and Steven Spielberg join forces in this extraordinary tale of youth, mystery and adventure. Super 8 tells the story of six friends who witness a train wreck while making a super 8 movie, only to learn that something unimaginable escaped during the crash. They soon discover that the only thing more mysterious than what it is, is what it wants. Experience the film that critics rave is "filled with unstoppable imagination and visual effects to spare. It will put a spell on you." – Peter Travers, Rolling Stone.
more Michael Rooker Movies videos
Andrew Lincoln and the cast of The Walking Dead welcome you to the set of Season 4.
WALKING DEAD's Michael Rooker joins the team to test zombie myths. Is an ax or a gun more effective when you're swarmed by zombies? Adam turns un-dead to test if the "might of the living dead" can bust down Jamie's door. Can you outrun--or smart--a horde? Also available on Amazon Instant Video and VUDU
Board up your windows and check the expiration date on your canned goods – The Nerdist is getting ready to face the zombie apocalypse! With guests like The Walking Dead creator Robert Kirkman and star of The Walking Dead Michael Rooker, our survival chances are on the rise! We'll play Walking Dead Mad Libs and find out what our nerd collectibles are worth. Also, if you've always wondered what Karen Gillan would look like as a zombie – this is the show for you! Also available on Amazon Instant Video and VUDU
Rick and the group have to seriously consider if the prison is worth defending as the Governor's impending attack looms over their heads. Also available on Netflix, Amazon Instant Video and VUDU
more Michael Rooker On TV videos
more Michael Rooker credits (51 total credits)
The roar of Norman Reedus's motorcycle engine cuts through the tranquil Georgia field housing The Walking Dead's production trailers. Even though the actor is not listed on today's call sheet — he doesn't even appear in the episode being shot — he just can't stay away from his on-screen family. read more
History be damned. And that's no joke, though the show sometimes feels like one. The CW's Reign (Thursday, 9/8c) is all about herstory, an opulent and giddy bodice-ripper very loosely inspired by the teenage years of the ultimately ill-fated Mary, Queen of Scots (a pouty Adelaide Kane). It's like Masterpiece Junior as seen on MTV after a jolt of Red Bull, or more to the point, Gossip Girl goes to court. And while it will win no prizes for scholarly accuracy (to put it mildly), Reign is such a fanciful folly of royal romance and literally poisonous court gossip that it's hard not to hail a CW show that breaks so lavishly from the network's usual formula of angst-ridden ghouls and cloying rom-com.
The world of The Walking Dead is expanding.
On Monday, AMC announced plans for a companion series that is set in the same world, but will follow new characters, which will offer a different perspective on the zombie apocalypse. With those parameters in mind, TVGuide.com came up with six ideas for the series, which will be executive-produced by Robert Kirkman, Gale Anne Hurd and David Alpert. Keep in mind that introducing new characters doesn't mean that familiar faces couldn't take center stage in the spin-off. Take a look at our list: (Warning: Comic book and series spoilers below!)
The Walking Dead has promoted Chad Coleman, Sonequa Martin-Green and Emily Kinney to series regular for Season 4, TVGuide.com has learned.
Coleman and Green joined the show during Season 3 as fan-favorite comic book character Tyreese and... read more
[Warning: This story contains major spoilers from Sunday's Season 3 finale of The Walking Dead. Read at your own risk!]
The Walking Dead shook things up again on Sunday's Season 3 finale by killing off another main character — and proving once and for all that the AMC series is unafraid to ax anyone, no matter what happened in the comics.
In this instance, it was Andrea (Laurie Holden), who became a polarizing character in the third season when she began literally sleeping with the enemy in the form of The Governor (David Morrisey) the charismatic leader of the supposedly idyllic town of Woodbury. (Of course, Andrea learned the hard way that The Governor is actually a sadist who rules the town with an iron fist.) Still, killing off one of the few original characters who is still alive in the comics is sure to get Dead fans talking until the series returns in October. To find out why the writers decided to kill off Andrea, TVGuide.com turned to executive producer Robert Kirkman, who also dishes on what's in store for Season 4... read more
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The 3 Sprouts storage box is the perfect organizational tool for any room. With sides reinforced with cardboard this storage box stands at attention at all times. Made to fit almost all cubby hole shelving units it adds a pop of fun to every room. Whether standing alone or placed in a cubby hole the 3 Sprouts storage box makes organizing easy.
Material: 100% polyester, 100% polyester felt applique
Brand: 3 Sprouts
Origin: Imported
New and expecting parents, take note! From naptime to playtime — and all the times in between — this sale has you covered. Top-of-the-line strollers, nursery decor, and maternity clothes are just some of the must-haves you'll find in this array. There are plenty of colorful, cute styles for baby too, like coveralls, dresses, and cozy sweaters.
Parents love 3 Sprouts' organic bean bag chairs and sleep sacks, non-toxic baby placemats, and other "green" goods for kids — and we do too. Founded by Canadian pals Amit Khurana, Banu Khurana, and Obsidian Graham in 2007, 3 Sprouts specializes in sustainable, eco-friendly items decorated with adorable animal shapes. With backgrounds in fashion design, the trio makes sure their products — from hooded towels and art smocks to storage bins and wall organizers — are as stylish as they are sustainable.


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Company Overview
Dictionary.com LLC's online and mobile properties are destinations for learning and word discovery. We provide resources that create success for consumers in their schoolwork, careers, relationships, and life.
Every month more than 50 million users across the globe visit our online English dictionary and thesaurus, making us the world's largest and most authoritative free online dictionary and mobile reference resource. Our selection of online and mobile products are an interactive and reliable source for word meaning and usage. Take our products everywhere and access them any time; we serve academic, business, social and recreational needs, irrespective of age or education level.
Interact with Dictionary.com on-the-go with our mobile iPhone, iPad, and Android applications and API data services. We intend to redefine word learning and knowledge in the context of emerging technology while preserving the painstaking traditions of expertise and integrity that everyone expects from us.
"This is the best website ever. It makes learning an enjoyable experience. I make it a point to visit every day and learn new things. Thank you." Susan W.
"The site is really a wonderful creation for all literature lovers. The word games are truly good to improve interpretation skills and word power. A very good way to pass time in the most efficient way." Mrunal G.
"I have been constantly using your site for work for the past 6 years. It has helped me a lot especially in teaching the correct and easier phonetics on word pronunciation. Thanks a lot!" - MaryLuz O.
"I absolutely love dictionary.com I don't think I can live without it.I literally use it all day, everyday. Besides the Dictionary I also use the Thesaurus and Translator often, especially with the kids with their school things. I've started to use the Flashcards, when I get the chance just for brain stimulation. I love this website, it is very convenient for me, anywhere or anytime I just log in. Thanks, it's a lifesaver!" Jaclyn S.
I love this site! I use it to study for my English III Vocabulary quizzes! I also enjoy the different words lists used for the word challenge, and the different options available to help study. The standardized tests section will come in handy, too! I love this site, and will be using it throughout my school years (Including college)! -R. Kakisu, Missouri
Ever since I discovered word dynamo, I have been addicted to it, and I thank it for providing a great help with literature and English assignments, in which I have been able to use these beautiful words and make writing an art. I have used this in various pieces of creative writing, and I have achieved great grades. I do think word dynamo is the reason for this. I would strongly recommend to anybody I meet...it is seriously addictive to the word/reading lover! - T. Mortensen, Greater London, UK.
I love this site! I forwarded the link to the other teachers in my building. We're trying to expand our students' vocabulary in all topics to prepare them for the SAT, and the more I explore Word Dynamo the more I see how it can help them in business, economics, world languages, social studies, etc. I'm so glad I found Word Dynamo! - T. Adams, Maryland
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by Category
by Year
AML Award:
Young Adult Literature
Presented to:
Ann Dee Ellis
This Is What I Did:
You know Logan Paloney. He's the quiet kid, the introverted one, the one the bullies pick on first. But no life can be so easily reduced to a handful of casual assumptions, and behind the face of the kid who seems shy and a little slow is an individual whose world is no less complex for his inability to talk about it. In Ann Dee Ellis's debut novel, Logan's thoughts, shared only with the reader, tell the story of what really happened when he witnessed a horrible crime--a memory Logan fears to confront because of his own actions and what they mean. As Logan circles around this pain, he reveals more about himself: his inability to talk to his parents, who are busy with their own problems; his struggles with the bullies at Scouts; his growing friendship with a quirky, outgoing girl who seems not to care what people think of her. Logan's references to the mysterious crime by turn implicate and exonerate him, keeping readers guessing until almost the last minute as to what actually happened that night. With a unique style that tightly links content with form, the story is as much told through images, word play, and free verse as through narrative. The result is a short but intense novel that ranges from the depths to which humans can fall to the heights of redemption and forgiveness--especially of oneself. The Association for Mormon Letters is proud to present the 2007 award for Young Adult Fiction to Ann Dee Ellis for
This Is What I Did:


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I very much apprectiate the responses from those who answered my questions on sensitivity and management. This is a followup question.
For every investment opportunity, there is the magic number, ROI. ROI is risk dependent based on the track record of the entrepreneur, how disruptive or innovative the proposed product/service is and the integrity of the business model.
A typical investor would like to find out how the entrepreneur's business growth can justify his/her investment. A typical founder of startup creates a rosy financial forecast that addresses the ROI expectation of the investor because he/she strongly believes in the product he/she engineered.
On the engineering side, suppose the product is disruptive. The business model is sound, and the product will add significant values (benefits/costs, integrity of services, etc.) to the end-users. i.e the product will sell. I anticipate that the investor will naturally ask the entrepreneur to justify the projected large sales volume. My answer to the anticipated investor question will be that the product will sell and the sales volume depends on the these factors:
1) availability of well qualified sale force/3rd party sale agencies
2) the marketing/advertizing channels
3) pricing
4) after sales product support
Would readers of this kindly provide some feedback whether the above factors are valid, trivial or if there are other constraints I have overlooked? I am trying to build a presentation strategy for the investor?


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Krystal's Pizza Party
Related Categories: Add a Comment Family and Friends, Birthday, Krystal, Cooking
Today, to follow up Krystal's 6th birthday on Thursday, she got all dressed up and ready for her party at Pizza Express on Belmont Street.
We arrived about 10 minutes early to get into the room, only to find we actually had the whole of the top floor allocated to us - so a room with a big table set out with blobs of dough and another room with a big long table for the kids to sit at.
As all the kids arrived to join in the fun, hand over generous gifts and catch up with each other, it was time to get their gear on to make the pizzas. They all got numbered hats, Krystal number 1 as the birthday girls and Kory coinscidentally got number 8 which he was delighted with as that's his age. They also got aprons and washed their hands.
Chef Krystal and Chef Kory ready to get making some pizza!
it was time to head to the pizza making room. One of the managers, Luke, was taking the "class" and the kids were pretty good at listening to his instructions and actually following them. it was nice to see and somewhat surprising that they did!
They spent some time making the edge thin so that it goes crispy, squashing the whole thing flat. The kids all loved the feeling of the dough.
Next came the bit they loved the most, throwing the dough from hand to hand. This caused much hilarity!
Some professional help was required but on the whole the kids did really well!
Once they got them big enough to put into the pans, they got some white "glue" and had to stick the dough in to the edges. There were a few bases with holes in at this point but Luke was able to rescue them before any tears and tantrums occurred.
Best Friends: Kory & Amy and Krystal & Annabel
Once all the pizza bases were in the pans safely, it was time for what could have been a really messy part - the pizza sauce - passata I think it was called. Instead of spreading it on, the sauce was dolloped on the side of their base and they had to swoosh it, tap the base on the table or tap with their hands until the sauce was covering the dough.
Rather amazingly, there was none on the floor, the walls, the ceiling or even the aprons! Not sure I'd have been quite that brave with 11 kids.
There wwas then a choice of several toppings, ham, mushroom, olives, pepperoni, cheese. Poor Luke had to keep getting more as they were putting on so much, but they did look really tasty by the time they were ready to go to the ovens.
Thomas, Hannah & Josh (right pic)
James couldn't resist a shot of the hats
Pizzas getting put into a carrier by numbers on the hats
While the pizzas were cooking, the kids went back to the table, got some juice and all chatted. They were getting louder and louder by the minute but thankfully the food arrived just in time. Silence in the room. Lots of happy munching wee faces could be seen.
Just before it was time for everyone to leave, Krystal's cake came out, everyone sang happy birthday to Krystal (to which she looked really embarassed) and blew out her number 6 candle.
Krystal had a wonderful time, her friends seemed to enjoy it too and Luke was brilliant with the kids. I would highly recommend Pizza Express for kids parties.


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255 Questions on Customizing Your Mac
Best Answer
Flash storage is essentially a really big USB memory stick instead of using a standard Hard Drive which stores information on disks inside the drive. here are the Pros/cons to flash:-
Faster to access information from the drive
More realiable as they have a lower failure rate
Even more reliable as if the mac is dropped beyond repair you stand a very good chance of recovering your information without issue as their are no disks inside which are usually shattered/scratched resulting in a loss of information
help to make a unit lighter and more portable due to small size
Small sizes
hope this helps- Answered by Simon F from Darwen
- Oct 9, 2012
- Flag as inappropriate
How to upgrade the RAM on the new MacBook Pro Retina?
I plan to buy a 15-inch MacBook Pro with Retina display 2.3 Ghz packed with 8GB of onboard RAM.
Can the RAM be upgraded from 8GB to 16GB later, on this specific model and if so how?
Thanks for your time.- Asked by Eric B
- Jun 12, 2012
- Flag as inappropriate
Best AnswerYou can't! The ram is soldered to the board. I wanted to get this laptop as well, but this is a deal breaker for me. If the ram ever goes bad on you, it would have to be serviced by apple so make sure to get apple care if you get it to at least extend the warranty by 2 years
- Answered by Radoslav R from Toronto
- Jun 14, 2012
- Flag as inappropriate
what are the differences between solid state drive and flash storage?
- Asked by Letícia U from Montreal
- Apr 6, 2013
- Flag as inappropriate
Best AnswerA Solid State Drive (SSD) is a storage device that uses flash technology but comes in the form factor of a conventional hard drive so it can be used in a computer in the hard drives role.
The term 'flash storage' refers to the use of any memory based on a micro chip with no moving parts. E.g. USB flash drive, memory card...
Apple describe their latest machines as having flash storage as they use flash chips soldered to the board. In practice, this is like an SSD but as it can't be removed and is in a different form factor.- Answered by Shane B
- Jun 9, 2013
- Flag as inappropriate
Which choice is best for a high school student: the Macbook Air and iPad 4th generation or the Macbook Pro and iPad Mini?
I have just started high school this year and have been doing so well that my parents had decided to get me better electronics for my school needs. I have a budget and so I had to choose between the two above choices. I've been having such a hard time choosing because there are just too many factors too consider; I want a great Mac that can last me 'till the end of high school and an iPad I can use everyday for things like games, music, emailing, facebook and movies but mostly for reading and school (textbooks, etc...) Please help me choose!!!
- Asked by Bersabel A from Falls Church
- Dec 10, 2012
- Flag as inappropriate
- Asked about: iPad
Best AnswerOk,
I would DEFINITLY go with the macbook pro and iPad mini since one is kinda big and one is kinda small. Also, remember that the macbook air is REALLY light and it doesn't take discs. Also, there was this story of a stupid guy who threw his macbook air out because it was so light. NEVER do that. That would be terrible.
So ipad mini:
easier to carry
iPad with Retina display
retina display
bigger screen
Mac Air:
can go REALLY small
Mac pro: (I would suggest the one with retina display
retina display (if wanted)
takes discs
not as light and easy to break
if heavier not as easy to break- Answered by Mariah L
- Dec 18, 2012
- Flag as inappropriate
Can a owner upgrade the ram on 2013 13 inch MacBook Pro after purchase
- Asked by Robert P from Kapaa
- Jul 19, 2013
- Flag as inappropriate
Best AnswerIf you are talking about the non retina display models then yes. You just take off the bottom and switch out the ram, any laptop ram will do. If you are instead wondering about the Retina display model then no. Apple has taken to soldering the ram into place.
- Answered by Matt N from Fort Worth
- Jul 22, 2013
- Flag as inappropriate
what is the difference between memory and flash storage on a macbook pro with retina display
- Asked by Luke M
- Dec 4, 2013
- Flag as inappropriate
Which is a better upgrade, a better processor or more RAM on the MacBook Air?
I am wanting to buy the MacBook Air but I don't know whether I should purchase an upgrade to the RAM or the processor! I am trying to get the most speed and dependability out of a very portable laptop for college and the next few years!
- Asked by Roman G from Greeley
- Nov 26, 2013
- Flag as inappropriate
does the new macbook pro have a cd drive?
- Asked by Kathleen H from Olathe
- Jun 28, 2012
- Flag as inappropriate
Best AnswerThe new MacBook Pro with Retina Display does not have a cd drive. The regular MacBook Pros do have a cd drive.
- Answered by Jon B from Brookfield
- Jun 30, 2012
- Flag as inappropriate
The Macbook Air specification lists Turbo-Boost. What is it?
- Asked by Eugene B from Gungahlin
- Jun 17, 2012
- Flag as inappropriate
Best Answerit is basically a function implemented in Intel's processors that (automatically) overclocks the core frequency when you are running an application that requests more processing power
- Answered by Emanuele Z from Brescia
- Jun 21, 2012
- Flag as inappropriate
Is upgrading my 1.66GHz mac mini 512mb worthwhile or should I buy a refurbed or new desktop? I
Its a 2008 model I think. How can I speed it up?
- Asked by Richard L
- Nov 10, 2013
- Flag as inappropriate
Best Answer
Yes - all you need is the one of the Mac versions (Home Edition/Student Edition/Professional) which is sold in all Apple Stores (from my own experience)
- Answered by Philip A from Scottsdale
- Apr 21, 2013
- Flag as inappropriate
what windows operating system can i install on macbook pro
- Asked by Dave S from Airdrie
- Nov 19, 2013
- Flag as inappropriate
- Asked about: Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard
can i buy macbook pro retina 13' with hebrew keyboard?
- Asked by Shalom T
- Nov 24, 2013
- Flag as inappropriate
8gb on my MBA 13 i5 processor
i have a plan to buy MBA 13 this end of the month, i have external drive so i dont have problem in memory but i have a plan to put extra ram... is it bad if i put 8gb on my MBA 13 i5 processor only? because they said that the processor and the ram must be partners...
- Asked by Jerome B from Compostela, Comval Province
- Nov 13, 2013
- Flag as inappropriate
can I order a macbook pro with a hard drive?
I am getting ready to order a new MacBook Pro and would like to have a hard drive installed. When I go to order it does not give me the option to add one.
Can I build one with a hard drive?
Debbie- Asked by Debra K from Saint Charles
- Dec 4, 2013
- Flag as inappropriate
Can a owner upgrade the ram on 2011 17 inch MacBook Pro after purchase
- Asked by Masaru H from Los Angeles
- Aug 12, 2013
- Flag as inappropriate
Fusion vs Flash on the imac....which should I get?
- Asked by Andrew T from Virginia Beach
- Nov 15, 2013
- Flag as inappropriate
Upgrade video card on mac pro 3,1
Is there a list of possible video cards upgrades that are supported by this mac? I've seen a ton of expensive $1,000+ cards that will work but I really don't think my company will go for that. I have seen the ATI Radeon HD 7950 Sapphire works with alot of Mac Pros and a few people posted their system specs which are the same as mine. Can anyone provide any suggestions?
- Asked by John P from Huntington
- Nov 18, 2013
- Flag as inappropriate
Is macbook pro retina late i5 2.4 ghz and 16 gb ram enough for video edit ?
- Asked by Yiğit Ö
- Dec 3, 2013
- Flag as inappropriate
Which is the better upgrade on a Macbook Air, RAM or Storage?
I'm getting an MBA but am limited in funds, so I can only do one. Does it make more sense to upgrade the ram from 4GB to 8GB or the storage from 128GB to 256GB?
- Asked by Lee P from Fayetteville
- Nov 16, 2013
- Flag as inappropriate


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Published by Eric Bogatin on 20 May 2012 at 10:42 am
A Blast from the Past- Predictions of the Future of Packaging Technologies Made Twenty Years Ago
In the Dec 1993 issue of Surface Mount Technology Magazine, I published an invited article on "Packaging to the Year 2000." A few years ago, SMT Magazine was taken over by Iconnect007 and is available online.
But my article was published before the days of the internet and was never posted to the web. I just posted a pdf copy on my web site, where you can download a copy.
In a past life, I specialized in semiconductor packaging technology, working in printed circuit fabrication processes, monitoring and control of board fab process, multi chip module technology development and BGA implementation. And I wrote a number of books on interconnect technology.
I wrote this article to paint a picture of where I thought packaging technology would end up in the 21st century, about 7 years out at the time.
I came across it recently when cleaning out some files and was surprised at how timely many of my comments were. Here is a sampling of my comments and predictions, which I think apply just as well today, twenty years later.
"There will be no universal packaging solutions for every customer. Rather the industry will be comprised of niche markets."
"With such technologies on hand, many of the products we use today- day-timers, maps newspapers, TVs, libraries, video stores- will also become extinct."
"As dice become peripheral-pad-limited, companies other than IBM will be inclined towards the adoptions of area array pads and flip chip assembly processes to support single and multi chip packages."
"What is needed is cost-effective evolution of current technologies… Execution rather than creation will be the guiding principle to the year 2000."
"… two principles will be required to survive:
- to be successful, vendors must understand the specific constraints of each customer and understand what is of value. There will be a different answer with each customer.
- The corollary is to be careful when projecting one customer's reasons for adopting a technology on another's"
"To understand what is important and worth paying for, is also to understand what is not important and not worth paying for."
For the entire article, and many others, visit www.beTheSignal.com, and check out the Signal Integrity Library.


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George Mason University: Unconstitutional Policies and Suppression of Dissent
GMU student and Air Force veteran Tariq Khan protested military recruiters on campus by silently standing near their table with a "Recruiters Lie" sign taped to his chest while passing out handbills. According to witnesses, a student assaulted Khan and took his sign within less than 30 minutes. Yet the police arrested Khan, not the other students involved in the ensuing fracas, allegedly because he had violated GMU Policy 1110. The ACLU of Virginia came to Khan's legal aid, and FIRE discovered that GMU maintains several unconstitutional policies limiting freedom of expression. FIRE wrote GMU President Alan G. Merten, pointing out that Policy 1110 bans on-campus distribution of newspapers that are "inconsistent with the mission of the University" and subjects all newspaper distribution on campus to prior administrative review-a clear violation of the First Amendment right to dissent. GMU responded to FIRE with a brief letter, saying that it has "launched a review of all of its policies on the use of public space" on campus and that a "faculty led committee" will recommend changes; the criminal charges against Khan were dropped. However, GMU's letter specified no deadline for the committee to make its policy changes, nor did it address FIRE's concerns about the unconstitutionality of its current policies.
- "FIRE Challenges Unconstitutional Policies at George Mason University," November 17, 2005: FIRE is challenging unconstitutional policies at George Mason University (GMU). Earlier this fall, such policies led to the arrest of a GMU student who was protesting military recruiters on its Northern Virginia campus.
- "George Mason University Policy Number 1110," November 17, 2005
- "George Mason University Policy Number 1109," November 17, 2005
- "Associated Press Article on Dropping of Charges Against Tariq Khan, November 14, 2005," November 14, 2005
- "Letter from George Mason University Chief of Staff J. Thomas Hennessey, Jr., to FIRE, November 2, 2005," November 2, 2005
- "FIRE Letter to George Mason University President Alan G. Merten, October 27, 2005," October 27, 2005
- "Campus Progress Article Describing Tariq Khan Incident, October 12, 2005," October 12, 2005
Case Materials
- "A new wave of PC on campus,"
by Cathy Young, The Boston Globe, December 12, 2005 - "Clash of campus freedom, civility,"
by Andrew Petkofsky, Richmond Times-Dispatch (Va.), December 11, 2005


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Flash is not supported on this device. If you wish to listen to this audio, you must download and play an mp3 using an mp3 player on your device. CLICK HERE
Press the play button to hear the latest news from THE REGION.
An investigation is continuing, with charges forthcoming, after a man who reportedly robbed Centier Bank in Crown Point was apprehended Tuesday night and taken into custody as a person of interest. The Lake County Sheriff's Office reports they responded to an active alarm for service at 5pm, and upon arrival, officers were advised that one white male had entered the bank and demanded money, but did not display a weapon. Authorities say money was surrendered to the man, who fled on foot. The man was a short time later spotted running through the yard of a residence at the Lakes of the Four Seasons, and was held by their security department until the Sheriff's Department arrived.
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- December 2, 2012
- 10:32 a.m.
- Suggest removal
- Reply to this post
GWCarver writes:
in response to WhitehavenOpinion:
An "ist" is a person with the economic impact (power) to affect the lives of others. Hence, a racist is one with such "power" who imposes their "racial" prejudices or biases on others using race as the dividing factor.
I'd bet you don't have such "economic powers" hence you could only be free from expressing "prejudices or biases" not racism!
Sorry for the deflation!
You should say sorry for the lie!
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The National Academies | 500 Fifth St. N.W. | Washington, D.C. 20001
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Terms of Use and Privacy Statement
2 General Issues: Content and Comprehensiveness of the IWGOA Strategic Plan ."
Review of the Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Plan . Washington, DC: The National Academies Press,
2013 .
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facebookyoutubetwittertumblersoundcloudcloudmix newsound2itunevimeoOfficial FM
Free BASS Monday #26 - Win a T-shirt, CD and print from MFG productions! (THIS CONTEST IS OVER)
We've teamed up with our friends over at MFG Productions for this weeks Free BASS Monday giveaway! We've collaborated with MFG Productions a bunch in the past and are very excited about this weeks giveaway! A few weeks ago we played MFG's 'Swimming with Sharks' party at Le Bain, Standard Hotel, NYC, which if you haven't seen pictures from yet you should check them out here and they have also redesigned our classic Dracula t-shirt which is actually on sale in our store now, which you can get here!
Sorry this contest is OVER
posted by Anonymous – 9/19/11 1:05 PM


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What of all those things do you like the most?
what things?
It's tube brushing season...44% done...only 9,249 tubes to go!
Do any of you have Ind. Ref. or Rack Com. Ref. experience? Yes .
You bend em" I"ll mend em" !!!!!!! I"m not a service tech.. I"m a thermodynamic transfer analyst & strategic system sustainability specialist Best Austin Healey In Show twice in 2013 .....All those hrs paid off .
Forum Rules


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Oct 29
DRJ Blogs
Aug 01
By Glen Bricker, Avalution Consulting
Originally posted on Avalution Consulting's Blog
Many organizations think having a disaster recovery plan is all the protection they need from disasters. However, there is so much more to disaster recovery than just a plan! That's why most industry professionals see disaster recovery as an ongoing program or process that contains a number of distinct elements. Key process activities include:
Jul 03
You have to plan your data protection. While this might seem like an obvious statement, most people don't think about it until after they have a solution in place.
Did you sit down with your database administrator to get their requirements? Did you actually vet those requirements? Come on, you know they're going to tell you they need full hot backups every night and to keep that data forever. Give me a break. They have no idea the cost and burden that puts on the infrastructure and the daily batch processing.
Jun 26
Big data, big changes, big trouble (in Little China)
Every day you add more data to your infrastructure. Some analysts say it averages 20 percent year on year. There are certain types of organizations that can change up to 60 percent year on year. One way or another, data keeps growing and you keep buying more storage, and that can cause big trouble.
May 14
When keeping pace with growing data, a major concern for IT organizations, in terms of both storage and data protection is how the data protection solution will handle the growth.
May 06
License correctly and save money! What?Posted by Jarrett F Potts in Think , save money , License , Disaster Recovery |
Can two of the same things have two different prices? Heck yes! Not only can they have different prices, but they can also be dramatically different.
In the last few years, data protection solution providers have started to offer something besides "core-" or "server-" based. When buying software you need to consider all the options. One of the new options is capacity.
Apr 22
So you have planned. You have a strategy. You are ready.
Are you really?
Apr 22
So you have planned. You have a strategy. You are ready.
Are you really?
Mar 25
The most distinct benefit of cloud computing is its inherent cost effectiveness. However, the cloud offers another advantage that is not so pronounced: disaster recovery.
Traditional hosting plans offer several options for a variety of disaster recovery needs, but these options still pale in comparison to those offered through cloud hosting. Since the physical servers are located in a very secure data center, information is kept safe—even during natural disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes.
Feb 25
The business world today is all about staying current and competitive in your industry. As your small business looks to the future, consider these tech upgrades to help your business remain up to date and competitive in today's market. The following suggestions are relatively easy and affordable for most small businesses to implement:
Ensure Your Internet Speed is Up To Par


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Linda Joy Allan's Reviews
About Linda Joy
I wrote a book titled "I Quit!" about my having 3 addictions---alcohol, cigarettes and junk food. I overcame each addiction and am living a life with the freedom I didn't have while addicted.
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University Relations
NSU is proud to share with you its present and its future. The university's mission statement tells you what Northern is - its purpose - and its vision statement tells you what it hopes to become. Its values are the beliefs shared by all in the NSU community.
Northern State University is a premier residential, liberal arts institution characterized by outstanding instruction, extraordinary community relations and unparalleled co-curricular opportunities.
Northern State University will boast an unparalleled residential liberal arts education and become a leading regional university, integrating education and technology.


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Claire McCarthy, M.D., a senior medical editor for Harvard Health Publications, is an assistant professor in pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She is an attending physician and Medical Communications Editor at Children's Hospital Boston.
No, not yet. She doesn't need to see a gynecologist unless she has trouble with her periods. This would include extremely heavy or frequent bleeding.
She won't need a routine gynecological examination until she is 21. That's the new recommended age for starting Pap smears.
Girls who are sexually active may need an appointment for a birth control prescription or if they have a possible infection.
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In-School Residencies Cal Shakes In-School Residencies partner classroom teachers with teaching artists to get students engaged and involved. more |
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Student Discovery Matinees Main Stage productions presented for student audiences, including pre-performance activities, and post-show Q&A with the actors, and more. |
For Teachers Cal Shakes is an excellent resource for educators. We offer a variety of Professional Development trainings for both classroom teachers and Teaching Artists. more |
Internships Our Professional Immersion Program offers training for young adults in arts education, arts administration, and all aspects of theater. more |
"Cal Shakes provided us with a teacher's workshop that we attended as well as in-class workshops with talented teaching artists for our kids. It was the single most amazing teaching experience of my life; I've never seen kids so engaged. The high-level reading had them bursting with pride, the Bard's bawdy words had them rolling with laughter, and the experience of traveling together in their community had them cooperating with each other and acting very grown-up. They really grew with this experience—and I did as well." —Jana Maiuri, English teacher at Edna Brewer Middle School, Oakland
In all of our Artistic Learning Programs, we offer a theater experience rooted in the same passion for artistic exploration and excellence that guides our award-winning Main Stage Productions. We provide a safe and nurturing environment in which our students can set aside limits: to discover, through the thrilling relevance of Shakespeare's plays, uniquely creative skills that empower them academically and socially.
In 2012, Cal Shakes teaching artists partnered with 36 classroom teachers in Oakland for 66 residencies, serving 1,800 students in Oakland, Lafayette, Orinda, San Ramon, Hayward, El Cerrito and San Francisco. Of those students, nearly 1,400 (or 78%) attended underserved schools. The majority of students in our Oakland partner schools are from high-poverty communities; we are often the only exposure to the arts that the students experience in the course of a year.
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On February 18, 2012, USA Hockey will again work with our local associations to allow kids to come to the rink and try youth hockey as part of Hockey Weekend Across America.
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If you are a local association or rink that would like to partner with USA Hockey and host a Try Hockey for Free event, please click here.


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Below is a list of the most commonly asked hydraulic expansion questions. Click a question to expand it and view the answer.
- 1.I've already invested in Tube Rollers. Why do i need HydroPro's technology?
You may not. Our technology is only justified when:
- We replace step rolling with a single step expansion on thick tubesheets, thereby increasing productivity.
- You are having difficulty expanding some tube materials such as duplex SS or titanium.
- You wish to extend exchanger life by reducing stress corrosion cracking of the tubes.
- 2.How does my tooling cost compare with rollers?
- Normally the system and mandrel assembles can be used over and over. These costs are normally capitalized. The consumable parts used to do any given job are minimal as compared to roller parts used.
- 3.What is the difference between hydroexpanding and "hydroswaging"?
- Hydro-expanding is the generic term used for hydraulic tube expansion. HydroSwage ® is the registered trade mark of Haskel International, another manufacturer of hydro-expanding equipment. Other manufacturers (brands) include Maus and Sugino.
- 4.How does hydroexpanding compare with explosive expansion
- Both hydroexpanding and explosive expanding are recognized as "uniform pressure expansion". However, hydroexpanding requires no permits, no transportation difficulties, no neighborhood notification and no separate shop area dedicated just for tube expansion.
- 5.My tube rolling spec is based on tube wall reduction. If I go to hydraulic expansion, can I use the existing specs?
- No. the amount of wall thinning when rolling is much more severe than with hydro-expanding in order to achieve a satisfactory pull out and joint tightness. This reduced wall thinning can contribute to extended exchanger life.
- 6.How is the ideal pressure for production use determined?
By first knowing the tensile strengths and yields of the tube and tubesheet material, preferably as determined by the tube mill report, the ideal pressure is based on enough pressure to cause the tube material to become plastic while making sure the ligaments stay in their elastic range. While we use formulas and tables to arrive at a recommended pressure, we always recommend mockup testing to verify results.
The ideal expanding pressure is theoretically determined first from equations and tables based upon the curve published in "Hydro expanding; the Current State of Art" by Stanley Yokell, P.E. presented at the Joint power General Conference in October 1982. The curve was adopted from, Goodier, J.N. & Schoessow, G.J., "The Holding Power and Hydraulic Tightness of Expanded Tube Joints: Analysis of the Stress and Deformation", Trans. ASME July 1943.
It provides the theoretically highest expanding pressure that will: (1) not exceed the plastic limit of the tube at its inside; and (2) will not cause the pressure of the tube on the hole to exceed the elastic limit of the tubesheet hole. In the Goodier & Schoessow work, it was demonstrated that the highest expanding pressure that met these conditions would produce the maximum interfacial fit pressure. It was also demonstrated that this was the pressure that would produce the highest residual interfacial pressure when expanding pressure was released.
It is extremely important to note that the expanding pressure chosen from the chart must be related to the actual mill test values of the tube and tubesheet yield shown on mill test reports. Specifically, it should be pointed out that there may be a wide variation in tube yields from heat to heat, and the minimum values shown in the ASME code cannot be used for setting expanding pressures. They suggest that a tube map be maintained showing where tubes from each heat are located.
Empirical determination through tests and the use of coupons covers items not considered in the theoretical approach:
- Tube spring back varies with different tube material. Titanium and similar alloys are some of the worst, showing about .004" spring back or relaxation when pressure is released. This degree of spring back is not available in the published data on material properties such as tensile, yield, elongation, modulus, etc. It must be considered that hydraulic expanding, unlike roller expanding, DOES NOT mechanically work harden the tube; therefore, the tube should be deflected sufficiently to overcome spring back. Work hardening does tend to overcome spring back. The various deleterious effects of this are well known in the industry.
- Effect of grooves upon sealing and pull strength are best determined by coupon tests.
- Effect of variations in surface conditions of tube O.D. and tubesheet hole are very difficult to calculate and one needs to resort to empirical findings.
- 7.What is the permissible variation from expansion pressure (+or-)?
Expansion pressure should be held as close as possible. With the HydroPro, a +/- of 1000 psi is easily held. The controller set points and indicating lights give the operator good control of the swaging process. This is in stark contrast to the lack of control with roller expansion which is dependent upon operator "feel" and skill, or torque control. Furthermore, the HydroPro performance can be accurately measured and recorded.
It should be noted, that the variation from set pressure on the HydroPro system is well within the limits of precision of data on the tube and tubesheet properties.
- 8.For what time period is the pressure held?
There are two adjustable time periods:
- Prefill Time: This is the time to fill the tube at low pressure and is determined by the diameter and length of tube being pressurized. Time can be determined by observing the time it takes for the pressure to stabilize. Typical time would be 1 to 2 seconds for tubes 1 inch and below. Excessively long expansion zones and/or larger diameter tubes may require a slight increase in this time.
- Expansion Time: This is the expansion pressure holding time and will vary depending on tube material. This time can be determined by observing the pressure read-out. It can also be observed more scientifically by attaching a strip chart recorder and observing the profile of the pressure trace. Setting of the actual time is a function of the specific material characteristics and it's resulting ability to take a "set". Typical numbers for a material such as carbon or stainless steel are no more than 1 to 2 seconds. A material such as titanium with a high springback rate may require a slight increase in this value to the 3 to 4 second range.
- 9.What is the interfacial pressure between tube and tubesheet with expansion pressure applied.
No attempt is made to idealize interfacial pressure during application of expanding pressure. Based upon the Goodier & Schoessow work, maximum expanding pressure is applied that will not cause extrusion of tube or tubesheet. This will provide the highest residual interfacial fit pressure when the expanding pressure is withdrawn.
The original Goodier & Schoessow paper, can be used to determine the stress state of the tube-tubesheet structure under various pressure load conditions. Podhorsky & Krips' papers provide a theoretical consideration which gives results somewhat different from the Goodier & Schoessow investigation, Uragami, K. Sugino, M. Urushibatat, S. Kodama, and Jujiwara's, "Experimental Residual Stress Analysis Of Tube To Tube Sheet Joints During Expansion", ASME paper 82-PV-61, give other results.
Since the interfacial pressure during application of pressure is not idealized, permissible variations have not been established. The variation in interfacial fit pressure during application of expanding pressure will essentially vary linearly with the limits of variation of the HydroPro set pressure which is + or 1000 psi. There is no way directly to measure the variations in interfacial pressure during or after expanding.
If the expanding pressure, that will produce the maximum residual interfacial pressure after expanding pressure is released, is exceeded, it may cause either the tube or the tube hole to extrude.
If the tubesheet extrudes, it will distort! When this happens, joint strength declines.
- 10.What is the residual interfacial fit pressure remaining after expansion pressure is removed.
Theoretical calculations for residual pressure can be made by using Soler-Xu Hong work, embodied in chapter 7 of Soler, A.I. and Singh, K.P., "Mechanical Design of Heat Exchangers and Pressure Vessels", Arcturus Publishers, Inc., Cherry Hill, NJ, 1984. This work provides in Appendix 7.D, the computer code for calculating residual fit pressure among other things.
However, the theoretical calculations notwithstanding, relying on theoretical joint strength calculations using any expanding method is not recommended, other than as a starting point. Instead, test models should be made and pullout results should be correlated with expanding pressure.
Consider thisthe interfacial pressure is but one of three major factors in determining joint strength and tightness. The other factors are surface area in contact and effective coefficient of friction. You can make an approximate calculation of area in contact, but unless you can control both tube surface and hole surface within narrow limits, you cannot truly predict the coefficient of friction that exists in any tube-tubesheet assembly. In addition, the coefficient of friction will vary from hole to hole depending upon the variations in machining.
When the idealized residual pressure is exceeded, the joint strength declines. This relationship is illustrated in the work by Goodier and Schoessow.
- 11.What is the recommended diametrical clearance between tube and tubesheet?
- From a practical standpoint, the best quality will be obtained by using the TEMA Special Close Fit drilling tolerances and adhering to tubing manufactured in complete conformity with section II of the ASME code. However this is not always practical (or warranted) and in these case TEMA standard fit should be adhered to.
- 12.What is effect of tubesheet hole surface/profile and grooves?
Circumferential markings are beneficial and will indent themselves into the tube O.D. surface. This will increase joint strength and reduce leakage. Longitudinal markings form leak paths and increase leakage. It is therefore recommended, that the tubesheet holes be drilled only with no reaming afterward.
Grooves are recommended and serve to interrupt longitudinal markings, thus providing a seal. Various investigators have examined the effects grooves on strength and tightness, both for roller expanded and hydraulically expanded tube configurations. Specifically, joint strength increases linearly with groove depth. The minimum effective groove depth for hydraulic expansion was shown by Yoshitomi, and others, "Tube-Hole Structure For Expanded Tube-To-Tubesheet Joints", U.S. Patent No. 4,142,581, to be about 1/64".
While the TEMA specified groove configuration for hydraulically expanded tubes is sufficient for the vast majority of all applications generally optimum groove dimensions are approximately 2-1/2 times wall thickness in width with a depth of approximately 20% times wall thickness. Final dimensional determination can be further optimized by test.
Out of round and tapered holes (within reason) are easily handled as pressure is equal in all directions and the tube will form itself to the I.D. of the hole.
- 13.TEMA recommends a 1/4 inch wide groove if expanding tubes hydraulically. Why?
- Roller expanding depends on very high contact forces to expand tubes. These high stresses mash the tube material into the groove. The wider groove used with hydroexpanding allows the tube material to flow around the groove edges and bottom out in the bottom of the groove.
- 14.What are the effects of the respective physical properties of tube and tubesheet?
Generally speaking, the tubesheet should be stronger than the tube. With hydraulic expansion, the tube is deformed until it contacts the tubesheet. The tubesheet is then deflected within its elastic range sufficiently so that, when expanding pressure is released, the tubesheet relaxes and creates an interference fit with the tube O.D.
Specifically: It is always preferable to have the tubesheet yield strength higher than the tube yield strength.
It is always preferable to have the tubesheet modulus of elasticity lower than the tube modulus so that the tube hole will spring back more than the tube.
It is always preferable to have a harder hole than tube. According to the Goodier & Schoessow analysis, "no joint can be made if the tube is much harder than the plate, unless the tube is sufficiently thick."
If the tubesheet yield is less than 60% of the tube yield, it is problematical whether you can get a satisfactory expanded joint, no matter how you expand it. If the tube modulus of elasticity is very low and the tube yield stress very high compared with relatively high tubesheet elastic modulus and low tubesheet yield stress, a strong expanded joint made by any process will be difficult to achieve and may not be achieved. This is especially true when the ratio of tube diameter to wall is greater than 20 (thin walled tubes).
- 15.What are limitations of ligament and tube wall thickness?
The relationship between tube wall and ligament thickness is a design consideration. There is an infinite number of combinations. Each combination requires its own evaluation and no general answer is available.
Wall thickness by itself doesn't determine its expandability. The relationship between wall thickness and tube O.D., along with its tensile strength, determines how much pressure a tube will withstand. Therefore, since hydro expanding does not apply force cyclically but only by uniformly applied pressure, any tube-ligament configuration that can be successfully rolled is capable of being successfully hydro expanded.
Variations in wall thickness do not limit the effectiveness of hydraulic expansion.
The position of the tube hole relative to the center edge or corner of the tubesheet doesn't limit the effectiveness of hydraulic expansion. It may, however, affect the deflection characteristics of the ligaments.
- 16.What is the corrective action for joint leak and limitations on expansion pressure?
Any joint can be re-expanded at the same or a higher pressure or with a longer dwell time. In some cases, a light short tack roll (Hybrid) can be added if kept well inside the tubesheet. This would utilize the tighter fit produced by the roller work hardening without it extending into the transition zone.
The HydroPro system is set at the factory for a maximum swage pressure of 60,000 psi. This can be increased, but it is not generally recommended
- 17.Can HydroPro meet military spec requirement of a pull out strength equal to tube yield strength?
- This can be accomplished with the use of properly designed grooves. The joint strength is determined by the shearing strength of the expanded portion of the tube within the groove.
- 18.What is function and speed of tubepro tube set tool?
The TubePro tube setting tool serves to position the tube relative to tubesheet face. It also opens the diameter of the tube and makes it easier to insert the mandrel o-rings into the tube. The normal time to position the tube and set it in is 3 to 5 seconds.
The TubePro is also used to set tubes to tubesheet prior to welding as it can be adjusted to firmly lock tubes to a predetermined stick-out from the tubesheet (or flush/recessed) while still allowing gases to pass through the joint. This results in much improved quality of the welded joint.
- 19.What are special considerations when using mandrels?
Mandrels come in 1/2 mm increments. O-Rings, to be effective, must have squeeze within the tube I.D. The amount of squeeze is carefully worked out within the 1/2 mm increment sizing.
Tube ends should be chamfered on the I.D. to permit easy O-ring insertion.
O-Ring seal life is in part determined by condition of tube entrance. It is not unusual to get 200 to 500 or more expansions per O-ring.
The O-ring doesn't function alone. It is supported by a polyurethane backup ring which is in turn supported by a six piece steel segment. These are designed to support pressures up to 60,000 psi.
There is scant likelihood of a tube rupture as long as the pressure zone is within the tubesheet.
Normal production rate is determines by dwell times and speed of operator inserting and removing tooling, 15 to 20 seconds is very common on most tube to tubesheet jobs.
- 20.What are the "pre" preparations to hydraulic expansion?
Measure and mike tube I.D.'s for proper mandrel selection. (Refer to mandrel sizing chart in tooling handbook.)
Make sure tubes are clean and I.D. of tubes are properly chamfered for easy insertion of mandrel and tube lock.
Measure and mike I.D. of tubesheet hole for accurate expansion zone. Also be alert for exact depth of chamfer in tubesheet hole, if applicable. Example: T/S hole thickness is 7/8". Expansion zone is normally ¾" (1/8" & 1/8"). If there is a chamfer of 1/32", that makes the placement of the mandrel inside the tubesheet necessary to be 1/32" more inside. The consequence, if not done, is loss of seal, and possible parts damage.
Always check expansion pressure for desired job. Please refer to pressure setting chart and please feel free to contact HydroPro, Inc. for confirmation of recommended pressure settings as well as time settings.
If you have sized the mandrel for said tube and tubesheet job and after mandrel insertion you find that you can't achieve a seal, go to the next largest o-ring size.
Always use a liberal amount of lubricant with both the tube set tool as well as the expanding mandrel. Our own recommended lubricant is HydroLube (containing no halides / chlorides) and is available from us in 1 and 5 gallon sizes .
When sizing the tube set tool, drawbar and anvil, always down size by 1/2 mm (or size), i.e.: if proper HydroPro mandrel size should be 1550, go down to 1500 on TubePro mandrel size.
Always refer to operating manual on HydroPro before starting a job and always feel to contact HydroPro, Inc. or your local Representative for advice.
- 21.Exactly what is hybrid expansion and when is it used?
- Hybrid expansion is used in situations when the tube sheet has significantly lower yields and tensile strength than the tube or when the tube holes are damaged to point where getting a seal is difficult. The most common hybrid procedure is to first hydraulically expand the tubes to contact with the holes at a pressure that will not distort the ligaments. After all the tubes have been so expanded, a light tack roll is applied to the tube. This second step is also being done with explosives.
- 22.What are recommendations when expanding tube prior to welding>
Welding after Hydraulic Expansion (except in the case of titanium tubes) may leave difficulties with the out flow of weld gases. There are numerous reports and studies that indicate the negative effects of welding gases that were not allowed to escape. For this reason, we recommend the use of a tube set tool to position and set the tube prior to welding. This process allows the welding gases to escape.
Distilled or purified water is used, as this is preferred by most manufacturers. Any other fluid must be suitable for use in the pumping system. Acetone is not a suitable fluid.
- 23.What are recommendations when expanding tube after welding?
There ought not be any weld roll-over welding. The shop personnel should be instructed to run a cleaning reamer into the tube.
After welding, the welded surfaces should be fluid penetrant examined. Only after the weld is shown to be tight (following an air test for example) should you expand. After expanding, the standard hydrostatic test is used to verify that the structure can withstand the stresses imposed by applying pressure of 1.5 X the maximum allowable pressure shown on the nameplate, corrected for temperature.
If the expanded, zone started about 3/8" into the tube interior behind the weld, the expansion would not affect the weld at all, except to protect if from the effects of tube vibration. If expansion were to start right at the welded region, the weld would be stressed uniformly and have a slight tendency to work the weld.
- 24.What is effect of weld bead seam inside the tube diameter?
When using welded (instead of seamless) tubing an excessive weld bead seam may affect the size of mandrel that can be inserted into the tube. A limited size weld bead can be sealed by the O-ring. Usually, the tube is drawn after welding, in which case there is no weld bead and thus no effect from it.
Expanded joints can be tested by any means previously used by the manufacturer. Leak test fixtures are available for leak testing individual tube stubs.


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