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Maudes liquor bar
Online Reservations
Very romantic and refreshing date spot. Ask for upstairs. Much quieter for dinner.
Great food. Attentive and fast service. Best prices around. Quality drinks. Maude's is a great choice for most occasions.
Everything about this place was great. If you haven't been, go.
We enjoyed our dinner at Maude's. Cocktails were delicious--Corpser Reviver was bright and citrus-y...sazerac was well done. Great small plate sharing place. Standouts were steak tartar, pomme frites, chicken, lentils. Also enjoyed french onion fondue, bread, radishes. Sausage was good. Only two desserts--chocolate mousse (with a little salt in iot to enhance flavor) and creme brulee. Both were excellent. Service was perfect.
Maude's was perfect for what we wanted. Great atmosphere, very chill, casual spot with excellent food. The vintage décor made it feel romantic as well. Great service too!
We arrived 1/2 hour earlier than our reservation but that did not matter at all. They seated us right away which we really appreciated. The valet parking is extremely easy to use as the employees are standing right in the parkway waiting for cars to come in. I received a lot of points for taking my wife here on her birthday guys. She did not tell me how many points she was giving me, but I figured it out later. The selection of French wines was familiar to me as I saw and had most of the selections at Brassier Lipp in Paris recently. Believe it or not, the price for these wines at Maude's we better prices than in France. Not sure why.
I live in the neighborhood and often walked past Maude's bet never went in until recently. From the name, one would think that this was a trendy spot to drink. While Maude's does have fantastic cocktails, the food was amazing. I went with a group for a birthday celebration. We ordered a bunch of different dishes to be shared with the table. Every single thing we ordered was amazing!!!! The french onion fondue is to die for!! Everyone in our group left in love with Maude's. I will defintely be back.
On a street filled with some of the hottest restaurants in the city, it may be easy to overlook this cozy cocktail spot, but it is a place you won't want to miss. Came with my boyfriend for a "date night" & had an absolutely perfect time. Had a reservation at 8:45, and when our table was not ready (can't blame the other diners for lingering in this lovely location) the manager came over to apologize & make sure we got a drink at the bar. We were seated shortly after and had the sweetest waitress who gave awesome suggestions and made sure we had everything we needed. Food was amazing (bone marrow anyone?) and drinks were different without being pretentious. To top it all off, my date was super handsome :) Will definitely be back.
I love this place. Phenomenal food, inventive delicious drinks and an amazing staff... Seriously my favorite place to eat in the city. I love you Maude. xoxo MK
Great food and decor. We had the mussels, fondue and steak tartar all were fantastic. Would definitely go back!!
Maud's is tres chic. If you love great food, cocktails, ambiance, and service look no further. I cant imagine dining anywhere else if I had one night to eat in Chicago. You feel transported to Paris without getting on an airplane. We have eaten all over the world and Maud's is still one of our all time favorites. It is not to be missed.
Maude's provides excellent food and service! All of the little details are cared for, from the piping hot bread served with the cheese and escargots to the warm croutons soaked in rendered pork fat on the lyonnaise salad. I loved the not-stuffy atmosphere.
We had a wonderful dinner. Great French food. Terrific drinks. Bone marrow was really good and a full meal. Foie gras pâté was excellent as were the oysters
Both the food and the service were outstanding! Literally every single thing we ordered was delicious from the foie pate to the salted chocolate mousse. Will be back over and over again!
This was my second time at Maude's and the food is outstanding. My parents have been coming to Chicago for over 10 years and we always go out to nice dinners. They said this was the best they have had in years. The food is straight forward but incredibly flavorful. The chicken is the best chicken I've had, I dream about the escargot and even the carrots were amazing. Everyone raved about their cocktails. I also recently went to Bavettes which is owned by the same people and had the best pork chop ever. I can't say enough good things about either restaurant. Plus, the entrees themselves at Maude's aren't exorbitantly priced.
We have been here several times now and have never been disappointed. It is a French-influenced cuisine but broader than that. For example, the gnocci (with ricotta cheese) is delicious, as is the roast chicken -- I don't usually order chicken at a restaurant but this is as moist and tender as I have had. Appetizers were very good -- salmon and steak tartar very good and shaved vegetable salad very nice. Only dish I haven't liked is the lentils which have too much bacon. I haven't tried the meat dishes but do look interesting and people are ordering these fish boats for the table which are piled high in shrimp and other shell fish. Might try one next time when coming with friends. Place can get loud but upstairs quieter.
Great evening on the terrace up outside. Great service. Great food. Party of 6 and we almost tried everything on the menu. Everything is delicious and made fresh. Highly recommend the salad, the tartare was amazing. All dishes are unique with flavors. It's not about the size, it's about the taste.ngreat wine, a beaujolais chilled, just perfect. Finally, we had the 2 desserts on offer, which were amazing - creme brulee and mousse au chocolat. All made fresh and outstanding. Will be back again, next time in Chicago.
Maudes was a GREAT spot for a Tuesday evening dinner. We got cocktails, which were delicious & strong, then oysters, and then a couple of plates to share. The chicken liver mousse with onion & red wine marmalade and the mussels were both outstanding. We look forward to coming back!
Love Maude's. It's one of those places that never gets old because of their consistently good cocktails, food and service.
Food always wins me over but it helps when you have great service and outdoor seating. Had a very yummy birthday dinner to celebrate my husband. It was his first time at Maude's and he loved it. He is already talking about what he would order next time we go there.
I really, really loved the food and drinks here. However, it was impossible to find our waitress, and I think she was almost avoiding us after taking so long to get to us the first couple times we needed her. She was always polite at the table, but she wasn't nearly over enough, and drinks (while hand crafted) took ages. This restaurant just crossed the line from a place that lets you chill and pace your meal, to a place that ignores you, and that was a bummer for such an expensive night out.
A friend recommended Maude's, and it was awesome. The food was phenomenal, in particular the cassoulet, which was not on the menu but a special that evening. My wife had the mussels--delicious. Their specialty drinks were also very good. My wife had a gin smash which was very tasty. Since it was our first time, we asked our waiter for suggestions. He made several, all of them spot on. I don't know when we'll come to Chicago next, but I will definitely return to Maude's. There are so many things I'd still like to try, like the escargots and fois gras. Definitely make reservations well in advance.
Maudes is one if my favorite restaurants in Chicago!! One of, if not the best steak tartar in Chicago. Save room for the chocolate mousse finished with a touch of sea salt. The restaurant never disappoints!!
First let me say the service was perfect. Our waiter was attentive, helpful and not at all pushy. We started with the oysters and had the cheese plate. Both had a great presentation and were tasty. We opted to share the roasted chicken with a side of the haricot verts. Delicious! Highly recommend the smashed drinks. Definitely will go back to Maude's
The interior decor is stunning and the place has a lovely ambience
Had dinner reservations for Friday night at 10pm. Despite the later time slot, Maude's was extremely busy. It took about 10 minutes to be seated. We had just put in our order for drinks at the bar (which was very busy), when the hostess came to get us for our table. She spoke to the bartender and asked them to bring our drinks to our table. The drinks were fantastic. The wait staff was great and walked us through the menu, answered questions, and gave us recommendations. The food was amazing - great oysters, chicken was perfectly prepared, sausage with lentils were very tasty, and the creme brulee had real vanilla bean. Overall, it was a wonderful meal. Definitely make a reservation if you're going on a Friday or Saturday night.
My boyfriend and I frequent Maude's, and on his recent 29th birthday, I set up a reservation for the two of us. On the reservation, I asked for a dessert with a candle to be brought out at the end of the meal as a special request. This request was acknowledged and I received a phone call a day or so prior to the reservation. However, when we arrived to the restaurant and opted to sit outside, it seems the communication was lost between the reserved table and outside seating because the dessert never came. Obviously we will keep coming back, but this miscommunication was a small disappointment to the Maude's dining experience.
We were in town for work an went to Maude's for dinner. It is a little out of the way compared to where we were staying in the Gold Coast but easy enough to ride the train and walk a few blocks. The atmosphere was very romantic and we enjoyed the French inspired food a lot. Maude's also has a unique selection of cocktails. Overall a very enjoyable experience.
I thoroughly enjoyed sharing plates with my daughter and her fiancée. We had the cassoulet, the Bibb Lettuce salad, the terrine and the Maud steak; all were superb!
I went here for my birthday and just really wanted french food, great ambiance, and time with friends. This was a perfect spot for that.
Bartenders and servers were knowledgeable about the products they were serving. Food was fantastic! Get a mixed drink at the bar and ask the bartender how its made, they do a great job.
Excellent quality food with a very good and knowledgeable staff...
Their seafood tower is amazing. Though it seems a bit spendy it is a great value. My wife and I split one tower as our main and we were quite stuffed.
if you're looking for a romantic quiet evening Maude's is not it. It is ,however , a place to go with a group to have a good meal and relax. Food was quite enjoyable. Music was good but it is a loud place for quiet conversation.
Had a great meal at Maude's. Service was excellent, food matched it. In a very hip, fun neighborhood. Can't wait to get back there!
Everything about our experience at Maude's was great. The service was great, everyone was so friendly but most important the food was excellent. The waiter recommended we order family style so we could share and I'm glad we took his recommendation because I was able to try a lot from the menu and it was all delicious. We were all so full there was no way we could order dessert. That rarely happens at a 4+ star restaurant these days.
The food was amazing and the environment was cozy and romantic with the dim lighting. The waiter was a little condescending which I did not appreciate at all but other than that it was really nice.
From the food to the drinks to the ambience…could not ask for anything more. Made my reservations at Maude's after hearing great things. They truly met and exceeded every expectation. Highly recommend, do not miss.
Enjoy Maude's. it was our first visit for a girls nite out. We arrived right after work and our table was ready. By the time we left the entire place was packed. The food was yummy and perfect portions for sharing as our server suggested. Can't wait to go back
Met friends and took my teens - everyone loved it - from food to service - the ambiance and music. Great night
The service was attentive just stuffy, everyone except the woman food runner and hostess. Fake smiles and a general attitude that made us feel unwelcome.
First time to eat here. Strongly recommended by others. Excellent evening with great wait staff, wonderful food and wine selections. Only minor complaint was slow kitchen service but wait staff kept us updated. Anxious to return!
Great cocktails shellfish, uncomfortable chairs on the first floor.
Fantastic place, perhaps my favorites resraurant in the city. The ambience is really nice, particularly on the second floor where it's more quiet and secluded. Have been here a few times and the food is always excellent. Highly recommend Maude's.
Why haven't I gone here before?!?!?!? It is so amazing. Downstairs is a cool bar scene and upstairs is a perfect, romantic bistro experience. The roast chicken, escargot and steak were all out of this world. Even the smash potatoes took something so simple to a new level. Serious cocktails, thoughtful wine list. Plan to come and enjoy the ambience for a couple of hours. It doesn't look like much from the outside, but really is something special.
Went to Maudes for the 2nd time, and it did not disappoint. This time we sat downstairs, since this visit was early on a Sunday evening, the noise level was manageable. I would request to sit upstairs if one wanted a quieter spot. Service and food was great as usual, don't pass on the french onion fondue.
Visiting Chicago from LA for a conference & Maude's was perfect for a late night dinner with interesting cocktails and amazing food. It's crowded and the service can be a little slow at the tables (it took a really long time to get our drinks), but it looked like the bar was serving pretty quickly, and the ambiance is fantastic, so don't go in tightly wound & you'll be fine. Food was decadent (definitely not an everyday kind of fare, but absolutely delicious). Brussel sprouts, Ricotta Gnocchi, Pork Belly, cheese, it all was gorgeously presented, buttery & rich. We loved it.
This was the perfect place to take my husband on his birthday. French, NOT LOUD (Yeah!), good menu and service. Loved the 20th Century cocktail!
Waited forever for first cocktail... after that it got better. Had oysters... 2 of 90 were kinda fishy.
I definitely recommend Maudes to all my friends and people coming into town, and it has never failed to impress. Honestly I'm a big fan of Gilt, Maudes and Bavettes, very similar ambiance in all three, and cocktails are amazing but varied at all three. Can't wait to see what's next!


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Product #001261
100 Capsules500mg. /400 i.u.
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Vitamins C and E are antioxidant nutrients which contribute to the protection of cells from oxidative stress.
itamin C also contributes to the regeneration of the reduced form of Vitamin E, normal collagen formation and the normal function of the immune system.
Flavour | Potency | Quantity | Product No | Per Unit | RRP | NOW |
500mg. /400 i.u. | 100 Capsules | 001261 | £0.12 | £11.99 | £11.99 | |
Product Information | |
Each capsule contains: | %EC RDA* |
Vitamin E 268mg a-TE | (400 I.U.) 2,233% |
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Take one to two softgel capsules daily, preferably with meals.
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Ottoman Medical Practice and The Medical Science
By Prof. Dr. Nil Sari*
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction2. Relations of the Court with Healthcare Organizations3. Merits for Deserving Employment4. The Efficiency Criteria for the Physician: The Level of the Physician's Professional Knowledge and Its Scope5. Ottoman Medicine Scientifically Approached6. The Importance of Literature in the Development of Science and Turkish Medical Texts7. Difficulty of the Ottomans in Attaining the New Concepts of the Basic Sciences Developed in Europe8. Slow Increase of Scientific Knowledge9. The Description of a Virtuous Physician during the Ottoman Period and the Introduction of European Medicine10. Ottomans' Comprehension of Nature and the Reflection of the Turkish Tradition of Justice to Medical Practice11. Orientation Towards New Knowledge and the Language Problem12. Epilogue
* * *
Large image
Figure 1: The head physician Ömer Efendi (above) and chief surgeon Nuh Efendizâde Süleyman Efendi (below) on horseback, accompanied by their assistants, in the procession of the circumcision festival for Sultan Ahmed III's princes in 1720. Source: Surnâme-i Vehbî illustrated by Levnî, Topkapi Palace Library, Ahmed III collection, MS 3593, folio 160a.
While describing the basic characteristics of Ottoman medicine and medical practice through the health practitioner's scientific approach and standards, I will try to put forward the priorities of Ottoman medicine, by means of primary sources such as archive documents and medical manuscripts. I will also mention, when needed, why some assumptions about the subject cannot be valid [1]. As a great number of primary sources, such as medical manuscripts and archive documents, are still to be studied, new viewpoints will certainly emerge.
2. Relations of the Court with Healthcare Organizations
Figure 2: Portrait of Galen [Calinos] by Ahmed b. 'Alî el-Mahallî al-Muneccim al-Rammâl (16th century). Source: Hâvî 'acâibi'l-mahlûkât u câmi'i garâ'ibi'l- mevcûdat / Kanunü'd-Dünya, Topkapi Palace Library, MS Revan 1638, fol. 260.
Some writers believe the way medical staff were appointed to the profession at the Court was the main cause of the unsatisfactory development of medical sciences in the Ottoman period. The Court physicians were devsirme (boys recruited from different nationalities) and they argue that the criterion for the selection of the candidates was physical appearance and looks –that is the physiognomy- of the person, but intelligence and talent was ignored [6]. However, the assumption is not supported by archive documents. Reliable information concerning the appointment of the Court physicians is found in the registeries called mevacib-i cemâ'at-i müsaherehorân. These registeries indicate that physicians were not chosen from amongst those recruited as devsirme. Most of the physicians appointed to the Court were transferred to the post from hospitals (darüssifa) or of the lecturer (müderris), assistant (muid), apprentice (sakird) or students (danismend) employed in the Süleymaniye Medical Madrasa. In addition, most of them were among the scholars honoured as "mevlana", who had acquired all the qualifications of the madrasa education. Others were either members of families of physicians or had licences from famous physicians. Dozens of appointment (ruus) documents that I have studied confirm these registeries. While there were Ottoman physicians who went to countries like Persia-Central Asia (Iran-Turan), Damascus and Egypt for further study, European physicians who were attracted by the magnificence of the Ottoman Empire either came to Istanbul or were invited by sultans to the Court. Physicians coming from Europe, especially many Jewish physicians, were employed and served in the Court. However, the Court physicians were not assigned in accordance with the rule of devsirme [7].
Court surgeons and oculists were an important group in the quild ehl-i hiref, with their numbers reaching 113 in the late l6th century. Only 11 of the 50 members whose names are registered on the oldest list in the mevacib-i ehl-i hiref notebooks dating from l526 regarding the group of masters (ustad) and apprentices (sakird-çirak) were described as devsirme. It is not logical to generalize based on the evidence of this document alone. Besides, the word devsirme does not occur in the lists from the second half of the 16th up until the end of the 18th century. On the other hand, in some of the oldest lists, notes like Istanbulî (of Istanbul), Kibrisî (of Cyprus) and Bosnavî (of Bosnia) are inserted by the side of names, indicating where they came from. In the list of 90-100 surgeons, only one or two are noted as zimmî (Christian), Müslim-i nev (newly converted Muslim) or frenk (French, meaning European). Although the members of ehl-i hiref were considered as a group of kapikulu (palace personnel), according to the records of the "sanat birle" a phrase noted along with their names in these notebooks, most of the members had already been trained in their profession outside the Court. Some documents regarding the appointment of surgeons to the Court also indicate that either a large number of surgeons were from families practicing surgery or they had come as apprentices of proficient surgeons outside the Court. In short, members of the society of surgeons and oculists came to the Court via different pathways [8]. We should also keep in mind that the devsirme system started to be partially ignored towards the end of the l6th century; it degenerated in the 17th century and it had definitely been disregarded by the time of the spread of medical progress in Europe [9].
We have to consider other reasons in order to explain the apparent failure of Ottoman health practitioners to keep up with the progress of medical science and the development of the scientific outlook and approach. What might be the reasons for the slow and inadequate development of Ottoman medical science and the failure to provide satisfactory contributions to medicine? When asked, researchers interested in the subject will argue that "Ottoman physicians paid attention mainly to the practice of medicine." According to this point of view, the Ottomans being only interested in knowledge they could put into use, they acquired only the information they needed to use in practice. We have no information that the Ottomans tried to develop theories, aiming to discover new knowledge through research. The fact that most of the Turkish medical manuscripts of the Ottoman period focus on the practice of the profession rather than the philosophical and theoretical aspects of it, confirms this assumption. This attitude did not change until the mid 19th century. For example, during his visit to the Russian Academy of Sciences in Petersburg, the Turkish ambassador Sehdî Osman Efendi did not mention "the researches" he came across, because he did not find them worth describing [10]. To explain the reasons for this tendency, we should briefly study some features of the health care system pertaining to the traditional Ottoman system of administration; the basic qualifications which the Ottoman physician was expected to acquire, taking into consideration the definition and standards of science; the Ottoman physician's notion of science; the main characteristics of Ottoman medicine; the Ottoman physicians' inclinations regarding medical terminology; and their perspective about human life and their priorities regarding this outlook.
3. Merits for Deserving Employment
Figure 3: Portrait of Ibn Baytar by Ahmed b. 'Alî el-Mahallî al-Muneccim al-Rammâl (16th century). Source: Hâvî 'acâibi'l-mahlûkât u câmi'i garâ'ibi'l- mevcûdat / Kanunü'd-Dünya, Topkapi Palace Library, MS Revan 1638, fol. 273.
Discrimination either by race or religion was not a factor in the Ottoman medical tradition. The archive documents and contracts in court records prove that both Muslims and non-Muslims were treated by one another, both in and outside the Court [11].
Justice was always assumed to be an ideal value in the Ottoman society and government in both in theory and in practice. Personnel were selected in accordance with their ability and efficiency (meritocracy) and payment was applied according to service in certain areas. For instance, of the professionals who were members of the Court's ehl-i hiref society, only the rare who were remarkable for their outstanding talent were marked in the salary registeries as "kabiliyet birle"; and differentiation of salaries according to the progress and promotion are indications that they observed the criteria of merit [12].
Health management was organised so as to assign duties in a hierarchical order. For example, the offices such as the head physician and head surgeon of the Court (seretibba-i hassa, ser-cerrahin-i hassa) and the army (ordu-yi hümayun hekimbasisi, cerrahbasisi) and the head oculist (kehhalbasi) employed in the state as well as the head physician (tabib-i evvel) and the assistant physician (tabib-i sani) in hospitals show that the duties assigned denoted the relation between the administrator and those they administrated. There was an hierarchy observed in the appointment of physicians, surgeons and oculists to official duties such as at Court, hospitals or the medical madrasa, regarding professional progress (terakki), which we conclude from the appointment documents (ruus) [13]. This established practice was never disregarded, unless from necessity and those next in line were appointed. However, qualities such as talented (müstaid), proficient (ehil), deserving (müstahik, erbab-i istihkak), able (muktedir), master (hâzik), perfect (kâmil), truthful (sadik), honest (müstakim) were taken as criteria for employment in the appointment certificate (ruus) of the candidates for appointment or promotion when this order of seniority was not observed [14]. Giving priority to those worthy by reason of their superior talent might have led to an extraordinary appointment which might also have been utilized as an excuse for favouritism. On the other hand, there are a great number of documents demonstrating the dismissal of unqualified, incompetent and negligent physicians, surgeons, oculists, pharmacists, circumcisers and other health practitioners. The practice of medicine being of vital importance, merits and qualifications such as reliability and sufficient professional knowledge, experience, skill and mastery were qualifications expected to be acquired by the medical practitioners. However, contrary to the modern appreciation, they were not expected to search for and to be acquainted with the latest information and methods of treatment and developments in the field of medicine. Loyalty was regarded as important as qualification and competence; moreover loyalty was given priority over other expectations, because it was a criterion of trust. However, due to the lack of decisive rules that observed safe traditions in appointments, from time to time assignments were arbitrary, which gave way to paying more importance to loyalty. Observing the order of seniority and competency in the medical school (madrasa) in the appointment of the professors (müderris), the assistant (muid) and the student (danismend) is an issue which requires special study, because of its great importance from the point of medical education; A number of orders and firmans were issued from time to time in order to improve the madrasas that had slowly started to corrupt in the early second half of the 16th century [15].
Appointment of the head physician was of great importance, due to his responsibility in implementing the medical affairs of the Court and the country. Of the known physicians, the sultan of the day used to appoint the one he preferred to the office, as the sultan's health was the primary responsibility of the head physician.. The following statement in an archive document confirms this fact:
"It is not possible to be appointed as the head physician through suggestion or recommendation. Who ever the sultan willed, was made to wear a fur coat at his presence. This is the traditional rule [16]."
Yet it was not possible for the sultan to get to know each candidate well enough to make a choice; he needed consultation and advice. As no regular and decisive rules existed to guide the appointments, except for the tradition of the Seyhü'l-islam's (dignitary responsible for religious affairs) introduction of the candidate for head physician, influences on the sultan and those trying to get their acquaintances appointed, might lead to assignment of someone unqualified to this office. The dismissal of Emir Çelebi (died in l638) and replacement of Zeynelabidin b. Halil (died in l647) and the appointments of Yenibahçeli Mehmed (died in l723), Halebi Mustafa (died after l757) and Numanzade Mustafa Mes'ud (died in l820) can be referred to as examples. However, as the health of the sultan and his family was at stake, it was not possible for an incompetent and unqualified head physician, appointed by the favour of the influential personalities of the Court circle, to hold his position for long [17].
The office of the head physician was allowed administrative authority. In an archive document, it is noted that the appointment of Muslim judges (kadi) as head physicians was a tradition. Indeed, most of the head physicians were transferred from an office as Muslim judge [18]. As we learn from the Sakayiks and their zeyls (the biographical works and their supplements), except for the last two, all head physicians were madrasa graduates and scholars (ilmiye sinifi); they were trained as physicians either by the master-apprentice method or were descendents of medical dynasties or were self-educated and well known physicians. Only a few of the head physicians were educated in the medical madrasa [19]. Fifteen out of forty-two head physicians in Ottoman history were authors of medical works; however only five of them utilized European medical literature; the others continued the Islamic medical tradition even after significant medical innovation and development in Europe [20]. Sanizade Mehmet Ataullah Efendi, one of the leading figures responsible for the transfer of medical knowledge from Europe was not appointed as head physician. This failure was attributed to the jealousy of other candidates and quoted as an example of preventing the appointment of a distinguished scientist. However, some archive documents claim that Sanizade lacked certain characteristics required by a sultan's physician [21].
The head physician who was the highest authority of the medical hierarchy was also responsible for resolving the problems of the medical personnel. It is noted in the archive documents that the head physician was expected to resolve disagreements and complaints of health personnel. This proves that his effectiveness as a member of the justiciary was as important as his competence in medicine [22]. On the issue of complaints, from time to time head physicians supervised and tested health practitioners to protect people against quacks, the unqualified and the inefficient, and so the ignorant were prohibited from practise [23]. However, these complaints occurred infrequently and some inconsistencies in the detail of the administrative system for medical affairs does not convince as a continuous factor in preventing medical progress.
4. The Efficiency Criteria for the Physician: The Level of the Physician's Professional Knowledge and Its Scope
Figure 4: Dioscorides presenting a plant to his assistant, both clad with the Artukian Turkish clothes. Source: Kitab al-Hashâyish wa al- Hayvan, Topkapi Palace Library, Ahmed III collection, MS 2127, front page.
The qualifications expected from the Ottoman physician in accordance with the description of a good physician can be found clearly in the criteria of the trust deeds (vakfiye) of hospitals. According to the trust deeds of the Ottoman hospitals founded during the l5th and l7th centuries, the most important qualifications required from physicians were experience and mastery. Exactly what is meant by an experienced physician as a criterion of efficiency is explained in the trust deeds of Haseki and Atik Valide Hospitals as:
"One who develops and strengthens his theoretical knowledge by means of practice and experience; promotes and strengthens the rules and base of his craft by means of observing some severe cases; informed of his patients' temperaments and acquainted with the relation between drugs and temperaments, thus competent both in theory and practice; one who enhances his scientific knowledge through effort and experience... [24]"
An experienced physician meant someone who is experienced both in diagnosing the illness of the patient and successful in applying the four elements/humours theory (anasir-i erbaa, ahlat-i erbaa) in treatment; someone expert in determining the temperament of the patient and in determining the drug and its dose that would heal the patient and thus someone capable of putting theory into practice. Also, he should be able to confirm the basic knowledge of the medical craft through his clinical observations, that is to say, it meant a person confirming and strengthening the basic medical information acquired by the preceding medical authorities, through his own clinical experiences [25].
The request that the physician must have knowledge of anatomy (tesrih) is expressed in statements such as "the physician should have comprehensive information in anatomy" found in the trust deed of the Fatih Hospital, and "one highly informed in anatomy" found in the trust deed of the Atik Valide Hospital. However, the term anatomy (tesrih) was used in two different meanings: general knowledge of the human body and dissection of human corpses (cadavers) and dead animal bodies, such as monkeys and pigs. So, if it is not clearly described, it is difficult to interpret what the anatomical information means [26]. Some physicians, for example Emir Çelebi, Ömer Sifai and Abbas Vesim, also note briefly the importance of the science of anatomy in their works [27]. But, as was stated in the preface of Semseddin Itaki's book Kitab-i Tesrih-i Ebdan, maybe the most important reason for acquiring knowledge of anatomy was the opportunity it afforded one to see the sublimity of the Creator. The study and learning of anatomy was in a sense aimed at developing a physician's merit as a wise scholar (hakim/bilge). According to Itaki, the statement
"one who is not informed of anatomy and astronomy is unproductive" is a sound proof for the sublimity of the science of anatomy. He notes: "Oh, our God, you did not create this in vain; it is the candle lighting the way that leads to You and the requisite of the way to the true faith, which is the manifestation of the cause and the effect and the creation to the Creator [28]."
Like Galen, one of the foremost medical authorities of the Ottoman medicine, he conceived anatomy as the proof of God the Almighty and argued that a good physician should also be a philosopher. Ottoman physicians appreciated Galen not only as a physician, but also as a philosopher [29].
It is difficult to explain why the Ottoman physician was late in reaching the same level of knowledge of anatomy as in Europe by assuming prohibition by the rules of Islam . No verse exists in the Qur'an that forbids studying anatomy. No statement that approves or forbids anatomy is found either in the hadiths of early Islam or in the Islamic Canon law (fiqh) texts. Moreover, anatomy does not attract attention as an issue to be discussed and speculated about in Islamic culture. Galen's recommendation about dissection of human and animal cadavers to attain information was also mentioned in his works translated to Arabic. Furthermore, leading Islamic surgeons, such as Zahrawi, argued that knowledge of anatomy was a necessity for successful operations. Yet, even if we can regard tendencies such as respect for the dead or avoidance of disfiguring, the dead body as factors that hinder human dissection, anatomy could not given a priority in the knowledge of the leading physicians in those days when treatment consisted of providing balance amongst the humours. We must also accept an offputting appearance and upset to the senses as a theory for the lack of motivation to dissect corpses in those days. We can assume that a surgeon educated in line with the master-apprentice tradition would not be in searching for more anatomical information than the practice necessitated. As we consider patients' consents for operations, we notice that most of them were related to urinary bladder stone or hernia operations. According to the trust deed of the Süleymaniye Hospital, surgeons to be appointed to the hospital were required to be efficient mainly in external treatment, operating on wounds, ulcers, boils, abscesses, tumours and bloodletting. Consequently, I believe that surgeons were only expected to have acquired the knowledge of anatomy, necessary for the treatment that had been applied so far. Besides, we should not ignore the fact that the main purpose of the surgeon who was considered as a craftsman was not to seek new information, but was to carry out his craft; in other words, to practice it. Likewise, since surgeons were not educated in schools, but by being trained and gaining skill through the master-apprentice method, the number of surgical books belonging to the Ottoman period registered in libraries are no more than three or four and their copies do not exceed five or six until the 19th century [30].
As I pointed out above, although anatomical studies were described as one of the ways of reaching information, it was as late as the 19th century that the knowledge of anatomy was accepted as not only a useful, but also a necessary part of medical education [31]. However, the dissection of a cadaver was not the only question, as some writers assume today. Although cadavers were dissected in Europe for training from the 12th century on, Galen's doctrine did not change until the l6th century. Vesalius continued to repeat Galen s mistakes in his first work. The book titled De Fabrica Humani Corporia that he published in 1543, with the addition of his own observations, included errors of anatomy [32]. The most important fact that would lead to anatomy becoming a science was the perception that the existing schematic anatomical drawings did not describe real human anatomy and that the existing definitions did not reflect the reality. Acquisition of true knowledge of human anatomy was indispensable for medical practice. So long as the lack of application of anatomy continued, imaginary and schematic anatomical drawings would be sufficient for the practitioners [33].
The knowledge required of the Ottoman physician comprised the rules of philosophy (hikmet) in addition to mastery of a system of diagnosis and treatment based on the humoral theory. In accordance with the understanding of the "philosopher physician", a competent (hazik) physician ought to be considered as a highly wise man (hakîm) acquainted with other fields of information as well as medicine and observing his patients within their environment, bearing in mind the micro-macrocosm interrelation and order [34].
The idea that only the competent physician informed of all fields of knowledge could be entitled a wise man (hakîm) was such a widespread conviction that we also come across this view in literary works. For example, the criteria described by the poet Yusuf Nabi regarding the Ottoman physician of the 17th century, in the chapter titled Mebhas-i Lazime-i Hikmet ü Tib of his Hayriye, were not very different from the items in the trust deeds of the hospitals:
"A physician is called a master (hâzik)And worthy of being called a wise man (hakîm);Only if he is learned in many sciences.(He) Must share information in every fieldAbove all, philosophy (hikmet) and astronomy (hay'at) is needed" [35].
To what degree did the Ottoman physician dedicate himself to be a philosopher? In what ways might being a wise man/philosopher-physician have influenced the development of medicine in the new and the modern ages? In order to answer these questions we have to discuss the meanings of the concepts of wisdom/philosophy (hikmet) and being a philosopher-physician (hakîm). Being a philosopher, that is to practice wisdom itself, was to look for the truth through reason and logic. Seeking and reaching the ultimate and the most perfect principles would lead man to wisdom. Searching for this ideal, and aiming to be a man of high morals might lead him to perfection. Wisdom (hikmet) was to be aware of the most sublime and the final reason of existence. Stepping over the senses of perception, it was possible to reach the real science, that is the most respected science aiming to acquire the basic reality through reasoning. As to the way leading to knowledge, it was acquired by arguments that proved the validity of the propositions. The current knowledge was based on the evidence reached by reasoning; that is, logic was used as a means in defending the truth of the knowledge. Comprehension necessitated proof by logical reasoning for which reference to common and general features and syllogism were adopted. One could apprehend a certain fact by reasoning, and knowledge was envisioned in mind and if one was not doubtful of his knowledge of a certain being, this reality was ascertained in the mind; thus in order to be able to understand one needed to believe. Wisdom was inevitable for one who achieved perfection in all the fields of knowledge. One who acquired all the existing knowledge in his field and acquired skill and reached profficiency and one who reached perfection in his profession, that is one who was a master (hâzik), was called wise and learned (bilge/hakîm) in his art. Wisdom formed the basis of not only philosophy and religion, but also of science; and the ultimate aim of science was also to reach wisdom. That is why for a long time biology and physics were termed as the wisdom of nature (hikmet-i tabiîyye). However, in the European intellectual tradition of the 16th and 17th centuries, while the idea of searching for the perfect and absolute was underdeveloped, the idea that knowledge was continuously subject to change and that probability was a factual and ever existing system had begun to be discussed. In describing the causes and results of occurrences in nature, Europeans began to utilize thinking, observation, logic, experimentation, measurement and calculation all together. The priority of the question of existence (varlik) that had been continuously discussed since ancient times was transferred to the search for knowledge. From the l9th century onwards, acquiring all of the rapidly increasing knowledge grew more and more difficult and the wise scholars who embraced all existing knowledge began to be replaced by experts in specific fields of knowledge [36].
Notes and References
[1] When I was preparing my PhD thesis, I studied various medical manuscripts. Then, a eminent professor I met during a meeting stated his assumption that the Ottomans had contributed to architecture only. I replied that I had read so many medical manuscripts, I wondered why a contribution ought not to be assumed. The book I was advised to read was "Osmanli Türklerinde ilim" (Turkish Ottoman Science) by Adnan Adivar (Istanbul, 1943). I read this book carefully once again and. concluded that Adnan Adivar had not studied most of the medical manuscripts. During the following years, I came across similar critical essays describing the reasons or discussing the necessity of this assumption. The reasons and explanations put forth were not satisfactory, yet sometimes there were important clues in these writings about reasons that had not attracted the attention of the writers themselves. O. S. Uludag had a rather uncritical approach to Ottoman medicine. See Besbuçuk Asirlik Türk Tababeti Tarihi. I. Uzel (Ed.) Kültür Bakanligi Publication, no. 1296, Ankara 1991.
[2] Medicine was paid great importance during the Islamic period. The Ottoman civilization was a part of the Islamic civilization, which was based on Islam. The basis of education was religious instruction and learning. In evaluating the worth of other fields of information, the probable contribution of it to Islam was important. The medical profession was highly important from this point of view. For example, the necessity to be healthy for not failing worship and consequently, the idea that knowledge of the human body ('ilm-i ebdân) that is medical knowledge is prior to religious knowledge (ilm-i edyân) is noted in the forwards of nearly all the Ottoman medical manuscripts. See R. Sesen: "Osmanlilar Döneminde Arap Dili ve Edebiyati Ögretimi". Studies on Turkish-Arab Relations. Annual 1986, Taiv, Foundation for Studies on Turkish-Arab Relations, pp. 267-278.- E. Ihsanoglu: "Ottoman Sciences in the Classical Period and Early Contacts with European Science and Technology". Transfer of Modern Science and Technology to the Muslim World, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Modern Science and the Muslim World (Istanbul, 2-4 September 1987), Istanbul 1992, pp. 1- 48. See pp. 3,7.- For the idea that the knowledge about the body is prior to the knowledge of religion, see N. Akdeniz (Sari): Osmanlilarda Hekim ve Deontolojisi. Istanbul 1977, p. 20.
[3] See the following publications about Court physicians, surgeons and oculists:- R. M. Meriç: " Osmanli Tababeti Tarihine Ait Vesikalar I: Cerrahlar- Kehhaller " Tarih Vesikalari, vol. l, no. 1 (16), Agustos 1955, pp. 27-11; Ocak 1958, vol. 1, no. 2 (17), pp. 266-293.- I. Baykal: "Enderun Hastanesi". Türk Tib Tarihi Arsivi, no. 5, 1940, p.17.- I. H. Uzunçarsili: Osmanli Devletinin Saray Teskilâti. "Türk Tarih Kurumu, seri VIII, no. 15", Ankara 1945, pp. 364-5.- I. H. Uzunçarsili: Osmanli Devleti Teskilâtindan Kapikulu Ocaklari I. "Türk Tarih Kurumu, seri VIII, no. 122", Ankara 1984, pp. 405-6; for the Court Craftsman (ehl-i hiref) School, see p. 35.- F. Isfendiyaroglu: Galatasaray Tarihi. Istanbul 1952, vol. 1, pp. 110-113.- I. H. Uzunçarsili: "Osmanli Saray'inda Ehl-i Hiref (Sanatkârlar) Defterleri". Türk Tarih Belgeleri Dergisi, vol. XI, no.15, Ankara 1986, pp. 23-76.- Ahmed Kal'a: "Esnaf ". Türkiye Diyanet Vakfi Islam Ansiklopedisi, vol. XI, 1995, p. 424.- BOA, Kamil Kepeci, Küçük Ruznamçe 3399; Cevdet Sihhiye, 632, 663, 1283 etc.- BOA, Cevdet Saray 5886; Cevdet Sihhiye 167, 302, 579, 691 etc.
[4] N. Sari: " Osmanli Darüssifalarina Tayin Edilecek Görevlilerde Aranan Nitelikler". Yeni Tip Tarihi Arastirmalari I, Istanbul 1995, pp. 11-54.
[5] See the Ottoman Archive documents BOA, Ibnü'l Emin Sihhiye no. 82; Cevdet Sihhiye no. 124, 632, 699, 704, 1084, 1107, 1116, 1190, 1363; Maarif Cevdet no. 1516 etc. about the exchange of physicians between the Süleymaniye Medical Madrasa and the Court. See also I. H. Uzunçarsili: Osmanli Devletinin Ilmiye Teskilati. "Türk Tarih Kurumu, seri VIII, no. 17", Ankara 1965, p. 35,- N. Sari: "Osmanlilarda Tiphanenin Kurulusuna Kadar Tip Egitimi". Türk Dünyasi Arastirmalari, no. 22, Subat 1983, pp. 152-182.
[6] G. A. Russel: "Physicians at the Ottoman Court". Medical History, A Quarterly Journal Devoted to the History of Medicine and Related Sciences, vol. 34, no. 3, July 1990, pp. 243-267. See pp. 254, 266.
[7] BOA, Kamil Kepeci Küçük Ruznamçe 3399; Kepeci 3438, 34, 39; Cevdet Sihhiye 946 etc.- I. H. Uzunçarsili: Osmanli Devletinin Saray Teskilati, op.cit., pp. 364-65.- Examples of Ottoman Archive documents about the exchange of physicians between the Süleymaniye Medical Madrasa and the Court: Ibnü'l Emin Sihhiye, no. 82, 99 (about employment at two places at the same date); Cevdet Sihhiye, no. 124, 632 (about employment at two places at the same date), 699, 704, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1107, 1116, 1190, 1363; Maarif Cevdet, no. 1516 etc.- I. Kumbaraeizâde: Topkapi Sarayi Hazine-i Evrak Vesikalari- Hekimbasi Odasi, Ilk Eczane, Bas Lala Kulesi, Istanbul 1933. See pp. 32-34.- For the meaning of ruus see N. Göyünç: "XVI. Yüzyilda Ruûs ve Önemi". Istanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Dergisi, XVII / 22, 1968, p.18.- See footnotes 74 and 80 for the Jewish Court physicians.Physicians practising privately were invited to the Court when needed. From time to time compenent physicians attracted by the Ottoman land also came to Istanbul willingly and sought employment at the Court. See A. H. Bayat: "XV-XVI yy. Osmanli Saray Tabiplerinden Hekim Sah Mehmed Kazvînî." Türk Kültürü, vol. XXXVI, no. 426, 1998, pp. 603-615 (27-36); Also see A. H. Bayat: II. Bayezid Dönemi Hekimlerinden Giyas Ibn Muhammed es-Sayrafî el-Isfahânî, p. 2 (Also see T. Haydarzade: "Iran Alimlerinin Osmanli Devletine Gelisi ve Osmanli Bilimine Katkilari -Timur Döneminin Basindan Safevi Döneminin Sonuna Kadar, translated by A. Albayrak". Osmanli Bilimi Arastirmalari II, Istanbul 1998, p. 211.) ; A. Adivar: op.cit., p. 38; E. Ihsanoglu: Büyük Cihad'dan Frenk Fodulluguna. Iletisim Yay., Istanbul 1966, pp. 85-137 (see pp. 85-86); Sakaik-i Nu'maniye ve Zeyilleri I-V, Abdülkadir Özcan (Ed.), Istanbul 1989); N. Taskiran: "Osmanli Devletinin Ilk Zamanlarinda Baska Ülkelerden Çagirilan ve Kendiliginden Siginan Hekimlerin Durumu ve Türkiye'den Hekim Istenmesine Dair Bir Arsiv Belgesi." Haseki Tip Bülteni, vol. 13, no. 2, 1975, pp. 103-110; O. S. Uludag: "Osmanli Sarayinin Yabanci Hekimleri." Yeni Türk, vol. 4, no. 38, Subat 1936, pp. 189-194.
[8] Topkapi Palace Archive, D. 9706 (932/ 1526).- R. M. Meriç: Osmanli Tababeti Tarihine Ait Vesikalar I: Cerrahlar – Kehhaller, op.cit., pp. 38-40, 85, 88-90, 276.- I. H. Uzunçarsili: " Osmanli Saray'inda Ehl-i Hiref (Sanatkârlari) Defterleri". Türk Tarih Belgeleri Dergisi, vol. XI, no. 15, 1986, p. 23-76. See pp. 25, 61-64.- G. Russel: op.cit., pp. 254, 256.
[9] B. Miller: The Palace School of Muhammad the Conqueror. "Harvard Historical Monographs XVII", 1941, pp. 171-183.- I. H. Uzunçarsili: Osmanli Devleti Teskilatindan Kapikulu Ocaklari, op.cit., pp. 20, 24, 29-30.- For the subject devsirme (recruiting of boys) see Z. Pakalin: Osmanli Tarih ve Deyimleri ve Terimleri Sözlügü. op.cit., pp. 444-448.- For the devsirme (recruiting of boys) see Türkiye Diyanet Vakfi Islam Ansiklopedisi, vol. 9, Istanbul 1994, pp. 254-257. For Enderun (The Palace School) see Islam Ansiklopedisi, vol. II, Istanbul 1999, pp. 185-187.
[10] E. Ihsanoglu: "Osmanlilar ve Avrupa Bilimi". Bilim Tarihi, no: 5, 1992, pp. 3-11. See pp. 6, 7, 8.
[11] N. Sari: Osmanli Saglik Hayatinda Kadinin Yeri. Yeni Tip Tarihi Arastirmalari, no. 2-3, 1996-1997, pp. 11-64; N. Sari: "Osmanli Saglik Hayatinda Kadinin Yeri (Tamamlayici Belgeler)", Yeni Tip Tarihi Arastirmalari, no. 4, 1998, pp. 247-254.- A. H. Bayat: "Seriye Sicilleri ve Tip Tarihimiz". Türk Dünyasi Arastirmalari, no. 79, Agustos 1992, pp. 9-21.- H. H. Isik: Tam Ilmihal, Saâdet-i Ebediyye. 23. issue, Isik Kitabevi Yay., Istanbul 1979, p. 155.- E. A. Gökpinar: "Seriye Sicillerine Göre Eski Zamanlarda Afyon'da Yasayis II". Taspinar, vol. 4, no. 47, 19 Eylül 1936, p. 214.- R. Özdemir: XIX. Yüzyilin Ilk Yarisinda Ankara (Fizik, Demografik, Idari ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Yapisi) 1785-1840. "Kültür ve Turizm Bakanligi, no. 694", Ankara 1986, pp. 214-15.- H. Sahillioglu: "Üsküdar'in Mamure (Cedide) Mahallesi Fitik Cerrahlari". Yeni Tip Tarihi Arastirmalari, no. 4, 1998, pp. 59-66.
[12] R. M. Meriç: "Osmanli Tababeti Tarihine Ait Vesikalar", op.cit., see foot note 2.
[13] N. Sari: "Osmanli Darüssifalarina Tayin Edilecek Görevlilerde Aranan Nitelikler", op.cit., pp. 26-27.- See I. H. Uzunçarsili: Osmanli Devletinin Ilmiye Teskilati. "Türk Tarih Kurumu, seri VIII, no. 17", Ankara 1965, p. 35, for an example of the employment procedure between the head physician, the lecturer of the Süleymaniye Medical Madrasa and Court physicians.- Information about the rulers and administration of health institutions can be obtained by reading Ottoman archive documents. For example, a letter by the head physician Yusuf Sinan (BOA. Kamil Kepeci, defter no. 238, p. 17) is one of the archive documents recording the appointment procedure amongst institutions: "Sultan's decree: 'The head physician sent a letter noting that the former Court head physician Molla Kasim, who was paid 60 akçes (small silver coin) daily, died; so Süleyman who was paid 30 akçes as the head physician (tabib-i evvel) of Süleymaniye Hospital shall be appointed as the Court (Dergâh-i âli) physician and paid 40 akçes daily; and Mehmed paid 30 akçes as the head physician of the Sultan Mehmed Han Hospital shall go on working as a physician and paid 30 akçes; and to his office Ahmed, paid 25 akçes as the head physician of the Haseki Sultan Hospital shall be appointed as the head physician and paid 30 akçes; and to his office Resul, paid 15 akçes as the assistant physician (tabib-i sani) of the said hospital shall be appointed as the head physician and paid 25 akçes; and to his office Ataullah, paid 10 akçes as the assistant physician of Sultan Bâyezid Hospital in Edirne shall be appointed as the assistant physician and paid 15 akçes; and to his office Ahmed, the apprentice (sakird) paid 5 akçes shall be appointed as the assistant physician and paid 10 akçes." (988/1580).
[14] BOA: Ibnü'l Emin Sihhiye 82, 99/1; Cevdet Sihhiye 632, 759, 1118, 1225; Mühimme defteri 4, no. 582, 583, p. 55. More examples can be quoted.- E. Kâhya: "Ondokuzuncu Yüzyilin Ilk Yarisinda Osmanli Imparatorlugunda Tip Egitimi ve Kalburüstü Hekimlerimiz." Erdem, vol. I, no. 3, Eylül 1985, p. 687.
[15] For merit and loyalty see:- See N. Sari: "Osmanli Darüssifalarina Tayin Edilecek Görevlilerde Aranan Nitelikler", op.cit., see pp. 31-32, 35, 37, 41- 42, 47.- A. H. Bayat: "Osmanli Devleti'nde Hekimbasilik Kurumu ve Hekimbasilar. "Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Baskanligi, no.199", Ankara 1999. See pp. 24, 35, 43, 51, 65, 89, 103, 104, 108 etc.- See A. Adivar: pp. 93, 105-6; see p. 93 for the Medical Madrasa.- G. A. Russel: "Physicians at the Ottoman Court", op.cit., see pp. 250, 266-267.- For the reorganization of the madrasa see I. H. Uzunçarsili: Osmanli Devletinin Ilmiye Teskilati. "Türk Tarih Kurumu, seri VI-II, no. 17, Ankara 1965", pp. 211-260.
[16] See Topkapi Palace Archive, no. E 668 for the appointment of the head physician.- I. H. Uzunçarsili: Osmanli Devletinin Saray Teskilati. See pp. 71, 205, 364-368; Defter-i Yevmiye-i Oda-i Tesrifat 677 mükerrer.
[17] A. H. Bayat: Osmanli Devleti'nde Hekimbasilik Kurumu ve Hekimbasilar. See pp. 51, 89, 106, 154.
[18] Topkapi Palace Archive, no. E 668.- A. H. Bayat: op. cit., see p. 175.
[19] A. H. Bayat: ibid., see p. 175.
[20] Ibid, pp. 25, 38, 43, 56, 59, 62-64, 68, 71, 76-77, 87, 101, 105, 111, 117, 124, 128, 129, 148.
[21] N. K. Kurt: Sanizâde Mehmed Ataullah Efendi'nin Kânûnü'l- Cerrahîn Adli Kitabinin Incelenmesi. Unprinted PhD thesis guided by Ayten Altintas, Medical History and Ethics Department, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul 1999, pp. 30-31; B.O.A., Hatt-i Hümayun, no. 31485.- A. H. Bayat: Osmanli Devlet'inde Hekimbasilik Kurumu ve Hekimbasilar, op.cit. See p. 146.
[22] B.O.A.: Cevdet Sihhiye 132; Ibnü'l Emin Sihhiye 82. More examples can be quoted.
[23] For the supervision in 1573 by the head physician Garsüddînzâde Muhiddîn, see A. Refik: Onuncu Asr-i Hicride Istanbul Hayati. Kültür Bakanligi, Ankara 1984, pp. 93-94.- For the supervision in 1592 by the head physician Yusuf Sinan, see H.T. Daglioglu: "Tababet Tarihimize Ait Vesikalar." Türk Tip Tarihi Arkivi, 1939, vol. IV, no. 13, 1939, pp. 41- 42.- For the supervision in 1730 by the head physician Hayatizâde Mustafa Feyzi II, see A. Refik: "Hicrî On ikinci Asirda Istanbul Hayati (1100-1200)". Tarih Encümeni Külliyati, Istanbul 1930, pp. 106-107.- For the supervision in 1768 by the head physician Katibzâde Mehmed Refi, see A. Refik: "Hicri On Ikinci Asirda Istanbul Hayati", ibid, pp. 214-215.- H. Sahillioglu: " 1700 Yilinda Istanbul'da Muayenehane Açma Izni Olan Tabib ve Cerrahlar ". Türk Dünyasi Tarih Dergisi, no. 136, Nisan 1998, pp. 10-14.
[24] The trust of deeds of hospitals required the following qualifications for the physicians to be employed: "one known to be able and experienced" for Fatih; "skilful" for Bayezid II; "talented and experienced" for Süleymaniye; "master of medicine" for Atik Valide; and "a master cognizant of all issues by means of experience" for Manisa Hospital. See N. Sari: "Osmanli Darüssifalarina Tayin Edilecek Görevlilerde Aranan Nitelikler", op.cit., p.16.
[25] Ottoman medicine was based on the theory of four elements (anasir-i erbaa) and four temperaments (mizac). The four elements did not simply mean fire, water, earth and air; and the four qualities, heat, dryness, moisture and coldness were not evaluated simply as perceived in nature, because all the other elements and qualities were considered to be included in this theory. The four humours (ahlat-i erbaa), i.e. blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile believed to be found in the body, in correspondence to the four elements in nature, were supposed to have different qualities. The composition of the four humours was considered to form the character that is the temperament of a person; consequently, everyone has an individual character, for the composition of the four humours is particular to each person. There might be imbalance in the proportion of the humours, consequently some people are phlegmatic, others are melancholic, choleric or sanguine. See N. Sari: "Bilim Dogu'ya Göç Ediyor: Islam Dünyasi". Cerrahpasa Medical School Medical History Department 1995-96 lecture notes, pp. 1-2.
As Ottoman medicine was based on the theory of four elements and humours, consequently it was always strongly emphasized in the deeds of trust of hospitals; and physicians were required to be "skilful in diagnosing people's temperaments and dispositions"; "one who knows the characteristics of temperaments"; "a master in improving temperaments and informed of the effects of humours' qualities and the nature of food and syrups"; to have "full comprehension of temperaments' characteristics"; and to be one who "knows the characteristics of human nature". See N. Sari: Osmanli Darüssifalarina Tayin Edilecek Görevlilerde Aranan Nitelikler, op.cit., pp. 16-18.
[26] N. Sari: "Osmanli Darüssifalarina Tayin Edilecek Görevlilerde Aranan Nitelikler", op.cit., p. 18.- E. Savage-Smith: "Attitudes Toward Dissection in Medieval Islam." The Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. Jan. 1995, V 50, pp. 67-110. See pp. 69, 96 for the two different meanings of dissection.
[27] N. Sari: Osmanlilarda Hekim ve Deontolojisi, op.cit., pp. 76-7.- Emir Çelebi advised not to be contended with learning anatomy by reading books, but to dissect animals and bodies of people who died during war, observing them carefully. See Enmüzecü't tib, Istanbul University Library, no. 7043, f. 248b.
[28] E. Kâhya: Semseddin-i Itakî'nin Resimli Anatomi Kitabi. "Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarihi Yüksek Kurumu, no. 95", Ankara 1996", p. 123; criticized text: p. 14.- Ömer Sifai notes that the knowledge of anatomy does not only contribute to successful treatment, but also helps to comprehend the worthy art God created in the human body. See Minhâcü's-Sifâî fi Tibb-i Kimyaî. Istanbul University Library, no. 7072, f. 3b.
[29] M. Türkel - Küyel: "Bilimin Felsefeye Dayandigi Görüsünün Bir Timsali Olarak Galenos", Erdem, 4/1, 1988, pp. 501-524.
See E. S. Savage-Smith: Attitudes Toward Dissection in Medieval Islam. op.cit., pp. 93-94, 95, 96 for the philosophical interpretation of anatomy as Galen and Medieval Muslim physicians viewed; and for the meaning of anatomy with respect to the comprehension of the wisdom and wonders of the Creator's miracles.
[30] Ü. Maskar: Islam'da ve Osmanlilar'da Otopsi Sorunu Üzerine Bir Etüd. Tarihte Türk-Alman Tibbi Iliskileri Sempozyum Bildirileri. (Istanbul, 18-19 Ekim 1976). A. Terzioglu (Ed.), Istanbul 1981, (Istanbul Universitesi Yay., no. 2669, Tip Fakültesi no. 120, Tip Tarihi ve Deontoloji Kürsüsü yeni seri no.1, pp. 83-92.- There is no evidence so far that the practice of anatomy was prohibited in Medieval Islam, see E. Savage-Smith: "Attitudes Toward Dissection in Medieval Islam". pp. 71, 80, 81,82, 83, 100, 104, 105; for Galen's emphasis on the necessity of anatomical practice in order to gain knowledge and for successful surgery being described in the translations of his work to Arabic, see ibid, pp. 86, 90- 93; for the view that the practice of anatomy was not needed in Medieval Islamic medicine, see ibid, pp. 93, 105, 109, 110; for the influence of some attitudes in Medieval Islamic thought, such as the expectation that the integrity of the body should be preserved for resurrection, respect for the dead body, compassion for the deceased etc., on the deterrence from dissection of the dead body, see ibid, pp. 100, 104, 105, 106, 108.- N. Sari: "Osmanli Darüssifalarina Tayin Edilecek Görevlilerde Aranan Nitelikler", op.cit., p. 33.- E. Kâhya: Osmanlilarda Bilim, op.cit., pp. 496-497.
[31] E. Kâhya: "Bizde Disseksiyon Ne Zaman ve Nasil Basladi?". TTK Belleten, vol. XLII, no. 172 (1979), pp. 749-755.- E. Kâhya: "Tanzimatta Eski ve Yeni Tip", 150. Yilinda Tanzimat. H. D. Yildiz (Ed.), Ankara 1992, pp. 296-297.- S. Akinci: "Osmanli Imparatorlugu Tibbinda Disseksiyon ve Otopsi". Istanbul Üniversitesi Tip Fakültesi Mecmuasi, vol. 25, 1962, pp. 97-115.- A. I. Gencer: "Istanbul Tersanesinde Açilan Ilk Tib Mektebi." Istanbul Üniversitesi Tib Fakültesi Mecmuasi, vol. 41, 1978, pp. 732-747. See p.737 and p. 743: The importance of anatomy in terms of medical and surgical instruction is indicated in the following sentences in the 1807 regulation of the Medical School Tibhâne built next to the Royal Dockyard Hospital (Tersâne-i Amire - Ispitalya): " Ilm-i tesrih maddesi cism-i fünûn-i mezkûrenin uzv-i lâzim-i gayr-i mefrûku mesâbesinde olmagin, talebe-i mezkûreye derûn-i vücûdda olan em'ânin yerlerini ve cihet-i tenâsüblerini ve siryân ve a'zânin ruûs ve usûllerini irâ'et hususu gerek ilm-i tibba ve gerek fenn-i cerrâhât isti'mâline elzem mevâddan olmagla...".
[32] E. Kâhya: "18. ve 19. Yüzyillarda Genel Çizgileriyle Osmanlilarda Bilim." Erdem, vol. 3, no. 8, 1987, p. 496.- E. Kâhya: Osmanlilarda Bilim, op.cit., p. 496.- N. Sari: "Bati'da Yeniden Dogus: Rönesans", Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical School Medical History and Ethics Department 1989 lecture notes, pp. 1-3.
[33] G. Russel: "The Owl and the Pussy Cat The Process of Cultural Transmission in Anatomical Illustration". Transfer of Modern Science and Technology to the Muslim World, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Modern Science and the Muslim World (Istanbul, 2-4 September 1987), Istanbul 1992, pp. 180-212.
[34] The following phrases are included in the deeds of trust of Fatih, Haseki, Manisa, Süleymaniye and Atik Valide hospitals, respectively: "Two physicians superior in their knowledge of medicine and treatment methods; those who know all the laws of medicine and philosophy and comprehend by experience all the related issues in detail; physicians informed of all the medical and philosophical issues through experience; physicians who have acquired all details of medicine and philosophy (hikmet), having filled their minds with knowledge of wisdom shall be employed." See N. Sari: Osmanli Darüssifalarina Tayin Edilecek Görevlilerde Aranan Nitelikler, op.cit., p. 18.- See N. Akdeniz (Sari): Osmanlilarda Hekim ve Deontolojisi, op.cit., p. 70 for the requisite of the physician to be a scholar (learned wise man, âlim).
[35] S. Kadioglu: Nâbi'nin Hayriyye'sinin Mebhâs-i Lâzime-i Hikmet ü Tib Bölümü: Sair Gözüyle On Yedinci Yüzyil Osmanli Tibbina Elestirisel Bir Bakis. International Congress on Learning and Education in the Ottoman World, Istanbul, 12-14 Nisan 1999.- M. Kaplan: Hayriyye-i Nabi (Inceleme-Metin), Ankara 1995.
[36] G. A. Russel: "Physicians At The Ottoman Court", op.cit., p. 267
Below are some of the publications describing and explaining the questions and sources of knowledge in Ottoman medicine and the philosophy (hikmet) / philosopher-physician (hakîm) concepts:- N. Keklik: Türk-Islam Felsefesi Açisindan Felsefenin Ilkeleri." Istanbul University, Faculty of Literature, no. 3484", Ankara 1996, pp. 2-14.- M. Türker-Küyel: "Türklerde Felsefe Gelenegi". Türk Yurdu, vol. 44, no. 390, Nisan 1991, pp. 5, 11, 12.- S. Ural: Bilim Tarihi. "Kirkambar Yay. no. 27", Istanbul 1998, pp. 196-197, 200, 202, 204, 238-9,- E. Kâhya: "Anadolu Selçuklularinda Bilim", Erdem, vol. 5/13, no. 13 Ocak 1989, pp. 63-79. See: pp. 65-68; The relation between man and cosmos, the question of existence; and mathematics being regarded as a bridge between the world of senses and the one perceived through mind/intellect in the Turkish-Moslem community is discussed.- M. T. Türker-Küyel: "Felsefenin Tarifinde ve Tarihinde Bir Kaynak Olarak Farabi" / Al-Farabi As a Source of the History of Philosophy and Its Definition." Erdem, vol. 6, no. 18, 1992, pp. 725-735.- I. Yakit: Ihvan-i Safa Felsefesinde Bilgi Problemi. "Akademik Kitaplar, seri 40", Istanbul 1985.- I. Özel: Bilgi, Bilim ve Islam. "ISAV Tartismali Ilmi Toplantilar, seri 5", Istanbul, 1992.- For a brief introduction about the principles of the change in medical science and philosophy that began during the Renaissance in Europe, see A.S. Duncan, G.R. Dunstan, R. B. Welbourn: Dictionary of Medical Ethics. New York, 1981, p. XXI; item: Medical Science.- See Yesim Isil (Ülman): "XIX. Yüzyil Sonunda Ali Sedad Bey'in Kavaid-i Tahavvülât Fî Harekâti'z-Zerrat Adli Kitabinda Ilmi Zihniyet Meselesi Hakkinda." Tip Tarihi Arastirmalari 3, Istanbul 1989, pp. 108-115 for the question of scientific approach amongst Ottoman-Turkish intellectuals in the late 19th century. Also see: N. Öner: Tanzimattan Sonra Türkiye'de Ilim ve Mantik Anlayisi, Ankara Üniversitesi Ilahiyat Fakültesi, Ankara 1967.- I. Özel: Bilgi, Bilim ve Islam I: "ISAV Tartismali Ilmî Toplantilar Dizisi 5", Istanbul 1992.
by: Professor Nil Sari, Sat 04 July, 2009
The famous image we find in an Arabic manuscript depicting the "al-faras al-mastuh" (a horse lying on its back) is a clear representative of the degree of progress attained in the Islamic tradition of veterinary science in general and in hippiatry, in particular. The following article by Rania Elsayed, a scholar from Cairo, presents a reproduction of this image taken from the original manuscript and the English translation of the portions of the Arabic text, those being like captions presenting the comments of the original author on the different parts of the anatomy of the horse.


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Oh dear - it really doesn't pay to leave the house with all these small people running about - mayhem always results.
No-one knows who the culprit is but Sooty is looking extremely smug.......
Brand: | Sony |
Camera: | Sony Alpha SLT-A65 |
Recording media: | JPEG (digital) |
Date Taken: | 15 Feb 2013 - 8:29 PM |
Focal Length: | 28mm |
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Tags: | Bear, General, Humour / fun, Tiny crime scene, Wooden man, Woody |
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Both very funny, but I would prefer v2 if only you could have included a bit of the hanging rope. .......Peter
Thanks everyone
it did take somewhat longer to set up than anticipated but won't take long to dismantle Everything can go away again until inspiration strikes once more! I've long lace gloves to play with this weekend.......
Alas Kate my job isn't at all creative. I work for an insurance brokers and the nearest I get to creativity there is when I have to build or alter a webpage for the office website!
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The Global HOPE Training Initiative—HOPE stands for Healing Opportunities through Purposeful Engagement—is a Chicago School faculty designed, three-week curriculum used to train teachers, orphanage workers, and other childcare professionals how to counsel children who experience, or are exposed to, traumatic life events. The initiative reflects TCSPP's vision of extending the healing effects of psychology around the world. Piloted in Rwanda, Global HOPE is training professionals and working with local partners in countries around the world to customize the curriculum to the needs of each particular region. Watch a brief trailer of a recent Global HOPE documentary, or watch the full documentary here.
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Today I fucked with the facebook group Being Liberal. I've got nothing against AC, he's a cool dude for saving that kid, but sometimes it's just too easy. Watch the white chick pull a race card, LOL. If you're going to pull a race card on behalf of another race, make sure the person you're pulling it on is actually being racist. The girl just saw what she wanted and threw out the race card and made herself look like a fool. It was worth it just for that. Then they try to turn it into a political debate, which is just stupid. Aren't you guys burnt out from the 10,000,000 pictures and 500,000,000 lines of text you spewed forth from august to november (and I mean both of you, conservatives and liberals!) Beyond that, Being Liberal must get trolled a lot because 3 people caught on right away. *sigh* It's a dying art form =(
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Adante Hotel610 Geary Street, San Francisco, CA 94102 (Show map)
Review score
Score from 305 reviews
Hotel was in a good location to walk into centre of city. Variety of restaurants/eating places close vicinity. Staff friendly and helpful.
Runaway Bay Queensland
So close to Union Square.
Friendly and helpful staff. Excellent location.
How helpful the staff was and how clean the rooms were, along with the continental breakfast~ what a deal!
It was walking distance to several attractions
Location was great Staff were nice enough
The Adante is close to everything downtown. It's my new favorite hotel.
cost, as it was a busy weekend with very costly alternatives.
Sao Jose dos Campos
Fantastic location - easy walk to most central sites eg Union Square, Chinatown and buses to Fisherman's Wharf.
Location perfect!
A few blocks from San Francisco's popular Union Square, this boutique hotel offers charming guestrooms along with many thoughtful amenities, including on-site parking and provides easy access to major attractions. Only 3 blocks from the Adante Hotel, a C-Two Hotel, are the city's famous cable cars, offering instant access to all area sites. Chinatown along with numerous shopping centers, gourmet restaurants and an exciting nightlife are also only moments away. Guests staying at the Adante are provided with a free light continental breakfast and free high-speed internet access. Cozy accommodations at the hotel feature charming hand painted murals along with coffee and tea makers. Hotel Rooms: 92, Hotel Chain: Ctwo Hotels. The most recent booking for this hotel was made on Dec 12 at 4:11 AM from China.
InternetFree! Wired internet is available in the hotel rooms and is free of charge. Free! Wi-Fi is available in all areas and is free of charge. ParkingPrivate parking is available at a location nearby (reservation is not needed) and costs USD 35 per day. Services24-Hour Front Desk, Airport Shuttle, Concierge Service GeneralNon-smoking Rooms, Facilities for Disabled Guests, Family Rooms, Elevator, All Spaces Non-Smoking (Public and Private) Languages spokenSpanish, English Check-inFrom 3:00 PM Check-outUntil 12:00 PM Cancellation/
Total Hotel Score:6.9
Based on 305 reviews Guest reviews are written by our customers after their stay at Adante Hotel. |
Score breakdown
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Hotel was in a good location to walk into centre of city. Variety of restaurants/eating places close vicinity. Staff friendly and helpful.
So close to Union Square.
A bit run down, but I purposely chose a facility at that price, and I am not complaining.
Smell food and a bit noisy Room is smaller than advertisement
Friendly and helpful staff. Excellent location.
Not many choices for breakfast, but for the price of the room it is fair.
How helpful the staff was and how clean the rooms were, along with the continental breakfast~ what a deal!
The elevator did not work, so the climb to the 4th floor was a workout!
It was walking distance to several attractions
The list is long but there were many repairs needed and everything from the bed sheets, shower facility, access to rooms, and the "breakfast" was far less than expected for $300 a night.
no elivator
Location was great Staff were nice enough
Rooms are very old and small Lift wasn't working Breakfast was horrible
Very bad,, elevator not warking, brake fast only toast and waffle, the night shift staff alwayes drunk every night.
The Adante is close to everything downtown. It's my new favorite hotel.
Internet speed
Location is near Union squaire but quite spooky with homeless and drug addicts right at the entrance. Breakfast is awful, no parking.
cost, as it was a busy weekend with very costly alternatives.
Location close to many street beggars. Too noise at night.
Fantastic location - easy walk to most central sites eg Union Square, Chinatown and buses to Fisherman's Wharf.
Cheaper local parking is available.
Location perfect!
The price was high, but this can be expected in this area
I loved the room service, the free wi fi in my room and all over the hotel, the complimentary breakfast and the prompt service arranging tours and an airport shuttle.
Excellent location. Very fast and reliable wifi.
The breakfast was ok but there was not much variety.
Location is good
Staff is very rude.. they keep shouting.. Lots of homeless around the hotel.. The room is small... The reception Is very rude and useless
They upgrade my room cause of the inthernet didn't work.
Bad inthernetreseption in the end of the hotel.
It was clean and the staff were helpful.
Basic amenities, like a towel rack in the bathroom were not there. For the price, I also would have expected a bathroom vanity and a beverage refrigerator.
The guy from the front desk was drunk, very sad to be received lije that ay 1:00am
the closeness to everything, the resturants. the breakfast, even tho there could be more variety. Good value for money.
Having no fridge in the room
Internet not working Elevator very very slow Food menu contracted for a third company
Staff were helpful and friendly, Wifi worked well in room, handy location
The Adante is a well maintained pocket hotel, was clean and had our basic needs met.
location is good
Did not release pre authorised funds on credit card for two weeks after we stayed. Pre authorised more than value of room
The guest reviews express the personal opinions of Booking.com customers who filled out a questionnaire after their stay at the hotel. These opinions do not necessarily represent the views of Booking.com.
The OpalJust 1 mile from Union Square, this San Francisco hotel has spacious rooms with a cable TV and free internet access. It serves a daily continental breakfast.Most recent booking for this hotel was today at 05:01 from $87 |
Herbert HotelThis historic San Francisco hotel is along the Powell Street Cable Car line, one block from shopping at Union Square. It features contemporary rooms with free wired internet.Most recent booking for this hotel was today at 05:04 from $63.20 |
Travelodge By The BayA short walk to Fisherman's Wharf and offering easy access to popular San Francisco attractions, this conveniently located motel features comfortable rooms and thoughtful amenities.Most recent booking for this hotel was today at 03:54 from $94 |


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It's official –
I've lost my country card.
When I saw the rows and rows of corn that line the highway in my hometown in Kentucky — right next to my brother's driveway, in fact — I thought the golden tassels against the bright blue sky were evidence of a great harvest in the making.
But my brothers quickly corrected me — the heat has ruined the crop. The tassels have appeared too soon on stalks with little or no ears. The farmers will take a loss.
And I couldn't tell the difference.
Oh well, the locals here would need my help on the subway…so I guess that evens things out.


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Frederick Remington's The Outlaw No. 5, an important lifetime casting and cornerstone of frontier art and sculpture, is estimated to bring $800,000 Nov. 14. Read More +
Estates auction sees bidders push Chinese carved jade panel to $392K
During Woodbury Auction's Sept. 29 estates auction, multiple bidders competed for a two-sided Chinese carved jade panel, pushing the hammer price to $330,000. Read More +
Popcorn wagons, machines heat up Nov. 16 collectibles auction
The 600+ lots in Mosby & Co.'s Nov. 16 cataloged collectibles auction covers vast collecting territory, including a collection of popcorn machines and wagons. Read More +
Fall online estates auction offers 17 marble-top tables
Tim's Auctions is holding an online-only estates auction totaling more than 500 lots in a wide array of antiques categories will be held on Sunday, Nov. 17. Read More +
Tiffany fire screen may sell for $250K in lamp and glass auction
James Julia's lamp & glass auction offers outstanding buying opportunities, including a rare Tiffany fire screen that carries a high estimate of $250K. Read More +
Memorabilia auction includes Disneyana from the Maurice Sendak collection
Hake's Americana Auction #210 is chock-full of rare and beautifully preserved memorabilia, including examples from Maurice Sendak's own Disneyana collection. Read More +
Weekly Antiques Auction & Show Ads: Nov. 13-Dec. 15, 2013
Be prepared and ready for upcoming antiques auctions, shows and events when you consult the Antique Trader advertiser spotlight for the time period shown. Read More +
Bidders determining values of ancient artifacts Nov. 24
Exposing collectors to pieces of history, Minerva Gallery is hosting a sale of ancient artifacts where objects dating from 1100 BC-550 AD will be sold at auction. Read More +
Don/Maggie Thompson Pedigree Collection leads comic book auction
The Don & Maggie Thompson pedigree collection debuts with high-grade examples of key books, including a Near Mint 9.4 copy of The Avengers #1, estimated to bring $80,000+ Nov. 21-23 in Beverly Hills DALLAS – One of the finest known … Read More +
Latin art proves potent draw in West Coast auction
With more than 800 items, including many examples of quality Latin art, Witherell's fall auction, which closed Oct. 29, brought in $365,000. Read More +


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GE owns the NBC stations and GE CEO Jeffry Imholte doesn't want anything bad about President Obama. Imholte was appointed by Obama to the NY Federal Reserve.
cave canem...beware of the dog
Richard Halstead (halst001 at yahoo.com)
Where do we go without great leaders for the defense of our liberties? Who will defend our right to live our lives _as we chose_ without others taking that from us? The answer is, as it should be, no one. We are the defense of our rights and should always remember that. Libertarian blogger
Olberman is such a horses caboose that I even mute him when he is doing the sunday nite football lead in & halftime shows. He is typical of PMSNBC and the rest of the state run media, in Osama's pocket.
Bob Gutermuth
Canvasback Chesapeakes
I take it one step further...on Sunday nights I'll wait until the game has already started before I'll turn it on. Olberbag never makes a visit to my house.
Remember when Costas and the rest of the Sunday night crew did their pregame and their halftime in the dark to make a statement about global warming and the need to conserve energy! I think they called it a green studio! What a hoot! I laughed my arse off that night.


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Thu, Dec 12 5:00pm + 1hr after event
Thu, Dec 12 5:00pm + 1hr after event
393 people recommend parking here 249 left comments
I saved $9 online by upgrading my parking so that it was right across from the United Center. The bonus was to get an "easy-out" exit, with no other cars blocking me. This probably saved me an hour in the lot because of the snowstorm. Many other drivers were not so fortunate last night.
Easy in, easy out, a good deal!
Easy access in and out
Everyhing went smoothly in and out in a breeze. Another ParkWhiz success.
Convenient & friendly lot staff!
Well lit very accessible outdoor parking lot less than 1 block from the United Center. Very close the 290 Expressway. Easy in and Easy out. Tailgaters welcome. Reserve your spot and we hold it for you for whenever you arrive. CLOSE and SAFE!!!
This location is a commercial parking lot.
Preferred parking for United Center, Grand Chapiteau at United Center, Malcom X College, Malcolm X College, Mile Square Health Center Pharmacy.
This surface parking lot is located immediately on the SOUTHWEST CORNER of Damen and Monroe St. less than 1 block from the United Center. Enter right off of Damen. This is the SOUTHWEST CORNER of the building.


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Pretty soon we'll have nothing but flat-panel TVs in our houses. Even if you can get a so-called "microdisplay" in larger sizes with 1080p resolution for less money.
At least, manufacturers seem to be headed that way, with Sony the most recent to take its manufacturing prowess out of the rear-projection TV business. The company said today it's going to halt production of rear-projection TVs (RPTV) to concentrate on LCD and OLED display technologies.
Sony will stop producing RPTVs at three Japanese manufacturing plants as well as overseas in February, a company spokesman said.
With a focus on ultra-thin OLED displays, you can probably expect the manufacturing giant to start showing some larger versions of the 11-inch model that began selling in Japan in November.
But if you're looking for a 60-inch high-def TV and have the room for an RPTV (hey, they have slimmed down quite a bit over the last few years), we'd say keep an eye out for some sweet Sony deals around Super Bowl time.
Via: Engadget (from Reuters)
Follow Electronic House on Facebook and Twitter.The $599 DHT-S514 Denon soundbar is designed for plug-and-play operation with HDMI and Bluetooth.
The Cake Boss celebrates Christmas with an elaborate home lighting display automated via Elan g!.
We found 13 pint-sized items to stuff into your favorite geek's stocking.


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Data from a new National Registry of Exonerations has placed Cook County as the number one place for wrongful convictions of violent crimes. Since 1989, 101 cases have been overturned in Illinois, 78 were from Cook County.
Many of the convictions on the list, in Cook County, include cases overseen by disgraced Chicago police commander, Joe Burge, who was convicted of two counts of obstruction of justice and one count of perjury. Burge was accused of torturing more than 200 criminal suspects, between 1972 and 1991, into false confessions.
The top 10 states include:
1.Illinois 101
2.New York 88
3.Texas 84
4.California 79
5.Michigan 35
6.Louisiana 34
7.Florida 32
8.Ohio 28
9.Massachusetts 27
10.Pennsylvania 27
One could assume the high number of wrongful convictions can be attributed to heavily populated areas, however the National Registry of Exonerations reports that these areas have strong presence of wrongful convictions centers and innocence projects.
Meaning that these states probably don't have the highest number of wrongful convictions, they are just better at overturning them. It is estimated that Northwestern's Center on Wrongful Convictions is responsible for a third of Illinois exonerations.
The report also states that because exonerations are not centralized, many exonerations remain unknown. Some of the unknown exonerations include low profile cases and those concealed from the public attention.
While the number of wrongful convictions in Illinois is alarming and even disturbing, it is reassuring to know that where there is a willing and active group of people fighting to overturn wrongful convictions, innocent people will have a higher chance of gaining the justice they deserve.
Read the full report from the National Registry of Exonerations.


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Today I took Janet Casson's Flow and Restore yoga class at Root Yoga.
Janet is a born teacher. The authenticity of her teaching reflects this truth. Some teachers struggle to find their voices, or try on the voices of teachers they admire. Not Janet. Janet sits comfortably in the power of her own voice and offers her unique expression as a teacher with clarity and poise.
Janet's clarity and authenticity imbue her class with an atmosphere of ease. Bolstered by her confident, genuine instruction, Janet's students unfurl. They let down their guard and practice from a place of self-awareness and honoring. Guided by Janet's example, each student discovers the in-the-moment needs of her body and responds accordingly.
Leaving Janet's class, I felt settled in the present of my body and my breath. I felt easeful, unguarded, and true. What more could I possibly want?