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The rent at Village On The Park Apartments ranges from $560 for a studio to a $820 two bedroom. Apartments in this building are about 4% more expensive than the Southgate average. This is a pet-friendly apartment.
This apartment is in Southgate. The closest park is Howard Park.
Village On The Park Apartments has a Walk Score of 46 out of 100. This location is a Car-Dependent neighborhood so most errands require a car.
Nearby schools include Grogan Elementary School, Shelters Elementary School and Creative Montessori Academy.
The closest grocery stores are Crystal Market, ALDI and Meijer.
Nearby coffee shops include Tim Hortons, Tim Hortons and Baskin Robbins. There are eight restaurants within a 15 minute walk including Arby's, Jimmy John's and Jet's Pizza®.
Pets allowed:


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Last week saw the launch of Lulu's pop-up store at Bicester Village, attended by food mistress, Gizzie Erskine; stylist and presenter, Grace Woodward and Vanessa White from the Saturdays, all of whom are huge Lulu Guinness fans.
November 01, 2013
November 01, 2013
September 20, 2013
September 15, 2013
August 28, 2013
February 18, 2013
Last week saw the launch of Lulu's pop-up store at Bicester Village, attended by food mistress, Gizzie Erskine; stylist and presenter, Grace Woodward and Vanessa White from the Saturdays, all of whom are huge Lulu Guinness fans.
February 12, 2013
Never afraid to make a statement when it comes to her own label and indeed her own wardrobe, Lulu loves the latest show at Design Museum in London, Unexpected Pleasures: The Art and Design Of Contemporary Jewellery.
February 12, 2013
February 07, 2013
Lulu's latest collaboration perfectly encapsulates the brands famous sense of humour and wit, and all for a good cause. In conjunction with Sainsburys, Lulu has designed three exclusive tote bags to sell in selected stores nationwide in aid of Comic Relief.
February 04, 2013
Not only is the V&A Lulu's favourite London museum, but come this March, it will be hosting a fantastic retrospective of David Bowie's career.
February 04, 2013
The English perfume house, Penhaligon has been charming people with its scents since 1872, but this time its Regent Street store will be seducing customers not just with its scents but also with its new transformation.
February 01, 2013
The word is out: British Vogue is launching Miss Vogue, the younger sister of one of Fashion's key bibles and Lulu can't wait to see what its pages hold.
January 28, 2013
Bubble tea is the latest trend to hit coffee and tea culture in London right now, so Lulu was pleased to hear about the recent opening of bubble tea shop, Lakwatsa (meaning to 'chill').
January 25, 2013
Lulu is a big fan of the fashion-meets-art work of photographer Juergen Teller, whose latest portraits will be on show at the ICA as part of Juergen Teller: Woo later this month.
January 22, 2013
Be sure to buy a copy of Confessions of a Fashionista: the Good, the Bad and the Botox. Largely featuring in the book herself, Lulu loves the real life accounts of the fashion industry in this insider's guide – she even read it in one sitting!

subset: commoncrawl


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Recent Features
LWN.net Weekly Edition for December 5, 2013
Deadline scheduling: coming soon?
LWN.net Weekly Edition for November 27, 2013
ACPI for ARM?
LWN.net Weekly Edition for November 21, 2013
Except that it won't be. It will be in flash. And odds are most motherboards won't even implement basic protections to disable writes after POST/BIOS because they all want to keep the cute Windows based BIOS update features. And besides, how else is a revoked key list going to get updated?
But it really doesn't matter if Ubuntu gets away with their hack of the letter of the spec. I suspect lawyers will get brought into it before it is over but if they win it will be game over. Try again with a new & improved lockdown for Windows 9.
Ubuntu details its UEFI secure boot plans
Posted Jun 29, 2012 23:43 UTC (Fri) by mjg59 (subscriber, #23239) [Link]
Posted Jul 3, 2012 19:38 UTC (Tue) by jmorris42 (guest, #2203) [Link]
The cheap ones will also stop allowing the user to rekey or disable the secure boot. On the good side there will be exploits aplenty since it will just be security theater to appease the Hollywierd content gods and vendor locks to stop casual Linux use. It is a feature no customer is likely to ask for and no sales will depend on it being effective, so they will make it as cheap as Microsoft will let them qualify for the Windows 8 sticker with.
Posted Jul 3, 2012 19:41 UTC (Tue) by mjg59 (subscriber, #23239) [Link]
Posted Jul 4, 2012 2:56 UTC (Wed) by giraffedata (subscriber, #1954) [Link]
You don't qualify for the Windows 8 sticker without the ability to rekey and disable secure boot.
I don't think that's so. From what I can tell from various reports on the web, Microsoft defines a "custom mode" in which the user has the ability to rekey and disable secure boot, but it is optional for Windows 8 certified computers. And for ARM systems, it isn't even an option -- custom mode is prohibited.
For those where it's optional, I predict manufacturers will provide it, and other commentators seem to agree, but there is still an objection to the Windows 8 certification program because it's not easy enough to enter custom mode - the computer is required to ship in "standard mode" (boots only Microsoft-approved things) by default and you have to go into a machine setup dialog to do it (obviously, standard mode doesn't let an installer program just switch out of standard mode programmatically).
Posted Jul 4, 2012 3:07 UTC (Wed) by naptastic (guest, #60139) [Link]
Posted Jul 4, 2012 3:30 UTC (Wed) by raven667 (subscriber, #5198) [Link]
You might want to be more skeptical of some of the "various reports on the web", the sites you have been reading clearly aren't doing even the most basic of research and are probably not worth your time to read. Stick to LWN 8-)
Posted Jul 4, 2012 3:32 UTC (Wed) by mjg59 (subscriber, #23239) [Link]
'MANDATORY. On non-ARM systems, the platform MUST implement the ability for a physically present user to select between two Secure Boot modes in firmware setup: "Custom" and "Standard". Custom Mode allows for more flexibility as specified in the following:'
Followed by a requirement that it be possible to clear PK, which guarantees you the ability to enrol whatever set of keys you want.
Posted Jul 4, 2012 4:08 UTC (Wed) by Fowl (subscriber, #65667) [Link]
On the other hand, it only requires the ability to disable secure boot, not re-key it.
Posted Jul 4, 2012 4:15 UTC (Wed) by mjg59 (subscriber, #23239) [Link]
Posted Jul 5, 2012 21:01 UTC (Thu) by jmorris42 (guest, #2203) [Link]
How many motherboards have you fought to make power management work on? How about the temp/voltage/fan sensors? Last I heard working ACPI is also a requirement for the Windows logo program.
Now add in the fact that Microsoft is almost certain to be quietly 'encouraging' motherboard makers to break this particular feature. Raise your hand if you don't think an OEM would instantly get into the double secret marketing co-op program and qualify for special pricing or marketing kickbacks for discouraging OS migration?
Posted Jul 5, 2012 21:05 UTC (Thu) by mjg59 (subscriber, #23239) [Link]
Copyright © 2013, Eklektix, Inc. Comments and public postings are copyrighted by their creators. Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds


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Motorcycles going to this area are located at the corner of Sidapan which is the road going to Barracks. First 12 kilometers of the road is cemented and as the travel took longer, rough roads are the way to go.
On the main road going to Lake Agko, you can see a billboard identifying the location of Bongolanon/ Tawsuvan Falls specifically located at Purok 2, Sito Tamiling, Brgy.» »» Read the rest of this post »


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Don't Panic - Just Give It A Name And Smile
Posted 11 February 2004 - 09:23 AM
We got a name for this one yet? Hermes? Belladonna? I dubbed this update "Bragadoccio" last month, but the rebels here may have other ideas.
Have fun and remember - DON'T PANIC. This post about the updates has great information and is still accurate for those of you who are new to what's going on.
Posted 11 February 2004 - 09:43 AM
Anyway, I believe the next one (if this is it) is supposed to be Xerxes or something according to some other thread we had!
Works for me, but I still believe this is just Gladys continuing to rear her ugly St. Bernard, lunch-stealing head! (Sorry to those who think dogs are cute )
Posted 11 February 2004 - 09:48 AM
Backlink updates have started again.
Posted 11 February 2004 - 10:02 AM
.. but the domain name version of this http://www-in.google.com has suddenly stopped working. All of the other domain name versions of the Google datacenters have also stopped working.Backlink updates have started again.
Posted 11 February 2004 - 10:07 AM
If the volume of spam reports was to suddenly grow drastically, it would certainly get some serious notice from the Google algo-guys, and, at the very least, your chances of being found would be improved.
My guess is that the number of people who take the time to report spam result pages is fairly small - the members of this forum could probably have a significant effect, if everyone started reporting true spam pages.
Here's the URL for reporting spam to Google:
Google Spam Report Page
Edited by rzehr, 11 February 2004 - 10:21 AM.
Posted 11 February 2004 - 10:18 AM
Especially in the case of blatant spam Google *is* on top. Within my own optimized search a site pushed me from #1 using a Java applet that pulled content from around the web. Reported it. Within a week the site was gone from #1. Not long after I was not able to find it in Google at all :-)
Posted 11 February 2004 - 10:23 AM
Almost every single link was not only SPAM, but they ALL were pushing viruses at me!
I mean, come on! It's bad enough I can't find what I'm looking for, but to foist viruses on me (not one listing - at least 2 pages of SERPS) is not exactly what I would call a "good result"
Posted 11 February 2004 - 02:41 PM
Posted 11 February 2004 - 03:55 PM
How's that for a 'silver lining'?
Posted 11 February 2004 - 04:45 PM
Posted 12 February 2004 - 01:25 PM
Posted 12 February 2004 - 01:33 PM
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Worth trying: Tofu, steamed with shrimp
My wife and I have had some busy schedules in recent weeks. But the good news is that home-style tofu cooking has returned.
It's as if our minds are calm.
Yes, her tofu cooking skills remain far superior to my Chinese cooking prowess. I've mainly helped in the eating department.
I've been pretty successful that I feel I need a promotion. You know, something like: Senior tofu eater.
Her latest brilliant, delicious creation is one that follows the Niang Tofu style – meaning that the flavors appear over a period.
It's a steamed tofu dish with stuffed shrimp on top in a carved-out area of the tofu slab. The fresh seafood flavor is apparent. The tofu remains moist.
Chinese oyster sauce is drizzled over it at the end to add a nice, light hint of extra flavor.


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You're watching...
Israeli Knesset Deputy Speaker: Our Major Threat is Iran
Israeli Knesset Deputy Speaker Danny Dannon on the biggest challenges to the country's security.
Jan 3, 2013
You're watching...
Israeli Knesset Deputy Speaker Danny Dannon on the biggest challenges to the country's security.
Jan 3, 2013
Also in this playlist...
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Auto-advanceThis transcript is automatically generated
We are facing.
-- the Israeli military is racing to reinforce its border with Syria as its neighbors civil war is intensified.
The united nations human rights center estimates -- -- 161000 people have been killed in that fighting for more now on Israel's threat from Syria Iran.
Its relations with the Obama administration I'm joined now by -- -- -- he's deputy speaker of the Israeli -- -- good to have this afternoon after news.
Are up and it looks as -- some progress is being made in Gaza it looks as though.
This brokered.
Cease fire is holding.
Are you optimistic about what it portents.
When you've been a very tough neighborhood we have to be video all the time we have a huge fire but you know it's only a -- -- Do you have to act again against the Hamas if you Fy -- The -- few months maybe a yield.
But that's been acquired weapons the get technology formerly run through we know if you don't be a -- -- -- -- -- we must act again in the next time.
It would be no different -- Even as now Israel is permitted entry of construction materials into and took -- house.
Hamas downplaying it a bit.
But acknowledging at least things are improving even the suggestion.
On the part of the Israeli government that it could be permanent the longer we see in the stability if not peace your reaction.
-- -- -- That the Palestinians leaving Gaza would -- be in a better life -- -- to being built homes would have a but the economy.
But the municipal that Hamas don't think about the -- being able to the Palestinians that -- demining that if fourth.
Acquiring weapons for Iran if you're getting ready for the next conflict and unfortunately.
You go into the international community pinning them wait that if we are you going.
We getting ready for the next open with the Hamas to don't be -- that we think.
Usually you -- it is we have temporary despite.
That conflict.
Is -- And fortunately.
-- -- what this thing and they believe.
When they hit the Hamas people say we are determined to fight against the Jews in today -- you don't have any sentiment in got to be -- them -- innate -- -- -- Jews in Gaza.
No me that theory.
And Steve you -- down mount a flippant.
Does being -- from the kind of -- finite.
That -- find that now buying that a bank.
Machines for those who doesn't go to that buying measles -- to leave that.
And there it is Hamas Hezbollah.
The civil war in Syria.
What is your greatest threat in your judgment right now -- how much of a threat specifically is Syria right now to Israel.
The double Philippine either a very important -- -- for us in the event in -- what's very carefully what's happening in -- today by the may just that if the united line.
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Would -- -- -- issue of the budget to congress but to -- cannot the allow Iran to become you commute in these coming yield.
And Iran.
Speaking of -- purpose behind there the city that is being evacuated.
Reports that there is well the government is using that the statement that there has been excess excessive.
Other reports and just -- that there has been my problem.
At the nuclear facility near -- what is what is your can you share any.
Any knowledge with.
We go -- really very skillfully bitten so afraid for the -- -- -- -- -- I think do we cannot allow Iran to continue.
In the down thing -- then they'll -- indeed the becoming nuclear it's only a model must today you cannot ignore the timeline.
Last few of them circumcision say what you need them know rushing up to big and at least you -- -- in 2000 -- thing I wanna become nuclear.
If even -- the US will take action.
-- -- -- We appreciate you -- this thank you very much.
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First of all, the outside was messy and shabby. Okay, I'll give it a chance and see inside. The bedroom was dirty with cobwebs hanging in the corners. The futon had a beach towel spread on the back of it. Why? The bath towels looked like she picked them up at a garage sale. This was October and there was... More
- Also Known As:
- Morning Glory Hotel
- Morning Glory Hotel Woodstock
- Morning Glory b&b
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- A beautiful colonial house nestled in the town of Woodstock, hearty breakfast; floral backyard with stream running through; easy walk to shopping and bus; you sleep in comfort room, then enjoy all your activities around the country! ... more less


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Women's R-Gear Knit What It Seems Convertible MittensItem #RRU2055
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Sri Lankans sent packing by immigration officials say they are now in peril back in homeland. 06/12/12
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Rebuilding lives after Haiyan 01:38
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Photo Gallery- Wall of Shame
See copies of AJC Reach littering your neighborhood? Use your camera phone or digital camera to take a photo of each ad circular you see, and upload it to the photo gallery.
Our objective is to create a visual reference for these advertising circulars littering our neighborhoods. Photo submissions will appear on the site after review to ensure they are on topic.
AJC Reach advertiser Wall of Shame
These advertisers support AJC Reach, which is littering our neighborhoods:
- Atlanta Air Experts
- Atlanta South Construction
- CVS/pharmacy
- Dick's Sporting Goods
- dish Network
- Discount Tire; dish Network
- Houndstooth Carpet Cleaning
- J&K2 Kitchen& Bath
- Kroger
- Patio Pros Home Services
- Touched by An Angel Beauty Salon
- Window World
Friends List:
Pet Supermarket: Update 4/7/2010: Pet Supermarket is no longer on the "Wall of Shame" boycott list; and is now on the recommended friends list. Thank you for supporting the issue.
Pro Carpet: Update 3/30/2010: Pro Carpet is no longer on the "Wall of Shame" boycott list; and is now on the recommended friends list. Thank you for supporting the issue.
{ 3 trackbacks }
- Tweets that mention Photo Gallery- Wall of Shame -- Topsy.com
- March 30, 2010 at 10:02 am
- Reader Mail: Nathan Lowery, Creative Director, LIPOF Advertising speaks out against AJC Reach (Re: Pet Supermarket)
- April 7, 2010 at 3:18 pm
- Atlanta Mayor's Office: "This Is a Serious Issue"
- June 2, 2010 at 8:40 pm
{ 7 comments… read them below or add one }
- March 30, 2010 at 9:19 am
It would be a good idea to start a petition on this site. It would add credibility by showing the actual number of folks unhappy with the current situation.
- March 31, 2010 at 2:08 pm
We've been hit here in Milton by the AJC Reach and have been trying, unsuccessfully I might add, for 3 months to cease delivery to a private community!
- April 1, 2010 at 11:23 am
Here in Kennesaw the AJC's "Evening Edge" comes out on Thursdays (today so far it isn't in the driveway) and on Monday the 'AJC Reach' shows up. This Monday 'Reach' only started a few months ago, before that it was only the Thursday Edge.
Both are just advertising sections of their paper, there is NO news value to the toss aways. Kennesaw is revising their Trash regs and this litter issue will be addressed in this April legislation.
I have my own blogs at: http://atlantajournalconstitutionsucks.blogspot.com
- April 1, 2010 at 12:48 pm
AJC has created jobs by contracting an outside source to deliver their product.
- April 1, 2010 at 4:23 pm
I'm not sure comparing Reach delivery to prostitution is quite fair and I do take JusJova's point. However, I for one thought long and hard before I got involved in this fight. But after seeing the amount of chatter since December on the two dozen neighborhood listservs I'm on, it felt like someone had to pull all those conversations together and direct that frustration toward getting something done about the problem, rather than revisiting it every other week. And the AJC hasn't helped. People have asked to be removed tons of times and either haven't OR are removed and then the packets are littering the driveways the next week. The AJC can't even ensure that their subscribers are omitted from the driveway drops; we aren't supposed to get them because they come in our Sunday papers.
It's a lose-lose situation all the way around.
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Related Topics
Barbiturates (Forensic Science)
The barbiturates are a family of drugs with related chemical structures derived from barbituric acid. In the past, barbiturates were used extensively as sedative-hypnotics—that is, drugs that reduce anxiety and induce sleep. Barbiturates are also used as anticonvulsants and in anesthesia. Because of barbiturates' significant potential for toxicity, their use has been largely replaced by the safer benzodiazepines, but selected barbiturates are still used in specific applications.
(The entire section is 68 words.)
Effects (Forensic Science)
Barbiturates depress central nervous system (CNS) function in general rather than specific CNS functions. The severity of CNS depression increases with dose, potentially causing significant impairment of psychomotor skills (such as those required for safe driving) and, ultimately, fatal respiratory depression. Dose-dependent effects also extend to the peripheral nervous system, where they manifest primarily as reductions in blood pressure and heart rate. However, at appropriate sedative-hypnotic doses, these latter effects are not hazardous.
At subanesthetic doses, barbiturate effects may include euphoria, reduced anxiety and inhibitions, slurred speech, loss of coordination, and dizziness. CNS depression intensifies with increasing dose; sedation becomes more pronounced, and significant stupor, drowsiness, and loss of coordination may ensue. Anesthetic doses produce coma as well as depressed respiration and blood pressure. Uncontrolled overdose can result in fatal respiratory depression. These effects are intensified in combination with other CNS depressants (such as alcohol or benzodiazepines), and significant impairment or death may occur at lower barbiturate doses (or blood concentrations) when such drugs are coadministered.
Chronic barbiturate use results in the development of tolerance—that is, progressively larger doses are required to achieve a given effect. Repeated administration of and tolerance to the effects of...
(The entire section is 266 words.)
Other Chemical and Pharmacological Properties (Forensic Science)
Barbiturates are weakly acidic and are often prepared as the sodium salts. Their weakly acidic nature becomes important in the design of analytical methods requiring extraction of the drug from a complex forensic sample (for example, blood or tissue). Alteration of the chemical structure results in variation in drug potency (the magnitude of effect at a given dose) and time course of action.
Even in cases where the drug effects last a short time, barbiturates have a relatively long time course within the body. One indicator of this is the half-life of the drug, or the time required for the reduction of drug concentration to 50 percent of its original value. Half-life values for the various barbiturates range from approximately 3 hours to 80 hours. Any drug with a long half-life poses the risk of accumulation in the blood if dosing regimens are not carefully monitored, creating the potential for toxicity. Half-life is also related to the duration of drug action: Typically, a drug with a shorter half-life has a shorter duration of action. This is relevant to forensic investigation, as the half-life is indicative of the time window over which a drug may be detected in the blood; generally, a drug is essentially completely eliminated from the blood within five elimination half-lives.
Duration of action and half-life are important considerations in the choice of a barbiturate for a particular...
(The entire section is 544 words.)
Forensic Analysis and Interpretation of Evidence (Forensic Science)
Law-enforcement personnel may encounter barbiturates in the form of suspicious materials (for example, tablets) requiring identification or quantitative analysis. Forensic scientists may analyze biological samples (such as blood, tissues, urine, or stomach contents) to establish exposure to barbiturates. Correlation of toxic symptoms with measured barbiturate concentration is done in both clinical and forensic settings and in attempts to establish a toxicological cause of death.
Methods used for forensic barbiturate analysis include immunoassay, spectrophotometry, gas or liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry. Usually, the analysis of biological samples for barbiturates requires preparatory steps to extract the drug from the complex matrix and minimize or eliminate other compounds (such as lipids or proteins) that may be present in those samples that may interfere with analysis, leading to spurious results. The exact nature of the sample preparation steps taken is determined by the nature of the sample being analyzed. Solid samples typically require dissolution or digestion as a first step.
Extraction of drugs from complex samples may be accomplished through the manipulation of chemical conditions (such as pH adjustment) and subsequent partition into a suitable organic solvent system or into a solid phase with subsequent recovery. Following extraction, analysis is typically done...
(The entire section is 432 words.)
Further Reading (Forensic Science)
Baselt, Randall C. Disposition of Drugs and Chemicals in Man. 7th ed. Foster City, Calif.: Biomedical Publications, 2004. Describes the properties and associated tissue concentrations of a wide range of toxic compounds and discusses the techniques used to analyze these chemicals.
_______. Drug Effects on Psychomotor Performance. Foster City, Calif.: Biomedical Publications, 2001. Comprehensive reference work presents information on the impairing effects of a wide range of therapeutic and illicit drugs, including barbiturates.
Brunton, Laurence L., John S. Lazo, and Keith L. Parker, eds. Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006. Authoritative advanced textbook explains basic pharmacological principles and the specific pharmacological features of therapeutic agents. Includes some discussion of barbiturates.
Karch, Steven B., ed. Drug Abuse Handbook. 2d ed. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 2007. Describes the pharmacological, physiological, and pathological aspects of drug abuse in general, and individual chapters address specific compounds, such as alcohol, as well as specific issues related to drug abuse, such as workplace drug testing.
Levine, Barry, ed. Principles of Forensic Toxicology. 2d ed., rev. Washington, D.C.: American Association for Clinical Chemistry, 2006. Introductory textbook describes the...
(The entire section is 199 words.)
Barbiturates (Encyclopedia of Medicine)
Barbiturates are medicines that act on the central nervous system and cause drowsiness and can control seizures.
Barbiturates are in the group of medicines known as central nervous system depressants (CNS). Also known as sedative-hypnotic drugs, barbiturates make people very relaxed, calm, and sleepy. These drugs are sometimes used to help patients relax before surgery. Some may also be used to control seizures (convulsions). Although barbiturates have been used to treat nervousness and sleep problems, they have generally been replaced by other medicines for these purposes.
These medicines may become habit forming and should not be used to relieve everyday anxiety and tension or to treat sleeplessness over long periods.
Barbiturates are available only with a physician's prescription and are sold in capsule, tablet, liquid, and injectable forms. Some commonly used barbiturates are phenobarbital (Barbita) and secobarbital (Seconal).
Recommended dosage
Recommended dosage depends on the type of barbiturate and other factors such as the patient's age and the condition for which the medicine is being taken. Check with the physician who prescribed the drug or the...
(The entire section is 1546 words.)
Barbiturates (Encyclopedia of Surgery)
Barbiturates are medicines that act on the central nervous system. They cause drowsiness and can control seizures.
Barbiturates are in the group of medicines known as central nervous system depressants (CNS). Also known as sedative-hypnotic drugs, barbiturates make people very relaxed, calm, and sleepy. These drugs are sometimes used to help patients relax before surgery. Some may also be used to control seizures (convulsions). Although barbiturates have been used to treat nervousness and sleep problems, they have generally been replaced by other medicines for these purposes.
Although barbiturates have largely been replaced by other classes of drugs, some are still used in anesthesiology to induce anesthsia and lower the dose of inhaled anesthetics required for surgical procedures.
Pentobarbital (Nembutal) has been used in neurosurgery to reduce blood flow to the brain. This reduces swelling and pressure in the brain, making brain surgery safer.
Secobarbital (Seconal) may be given by mouth or as a suppository to induce sleepiness and relaxation before local anesthesia or the insertion of a tube into the nose or throat.
These medicines...
(The entire section is 1582 words.)
Barbiturates (Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders)
Barbiturates are a large class of drugs, consisting of many different brand name products with generic equivalents, that are used primarily for mild sedation, general anesthesia, and as a treatment for some types of epilepsy. One barbiturate, butalbital, exists only as a component of several headache preparations. The most common members of the barbiturate family are phenobarbital (Luminal)), pentobarbital (Nembutal), amobarbital (Amytal), secobarbital (Seconal), thiopental (Pentothal), methohexital (Brevital), and butalbital (component of Fiorinal and Fioricet). They exist in numerous formulations and strengths.
Barbiturates are used to sedate patients prior to surgery as well as to produce general anesthesia, to treat some forms of epilepsy, and to treat simple and migraine headache. These drugs are highly addictive and are often abused as recreational drugs. Although still commercially available, barbiturates such as secobarbital, pentobarbital, and amobarbital are no longer routinely recommended for the treatment of insomnia because of their ability to cause dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal. These drugs also have significant side effects when taken in large doses and can cause respiratory failure and death.
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Barbiturates (Encyclopedia of Drugs and Addictive Substances)
- Overview
- Drugs and Fame
- How Is It Taken?
- Usage Trends
- Effects on the Body
- Reactions with Other Drugs or Substances
- Dream Time
- The Law
What Kind of Drug Is It?
Barbiturates (pronounced bar-BIH-chuh-rits) are drugs that act as and are used as sedativesA drug used to treat anxiety and calm people down. or sleeping pills. Because they are depressants, they are often called "downers." According to Lawrence Clayton in Barbiturates and Other Depressants, "Any depressant will kill if taken in a large enough quantity." Accidental overdose can occur quite easily among barbiturate users.
The effects of barbiturates are very similar to those of alcohol and include increased feelings of relaxation, sleepiness, and a decrease in . Barbiturates are habit-forming drugs and should not be used on an everyday basis. They can cause depression in high doses and addiction when taken over a long period of time.
Barbiturates have an extremely high potential for abuse. Ever since their introduction in the early 1900s, barbiturates have been considered addictive drugs. Barbiturates slow down both the mind and the body. In his book A Brief History of Drugs: From the Stone Age to the Stoned Age, Antonio Escohotado pointed to their "high capacity to produce numbness" by putting the user in a state somewhere between drunkenness and sleep. Aside from those effects, he continued, is their "almost inevitable ability to kill in high doses: a detail that converted these drugs into the most common means of committing suicide" from the 1940s through the 1960s.
Discovered in the 1860s
The story of barbiturates began "when a chemist combined animal urine and acid from apples," explained Clayton. That chemist was German professor and future Nobel prizewinner Adolf von Baeyer (1835917). The substance he created became known as barbituric (bar-bih-CHUR-ik) acid. It received its name because Baeyer first produced it on St. Barbara's Day (a day of religious recognition observed each year on December 4) of 1863.
Following Baeyer's discovery, two German researchers, Dr. Joseph von Mering (1849908) and Nobel prizewinner Emil Hermann Fischer (1852919), produced barbital, the first barbiturate. Barbiturates are compounds derived from barbituric acid. Doctors recognizedbarbital'ssleep-enhancingeffectsasfar back as 1882. More than twenty years later, in 1903, barbital was marketed as a sleeping pill under the brand name Veronal. The second barbiturate, phenobarbital, arrived on the scene in 1912 under the name Luminal. Since then, several thousand barbituric acid-type drugs have been . At the beginning of the twenty-first century, only about twelve were still being used.
Barbiturates were found to reduce the activity of nerves that control emotions and bodily functions such as breathing. Because of the drugs' soothing effects, they were commonly prescribed as sedatives for nearly fifty years. Other uses include epilepsyA disorder involving the misfiring of electrical impulses in the brain, sometimes resulting in seizures and loss of consciousness. treatment and anesthesia before surgery.
Intoxicating Effects Lead to Abuse
During the 1930s, many Americans received barbiturate prescriptions to help them sleep or relax. Barbiturates quickly gained a reputation as an intoxicant, a substance that makes users seem drunk. People began taking barbiturates as recreational drugs. They also began the dangerous practice of combining the pills with alcohol to increase the intoxication.
The 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act gave authority over drug production to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The federal agency used those powers to restrict access to drugs that had a potential for abuse or misuse. The use of barbiturates without a medical doctor's prescription became illegal in the United States. But that didn't keep the drugs from becoming more and more popular throughout the 1940s.
At that time, researchers in the United States and the United Kingdom began noticing a disturbing trend. Over the years, the production of barbiturates had grown from thousands to millions of doses per year. Higher rates of barbiturate production and consumption seemed to coincide with a growing number of deaths from barbiturate poisoning. As late as 1964, Joel Fort, author of "The Problem of Barbiturates in the United States of America," argued against the wide availability of barbiturates. "Despite conclusive evidence to the contrary," he wrote, "many physicians in the United States appear to think and act as though barbiturates are completely harmless drugs that can be prescribed in unlimited quantities." His report was prepared for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
Downers and Uppers
The pairing of barbiturates with became a significant problem throughout the United States in the 1940s and 1950s. It all began when record numbers of people started taking barbiturates to help them sleep at night. To counteract the grogginess and lack of energy they suffered the next morning, users would take amphetamines to help them wake up. Amphetamines are stimulantsA substance that increases the activity of a living organism or one of its parts. or "uppers." At night, users still "up" from an amphetamine HIGH would take "downers," or barbiturates, to rid themselves of their extra energy and get to sleep. The next day the drug-taking cycle would start again. The regular use of barbiturates with amphetamines was so widespread by the 1950s that the U.S. government classified them as the most abused drugs in the country.
New Generation, New Drugs
During the 1960s, a new generation of young people began experimenting with a wide variety of mind-altering substances. Barbiturates were among the drugs abused by these new users, mainly because the pills were widely available and frequently used by the generation that came before themheir parents. According to the 1972 Consumers Union Report on Licit and Illicit Drugs, 10 billion barbiturate doses were scheduled for production in 1969 alone. That figure represented an 800-percent increase in the amount produced twentyseven years earlier in 1942.
Passage of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) in 1970 restricted access to barbiturates in the United States. Another category of anti-anxiety drugs, the benzodiazepines (pronounced ben-zoh-die-AZ-uh-peenz), were promoted as a safer alternative to
barbiturates. Prescriptions for benzodiazepines rose because health providers considered them less addictive than barbiturates, with a lower risk of accidental overdose among users. As barbiturates became harder to obtain, drug abusers turned to other illegal substances during the 1970s and 1980s. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) reports indicate that the use of marijuana, heroin, and cocaine began to rise after 1970.
What Is It Made Of?
Barbiturates are compounds derived from barbituric acid, a substance made from carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. The uric acid portion of the name is taken from the main ingredient in urine, which provides the basis for barbituric acid.
Barbiturate users often refer to the pills they take in terms of the color of the capsule. These street names include blues or blue dolls for Amytal; reds, red birds, or red devils for Seconal; yellows or yellow jackets for Nembutal; purple hearts for Luminal; and rainbows for Tuinal.
How Is It Taken?
In the United States, barbiturates are manufactured in various forms. Most barbiturates come in pills and capsules that patients swallow. Some are available as liquids that are swallowed. Others are produced in injectable forms. Some abusers have been known to mix up their own injectable liquid barbiturates by crushing pills and combining the powdered drug with water.
Drugs made from barbituric acid are classified in one of four categories: ultrashort-, short-, intermediate-, or long-acting. These categories are defined by the amount of time that it takes for the barbiturate to produce effects in the user and how long those effects last.
DEA reports indicate that drug abusers favor short- and intermediate-acting barbiturates. These types of barbiturates take effect within fifteen to forty minutes of being swallowed, and their depressant effects last from five to six hours. Drugs in this category include amobarbital, aprobarbital, butabarbital, pentobarbital, and secobarbital.
Are There Any Medical Reasons for Taking This Substance?
For many years, barbiturates were used as daytime sedatives. Since the discovery of another type of anti-anxiety drug called benzodiazepine, which is considered safer, barbiturates are not prescribed for this purpose as frequently as they once were.
When combined with an aspirin or nonaspirin pain reliever and caffeine, the barbiturate butalbital is effective in treating severe pain. It is sometimes prescribed to relieve the pain associated with migraine headaches.
As of 2005, barbiturates were used primarily for presurgical and surgical anesthesia. They were being administered to patients in operating rooms under an anesthetist's care. They also continued to be used in the treatment of certain types of epilepsy.
Usage Trends
Reactions to barbiturates range from mild sedation to coma and even death. Doctors may prescribe barbiturates as sedatives to calm patients' nerves, reduce tension, or help them sleep. The drugs are also used as an anticonvulsant to control epileptic seizures. The sleep-producing action of barbiturates is used to relax and partially anesthetize patients before some surgical procedures.
At the close of the twentieth century, the DEA reported that barbiturates represented about 20 percent of all depressant prescriptions in the United States.
Barbiturate Use Down Since the Mid-1980s, Says SAMHSA
Recent surveys of drug abuse showed a sharp decline in barbiturate abuse since the mid-1980s. The National Survey on Drug
Use and Health (NSDUH), formerly known as the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, is a carefully calculated assessment of American drug use. It is conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) and obtains information on nine different categories of illicit drug use. As of 2005, the latest results available were from the 2003 survey. All of the respondents to the survey were over the age of twelve. They were asked to report "only uses of drugs that were not prescribed for them or drugs they took only for the experience or feeling they caused." Over-the-counter drugs and legitimate uses of prescription drugs were not included.
According to the 2003 NSDUH summary, prescription-type sedatives were placed in a category called "psychotherapeutic drugs." This category also included tranquilizersDrugs such as Valium and Librium that treat anxiety; also called benzodiazepines (pronounced ben-zoh-die-AZ-uhpeens)., pain relievers, and stimulants. About 300,000 Americans over the age of twelve reported using sedatives without a prescription. The authors of the survey noted that "the number of first-time sedative users rose steadily during the late 1960s and early 1970s, and then declined during the early 1980s, remaining below 250,000 per year since 1984." The 2003 estimates were all similar to the corresponding estimates for 2002.
Monitoring the Future Results
The results of the 2004 Monitoring the Future (MTF) study were released to the public on December 21, 2004. Conducted by the University of Michigan (U of M), it was sponsored by research grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Like the NSDUH results regarding sedative use from 2002 and 2003, the MTF survey results indicate that barbiturate use among twelfth-grade students held steady between 2003 and 2004.
Effects on the Body
Barbiturates are classified as ultrashort-, short-, intermediate-, and long-acting, depending on how quickly they act and how long their effects last. Ultrashort barbiturates such as thiopental (Pentothal) produce unconsciousness within about a minute of (IV) injection. These drugs are used to prepare patients for surgery; other general anestheticsA substance used to deaden pain. like nitrous oxide are then used to keep the patient from waking up before the surgery is complete. Because Pentothal and other ultrashort-acting barbiturates are typically used in hospital settings, they are not very likely to be abused, noted the DEA.
Abusers tend to prefer short-acting and intermediate-acting barbiturates. The most commonly abused are amobarbital (Amytal), pentobarbital (Nembutal), and secobarbital (Seconal). A combination of amobarbital and secobarbital (called Tuinal) is also highly abused. Short-acting and intermediate-acting barbiturates are usually prescribed as sedatives and sleeping pills. These pills begin acting fifteen to forty minutes after they are swallowed, and their effects last from five to six hours. Veterinarians use pentobarbital to anesthetize animals before surgery; in large doses, it can be used to euthanize animals.
Long-acting barbiturates such as phenobarbital (Luminal) and mephobarbital (Mebaral) are prescribed for two main reasons. When taken at bedtime, they help treat . When taken during the day, they have sedative effects that can aid in the treatment of tension and anxiety. These same effects have been found helpful in the treatment of convulsive conditions like epilepsy. Long-acting barbiturates take effect within one to two hours and last twelve hours or longer.
Similar to Alcohol
recreational usersUsing a drug solely to achieve a high, not to treat a medical condition. report that a barbiturate high makes them feel "relaxed, sociable, and good-humored," according to an Independent article. Users typically describe feelings of decreased anxiety, a loss of inhibitions, and an increased sense of confidence. Physical effects include slowed breathing and a lowering of both blood pressure and heart rate.
Like alcohol, barbiturates are intoxicating. During the stage after mild , the user's speech may be slurred and a loss of coordination may become noticeable. Stumbling and staggering are common. Other symptoms include shallow breathing, fatigue, frequent yawning, and irritability.
When taken in high doses, barbiturates can cause serious side effects, including "unpredictable emotional reactions and mental confusion," noted the Independent. Judgment becomes severely impaired and the user may experience mood swings.
The mental effects of barbiturates generally depend on the amount of the drug taken and the strength of the dosage. Generally, a person falls asleep when taking a prescribed dosage at bedtime. But barbiturates remain in the system for a long time. "At normal doses," explained Cynthia Kuhn and her coauthors in Buzzed: The Straight Facts about the Most Used and Abused Drugs from Alcohol to Ecstasy, "the major concern is that they can have sedative effects that outlast their sleep-inducing properties Driving, flying an airplane, or other activities requiring muscle coordination can be impaired for up to a day after a single dose." Some barbiturates can be detected in a user's urine sample days or even weeks after the drug was consumed.
Dependence, Tolerance, and Overdose
Barbiturate use can lead to both psychological and physical dependence. Psychological addiction can occur quickly. Signs of drug dependence include relying on a drug regularly for a desired effect. The addicted abuser believes he or she must take a barbiturate to sleep, relax, or just get through the day. Continued use of barbiturates leads to physical dependence.
As people develop a for barbiturates, they may need more of the drug or a higher dosage to get the desired effect. This can lead to an overdose, which results when a person takes a larger-than-prescribed dose of a drug. "People who get in the habit of taking sleeping pills every night to fall sleep," noted Andrew Weil and Winifred Rosen in From Chocolate to Morphine, "might start out with one a night, progress to two, then graduate to four to get the same effect. One night the dose they need to fall asleep might also be the dose that stops their breathing." Generally, barbiturate overdoses "occur because the effective dose of the drug is not too far away from the lethal dose," explained Dr. Eric H. Chudler on the Neuroscience for Kids Web site.
Symptoms of an overdose typically include severe weakness, confusion, shortness of breath, extreme drowsiness, an unusually slow heartbeat, and darting eye movements. The amount of a fatal dosage of barbiturate varies from one individual to another. However, the lethal dose is usually ten to fifteen times as large as a usual dose. An overdose affects the heart and the respiratory system. The user then falls into a coma and dies.
Clayton pointed out that barbiturates "can have a 'multiplying' effect when taken with other depressants. For example, if someone drinks alcohol and takes a barbiturate, the effect may be ten times stronger than either one taken separately." According to Weil, "many people have died because they were ignorant of this fact."
Older adults and pregnant women should consider the risks associated with barbiturate use. When a person ages, the body becomes less able to rid itself of barbiturates. As a result, people over the age of sixty-five are at higher risk of experiencing the harmful effects of barbiturates, including drug dependence and accidental overdose. When barbiturates are taken during pregnancy, the drug passes through the mother's bloodstream to her fetus. After the baby is born, it may experience withdrawalThe process of gradually cutting back on the amount of a drug being taken until it is discontinued entirely; also the accompanying physiological effects of terminating use of an addictive drug. symptoms and have trouble breathing. In addition, nursing mothers who take barbiturates may transmit the drug to their babies through breast milk.
Reactions with Other Drugs or Substances
People who abuse inhalants run a very high risk of overdose if they consume barbiturates while on an inhalant high. are also especially dangerous when combined with barbiturates. Barbiturates should not be mixed with alcohol or other drugs, including tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, antihistamines, cold medicines, allergy medicines, and certain pain relievers. The use of barbiturates by people suffering from depression may pose an increased risk of suicide. Children or adults diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)A disorder characterized by impulsive behavior, difficulty concentrating, and hyperactivity that interferes with social and academic functioning. may experience increased excitability rather than a calming effect when given barbiturates. In addition, these drugs may lower the effectiveness of birth control pills that contain estrogen. Unless they use a barrier-type form of birth control, women taking oral contraceptives may become pregnant while taking barbiturates.
Treatment for Habitual Users
When addicted users stop taking barbiturates, their bodies must adapt to the lack of drugs in their systems. This process is known as withdrawal. If the users have taken barbiturates in large doses or for an extended period of time, a physician should be consulted about the withdrawal process. An attempt to withdraw abruptly from barbiturates can be fatal.
Withdrawal symptoms usually begin eight to sixteen hours after the last pill was taken. Symptoms in users with a long history of barbiturate use may last up to fifteen days, but the severity of the symptoms decreases as the body rids itself of the drug. During withdrawal, users feel anxious, weak, dizzy, and nauseated. They may also experience shakes, tremors, and even seizures. In addition, users could possibly have and become violent or hostile.
In some cases, withdrawal symptoms can be deadly. A physician must establish a plan of gradual withdrawal from this type of drug, usually decreasing the dosage by about 10 percent each day over a ten-day to two-week period. The withdrawal process may occur in a hospital, or treatment may be given on an outpatient basis. Either way, counseling is vital. Users who are treated successfully for their physical addiction must follow through with psychological rehabilitation. Behavioral treatment helps former users avoid barbiturates so
they can remain drug free even when faced with cravings. Long-term support can be found in twelve-step programs and other support groups that meet regularly.
Barbiturates are used to treat anxiety, sleeplessness, muscular tension, and pain. Their calming effect has a serious downside, though. Barbiturates lessen the brain's control over breathing. Respiratory failure is the primary cause of death in cases of barbiturate overdose. Gahlinger pointed out that "since barbiturates reduce the amount of oxygen reaching the brain, the overdosing person who survives may be left with permanent brain damage."
Barbiturate users can develop a tolerance for the drug. As the body becomes used to the presence of barbiturates in the system, the prescribed dose of the drug may lose its effectiveness. Habitual users may find themselves taking more and more pills in stronger and stronger dosages to achieve the effect they once attained on a low dosage of the drug. This cycle often leads to accidental overdose.
Prolonged barbiturate use can shorten a person's attention span and result in memory loss. Both conditions would make it difficult for a person to do well in school or perform on a job. In addition, barbiturates affect the judgment of those who use them, increasing the likelihood of risky behavior. Users of barbiturates are sometimes tempted to drive while drunk because they know that police will not smell alcohol on their breath.
Taking barbiturates to ease depression "is probably the riskiest way of using them," cautioned Weil. Although these drugs may improve the user's mood temporarily, "over time they often increase anxiety and depression, encouraging further drug-taking in a downward spiral that can end in suicide."
The Law
When barbiturates first became available in the United States, they could be purchased without a prescription. It did not take long, however, for lawmakers to realize that barbiturates were addictive. On their own, some state governments adopted laws in the mid-1930s that banned the sale of nonprescription barbiturates. In 1938, the U.S. government stepped in, passing the U.S. Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act. This act gave the FDA regulatory power over new drugs, including barbiturates. This means that drug companies would have to apply to the FDA for approval to manufacture such drugs. Once approved, the FDA would determine whether a new drug would require a medical doctor's prescription.
For more than thirty years, until the passage of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) of 1970, barbiturates were still widely abused. Under the stiffer terms of the CSA, barbiturates became controlled substances. In other words, their use is regulated by certain federal laws. The CSA called for the assignment of all controlled drug substances into one of five categories called schedules. These schedules are based on a substance's medicinal value, possible harmfulness, and potential for abuse and addiction. Schedule I is reserved for the most dangerous drugs that have no recognized medical use.
Various barbiturates fall into three different schedules: Schedule II, Schedule III, and Schedule IV. Drugs in all of these categories cannot be obtained legally without a medical doctor's prescription. Schedule II drugs are dangerous substances with genuine medical uses that also have a high potential for abuse and addiction. They are accepted for medical use with restrictions. These drugs may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence. Barbiturates in this category include amobarbital (Amytal), pentobarbital (Nembutal), and secobarbital (Seconal and Tuinal).
Schedule III drugs have less of a potential for abuse than drugs placed in Schedules I and II. The drugs have real medical uses, but their abuse can still lead to in those who take them. Barbiturates in this category include aprobarbital (Alurate), butabarbital (Butisol), and butalbital (Fiorinal and Fioricet).
Schedule IV drugs have a low abuse potential when compared to Schedule III drugs. These substances have an accepted medical use, but some patients risk developing a psychological dependence on them. Schedule IV barbiturates include barbital (Veronal), mephobarbital (Mebaral), and phenobarbital (Luminal).
Fines and Jail Time
Possessing barbiturates without a prescription is against the law and can result in up to a year's imprisonment and/or thousands of dollars in fines. The length of the jail sentence and the amount of the fine are increased when a person is convicted of a second or third offense of barbiturate possession. People convicted of distributing or selling barbiturates face lengthy prison terms and fines in the millions of dollars. Selling drugs is a dangerous business for both the buyer and the seller. Illegally distributed Schedule II drugs can kill or seriously injure a user. In cases such as these, the distributor or seller of the substance is considered partially responsible for the user's death and could end up with a lifetime jail sentence.
In the United Kingdom, drugs are regulated by the 1971 Misuse of Drugs Act and the 1986 Medicines Act. The 1971 act placed drugs in three classes: A, B, or C. The most dangerous drugs are called Class A drugs; the least dangerous drugs are in the C category.
Most barbiturates are considered Class B drugs throughout the United Kingdom. If they are used in an injectable form, however, they jump to a Class A rating. The maximum penalty for possession of a Class B drug under UK law is five years of prison, an unlimited fine, or a combination of jail time and a fine. Penalties for supplying or distributing Class B drugs are higher. For Class A drugs, the penalty for possession is seven years in prison, an unlimited fine, or both. The supply penalty for this class could land a seller in jail for life.
For More Information
Brecher, Edward M., and others. The Consumers Union Report on Licit and Illicit Drugs. Boston: Little Brown & Co., 1972.
Clayton, Lawrence. Barbiturates and Other Depressants. New York: Rosen Publishing Group, 1994.
Escohotado, Antonio. A Brief History of Drugs: From the Stone Age to the Stoned Age. Rochester, VT: Park Street Press, 1999.
Gahlinger, Paul M. Illegal Drugs: A Complete Guide to Their History, Chemistry, Use, and Abuse. Las Vegas, NV: Sagebrush Press, 2001.
Hughes, Richard, and Robert Brewin. The Tranquilizing of America. New York: Harcourt, 1979.
Hyde, Margaret O., and John F. Setaro. Drugs 101: An Overview for Teens. Brookfield, CT: Twenty-first Century Books, 2003.
Kuhn, Cynthia, Scott Swartzwelder, Wilkie Wilson, and others. Buzzed: The Straight Facts about the Most Used and Abused Drugs from Alcohol to Ecstasy, 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 2003.
Schull, Patricia Dwyer. Nursing Spectrum Drug Handbook. King of Prussia, PA: Nursing Spectrum, 2005.
Silverman, Harold M. The Pill Book, 11th ed. New York: Bantam, 2004.
Weil, Andrew, and Winifred Rosen. From Chocolate to Morphine. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1993, rev. 2004.
Wolfe, Sidney. Worst Pills, Best Pills. New York: Pocket Books, 1999.
Barnett, Jim. "Feds Push Challenge to Assisted Suicide Law." Oregonian (November 10, 2004).
Johnson, Kevin, and Richard Willing. "Ex-CIA Chief Revitalizes 'Truth Serum' Debate." USA Today (April 26, 2002).
Schodolski, Vincent J. "U.S. Seeks to Bury Oregon Suicide Law." Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service (November 27, 2004): p. K6995.
"Sex, Drugs, and Rock 'n' Roll." Independent (January 28, 1996): p. 8.
Weathermon, Ron, and David W. Crabb. "Alcohol and Medication Inter-actions." Alcohol Research & Health, vol. 23, no. 1 (1999): pp. 40-54.
Web Sites
"2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/nhsda.htm (accessed June 30, 2005).
"Barbiturates." Neuroscience for Kids. http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/barb.html and http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html (both accessed June 30, 2005).
"Barbiturates." U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration. http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/concern/barbiturates.html (accessed June 30, 2005).
Fort, Joel. "The Problem of Barbiturates in the United States of America." United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (accessed June 30, 2005).
Glatt, M. M. "The Abuse of Barbiturates in the United Kingdom." United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (accessed June 30, 2005).
Monitoring the Future. http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/ and http://www.nida.nih.gov/Newsroom/04/2004MTFDrug.pdf (both accessed June 30, 2005).
"Prescription Drugs: Abuse and Addiction." National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Research Report Series. http://www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/Prescription/ (accessed June 30, 2005).
See also: Alcohol; Benzodiazepine; Tranquilizers
Barbiturates (World of Forensic Science)
The term barbiturate is a name given to a group of drugs that function by depressing the activity of the central nervous system. Their principal effect is to reduce stress and bring the user a feeling of calm. Often, this sedation can help someone fall asleep. This is why barbiturates are often termed sleeping pills.
Barbiturates were first made over a century ago by the Bayer laboratories in Germany. They take their name from barbital, which was the first barbiturate used medically, in the first decade of the twentieth century.
Aside from their stress relief, the nervous system alteration induced by barbiturates can also be beneficial in the management of diseases like epilepsy.
Of the dozen or so barbiturates still in common medical use, the speed at which the effects are produced and the length of time the effects persist are the distinguishing features between the drugs.
Some barbiturates produce an effect within seconds of being taken. Others require more time to act but last longer. Finally, those used for sedation before an operation can last for hours.
Barbiturates are important to forensic scientists when they are present in blood samples in excess amounts. This can occur accidentally, since the effective dose of many of the drugs is not too different from a dose that causes harm. One well-known victim of an accidental overdose of sleeping pills was the musician Jimi Hendrix. As well, a barbiturate overdose can be deliberately administered. When present in excessive amounts, the drugs can cause debilitating changes. Sedation can even be so severe that coma and death result.
Forensic investigators can be interested in determining if barbiturates were a factor in someone's illness or death. Recollections of the victim's behavior can be helpful in determining the involvement of barbiturates. For example, side effects of an overdose include slurred speech and unsteady balance. Admittedly, these are also symptoms of excessive alcohol consumption.
More definitive evidence of barbiturate use comes from the chemical demonstration of the drug in tissue samples. Because most barbiturates tend to accumulate in fat deposits in the body, to be released at varying rates depending on the specific drug, a barbiturate may be detectable in tissue specimens recovered even some time after death.
SEE ALSO Amphetamines; Analytical instrumentation; Autopsy; Death, cause of; Narcotic; Psychotropic drugs.
Barbiturates (Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior)
Barbiturates refer to a class of general central nervous system depressants that are derived from barbituric acid, a chemical discovered in 1863 by the Nobel Prize winner in chemistry (1905) Adolf von Baeyer (1835-1917). Barbituric acid itself is devoid of central depressant activity; however, German scientists Emil Hermann Fischer and Joseph von Mering made some modifications to its structure and synthesized barbital, which was found to possess depressant properties. Scientists had been looking for a drug to treat anxiety and nervousness but without the dependence-producing effects of OPIATE drugs such as OPIUM, CODEINE, and MORPHINE. Other drugs such as bromide salts, CHLORAL HYDRATE, and paraldehyde were useful sedatives, but they all had problems such as toxicity or they left such a bad taste in patients' mouths that they preferred not to take them. Fischer and von Mering noted that barbital produced sleep in both humans and animals. It was introduced into chemical medicine in 1903 and was soon in widespread use.
By 1913, the second barbiturate, PHENOBARBI-TAL, was introduced into medical practice. Since that time, more than 2,000 similar chemicals have been synthesized but only about 50 of these have been marketed. Although the barbiturates were quickly used to treat a number of disorders effectively, their side effects were becoming apparent. The chief problem, an overdose, can result in respiratory depression, which can be fatal. By the mid-1950s, more than 70 percent of admissions to a poison-control center in Copenhagen, Denmark, involved barbiturates. Additionally, it became apparent that the barbiturates were subject to abuse, which could lead to dependence, and that a serious withdrawal syndrome could ensue when the drugs were abruptly discontinued. In the 1960s, the introduction of a safer class of hypnotic drugs, the BENZODIAZEPINES reduced the need for barbiturates.
Barbiturates are dispensed in distinctly colored capsules making them very easy to identify by the lay public. In fact, users within the drug culture often refer to the various barbiturates by names associated with their physical appearance. Examples of these names include blue birds, blue clouds, yellow jackets, red devils, sleepers, pink ladies, and Christmas trees. The term goofball is often used to describe barbiturates in general. All barbiturates are chemically similar to barbital, the structure of which is shown in Figure 1.
All barbiturates are general central nervous system depressants. This means that sedation, sleep, and even anesthesia will develop as the dose is increased. Some barbiturates also are useful in reducing seizure activity and so have been used to treat some forms of epilepsy. The various barbiturates differ primarily in their onset and duration of
Barbiturates affect all excitable tissues in the body. However, NEURONS are more sensitive to their effects than other tissues. The depth of central nervous system depression ranges from mild sedation to coma and depends on many factors including which drug is used, its dose, the route of administration, and the level of excitability present just before the barbiturate was taken. The most common uses for the barbiturates are still to promote sleep and to induce anesthesia. Barbiturate-induced sleep resembles normal sleep in many ways, but there are a few important differences. Barbiturates reduce the amount of time spent in rapid eye movement or REM sleep very important phase of sleep. Prolonged use of barbiturates causes restlessness during the late stages of sleep. Since the barbiturates remain in our bodies for some time after we awaken, there can be residual drowsiness that can impair judgment and distort moods for some time after the obvious sedative effects have disappeared. Curiously, some people are actually excited by barbiturates, and the individual may even appear inebriated. This paradoxical reaction often occurs in the elderly and is more common after taking phenobarbital.
The general use of barbiturates as hypnotics (SLEEPING PILLS) has decreased significantly, since they have been replaced by the safer benzodiazepines. Phenobarbital and butabarbital are still available, however, as sedatives in a number of combination medications used to treat a variety of inflammatory disorders. These two drugs also are used occasionally to antagonize the unwanted overstimulation produced by ephedrine, AMPHETAMINE, and theophylline.
Since epilepsy is a condition of abnormally increased neuronal excitation, any of the barbiturates can be used to treat convulsions when given in anesthetic doses; however, phenobarbital has a selective anticonvulsant effect that makes it particularly useful in treating grand mal seizures. This selective effect is shared with mephobarbital and metharbital. Thus, phenobarbital is often used in hospital emergency rooms to treat convulsions such as those that develop during tetanus, eclampsia, status epilepticus, cerebral hemorrhage, and poisoning by convulsant drugs. The benzodiazepines are, however, gradually replacing the barbiturates in this setting as well.
It is not completely understood how barbiturates work but, in general, they act to enhance the activity of GABA on GABA-sensitive neurons by acting at the same receptor on which GABA exerts its effects (see Figure 2). GABA is a NEUROTRANSMIT-TER that normally acts to reduce the electrical activity of the brain; its action is like a brake. Thus, barbiturates enhance the braking effects of GABA to promote sedation. There is an area in the brain called the reticular activating system, which is responsible for maintaining wakefulness. Since this area has many interconnecting or polysynaptic neurons, it is the first to succumb to the barbiturates, and that is why an individual becomes tired and falls asleep after taking a barbiturate.
The ultrashort-acting barbiturates differ from the other members of this class mainly by the means by which they are inactivated. Methohexital and its relatives are very soluble in lipids (i.e., fatty tissue). The brain is composed of a great deal ofThe other longer-acting barbiturates must be metabolized by the liver into inactive compounds before the effects wane. Since these metabolites are more soluble in water, they are excreted through the kidneys and into the urine. As is the case with most drugs, metabolism and excretion is much quicker in young adults than in the elderly and infants. Plasma half-lives are also increased in pregnant women because the blood volume is expanded due to the development of the placenta and fetus.
Repeated administration of any number of drugs results in eventual compensatory changes in the body. These changes are usually in the opposite direction of those initially produced by the drug such that more and more drug is needed to achieve the initial desired effect. This process is called TOLERANCE. There are two basic mechanisms for tolerance development: tissue tolerance and metabolic or pharmacokinetic tolerance. Tissue tolerance refers to the changes that occur on the tissue or cell that is affected by the drug. Metabolic tolerance refers to the increase in the processes that metabolize or break down the drug. This process generally occurs in the liver. Barbiturates are subject to both types of tolerance development.
Tolerance does not develop equally in all effects produced by barbiturates. Barbiturate-induced respiratory depression is one example. Barbiturates reduce the drive to breathe and the processes necessary for maintaining a normal breathing rhythm. Thus, while tolerance is quickly developing to the desired sedative effects, the toxic doses change to a lesser extent. As a result, when the dose is increased to achieve the desired effects (e.g., sleep), the margin of safety actually decreases as the dose comes closer to producing toxicity. A complete cessation of breathing is often the cause of death in barbiturate poisoning (Rall, 1990).
If tolerance develops and the amount of drug taken continues to increase, then PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE can develop. This means that if the drug is suddenly stopped, the tissues' compensatory effects become unbalanced and withdrawal signs appear. In the case of barbiturates, mild signs of withdrawal include apprehension, insomnia, excitability, mild tremors, and loss of appetite. If the dose was very high, more severe signs of withdrawal can occur, such as weakness, vomiting, decrease in blood pressure regulatory mechanisms (so that pressure drops when a person rises from a lying position, called orthostatic hypotension), increased pulse and respiratory rates, and grand mal (epileptic) seizures or convulsions. DELIRIUM with fever, disorientation, and HALLUCINATIONS may also occur. Unlike withdrawal from the opioids, withdrawal from central nervous system depressants such as barbiturates can be life threatening. The proper treatment of a barbiturate-dependent individual always includes a slow reduction in the dose to avoid the dangers of rapid detoxification.
Few, if any, illegal laboratories manufacture barbiturates. Diversion of licit production from pharmaceutical companies is the primary source for the illicit market. Almost all barbiturate users take it by mouth. Some try to dissolve the capsules and inject the liquid under their skin (called skin-popping) but the toxic effects of the alcohols used to dissolve the drug and the strong alkaline nature of the solutions can cause lesions of the skin. Intravenous administration is a rare practice among barbiturate abusers.
Many barbiturate users become dependent to some degree during the course of treatment for insomnia. This type of problem is called iatrogenic, because it is initiated by a physician. In some instances the problem will be limited to continued use at gradually increasing doses at night, to prevent insomnia that is in turn due to withdrawal. However, some individuals who are susceptible to the euphoric effects of barbiturates may develop a pattern of taking increasingly larger doses to become intoxicated, rather than for the intended therapeutic effects (for example, to promote sleepiness). To achieve these aims, the person may obtain prescriptions from a number of physicians and take them to a number of pharmacistsr secure their needs from illicit distributors (dealers). If the supply is sufficient, the barbiturate abuser can rapidly increase the dose within a matter of weeks. The upper daily limit is about 1,500 to 3,000 milligrams; however, many can titrate their daily dose to the 800 to 1,000 milligram range such that the degree of impairment is not obvious to others. The pattern of abuse resembles that of ethyl (drinking) ALCOHOL, in that it can be daily or during binges that last from a day to many weeks at a time. This pattern of using barbiturates for intoxification is more typically seen in those who, from the beginning, obtain barbiturates from illicit sources rather than those who began by seeking help for insomnia.
Barbiturates are sometimes used along with other drugs. Often, the barbiturate is used to potentiate, or boost, the effects of another drug upon which a person is physically dependent. Alcohol and HEROIN are commonly taken together in this way. Since barbiturates are "downers," they also are used to counteract the unwanted overstimulation associated with stimulant-induced intoxication. It is not uncommon for stimulant abusers (on COCAINE or amphetamines) to use barbiturates to combat the continued "high" and the associated motor disturbances associated with heavy and continued cocaine use. Also, barbiturates are used to ward off the early signs of withdrawal from alcohol.
Treatment for barbiturate dependence is often conducted under carefully controlled conditions, because of the potential for severe developments, such as seizures. Under all conditions, a program of supervised withdrawal is needed. Many years ago, pentobarbital was used for this purpose and the dose was gradually decreased until no drug was given. More recently, phenobarbital or the benzodiazepinesHLORDIAZEPOXIDE and diazepamave been used for their greater margin of safety. The reason that the benzodiazepines sometimes work is because the general central nervous system depressantsarbiturates, alcohol, and benzodiazepinesevelop cross-dependence to one another. Thus a patient's barbiturate or alcohol withdrawal signs are reduced or even eliminated by diazepam.
(SEE ALSO: Addiction: Concepts and Definitions; Withdrawal)
CSY, T. Z. (1979). Cutting's handbook of pharmacology: The actions and uses of drugs, 6th ed. New York: Appleton-Century Crofts.
HENNINGFIELD, J. E., & ATOR, N. A. (1986). Barbiturates: Sleeping potion or intoxicant? In The encyclopedia of psychoactive drugs. New York: Chelsea House.
MENDELSON, J. H., & MELLO, N. K. (1992). Medical diagnosis and treatment of alcoholism. New York: McGraw-Hill.
RALL, T. W. (1990). Hypnotics and sedatives: Ethanol. In A. G. Gilman et al. (Eds.), Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 8th ed. New York: Pergamon.
WINGER, G., HOFFMAN, F.G., & WOODS, J. H. (1992). A handbook of drugs and alcohol abuse: the biomedical aspects, 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Source: World of Forensic Science, ©2006 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Encyclopedia of Medicine, ©2002 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Encyclopedia of Surgery, ©2004 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders, ©2003 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Encyclopedia of Drugs and Addictive Substances, ©2006 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior, ©2001 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Forensic Science, ©2009 Salem Press, Inc.. All Rights Reserved.


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JCARL 'Chilly' Dog Supper today
The Jasper County Animal Rescue League and Humane Society will host a "Chilly" Dog Supper from 4 to 8:30 p.m. today at the American Legion in Newton.
Chili, chili dogs and other treats are on the menu, and money raised at the event will help purchase heated water bowls, insulated dog houses and other related items to give to animals in need in the community.
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Stayed one night. Room 204 directly above a noisy, smokey bar. Noisy until very late! A/C not working so room became an oven while windows were shut to block the noise and smoke. Actually left the bed to sleep on the bathroom floor to keep cool! Cannot reccomend. Feel like i flushed 150 euros down the toilet! Cant understand why... More
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text: I once used this cool trick I got from Filemaker advisor but I can't remember it anymore. What I want to do is sort my list of items by a "room" field (kitchen , bedroom, bathroom , etc). When the list diplays (in a portal) I don't the items to all have the room name beside them, just the first one the the following ones are blank . example Room item Kitchen Mixer Microwave blender Bedroom Clock radio filing cabinet Bathroom Razor The trick involved lookups and some sort of self join so that only the first occurance shows ......anyone know this one?


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Environmental groups say they are worried about the cuts because the area has a radioactive waste landfill and tons of hazardous materials are transported daily through the county.
Some of the revenue the county has lost includes fees from Energy Solutions. Back in 2005, the county received $13 million in fees. So far this year, they have gotten $2 million.


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You're watching...
Remembering the 1993 World Trade Center bombing
Victim's widower speaks out
Feb 26, 2013
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Victim's widower speaks out
Feb 26, 2013
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You well.
Marks the twentieth anniversary of the 1993.
World Trade Center bombing where a group of terrorists detonated a 15100 pound car bomb.
In the basement of the Twin Towers and parking structure.
The explosion killed six people and injured about a thousand others one of those woman who was killed.
Was named Monica -- -- -- Smith she died along with her unborn son.
This morning Peter Johnson junior -- Manhattan with her win over.
It's -- Peter good morning.
Good morning -- here with Ed Smith who tragically lost as to your wife Monica.
And there.
Soon to be born son seven month old.
In mind.
Just stations Eddie.
I'm unhappy here with a -- and that's very said day what does this day mean.
To you Ed -- for your family as we mark the loss of six.
The entry of a 1020 years ago at the world trade center of.
-- -- -- -- First -- we ought to forget the people who died -- and about a bomb building this is about the people who went to work and didn't come home and visit their family.
What was the lesson in 1993.
Do we understand the lessons in 1993.
Have we forgotten the lessons of 93 and 2001.
In your mind as we remember Monica today.
-- 2001 was a continuation from 1993.
You know -- it's taken a better lesson from my team -- three we might have stopped 2001 from happening you know if they -- more time and more money which is sort of trial.
They might not have been able to accomplish what they -- 2001.
Let's talk about the loss in the remembrance a little bit and we were talking earlier about going back to that day you were in Boston.
And you were calling the World Trade Center to speak to you dear life.
You were married for three years.
It put a life together in -- -- Long Island.
Everything was ahead -- you tell us about that day.
-- you know life at the time could have been better -- the time when your you know your marriage comes together you're gonna have a child.
And and I saw the news reports and Boston.
Couldn't couldn't get a hold of my wife of the -- -- and eventually later that night you know Paul the New York City Morgenthau on the ship that's the way.
And and you are reflecting that.
If your wife had lived in the end and the baby had been warned.
That perhaps -- son Eddie junior would have been in college.
What are you thoughts about that.
Yeah it seems like just yesterday but you know when you look back -- with -- years would be for a child.
He'd be growing could be in college should be you know doing different things so it's really -- the -- that you hadn't seen all those years.
The birthdays all the different things that you didn't get the opportunity.
Let's say or do who is very very said.
But at least today after twenty years we'll get the opportunity.
All the families come together and spend some time remembering -- -- -- -- We share loss and and your grief and and and we remember together with you and all the families on the twentieth anniversary it's meant that it could speed to you -- let's -- And that continue with with of the good life -- put together since that.
Thank you being here at -- remarkable story on the twentieth anniversary.
Of the bombing of the World Trade Center in 1993.
Back to Houston right Peter Johnson junior we think -- much in his heart you're right though twenty years just went by -- -- --
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ZTE Corporation, a leading global provider of telecommunications equipment and network solutions, has completed the world's first FDD/TDD LTE PS handover test. This test provides the foundation for seamless communications between different LTE modes.
The infrastructure used to carry out the test consists of commercial system equipment provided by ZTE and an FDD/TDD LTE dual mode USB card, provided by Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute Company Limited (ASTRI).
The test showed that when the FDD/TDD LTE dual-mode device is connected to the LTE network and large files are downloaded, the success rate of the FDD/TDD LTE bi-directional handover can be up to 100%. Moreover, the quality of the user experience was not affected.
This experiment was designed to improve user experience in an FDD/TDD LTE handover scenario. It is a part of ZTE's strategy to push LTE interoperability and convergence.
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Should I give you my ring size now?
****, missed the draft. oops.
and the computer decided to draft all buffalo players for me...sweet. stevie johnson, fred jackson, and ryan fitzpatrick here we go!!
btw, looking for a WR. Have RB to trade
"People who drink light "beer" don't like the taste of beer; they just like to pee a lot."


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ST. PAUL, Minn. (AP) — Democrat Al Franken's lead in Minnesota's U.S. Senate race has grown to 312 votes now that hundreds of absentee ballots have been added to the counting.
A three-judge panel ruled that the rejected absentee ballots should be opened and counted after hearing weeks of testimony in a lawsuit brought by Republican Norm Coleman.
Franken led by 225 votes going into Tuesday's count of those absentee ballots.
The judges allowed 351 absentees into the count and Franken picked up more of them than Coleman did.
Other issues are still pending in Coleman's lawsuit, and he has said he will appeal to the state Supreme Court if he loses.
Copyright 2009 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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Big fuss over Jesus painting wastes energy
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Do folks in Jackson County think Jesus stopped by the local Olan Mills studio and had his photo taken? How ridiculous to think an image conjured up by an artist a few decades ago should be treated as sacred ("School board to decide how it will respond to suit over Jesus painting," Dispatch article, Friday).
If parents want their child to follow a certain religion and worship the icons associated with that religion, that is their right and responsibility. They can do so at home or at their church.
The efforts going into the public outcry to retain the picture would be better spent helping a child with homework or studying the Bible with him at home.
Richmond Dale