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Wedding Videographers near albertson,ny
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My goal is to capture your wedding beautifully and honestly. Consider this a marriage between your personality and my artistic style. I am based in...(more)
fast shutter films
3 ReviewsFor any questions or concerns please Email me at firstname.lastname@example.com
Shirley, NY | 631-532-7932
Congratulations on your engagement! At FastShutterFilms we value our clients and will always strive to offer the best service and value for...(more)
Dreamlife Photos & Video
63 ReviewsTop Local Choice for Wedding Photography and Videography
New York, NY | 917-388-2835
Dreamlife Wedding Photos & Video is a well-recognized wedding photography and videography company in New York City. Since the opening of the New...(more)
Lisa's review: What I loved most about my wedding video, no my wedding film, was Ray himself! I couldn't believe how comfortable he... (more)
Congratulations on your engagement and thank you for your interest in our company! The Candi Project strives to provide high-quality products...(more)
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$50 off Photobooth Packages Packages start at $550 ***Cannot be combined with other offers/discounts
You have planned every last detail of your day. The dress, tuxedos, your hair, the rings, flowers, your shoes.Wouldn't it be nice if your...(more)
Mr.Video Wedding Productions Inc.
9 ReviewsWe'll make you look like a star on your wedding day.
Floral Park, NY | 516-775-5180
Congratulations on your engagement! You will want to remember this day for the rest of your life! You can capture this special day on video. This...(more)
International Award Winning Studio JPI Films' goal is to preserve the memories of our clients in a timeless, elegant and entertaining fashion. To...(more)
J Castillo Films
65 Reviews"One of the Best Wedding Filmmakers in Today's Industry"
Deer Park, NY | 631-885-4378
Congratulations on your upcoming wedding! Wedding planning is always exciting, but it usually comes with a lot of headaches. Let us help you get...(more)
AJ Ingoglia Films
103 ReviewsPlease send all emails and requests to email@example.com.
Long Island City, NY | 718-433-4173
AJ Ingoglia Films specializes in high-end event cinematography, giving your wedding a beautiful and fun cinematic look. In each film, I try to...(more)
20 ReviewsWedding Video that you can Afford ~ Payment Plans ~ Family Owned
Long Island and Hudson Valley, NY | 631-282-8080
Joyful Video is a family owned and operated business. We love everything about weddings. Our goal is to capture your day as it happens with no...(more)
We at Michael Joseph Films believe that no two weddings are the same. We like to take it one step at a time in getting to know you to build the...(more)
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Last minute shopping? Didn't want a wedding video, and now you do? Don't fret, it worked out perfect for you! We have select dates open in December and January and we're offering a discount if you book Michael Joseph Films! **Offer applies to any of our packages, ranging from $2,000.00 - $5,000.00**
Hello, My name is Justin Bellucci and Wedding Cinematography is my passion!! My goal is to not only capture your most special day but to tell your...(more)
EXO Photography & Cinema is a boutique wedding photography studio that specializes in edgy, sexy and artistic photography and cinema....(more)
We started Starlight Studioz to help you capture what's most important in life and share it with the world around you. Every couple has a special...(more)
5 Pin Studios is a New York-based, creative wedding video company. Our goal is simple: create entertaining and stunning videos for you to remember...(more)
Keith Brady Media, LLC is a fresh and exciting company in the wedding industry. The entire process; from the initial meeting, shooting your special...(more)
If ever a single moment of your life is worth preserving, this is one. To us, it's never just another event. We listen. We pay incredible...(more)
At JL Productions, we believe in providing you with an artistic, professional record of your wedding memories. Your wedding is one of the most...(more)
Your wedding day is all about breaking out and breaking loose and letting the good time roll. And, when it comes to "cutting loose" and capturing...(more)
Halo Productions
4 ReviewsIf a picture is worth a thousand words then let your videos speak!
Woodside, NY | 718-781-9644
For over 20 years, the professionals at Halo Productions have been capturing weddings and special events, allowing satisfied customers and their...(more)


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The L.M. Montgomery Institute of U.P.E.I.
Welcome to the online home of the L.M. Montgomery Institute of UPEI. We hope that you find your visit to our pages both interesting and educational. We have done our best to include as much information about our programs, conferences, projects, and, of course, L.M. Montgomery and her life and works as possible but we certainly don't have everything! (At least, we don't have it all here yet!).
L.M. Montgomery achieved international fame in her lifetime, putting Prince Edward Island and Canada on the world literary map. A prolific writer, she published some 500 short stories and poems and twenty novels. Nineteen of the novels were set on Prince Edward Island, even though she lived in Ontario for the last thirty-one years of her life.
Today, Montgomery's novels, journals, letters, short stories, and poems are read and studied by general readers and scholars from around the world. Her writing appeals to people who love beauty and to those who struggle against oppression. In the Second World War, Polish soldiers were issued copies of Montgomery's novels to take to the front. A post-war Japan turned to Anne for lessons in optimism and imagination. A musical based on Montgomery's first best-seller, Anne of Green Gables, has drawn packed houses for over twenty-five years. Recent television movies and series based on her novels have had international success and have made Montgomery's name - again - a household word.
News from the LMMI
Montgomery Conference 2014 -- Call for Proposals Now Closed
Planning is already underway for the next Montgomery Conference, "L.M. Montgomery and War". This eleventh biennial offering of the Institute's International Conference will take place at UPEI June 26th - 29th, 2014. Please note that the deadline for proposals has now passed: the Conference organizers were very pleased at the overall quality of the proposals submitted, and wish to thank all those who sent in proposals for their interest.
All submissions are being reviewed now, and those who submitted proposals should be notified of the reviewers' decisions shortly.
To read the full call for proposals, click here.
We look forward to seeing you at the Conference next summer!

subset: commoncrawl


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There are two ways to apply to attend this school. One is to fill out an on-line form, and the other is to download the form, fill it out and send ito the address given on the form. Both case include a travel-grant request. | ||
Download Application Form | ||
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Apr 18, 2012
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You'll -- going online to check out future leftist opponent.
Did it four out of ten companies -- using social media as part of a background checks on potential employees.
That's down from a last survey conducted two years ago.
But companies and shelling out more cash to get the -- out on line.
Revenues from Internet advertising hitting a record high 31 billion dollars last year.
And showbiz on clicking and buying on eBay the online we travel -- double digit profit and sales gains last quarter meanwhile.
It's taking advantage of near record low interest rates mortgage applications for refinancing so it didn't last week.
But those low rates not -- much action for volume.
Applications for new home purchases dropping -- -- I'm losing your luggage a thing of the past a new report -- airlines delivered more than 99% of all checked bags on time last year.
This is a -- at -- -- business finds you involved.
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Eat Slimming Carbs And Lose 20 Pounds
Posted by sbalu
This weight loss diet is simple, satisfying and sustainable. Your fat loss goals can be met quickly and permanently,and your overall health will improve as a side benefit.
The key is to think WHOLE. As in wholesome and whole grain. Latest studies show that whole foods - especially unrefined grains and other unprocessed good carbs - have the power to trigger effortless weight loss.
To benefit most, you should replace at least three daily servings of refined or processed bad carbs (such as white flour, white rice, white sugar etc.) with good carbs. Some examples of good carbs are fresh fruit, most veggies, sweet potatoes, beans, brown rice, whole grain cereal and baked goods, as well as baked corn chips, falafel, hummus, low-fat chili and bean soup, rye bread, popcorn, wild rice, whole grain bread, fruit such as apples and pears, whole or stir fried vegetables, and low fat granola.
Since both fiber and protein play a crucial role in curbing appetite, good carbs help you feel more satisfied as you cut calories (which is actually what you need to do in order to lose weight.) You will feel fuller sooner and it lasts longer.
By refining carbs, food manufacturers remove hunger-fighting fiber and reduce protein content by up to 25%.
Fiber and protein are known to slow the rate at which the body turns good carbs into blood sugar, which minimizes the blood sugar spikes that stimulate sudden urges to eat and even binge.
Good carbs work biochemical magic, halting excess production of insulin, a hormone known to increase fat.
Considering all this, this weight loss diet is one the healthiest and easiest to try.
By Robin Boddy - diet-weight-loss.best-info-on.com
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Note - What follows is neither scientific nor performed by anyone with great ability or knowledge. It is one boys odyssey to find out what works better for him. This may be interesting to some of you.
I took my #10 sighted 03A1 to the range with 200 rounds of KA 73 ammo to test whether I had better target results with a repro set of #10 sights or the narrow blade small aperature standard Springfield sights. I had a theory that the USMC sights were excellent for combat applications but that the narrow sights would be better suited to range use.
I first took ten shots cold bore with HXP 78 to foul and heat the bore. These ten shots were fired with the USMC sights.
Than I used a standard 100 yard target modified to include 4 additional bulls so I could fire four sight groups of five followed by thirty at the center bull.
This was the target fired on with the USMC sights.
Than I changed the sights to a WWI base/leaf and a narrow blade front to fire a similar series of shots.
This was the target fired using the Standard 03 sights.
I think there was marked improvement with the standard sights even despite the fact that the WWI sight was loose with about a unit of windage play left/right and it rocked fore and aft on its base. I than fired 50 (45 shots offhand) at a mansize target and than 50 (off the bench) at a 100 yard target.
USMC sight picture
Standard sight picture
I used the two sights to the left. The new Perry Point sight would not fit the barrel base.
This is the rifle
Until I have to use this 1903 in battle I will stick with the standard sights. I didnt want to make any changes to the barrel base to tighten up the WWI sight so I took the #10 plate out of the original base and replaced it with one marked 4 but apparently reamed out larger (+5). Many of the parts to experiment with this rifle were provided on this and the CMP site, thank you all for your help.


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Posted: Feb 1, 2013 11:20 PM by Bill Halter
Updated: Feb 1, 2013 11:21 PM
The Atascadero and St. Joseph boys basketball teams both moved to within a game of idle Righetti on Friday. The Warriors lead in the Pac-7 is now just one game on the Greyhounds and Knights.
Atascadero jumped out to a big lead and was able to hang on for a 65-58 win at Arroyo Grande. The Greyhounds were up 21-7 at the end of the first quarter and 52-37 at the end of the third. Junior wing Jared Studeman led the Greyhounds with 21 points, junior point guard Joseph Johnson added 19. Atascadero improves to 14-8 overall, 7-2 in the Pac-7. Arroyo Grande drops to 16-8 overall, 5-5 in the Pac-7.
St. Joseph blew out Pioneer Valley at home, 89-46. Junior center Keith Datu led the Knights with 21 points and 11 rebounds. The 6'7" Datu was 10 for 10 from the field. Senior guard Case Bruton was 9 for 11 shooting, he chipped in 18 points for St. Joseph. The Knights improve to 17-6 overall, 7-2 in the Pac-7. Pioneer Valley is now 3-18, 1-9 in league play.
Atascadero, St. Joseph and Righetti all have three Pac-7 games left. The Knights play at Atascadero on Monday, at San Luis Obispo on Wednesday, before finishing the regular season with a home game against Paso Robles next Friday. After playing the Knights, the Greyhounds host Righetti on Wednesday and play at Pioneer Valley next Friday.
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Soundbites: The Bands of Burlington, Twiddle, Greyspoke, Gin Blossoms
If shameless self-promotion makes you squeamish, you might want to skip ahead to the next column item. Cuz this is gonna get gloriously, back-pattingly dirty. And, yeah, I just made up a word. Do something.
You may or may not have noticed a curious little magazine floating around Burlington in recent weeks. Perhaps in the hallowed halls of our fair burgh's institutions of higher learning. Or maybe in the clutches of any number of the thousands of fresh-faced youngsters currently descending on our lakeside hamlet clad in not-really-ironic-anymore T-shirts bearing the word "college." Ah, frosh.
Anyway, the new rag is called What's Good [1] and it is essentially a reference guide for those new to the area to get acquainted with their newly adopted home. It's written by a slew of Seven Days staffers, including yours truly. Actually, even if you're a townie, I'll wager you will find some interesting bits buried within its glossy pages. But that's not really the point, at least for our purposes here.
The point — you knew I'd get to it eventually — is that to celebrate the launch of our new educational foray, we're throwing a monster two-floor party at Nectar's and Club Metronome on Thursday, September 18. And you're all invited. Hell, half of you are probably playing it.
We're calling the hootenanny — or is it a hoedown? — "The Bands of Burlington" showcase because, well, it features a smorgasbord of killer local acts. We're still ironing out the final details. But here's what we've got so far.
Slated to appear are hip-hop heavyweights The Aztext [2], jazzy-proggy rockers Japhy Ryder [3], art-rock stalwarts Swale [4], loveable smart-asses The Vanderpolls [5] (formerly Phish . . . just kidding), indie-rock up-and-comers In Memory of Pluto [6], Fourth Wave ska-punk revivalists Husbands AKA [7] and alt-country troubadour Lowell Thompson [8]. Oh, and this just in, alt-something supergroup Cannon Fodder [9] has just been added to the bill as well. By this time next week, we should have another addition or two to announce, so stay tuned.
The evening will be hosted by local funny man extraordinaire Alex Nief and will feature giveaways from Burton Snowboards and Sugarbush. The show will also will also serve as a benefit for Big Heavy World [10] and The Radiator [11], which will have a podcast from the show available online. UVM's WRUV will be simulcasting live.
And that's what's good.
I suppose that's enough horn tooting — for this week, anyway. And there is a whole bunch of other nifty, non-7D-related stuff happening in the coming week.
First up, jam fans will want to take note of a rare, strictly localvore show on the Ballroom stage at Higher Ground this Friday featuring upstart groovers Twiddle [12]. This is the band's second gig at the area's marquee venue, and after months of touring and grassroots promotion, they're aiming for a sellout. Believe it or not, they just might do it. Good luck, boys.
Also of note on the bill are local openers Greyspoke [13], yet another recent entry into Burlington's ever-wiggling jam-rock fold. The band is also holding court with a weekly Nectar's gig— love those local residencies! — that is doubling as a live album recording session every Wednesday in September. Jam on.
It has been a pleasure to write about former Zola Turn front woman Alice Austin [14]'s recent string of Burlington homecoming shows — I am a sucker for anything related to Burlington's 1990s rock heyday, after all. I have been keeping up on her new tunes through the technological marvel that is the Internet — MySpace: Not just for stalkers anymore!
In particular, two songs that were recently sent my way by local booking dude Sean Altrui really struck my fancy. "Never Cry Halo" and "Graveyard Before Dark" (the latter is the title song from Austin's forthcoming album) are a pair of rockers that would make Joan Jett blush.
Speaking of which, funny story about those two ditties. If you attend Austin's show at Parima's Acoustic Lounge this Friday and sign up for her email list, you'll be sent both songs via email and can rock out like I have been for the last couple of weeks. Local chanteuse Caroline O'Connor [15] opens the show.
A heartfelt "woo-hoo!" goes out to Pine Street Jazz [16], which turns a whopping 10 years old this week. The sextet is composed of some of the area's finest players, and their weekly collaborations at the Lincoln Inn have featured just about every local jazz vocalist worth his or her scat — um, maybe I should rephrase that? Friday night the band will celebrate in grand style with a special performance at Burlington's FlynnSpace.
Speaking of anniversaries, Honky-Tonk Tuesday at Radio Bean turned three years old last week. Congrats on making it through those terrible twos. Is there anything whiskey can't do?
And speaking of honky-tonk, I'm pleased to report that Mark Legrand [17]'s Honky-Tonk Happy Hour, Friday afternoons at Langdon Street Café, are back in action after a lengthy layoff. Yee-haw!
Remember The Gin Blossoms [18]? Apparently someone does, because they're headlining the second annual Burke Mountain Music Festival this Saturday with the pride of Bangor, Maine, Howie Day [19] and Louisiana singer-songwriter Marc Broussard [20]. Speaking of blasts from the pop-rock past, reggae-rock fusionists O.A.R. [21] will be headlining at Burlington's Memorial Auditorium the night before, so you won't have to choose. Whew!
We don't give a lot of ink to The Purple Moon Pub in Waitsfield, but there's a show this Tuesday that indie-folk fans will want to put on their radar. First up is quirky Brooklyn act Leland Sundries [22], which has some definitively Cracker-esque influences. The headlining act is a fellow named Dan Kaplan [23], whom discerning alt-country acolytes will remember from acclaimed outfit The Still. Not to be confused with Montréal's The Stills, of course.
Before she hops across the pond to tour with Bon freakin' Iver, local songwriter Anaïs Mitchell [24] will embark on a short string of dates with Chicago's Rachel Ries [25] to promote their new five-song split, country e.p. The duo is releasing the high-lonesome quickie on Ani DiFranco's Righteous Babe label. Catch their only Vermont date this Saturday at the Higher Ground Ballroom.
In biz-related news, WRUV will host a free booking seminar Wednesday, September 17, at UVM's Davis Center. The workshop will feature reps from Higher Ground, the Monkey House, Big Heavy World and Tick Tick, all of whom know a thing or two about the ins and outs of booking and promotion. According to a recent press release, the goal is to "demystify the process of organizing a music event." Awesome. But where were those guys when we were putting together the "Bands of Burlington" Showcase at Club Metronome and Nectar's on Thursday, September 18?
[1] http://whatsgood.7dvt.com/
[2] http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendid=20741420
[3] http://www.japhyryder.com/
[4] http://www.swalesong.com/
[5] http://www.thejazzguys.com/
[6] http://www.myspace.com/inmemoryofplutorock
[7] http://www.myspace.com/husbandsmusic
[8] http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendid=30642412
[9] http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendID=397754916
[10] http://www.bigheavyworld.com/
[11] http://www.theradiator.org/
[12] http://www.twiddlemusic.com/
[13] http://www.myspace.com/greyspoke
[14] http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendid=300326155
[15] http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendid=332078164
[16] http://www.pinestreetjazz.com/
[17] http://www.marklegrand.com/
[18] http://www.ginblossoms.net/
[19] http://www.howieday.com/
[20] http://www.marcbroussard.com/
[21] http://www.ofarevolution.com/
[22] http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendid=347196851
[23] http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendid=56364661
[24] http://www.anaismitchell.com/
[25] http://www.myspace.com/rachelries


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Policy Study Authors
John Palatiello
- 'Yellow Pages Test' Would Ease State, Local Budget Pains
Innovative governments applying competition to service delivery, public assets
John Palatiello and Leonard Gilroy
December 31, 2012 - Local, State Governments' Assets Causing Budgetary Pains
Why all levels of government should apply the "Yellow Pages Test" to its activities
Leonard Gilroy and John Palatiello
July 3, 2012 - Congress Forms 'Yellow Pages' Caucus: Goal is Smaller Federal Government, Cut Spending
How the 'yellow pages' test could curb out of control federal spending
John Palatiello
February 28, 2012 - With Automatic Spending Cuts Looming, the Federal Government Should Use Contracting
The federal government is prohibiting cost-effective partnerships with the private sector
John Palatiello
January 18, 2012 - Knowing What State and Local Governments Own
A how-to guide for managing state and local property inventories
Anthony Randazzo and John Palatiello
June 29, 2010 - Knowing What the Federal Government Owns
A how-to guide for managing federal property and assets
Anthony Randazzo and John Palatiello
June 29, 2010 - Public Options Are Ill-Conceived
Government should leave commercial activities to the private sector
John Palatiello and Leonard Gilroy
August 26, 2009 - What's in the Government's Attic?
John Palatiello
December 1, 2004
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Director of the Writing Project, Lecturer in Education
Center For Learning/Teaching
102D Kanbar Hall
Kathleen has been teaching for over twenty-five years, since she served as an undergraduate language teaching fellow in college. Throughout graduate school and for seven years at Bowdoin, she taught courses in German language and literature. Retaining her focus on language and teaching, she founded the Bowdoin Writing Project in 1994 and serves as its director. She teaches the training seminar for peer Writing Assistants, "Teaching Writing: Theory and Practice" (Education 251). As the mother of two high school students, she also holds the position of parent in the Brunswick school system.


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Incorporating Antechamber Bay, Brown Beach, Baudin Beach, Island Beach, American Beach
Situated on the northeast coast of the Island, the seaside village is an attractive welcome for visitors arriving on the Sealink ferries. With a commanding view of the mainland, just 18km across Backstairs Passage, Penneshaw is the community centre for Dudley Peninsula. Visitors enjoy a wide selection of accommodation in Penneshaw or one of the surrounding bays. Visitors are well serviced with places to eat and purchase all they require. Recently upgraded, Christmas Cove has been a haven for small boats for over 150 years. The Hog Bay Jetty is famous as a fishing spot. Tommy ruff, trevally, snook, King George whiting and salmon can be caught in peaceful, picturesque surroundings. Penneshaw is home to a colony of Little Penguins. Tours are conducted nightly from the Penguin Interpretive Centre.
Search for Accommodation in Penneshaw
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Visit with our friendly staff at Kangaroo Island's only Accredited Visitor Information Centre and let us help you customise an itinerary as unique as you are to get the most from your time on Kangaroo Island. Kangaroo Island Gateway Visitor Information Centre - Howard Drive, PENNESHAW SA 5222Open: Mon-Fri 9am-5pm, Weekends & Public Holidays 10am-4pm, Closed Christmas Day.
While all Kangaroo Island accommodation is suitable for exploring the Island, particular regions of the Island afford different advantages. Whether you are arriving in the evening and need accommodation close to the ferry port, you prefer to be close to shops and restaurants or if you really want to get away from it all and stay in a more secluded area, there is a region on Kangaroo Island to suit everyone.


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MyrtleBeachGolf.com is the official Golf Website of Myrtle Beach. Home to some of the best, challenging and fun golf courses in the country. From private, semi-private and public courses, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina is your destination of choice for a great Golf Vacation. Look below and research the courses in the Myrtle Beach area.
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Fall Golf in Myrtle Beach, SC
Fall is the perfect time to tee it up in Myrtle Beach. The weather gets a little cooler, the crowds dissipate, and the course conditions are second to none. Find out why the most experienced golf travelers choose Myrtle Beach.
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End of Mae is over one year old! For a first effort novella she has done amazingly well racking up good reviews and making steady sales.
Thank you for helping me succeed as an author. I can write all I want but if no one is reading I'm just killing trees and wasting paper. I appreciate every reader, even if I get all shy when I meet you in person ;p
About the book: End of Mae is a novella in the tradition of A Clockwork Orange, The Spiderwick Chronicles and Breakfast at Tiffany's. It is a shorter work designed to see if there were any readers interested in the tale of Mae and Heylel. The answer has been an emphatic "yes!" and I am now busy working on the next part of the tale titled End of Joon.
From the book cover: Mae was a born writer. Her life's passion was to find the ultimate story. In her quest to find the truth behind the Jersey Devil disappearances, Mae uncovers something much more sinister wandering the Whitesbog area at night. Little did she know the ultimate story would be her own… and she'd be dying to tell it.
End of Mae: Editor's Pick in Second Life's Destination Guide
Read the Reviews…
"…very intriguing… fabulously dark and thrilling."
A.F. Stewart author of Once Upon a Dark and Eerie


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Lessons in Lip Foils by Nasty Gal.
Get their pink Lip Foil Here
I am currently the style captain at Ann Taylor Loft in Philadelphia, and my dream is to be a personal stylist. This is my blog, all of the Polyvore sets I post are mine, unless otherwise stated, and I love taking requests and doing personal shopping and projects for my followers. I am currently working on having my own store.


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Be part of South Africa's first Walking Festival!
31 March - 4 April 2012 Situated on the picturesque Cape Garden Route this festival celebrates the good life of the outdoors, it is about Great Walks with Good Company in a Walker's Paradise. The festival takes place between George and Storms River with 52 different walks to choose from over a period of 5 days. The walking programme includes every kind of walk imaginable, from mountain peak challenges, to meanders at night along the beach, from birding walks to tidal pool discovery walks, from walks with elephants to exotic dress-up walks in the forest. Coastal cliff walks and even community walks and walks of historic interest. We will also launch a geocaching walk for those who want to find out what geocaching is all about. There are silent meditation walks, yoga walks and even a survival walk for the more adventurous. For more information visit the festival website: www.walkingfestival.co.za While some of the walks require a registration fee (to cover permits etc) there are many that are free. Wether you are a visitor or a local this is about celebrating life and getting out into nature for a couple of hours and coming back invigorated. If you are interested in being a Walk Leader select a walk and register as a leader online. The Cape Garden Route is one of the most scenic and accessible walking regions in the world and walking is a great way to discover the many wonders of nature it harbours and to explore the area's vast natural beauty, while meeting new friends and other folk who just love walking. |


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Here is very hard to find 1967 Porsche 911S soft window Targa done in Gulf Blue over Black Leather. This 911S is Chassis number... More
Porsche is famous for the careful development of its automobiles, so it is no surprise that the ever-evolving 356 models were highly developed and... More
1966 Porsche 911 coupe red with black interior. The car has been with the same owner for last 35 years. Needs cosmetic restoration. For... More
* Highly desirable short-wheelbase, first generation Porsche 911 * Matching numbers in striking Irish Green w. Tan * Accompanied by Porsche Certificate of Authenticity From launch, the... More


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The music program at Northwest Missouri State University has announced that conductor and teacher John Bell has been named artist in residence and director of bands.
Bell, who currently serves as conductor of the Northwest Wind Symphony, also teaches advanced conducting at Northwest and shares conducting responsibilities for the Northwest Symphonic Band with Kendall Prinz.
In his new position, he succeeds Doug Overmier, who resigned last summer.
Bell spent much of his career as a public school music educator and retired from the Park Hill School District in 2008. He has since served as a horn instructor and music education instructor at Missouri Western State University and the University of Missouri-Kansas City Conservatory of Music and Dance.
A recipient of the John Philip Sousa Legion of Honor award, Bell is a former Park Hill School District Teacher of the Year and a recipient of the University of Central Missouri music department's Distinguished Alumni Award.
An active adjudicator and clinician at music events and contests throughout the Midwest, Bell was recently named associate conductor of the Medical Arts Symphony of Kansas City and is also a co-conductor of the NorthWinds Symphonic Band.
He has held leadership posts with the Missouri Music Educators Association and also belongs to the National Association for Music Education, Phi Beta Mu, the Missouri Bandmasters Association, Phi Delta Kappa and Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia.
Bell holds a bachelor's degree in music education from the University of Central Missouri and earned a master's degree in music education from the University of Illinois.


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Go | New | Find | Notify | Tools | Reply |
A few of the ladies at my church want me to do some card-making classes. My church sends out cards to people that are ill, that have problems, etc. and they would be used for that. I have tons of supplies - have my sizzix with tons of dies, quite a bit of card stock, some stamps, etc. I have never done a class before and I'm not sure how to even start. Also, right off the bat, I will tell you. Of all my crafting abilities, cards just aren't in the top 10 lol. Some of the supplies will be brought in by others so that isn't a major concern. Any tips would be appreciated. | |||
Just to start: Your local library may be a good source of books on card making and recycling cards, as well as using scrap book techniques to create unique cards. Might first find a source for some inexpensive envelopes, and work with card designs that will fit them? | ||||
You might try looking at some of the tutorials on SplitCoast Stampers for some ideas. I get my envelopes at Office Depot or Staples, the 1/4 fold invitation envelopes in plain white aren't too bad of a price. | ||||
I would just bring in the supplies and let the ideas flow! Let everyone do their own thing using the tools available to them. All you really need to have ready are card blanks and envelopes (unless you want to show how to make them). Show everyone how to use the equipment and let their imaginations do the rest. Sounds like fun! "Welcome to reality would you like some popcorn?" | ||||
you could google you tube how to make cards. Check out some of their presentations, maybe that will help. get well cards may also pop up there. on the google. | ||||
To prepare for a class...I would definitely make a few "example cards" to start with. Builds confidence and be sure to be very encouraging of other's unique ideas. It will make the class imaginative, fun and productive. Your dry run on a few cards will also help you to decide what supplies are needed (scissors, fast grip glues, markers, ink pads, etc) and what would be helpful for others to contribute and bring. | ||||
A few years afo, "embossing" was kinda in?? Ink pad with a clear substance on it, fine powder shaken on/off slightly sticky surface, then heated with what looked a little like a travel hair dryer... but NOT for hair. The powder/crystals kinda bubbled up to "emboss". | ||||
Wish I lived closer Vickie. I've been wanting to do something like that for ages. I'll get back with you. Yes, make a couple of sample cards and do be prepared. And have a few supplies. Rubber stamping is a good one. Some may be better at coloring and others better at cutting. and you will be suprised at how many of the ladies will have ideas. JeanThis message has been edited. Last edited by: granny3641, Good friends are like stars...You don't always see them, but you always know they're there. | ||||
A lot of people have trouble with what to say in cards so a printed list of sayings might be helpful, too unless you are just doing blank cards. ====================== l would be unstopable IF l could get started!!! | ||||
Thank you so very much everyone! And thank you very much for the call and email Jean! You are a sweetheart! I love all the ideas and will try to make up a few different types of cards. I do have a lot of different tools - thank goodness I have a truck to haul them all there lol. I have paints and colored pencils and stamps and that emossing gun and stamp. I do have some stickers and will definitely print up some sayings. I'm so bad at them too so it will help me too lol. Thanks again everyone! | ||||
You're welcome. Let us know how it goes! ====================== l would be unstopable IF l could get started!!! | ||||
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15 USC § 3208 - Relationship to other applicable law
Nothing in this chapter prohibits any State regulatory authority or nonregulated gas utility from adopting, pursuant to State law, any standard or rule affecting gas utilities which is different from any standard established by this chapter.
(Pub. L. 95–617, title III, § 308,Nov. 9, 1978, 92 Stat. 3153.)
The table below lists the classification updates, since Jan. 3, 2012, for this section. Updates to a broader range of sections may be found at the update page for containing chapter, title, etc.
The most recent Classification Table update that we have noticed was Wednesday, May 29, 2013
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Our full interview with Jonte "Too Tall" Hall, Harlem Globetrotter.
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Henrietta Lacks's family finally gets a say in her genome research.
It has been a 60-year battle. On January 29, 1951, doctors at The Johns Hopkins Hospital took a biopsy from Henrietta Lacks—wife of a Bethlehem Steel worker—who had an aggressive form of cervical cancer. Though she passed away eight months later, the tissue that was used without her consent went on to establish the cell line HeLa—the first immortal human cells ever grown in a culture, which...
Family Secrets
What do you do when you find out your cousin is beating his wife?
The Baltimore County Police Department receives more than 5,200 reports of domestic violence annually. It estimates this number represents merely 10 percent of the domestic violence that actually occurs in Baltimore County each year. That's a lot of secret-keepers. The following essay is about a secret-keeper named Merida. The events and dialogue described were observed by the author, or were...
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Firsthand accounts of what's happening in Baltimore.
Fish Tale August 4, 2013Eastern Avenue With the day's last rays twinkling on the water, nearly 500 people ring Patterson Park's pool in low-slung bleachers and folding chairs, gathering for the season finale from Fluid Movement, Baltimore's parodying water-ballet troupe. A production channeling Broadway, Esther Williams—actually a character in one act—and the camp of The Rocky Horror Picture Show...
High And Dry
A new product makes almost anything waterproof.
What if spilling Diet Coke on your cell phone didn't matter anymore? Solving that problem, and many others, is the goal of new product NeverWet, developed in Lancaster, PA, in part by Baltimore native and Stevenson University grad Mat Sterner. "Scientists have been studying this conundrum for decades," says Sterner, pictured, a research and development chemist. "When you put water on various...
An Artist's Eye for Food
Restaurateur Irena Stein strives for an 'A' at her Hopkins cafes.
Clutching her iPad to her chest, Irena Stein stands in the midst of the spacious, gleaming, sunlight-filled room that, in less than a month, will morph into a natural-foods cafe in The Johns Hopkins University's remodeled Mudd Hall, her third on the Homewood campus. She lay awake for hours the night before mulling the final candidates for the new spot's name—"My head is still spinning," she says...
Q & A: Wayne Coyne
Our extended interview with Coyne, frontman of The Flaming Lips. The Flaming Lips play Merriweather Post Pavillion on October 4.
The Flaming Lips are playing Merriweather Post Pavilion on October 4. When you played there three years ago, I interviewed you a few weeks before the show and mentioned that I was bringing my kids to the concert and that it coincided with our first day of homeschool. And you volunteered to be guest instructor for the day and suggested I bring them out early, so you could show them around. You...
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We Will Rock You is launching its U.S. tour at the Hippodrome Oct. 15-20, but I read that neither you nor [Queen drummer] Roger Taylor was a big fan of musicals before this. What made you want to do this? Well, We Will Rock You is a musical, you know, and we came in to it as a body of people who really didn't relate that well to the genre of musical theater. We didn't want to put on something...
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by Peter
at 2009-08-22 08:51:17
(Ask an Expert)
Does anyone have any experience please of this turbine?
I am thinking in particular about suitability for an excellent, consistently high wind site of 6.6+ m/s.
My particular concerns are reliability, longevity, inverter performance and long-term support from the manufacturer.
Any information would be much appreciated.
Thank you.
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Oscars Red Carpet: Abigail Breslin
Will you look at this Little Miss Sunshine showing off her cute dress and jeweled purse? What do you think of Abby's Oscar look?
Tell your friends
Link Love
- The flat-out best way to go sans heels at a party — Lucky
- The funniest moments from the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show — The Cut
- It's no longer a man's world at Bonobos — Racked
- Take a walk in these stars' shoes — People StyleWatch
- Guys, you can buy 24-karat gold leggings — Fashionista
- You may think you like to shop, but do you really? — HuffPost Style
- What does Alice Temperley have to say about Kate and Pippa? — The Daily Beast
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She's a child for crying out loud!! Why even do this kind of survey. She's beautiful because she is a child for heaven's sake. And yes, she looks adorable and totally age appropriate, thank God!!
She looks beautiful! Wow! I love how she has on just a little lip gloss, and she looks like a princess! Finally, a down-to-earth child star.
**"In my mind, I've always been an A-list Hollywood superstar. Y'all just didn't know yet." -Will Smith **
She's a total cutie-patootie, and I love that her make-up was age appropriate. I just can't say that I love the grid part on the bodice.
And to whoever mentioned her Curious George doll, he did in fact attend with her. You can see it on her lap when they cut to her during the award for best animated film.
I so love that she is wearing a pink dress that looks like a barbie doll's wedding cake instead of signing up for rape scenes in hopes of getting an oscar! :nerdgirl:
adorable! (though my almost 11 year old couldn't believe she was his age or closer, he thought she looked like a baby)
she is so cute! looks like a little cupcake! it's great to see a young actress acting (and dressing) her age!
I thought that she looked very age appropriate. She is a very cute kid and I wish her all the luck in the future.
OK, I admit - I HATE this dress. Abigail is cute but this dress is a no-no, even for a little girl. It's good for a Barbie doll, not for young(even very young), promising actress.
This dress is hideous, but it is very age appropriate, she is adorable.
Cheese It!!
She looks natural and not at all overdone, which is great. I dont like the dress though. Especially that hoop skirt!
How absolutely adorable!!!!! You know this will be the most amazing night for her, whether she wins or not, all the primping and pretty dresses, etc will TOTALLY make her feel like a little princess!
the makeup blogette
her hairstyle is too old for her
she shd wear a shorter skirt.
undecided on this.
but she looks so happy and smiley! :)
I like the dress because it's age-appropriate and looks like something she picked out herself. She looks so excited and she is absolutely ADORABLE and so talented and smart.... what an amazing little girl!!


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Carolinas Hospital System
BladeUPS Gives Hospital Flexibility to Grow
"Here at Carolinas Hospital we depend on the BladeUPS for 24/7 uptime of our critical health care systems,"
Ray Graham
IT consultant for Carolina Hospital System
Carolinas Hospital System is located in Florence, S.C. and serves patients in a nine-county area. Its medical center features state-of-the art facilities and equipment, and provides comprehensive services that include acute care, cancer treatment, cardiac care, emergency/trauma services, maternity care and an array of specialized rehabilitation programs. With 420 beds and more than 1,800 highly skilled medical professionals, including over 270 specialized physicians in every major specialty on staff, Carolinas Hospital System is more than equipped to meet the region's health care needs.
In 1998, Carolinas Hospital System moved into its new multi-million dollar medical campus built across town from its old location. The new facility provides increased access to some of today's most sophisticated medical tools and techniques, anticipating patient needs for decades to come.
In conjunction with this major relocation and the hospital's vision for the future, administrators recognized that achieving greater reliability and 24/7 availability of its information technology (IT) systems would positively enhance patient care and improve operational efficiency.
Similar to any business on utility power, Carolinas Hospital System's critical IT infrastructure is susceptible to daily power quality issues such as surges, sags, load fluctuations and other power interferences. A typical commercial customer can experience four to 15 outages per year. Hospitals must proactively implement power protection and management strategies to protect IT systems, diagnostic imaging equipment, clinical labs and monitoring support systems against a full range of problems. "We view technology as an asset to facilitate even better care for hospital patients," said Ray Graham, IT consultant for Carolinas Hospital System. "In a hospital environment, downtime must be avoided as critical equipment and patient information is needed around the clock."
Carolinas' IT infrastructure generates, stores and transports huge volumes of critical patient health care data — information that is becoming more vital as health care evolves into the "digital hospital" model. The hospital's data center, which currently serves 1,800 users and houses over 50 servers, was also moved to the new campus in 1998. At that time, the IT staff moved the primary power backup device, an uninterruptible power system (UPS), which was approaching capacity. In 2005, the data center added two additional UPSs (Eaton 9125s) to power its servers, but data center expansion quickly brought these units to full capacity.
Confronting growth demands, as well as new HIPAA requirements, Carolinas Hospital System sought to bolster its power protection efforts in two critical areas — its patient health information servers and its primary distribution cabinet. "Our initial UPS implementation was not designed to accommodate the entire data center," explained Graham. "Power protection is a vital part in maintaining our technology infrastructure, and we sought a solution that would address our immediate data center requirements, as well as our future expansion plans."
Hospital administrators quickly engaged a team of experts to diagnose the situation and prescribe the right power protection solution. Jones Engineering, Inc., the local Eaton Representative in South Carolina and an expert in power quality solutions, helped determine the appropriate specifications for the project. Working with members of the IT staff, several criteria were identified and evaluated including total system scalability, battery runtime, and redundancy requirements. Jones Engineering ultimately recommended Eaton's BladeUPSTM solution.
"Aside from industry-leading power performance, the deciding factor in choosing BladeUPS was its modular design and built-in bypass capability. With a modular system there are no downtime requirements, and when additional capacity is needed, you simply plug in another module," said Graham. "We were already confident with Eaton products as our previous UPS systems never failed us. Turning to Eaton and its BladeUPS was a logical solution."
The BladeUPS is the industry's most energy efficient, rack-based, three-phase system, specifically designed and optimized for today's high-density computing environments. Carolinas Hospital System installed two 12kW BladeUPS modules for its data center with the capability to add five more modules in a single 19-inch rack for a complete 60kW, N+1 redundant, system. The two modules are in redundant mode, which allows hospital IT or facility managers to perform full maintenance on any module without interruption of conditioned power to their protected IT equipment.
Carolinas Hospital System ordered the BladeUPS at the end of January 2007, and installation and implementation of the system occurred two weeks later.
Carolinas Hospital System has been migrating its critical servers to the BladeUPS and will migrate additional servers as time and resources permit. The IT staff has also transitioned eight servers containing primary patient information systems to the BladeUPS. The hospital will eventually decommission its old UPS that moved to the new site and power the entire data center with the BladeUPS. There are also plans to move the two 9125 units to the hospital's main distribution closet to provide power protection for core networking equipment that supports hospital connectivity to all remote sites.
"We are now using UPS systems in our two most critical areas — patient health information servers and our primary distribution closet. This strategy is essential because the BladeUPS now bridges the gap between loss of utility power and locally generated power. We have complete confidence that we will not experience power problems that harm our computers, data, or affect patient care," added Graham.
One of the reasons Carolinas Hospital System chose BladeUPS was for additional features not found in other UPS offerings. One such feature is the integral network monitoring which allows e-mail notifications about power events to be sent in advance of cutting servers over to backup power. This is a new feature for the hospital, and the UPS is now programmed to distribute pager and e-mail notification for both critical and major power events. This feature also gives the IT staff the ability to examine the load on the BladeUPS and easily determine how many more devices can be added before worrying about capacity issues.
Carolinas Hospital System plans to transfer everything in its data center to the BladeUPS, such as additional support for clinical, radiology and facility applications, including accounting and payroll applications. Hospital IT staff plan to add another six servers to support that transition and implementation of an entirely new health information systems application. In the coming months, all infrastructure systems, networking components in the data center and current domain support systems will move to the BladeUPS.
"Here at Carolinas Hospital we depend on the BladeUPS for 24/7 uptime of our critical health care systems," said Graham. "Downtime procedures are a last resort because we cannot prolong the amount of time required to provide care and services to patients. Downtime raises our costs and decreases patient satisfaction. Anything we can do to prevent that is a plus


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Hey, Ehfahq - do you have a running list of "approved" drum chart tracks?
Meaning, a list of tracks that our fellow drummers have deemed awesome and/or worthy of purchase?
I am hoping that some of them will come to PS3 and that I can get them, but I only want to get the best as deemed by drummers.
EDIT: Oh, and thanks.
Do Not Disturb (Tell Me How Bad) by Let's Get It (Tier 5, Pop-Rock). Haven't seen this one mentioned anywhere but it's so fun on drums. Not really my kind of music but it's a really catchy tune. Here's a crappy video of it. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qa5lSL6ed08. I'd put up a better video if I had the equipment to make them. Maybe there's a better one out there?
Last edited by MrJellyBean; 03-31-2010 at 02:59 PM.
I find playing devil tiered drum songs on Hard mode is the best compromise
I see a fun chart AND I don't get destroyed at 48% ¬_¬
The problem is not the devil tier in general, it's blast beats that aren't any fun >_>
And especially not ones where every other right hand is skipped
To stay on topic, Limousine by Stars of Boulevard is quite fun. It took me a while to actually buy the song, now I wish I had got it sooner. Tier 3 I think. There are a lot of great drum tracks on RBN, hard not to list them all.
This. I love playing Battery, Colony of Birchmen, Everlong, Give It All, Painkiller, Panic Attack, and The Trees. They're all challenging but fun. I also love the All That Remains songs and other DLC with drum tiers of 6. But blast beats are a ***** and weird blast beats (like the one in Mordecai - only right hand every other bass note wtf?) are even worse. The fact that the song jumps right into it (meaning you can't scrape by with OD) doesn't help at all. It's a good song by an amazing band, but the drums are way too hard. I can't wait for Obfuscation though - I think I'll finally be able to pass a BTBAM song.
Glad to see I'm not the only one missing those quick kicks.He sleeps in a Grove - Amberian Dawn - Metal
Demon Woman - Flight of the Conchords - Novelty - T3
The Most Beautiful Girl (In the Room) - Flight of the Conchords - Novelty - T2
Never Let You Go '09 - Third Eye Blind - Rock - T2
Midnight Ride - Midnight Riders - Southern Rock - T1
One Bad Man - Midnight Riders - Southern Rock - T1
Last edited by weirdphil; 04-01-2010 at 06:55 AM.
1350+ Songs
Stand for Something - Skindred - Metal -T3
I've got about 6 or 7 more lined up to be uploaded this evening while I'm at work. I'll post links to them as they get published to youtube.
1350+ Songs


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Wieninger Pinot Noir Select 750ml 2008 Sku: 1702466
3 day lead-time required to confirm availability Why?
Grown in the Viennese areas of Bisamberg and Nussberg, regions which are well-known for producing red wines, this wine is made entirely from Pinot Noir. After a six- to seven-day maceration period, this wine is matured for twenty six months in Burgundian French oak. This wine is a highly elegant, medium-bodied wine with a very Burgundian character and good aging potential.


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TESSENDERLO, BELGIUM (Aug. 30, 1 p.m. ET) — Tessenderlo Group, the Belgian-headquartered chemicals giant, has announced plans to sell Profialis, its continental European PVC profile business. The operation is due to be sold to Los Angeles-headquartered investment firm Open Gate Capital, for an undisclosed sum.
Plastics News' experts discuss trends impacting the recycling of plastic materials analyzing market conditions, opportunities, threats, regulatory activity, and sustainability trends' impact on supply. View analysis of leading recyclers, resin price and production trends, and recycling rates as well as perspectives from industry thought leaders regarding market trends.
Learn moreAccess data on 180 processors, including most recent and previous fiscal year process sales, total corporate sales, number of plants, presses and employees, as well as products manufactured and end markets served.
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text: Balloco Fiat Proving Ground stile bertoneBy The Auto Insider PO Edit2164L Real Stile Bertone Mantide, Interior Revealed At Balloco Fiat Proving…We were at the Shanghai Auto Show foam mock-up revealing of Stile Bertone's Mantide, but our friends from The Italian Junkyard did one better. Check out the real Mantide, interior and engine included. Read… 4/25/09 1:00pm 4/25/09 1:00pmStile Bertone Mantide: Part Corvette ZR1, Part Italian Model2009 Corvette ZR1: First Drive


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Muhammad Al-Karaji: A Mathematician Engineer from the Early 11th Century
Mohammed Abattouy*
Table of contents
1. The career of mathematician-engineer2. Al-Karaji: His life and works3. Al-Karaji's book on the extraction of groundwater4. Contents of the book5. A subterranean conduit for water supply: the Qanat6. References and further reading
From the 9th through the 16th centuries, Islamic societies experienced a "golden age" of science and technology. One of the most important fields in which they applied their knowledge and practical experience is the vast area of hydrology, in the sense of the various means of water supply, the control of the movement of water, and the different devices invented and applied therein. The rise of cities like Baghdad, Cairo, Cordoba, Damascus, Fez and Marrakech required increasingly sophisticated methods of water management to supply rapidly growing populations. Integrating, adapting and refining irrigation techniques and water distribution methods inherited from local expertise or borrowed from ancient civilisations, the water engineers of Islam started as early as the 8th century to build a real agricultural revolution based in great part on their mastery of hydrology [1].
Large image
Figure 1: Diagrams from the original manuscript of Al-Karaji's Inbat al-miyah al-khafiya, from Transformation of Knowledge: Early Manuscripts from the Schoenberg Collection (edited by Crofton Black, Paul Holberton publishing, 2007, p. 115). (Source: section 7 "Technology").
1. The career of mathematician-engineer
One of the earliest Arabic texts explaining how to locate aquifers, dig survey wells and build underground canals, is the treatise of the mathematician Muhammad Al-Karaji Inbat al-miyah al-khafiya (Book of the extraction of hidden waters), written about 1000 C.E in Iraq or Iran. The book is a technical treatise which gives good details on the finding of the water level, instruments for surveying, construction of the conduits, their lining, protection against decay, and their cleaning and maintenance. Before Al-Karaji and after him, such as it is explicitly stated by Ibn Sina (980-1037) in his Risala fi aqsam al-'ulum al-'aqliya (Treatise on the divisions of the rational sciences), hydraulics was established as an independent discipline on a par with geometry and astronomy [2]. It is not surprising then to find a gifted mathematician interested in such a practical area.
Al-Karaji was not the only one who joined to scientific expertise interest in engineering. Several of his immediate predecessors and contemporaries did the same: Al-Farghani (fl. ca. 860), Thabit ibn Qurra (d. 901), Al-Kuhi (d. ca 1000), to name just a few. Al-Farghani illustrates well this double interest in pure and applied science in the Islamic tradition, although in his case things did not turn out very successfully as is shown through the following story.
Abu 'l-'Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir Al-Farghani (d. ca. 865), known as Alfraganus, born in Farghana, Transoxiana, was one of the most distinguished astronomers in the service of Al-Mamun and his successors. His book Kitab fi al-harakat al-samawiya wa-jawami' 'ilm al-nujum (The Book on celestial motion and thorough science of the stars) was translated into Latin in the 12th century and exerted great influence upon European astronomy before Regiomontanus.
Figure 2: Page from Al-Kitâb al-Fakhrî by Al-Karaji. (Source).
Al-Farghani's activities extended to engineering. According to Ibn Tughri Birdi, he supervised the construction of the Great Nilometer at Al-Fustat (old Cairo). It was completed in 861 CE. But engineering was not Al-Farghani's forte, as transpires from the following story narrated by Ibn Abi Usaybi'a.
The Caliph Al-Mutawakkil had entrusted two brothers Banu of Musa, Muhammad and Ahmad, with supervising the digging of a canal named Al-Ja'fari. They delegated the work to Al-Farghani, thus deliberately ignoring a better engineer, Sind ibn 'Ali, whom, out of professional jealousy, they had caused to be sent to Baghdad, away from Al-Mutawakkil's court in Samarra. The canal was to run through the new city, Al-Ja'fariya, which Al-Mutawakkil had built near Samarra on the Tigris and named after himself. Al-Farghani committed a grave error, making the beginning of the canal deeper than the rest, so that not enough water would run through the length of the canal except when the Tigris was high. News of this angered the Caliph, and the two brothers were saved from severe punishment only by the gracious willingness of Sind ibn 'Ali to vouch for the correctness of Al-Farghani's calculations, thus risking his own welfare and possibly his life. However, Al-Mutawakkil died shortly before the error became apparent. The explanation given for Al-Farghani's mistake is that, being a theoretician rather than a practical engineer, he never successfully completed a construction [3].
Whether true or not, this story informs that the active and dynamic milieu of competition that reigned in Baghdad in 9th-10th centuries was a powerful motive force behind the high degree of creativity and inventiveness that distringuished Islamic science of this period.
2. Al-Karaji: His life and works
Al-Karaji (spelled Al-Karadji), Abu Bakr Muhammad b. al-Hasan (or al-Husayn in some sources) was a 10th-century mathematician and engineer (4th century H). He is known as Al-Hasib (the calculator, meaning the mathematician). According to Girogio Levi Della Vida [4], he is a native of Karadj (in Iran) and not from Al-Karkh district of Baghad, as it is claimed in certain modern writings.
Figure 3: Diagram of a qanat, developed in Islamic lands as a water management system used to provide a reliable supply of water to human settlements or for irrigation in hot, arid and semi-arid climates. (Source).
While still young, he went to Baghdad where he held high positions in the administration and composed, towards 402 H/1011-12 CE, his known works in mathematics Al-Fakhri, Al-Kafi and Al-Badi', in which he attempted to free algebra from geometry. He returned afterwards to his native land, where he must have died after 406 H/1015 CE, the probable date of the composition of his Inbat al-miyah al-Khafiya. His sojourn in Baghdad was during the Buyahid era (which lasted between 334 and 447 H/945-1055 CE). No ancient source mentions the dates of his birth or death, but certain details of his biography have been reconstructed from the events of his time and from very few sentences in his books, from which we deduce that he died after 406 H/1015 CE [5].
The name of our scholar appears in modern scholarship both as Al-Karaji and Al-Karakhi (or Al-Karkhi). Karaj is a city in Iran (region of Tehran) and as the mathematician's name is Al-Karaji then certainly his family were from that city. On the other hand, Karkh is a district in the suburb of Baghdad; in this case the name Al-Karkhi would indicate that the mathematician originated from Baghdad. The historians of his work today use most often Al-Karaji to refer to him. As formulated by Roshdi Rashed, in the present state of our knowledge, it is far from easy to decide in favour of either name, at least because of the scarcity of the biographical information available about him in the classical Arabic sources (he is not mentioned by Ibn al-Nadim nor Ibn abi Usaybi'a in their major books of bio-bibliography of the Islamic scientific tradition). At any rate, he certainly lived and worked for the most fruitful period of his life in Baghdad and his chief mathematical works were written during the time when he lived in that city. His important treatise on algebra Al-Fakhri was dedicated to the vizier Fakhr al-Mulk, minister of Baha' al-Dawla, the Buyahid ruler of Baghdad (d. 406H/1015 CE). However, at some later point in his career, Al-Karaji left the Abbasid capital to live in what are described as the "mountain countries". He seems to have given up mathematics at this time and concentrated on engineering topics such as hydrology and hydraulics. Plausibly, therefore, his book Kitab inbat al-miyah al-khafiya (Book on the extraction of hidden waters) belongs to this latter period [6].
Besides his books mentioned above, he is credited with several other titles, some of which are still lost whilst others are extant and some of them were edited. These include several titles of classical subjects in mathematics and astronomy: a book of mathematics of inheritance (Al-Dawr wa-'l-wasaya), a book of mathematics of which we know only the title, Nawadir al-ashkal (Rare theorems), a treatise on The Reasons of the calculation of algebra ('ilal hisab al-jabr wa-'I-muqabala), a book on buildings contracts ('Uqud al-abniya), Kitab fi hisab al-hind, Kitab fi al-'istiqra' bi-'l-takht, Al-Madkhal ila 'ilm al-nujum, Kitab al-muhit fi 'l-hisab, Kitab al-ajdhar, Kitab hawla tasnif al-judhur, and Risalat al-khta'ayn.
Figure 4: A pool at Aqiq, Saudi Arabia, one of dozens of rest and water stations on the pilgrim road from Iraq to Makkah. It still holds water more than a thousand years after it was constructed under the patronage of Zubaydah, the wife of caliph Harun al-Rashid. (Source).
'Adil Anbuba, in the introduction of his edition of the Badi' (Beirut 1964), lists 12 works of Al-Karaji, most of which have been lost. The following four titles of mathematics and hydraulic engineering are of interest: (1). Al-Fakhri fi 'l-jabr wa 'l-muqabala (The Fakhri [or 'The Glorious'] book of algebra;); (2). Al-Badi' fi 'l-hisab (The Marvellous book in arithmetic), (3). Al-Kafi fi 'l-hisab (The Sufficient book in arithmetic); and (4). Inbat al-miyah al-khafiya, which will be surveyed below.
Al-Fakhri fi 'l-jabr wa 'l-muqabala was studied by Franz Woepcke since the middle of the 19th century. Woepcke demonstrates the agreements between this work and the Arithmetica of Diophantus, which Al-Karaji must have known through the partial translation (the first three books and a part of the fourth) by Qusta ibn Luqa (d. 296/912), and concludes that "more than a third of the problems of the first book of Diophantus, the problems of the second book beginning with the eighth one, and almost all the problems of the third, have been inserted by Alqarkhi into his collection" [7].
Figure 5: The Albolafia noria, or waterwheel, is the last vestige of an array of mills and dams built on the Guadalquivir River in Cordoba between the 8th and 10th centuries as it appears in its present condition. (Source).
In the Fakhri, Al-Karaji studied the successive powers of a binomial, developed it further in the Badi', and concluded his analysis in a work now lost but preserved in fragments in the Bahir of Al-Samaw'al b. Yahya Al-Maghribi (d. ca. 570/1174), through the discovery of the generation of the coefficients of (a-b) n by means of the triangle which is now named after Pascal or Tartaglia.
Al-Karaji's other mathematical book Al-Badi' fi 'l-hisab is a systematic treatise in which are developed the chapters treated by Euclid and Nicomachus and in which an important place is accorded to algebraic operations. Al-Karaji expounds for the first time the theory of the extraction of the square root of a polynomial with an unknown and resolves the equations of the type x2 + 5, x2 - 5, x2 + y and y2 + x. Studied later on by Fibonacci (Leonardo of Pisa, (ca. 1170-ca. 1250) in his Liber Quadratorum, those equations attracted much more later the attention of Euler and others in 18th-century European mathematics. In his study of these problems, Al-Karaji often utilizes the expedient of changing the variable, the auxiliary variables or the process through substitution.
Figure 6: The shaduf was known in ancient times in Egypt and Assyria. It consists of a long beam supported between two pillars by a wooden horizontal bar. A counterweight was attached to the short arm of the beam. A bucket suspended by a rope or a pole was attached to the long arm of the beam. The bucket was lowered into the water by bearing down on the rope/pole and the counterweight raised the full bucket. The shaduf is still used in Egypt. See: Sandra Postel, "Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation". (Source).
His other book Al-Kafi fi 'l-hisab, written on the use of functions, was a summary of arithmetic, algebra, geometry and the processes of mental calculus (called hawa'i, "aerial") as opposed to "Indian" calculus).
The examination of these text books by modern historians shows Al-Karaji as a mathematician of the highest calibre. His enduring contributions to the field of mathematics are still recognized today, as the canonical form of the table of binomial coefficients (in its formation law and its expansion form), for integer n, are named after Al-Karaji.
Al-Karaji wrote about the work of earlier mathematicians, and he is now regarded as the first person to free algebra from geometrical operations, that were the product of Greek arithmetic, and replace them with the type of operations which are at the core of algebra today. His work on algebra and polynomials gave the rules for arithmetic operations to manipulate polynomials. In his pioneering work in French, the historian of mathematics Franz Woepcke (in Extrait du Fakhri, traité d'Algèbre par Abou Bekr Mohammed Ben Alhacan Alkarkhi, Paris, 1853), praised Al-Karaji for being "the first who introduced the theory of algebraic calculus". Stemming from this, Al-Karaji investigated binomial coefficients and Pascal's triangle. He was also the first to use the method of proof by mathematical induction to prove his results, which he also used to prove the sum formula for integral cubes, an important result in integral calculus. He also used a proof by mathematical induction to prove the binomial theorem and Pascal's triangle [8].
Figure 7: The Saqiya machine of Al-Jazari, an animal powered device for raising water. Source: the original manuscript of Al-Jazari's treatise Al-Jami' bayna al-'ilm wa-'l-'amal al-nafi' fi sina'at al-hiyal held at Topkapi Palace Museum Library in Istanbul, MS Ahmet III 3472, p. 216. See S. Al-Hassani & C. Ong Pang Kiat, Al-Jazari's Third Water-Raising Device: Analysis of its Mathematical and Mechanical Principles.
In his book The Development of Arabic Mathematics: Between Arithmetic and Algebra (London, 1994), the historian Roshdi Rashed writes: "the more-or-less explicit aim of Al-Karaji's exposition was to find the means of realising the autonomy and specificity of algebra, so as to be in a position to reject, in particular, the geometric representation of algebraic operations… Al-Karaji's work holds an especially important place in the history of mathematics... The discovery and reading of the arithmetical work of Diophantus, in the light of the algebraic conceptions and methods of Al-Khwarizmi and other Arab algebraists, made possible a new departure in algebra by Al-Karaji" [9].
3. Al-Karaji's book on the extraction of groundwater
According to the resultst of recent scholarship, Al-Karaji wrote his mathematical works in Baghdad, but he composed his book on hidden waters in the Jabal region in Iran, where there were developed several hydraulic projects, including the qanats, an old Persian tradition, improved in Islamic times. Al-Maqdisi said in his geographical book Ahsan al-taqasim fi ma'rifat al-aqalim that iqlim al-jabal includes three districts or counties: Ray, Hamadhan and Isfahan, whilst Karaj with, which Al-Karaji's name is associated, is located between four mountains full of farms and villages, with several rivers and water sources [10].
Figure 8: The largest norias or water wheels in the world, with a diameter of about 20 meters, exist on the Orontes River in Hama, Syria. Norias (na'ura in Arabic, pl. nawa'ir) are machines for lifting water into an aqueduct using energy derived from the water's flow. It consists of an undershot waterwheel to which are fixed a series of containers that lift water from the river to the aqueduct at a higher level. (Source).
The Inbat al-miyah al-khafiya is the only extant book of engineering of Al-Karaji. It was printed for the first time in Haydarabad in 1940 [11]. Another edition was issued in 1997 by the Institute of Arabic Manuscripts in Cairo. The book was translated into Persian by H. Khadiv-Djam in 1966 and into French by Aly Mazahéri in 1973. An Italian translation appeared recently in 2007.
There are no complete English and German translations, but some chapters of the book were rendered into these two languages in various works published respectively by Eilhard Wiedemann and Franz Hauser (German) and Fr. Bruin (English).
One of the manuscripts of the book surfaced recently. Dated 14 Dhu-'l-Qa'da 1084/20 February 1674, it was copied in Iran or Iraq. It was acquired by the library of the University of Pennsylvania from Sam Fogg, London, in December 2000. The manuscript is in paper (49 folios, 190x125 mm), in Arabic, nasta'liq script, black ink, rubrication and overlining in red; it contains 14 large diagrams in black and red.
Al-Karaji writes in the introduction of the book that when he arrived in Iraq, he saw that its people, young and older, love knowledge and value it highly, which drove him to compose books of mathemaics in arithmetics and geometry. Later on, he returned to the district of Jabal (ardh al-jabal). There he stopped writing books and making scientific research, until he was encouraged by the sponsorship and encouragement of the minister Abu Ghanim Ma'ruf b. Muhammad, and that this is the reason for which he wrote the book on hidden waters From this, we conclude that the book was written after the mathematical treatises mentioned above. From the mention of the minister Abu Ghanim, the date of the book must be after 406 H as asserted above:
The title of the book contains a word worth of some comments. The inbat, like istikhraj, means precisely "extraction" of underground water, to show what is hidden and to extract ground and hidden waters for economic and social benefit. The term may have to do with the mathematical concept of istinbat, meaning 'deduction by reasoning' [12]. If this is verified, the link between the two is natural, as Al-Karaji would have coined the term in the aftermath of his long experience as a mathematician.
Figure 9: Picture of a noria in Hadith Bayadh wa Riyadh (The Story of Bayad and Riyad) , an Andalusian love story, probably written and ilustrated sometime in 13th-century Andalus by an anonymous author (unicum manuscript, Vatican, Bibliotheca Apostolica, Ar. Ris. 368, folio 19r). (Source).
4. Contents of the book
The Inbat al-miyah al-khafiya is an excellent manual on hydraulic water supplies; besides its main interest in hydrology, it contains some auto-biographical notes, as well as a discussion of a series of conceptions relative to the geography of the globe, various remarks on natural phenomena, and pays a great attention to surveying techniques, whether in general or in what regards hydrology. The author describes a certain number of surveying instruments, the geometrical bases of which he demonstrates, and ends with very concrete details on the construction and servicing of qanats, subterranean tunnels (he makes an express allusion to those of Isfahan) for providing water in arid places. He likewise discusses the basis of the legality of the construction of wells and hydraulic conduits and in what circumstances these might be prejudicial to the people. Here he refers to the schools of fiqh (Islamic law) and shows that he is aware of the legal dimensions of hydrology, as a techno-scientific discipline closely related to society and economy.
As a scientific treatise, the book is an original contribution in hydrology, surveying and other aspects of geology, and testifies to the advanced knowledge concerning groundwater around the 10th century in the Islamic lands. Relying on the knowledge of his time and on his owns researches, Al-Karaji reveals a profound and exacting technical understanding of groundwater theory and as such his contribution in this field is the oldest known text on the subject. His knowledge of groundwater is in general agreement with modern understanding of the subject. For example, our scholar was familiar with the general concepts of the hydrological cycle. While he never featured the whole cycle as we know it, he records in different passages of his book each individual phase.
The contents of the book can be summarized roughly as follows. The treatise is divided into 25 chapters that may be grouped in seven sections or parts:
Given its date of composition, Al-Karaji's book seems to be the oldest extant manuscript on ground water science. Its content is startling, revealing that Al-Karaji was familiar with present-day concepts and principles inherent with the hydrological cycle, the classification of soils, the description of aquifers, and the search for ground water. Emphasis in the manuscript centers on the illustration of effective water search techniques, such as the study of the colour of rock formations and the examination of roots of phreatophyte types of plants. The treatise also describes instruments and devices employed in surveying and in the construction of qanats or underground conduits.
Figure 10: Front cover of Al-Karaji, L'Estrazione delle acque nascoste: Trattato tecnico-scientifico di Karaji Matematico-ingegnere persiano vissuto nel Mille, Italian translation and commentaries by Giuseppina Ferriello (Turin: Kim Williams Books, 2007).
Inbat al-miyah al-khafiya is a manual on hydraulics and water supply, including practical information on the construction of irrigation systems in the form of subterranean tunnels (qanat; pl. qanawat). According to Al-Karaji, this was the most beneficial of crafts, since it helped the earth to flourish and enables men to attain order in their lives. The work begins with a general description of the earth and the waters that are to be found in it—how to find them, what types and tastes there are, and how to clean contaminated water. It goes on to discuss springs and wells, drilling, the measurement of water and the construction and upkeep of qanats, including dealing with blockages.
When we read the book, we have the clear impression that Al-Karaji was quite familiar with the basic hydrologic, geologic, and engineering principles associated with groundwater. Al-Karaji himself exhibited extensive skills and expertise regarding: (1) the classification of soils, (2) the search for fresh water, and (3) the different types and hydraulic characteristics of aquifers. He pioneered work on the use of plant growth as an indicator of groundwater aquifers, and invented ingenious devices employed in surveying and tunneling. Much of Al-Karaji's book deals with the techniques of exploring for groundwater, mainly how to dig wells and qanats. The methods he describes are still used in many parts of the Middle East and Asia [14].
5. A subterranean conduit for water supply: the Qanat
Qanat is a type of underground irrigation canal between an aquifer on the piedmont to a garden on an arid plain. The word is Arabic, but the system is best known from ancient Iran. To make a qanat, one needs a source of water, which may be a real well, but can also be an underground reservoir or a water-bearing geological layer. When this source is identified, a tunnel is cut to the farm or village that needs the water.
Figure 11: Aerial view of lines of qanats leading to Firuzabad in Iran. The rows of small holes resembling pockmarks reveal the presence of several qanat systems below the surface: each hole is the top of a ventilation shaft. The walls of the craters protect the shafts and the tunnel below from erosional damage from the inflow of water during a heavy rainstorm. (Source).
Shafts are as air supply, to remove sand and dirt, and to prevent the tunnels from becoming dangerously long. The shafts are not very far apart, and as a result, a qanat seen from the air gives the impression of a long, straight line of holes in the ground - as if the land has been subjected to a bombing run. Typically, the qanat becomes a ditch near its destination; in other words, the water is brought to the surface by leading it out of the slope. In fact, one creates an artificial artesian well and an oasis.
In Islamic times, the qanat became one of the most effective methods for providing water in regions without perennial streams. The technique probably originated in northern Iran in ancient times, but progressively this system of supplying water over a long distance was in widespread use in the Muslim world in the medieval period and up to modern times. Indeed, recent estimates have shown that 75 per cent of all water used in Iran comes from qanats and that their total length exceeds 100 000 miles. Outside Iran, qanats are still in use in parts of the Arab world, notably in the south-east of the Arabian Peninsula and in North Africa.
The qanat system was used by the Umayyad and the Abbasid caliphs. The Caliph Al-Mutawakkil (847-866) constructed a qanat system for the supply of water to his new palace at Samarra. Recent excavations there showed that the water was obtained from ground water of the upper Tigris and conveyed to Samarra in qanat conduits totaling 300 miles in length.
In Al-Karaji's Inbat al-miyah al-khafiyya we find good details on the construction of the qanat-conduits, their lining, protection against decay, and their cleaning and maintenance.
Figure 12: Cross-section and aerial view of a qanat system for obtaining subterranean water. (Source).
A part of the book is devoted to techniques of exploring ground water, mainly how to dig wellsand qanats. For example, he describes how to survey the slope of qanats and how to work under difficult circumstances.
As an example, wells to be dug through unconsolidated rocks have to be timbered by means of centerings. Bricks are laid behind this stage. The same procedure can be applied if a qanat in development hits a lens or layer of loam or clay saturated with water. In such a case, Al-Karaji's advice is to stop the project because of the risk of collapse of the under-ground construction [15].
In conclusion, it appears evident that Al-Karaji was familiar with the basic hydrologic, geologic, and engineering principles associated with ground water, as known today. Al-Karaji himself exhibited extensive skills and expertise in the discussion of the construction of qanats, in the classification of soils, in the search for fresh water, and in his knowledge of different types of aquifers and their hydraulic characteristics. Al-Karaji pioneered work with geological structures in his use of plant growths as indicators and locators of ground water reservoirs (aquifers), and invented ingenious devices employed in surveying and tunneling. The reception and authentication of Al-Karaji's treatise in history of science should strengthen the valuedness of this millennium work.
6. References and further reading
[1] For bull bibliographical references and further reading on the different topics are aboarded in this article, see below the detailed reference list in section 6.
[2] On water technology in the Islamic East and West, see Donald R. Hill and Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan, Engineering in Arabic-Islamic Civilization. Part I (retrieved 14.01.2009); and Richard Covington, The Art and Science of Water, in Saudi Aramco World, vol. 57, 2006, pp. 14-23.
[3] On Al-Farghani, see Ibn Abi Usaybi'a, 'Uyun al-anba' fi tabaqat al-atibba'. Edited by Nizar Ridha. Beirut: Maktabat al-hayat, 1965, pp. 286-287; A. I. Sabra, "Farghani", Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, vol. 4, 1971, pp. 541-545; and Al-Farghani (c. 860 C.E.), in [Ahmed Monzur], Muslim Scientists and Scholars (July 1998).
[4] Giorgio Levi della Vida, , "Appunti e quesiti di storia letteraria araba. 4. Due nuove opere del matematico al-Karagi (al-Karkhi)", Rivista degli Studi Orientali (Roma) vol. 14, 1934, pp. 249-264; p. 250.
[5] One of the names is that of the vizier Abu Ghanim Ma'ruf b. Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf who was active between 403-420 H/… CE: see Ibn al-Athir, Al-Kamil fi 'l-tarikh (Cairo: Al-Matba'a al-Muniriya, 1353H, 9 vols; vol. 9, pp. 102, 394-395.
[6] On the life and works of al-Karaji, see the following reference works: Carl Brockelman, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, Leiden: Brill, 2e edition, 1943-49, 3 vols. and 2 Supplements; vol. 1, p. 219; Suppl. 1, p. 389; George Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science. Baltimore, 1927-48, 3 vols.; vol. 1, p. 718; Khayr al-Din al-Zirikli, Al-A'lam, Beirut: Dar al-'ilm li-'l-malayin, 2002, 8 vols.; vol. 6, pp. 83, 99; 'Umar Ridha Kahhala, Mu'jam al-mu'allifin, Damascus: Al-Maktaba al-'arabiya, 1957-1961, 15 vols.; vol. 9, p. 211; Juan Vernet and M. A. Catala, "Un ingeniero árabe de siglo XI: al-Karayi", Al-Andalus, vol. 35, 1970, pp. 69-92; Roshdi Rashed, "Al-Karaji", Dictionary of Scientific Biography, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973, vol. 7, pp. 240-246; Juan Vernet, "Al- Karadji", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill, 2006, vol. 4, p. 599; and Giuseppina Ferriello, L'Estrazione delle acque nascoste: Trattato tecnico-scientifico di Karaji Matematico-ingegnere persiano vissuto nel Mille. Turin: Kim Williams Books, 2007, pp. 51-57.
[7] Franz Woepcke, Extraits du Fakhri, traité d'algèbre, Paris, 1853, p. 21.
[8] "Another important idea introduced by al-Karaji and continued by al-Samaw'al and others was that of an inductive argument for dealing with certain arithmetic sequences. Thus al-Karaji used such an argument to prove the result on the sums of integral cubes already known to Aryabhata [...] Al-Karaji did not, however, state a general result for arbitrary n. He stated his theorem for the particular integer 10 [...] His proof, nevertheless, was clearly designed to be extendable to any other integer. [...] Al-Karaji's argument includes in essence the two basic components of a modern argument by induction, namely the truth of the statement for n = 1 (1 = 13) and the deriving of the truth for n = k from that of n = k - 1. Of course, this second component is not explicit since, in some sense, al-Karaji's argument is in reverse; this is, he starts from n = 10 and goes down to 1 rather than proceeding upward. Nevertheless, his argument in al-Fakhri is the earliest extant proof of the sum formula for integral cubes", Victor J. Katz, History of Mathematics: An Introduction, Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2nd edition, 1998, p. 255-259; p. 255.
[9] Quoted in J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, "Abu Bekr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Husayn Al-Karaji" (July 1999 ).
[10] Al-Maqdisi, Ahsan al-taqasim fi ma'rifat al-aqalim, published by Ghazi Talimat. Damascus, 1980, p. 261.
[11] For the references of the various editions and translations of the book, see the bibliography below.
[12] See "inbat" in Lisan al-'Arab by Ibn Manzur.
[13] The sections on surveying in Al-Karaji's book are summarized in Donald R. Hill, Islamic Science and Engineering, Edinburgh University Press, 1993, pp. 187-205.
[14] On the contents of the book and its assessement in recent scholarshp, see Mehdi Nadji and Rudolf Voight, "Exploration for Hidden Water by M. Karaji: The Oldest Textbook on Hydrology?" Groundwater, September-October 1972, pp. 43-46; Hormoz Pazwash and Gus Mavrigian, "A Historical Jewelpiece-Discovery of the Millennium Hydrological Works of Karaji," Water Resources Bulletin, December 1980, pp. 1094-1096; Khalid 'Azab, Kayfa wajahat al-hadhara al-islamiya mushkilat al-miyah [How islamic civilisation confronted the problem of water (supply)]. Rabat: ISESCO Publications, 2006, chap. 2; and Mohammed Karaji (retrieved 14.01.2009).
[15] Quoted in Mehdi Nadji and Rudolf Voight, "Exploration for Hidden Water by M. Karaji: The Oldest Textbook on Hydrology?" Groundwater, September-October 1972, p. 45. See also on the qanat, Salim Al-Hassani (chief editor), 1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in Our World, Manchester: FSTC, 2006, pp. 112-113. The construction of a qanat is described in: Donald R. Hill and Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan, "Engineering in Arabic-Islamic Civilization. Part One". For more details on the other devices used in the Islamic tradition for water management and supply, see Salim T. S. Al-Hassani, The Machines of Al-Jazari and Taqi Al-Din (published on www.MuslimHeritage.com 30 December, 2004), Salim T. S. Al-Hassani and Mohammed A. Al-Lawati, The Six-Cylinder Water Pump of Taqi al-Din: Its Mathematics, Operation and Virtual Design (published on www.MuslimHeritage.com 21 July, 2008), and Salim T. S. Al-Hassani and Colin Ong Pang Kiat, Al-Jazari's Third Water-Raising Device: Analysis of its Mathematical and Mechanical Principles (published on www.MuslimHeritage.com 24 April, 2008).
*Professor of History and Philosophy of Science, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat, Morocco, and Senior Research Fellow, Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilisation (FSTC), Manchester, UK. Chief Editor of FSTC academic web portal: http://www.MuslimHeritage.com.
by: Professor Mohammed Abattouy, Thu 04 June, 2009
In this important article, Professor Ahmed Djebbar, the renowned scholar and specialist of the history of Arabic sciences, especially in the Islamic West, presents a general survey on mathematical activities in the Medieval Maghrib since the 9th century. Relying on his own studies and on a direct knowledge of the original sources, the author draws a rich picture of scientific activity in the Islamic west and thus shows the importance of the contribution of Maghribi mahematicians to the Arabic and Islamic mathematical tradition. Glimpses in the History of A Great Number: Pi in Arabic Mathematics by: FSTC LimitedThe Greek letter pi (symbolized by p) is defined as the ratio of the circumference of the circle to its diameter. It is considered to be a vital element in the calculations of areas and sizes of several mathematical figures: the circle, the cube, the cone and the sphere, from which infinite practical applications have sprung. As a result, mathematicians in many civilizations (Greek, Chinese, Indian, Arabian and European) have been highly concerned with calculating p as carefully as possible. This article by Professor Moustafa Mawaldi, the Dean of the Institute for the History of Arabic Science in Aleppo, sheds light on the contribution of some mathematicians of the Islamic civilisation in refining the value of pi. The works surveyed are those of Al-Khwarizmi, Al-Biruni, Al-Quhi, and Al-Kashi. Vidinli Huseyin Tawfik: A Modern Turkish Specialist of Linear Algebra by: FSTC LimitedThis article is a biography essay on the life and works of Vidinli Tawfiq Pasha, a 19th-century Ottoman scholar, statesman and general of 19th-century Istanbul, and a noteworthy mathematician who published in 1882 an important book in Linear algebra, a new branch of mathematics at that time. After a short biographical sketch, we present a complete compilation of his writings in Linear Algebra and in other fields. Logical Necessities in Mixed Equations: 'Abd Al-Hamîd Ibn Turk and the Algebra of his Time by: FSTC LimitedThe famed Muslim scholar Al-Kwarazmi has long been known as the father of Algebra. In this article, Aydin Sayili presents an alternative view of the inception and development of Algebra in the works of of 'Abd al-Hamid Ibn Turk, a well known mathematician of the early 9th century, probably contemporary to al-Khwarizmi. The author raises an outstanding hypothesis according to which Ibn Turk may have written the first Arabic book on algebra in Islam, and not Muhammad ibn Mûsâ al-Khwârazmi. The Volume of the Sphere in Arabic Mathematics: Historical and Analytical Survey by: Professor Mustafa MawaldiProfessor Mustafa Mawaldi
The following article focuses on the cubic measure of the volume of the sphere in Arabic mathematics. After a short presentation of the Greek and Chinese ancient legacies on this topic, the article surveys thoroughly the different formulas methods proposed by the mathematicians of the Arabic-Islamic civilization from the 9th to the 17th century to measure the volume of the sphere. The achievements of eminent scholars are thus presented: Banu Musa, Al-Buzgani, Al-Karaji, Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi, Ibn al-Haytham, Ibn al-Yasamin, Al-Khawam al-Baghdadi, Kamal al-Din al-Farisi, Jamshid al-Kashi, and Baha' al-Din al-'Amili.