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Moderated by: Greg Fletcher | Page: 1 2 |
Installing front sway bar | Rating: |
Author | Post |
Posted: 10-16-2010 04:05 pm |
1st Post |
Anton Member
Hi, I am intending to install a front sway bar (ADDCO) on my JH. Is there anyone who has some detailed information or pictures to guide me? Is installing complicated and is there a need to make some technical adjustments? All information on this subject is really welcome !! Looking forward to receive your advice. Anton |
Posted: 10-16-2010 09:01 pm |
2nd Post |
Brett Gibson JH5 20497 Member
Get them off Delta they give you a detailed instruction guide and I believe they are Addco, one tip. have the front wheels on a ramp to keep the suspension compressed at normal car weight while installing, another. make sure the wishbone suspension arms have the mounting brackets facing the rear, (they sometimes come from the factory facing forward) Brett |
Posted: 04-06-2011 02:34 pm |
3rd Post |
carl.bedlington Member
Hi, I have seen that an Addco 101 Front Anti Sway Bar kit is currently listed on eBay for $141. My question are; is this the best sway bar to buy, is this the same kit that Delta sells and is this the best one to buy? I have gone though all the past posts and have seen that some sway bars are 7/8" this one is bigger at 1 1/8". I would love to hear some feed back from someone who has fitted one of these front sway bars. Cheers Carl |
Posted: 04-06-2011 05:35 pm |
4th Post |
rossjfox Member
Anton, I fitted the Addco front sway bar. (As well as the rear. These must be done in pairs or be prepared for some, shall we say, "entertaining" handling.) Fitting the front bar is not a challenge as long as the factory put your lower A-arms on right way around. There are tabs on the lower a-arms where the sway bar connects. These tabs need to be pointed towards the rear of the car. On many cars, the factory assembled them with the lower A-arms switched left to right and thus the tabs point to the front of the car. If the A-arms are correct, than you can just bolt the front bar on and drill 4 holes in the frame rails for the brackets. If the A-arm tabs are pointing in the wrong direction, than the A-arms need to be switched left to right. A doable job, but much more work than just installing the sway bar. Ross |
Posted: 04-08-2011 12:30 am |
5th Post |
carl.bedlington Member
Hi Ross, Thanks for your prompt reply and good advice, I will check the orientation of the A-arms out when I do the job as I will be stripping the suspension to fit a full set of super pro bushes and new Bilstein Shocks. I'm intrigued by your comment, 'These must be done in pairs or be prepared for some, shall we say, "entertaining" handling' From what I have read in previous posts it is OK just to fit the front sway bar and a worthwhile handling upgrade? Cheers Carl |
Posted: 04-08-2011 12:51 pm |
6th Post |
jcdean Member
My current JH has front and rear bars installed w/SPAX shocks all around set to a very firm ride. It corners very flat with hardly any roll. It begs for better tires, though. My previous JH had the normal suspension and difference is extremely easy to feel. |
Posted: 04-08-2011 01:57 pm |
7th Post |
Mike Aubuchon Member
My sway bar kit from Delta included two L shaped brackets. Instead of reversing the A-arms, I welded the brackets to the the back side of the arms. Everything fit and bolted up with no problems. Nice upgrade. Took the roll out and keeps the car flat in the turns. I have never heard of installing a front or rear sway bar without doing both. Don't get crazy. Keep the rubber on the road. Mike JH 19032 |
Posted: 04-08-2011 03:54 pm |
8th Post |
Jensen Healey Super Moderator
Delta sway bars are great! I see no reason to go with a stiffer bar for street use. Tuning the suspension is somewhat complex and I'm no expert. Your springs, shocks, and tires all play into the equation. Google it up. I use stock springs, Delta sway bars, 205-60/ 13 tires on stock rims, old school non-gas Konis in the front and gas Konis in the rear. It suits me for street use. FWIW: The KYB gas shocks have about 40 lbs of lift and raise the front of the car about 3/8". There is 1" of travel until I'm on the bump stops so lowering the car is not an option. Kurt |
Posted: 04-10-2011 01:01 am |
9th Post |
Dakota123 Member
As far as I've always known it's fine to install just a front bar with no rear. Many cars come so configured. My JH has just the front installed at present; made a huge difference in handling over no bar. I have a rear bar and will probably install it once I tackle other, more pressing issues. (But yeah, a rear with no front would not be good.) Adding the rear bar to the package should decrease understeer, although the JH is pretty balanced to begin with. Plenty of people prefer a little understeer as a guide as to how hard the tires are being worked. The rear bar is straight-forward to install; you can always install it and see which suits you better, with or without. Mike |
Posted: 04-10-2011 07:24 pm |
10th Post |
Jensen Healey Super Moderator
Installing a front sway bar alone will cause understeer. While understeer is safer for the average driver than oversteer it is not optimal for handling. To counter this effect you can soften the front shocks and stiffen the rear shocks, reduce air pressure on the front tires and increase pressure in the rear, install heavier springs in the rear, etc. etc. Unless you want to read a few books on sports car suspension tuning and do a lot of testing I would recommend installing both bars at the same time, and installing new springs, shocks, wheels, or tires in matched sets. Kurt |
Posted: 04-10-2011 11:48 pm |
11th Post |
carl.bedlington Member
Thanks for your 5 cents worth Dakota123, I'm sure Greg Fletcher mentioned to me that it was OK to fit a front sway bar by itself as the Jenson GT was fitted with only a front sway bar as standard. From all the other comments I've read here I'm now thinking that maybe I should purchase both at the same time as I would be saving on postage. Thanks to all for your input. Cheers, confused downunder |
Posted: 04-13-2011 02:42 am |
12th Post |
rossjfox Member
Kurt's explination of the handling issues with installation of only a front bar is accurate and what I was driving at. The key here is to keep the car balanced. There is little reason not to install the rear bar if you're doing the front. Of the two, the rear is the easier to install given the front A-arm issues. Good luck... Ross |
Posted: 05-30-2011 03:32 pm |
13th Post |
philharmonic Member
What does the rear Sway bar do? I mean the rear suspention is not independent and there can't be much sway or roll with the rear wheels connected through the third member; so why install a rear sway bar??? |
Posted: 05-30-2011 06:42 pm |
14th Post |
Jensen Healey Super Moderator
I may seem that way at first glance but the bar works as advertised. |
Posted: 05-30-2011 07:21 pm |
15th Post |
Dakota123 Member
The roll in cornering comes about from the springs-- the rear axle is not rigidly connected to the frame. The anti-roll bar ties one side to the other more rigidly. The designed-in flexibility of the bar itself (and, to a small extent, its bushings) limit the effect, as the bar is a spring in it's own right. One-wheel bumps become firmer as a result of this added spring in the system. Everything is a trade-off... Last edited on 05-30-2011 10:32 pm by Dakota123 |
Posted: 05-31-2011 01:06 am |
16th Post |
philharmonic Member
When I look at the front sway bar it makes a lot of sense; there is a lot of physics in every front suspension component and keeping them all straight is clearly a handling advantage. But when I look at the rear sway bar as connected to the the rear spring directly under the axle that is completely ridged and does not connect to the any other part of the car what good can it possibly do? Sorry for my confusion but it just seems to be bolted on in such a way that it has absolutely no effect at all on the rear suspension. |
Posted: 05-31-2011 02:09 am |
17th Post |
Dakota123 Member
What makes it work is the short bit that kicks the cross bar to the rear a few inches from the mounting point. That makes the assembly a torsion bar; the bar twists under cornering load or one-wheel bump. (Sorry for using the word 'rigid' earlier. That probably didn't help the mental picture.) |
Posted: 05-31-2011 03:33 am |
18th Post |
philharmonic Member
Thank for the explanation I get it. |
Posted: 10-23-2013 05:28 am |
19th Post |
atgparker Member
TaDa Attachment: WP_000517.jpg (Downloaded 77 times) |
Posted: 10-24-2013 08:44 pm |
20th Post |
Art DeKneef Member
atgparker, I noticed in your picture that the sway bar is attached above the tabs instead of underneath. All the other cars I have seen equipped with a front sway bar had it mounted below the tabs. What's the reasoning you use to mount it on top like you did? Just curious. |
Current time is 10:09 am | Page: 1 2 |
> Jensen Healey & Jensen GT Tech > Suspension > Installing front sway bar | Top |

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I'm going to beat Unseen to this one!
So Eric Holder in a recent Congressional hearing has left the door open to preforming a drone strike against terrorists on American soil in an "extraordinary circumstance."
From CNN:
"Attorney General Eric Holder is not entirely ruling out a scenario under which a drone strike would be ordered against Americans on U.S. soil, but says it has never been done previously and he could only see it being considered in an extraordinary circumstance.
He began to winnow the list of those possible extraordinary circumstances Wednesday. In testimony Wednesday before the Senate Judiciary Committee, Sen. Ted Cruz, R-Texas, pressed Holder whether he believed it would be constitutional to target an American terror suspect 'sitting at a cafe' if the suspect didn't pose an imminent threat.
'No,' Holder replied."
Given the fact that there are people out there who want to kill us, who want to die for their cause, and who label themselves as an enemy to America, do you think that they Attorney General makes a valid point? Might there be some circumstance where a drone strike is the best option to prevent even more loss of life including that of law enforcement? Is he just plain wrong and this can't be permitted at all? As Senator Paul is now filibustering on the Senate floor and making the point, is there zero room for a lethal military/law enforcement drone strike on an individual? Might there still be a comparison with the use of lethal force by a police officer to a person that is known to be armed, dangerous, and looking to kill?
Tags: Congress, Constitution, Drone, Eric, Holder, law, strikes
Well, you see, back in 2001 there was an attack on the US, which then went on to invoke Article V of the Washington treatment. The government of Afghanistan subsequently refused to hand over those accused of the attack, upon which time war was declared.
While you obviously want to separate populations from their governments, that's not technically feasible, notwithstanding liberal interventionist doctrine propaganda to the contrary. The only time it's been even remotely successful was Libya, with "only" a thousand or so killed.
Back in 2001, how many of the hijackers were Afghans?
Zero, but that is besides the point. They were trained in Afghanistan and their backers received shelter from the Afghan government.
It's the same as asking why the US would attack France in WW2.
Most of the hijackers were Saudis. The money that funded them came from Saudi Arabia, and was routed through Germany. They trained in Afghanistan, Europe, and the United States. The Afghan government was willing to turn over OBL if evidence was supplied of his guilt; no evidence was ever supplied.
The large scale invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq (among others) are the result of incompetence, ignorance, and arrogance. Technology isn't the problem; tools have no intent. It's the shoot first, cowboy mentality of the people using them that has been causing our problems for some time now.
@ Arcus,
I tried to help ya but I can't, maybe Obfuskation can.
Where the hijackers are from is irrelevant. Where they trained is relevant only as far as official sanctioning of the training for the purpose of terror acts. And why on earth would the US turn over evidence to the Taliban? Firstly the US didn't recognize them, secondly the Taliban was already in violation of UNSC resolutions.
I would prefer that all current and future wars be mandatorily fought with swords and bow and arrow. Perhaps it wouldn't be nearly as popular in resolving conflict.
Even more effective would be to induct all of our legislators into the armed forces with the assurance that any war they vote in favor of would put them out on the front lines.
Seeing a few legislators coming home in coffins might tone down their rhetoric quite a bit.
Now you're talking.
Perhaps we should go back to the days where you went out onto the field of battle with a sword and hacked at each other as if we were sides of pork hanging from a hook in an abattoir. Drones are used to deliver the goods in a relatively focused way. One can kill a target, taking out relatively few innocents with a drone vs. using a thermobaric bomb or block buster dropped from a B52. One could be more surgical by sending in a Seal team as we did to kill Bin Laden, but that risks valuable soldiers' lives and not every target has a high enough value to justify such a strike. It's not the President's job to risk American lives unnecessarily. Quite the opposite.
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Blog U
May 29, 2008 - 10:43am
This morning's newspaper features an Associated Press article about a Brookings Institution ranking of the 100 largest US cities, based on per capita carbon emissions. The worst of the bunch is said to be Lexington, KY, with 3.46 tons per person as of 2005.
My first reaction was total dismay. The article, the headline, and the accompanying chart all use the term "carbon footprint", and if we could get the average carbon footprint per US citizen down to 3.46 tons, we'd be in pretty good shape. The actual carbon footprint for an average US resident is on the order of 20 tons.
May 29, 2008 - 6:12am
Reason #456 we need to hire the next generation of administrators, from an actual conversation I had this week with somebody very highly placed:
Bigwig: "Of course, there'll be golf. You do play golf, don't you?"
DD (horrified): "Oh, God, no."
Bigwig: "Oh."
Apparently, I didn't get the memo saying that it's still 1973. It must have been posted by the water cooler, which I've also never actually seen in an office. It's probably next to the typing pool.
May 29, 2008 - 5:51am
Let me clear up any misconception. I am a tenured faculty member at a celebrated liberal arts institution who will soon come up for promotion to full professor.
May 28, 2008 - 5:20am
I have a friend who's coming up for tenure at a major research university this summer. He calls it his dream job. The good news is, it doesn't look like he will have any trouble getting tenure. Just a few months ago, his wife received tenure at a small liberal arts school. Her dream job. The only trouble is, the two schools are separated by, oh, 500 miles or so. Most weeks during the academic year my friend flies up for a three-day weekend to be with them (yes, them – oh, did I forget to mention they have a 2 year old daughter?)
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Judge Jeanine: Does Amb. Rice deserve a promotion?
More questions than answers from UN ambassador
Dec 2, 2012
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More questions than answers from UN ambassador
Dec 2, 2012
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I would the first woman to prosecute a murder case in my county of Westchester in New York.
I had to prove I was every bit as Smart capable and prepared as a man stand up my own two feet in front of a jury.
And yes even do it in high heels.
Never wants that I say I didn't know the facts didn't know the law or didn't know my case and I never hid behind my boss.
Hello and welcome the justice on judge -- bureau.
This week's news writes rears her head after eleven weeks and hiding on -- and got the miss statements.
But she didn't explain her total lack of candor to the American people.
Instead she raised even more questions about her fitness to be secretary of state.
I don't trust it.
And the reason I don't trust her is because I think she knew better and if she didn't know better she shouldn't be the Voice of America.
Somebody is got to start paying a price around this place.
This week we learned Susan Rice was the head of the African region for our State Department.
In 1998.
When the embassy bombings occurred in Kenya and Tanzania.
And that the diplomats there are two had -- for additional security sound familiar.
Even more shocking though -- that rice was not prepared to answer any questions about her role then saying she.
You don't remember that diplomats begged for more security.
You don't remember that more than 220 people were killed and more than 4000 -- did.
But -- not that that the president says you've done an exemplary job at the UN.
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- She has done exemplary work.
She has represented the United States and our interest in -- United Nations.
With skill.
And professionalism.
And toughness.
And -- Really.
40000 civilians killed in Syria children shot in front of their parents' parents tortured in front of their children.
And no sanctions passed by the UN.
-- -- also gets on the UN women's rights commission.
-- real law and they want.
And you're not even in the audience when Israeli prime minister Netanyahu.
Addresses the UN general assembly.
But now enter the outraged.
So there is -- clean.
In my opinion.
They clear the sexism.
And racism bagels with these caps that is being made back unfortunately Senator McCain and others.
So for anyone to question her credentials they have to be a racist and a sexist.
Because John McCain wants straight answers and hasn't gotten -- he's a racists.
It is a -- -- why did John McCain vote for Clarence Thomas for Supreme Court Colin Powell for secretary of state and Condi Rice.
An African American female for secretary of state.
Right so now we eliminate racism and sexism -- art rage is now based on watt.
I -- there's no suggestion that she be held to a lower standard because of who she is.
And how about that she outright -- and dug her heels again.
But she made a decision to tell the American people that the killing of four Americans with a spontaneous protest.
About a YouTube video what everyone from the State Department the White House the Pentagon knew in real time that it wasn't.
Ambassador rice you dug their heels then.
White after the president of Bolivia's said there was no doubt that the attack was pre planned and even the talking points said al-Qaeda with the ball.
Just want to know now who took out the words al-Qaeda.
And why did you agree to go on television when you would admittedly knew nothing about -- -- -- -- have been to mislead the American people in the run up to the election.
And even worse when the administration admitted it was a pre planned terrorist act you never came out and said you know I was wrong.
You waits until after the election.
And by the way if you nothing about that doesn't.
Really do the shows she wasn't now.
But then again.
Maybe I protest too much she did take.
Full responsibility.
Well I'm responsible for the state department for the more than 60000 people around the world if Senator McCain.
And senator Graham and others want to go after somebody they should go after make.
It's great to take full responsibility.
And not hide behind one's race or gender it's not so hard to do.
People will actually respect you for your confidence and your honesty.
And it's even easy to do in high --
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don't you just love English sport. 6% of the population attend private schools - yet (estimate) 13 - ie over 60% out of that squad of 22 are from private schools. No doubt some of those kids are on sports scholarships but it just goes to show what money buys you. An increase in opportunity by a factor of roughly 10.
"magpies unable to resist the lure of another bit of shiny jewellery for their already over-privileged, opportunity-laden little darlings."
Optimist, you sound like you have an enormous chip on your shoulder, I believe Ketchup is on a great deal at Iceland at the moment...
Quote:Sorry, my chip was casting too big a shadow :-)marshie10
FRT, I was elluding more to the comment that Barters picked up on.
Quote:Gareth Redux
Marshie, your public school education was crap, the word you were looking for is ALLUDING, not elluding.
FYI, it was a choice for me and I chose state not for rugby reasons but for others. Do tell Marshie, do you have children?
And as for his maths! The average income for two adults working is 40k. The average private school annual fee is 10k. Is he seriously suggesting that 'most people' can afford to spend close to 1/3rd of their taxed income on one child's education?
I wonder if by any chance his life to date has been somewhat sheltered?
Quote:Gareth Redux
Sam, I played for Weymouth probably before you were born! My son has played for Bath Youth since he was 6. He played school rugby. It died at his school. He personally relaunched the school side with a member of staff. He adores his rugby, is a good player but I never sent him to public school. According to Marshie I should feel shame.
I like this thread, we're seeing the real Marshie.
Quote:Gareth Redux
WOW! A very illuminating thread. I never knew my deprived background and meagre school would mean I'd never aspire to being a decent rugby player or a good engineer and serve my country as best I could. Thank god I now know my place.
Quote:I have deleted the comment as quite honestly there is no need for this sort of rubbish


text:
Compared to men, women are relationship experts. They detect emotional cracks and strains long before their man.
This makes women best qualified for relationship maintenance, which effectively puts them in charge.
It's easily understandable that whoever's in charge should be responsible for preventive maintenance. So, a squabble-prevention checklist starts here.
♥ Cooperation compliments each other.
♣ Competition challenges one or the other.
♣ Loose lips irritate.
♣ Blame inflames.
♣ Argument is counterproductive.
♥ Patience reduces tension.
♥ Discretion shows respect.
♥ Loving silence nags.
♥ Gratefulness seals a deal.
♥ Respect lets him defend her.
♣ Self outweighs Us.
♣ Changing him discredits her judgment.
♣ Two captains in one ship leads to mutiny.
♥ Tact works like WD-40 on a rusty hinge.
♣ Progress stops with loss of temper.
♥ Submissiveness is an attitude of gratitude, whichever way it flows.
♥ Understanding balances A.D.D. (See post #3)
Prevention is the better part of valor. An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.


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This gorgeous large rocker from Little Tikes® features a rascally red puppy who's ready to play. Ideal as a first rocker, it has a high back seat and easy grip handles. Soft fabric ears, a big cute nose and large eyes complete the adorable face, while the seat and foot area are textured to reduce slipping. Perfect for a little girl or little boy, the Rocking puppy comes fully assembled. Warning: Suitable from 18 months. To be used under the direct supervision of an adult. Risk of falling, do not leave children under 3 years sitting or playing unattended. Maximum user weight 23kg.
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Key Information | |
Type | See saw |
Dimensions | |
Product Height | 48.0 Centimetre |
Product Width | 17.4 Centimetre |
Product Depth | 120.0 Centimetre |
Product Weight | 3.45 Kilogram |
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Animal Diaries Archive
2006 - january february march april may june july august september october november december
Leah of All Trades!
27 January 2006
Here at the Zoo, some of our keepers are lucky enough to be able to work within several different departments to gain a vast range of skills and knowledge, which is what I am currently doing!For the past year I have been a member of the Exotics Department caring for the camels, foxes and the dingoes and although I loved my time with them, it was time for a change. I have been giving our Wandering Wildlife team a helping hand over the busy holiday period! So far I have had training with Blue-tongue and Shingleback Lizards, American Corn Snakes, some koala handling and I still get to work with the beautiful dingoes. Working with this team has been great fun and a fantastic learning experience, and I am happy to help out whenever they need a hand.
Next month as it quiets down here at the zoo, I am off to learn all about our native mammals and the Asian Small-clawed Otters; I am looking forward to the new challenges and working with the Mammals Department.
Roving Leah


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Regina OEM Chain and Sprocket Kits Gregm (Baltimore, MD) Fit Finish Durability Features Cost Benefit Love the new chain Regina chain I got has solid pins- very robust but the regular rivet tools aren't strong enough, so you'll need the official tool or something else. Chain is great though, very happy with it. I got the chain/sprocket combo for my Bandit, fit as specified no problems- man my old driving sprocket was toast... :) Read All Reviews Expand [+]Less [-]
Stomp Grip Traction Pads Desiree (Atascadero, CA) Fit Quality Installation Recommend Great pads! The pads were cut to fit, easy to install and really hold your legs so you don't slide around. Mark the placement of the pads, heat the pads and tank and slowly apply like a decal. Great grip. The pads do make it slightly difficult to stand up (over bumps or tracks) but the grips really works. Read All Reviews Expand [+]Less [-]
All Balls Steering Stem Bearing Kit David G. (Corrigan, TX) Fit Quality Installation Recommend All Balls steering bearings These bearings were installed in a 2000 Roadstar. Good bearings at a great price. Being a mechanic made it a little easier to change these. However if you are not a mechanic or don't have one on retainer I'd advise you to get one. I used a special bent drift pin for bottom race. The top seal was not self-explanatory but I got it figured out. My only suggestion to the company is to add a more detailed install step-by-step instruction sheet for the masses. Read All Reviews Expand [+]Less [-]
EBC Double-H Sintered Brake Pads Brad (Las Vegas, NV) Fit Finish Durability Features Cost Benefit Brake pads Have not used them on this bike yet. Got them because I put them on my last bike and they out lasted factory ones. Read All Reviews Expand [+]Less [-]
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Galfer Stainless Steel Hydraulic Front Brake Line Jeff (fort knox, KY) Fit Finish Durability Features Cost Benefit Great upgrade Must have for all bikes. Only issue is the lack of holding brackets to keep them from rubbing on fairings. Read All Reviews Expand [+]Less [-]


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The Academy and Disney/ABC Television Group's Digital Media team are unveiling the talent line up for their award-winning Oscar second screen experience, Backstage Pass, on Oscar.com and the official Oscars app. Hosts and correspondents include: The View's Sherri Shepherd, television personality Cameron Mathison, Modern Family's Rico Rodriquez, Entertainment Weekly's Jess Cagle, and PEOPLE's Peter Castro. And in a first, the Backstage Pass will feature a multimedia Red Carpet Digital Lounge anchored by Radio Disney's Jake Whetter, POPSUGAR's Allison McNamara and Mashable's Brian Anthony Hernandez.
The Oscars Backstage Pass is designed to be the ultimate complement to the live telecast. With close to 20 live cameras strategically placed on the Red Carpet and throughout the backstage area of the Dolby Theatre during the telecast, fans will have insider views into the most memorable moments of the night. The Backstage Pass experience launched in 2011 to much acclaim and has been recognized with an Emmy for Creative Achievement in Interactive Arts and an Industry Star Mobile Excellence Award. It remains unprecedented in terms of live event second screen access. This Backstage Pass is sponsored by Samsung, and is available for the first time on Android, including Samsung's Galaxy Note II, Galaxy Note 10.1 and GSIII.
"The Backstage Pass is an extension of the things we all love about watching the Oscars – it's our way of inviting fans into the celebration, and the hosts are their eyes and ears," said Karin Gilford, senior vice president of Digital Media, ABC Television Network. "I couldn't be happier with this group. Each brings with them a great depth of knowledge, and also a passion and enthusiasm for the Oscars that I know fans will respond to."
Shepherd and Mathison are returning as co-hosts of the Backstage cam. They will capture sound bites, backstage action, short interviews and behind-the-scenes footage. Shepherd is an actress, comedienne and co-host of ABC's hugely popular daytime talk show The View. Mathison is a multi-talented actor who splits his time between acting and hosting jobs. He currently serves as a correspondent for Good Morning America on ABC. The two previously hosted the 35th annual Daytime Emmy Awards together.
Entertainment Weekly Managing Editor Jess Cagle will be interviewing winners as they exit the stage from the "Winners Walk" cam. Throughout his 19-year career at Time, Inc., Cagle has covered both film and television and has interviewed Hollywood's biggest celebrities. In addition to Backstage Pass, Cagle is also co-hosting the official Oscar pre-show on ABC.
This year PEOPLE is sponsoring the Oscars Fan Experience where Deputy Managing Editor Peter Castro will anchor with Rico Rodriquez. They will capture fan feedback as celebrity attendees arrive on the red carpet. With 18 years at PEOPLE Magazine, Castro has covered all aspects of the entertainment business. Rodriquez is best known for his role as "precocious old soul" Manny Delgado on the ABC's hit comedy Modern Family.
Whetter, McNamara and Hernandez will anchor the first ever Red Carpet Digital Lounge. Fully equipped with multi-media monitors run from Samsung Galaxy tablets and smartphones, the Digital Lounge cam will feature commentary around the most buzzed about trends that are popping on the red carpet.
Whetter, who has co-hosted Backstage pass since it launched, will anchor the lounge. A Radio Disney on-air personality, he hosts the daily entertainment report Celebrity Take with Jake, as well as the Top 30 Countdown and the popular musical talent showcase N.B.T. (Next BIG Thing).
McNamara is a correspondent and producer at POPSUGAR, where she reports on the hottest celebrity moments and runway fashion trends. She has interviewed some of the biggest celebrities and designers in the world including, George Clooney, Jennifer Garner and Diane Von Furstenberg. She'll be breaking down those must-see fashion moments as they happen.
Hernandez is Mashable's entertainment reporter and as an expert in social media, memes and viral content, he'll be helping to give context and perspective to the evenings breaking social trends. He'll contribute to both the red carpet and backstage commentary.
Oscar.com and the official Oscars app provide unparalleled access to the Oscars before, during and after the show. Fans can go behind the scenes with show host Seth MacFarlane and the producers as they prepare for the show, as well as find out more about the nominees, access rare exclusive images from The Academy's archives, and start filling out their My Picks interactive ballot. Friends can view and share the ballot on Facebook, which will update in real time on Oscar Night®, ensuring that the most competitive Oscars handicappers are instantly aware of their ranking among friends. On Oscar Sunday, the Backstage Pass feature goes live from the Red Carpet to the end of the show.
Oscars for outstanding film achievements of 2012 will be presented on Oscar Sunday, February 24 at the Dolby Theatre™ at Hollywood & Highland Center®, and will be hosted by Seth MacFarlane live on the ABC Television Network. The Oscar presentation also will be televised live in more than 225 countries worldwide.
For more Oscars coverage, visit the following:
Use a Facebook account to add a comment, subject to Facebook's Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. Your Facebook name, photo & other personal information you make public on Facebook will appear with your comment, and may be used on Oscar's media platforms. Learn more.


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Governors State University's Nathan Manilow Sculpture Park hosts an ongoing series of activities and events throughout the year designed so that guests will experience our art and landscape in new and unexpected ways. Take a look at what we're offering and make time to join us for one or more of our programs.
Sunday, October 271 to 4 p.m.$5 Adults, Kids 12 & under FREE
Harvest and sow prairie seeds amid giant sculptures, and learn what GSU does to conserve native prairieland.
RSVP to 708.534.3084.
Nathan Manilow Sculpture ParkDawn until Dusk any dayFREE admission and parking
Take a breather from your everyday hubbub and spend some time exploring the paths of the internationally acclaimed Nathan Manilow Sculpture Park. There are always 28 different works whose character changes with the season.


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OldGoldenVision said:did you watch it then!
OldGoldenVision said:nah... missed it... was out... heard he did well but questions over his oppos performance...
sambo applecart said:if it hadnt been for the cut he would have stopped him in 6 imo, he took foot off the gas to take the risk away of the doc stepping in
IdiAminDaDa said:Sounded like tha' like, seems to be a reasonably intelligent fighter like. Wha' weight d'you fight a' lid like?
sambo applecart said:Massively heavy Ids :)
Yeah, i agree mate, he is an intelligent fighter, if you had asked me 6 fights ago i would have said he's a banger who likes a tear up, but, now, there is plenty more in the locker than i first thought, hopefully he gets a title shot in the next 12 months or so, i think another couple of fights will do him the world of good though before that and the cut will keep him out for a couple of months anyway
IdiAminDaDa said:Yer no' a heavyweight are yer?
sambo applecart said:super heavy it goes up to in the amateurs mate (anything over 93k) :)
OldGoldenVision said:stop sizin im up idi... he's younger... an yer not in the shape yer were...
OldGoldenVision said:thats where i was comin from haha ;-)
IdiAminDaDa said:So wha' weight are yer in stone an' pounds then?
sambo applecart said:null
IdiAminDaDa said:F**kin' 'Ell! Yer heavier than me like! Just! I'm a foot short for me weight like...
Yeah when am rolled out mate im actually 6''9
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Ten Tables Cambridge
Online Reservations
Ten Tables was a real find for us, we enjoyed the atmosphere there and the food and wine were excellent and the service was very pleasant. As we had hoped, the taste of our dishes was deliciously surprising. Definitely recommended.
This is a great restaurant! I want to return as often as possible. What more can I say!
I went for my Birthday..... so for a special occasion. The food was superb. Fresh and delicious. I'm interested in going again in the Fall /Winter to see how the food is when really fresh food is hard to find in NE! Service was great!
I've heard about 10 tables from several friends but had not made it there until this week. It did not disappoint. We got a table on short notice on a Wednesday and had a wonderful meal and a great time. The chef's tasting menu with wine was perfect and we enjoyed every course. It's a nice quiet place in a basement of an apartment building.
We have been to Ten Tables atleast half a dozen times and I would strongly recommend this restaurant if you are looking for an occasion to be with friends or family in the Harvard Square area. Food, service are fanastic. Given that it is a smallish place it can get a little energetic in terms of noise levels but thats not a deal breaker at all. Look for their special deals on wine pairings on Fridays and Sundays as well as their tasting menu- great value for money.
Somewhere between a 4.5 and a 5, but we walked through the neighborhood, so the arrival was amazing and set the stage for a perfect blend of food, service and charm. The noise level is controlled with sound panels at the ceiling. The environment is a bit tight, but in keeping with the historic ambiance. Two in the party had bouillabaisse, fresh and flavorful. I had the chicken, and loved that moment where the first bite revealed a well seared exterior with a moist rich interior. Recommendations?...Just go and try it!
Great humble foodie location. Farm to table options with great wine list.
...was absolutely the right call. If you're okay with not knowing in advance exactly what you'll be eating, you'll be pleasantly surprised with the chef's 4-course selection. Highly recommend.
We had a very nice time - our new Cambridge favorite
Over all excellent food and service. Very fresh ingredients. I had the Bouillabaisse, my wife the Blue Fish. Both dishes were good, but the sauces were a bit too salty. That's our only criticism.
Really top notch food cooked with delicious ingredients and lots of care taken to create the meals. One of the best meals I have had in Boston. The vegetarian 4 course tasting menu is a great deal, and excellent option for vegetarians.
I booked a reservation for myself and my fiance to celebrate our engagement and it was the perfect decision. I have Celiacs and she's a pescatarian, so we aren't always the easiest couple for restaurants to accommodate. Nevertheless, they were able to provide both us the Chef's Whim tasting menu with no deleterious modifications to dishes, so that we could both experience what the dishes were *actually* supposed to taste like as opposed to the modified, less satisfying versions that we've often received elsewhere. So thanks for the food and the great service. We'll be back the next time we have something great to celebrate!
I've been here many times over the past year. I can't say that I've loved every dish that was presented to me, but most I've throughly enjoyed. My favorite is just the atmosphere and the open kitchen. Parking can be hard to find close by. They've also not always had a table ready for us at our reservation time...which can be annoying if you are in a big rush to make your reservation time and then have to stand around and wait for a table to open up.
Only beer and wine is annoying. Food is good, but portions could be a bit larger.
What makes this restaurant 5 stars for me is consistency. A lot of restaurants do one or two things well...sometimes...but Ten tables Cambridge has never disappointed us and we've been there now numerous times over the last 4 years and have tried a variety of their food. We can always count on a delicious meal and enjoyable experience!
We love this restaurant for any occasion, but perfect for pre A.R.T. theater events. Food and wine delicious.
half of the food we ordered was decent, the other was amazing. i felt they were trying to rush us out and dropped the check off while we still had completely full drinks and a dessert. otherwise it was a good experience.
Always have a wonderful meal at Ten Tables!! Food is well prepared, fantastic and one of my favorite places in the area1
This place is flawless! Delicious food and great service. The ambiance is a throwback to colonial and mixed with modern touches.
Took my husband here for his birthday. I loved the walk there on a crisp fall evening down a lovely, quiet residential street in Cambridge. The restaurant had a warm, cozy, romantic feel. The staff were friendly and helpful, checking on us throughout the evening, but not rushing us. The food was great, lots of flavors and techniques that were unfamiliar to us, yet delightful! When my husband, who doesn't have much of a sweet tooth, decided he didn't want dessert, they brought out a small scoop of ice cream (which was out-of-this-world) with a candle. What a nice touch! My foodie of a husband really enjoyed the evening and said he'd like to visit again.
Best meal I've had in a long time. Every bite was delicious. My only regret was that I couldn't sample the entire menu.
I had a wonderful dinner at 10tables Cambridge. We did the tasting menu with the Organic wine parings. During the week, the wine tasting is 2 for 1. An amazing deal. The food was delicious and I enjoyed every course. Our server Jeff was really wonderful and made the night special. Thank you!
I did some research and actually missed a date here that I decided to take another group to try it out and it was worth it! The food was rich and delicious. There were vegetarian options, so I didn't feel like I was missing out. All that's left is to try the tasting menu! :-)
We always enjoy dining at Ten Tables Cambridge, and we had another wonderful evening. Highly recommended. The food is outstanding, and the servers professional, courteous and well organized.
I've been to this restaurant a number of times and have never been disappointed. Great service , excellent service, creative beers and ciders as well as interesting wines and wonderful food. I'll keep going there!
My husband and I found this place while on a business trip to Boston. We went with the Chef's menu with wine pairing. Food was absolutely magnificent and the wine pairing really was perfect with the food. We were really glad that we had chosen this place. Atmosphere was more casual than we expected, but it was a great place for a quiet get away with delicious food. I give this a 5 for the food and atmosphere.
FINALLY MADE IT TO TEN TABLES!!!!! Great, great night! FOOD: OUTSTANDING!!!! We ordered two different meals & we found the food to be fresh, inventive, flavorful & exquisite! I deliberately did *not* order Steak Frites to try something new, but took a bite from my husband's plate - OMG I am going back to order that! PARKING: ALLOW EXTRA TIME!!! {very tough hunting for parking given typical Friday night traffic} TABLES: DEFINITELY SQUISHED TOGETHER - to the point that the waitress had difficulty squeezing behind us to serve the table wedged in the corner - so keep it in mind.... THANK YOU TO THE 10 TABLES STAFF for being so accommodating, I think they went above & beyond (we were late because of traffic/parking) & they were SO GRACIOUS!
Ten Tables (in Cambridge, at least) is a favorite spot of mine. The food is great for everyone, but especially for me as I am vegetarian and they offer a vegetarian tasting menu that is consistently outstanding. The restaurant is intimate and never too loud (the noise level being a real problem in most restaurants these days). The staff is attentive and very accommodating, but never intrusive. Just a great, unpretentious but superior restaurant.
We were delighted to celebrate our Anniversary here. We waited a bit because it was such a busy weekend, but the staff were delightful and grateful for our patience in awaiting our reserved table. The appetizers and main course were positively superb, and we were so happy with our respective choices. One of us had been there prior to this occasion and we know we will return!
Ten Tables has a lovely, quaint atmosphere- for those times when you want it to feel like it's just you and your date in the world. It's quiet, charming, and the food is delicious- a very special place!
Is cute little neighbourhood gem is precisely what I had been looking for. It's a cozy little place (10-15 tables) hidden away in a tiny, quiet street in Cambridge. I might as well be somewhere in Europe, as a guest of a friendly inn-keeper. All wood, on the lower ground floor, with the space divided into two chambers, as if the area did not already feel private enough. Food- wise I was thoroughly impressed by both appetisers we had: mixed greens with goat cheese and tuna tartare with watermelon. Te mains were also good, and e desserts were fantastic (some chocolate creation and cheese). Best part is, on Sundays those three courses add up to just $38. Service was friendly, informative, and non-invasive.
Very tasty food, excellent service, albeit a bit overpriced. Recommend.
A very enjoyable evening, once again, at Ten Tables Cambridge. The kitchen offers selections that it knows it can present well, as in our case, the duck and an excellent but not too heavily seasoned steak frites. Our suggestion is that the wine list get some attention with a few more choices and possibly some sommelier notes about the choices available that can help guide the restaurant's guests, particularly when the host is engaged during peak service times (during this visit, 8pm on a Saturday).
2nd time my husband & I have eaten at Ten Tables/Cambridge, & altho food/service excellent both times, seems pricey unless it's a special occasion. In fact, we were celebrating special occasions both times, & we still found it pricey. Our meal for 2 included 2 appetizers (small but good salad & excellent/generous Ten Tables Pâté), 2 entrees (sole & flank steak, both excellent & generous), no dessert, each of us had 1 beer. With tip, cost was $125. We eat out a lot & enjoy good food very much, but neither of us think the quality, quantity, service, & atmosphere (tables close to one another, very loud & noisy, even on a Tuesday night) were worth that much. But that's just us. Those who don't think that's unreasonable, enjoy!
My husband and I saw this restaurant on Open Table and were attracted by the menu and by the owner's story. The ambiance was lovely. We were given a table by the fireplace. The owner and wait staff were friendly and anticipated our needs without repeatedly interrupting our meal to ask how it was. The food was interesting and well seasoned. We shared a rather basic salad and the flat bread, which was crisp, spicy and. loaded with lobster chunks. Had the roasted pork and scallops as entrees. They were excellently prepared and presented. The only criticism is that the portions were huge. In a fine dining restaurant, I would not expect to be faced with a doggy bag. Wish the owner would consider offering a petite portion.
The celery soup was to DIE FOR! The duck was cooked perfectly and their signature cocktails are inventive and fun!
Met friends on a Friday night for a 6:30 reservation. The food was near perfect. Delicious and interesting apps including great roasted cauliflower. I got the duck entree which was yummy. Two in our party got the steak which was perfect seasoned cooked as ordered and served with delicious fries. though the service was a little inconsistent but all in all fine. Only real issue wAs that the table itself was too small for four people. Had to keep rearranging things to mAke room. More cramped than cozy. But will be back!
Everything about this restaurant is great - except for the parking. They only have 4 spots, and everything else in the area (EVERYTHING) is permit-parking only. They circumvent this by saying that if you get a parking ticket, they will pay it for you - which is very nice and considerate, but i'd rather not even have one on my record. We tried the chef's tasting menu with wine parings - and had an amazing experience. All of the food an wines went perfectly together, and it was considerably inexpensive for the quality of food and wine that they provided.
What a great neighborhood spot. Quiet, romantic with great food. And great deals. Catch this place sun-wed and they often have a great deal going on
Outstanding food with creative combinations and lovely presentation. Knowledgeable waitstaff with no pretensions. Charming intimate setting where you can relax and enjoy your meal. Feels like the best neighborhood restaurants of Paris. If you can only do one splurge, this is the one (pricey but won't break the bank)
We had the Chief's tasting menu paired with Wine. The food was great, the wine was amazing.
We love Ten Tables - attentive service, creative cuisine, and the best cappuccino this side of the Atlantic.
We opted for the tasting menus. Two of our party for the vegetarian and one for the meat. All dishes were artfully prepared, delicious and served at the appropriate times. All dishes were chef's choice. The vegetarians were delighted with all four courses. Our meat eater would have preferred to have 3 entrees to choose from, as the entrée he was served, although well prepared, was not something he would have chosen.
We enjoyed the chef's choice tasting menu for two and it was a surprise at each course, one more delicious than the next. The chef accommodated our low carb wishes, and we relaxed, took our time and relished eat bite and the soft atmosphere to talk and laugh.
While it was a very enjoyable meal, I think I prefer my local JP version where 10 Tables means 10.
We loved the both tasting menus (meat and vegetarian, four courses for $48/$35 respectively, great deal!) and the ambiance. Very cozy, yet sleek. Service was also impeccable.
There's not really a "bar" unless you're waiting for your reservation...at least that what it felt like if it was not explicitly stated. The wine was great. Appetizer (Tartare) was great. My meal (Sole) was great. My wife's meal (Duck) was good...a bit undercooked for our liking. The website did a great job highlighting parking in the area and we had no issues with it. There isn't much around that's walking distance in the cold, December nights, but I imagine a nice walk to the Square in the spring or summer.
The food and service was fantastic at Ten Tables. Our waitress was friendly, knowledgeable and excited about the menu. Our meals were fantastic. The ambiance is casual and homey but farmy upscale at the same time.
Solid menu, full of delicious and tempting food that will satisfy, delight, and leave you glowing with happy all over. Starters: Bacon, Potato and Cabbage Soup: YUM. Local Lettuce with Shredded Apple & Blue Cheese + Vinegrette: ALSO YUM Dinner We had the sole and it was executed perfectly, every bite tasting delicious with small bits of inventiveness dabbled in. We also had the delicious potato gnocchi with wild mushrooms and gorgonzola. Dessert : Carrot Cake was divine. Chocolate Terrine also great. Eat here. You'll love it. It's cozy and your date will be charmed. Can't fail. Prices are excellent too.
Good food, not great. Sole was fried in a batter or crust is my major critique which I don't recall was indicated on the menu. Nice service.


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At Earth Trust we believe that the best way to look after the places we love is to change the way we live.
We provide special, life changing experiences and reconnect people to the natural world. The Earth Trust is all about people and the way we feel, think and act towards the environment.
New for 2013, by local artist, Anna Dillon
Our strategy aims to protect them
Securing the future for ash trees in Britain
Work on creating a wild stretch of wetland reserve along the River Thames has now begun
RWE npower is an Earth Trust Ally supporting school children learning about waste and energy, looking after a top bird site at Thrupp Lake and creating new wildlife ponds in the Little Wittenham Nature Reserve.


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MBTA activates countdown signs at South Station
Posted: 08/15/12 at 7:20 am Updated: 08/15/12 at 3:45 pm
Tags: MBTA T South Station countdown signs
BOSTON (WHDH) -- The MBTA unveiled signs that inform riders when the next train will arrive.
On Wednesday the MBTA activated the long-awaited countdown signs at South Station, which is the start of a pilot program on the Red Line.
The LED signs will hang above the platforms.
"Really for the first time our customers will no longer have to lean down the platform to look for that bright light…Will be able to now see how long a train will be from getting to the platform at the station," said Massachusetts Secretary of Transportation Richard Davey. "So we're very excited…A low-cost way to improve the riders experience and it's been a long-time coming."
As of now, the countdown signs are only at South Station for the Red Line. In the coming weeks the signs will be installed at Downtown Crossing and Park Street. The signs will also be added to the remainder of the Red, Orange and Blue line stations by the end of the year.


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State representative sits down for lunch with the public
Wednesday, June 15, 2011
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Spinach and strawberries are a classic combination when it comes to salads, but here – we're taking that up a notch.
I almost skipped out on this week's recipe for The Food Matters Project, and I'm so glad I didn't. I've had a lot of craziness going on lately, between my trip to Louisville last week, catching up on work, and the ever-insane social calendar. I had a wedding last night, for instance – but I still found made the time to put this salad together yesterday so that we'd have dinner ready for the next couple of nights … and so that I could share it with you, of course!
Who doesn't love a good main dish salad this time of year? It's easy, it's quick, and best of all … it's bikini season-friendly!
It can be easy to fall into a salad-f0r-dinner rut once you find one you like. I tend toward arugula and store-bought rotisserie chicken with my go-to mustard vinaigrette during those extra-crazy weeks when I can't even fathom putting more than 2 minutes of thought into dinner. This salad is a little more creative – and yes, it takes a bit more prep – but it's still super-quick and easy.


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Hi. By any chance would you have a intake manifold runner control for 1999 mercury mystique?
hey im told you have replacement collets for the shift cables....... Question is do you still and how much are they? thanks
Couldn't be happier. Was very helpful with diagnosis and parts. Upgraded wiring harnesses are awesome i would suggest to anyone with 98. Even helped on the phone to find missing connectors we couldn't locate.
hey im looking for upgraded cupholders if you have any more
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World Energy Book Issue 3
January 2007
The third issue of the World Energy Book has just been released! Read all about the hottest issues, region by region. The World Energy Book is available twice a year with each issue focusing on a different region. The third issue features Europe. The World Energy Book is a must read for all energy decision markers - full of insightful articles written by energy people for energy people.
Full list of topics: Leaders
A nuclear renaissance
Clean coal: bringing CCS to market
CCS: a realistic option for the UK
Gas storage: ensuring supply security
New challenges for the grib
Iberia: gas and renewables
Corporate strategy for sustainability
The future must be different
CEE: energy economics in transition


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The Alienware Orion M14x Messenger Bag features a heavily-padded main compartment specifically designed to accommodate the Alienware M14x laptop. This bag also comes with a secondary compartment that makes it easy to organize your files and documents, while the front accessory pouch contains a spot to store your mouse, an MP3 player pocket with headphone outlet, and an array of additional pockets for everything from keys and pens to game controllers. Plus, the specialized cell phone pocket is RF-shielded so your phone doesn't go off at the wrong time. Now carrying your gear is as comfortable as it is convenient due to the extra-thick, padded shoulder strap. The M14x Messenger Bag is TSA compliant so you can leave your laptop in the bag while passing through airport security checkpoints. And, of course, the chrome Alien head on the front of the bag lets everyone know it's an Alienware.
This Messenger Bag fits Alienware M14x Laptop
Whether you're heading to a LAN party or a board meeting, the Alienware Orion M14x Messenger Bag keeps your gear secure while you're on the go. Its heavily padded main compartment provides protection for laptops up to 14.1 inches, and its many pockets and pouches are ideal for storing valuables and documents.
The M14x features a multitude of compartments to store your valuables. The large front compartment contains an MP3 player pocket with headphone outlet, a spot for your mouse, and an array of pockets to hold everything from pens to CDs to plane tickets. There are also two mesh pouches for carrying water bottles or other miscellaneous gear.
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The Alienware Orion M14x Messenger Bag is backed by a limited lifetime warranty.
Alienware Orion M14x Messenger Bag.
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Dr. Cherukuri is a third-year Radiology Resident at The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. He received both his undergraduate and medical degrees from The University of Pennsylvania. He plans to pursue a fellowship in Musculoskeletal Radiology at The University of Pittsburgh in 2003.
Radiologists are playing an expanding role in the management of spinal pain through the application of discography, image-guided injection therapy, and percutaneous vertebroplasty. Discography demonstrates the source of pain in patients who are suspected of having discogenic disease, but who have normal or equivocal findings on MRI. Image-guided injection therapy is a safe and simple way to deliver steroids to the epidural space, nerve roots, or facet joints to relieve symptoms from radiculopathy or degenerative facet disease. Despite widespread clinical use, however, controversy regarding its efficacy remains. Finally, vertebroplasty is proving to be an effective treatment for painful and debilitating vertebral compression fractures by delivering methylmethacrylate cement percutaneously into the vertebral body.
Spinal pain is an extremely common cause of morbidity in the United States and is the second most common reason patients seek medical attention. It is a challenging and multifactorial disease that is best managed by a cross-disciplinary approach involving spine surgeons, radiologists, anesthesiologists, and rehabilitative medicine specialists, among others. Recent advances in several image-guided percutaneous therapies have expanded the role of the procedural radiologist in the treatment of spinal pain.
This article discusses three rapidly growing radiologic approaches to the care of these patients--discography, percutaneous vertebroplasty, and image-guided injection therapy. The focus will be on the clinical indications and efficacy of these procedures with only brief discussions of their technical aspects, which have been detailed in several excellent review articles. 1-11
Diagnostic imaging has long played a central role in determining the etiology of back pain, especially with the wide availability of high-quality magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In general, MRI has a high sensitivity for delineating morphologic derangements that can lead to spinal pain such as degenerative disc disease, facet arthropathy, annular tears, herniations, and spinal stenoses. However, MRI is less sensitive for the detection of disc pathology in the cervical and thoracic spines than in the lumbar spine; although false negatives do occur even in the lumbar spine. 1,12,13 Furthermore, studies have shown that many normal, asymptomatic volunteers have disc herniations that are found on MRI. 14 It is, therefore, crucial that careful clinical correlation be made when trying to understand the significance of both positive and negative MRI findings and that correlative studies such as discography be considered.
For these reasons, discography is playing an expanding role in localizing discogenic back pain and in identifying occult annular tears and other internal disc derangements. It is a provocative test that involves the injection of contrast material into the suspected pathologic disc and measuring the clinical response in terms of reproducing the patient's symptoms. Patients may be referred for discography regardless of what the imaging findings reveal, especially in cases of suspected cervical and thoracic disc problems without obvious disc herniations. The clinical goals of discography include clearly identifying the intervertebral disc as a source of the patient's back pain and determining which levels are involved. When performed in a standardized, reproducible manner, this technique can result in improved outcomes for surgical therapy--first, by confidently demonstrating that a patient contemplating spinal surgery does indeed have discogenic pain, and, second, by identifying the precise disc levels that are pathologic. Discography also plays a role in identifying candidates who would benefit from intradiscal electrotherapy (IDET).
Before a discogram is performed, it is important to review the patient's previous imaging studies to identify the patient's overall anatomy and likely sites of pathology. Spinal cord and nerve root compression are also important to identify, as these may be contraindications to discography. 1 This is because distension of a disc that is already severely compressing the spinal cord or nerve roots may worsen the compression and exacerbate the patient's symptoms. Other contraindications include active infection anywhere in the body, uncorrected bleeding disorders, and the inability to lie still for the duration of the study. Generally, the procedure can be performed safely with conscious sedation.
The technical aspects of performing discography vary among practitioners and depend upon the spinal level being evaluated. 1,2 High-resolution C-arm fluoroscopy or CT-fluoroscopy is mandatory for adequate visualization of bony landmarks during needle placement and for the detection of annular tears during contrast injection. Twenty-two- or 25-gauge spinal needles (Beckton-Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ) of varying lengths are used depending on patient size. Both coaxial- and single-needle approaches to the disc have been described and can be used depending upon operator preference. Post-discography CT is sometimes performed for better delineation of the size and locations of annular disruptions but is not routinely used by all authors.
After the patient has been positioned on the table appropriately, the skin is cleansed with an iodine-based disinfectant (Betadine, Purdue Pharma, Stamford, CT), followed by an alcohol rinse. Sterile technique must be carefully applied during all percutaneous spinal procedures, particularly during discography, as discitis is a potentially serious, albeit rare, complication occurring in <0.01% of cases. 1 For cervical discography, the patient is placed in a supine position and the needle is inserted from an anterolateral approach. For lumbar and thoracic discography, the patient is placed in the prone position and the needle is inserted from a dorsolateral approach.
Once the patient has been prepped and local anesthesia has been administered, the fluoroscope is aligned in the plane of the target disc. The needle is advanced toward the inferior margin of the disc with intermittent fluoroscopy to observe needle position. Care must be taken in the cervical region to avoid the carotid arteries branches and jugular veins. When the needle tip reaches the outer part of the annular disc, slight resistance will be felt, and the needle is then advanced through the outer annulus into the center of the disc, where the needle tip position is confirmed by anteroposterior and lateral fluoroscopy. As the needle tip approaches the annular margin of the disc, it is not uncommon for contact to occur with a nerve root, resulting in discomfort or pain that requires repositioning of the needle. The patient is warned of this possibility during needle insertion.
Once the needle tip is in the center of the disc, contrast is injected while the radiologist watches under fluoroscopy. Typically, 2 to 4 mL of nonionic contrast (Omnipaque 240, Amersham Health, Princeton, NJ) should be injected to achieve full distension of the nucleus pulposus, which is crucial to provoking a pain response. 1,2 Endpoints for injection include detection of an annular tear, severe pain, or resistance of the disc to accepting further contrast (figure 1). The patient's description of elicited symptoms and particularly whether or not his or her clinical symptoms were reproduced (ie, concordant versus nonconcordant pain) are recorded carefully, along with the symptom severity and the presence of annular pathology. When a painful disc is encountered, injection of preservative-free local anesthetic such as lidocaine into the disc is useful for temporary pain relief to allow for completion of the study. This is important for reducing pain that may confuse the evaluation of adjacent disc levels. After discography, patients are monitored for 1 to 3 hours prior to discharge. Discharge instructions should include advising the patient to expect some pain and discomfort for a few days after the procedure and to return for medical attention promptly should he/she experience signs and symptoms of developing discitis, such as worsening back pain, severe point tenderness, fever, or chills. Progression of discitis into an epidural abscess or vertebral osteomyelitis are other thoretical complications.
First developed in the mid-1980s by Deramond and colleagues 6 in France, percutaneous vertebroplasty has become an increasingly utilized and effective way of treating painful vertebral compression fractures from benign and malignant diseases. It was originally applied successfully to vertebral hemangiomas and osteolytic metastatases, although its primary application in North America has become the treatment of osteoporotic compression fractures. 8 Compression fractures can be devastating complications of osteoporosis leading to severe back pain and complications of immobility such as progressive bone demineralization, thromboembolic disease, pneumonia, depression, and markedly decreased functional status. The incidence of compression fractures will undoubtedly increase as the U.S. population ages. To date, conventional therapy for compression fractures has centered upon conservative measures such as bed rest, nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs and narcotics for pain control, and bracing devices.
Percutaneous vertebroplasty consists of injecting polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), an exothermic semi-liquid cement, into the vertebral body under radiologic guidance through a percutaneously inserted cannula. This method of internally casting the vertebral body results in enhanced vertebral body stability and loss of micromotion across fracture planes. 11 These factors, along with the possible thermal damage that the PMMA cement does to vertebral body pain receptors, are thought to be the mechanisms behind the dramatic pain relief this procedure can provide, although the exact mechanism is not known. Several published series have shown at least moderate-to-complete pain relief in approximately 63% to 90% of patients undergoing vertebroplasty at intermediate-term (approximately 6 months) follow-up. 6,7 Other benefits of vertebroplasty include decreased use of analgesics and increased mobility. 6,15 Large series documenting the long-term effectiveness of percutaneous vertebroplasty are pending. To maximize effectiveness, this procedure should be part of a comprehensive medical regimen directed by an osteoporosis specialist.
Other crucial factors in promoting successful outcomes for vertebroplasty are appropriate patient selection and work-up. Vertebral compression fractures clinically present with pain that is aggravated by flexion of the spine, such as the motion incurred when moving to a sitting position. It is usually described as a deep, midline pain that is nonradiating and relieved by lying in bed. Radicular symptoms should alert one to the possibility that the pain may be due to other causes, such as disc disease or spinal or neural foraminal stenoses. A careful physical examination should be performed, including assessment and documentation of the patient's baseline neurological status to evaluate for weakness or radicular symptoms, which may indicate spinal stenosis or nerve root compromise. On physical examination, every attempt must be made to correlate the site of the vertebral body collapse with the patient's symptoms. This can be done by heavily palpating the patient's back along the midline under fluoroscopy until the patient's symptoms are reproduced. This type of localization is critical in selecting candidates who will benefit from the procedure. When many months or years have passed since the patient's onset of pain or when there are multiple affected vertebral bodies with associated degenerative changes, as there often are, identifying the culprit of the patient's pain can be difficult. One should keep in mind that in cases of multilevel collapse, the most morphologically abnormal vertebral body is not necessarily the cause of the patient's pain, and that pain can be referred to adjacent levels.
Relative contraindications to vertebroplasty include extreme collapse of the vertebral body (ie, vertebra plana) and >20% stenosis of the spinal canal. 7,8,10 While the optimal timing of vertebroplasty is a controversial and evolving topic, most practitioners advocate some trial of medical therapy before performing vertebroplasty. 7 This varies with the severity of pain and the aggressiveness of the medical therapy. For example, patients who require hospitalization with heavy narcotic requirements may be considered for vertebroplasty earlier than others. Improvement of pain on medical therapy is another relative contraindication to percutaneous vertebroplasty, and active infection and uncorrected bleeding diatheses are absolute contraindications. A recent report by Kaufmann et al 15 suggests that the likelihood of clinical benefit from vertebroplasty is not related to the age of the fracture.
Ideally, preprocedural evaluation of vertebroplasty candidates is performed by MRI, although some rely on plain films (figure 2A) and bone scintigraphy with SPECT imaging (figure 2B). When reviewing the MR images (figures 2C and 2D), radiologists should identify the size and location of the fracture cleft, the presence of bone edema, the integrity of the posterior cortical margin, and the presence or absence of spinal canal or neural foraminal stenoses. T2-weighted or short tau inversion recovery sequences are particularly useful in identifying areas of bone marrow edema, which indicate acute fractures to help localize the source of the patient's pain.
The technical aspects of percutaneous vertebroplasty have been well described in several recent reviews. 6-11 The procedure can generally be done under conscious sedation with the appropriate physiologic monitoring, such as pulse oximetry and heart rate monitoring by a nurse. General anesthesia is rarely required except for patients with high levels of anxiety or pain. Once the patient has been prepared and draped in the prone position and local anesthesia has been administered to the skin and periosteum, the vertebral body is accessed from a transpedicular approach with an 11-gauge bone biopsy needle through a small skin incision (figures 2E and 2F). The tip of the needle is advanced to the anterior third of the vertebral body near the midline, which is confirmed by biplane fluoroscopy at our institution. A vertebrogram can be performed prior to PMMA injection to exclude the possibility that the needle communicates with major venous structures, although not all authors perform this step routinely. The PMMA powder is then prepared with an organic solvent and a sterile opacifying barium agent (approximately 30% wt/vol) (Bryan Corporation, Woburn, MA) and instilled into the vertebral body under careful biplane fluoroscopic visualization. The injection is terminated when there has been filling of the fracture cleft, extension to the posterior vertebral margin, or evidence of extraosseous cement leakage. It is important to note that the percentage of vertebral body filling has no relationship to pain relief; therefore, overaggressive filling of the vertebral body, which can increase the chance of leak or extravasation, should be avoided. 9
At the end of the procedure, the patient is monitored for 1 to 2 hours, at which time he or she is encouraged to ambulate to evaluate for pain improvement. The patient is discharged home the same day with instructions for limited progressive activity and reduction of narcotic use as tolerated to judge response to therapy.
Complications from vertebroplasty are relatively low, occurring in 1% to 10% of patients. 8,9 They include the following: failure of pain relief or worsening of pain; spinal cord or nerve root compression; rib fractures from lying in the prone position; paravertebral hematomas; swallowing difficulty from esophageal compression; and pulmonary embolism from venous cement extravasation. 8,16 Complications are associated with poor visualization of cement flow during injection, poor needle positioning, inadequate aseptic technique, and inability of the patient to cooperate. They may occur somewhat more frequently in patients with neoplastic disease due to the higher incidence of cortical destruction. The value of careful attention to cement flow with strict lateral fluoroscopy, as well as meticulous needle positioning to prevent paraspinal cement leaks and venous extravasation, cannot be overemphasized. The small associated risk of spinal cord or nerve root compression from cement leaks requires the availability of a spine surgeon in case emergent decompressive surgery should become necessary.
Although it has been in use for several decades and many clinical trials have been performed, the therapeutic efficacy of steroid injection therapy for spinal pain remains controversial. 17-21 While the basic pathophysiologic mechanisms of spinal pain and sciatica are incompletely understood, Nygaard et al 22 and Lee et al 23 have suggested that disc herniations are associated with an abnormal inflammatory response mediated by phospholipases and other compounds, resulting in nerve root irritation. These irritant effects are thought to be countered by the anti-inflammatory effects of epidural steroids. 23 Nelemans and colleagues 19 recently published a comprehensive review of 21 randomized, controlled trials of injection therapies, and found that the overall methodologic quality of these studies was poor; only three of the trials were performed in a well-designed, placebo-controlled manner. These three trials showed a trend toward short-term and long-term pain relief, but this trend was not statistically significant in the pooled data. Despite the numerous clinical trials published, the authors concluded that there remains a paucity of high-quality data either to support the use of steroid injection therapy or to recommend abandoning its use, and that further clinical trials need to be undertaken.
Notwithstanding the controversies regarding its efficacy, clinicians continue to refer patients to radiologists for these procedures. Many of the trials evaluating steroid injection therapies, especially the earlier ones, have been criticized for their lack of needle position documentation. In clinical practice, injection therapies are often performed blindly by nonradiologists without imaging guidance. However, Stitz and Sommer 24 have shown that blind needle placement results in inappropriate positioning of the needle tip approximately 25% of the time, thus supporting the use of imaging guidance. As for their current clinical role, injection therapies, such as nerve root blocks and facet joint injections, may have diagnostic and therapeutic value in identifying or confirming the source of spinal pain when surgery is being considered. 17,21 The temporary relief of pain that steroid injections provide may also allow more aggressive and effective physical rehabilitative measures.
Image-guided steroid injections can be performed from a transforaminal approach for selective nerve root blocks, from a midline interlaminar approach for epidural injections, and directly into the facet joint for facet injections. Recently, Silbergleit et al 5 presented a well-written review of the technical details of these three types of injection therapy. Selective nerve root injections are used for patients with radicular symptoms, often due to acute disc pathology that is resistant to conservative therapy or is due to degenerative neural foraminal stenosis.
Fluoroscopy, CT, or CT-fluoroscopy can be used for guidance during selective nerve root blocks depending on operator preference, although CT is believed by many to be more accurate, as it images the nerve root target directly. 3,5 The needle is usually inserted from an oblique dorsolateral approach (figures 3 and 4), and as the tip approaches the target nerve root, the patient's radicular symptoms may be reproduced. The nerve root sleeve is injected with a standard mixture of a long-acting corticosteroid such as betamethasone (Schering Corporation, Kenilworth, NJ) or methylprednisolone (Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI) and a local anesthetic (0.5% bupivocaine). Facet joint injections can also be accomplished under either CT or fluoroscopic guidance with the same injection mixture as that used for nerve root blocks. Fluoroscopic guidance is adequate for epidural steroid injections, which are usually performed with an interlaminar approach, but can also be performed with a sacral hiatal or transforaminal approach. 5
Needle tip position in the epidural space is suggested by sudden loss of resistance during needle advancement and is confirmed by epidurography with 2 to 3 mL of nonionic iodinated contrast material (Omnipaque 240, Amersham Health, Princeton, NJ) (figure 5). A standard dose of corticosteroid (eg, 1 to 2 mL of methylprednisolone acetate [40 mg/mL]) and a local anesthetic (0.5% bupivocaine) is injected. Complications from epidural steroid injections are extremely uncommon and are usually minor, including small epidural hematomas and vasovagal responses. 25 Infectious complications and inadvertent intrathecal administration of medication are theoretical risks as well.
Percutaneous spinal interventions will continue to evolve rapidly in the near future. The application of percutaneous vertebroplasty may expand to include the delivery of bioresorbable bone-strengthening polymers, antibiotic-impregnated materials, osteogenic growth factors, and even antitumoral agents. Ongoing research will undoubtedly result in the development of cements that have higher tensile strengths and are easier to use. Cement delivery systems will also become easier to use and more widely available. Beyond vertebroplasty, newer techniques (such as kyphoplasty, which involves treating compression fractures by inserting a balloon inflation device into the vertebra to restore vertebral body height), are currently under evaluation. 26 Intradiscal electrotherapy (IDET) and radiofrequency neurotomy are two other developing image-guided treatments for discogenic and facet-related back pain. 27 Magnetic resonance guidance systems and combined CT-fluoroscopic devices may bring additional improvements in safety, speed, and efficacy of injection procedures. Before these promising techniques achieve wider clinical use, a clearer definition of long-term outcomes, complications, and effect upon patients' quality of life must be determined by large randomized prospective clinical trials.
Percutaneous spinal interventions have become integral components in the multidisciplinary approach to the management of spinal pain, which is a serious and costly healthcare problem debilitating millions of Americans each year. Procedural radiologists are ideally suited to perform these exciting procedures safely and accurately due to their skill in image-guided intervention and intimate knowledge of anatomy. Competition from spine physicians and anesthesiologists to perform these procedures will likely continue as future applications broaden this rapidly growing field and as clinical indications and efficacy are defined more clearly.
The author would like to thank Dr. William E. Rothfus, Dr. Stephen Grahovac, and Dr.Vibhu Kapoor of The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, for reviewing this manuscript and providing the clinical images.