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Light therapy
By Mayo Clinic staffOriginal Article: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/light-therapy/MY00195
Light therapy is a way to treat seasonal affective disorder (SAD) by exposure to artificial light. Seasonal affective disorder is a type of depression that occurs at a certain time each year, usually in the fall or winter.
During light therapy, you sit or work near a device called a light therapy box. The box gives off bright light that mimics natural outdoor light.
Light therapy is thought to affect brain chemicals linked to mood, easing SAD symptoms. Using a light therapy box may also help with other types of depression, sleep disorders and other conditions. Light therapy is also known as bright light therapy or phototherapy.
Why it's done
You may want to try light therapy for a number of reasons:
- It's a proven seasonal affective disorder treatment.
- You have another condition, such as nonseasonal depression or insomnia, and your doctor recommends it.
- You want to try treatment that is safe and has few side effects.
- You want to increase the effectiveness of antidepressant medication or mental health counseling (psychotherapy).
- You need to avoid antidepressant medications during pregnancy or while breast-feeding.
- It may allow you to take a lower dose of antidepressant medication.
Light therapy for conditions other than SAD
In addition to seasonal affective disorder, light therapy is used as a treatment for other conditions, including:
- Types of depression that don't occur seasonally
- Jet lag
- Sleep disorders
- Adjusting to a nighttime work schedule
- Dementia
Light therapy is also used to treat skin conditions such as psoriasis. However, this is different from the type of light therapy used for SAD and the other conditions above. Light therapy for skin disorders uses a lamp that emits ultraviolet (UV) light. This type of light is filtered out in light therapy boxes because it can damage the eyes and skin.
Light therapy is generally safe. If side effects occur, they're usually mild and short lasting. They may include:
- Eyestrain
- Headache
- Nausea
- Irritability or agitation
- Mania, euphoria, hyperactivity or agitation associated with bipolar disorder
When side effects do occur, they may go away on their own within a few days of starting light therapy. You also may be able to manage side effects by reducing treatment time, moving farther from your light box, taking breaks during long sessions or changing the time of day you use light therapy. Talk to your doctor for additional advice, or if side effects don't go away or get worse.
When to use caution
It's always a good idea to talk to a doctor before starting light therapy, but it's especially important if:
- You have a condition that makes your skin especially sensitive to light, such as systemic lupus erythematosus
- You take medications that increase your sensitivity to sunlight, such as certain antibiotics, anti-inflammatories or the herbal supplement St. John's Wort
- You have an eye condition that makes your eyes vulnerable to light damage
- You have a history of skin cancer
Ultraviolet light
Light therapy boxes should be designed to filter out harmful ultraviolet (UV) light, but some may not filter it all out. This type of light can cause skin and eye damage. Look for a light therapy box that emits as little UV light as possible. If you have concerns about light therapy and your skin, talk to your dermatologist.
Tanning beds: Not an alternative to light therapy
Some people claim that tanning beds help ease seasonal affective disorder symptoms. But this hasn't been proved to work. Visible light, not the UV light released by tanning beds, is used in light therapy. The type of light released by tanning beds can damage your skin and increase your risk of skin cancer.
Caution for bipolar disorder
Light therapy may trigger mania in some people with bipolar disorder. If you have any concerns about how light therapy may be affecting your mood or thoughts, seek help right away.
How you prepare
Although it's possible to do light therapy on your own, it's best to ask your doctor or mental health provider if it's a good option for you. Also ask whether you need to take any special precautions. This guidance can help you get the most benefit and minimize possible side effects.
Internet retailers, drugstores and even some hardware stores offer a variety of light therapy boxes. Or your doctor may recommend a particular light therapy box. Health insurance companies rarely cover the cost.
Talk with your doctor about the best light therapy box for you, and familiarize yourself with the variety of features and options to help ensure that you buy a high-quality product that's safe and effective.
What you can expect
Light therapy |
Starting light therapy
Generally, most people with seasonal affective disorder begin treatment with light therapy in the early fall, when it typically becomes cloudy in many regions of the country. Treatment usually continues until spring, when outdoor light alone is sufficient to sustain a good mood and higher levels of energy.
If you typically have fall and winter depression, you may notice symptoms during prolonged periods of cloudy or rainy weather during other seasons. You and your doctor can adjust your light treatment based on the timing and duration of your symptoms.
If you want to try light therapy for nonseasonal depression or another condition, talk to your doctor about how light therapy can be most effective.
During light therapy
During light therapy sessions, you sit or work near a light box. To be effective, light from the light box must enter your eyes indirectly. You can't get the same effect merely by exposing your skin to the light.
While your eyes must be open, don't look directly at the light box, because the bright light can damage your eyes. Be sure to follow your doctor's recommendations and the manufacturer's directions.
Three key elements for effective light therapy
Light therapy is most effective when you have the proper combination of duration, timing and light intensity:
- Duration. When you first start light therapy, your doctor may recommend treatment for shorter blocks of time, such as 15 minutes. You gradually work up to longer periods. Eventually, light therapy typically involves daily sessions ranging from 30 minutes to two hours, depending on your light box's intensity.
- Timing. For most people, light therapy is most effective when it's done early in the morning, after you first wake up. Your doctor can help you find the light therapy schedule that works best.
- Intensity. The intensity of the light box is recorded in lux, which is a measure of the amount of light you receive at a specific distance from a light source. Light therapy boxes usually produce between 2,500 lux and 10,000 lux. The intensity of your light box affects how far you sit from it and the length of time you need to use it. A 10,000-lux light box usually requires 30-minute sessions, while a 2,500-lux light box may require two-hour sessions.
Finding time for light therapy
Light therapy requires time and consistency. You can set your light box on a table or desk in your home or office. That way you can read, use a computer, write, watch TV, talk on the phone or eat while having light therapy. But stick to your therapy schedule and don't overdo it.
Some light boxes are even available as visors that you can wear, although their effectiveness isn't proved.
Light therapy probably won't cure seasonal affective disorder, depression or other conditions. But it may ease symptoms, increase your energy levels, and help you feel better about yourself and life.
Light therapy can start to improve symptoms within just a few days. In some cases, though, it can take two or more weeks.
Getting the most out of light therapy
Light therapy isn't effective for everyone. But you can take steps to get the most out of your light therapy and help make it a success.
- Get the right light box. Do some research and talk to your doctor before buying a light therapy box. That way you can be sure your light box is safe, the right brightness, and that its style and features make it convenient to use.
- Be consistent. Stick to a daily routine of light therapy sessions to help ensure that you maintain improvements over time. If you simply can't do light therapy every day, take a day or two off, but monitor your mood and other symptoms — you may have to find a way to fit in light therapy every day.
- Time it right. If you interrupt light therapy during the winter months or stop too soon in the spring when you think you're improving, your symptoms could return.
- Include other treatment. If your symptoms don't improve enough with light therapy, you may need additional treatment. Talk to your doctor about other treatment options, such as psychotherapy or antidepressants.
- Gabbard GO, et al. Gabbard's Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders. 4th ed. Arlington, Va.: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2007. http://psychiatryonline.org/content.aspx?bookid=4§ionid=1337596. Accessed Feb. 19, 2013.
- Shirani A, et al. Illuminating rationale and uses for light therapy. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2009;5:155.
- Howland RH. Somatic therapies for seasonal affective disorder. Journal of Psychological Nursing. 2009;47:17.
- Sivamani RK, et al. The benefits and risks of ultraviolet tanning and its alternatives: The role of prudent sun exposure. Dermatologic Clinics. 2009;27:129.
- Reeves GM, et al. Improvement in depression scores after 1 hour of light therapy treatment in patients with seasonal affective disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2012;200:51.
- Rastad C, et al. Improvement in fatigue, sleepiness, and health-related quality of life with bright light treatment in persons with seasonal affective disorder and subsyndromal SAD. Depression Research and Treatment. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/drt/2011/543906/. Accessed Feb. 19, 2013.
- Roecklein KA, et al. Cognitive and behavioral predictors of light therapy use. PLOSone. 2012;7:e39275. http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0039275. Accessed Feb. 19, 2013.
- Privitera MR, et al. Light therapy for seasonal affective disorder in a clinical office setting. Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 2010;16:387.
- Menter A, et al. Guidelines of care of the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2010;62:114.
- Hall-Flavin DK (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Feb. 26, 2013.
- Auger RR (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Feb. 25, 2013.


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Pineapple Orange Cake Recipe
- 1 package yellow cake mix (regular size)
- 1 can (11 ounces) mandarin oranges, undrained
- 4 egg whites
- 1/2 cup unsweetened applesauce
- 1 can (20 ounces) crushed pineapple, undrained
- 1 package (1 ounce) sugar-free instant vanilla pudding mix
- 1 carton (8 ounces) reduced-fat whipped topping
- In a large bowl, beat the cake mix, oranges, egg whites and applesauce on low speed for 2 minutes. Pour into a 13x9-in. baking dish coated with cooking spray.
- Bake at 350° for 25-30 minutes or until a toothpick inserted near the center comes out clean. Cool on a wire rack.
- In a bowl, combine the pineapple and pudding mix. Fold in whipped topping just until blended. Spread over cake. Refrigerate for at least 1 hour before serving. Yield: 15 servings.
Reviews for Pineapple Orange Cake(141)
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I made exactly as directed! Easy and a good recipe. My family of 4 enjoyed and my husband just took the leftovers to his card night so hopefully the guys will like it also. :-)
This is one of my husband's new favorites! I made it the "less-healthy" way and followed the yellow cake directions with added mandarin oranges. I also added coconut to the coolwhip/crushed pineapple frosting. Out of this world good!!!! Next time I plan to use the mandarin orange juice in place of the water in the cake mix and also add chopped mandarin oranges to the frosting.
my whole family loves this cake, I make it for every occassion, diebeties run in my family, this is good but I use a sugar free white cake mix, best I have ever tasted. It is a family favorite for all time.
I took this to work and it was a bit hit!
Love this cake!

subset: commoncrawl


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Application requirements: Writing sample, completed application, 500-word essay (topic provided by the English Department), and letter of recommendation. Please contact the English Department for details. Eligibility: It is not necessary to be an English major or minor. To retain scholarship: Students are expected to maintain a 3.0 grade point average and enroll in a minimum of one creative writing course per academic year. Contact: Sarah Baar, Coordinator, DAA in Creative Writing, Department of English Phone: 616.395.7620 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
December 11, 2013
by Suada Kolovic
December 10, 2013
December 9, 2013


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'12 Years A Slave' Leads Golden Globe Nominations http://t.co/XdUVookAHF via @theplaylist
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I didn't know this movie existed in til I rented and I loved it. So I went out and bought the
Magneto? That's disappointing. I'd prefer a unknown mutant being introduced as his vessel
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MAYBE if you have NEVER read the book you might find this to be an ok movie. Maybe. How ccan you
Vincent Gallo's The Brown Bunny is a masterpiece. Nymphomaniac is NOT


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A vigil will be held outside the Broadmeadows detention centre on Camp Road next Monday, December 16, starting at 7pm.
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Albion fans in Kiev hopeful of an England victory (From The Argus)
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Albion fans in Kiev hopeful of an England victory
3:54pm Sunday 24th June 2012 in News
Albion fans are among the thousands of England supporters preparing for tonight's quarter-final clash in Kiev.
There is an air of confidence in the Ukraine capital as Roy Hodgson's men aim to continue their impressive run against Italy this evening.
Expectations were low going into the tournament, but England won their group and are now one game away from meeting Germany in the semi-finals.
Some Three Lions fans predicted England would win even if it went to penalties at the Olympic Stadium tomorrow, despite them having the worst shoot-out record of the eight quarter-finalists.
Derek Chapman, a director at Brighton and Hove Albion, said: "It's 50/50, it's a very tough game.
"Italy are one of the top eight teams in the world.
"I've followed England to every tournament since 1996 and I'm not expecting anything too much."
He added: "It could be close. It could be penalties, or 2-1 either way."
Businessman Lee Pattenden, 54, also from Brighton, said: "We've gone through and you've got to say the team are performing perfectly, exactly to Hodgson's roles."
He added that temperamental Manchester City striker Mario Balotelli would get red-carded.
"Balotelli will get sent off because all the England guys know how to play him. I see him going after 60 minutes.
"Maybe they've got a goal in them, but so have we. That's why I'm forecasting a draw and we'll go through on penalties."
Paul Rawson, 36, from Derby, also predicted the game would end in a draw, followed by a penalty shoot-out.
"I think England might do it this time," he said confidently.
Other supporters believed it would be a tight match between two defensive sides.
Plumber Declan Culhane, 47, from Cambridge, said: "I don't think there's anything to be frightened of. It's going to be a close game but we can snatch a victory.
"It could possibly go to extra time but I don't want it to go to penalties."
Marketing manager Dave Edwards, 41, from Southampton, said: "It's going to be a tight game because of the way Roy Hodgson sets the team up. It will be in a defensive style."
He added: "I wouldn't be surprised if it was the dreaded penalties again."
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Razor Jr. Folding Kiddie Kick Scooter is original Razor scooter fun for first time riders. 3 Wheel design provides great stability - helps young riders build coordination. Founded in June 2000, Razor USA, LLC is a privately held company based in Cerritos, Calif. and holds the worldwide rights to the Razor brand. Home of the wildly popular Razor kick scooter, Razor has other scooters like the E100, E200, and E300 (electric scooters). The cutting-edge line of Razor products also includes the Dirt Rocket, Pocket Mod, Pocket Rocket, Ground Force, a line of electric powered ride-on toys and a junior line of scooters. Razor also offers an action video RVM, featuring Team Razor (pro scooter athletes ages 9 to 20, who tour the world participating in demonstrations and competitions). Razor has numerous awards including Toy Industry Association's "Toy of the Year," and "Toy of the Year" honors from TIME Magazine, Parents, Parenting, Sports Illustrated for Kids, Nick Jr. and U.S. News & World Report.
"R"Web#: 031187
Manufacturer #: 1301504
Product Weight:7.9 pounds
Product Dimensions (in inches):20.1 x 9.2 x 7.5
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(based on 22 reviews)
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Most Helpful Positive Review
He figured it out IMMEDIATELY!
My four year old got this for his birthday and I was a bit concerned that he wouldn't be able to figure it out and get frustrated. It took all of about 45 seconds and...Read complete review
My four year old got this for his birthday and I was a bit concerned that he wouldn't be able to figure it out and get frustrated. It took all of about 45 seconds and a demo from Mommy and he was off. It's awesome! I love that it's sturdy with the two wheels in the back so I don't worry about him crashing and burning too badly on it. Even his 2 1/2 year old brother was riding it after a little practicing. Now we're going to be buying a second one since it's such a hit! So long to the trikes I guess!
Most Helpful Critical Review
Son not so interested
I thought my son would do well with the 3 wheeled design but it is a little difficult to control this model. Maybe he is too young (2-1/2) to master it just...Read complete review
I thought my son would do well with the 3 wheeled design but it is a little difficult to control this model. Maybe he is too young (2-1/2) to master it just yet. He really likes the original 2 wheeled Razor scooter but isn't so interested in this model. It is slow moving and doesn't have very much room for your feet. I do like how the scooter can be folded for easy travel to the park. Looks nice but not as smooth moving as the original 2 wheeled Razor.
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Not the best choice for kids 3 and up
By Needs a new scooter
from Long Island, NY
About Me Parent of Two or More Children
Comments about Razor Jr. Folding Kiddie Kick Scooter - Blue:
Received the scooter as a gift for my 3y.o. The fit is too small. The handle bar is not height adjustable. So I am exchanging for a different model. I do like the three wheel design, it is sturdy making it unlikely that she will tip over and fall while riding. It is easy to fold and travel.
Comment on this review
Loves it!!
By todds mom
from philadelphia, pa
I got this for my son when he was 2 and half...he loves it so much. He is about to turn 4 now so we are upgrading to a bigger one since this is more for 2-3 year olds. He rides it very fast; not sure where the "it barely moves" comments come from as my son flys up and down the street with it. By far his most valued and favorite thing to play with!!!
(2 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
By mama bear
from nyc, ny
(3 of 6 customers found this review helpful)
Age of use depends on the child
By Flatout
from Melbourne, Australia
Miss now four got this for her third birthday but it took her another 6-9 months before she really got it and was scooting along. Different experience with her little brother. Due to her 20month old brother showing lots of interest I bought him a Radio Flyer 'my first scooter' for christmas but he can't use that one but is great on his sister's razor. So I think I will be back to the shops for another one of these. Master Not Even Two can scoot on the razor really well (the other scooter has a wider base but the handles don't seem to be adjustable and are too tall). Not sure if the handles are adjustable on the razor but whatever the setting of his sister's, my little man (a 50th percentile child in height but very active/climber etc) can scoot on it just fine (we go around the block and its my saviour now as he doesn't try to run away, just scoot scoot).
(0 of 8 customers found this review helpful)
Single Mom
By Workin Mom
from Pittsburg Tx.
About Me Getting Started
Its a christmas gift for my son and I'm sure he will love it.
(0 of 4 customers found this review helpful)
i'd buy this product again
By C
from Boston, MA
About Me Casual/ Recreational
my son loves it
(3 of 4 customers found this review helpful)
Doesn't travel far
By katw
from NJ
This product was a disappointment. I bought it for my four year old's birthday last year. He has to push very hard to get it to go and it goes about six inches. He's already asked for another one for his fifth birthday next month. I'm going with the two wheel razor. Don't waste your money on this one.
(4 of 4 customers found this review helpful)
too short
By aferdita
from NY
See all my reviews
I liked it but it's too short...max for a 3 year old
(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
Great surprise for Christmas
By Mammabird
from Baltimore, MD
My mother-in-law got this for my 3 year old son and he loves it. Its too cold to go outside so he's been riding it the house to get used to it. Since we received it already out of the box as a present, I didn't know the weight limit on it so I searched for information online. The weight limit is 45 pounds which is perfect for my 3 year old and his brother who is 6 years old. The bigger platform allows him to be able to stay on longer and do some maneuvering around the house. I can't wait to see how he moves around once he gets outside on a rougher surface.
Little slow...
By Aydin's Mom
from San Jose, CA
We got this for our son for his 3rd birthday and he rode it a few times and was frustrated because it was hard to get going anywhere. I hope with patience and persistence, he'll try more and enjoy it. In the meantime, it's collecting dust in the garage.
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dyeknom commented on the blog post Meet The New Tester (Season 3) Cast Member 2 years, 1 month ago
No disrespect to the maker… but that video is absolutely not funny. I mean, sure. I can ignore the fact that he has a shovel. Ignore the fact he's randomly digging a hole in his yard… probably to bury an unidentifiable white bag in a relatively nice area… A girlfriend and running into a wall, [...]
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- Population shifts and development choices are making more Americans vulnerable to the expected impacts of climate change.
- Vulnerability is greater for those who have few resources and few choices.
- City residents and city infrastructure have unique vulnerabilities to climate change.
- Climate change affects communities through changes in climate-sensitive resources that occur both locally and at great distances.
- Insurance is one of the industries particularly vulnerable to increasing extreme weather events such as severe storms, but it can also help society manage the risks.
- The United States is connected to a world that is unevenly vulnerable to climate change and thus will be affected by impacts in other parts of the world.
Climate change will affect society through impacts on the necessities and comforts of life: water, energy, housing, transportation, food, natural ecosystems, and health. This section focuses on some characteristics of society that make it vulnerable to the potential impacts of climate change and how the risks and costs may be distributed. Many impacts of climate change on society, for example, sea-level rise and increased water scarcity, are covered in other sections of this report. This section is not a comprehensive analysis of societal vulnerabilities, but rather highlights key examples.
Because societies and their built environments have developed under a climate that has fluctuated within a relatively confined range of conditions, most impacts of a rapidly changing climate will present challenges. Society is especially vulnerable to extremes, such as heat waves and floods, many of which are increasing as climate changes.313 And while there are likely to be some benefits and opportunities in the early stages of warming, as climate continues to change, negative impacts are projected to dominate.164
Climate change will affect different segments of society differently because of their varying exposures and adaptive capacities. The impacts of climate change also do not affect society in isolation. Rather, impacts can be exacerbated when climate change occurs in combination with the effects of an aging and growing population, pollution, poverty, and natural environmental fluctuations.164,172,274 Unequal adaptive capacity in the world as a whole also will pose challenges to the United States. Poorer countries are projected to be disproportionately affected by the impacts of climate change and the United States is strongly connected to the world beyond its borders through markets, trade, investments, shared resources, migrating species, health, travel and tourism, environmental refugees (those fleeing deteriorating environmental conditions), and security.
Population shifts and development choices are making more Americans vulnerable to the expected impacts of climate change.
Climate is one of the key factors in Americans' choices of where to live. As the U.S. population grows, ages, and becomes further concentrated in cities and coastal areas, society is faced with additional challenges. Climate change is likely to exacerbate these challenges as changes in temperature, precipitation, sea levels, and extreme weather events increasingly affect homes, communities, water supplies, land resources, transportation, urban infrastructure, and regional characteristics that people have come to value and depend on.
Population growth in the United States over the past century has been most rapid in the South, near the coasts, and in large urban areas (see figure on page 55 in the Energy sector). The four most populous states in 2000 – California, Texas, Florida, and New York – accounted for 38 percent of the total growth in U.S. population during that time, and share significant vulnerability to coastal storms, severe drought, sea-level rise, air pollution, and urban heat island effects.313 But migration patterns are now shifting: the population of the Mountain West (Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico) is projected to increase by 65 percent from 2000 to 2030, representing one-third of all U.S. population growth.274,314 Southern coastal areas on both the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico are projected to continue to see population growth.313
Overlaying projections of future climate change and its impacts on expected changes in U.S. population and development patterns reveals a critical insight: more Americans will be living in the areas that are most vulnerable to the effects of climate change.274
America's coastlines have seen pronounced population growth in regions most at risk of hurricane activity, sea-level rise, and storm surge – putting more people and property in harm's way as the probability of harm increases.274 On the Atlantic and Gulf coasts where hurricane activity is prevalent, the coastal land in many areas is sinking while sea level is rising. Human activities are exacerbating the loss of coastal wetlands that once helped buffer the coastline from erosion due to storms. The devastation caused by recent hurricanes highlights the vulnerability of these areas.224
The most rapidly growing area of the country is the Mountain West, a region projected to face more frequent and severe wildfires and have less water available, particularly during the high-demand period of summer. Continued population growth in these arid and semi-arid regions would stress water supplies. Because of high demand for irrigating agriculture, overuse of rivers and streams is common in the arid West, particularly along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, in Southern California, and in the Central Valley of California. Rapid population and economic growth in these arid and semi-arid regions has dramatically increased vulnerability to water shortages (see Water Resources sector and Southwest region).274
Many questions are raised by ongoing development patterns in the face of climate change. Will growth continue as projected in vulnerable areas, despite the risks? Will there be a retreat from the coastline as it becomes more difficult to insure vulnerable properties? Will there be pressure for the government to insure properties that private insurers have rejected? How can the vulnerability of new development be minimized? How can we ensure that communities adopt measures to manage the significant changes that are projected in sea level, temperature, rainfall, and extreme weather events?
Development choices are based on people's needs and desires for places to live, economies that provide employment, ecosystems that provide services, and community-based social activities. Thus, the future vulnerability of society will be influenced by how and where people choose to live. Some choices, such as expanded development in coastal regions, can increase vulnerabilities to climate-related events, even without any change in climate.
Vulnerability is greater for those who have few resources and few choices.
Vulnerabilities to climate change depend not only on where people are but also on their circumstances. In general, groups that are especially vulnerable include the very young, the very old, the sick, and the poor. These groups represent a more significant portion of the total population in some regions and localities than others. For example, the elderly more often cite a warm climate as motivating their choice of where to live and thus make up a larger share of the population in warmer areas.305
In the future (as in the past), the impacts of climate change are likely to fall disproportionately on the disadvantaged.313 People with few resources often live in conditions that increase their vulnerability to the effects of climate change.172 For example, the experience with Hurricane Katrina showed that the poor and elderly were the most vulnerable because of where they lived and their limited ability to get out of harm's way. Thus, those who had the least proportionately lost the most. And it is clear that people with access to financial resources, including insurance, have a greater capacity to adapt to, recover, or escape from adverse impacts of climate change than those who do not have such access.305, 316 The fate of the poor can be permanent dislocation, leading to the loss of social relationships and community support networks provided by schools, churches, and neighborhoods.
Native American communities have unique vulnerabilities. Native Americans who live on established reservations are restricted to reservation boundaries and therefore have limited relocation options.219 In Alaska, over 100 villages on the coast and in low-lying areas along rivers are subject to increased flooding and erosion due to warming.315 Warming also reduces the availability and accessibility of many traditional food sources for Native Alaskans, such as seals that live on ice and caribou whose migration patterns depend on being able to cross frozen rivers and wetlands. These vulnerable people face losing their current livelihoods, their communities, and in some cases, their culture, which depends on traditional ways of collecting and sharing food.132,220 Native cultures in the Southwest are particularly vulnerable to impacts of climate change on water quality and availability.
City residents and city infrastructure have unique vulnerabilities to climate change.
Over 80 percent of the U.S. population resides in urban areas, which are among the most rapidly changing environments on Earth. In recent decades, cities have become increasingly spread out, complex, and interconnected with regional and national economies and infrastructure.319 Cities also experience a host of social problems, including neighborhood degradation, traffic congestion, crime, unemployment, poverty, and inequities in health and well-being.320 Climate-related changes such as increased heat, water shortages, and extreme weather events will add further stress to existing problems. The impacts of climate change on cities are compounded by aging infrastructure, buildings, and populations, as well as air pollution and population growth. Further, infrastructure designed to handle past variations in climate can instill a false confidence in its ability to handle future changes. However, urban areas also present opportunities for adaptation through technology, infrastructure, planning, and design.313
As cities grow, they alter local climates through the urban heat island effect. This effect occurs because cities absorb, produce, and retain more heat than the surrounding countryside. The urban heat island effect has raised average urban air temperatures by 2 to 5°F more than surrounding areas over the past 100 years, and by up to 20°F more at night.321 Such temperature increases, on top of the general increase caused by human-induced warming, affect urban dwellers in many ways, influencing health, comfort, energy costs, air quality, water quality and availability, and even violent crime (which increases at high temperatures) (see Human Health, Energy, and Water Resources sectors).172,313,322,323
More frequent heavy downpours and floods in urban areas will cause greater property damage, a heavier burden on emergency management, increased clean-up and rebuilding costs, and a growing financial toll on businesses and homeowners. The Midwest floods of 2008 provide a recent vivid example of such tolls. Heavy downpours and urban floods can also overwhelm combined sewer and storm-water systems and release pollutants to waterways.313 Unfortunately, for many cities, current planning and existing infrastructure are designed for the historical one-in-100 year event, whereas cities are likely to experience this same flood level much more frequently as a result of the climate change projected over this century.146,164,324
Cities are also likely to be affected by climate change in unforeseen ways, necessitating diversion of city funds for emergency responses to extreme weather.313 There is the potential for increased summer electricity blackouts owing to greater demand for air conditioning.325 For example, there were widespread power outages in Chicago during the 1995 heat wave and in some parts of New York City during the 1999 heat wave. In southern California's cities, additional summer electricity demand will intensify conflicts between hydropower and flood-control objectives.164 Increased costs of repairs and maintenance are projected for transportation systems, including roads, railways, and airports, as they are negatively affected by heavy downpours and extreme heat190 (see Transportation sector). Coping with increased flooding will require replacement or improvements in storm drains, flood channels, levees, and dams.
In addition, coastal cities are also vulnerable to sea-level rise, storm surge, and increased hurricane intensity. Cities such as New Orleans, Miami, and New York are particularly at risk, and would have difficulty coping with the sea-level rise projected by the end of the century under a higher emissions scenario.91,164 Remnants of hurricanes moving inland also threaten cities of the Appalachian Mountains, which are vulnerable if hurricane frequency or intensity increases. Since most large U.S. cities are on coasts, rivers, or both, climate change will lead to increased potential flood damage. The largest impacts are expected when sea-level rise, heavy runoff, high tides, and storms coincide.313 Analyses of New York and Boston indicate that the potential impacts of climate change are likely to be negative, but that vulnerability can be reduced by behavioral and policy changes.313,334-336
Urban areas concentrate the human activities that are largely responsible for heat-trapping emissions. The demands of urban residents are also associated with a much larger footprint on areas far removed from these population centers.337 On the other hand, concentrating activities such as transportation can make them more efficient. Cities have a large role to play in reducing heat-trapping emissions, and many are pursuing such actions. For example, over 900 cities have committed to the U.S. Mayors' Climate Protection Agreement to advance emissions reduction goals.317
Cities also have considerable potential to adapt to climate change through technological, institutional, structural, and behavioral changes. For example, a number of cities have warning programs in place to reduce heat-related illness and death (see Human Health sector). Relocating development away from low-lying areas, building new infrastructure with future sea-level rise in mind, and promoting water conservation are examples of structural and institutional strategies. Choosing road materials that can handle higher temperatures is an adaptation option that relies on new technology (see Transportation sector). Cities can reduce heat loads by increasing reflective surfaces and green spaces. Some actions have multiple benefits. For example, increased planting of trees and other vegetation in cities has been shown to be associated with a reduction in crime,338 in addition to reducing local temperatures, and thus energy demand for air conditioning.
Human well-being is influenced by economic conditions, natural resources and amenities, public health and safety, infrastructure, government, and social and cultural resources. Climate change will influence all of these, but an understanding of the many interacting impacts, as well as the ways society can adapt to them, remains in its infancy.305,339
Heat, Drought, and Stagnant Air Degrade Air Quality and Quality of Life
Heat waves and poor air quality already threaten the lives of thousands of people each year.292 Experience and research have shown that these events are interrelated as the atmospheric conditions that produce heat waves are often accompanied by stagnant air and poor air quality.326 The simultaneous occurrence of heat waves, drought, and stagnant air negatively affects quality of life, especially in cities.
One such event occurred in the United States during the summer of 1988, causing 5,000 to 10,000 deaths and economic losses of more than $70 billion (in 2002 dollars).229,327 Half of the nation was affected by drought, and 5,994 all-time daily high temperature records were set around the country in July alone (more than three times the most recent 10-year average).328,329 Poor air quality resulting from the lack of rainfall, high temperatures, and stagnant conditions led to an unprecedented number of unhealthy air quality days throughout large parts of the country.327,329 Continued climate change is projected to increase the likelihood of such episodes.68,330
Interactions such as those between heat wave and drought will affect adaptation planning. For example, electricity use increases during heat waves due to increased air conditioning demand.330,331 During droughts, cooling water availability is at its lowest. Thus, during a simultaneous heat wave and drought, electricity demand for cooling will be high when power plant cooling water availability is at its lowest.340
Climate change affects communities through changes in climate-sensitive resources that occur both locally and at great distances.
Human communities are intimately connected to resources beyond their geographical boundaries. Thus, communities will be vulnerable to the potential impacts of climate change on sometimes-distant resources. For example, communities that have developed near areas of agricultural production, such as the Midwest corn belt or the wine-producing regions of California and the Northwest, depend on the continued productivity of those regions, which would be compromised by increased temperature or severe weather.313 Some agricultural production that is linked to cold climates is likely to disappear entirely: recent warming has altered the required temperature patterns for maple syrup production, shifting production northward from New England into Canada. Similarly, cranberries require a long winter chill period, which is shrinking as climate warms234 (see Northeast region). Most cities depend on water supplies from distant watersheds, and those depending on diminishing supplies (such as the Sierra Nevada snowpack) are vulnerable. Northwest communities also depend upon forest resources for their economic base, and many island, coastal, and "sunbelt†communities depend on tourism.
Recreation and tourism play important roles in the economy and quality of life of many Americans. In some regions tourism and recreation are major job creators, bringing billions of dollars to regional economies. Across the nation, fishing, hunting, skiing, snowmobiling, diving, beach-going, and other outdoor activities make important economic contributions and are a part of family traditions that have value that goes beyond financial returns. A changing climate will mean reduced opportunities for some activities and locations and expanded opportunities for others.305,342 Hunting and fishing will change as animals' habitats shift and as relationships among species in natural communities are disrupted by their different responses to rapid climate change. Water-dependent recreation in areas projected to get drier, such as the Southwest, and beach recreation in areas that are expected to see rising sea levels, will suffer. Some regions will see an expansion of the season for warm weather recreation such as hiking and bicycle riding.
Insurance is one of the industries particularly vulnerable to increasing extreme weather events such as severe storms, but it can also help society manage the risks.
Insurance – the world's largest industry – is one of the primary mechanisms through which the costs of climate change are distributed across society.344,351
Most of the climate change impacts described in this report have economic consequences. A significant portion of these flow through public and private insurance markets, which essentially aggregate and distribute society's risk. Insurance thus provides a window into the myriad ways in which the costs of climate change will manifest, and serves as a form of economic adaptation and a messenger of these impacts through the terms and price signals it sends its customers.344
In an average year, about 90 percent of insured catastrophe losses worldwide are weather-related. In the United States, about half of all these losses are insured, which amounted to $320 billion between 1980 and 2005 (inflation-adjusted to 2005 dollars). While major events such as hurricanes grab headlines, the aggregate effect of smaller events accounts for at least 60 percent of total insured losses on average.344 Many of the smallest scale property losses and weather-related life/health losses are unquantified.345
Escalating exposures to catastrophic weather events, coupled with private insurers' withdrawal from various markets, are placing the federal government at increased financial risk as insurer of last resort. The National Flood Insurance Program would have gone bankrupt after the storms of 2005 had they not been given the ability to borrow about $20 billion from the U.S. Treasury.172 For public and private insurance programs alike, rising losses require a combination of risk-based premiums and improved loss prevention.
While economic and demographic factors have no doubt contributed to observed increases in losses,346 these factors do not fully explain the upward trend in costs or numbers of events.344,347 For example, during the time period covered in the figure to the right, population increased by a factor of 1.3 while losses increased by a factor of 15 to 20 in inflation-corrected dollars. Analyses asserting little or no role of climate change in increasing the risk of losses tend to focus on a highly limited set of hazards and locations. They also often fail to account for the vagaries of natural cycles and inflation adjustments, or to normalize for countervailing factors such as improved pre- and post-event loss prevention (such as dikes, building codes, and early warning systems).348
What is known with far greater certainty is that future increases in losses will be attributable to climate change as it increases the frequency and intensity of many types of extreme weather, such as severe thunderstorms and heat waves.131,350
Insurance is emblematic of the increasing globalization of climate risks. Because large U.S.-based companies operate around the world, their customers and assets are exposed to climate impacts wherever they occur. Most of the growth in the insurance industry is in emerging markets, which will structurally increase U.S. insurers' exposure to climate risk because those regions are more vulnerable and are experiencing particularly high rates of population growth and development.351
The movement of populations into harm's way creates a rising baseline of insured losses upon which the consequences of climate change will be superimposed. These observations reinforce a recurring theme in this report: the past can no longer be used as the basis for planning for the future.
It is a challenge to design insurance systems that properly price risks, reward loss prevention, and do not foster risk taking (for example by repeatedly rebuilding flooded homes). This challenge is particularly acute in light of insurance market distortions such as prices that inhibit insurers' ability to recover rising losses, combined with information gaps on the impacts of climate change and adaptation strategies. Rising losses252 are already affecting the availability and affordability of insurance. Several million customers in the United States, no longer able to purchase private insurance coverage, are taking refuge in state-mandated insurance pools, or going without insurance altogether. Offsetting rising insurance costs is one benefit of mitigation and adaptation investments to reduce the impacts of climate change.
Virtually all segments of the insurance industry are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Examples include damage to property, crops, forest products, livestock, and transportation infrastructure; business and supply-chain interruptions caused by weather extremes, water shortages, and electricity outages; legal consequences;355 and compromised health or loss of life. Increasing risks to insurers and their customers are driven by many factors including reduced periods of time between loss events, increasing variability, shifting
types and location of events, and widespread simultaneous losses.
In light of these challenges, insurers are emerging as partners in climate science and the formulation of public policy and adaptation strategies.356 Some have promoted adaptation by providing premium incentives for customers who fortify their properties, engaging in the process of determining building codes and land-use plans, and participating in the development and financing of new technologies and practices. For example, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Community Rating System is a point system that rewards communities that undertake floodplain management activities to reduce flood risk beyond the minimum requirement set by the National Flood Insurance Program. Everyone in these communities is rewarded with lower flood insurance premiums (−5 to −45 percent).357 Others have recognized that mitigation and adaptation can work hand in hand in a coordinated climate risk-management strategy and are offering "green†insurance products designed to capture these dual benefits.351,349
The United States is connected to a world that is unevenly vulnerable to climate change and thus will be affected by impacts in other parts of the world.
American society will not experience the potential impacts of climate change in isolation. In an increasingly connected world, impacts elsewhere will have political, social, economic, and environmental ramifications for the United States. As in the United States, vulnerability to the potential impacts of climate change worldwide varies by location, population characteristics, and economic status. The rising concentration of people in cities is occurring globally, but is most prevalent in lower-income countries. Many large cities are located in vulnerable areas such as floodplains and coasts. In most of these cities, the poor often live in the most marginal of these environments, in areas that are susceptible to extreme events, and their ability to adapt is limited by their lack of financial resources.172
In addition, over half of the world's population – including most of the world's major cities – depends on glacier melt or snowmelt to supply water for drinking and municipal uses. Today, some locations are experiencing abundant water supplies and even frequent floods due to increases in glacier melt rates due to increased temperatures worldwide. Soon, however, this trend is projected to reverse as even greater temperature increases reduce glacier mass and cause more winter precipitation to fall as rain and less as snow.90
As conditions worsen elsewhere, the number of people wanting to immigrate to the United States will increase. The direct cause of potential increased migration, such as extreme climatic events, will be difficult to separate from other forces that drive people to migrate. Climate change also has the potential to alter trade relationships by changing the comparative trade advantages of regions or nations. As with migration, shifts in trade can have multiple causes.
Accelerating emissions in economies that are rapidly expanding, such as China and India, pose future threats to the climate system and already are associated with air pollution episodes that reach the United States.297
Meeting the challenge of improving conditions for the world's poor has economic implications for the United States, as does intervention and resolution of intra- and intergroup conflicts. Where climate change exacerbates such challenges, for example by limiting access to scarce resources or increasing incidence of damaging weather events, consequences are likely for the U.S. economy and security.358


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recipe reviews for:
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The problem is next. Suppose you are tired going from work to home, get to the bus, paid for a ticket. There is a game which will shake you a little. We have six digits is ticket number, our aim is put "+","-","*" or "/" between any two digits, eval an expression and we should get 100! If it were easy to find, try to find other solution.
Here is also how Emacs can play this game.
(defvar bil-list nil "list of valid tickets.") (defun bil-calc (pbil pidx) "nil" (let ((idx pidx) (sbil pbil)) (condition-case nil ;; prevent division by zero (when (string= (calc-eval sbil) "100") (add-to-list 'bil-list sbil)) (error nil)) (if (= idx (length sbil)) nil (mapcar (lambda (lid) (mapcar (lambda (sign) (bil-calc (concat (substring sbil 0 lid) sign (substring sbil lid)) lid)) '("+" "-" "*" "/"))) (let ((lix (+ idx 1))) (mapcar (lambda (not-used) (setq lix (+ lix 1))) (make-list (- (length sbil) lix) nil))))))) (defun bil-findit (num) "Find play solution for number NUM." (progn (setq bil-list nil) (bil-calc num 0) bil-list))
(bil-findit "168264")


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Also known as 'The Loons', Forfar Athletic Football Club are based in Station Park in the outskirts of the town.
For admission and season ticket prices, please visit Forfar Athletic Football Club's website.
For Accommodation and information, please call:
0845 859 1006
Monday to Friday 9am - 5pm
Saturday and Sunday - closed
*Calls may be recorded


text: Before a renovaiton last year, the dining hall at Gertrude Sellards Pearson residence hall hadn't been touched since the 1950s and was in desparate need of a makeover, says Nona Golledge, director of KU Dining. The gut renovation was completed for the fall semester. Here is the dining hall's salad concept, Toss'd, which features a salad bar, soups and breads.


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Online Reservations
Slow period in the Entertainment District meant few patrons but I suspect that the number of diners wouldn't change the quality of the service - attentive without intrusiveness. Rack of lamb was outstanding. Terrific ambiance for a romantic evening.
Not our first time at Marcel's. Service and food are always very good. Great option for pre or post theatre, just steps from Princess of Wales and Royal Alex. For a slightly different experience book on the main floor at St. Tropez. Sidewalk tables and more bistro atmosphere
This charming restaurant instantly reminded me of restaurants in France. Marcels has captured the ambience, the style, the cuisine of a genuine French dining experience.
I came here with my boyfriend for summerlicious. My boyfriend's ceaser salad was a little dry - definitely had better ceasar salads. However, overall the entrees were very good (steak and salmon) even though my salmon entree was a little dry (maybe drizzle it with some sauce or lemon next time). Dessert was creme brulee for both of us and was AMAZING! Overall, would come back here for sure but only if it had another deal like summerlicious since I don't think it would be worth more than the $120 we already paid and that was with the summerlicious deal! ($35 each + drinks + tip)
Have been many times during regular season and love it. Summerlicious was no exception. We had a friend from Shanghai with us and the wait staff seemed to understand we were catching up on news and let us enjoy the food and the company without any hassle of having to move on quickly! The staff at Marcel's are AMAZING! Will be back soon!
Very nice setting.....very good food...very personable waiter...enjoyable evening. Worth a visit.
Was there for a Summerlicious lunch. Food was very well executed. Expresso was outstanding.
The food was great especially the peppery and slightly salty salmon carpaccio! I'd definitely get another slice of the grand marnier cheesecake too.
We have been supremely satisfied for 20 years. Though we love to try varied spots in Toronto, when we want a "go to" place for dinner, Marcel's is a "sure thing".....service, locale, food....cannot be beaten. We will be back!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
We went for the Summerlious dinner menu before attending the Princess of Wales theatre. We picked Marcel's because of the menu that was offered for summerlious as well as its location to the theatre. Be aware that there is a lot of steep stairs up to the restaurant. Well worth the effort. The food was outstanding and so was the service. It was nicely air-conditioned. My daughter and myself had different menu and both were very good. We both had half of each deserts as we couldn't choose which one to pick.
Great views of Luma and street below. Summerlicious menu was good, and all the food was well prepared and presented beautifully.
See my title...what else you expect. Nice small restaurant. Easy location and good for a break during work (that's what we had….) good food and the service was great. Will visit again for sure.
My friend and I went to Marcel's Bistro as she is vegan and they had good vegan selections. The food was excellent. The waiter was very nice and friendly. The vegetable risotto was excellent and the creme caramel was just to die for. I would for sure go again.
We went to Marcel's for lunch before the theatre. The service was attentive and the server was very pleasant. We ordered off the summerlicious menu and the food was fresh, tasty and well presented.
We went to Marcel's for dinner on the last night of Toronto's Summerlicious promotion that featured a 3-course dinner for a fixed price. The food, from appetizer to dessert was delicious. The service was attentive and friendly. I don't know much about wine but we selected a recommended house wine and it was very good. Very good food, not cheap but well worth the price.
We had never been to Marcel's previously and have tried almost all the restaurant around the Princess of Wales and Royal Alexandria theatres and Marcel's was by far the best. Our server was delightful and the food absolutely delicious.
I came here for my anniversary as part of a mirvish theatre package. Our meals were a prix-fixed and the food was great. I got a preview of the a la carte menu and another prix-fixe menu, both of which had very interesting and tasty selections. However for us, the best part was the service! Not to say the food wasn't great but the service was on a whole other level. Our server was polite and courteous and made very sure everything was perfect to our liking. Came by the table the right number of times (without intruding or being forgetful we were there - just right). On top of that, it wasn't just our one server, but everyone, popped in to check on us. The lighting, the crowd, and ambience was very romantic. A must go!
Marcel is a French cuisine restaurant on second floor at a vibrant part of King Street close to University Avenue, Spadina area. Food was unexpectedly good. Three persons with a half bottle of wine: a little over 200 with tips. Not inexpensive but food quality is worth it. Cream Brulee was one of the best we have tasted in a string of French restaurants. The monkfish was done with a flair and experience. Steak was very well as well. Mussels were small but sauce was good. Will go back again.


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"The Life And Times Of Prophecy"
The Jeep Brand and USA Basketball partnership hosted by Chris Paul on April 22nd, 2012 at LA Center Studios, Stage 6 in Los Angeles, CA, United States.
Kim Kardashian took a break from her Media riddled life and bedroom session with Kanye West to stop by the "Power Forward" Partnership Event, celebrating the partnership of Jeep and USA Basketball… while showin off a couple basketballs of her own. Were they always that big ????
The event was hosted by Chris Paul and also saw guests like Olivia Munn, Common, and Chris Paul's family along with his baby boy, ready to follow in the footsteps of his poppa.
Click on the pics below to catch more action from the "Power Forward" event.
Garry "Prophecy" Sun for SunOfHollywood.com
Photos: SunOfHollywood.com
Garry "Prophecy" Sun for SunOfHollywood.com
Photos: SunOfHollywood.com


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Bruce Gradkowski solidified his backup quarterback spot for the Oakland Raiders with his arm. David Carr did the same for the San Francisco 49ers with his toughness and legs.
49ers beat Raiders 28-24, knock out Campbell
Seeded on Sun Aug 29, 2010 1:56 AM EDT (NBC Sports)
— Filed under: nfl, football, sports, jamarcus-russell, alex-smith, kyle-boller, michael-bush, michael-huff, david-carr, bruce-gradkowski, frank-gore, tom-cable, phillip-adams, sebastian-janikowski, anthony-dixon, josh-morgan, reggie-smith, darren-mcfadden, jason-campbell, nate-davis, patrick-willis, michael-crabtree, marcel-reece, todd-watkins, zach-miller, stanford-routt, mario-henderson, joe-staley, darrius-heyward-bey, desmond-bryant, louis-murphy, athlete-health, nate-byham, travis-laboy


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Manufactured Gas Plants
Former Selma Manufactured Gas Plant
As part of a voluntary program under the oversight of the California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC), PG&E is working to remediate the site of a former manufactured gas plant (MGP) historically located at 2139 Sylvia Street in Selma. The site is now the location of PG&E's Selma Service Center.
PG&E conducted an extensive investigation of residual MGP wastes at the site. Although the studies determined there are no current health risks, PG&E chose to clean up the site to allow for unrestricted future land use.
In 2011, DTSC approved the Remedial Action Workplan, which called for the excavation and offsite disposal of soil containing MGP residues. The cleanup began in January 2012 and was completed in August 2012. More than 29,000 tons (nearly 1,300 truckloads) of soil, asphalt and concrete were excavated from the site for recycling or landfill disposal. Excavated areas were backfilled with clean soil and a new asphalt parking lot was constructed. Additionally, a new permanent metal structure was built onsite to house service center equipment and the surrounding streets and perimeter sidewalks were partially repaved.
Measures to protect the community were used throughout the entire cleanup project, including: on-site and fence-line air monitoring, emissions and dust monitoring, noise and odor reduction measures, wetted soils to suppress dust, covered soil piles, daily cleaning of trucks before they left the site, and daily street sweeping.
PG&E kept the surrounding community well informed of site activities during all phases of the project through bilingual work notices, project updates and door-to-door outreach.
An MGP operated at this location from 1889 to 1930, first by the Selma Gas and Electric Company and later by the San Joaquin Power and Light Company. PG&E acquired the assets of the San Joaquin Power and Light Company in 1938, which included the former Selma MGP. Since 1962, PG&E has used this site as a service yard and customer service office.
Additional Resources:
Site-related documents can also be found at:
Selma Branch Library, 2200 Selma Street, Selma (559-896-3393)


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Alternative medicine (3)
- Massage: Get in touch with its many benefits
- Tai chi: A gentle way to fight stress
- Acupuncture
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- Fibromyalgia misconceptions: Interview with a Mayo Clinic expert
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Fibromyalgia misconceptions: Interview with a Mayo Clinic expert
Get the facts about these common fibromyalgia myths. Learning all you can about fibromyalgia is the first step toward gaining control of your symptoms.
By Mayo Clinic staffFibromyalgia is a widely misunderstood condition that causes widespread pain and fatigue. If you've been diagnosed with fibromyalgia and are trying to learn all you can about the condition, you may come across some myths and misconceptions about fibromyalgia.
In this interview, Connie A. Luedtke, R.N., the nursing supervisor of the Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Clinic at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., discusses some common misconceptions about fibromyalgia.
What is the most common misconception about fibromyalgia?
The top misconception is that people think fibromyalgia isn't a real medical problem or that it is "all in your head." It's sometimes thought of as a "garbage-can diagnosis" — if doctors can't find anything else wrong with you, they say you have fibromyalgia.
There's a lot that's unknown about fibromyalgia, but researchers have learned more about it in just the past few years. In people who have fibromyalgia, the brain and spinal cord process pain signals differently. As a result, they react more strongly to touch and pressure, with a heightened sensitivity to pain. It is a real physiological and neurochemical problem.
Why does this misconception persist?
In our society, people tend to think that there is a cure or a fix for every medical problem. You go to the doctor, expecting he or she will fix whatever's wrong with you with medication or surgery. It's frustrating to people with fibromyalgia because the traditional treatment approach isn't effective. And it's also frustrating to health care providers because they want to help people. But there's no easy fix. It takes lifestyle changes and small steps toward achieving wellness. It's a process.
How have misconceptions about fibromyalgia changed over the years?
More people understand that fibromyalgia is a real problem, often because they know someone who has it — perhaps a sister or daughter or mother. Health care providers are seeing that people who have fibromyalgia can manage their symptoms with lifestyle changes to improve their overall functioning and quality of life. And there's hope for the future.
Is there a diet for fibromyalgia?
Some people with fibromyalgia think that they should avoid refined flour and sugar, sugar substitutes, the caramel color in some soft drinks, or carbonated drinks in general. But there hasn't been any research-based evidence demonstrating that any of these substances cause the symptoms, nor that removing these substances from your diet works to make the pain go away. There may be anecdotal evidence — people who say that something helps relieve their symptoms — but there's no clearly identified problem food or magical diet cure yet.
Can techniques such as meditation help reduce pain?
The power of the mind is a real factor in pain perception. For example, studies have shown that anxiety that occurs in anticipation of pain is often more problematic than the pain experience itself. In that sense, the mind has a negative impact on symptoms.
Many of the people who come to our fibromyalgia clinic are perfectionists who have very high expectations for themselves. They haven't adjusted to more realistic expectations after they developed fibromyalgia symptoms. These people have difficulty learning to relax. They may push through the pain and keep doing activities to the point of exhaustion. However, as people learn to moderate their activity levels, they gradually adjust their expectations, and are able to become more active without overdoing.
People report lower levels of pain when they can slow their heart rate by deep breathing and doing other relaxation techniques. In our clinic, we teach people about tools they can use to tap into what they have within their own power.
Can misconceptions about fibromyalgia be harmful?
If people with fibromyalgia believe there is no help for them, they're going to remain untreated. Even if there isn't a cure, there are treatments that can really improve their quality of life. When people learn they have fibromyalgia, they can go through the stages of grief and loss — including experiencing anger and attempts at bargaining. When they get to the peace of acceptance, that's when they can realize there are limits to what medical technology can do. There's no magic surgery or pill that can fix this. They need to recognize that it's OK to ask for help with things and that it's OK to give themselves time for exercise and relaxation each day. They need to make their own health a priority.
- Questions and answers about fibromyalgia. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Fibromyalgia/default.asp. Accessed April 24, 2012.
- Fibromyalgia. American College of Rheumatology. http://www.rheumatology.org/practice/clinical/patients/diseases_and_conditions/fibromyalgia.asp. Accessed April 24, 2012.
- Luedtke CA (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. May 4, 2012.
- Klippel JH, et al. Good Living With Fibromyalgia. Atlanta, Ga.: The Arthritis Foundation; 2006.
- Clauw DJ. Fibromyalgia: An overview. The American Journal of Medicine. 2009;122:S3.
- Rakel RE. Textbook of Family Medicine. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2011. http://www.mdconsult.com/das/book/body/191205553-4/0/1481/0.html#. Accessed April 24, 2012.
- Fibromyalgia and CAM: At a glance. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. http://nccam.nih.gov/health/pain/fibromyalgia.htm. Accessed April 24, 2012.


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Prospect Heights is the 32nd most walkable neighborhood in New York with 16,720 residents.
Prospect Heights has world-class public transportation and is very bikeable.
Nearby neighborhoods: Clinton Hill, Park Slope, Prospect Park, Fort Greene, Boerum Hill, Gowanus and Prospect Lefferts Gardens.
Daily errands do not require a car.
Daily errands do not require a car in Prospect Heights New York.
Prospect Heights is the 32nd most walkable neighborhood in New York with a Walk Score of 96.
Find apartments in New York's most walkable neighborhoods: Little Italy, Chinatown and NoHo.
View all Prospect Heights apartments on a map.
Compare Prospect Heights to other New York neighborhoods.
Rank # |
Name |
Walk Score |
Transit Score |
Bike Score |
30 | Clinton | 97 | 100 | 69 |
31 | Washington Heights | 96 | 96 | 69 |
32 | Prospect Heights | 96 | 100 | 85 |
33 | Carroll Gardens | 96 | 85 | 86 |
34 | Park Slope | 96 | 95 | 83 |
There are about 1,089 restaurants, bars and coffee shops in Prospect Heights.
People in Prospect Heights can walk to an average of 22 restaurants, bars and coffee shops in 5 minutes.
I love the hidden outdoor spaces behind Brooklyn bars and restaurants.
Matt L
Flatbush Farm
World-class public transportation. Find Prospect Heights New York apartments for rent near public transit.
Prospect Heights has world-class public transportation and about 5 bus and 5 subway lines passing through it.
The map above shows how far you can travel in 30 minutes from Prospect Heights on public transit.
Prospect Heights has about 8 car shares from RelayRides, Zipcar and Enterprise CarShare.
Thinking of renting an apartment or buying in Prospect Heights New York? Ask our neighborhood guides a question.
Learn how to become a Neighborhood Guide.
Biking is convenient for most trips.
Public school converted into fancy condos.
Matt L
Public School Converted Into Condos
Barclays center does a great job fitting into the neighborhood.
Matt L
Barclays Center
Showcase the location of your properties with our interactive Neighborhood Map for your site.
Build apps with Walk Score, Transit Score, public transit data, and travel times via Walk Score APIs.
Use Walk Score data for real estate, public health, finance, and urban planning research and analysis.


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In memory of BENOIT MANDELBROT 1924 — 2010 |
Sueddeutsche Zeitung, Dazed & Confused, Wired.UK, Fast Company |
Introduction Three years ago, Edge collaborated with The Serpentine Gallery in London in a program of "table-top experiments" as part of the Serpentine's Experiment Marathon . This live event was featured along with the Edge/Serpentine collaboration: "What Is Your Formula? Your Equation? Your Algorithm? Formulae For the 21st Century." Hans Ulrich Obrist, curator of the Serpentine, invited Edge to collaborate in his latest project, The Serpentine Map Marathon, produced in conjunction with DLD (Digital - Life - Design) Saturday and Sunday, 16 – 17 October, at Royal Geographical Society, 1 Kensington Gore, London SW7 2AR (Map). The multi-dimensional Map Marathon features non-stop live presentations by over 50 artists, poets, writers, philosophers, scholars, musicians, architects, designers and scientists. The two-day event takes place in London during Frieze Art Fair week. In addition to presenting maps by Edge contributors, the Marathon featured a panel of Edge contributors Lewis Wolpert, Armand Leroi, with myself as moderator, at the Royal Geographical Society. Click on images to enlarge or click here to begin slide show. |
Eduardo Salcedo-Albarán Philosopher; Founder, Manager, METODO |
Tim Berners-Lee Engineer; Director, World-Wide Web Consortium |
Sean Carroll Theoretical Physicist, Caltech; Author, From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ulitmate Theory Of Time |
Douglas Rushkoff Media Analyst; Documentary Writer; Author, Program or Be Programmed |
Marina Abramovic Artist |
Joan Chiao Assistant Professor, Brain, Behavior, and Cognition; Social Psychology; Northwestern University |
James Fowler Political Scientist, University of California, San Diego; Coauthor, Connected: The Surprising Power of Our Social Networks and How They Shape Our Lives |
Emanuel Derman Professor, Financial Engineering, Columbia University; Principal, Prisma Capital Partners; Former Head, Quantitative Strategies Group, Equities Division, Goldman Sachs & Co.; Author, My Life As A Quant |
Gino Segré Physicist, University of Pennsylvania; Author, Faust In Copenhagen: A Struggle for the Soul Of Physics |
Bruce Sterling Novelist; Author, The Caryatids |
Laurence C. Smith Professor of Geography and Earth & Space Sciences, UCLA; Author,The World in 2050: Four Fources Shaping Civilization's Northern Future |
Cesar Hidalgo Assistant Professor, The Media Laboratory, MIT; Faculty Associate, Center for International Development, Harvard |
Bryan Hunt Artist |
George Dyson Science Historian; Author, Project Orion |
Brian Knutson
Associate Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience; Stanford University
Matthew Ritchie Artist |
Neri Oxman Architect and Designer, MIT Media Lab |
George F. Smoot Cosmologist, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Recipient, The Nobel Prize For Physics 2006; Coauthor, Wrinkles in Time |
John Baldessari Artist |
Dave McKean Artist, designer and filmmaker |
Christopher Stringer Research paleoanthropologist at The Natural History Museum, London; Author, Homo Britannicus |
Xeni Jardin Tech Culture Journalist; Partner, Contributor, Co-editor, Boing Boing; Executive Producer, host, Boing Boing Video |
Bruce Parker Visiting Professor, Center for Maritime Systems, Stevens Institute of Technology; author of The Power of the Sea: Tsunamis, Storm Surges, Rogue Waves and Our Quest to Predict Disasters |
W. Daniel Hillis Physicist Computer Scientist; Chairman, Applied Minds, Inc.; author, The Pattern on the Stone |
Alvy Ray Smith engineer and computer graphics pioneer; co-founder of Pixar; founder of Altamira Software |
Yong-Yeol Ahn postdoctoral researcher at the Center for Complex Network Research at Northeastern University and a visiting researcher at the Center for Cancer Systems Biology at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Mark Pagel Professor of Evolutionary Biology, Reading University, England and The Santa Fe Institute
John D Barrow Cosmologist, Theoretical Physicist, Mathematician. He is currently Research Professor of Mathematical Sciences at the University of Cambridge; Author, Cosmic Imagery: Key Images In The History of Science |
Stewart Pimm Doris Duke Professor of Conservation Ecology; Author, The World According to Pimm: a Scientist Audits the Earth |
Rodrigo Martinez Life Sciences Chief Strategist at IDEO |
Garrett A. Lisi Independent Theoretical Physicist; author, "An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything" |
George Church Professor, Harvard University, Director, Personal Genome Project |
Jonas Mekas Artist |
Alexander Kluge Author and Film Director |
Richard Saul Wurman Architect; designer; Founder, TED conference |
Olafur Eliasson Artist |
Albert Laszlo Barabasi Network scientist; Distinguished University Professor at Northeastern University; director, Center for Complex Network Research; Author, Bursts: The Hidden Pattern Behind Everything We Do |
Aaron Koblin Artist and graphic designer; Technology Lead of Google's Creative Lab |
Timothy Taylor Archaeologist, University of Bradford; Author, The Artificial Ape Tom Frankland, Illustrator |
Gianluigi Ricuperati Writer and journalist |
Tom Standage Writer and journalist; Digital Editor of The Economist |
Eric Weinstein Mathematician and Economist; Principal, Natron Group |
Sueddeutsche Zeitung, Dazed & Confused, Wired.UK, Fast Company |
THE NEW AGE OF CARTOGRAPHY— FRONT PAGE THE FEIULLETON THE ART OF MAPS [Die Kunst der Landkarten]
[Google Transtlation:] With pith helmet and ice axes, the men went into battle against the unknown. The victorious are now in the Hall of Fame. David Livingston, the missionary and explorer, the first European to see Victoria Falls and as its "discoverer", looks down graciously from his lush stucco frame at the guests of the Royal Geographical Society in London. The marathon was to be understood literally. In 20 hours were about 50 artists, architects, philosophers, scientists and musicians on the stage. After 15 minutes they were usually heruntergescheucht again, the next speaker was waiting. The British architect David Adjaye put on there about his typology of architecture in Africa, for which he has photographed ten years buildings in the 53 states. The skepticism about the truth of cards The philosopher Rosi Braidotti, who teaches at the Human Rights Institute at the University of Utrecht, pointed out that we owe the skepticism about the truth of cards by post-modernism. And the American literary agent John Brockman, founder of the influential Internet platform "Edge", showed different maps used in science are like. Many of them were indeed diagrams, such as the developmental biologist Lewis Wolpert made clear, but it would be in London not to spoil the fun. Thus one saw an intricate network of countless points of intersection, which made the sociologist Nicholas A. Christakis and political scientist James Fowler of the relationship between obesity and social contacts visible, and the gene pioneer J. Craig Venter gave what looked like an endless series of colorful building blocks: the map of the first synthetic composite heritage. It was the fifth time that Hans Ulrich Obrist chose this strength-sapping format of the race, an issue considered by as many points of view. After manifesto and poetry — the themes of the past two years — Obrist with this year's focus has, however, was a perfect landing. Few technologies seems to characterize the young century as the new cartography. This could already be at the DLD Conference this year in Munich from the start, when the curator ever been to a small group, a symposium cards held on: Whether designer, astronomer, or Internet artists — all spoke of the great changes that the digital cartography with them was initiated. While in London Obristgreatly expanded its guest list, showing that the marathon reflects a global development. Since 2005 when the U.S. internet company Google began its map service, Google Maps is almost omnipresent. From the once precious resource for a hero and ruler, the medium has become readily available for the masses, to be used by both experts and lay people. In the run up to the "Map Marathon" Obrist asked contemporary artists about their personal map of the 21 Asked century. Because Obrist, simply the greatest networker in the art world, is why he is the main curator of the world was titled as before, it was then much mail for the Serpentine Gallery . ... |
ARTS & CULTURE As we all catch our breath after last week's Frieze Art Fair, we talk to Edge's John Brockman about his Map Marathon in conjunction with the Serpentine Gallery TEXT BY DAVID HELLQVIST Not all the Frieze action took place in Regent's Park. Actually, a lot of the better art and arty activities could be seen and experienced around London town, whether it be in a rundown East End warehouse, or a massive Mayfair gallery. Or in the Royal Geographical Society, for that matter. The Serpentine put on another one of its stellar Marathon events, this year focused on 'maps', and invited artists, poets, musicians, schoalars, philosophers and architects, to mention but a few, came together to create maps for the 21st century. Edge, a collaborating group of intellectuals, were called in by Serpentine curator Hans Ulrich Obrist to assist in the Marathon, and here we give you a selection of maps created by its affiliates. ... [...] |
ARTS & CULTURE As we all catch our breath after last week's Frieze Art Fair, we talk to Edge's John Brockman about his Map Marathon in conjunction with the Serpentine Gallery TEXT BY DAVID HELLQVIST Not all the Frieze action took place in Regent's Park. Actually, a lot of the better art and arty activities could be seen and experienced around London town, whether it be in a rundown East End warehouse, or a massive Mayfair gallery. Or in the Royal Geographical Society, for that matter. The Serpentine put on another one of its stellar Marathon events, this year focused on 'maps', and invited artists, poets, musicians, schoalars, philosophers and architects, to mention but a few, came together to create maps for the 21st century. Edge, a collaborating group of intellectuals, were called in by Serpentine curator Hans Ulrich Obrist to assist in the Marathon, and here we give you a selection of maps created by its affiliates. ... [...] |
THE WORLD'S BIGGEST GALLERY OF MAPS ...From noon until 10pm on both Saturday and Sunday, there were non-stop live presentations by more than 50 artists, scientists, poets, writers, philosophers, musicians, architects and designers. There were also special collaborations with the Edge community and with the DLD conference community run by Steffie Czerny and Marcel Reichart, whose excellent events I've written about here before. ... ... One of my favourite panels was run by John Brockman, the literary super-agent who runs the EDGE community of "some of the most interesting minds in the world". Together with Lewis Wolpert and Armand Leroi, he presented maps submitted by members of the EDGE community. So we got to see Kevin Kelly's internet; plus philosopher Eduardo Salcedo-Albarán's map of interconnections between Mexican drugs cartels. ... [...] |
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Paddy & Mick find three grenades, so they take them to a police station.
Mick: "What if one explodes before we get there?"
Paddy: "We'll lie and say we only found two."
Paddy's in the bathroom and Murphy shouts to him "Did you find the shampoo?"
Paddy says, "yes but it's for dry hair and I've just wet mine."
Paddy goes to the vet with his goldfish. "I think it's got epilepsy" he tells the vet.
Vet takes a look and says "It seems calm enough to me".
Paddy says, "I haven't taken it out of the bowl yet".


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© 2013 Womad Ltd
Company Reg. No. 2734599
Place of registration : England
Registered address :
Box Mill,
Mill Lane,
From Senegal
Future-embracing icon of West African music
"The musician's role is to give advice, to warn people and to make them aware of what they might not have thought of themselves." Unsurprisingly, these aren't the words of the next doe-eyed, woefully misguided X Factor warbler. Instead, they're just a sliver of the wisdom imparted over the years by a true icon of West African music - Baaba Maal. A committed ambassador for the continent, this is a man who'd be very comfortable in high office, such is his innate grasp of how the world fits together. But music got in the way, ironically allowing his message to reach a wider audience - the stage can have more impact than the presidential palace. And, throughout his work as a UN emissary or performances for international heads of state, his philosophy has been delivered through the medium of that strident, knife-through-butter voice, one of the most glorious sounds to have emerged out of Africa.
(Biography written by Nige Tassell 2011)
WOMAD New Zealand 2012 | Event data coming soon… | ||
WOMAD Charlton Park 2011 | Open Air Stage | 30th July | 21:30 |
WOMAD Abu Dhabi 2011 | Fort Stage (Al Ain) | 8th April | 23:40 |
WOMAD Abu Dhabi 2011 | Stage South (Corniche) | 8th April | 00:25 |
Drumming and Dance with Baaba Maal's musicians | |||
WOMAD Abu Dhabi 2011 | Trispan (Corniche) | 7th April | 19:35 |
Podor : Baaba Maal annonce la création d'un complexe culturel http://t.co/pzougpzWIo


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The shield of Big Media protect our esteemed president better than the Secret Service....
Obama is a coward.
Correction: Obama is a Marxist coward.
And Hillary endorsed this killer as the next best thing to the wheel!
When it comes to foreign policy Obama is the most ineffectual president in all American history. When his advisers and buddies who do his thinking are out of town he is at a loss.
The same thing is happening in Tunisia. Obama the God will not say a word... this was his intent all along. The Muslim Brotherhood is his NWO partner!The only good news is,future invaded nations will see thru the facade of an Arab Spring for Democracy for what it really is... Obama helping The Muslim Brotherhood invade & take over their nations for Sharia Law rule, leading to an African continent Caliphate..
Troublemaker. And his first act as president was to go and address the Muslim Middle East. What have we been thinking?
I have said for YEARS here that every single time a democrat takes the Presidency, black, brown, yellow and white people di in ever increasing numbers all over the world.And the left refuses to take notice.Susan Rice, are you haunted by the voices of 800,000 dead Rwandans? But hey, your president was busy getting blown in the Oval office....and to the Left, it is all about PRIORITIES.Deviant sex beats National Security EVERY TIME.


text:
Ancient Address
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Photos/Sjodin Photography |
See Also:
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2012 Big Smoke Saturday Seminars—The Nicaragua Panel
Jack Bettridge
Posted: November 13, 2012
Nicaragua's phenomenal growth in the cigar world, which has taken it from being off the radar screen to number two in the world, was the subject for the final seminar of the Big Smoke Las Vegas Saturday session, and John Oliva Jr. of the renowned Oliva Tobacco Co. family of tobacco growers was offering an explanation: "If you want your cigar to taste like something, you choose Nicaragua. Nicaragua has, for lack of a better term, balls."
Whatever the nomenclature, growth in the country that once saw its tobacco production devastated by a debilitating civil war has been phenomenal-a rate of 10 percent a year-as Nicaragua now threatens to overtake the world-leader, the Dominican Republic.
A confluence of great soil and weather and a population skilled at processing tobacco were all reasons given for the Central American countries preeminence. "We are not rich in land," said Nestor Andrés Plasencia, of Plasencia Tobacco, "but the land we have is very rich."
The panel of four speakers also included Eduardo Fernandez, of Aganorsa, and Alejandro Martinez-Cuenca, of Joya de Nicaragua, with Cigar Aficionado senior editor David Savona moderating.
Fernandez, of the fast-growing tobacco company and maker of Casa Fernandez cigars, emphasized the stability of the country, which in the 1980s was overrun by combat. Today, he said, the political situation has normalized, labor relations are good and the social environment is one of tranquility. "You can walk the streets at night and you don't have to worry. We all are investing in Nicaragua because we believe in it."
Plasencia stressed that the country's people have "tobacco in their blood," which makes them adept processors of tobacco. Martinez concurred, adding that "the people of Nicaragua are not inheriting the Cuban desire to work with tobacco, they have had it since before Christopher Columbus. Theirs is a spirit that is reflected in our tobacco."
Fernandez discussed Jalapa, a region he compared to Cuba's Pinar del Río with its reddish, sandy soil. The area he said, was especially good for growing wrapper tobacco. Oliva stressed that Estelí, with its thick clay soil, is where tobacco blenders look to find strength: "When you want to kick up a cigar, that's where the balls come from." Fernandez added that the medio tiempo of Nicaragua can be like alligator skin. "Ligero that coarse is only produced in Nicaragua."
Innovations in tobacco growing were also a topic for discussion. Plasencia said that he was working on hybrid that would have a resistance to blue mold, the tobacco scourge that can wipe out whole fields in a matter of days. Oliva said that he, too, was working on blending seed types to improve yields.
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