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The Making of Mount Rushmore
The 70th anniversary of the completion of the South Dakota monument prompts a look back at what it took to create it
- By Megan Gambino
- Smithsonian.com, October 31, 2011
(National Park Service)
When Borglum was in South Dakota, Robinson took him to see the "needles." But the sculptor felt that the granite spires were too spindly to carve. Even if he could feasibly do it, Borglum told Robinson, "Figures on those granite spikes would only look like misplaced totem poles. We will have to look farther."
A year later, in 1925, Borglum scouted the area surrounding Harney Peak for a mountain or piece of granite that was solid enough to hold a figure. "As an artist, he was very interested in light and making sure that the morning sunrise hit the face of the granite," says Bracewell. A state forester led Borglum on horseback to three mountains he thought would be appropriate—Old Baldy, Sugarloaf and finally Mount Rushmore.
From all accounts, it seems that Borglum fell for Mount Rushmore at first sight. Its 400-foot high and 500-foot wide east-facing wall would serve as the perfect carving block, according to the sculptor. Hours after he laid eyes on it, Borglum told the Rapid City Journal that there was "no piece of granite comparable to it in the United States."
The following day, Borglum and a few others climbed Mount Rushmore, named after Charles Rushmore, an attorney who assessed mining claims in the area in the 1880s. Some members of the press and officials in Rapid City, the nearest population center about 25 miles northeast, were disappointed with Borglum's selection, since it was in such a remote, roadless area of the state. But geologists approved. "They assured the sculptor that the ancient granite was extremely hard, and incredibly durable, and that the fissures were probably only skin deep," wrote Gutzon's son Lincoln Borglum and June Culp Zeitner in the 1976 book Borglum's Unfinished Dream: Mount Rushmore.
Comments (15) |
ummmmm, I really dislike this page. It didnt help me with my research paper at all!
Posted by Tanasia Jefferies on May 13,2013 | 11:37 AM
NICE! I really needed this great information gor a research paper im doing..thanks for the great information
Posted by Bloosey on May 1,2013 | 09:20 AM
this doesnt help atallll
Posted by gracie on September 19,2012 | 09:16 AM
I've been researching my geneology and I did know my family owned the lumber company that provided scaffolding & etc for the construction of the monument & upon reading this article I also was able to confirm my great great grandfather was the mayor of Rapid City! No wonder I felt at home when I vacationed in South Dakota for the Sturgis Rally. I love this state even more!
Posted by Jana Boland on July 6,2012 | 08:00 AM
My great grandfather is Chris Vranich. He is on the memorial wall and worked on the build of Mount Rushmore. Yesterday I received many photos. Among them are four photos of my grandfather working on Mount Rushmore. Another ten or so photos are of him with his wife and children with the mountain in the background, under progress of being built. Also a few photos of their home at the time, which was located at the base of the mountain. It got me looking around online and these are some wonderful photos shown here also!! Very beautiful.
Posted by Shasta Espeland on April 25,2012 | 09:04 PM
I like this monument because it contains the picture of best president.
Posted by Brook Y. on December 8,2011 | 02:51 PM
This is a really good article about the making of Rushmore. Also glad to see the mention of the Lakota opposition to it.
A lot of people forget the Black Hills were sacred ground to the Lakota Sioux. So, it's not surprising they were offended by this shrine to their oppressors.
I wish they'd been able to finish the Hall of Records behind Mount Rushmore. When you read about it, it sounds impressive.
Michael D Walker
Thorne Smith biographer
Posted by Michael D Walker on November 28,2011 | 05:16 PM
Great information. I remember visiting Mt. Rushmore during a field trip to our Gillette natural gas operations in Wyoming. It was a nice drive. I do hope someday consideration will be given to adding a fourth head to the monument, that of America's first black president and Noble peace laureate, Barack H. Obama.
Posted by Angelo Pinheiro on November 27,2011 | 09:31 PM
A very good and very balanced account of the construction of Mt. Rushmore and the surrounding issues is found in Judith StGeorge's book, The Mt. Rushmore Story.
Posted by Taza Keene on November 13,2011 | 08:34 PM
The monument should have been dedicated to Sitting Bull, Tecumseh, Red Cloud, and the other great Native American leaders, who are the true founding fathers.
Posted by Sioiux on November 11,2011 | 03:05 PM
This was a wonderful article. My family operated the National Park Concession for 40+ years so I had the privelege of growing up at Mt. Rushmore. It will always be home.
Posted by Kate Riordan Gordon on November 8,2011 | 04:25 PM
while I was reading this story, I admired those people who was build monument. This story is only a word with wonderful
Posted by Sinem Sipahioglu on November 4,2011 | 12:09 PM
Great summary story of the making of Mount Rushmore and the celebration of its 70th. year after completion. Nice piece to add the factual recentment that the Lakoda Indians have/had.
Posted by Carter Gilmer on November 4,2011 | 10:53 AM
Ann and I stayed below Mount Rushmore in June 2011 for a week. We truly loved every minute that we woke up and looked up at George Washington looking down upon us and the valley. We took hundreds of pictures of Mount Rushmore and the surrounding area. Those four (4) Presidents being above us made us SO proud. Thanks for keeping the area in such a lovely condition for everyone to come see and be proud of America and your area of our country. We WILL BE back in the future to view the area in the future.
Posted by John E. O'Shea on November 3,2011 | 09:08 PM

subset: commoncrawl


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BOB: Lew Wolff interview and more
by Brian BorawskiAugust 10, 2011
Lew Wolff speaks out on Athletic's stadium issue
In a great five part series, newballpark.org sits down for a chat with Lew Wolff, the owner of the Oakland Athletics. Rarely do you get this kind of insight into the mind of a baseball owner and this is one of the more personal and in depth interviews you'll see. Marine Layer splits the interview into five parts and they range from Wolff's history of working in Oakland to some of the more current issues, like the hopeful construction of Cisco Field.Mariner Layer did a lot of work to get this up and he's asking for donations. In exchange, you get the complete interview (rather then the five pieces) in a variety of different formats.
The latest on Frank McCourt
I didn't want to lead with Frank McCourt again, but that doesn't mean there isn't news out of Los Angeles. Jamie McCourt is rearing her head again; she's said that she's considering asking the divorce court to force a sale of Frank's asset which would include the Dodgers. This came out of the latest proceedings, where a Los Angeles Superior Court Judge will decide whether to reduce Frank's alimony payments to Jamie as well as whether he should pay for any of her attorney fees. The Judge also isn't going to rule on who owns the team anytime soon, so for now, we have to go with the status quo.In other Dodgers news, the LA Times is reporting the Dodgers are going to lose an astounding $27 million this year because of their poor attendance. This is based on 2009 revenue and 8,000 fewer fans that are buying tickets to each game at Chavez Ravine this year. The 8,000 fewer fans per game is by far the highest drop in MLB, with the next closest being the Seattle Mariners, who are seeing 4,213 fewer tickets sold per game.
2012 All Star Game logo unveiled
With the 2011 All Star Game a distant memory, MLB, the Kansas City Royals and the city of Kansas City, Missouri unveiled the official logo last week for the 2012 All Star Game. Sporting Royal blue and metallic gold colors, the logo also sports the team's crown logo. The last time Kansas City got the All Star Game was way back in 1960, and they got it—in part—for renovating their ballpark over the past few years.Upcoming elections could define Rays stadium debate
As of now, St. Petersburg's mayor, Bill Foster, and their city council have been unified in refusing to allow the Tampa Bay Rays to explore locations in Hillsborough County. Of course with politicians, you never know when the winds are going to change and then you see a changing of the guard. It looks like half of the city council seats are up for grabs and depending on how the upcoming elections fall out, you could find a further retrenched city council or one that's more open to negotiating with the team.The big issue is the council can amend the city's contract with the team, which currently runs through 2027. Foster could veto any change, but the council could override that with a two-thirds vote. So I'm sure the Rays will be keeping a sharp eye on what happens this fall.
Decorative plates removed at Busch Stadium
Busch Stadium is only five years old, but it's getting a minor face lift. With rusted anchor bolts and the heat to blame, a black decorative panel fell off the stadium. At 170 pounds, these panels can do some major damage, so they were removed. In all, 102 plates were removed and instead of putting in new panels, the plan is to paint the spaces and to cover them with trim. 70 plates that are closest to the freeway will stay in place because they're reinforced by means other then the bolts.Brian Borawski is a member of SABR's Business of Baseball Committee and writes about the Detroit Tigers at his own website, TigerBlog. He welcomes comments, questions and suggestions via e-mail.


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Yes, this is Brittany.
Yes, I'm writing a blog.
Yes, HOLY SHIT, I can't believe it either!
I have A LOT to catch up on on this here blog, but for now I wanted to share our wonderful weekend in PALM SPRINGS.
Myself, Mel, Margo, and our sexy friend Alisha (you may know her as one of the hosts of Toasted Oven OR from her funny blog) decided we needed a weekend away to celebrate… being women, I guess?
We stayed at the Riviera Resort & Spa Palm Springs and didn't leave until we had to check out. We layed by the pool, drank adult beverages, tanned (or in my case, used an entire bottle of 55+ sunscreen), laughed, RELAXED, ate amazing food, and enjoyed the beautiful mountains and cloudless skies.
Every lady needs a break from reality once in awhile. Get a couple of your gal pals together and go away! If only for a day, it's worth it


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84 wins not unreasonable for Mariners
Jonah Keri, baseball writer for Grantland.com joins "Bob and Groz" to give his take on the moves the Mariners made this offseason. He explains the concerns he has regarding the bottom three pitchers of the rotation. He also shares the optimism he has for some of the younger players on the team.
Bob and Groz Show
MyNorthwest.com is Seattle's source for breaking news and information on the latest top stories, weather, traffic and more. MyNorthwest.com is the home of Seattle radio stations - News Talk 97.3 KIRO FM, 710 ESPN Seattle and AM 770: The Truth.


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While both air travel and pipelines are safer than their road alternatives, the analogy only extends so far. Airplanes are replaced routinely and older equipment is monitored regularly for airworthiness and replaced when it reaches its safety limits. Pipelines, on the other hand, can stay underground, carrying highly pressurized gas and oil for decades – even up to a century and beyond. And while airplanes have strict and uniform regulations and safety protocols put forth by the Federal Aviation Administration, such a uniform set of standards does not exist for pipelines.
Critics maintain that while they're relatively safe, pipelines should be safer. In many cases, critics argue, pipeline accidents could have been prevented with proper regulation from the government and increased safety measures by the industry. The 2.5 million miles of America's pipelines suffer hundreds of leaks and ruptures every year, costing lives and money. As existing lines grow older, critics warn that the risk of accidents on those lines will only increase.
While states with the most pipeline mileage – like Texas, California, and Louisiana – also have the most incidents, breaks occur throughout the far-flung network of pipelines. Winding under city streets and countryside, these lines stay invisible most of the time. Until they fail.
Since 1986, pipeline accidents have killed more than 500 people, injured over 4,000, and cost nearly seven billion dollars in property damages. Using government data, ProPublica has mapped thousands of these incidents in a new interactive news application, which provides detailed information about the cause and costs of reported incidents going back nearly three decades.
Pipelines break for many reasons – from the slow deterioration of corrosion to equipment or weld failures to construction workers hitting pipes with their excavation equipment. Unforeseen natural disasters also lead to dozens of incidents a year. This year Hurricane Sandy wreaked havoc on the natural gas pipelines on New Jersey's barrier islands. From Bay Head to Long Beach Island, falling trees, dislodged homes and flooding caused more than 1,600 pipeline leaks. All leaks have been brought under control and no one was harmed, according to a New Jersey Natural Gas spokeswoman. But the company was forced to shut down service to the region, leaving 28,000 people without gas, and it may be months before they get it back.
One of the biggest problems contributing to leaks and ruptures is pretty simple: pipelines are getting older. More than half of the nation's pipelines are at least 50 years old. Last year in Allentown Pa., a natural gas pipeline exploded underneath a city street, killing five people who lived in the houses above and igniting a fire that damaged 50 buildings. The pipeline – made of cast iron – had been installed in 1928.
A fire rages through Allentown, PA, after a gas line explosion in Feb. 2011
Not all old pipelines are doomed to fail, but time is a big contributor to corrosion, a leading cause of pipeline failure. Corrosion has caused between 15 and 20 percent of all reported "significant incidents", which is bureaucratic parlance for an incident that resulted in a death, injury or extensive property damage. That's over 1,400 incidents since 1986.
Corrosion is also cited as a chief concern of opponents of the Keystone XL extension. The new pipeline would transport a type of crude called diluted bitumen, or "dilbit." Keystone's critics make the case that the chemical makeup of this heavier type of oil is much more corrosive than conventional oil, and over time could weaken the pipeline.


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Joss Whedon Confirms 'The Avengers' Inspired TV Series 'S.H.I.E.L.D.'
Joss Whedon, director of the hugely popular summer blockbuster 'The Avengers', has confirmed his involvement in the upcoming ABC TV series 'S.H.I.E.L.D.' based on the top secret organization featured in his film. Lead by Nick Fury, played by the immaculate Samuel Jackson (whom we hope stars in this TV series, but that has yet to be confirmed) 'S.H.I.E.L.D.' (Strategic Hazard Intervention Espionage Logistics Directorate, or Division) is the organization which brings together the super heroes that make up 'The Avengers'. If you have yet to see 'The Avengers' or any of the previous Marvel superhero films such as 'Iron Man', 'Thor', or 'Captain America', you will still be able to follow along with the show.
"…What we're building is entirely autonomous from The Avengers. It's gotta be a show that works for people who haven't seen the Marvel movies. It will please Marvel fans, I think." Says Whedon. [ew.com]
Check out some of Whedon's best television creations with 'Firefly', 'Buffy the Vampire Slayer', and 'Angel', and look for 'The Avengers' on DVD, Blu-ray and 3D Blu-ray September 25th!


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Moderators: Spartan, king_oxymoron, crazyman324
Booo! It's probably my favorite Adele song everking_oxymoron wrote:At the tour this week she did every single song on the album, even including a bonus track.. but not He Won't Go.. so I wouldn't hold your breath man!
Yeah it's not a dancefloor stomper or anything but I'd argue that Adele is well known for her big, stirring ballads.. and SFTTR definitely isn't that!Lukasz2169 wrote:I'd say it's her second up-tempo after RITD. I wouldn't say SFTTR is up-tempo. I like the choice, but I think Turning Tables would fit winter mood.
And they so should've released "One And Only" if they were going to.naughtynae wrote:LOL they' don't even need singles from this album at this point it has a life of it's own.
'Someone Like You' was releases as the third single here, following up RITD and SFTTRgreek_boy wrote:So "Someone Like You" was never released there?


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Sport Compact Auto Performance Superstore
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The 08-10 Subaru WRX GT-Spec Rear Adjustable Toe Arms are designed to lock out the existing toe angle adjuster and replace it with a stiffer adjustable steel arm with lock washers. The factory adjuster is prone to slippage under load and the soft rubber bushings are designed around reducing noise and vibration rather than providing maximum performance. The GT-Spec arms are single point adjustable to reduce the chances of them coming loose during performance driving. GT-Spec's adjustable arms with polyurethane bushings will aid in more consistent toe alignment during braking, cornering, and hard acceleration.
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EditBasic Person: Edward N Kalasa 1 Level of Education: Grammar school 1 Marital Status: Single, with dependents 1 Birth: 1927 1 Illinois 1 Residence: Place: Cook County, Illinois 1
EditWorld War II 1 Branch: Army 1 Enlistment Date: 23 Nov 1945 1 Army Branch: No branch assignment 1 Army Component: Regular Army (including Officers, Nurses, Warrant Officers, and Enlisted Men) 1 Army Serial Number: 16202240 1 Enlistment Place: Chicago Illinois 1 Enlistment Term: Enlistment for the Panama Canal Department 1 Source of Army Personnel: Enlisted Man, Regular Army, after 3 months of Discharge 1
Looking for more information about Edward N Kalasa? Search through millions of records to find out more. Find more records
Anyone can contribute to this page. Please sign in or sign up—it's free. Source: World War II Army Enlistment Records Created: 27 Nov 2008 Modified: 30 Oct 2013 Page Views: 81 total (7 this week)


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It's summer: time not to be serious about movies. Here is an eclectic roundup of lists for the movie lover to enjoy before summer is over.
Top Ten Scary Summer Horror Movies
Jaws, Deliverance, I Know What You Did Last Summer, Blair Witch: all the classics to give us the shivers.
10 of the Most Memorable Summer Vacations on Film
Vacations magical, nightmarish, frightening, and funny.
Greatest Movies Ending with a Twist
Get your popcorn, hunker down, and get ready for a jolt or two.
SciFi Blockbusters Pre-Dating Star Wars
Star Wars was an epic box office draw, but it wasn't the first great sci-fi flick. Which of these early sci-fi blockbusters is your favorite?
The Paintings That Inspired The Movies
How art classics informed film. Shown is "Colossus" by Goya, which inspired director Guillerno del Toro's vision of "Pacific Rim."
Eight Tell-Tale Signs That a Movie Could Be a Flop
Could save some time and money to know this!
16 Essential Movies About Summer
Movies that remind us why we love summer in the first place.
List of giant-monster films
There's something about summer and giant monsters that goes together, like peaches and ice cream.
Top 10 Social Networking Websites For Movie Lovers
If you love talking about movies with fellow enthusiasts, here's a list of sites where you can network. For instance, Flixster.com connects movie fans around the world and start discussions about their favorite films.


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I ran across this beast on ebay.ch. Jeeesh. And it's a BMW too boot.
Has anyone seen an uglier bike?
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I have seen quite a few of these in our backyard. At first we thought it was a huge bee. Almost hummingbird size, but it is a moth. Thank goodness. Never have seen them before. Must be because of this extraordinary summer.
New Garden Tenant
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Top 10 Interactive Disney Attractions
I love hearing that voice over the loud speaker that tells me to "Sit back, relax and enjoy the show," but sometimes I want to be a part of the action and have a little "hands-on" fun. So here's my top 10 list of interactive attractions at Walt Disney World.
1. Innoventions® Pavilion @ Epcot®
The individual attractions within Innoventions® Pavilion East and Innoventions® Pavilion West in Future World could have taken up every spot on my top 10 list! My absolute favorite is The Sum of All Thrills where I can design my own thrill ride then climb aboard the 4-D robotic simulator to experience it. Other great interactive experiences are The Great Piggy Bank Adventure and Test the Limits Lab. (Watch this video of The Sum of All Thrills.)
2. Toy Story Mania!® Attraction @ Disney's Hollywood Studios®
It's a ride that's a game, it's a game that's a ride…it's Toy Story Mania!® Attraction I love racking up points by smashing plates, bursting balloons and splattering eggs. I also love scoring more points than my dad, Leap. (Watch the video.)
3. Disney's Kim Possible World Showcase Adventure @ Epcot®
This is one of the best things to ever happen to kids who love Epcot®…like me! I pick up my Kimmunicator at one of the Team Possible recruitment centers and then set out on my mission to thwart evildoers throughout World Showcase. (Note: Kim Possible World Showcase Adventure is permanently closed. It is being replaced with Disney Phineas & Ferb: Agent P's World Showcase Adventure.)
4. Kids Discovery Clubs @ Disney's Animal Kingdom® Theme Park
Only Disney (and my teacher, of course!) could make learning this fun. Lily and I like to pretend we're animal researchers as we stop at each of the six Kids Discovery Club locations throughout Disney's Animal Kingdom® Theme Park. After the activities (which range from piecing together dinosaur fossils to using clues to track a wild animals), we get a stamp for our Kids Discovery Club Passport.
5. CyberSpace Mountain @ DisneyQuest® Indoor Interactive Theme Park
Space Mountain® Attraction at Magic Kingdom® Park is one of my favorite rides, and CyberSpace Mountain at DisneyQuest® Indoor Interactive Theme Park is my chance to design my own version of the coaster then board a simulator so I can experience it. The touch screen is simple to use and I usually go way overboard adding nausea-inducing inversions.
6. Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin® Attraction @ Magic Kingdom® Park
It's a Frog Family favorite (we love the "friendly" competition), but Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin® Attraction is also one of my favorite interactive Disney attractions. (Watch the video.)
7. Mission: SPACE® Attraction Advanced Training Lab @ Epcot®
After going on the Mission: SPACE® Attraction ride, I always like to spend some time in the Mission: SPACE® Attraction Advanced Training Lab. The exhibits include Mission: SPACE® Attraction RACE where teams compete to see who can send their rocket from Mars to Earth first, Expedition MARS where I can explore the surface of Mars using a joystick and jet-pack button, and SPACE BASE for junior explorers like Lily. My grandparents love getting the space-themed video postcard that I email them from Postcards from Space.
8. ImageWorks @ Epcot®
ImageWorks in the Imagination! Pavilion in Future World made the top 10 list for several reasons: 1) It's rarely crowded, so I hardly ever have to wait for any of the activities. 2) I like the ride that we go one beforehand, Journey Into Imagination With Figment.
3) My little sister, Lily, absolutely loves it! (Watch this video of Lily composing her own Figment in ImageWorks.)
9. Virtual Jungle Cruise® Attraction @ DisneyQuest® Indoor Interactive Theme Park
This one makes Mommy Frog a little queasy, but my dad and I love grabbing our paddles and rafting our way through the virtual version of one of our all-time favorite rides, Jungle Cruise® Attraction at Magic Kingdom® Park. (Watch the video of Virtual Jungle Cruise® Attraction.)
10. Fossil Fun Games @ Disney's Animal Kingdom® Theme Park
While Mommy Frog and Lily ride Triceratop Spin, we guys like to shoot some baskets on Bronto-Score and test our mallet strength on Dino-Whamma. The only downside to these carnival-style games is that they cost extra. (Watch this walk-through video of Fossil Fun Games.)
What are your favorite interactive attractions at Disney?
Stay Cool,


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Denise Fogarty, an interior designer, loves to entertain at her home in Ballwin, Missouri, a St. Louis suburb. After moving in 10 years ago with her husband, Andy, and their two kids, Denise updated the kitchen and living areas to better handle large groups.
She kept the same footprint, but refreshed rooms with beachy accents and cheery colors to make the layout feel intimate. A breakfast nook adjoining the kitchen offers relaxed seating for party guests.
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Open Letter to the PocaHotties and Indian Warriors this Halloween
by Guest Contributor Adrienne Keene, originally published at Native Appropriations
Dear Person that decided to dress up as an Indian for Halloween,
I was going to write you an eloquent and well-reasoned post today about all the reasons why it's not ok to dress up as a Native person for Halloween–talk about the history of"playing Indian" in our country, point to the dangers of stereotyping and placing of Native peoples as mythical, historical creatures, give you some articles to read, hope that I could change your mind by dazzling you with my wit and reason–but I can't. I can't, because I know you won't listen, and I'm getting so tired of trying to get through to you.
I just read the comments on this post at Bitch Magazine, a conversation replicated all over the internet when people of color are trying to make a plea to not dress up as racist characters on Halloween. I felt my chest tighten and tears well up in my eyes, because even with Kjerstin's well researched and well cited post, people like you are so caught up in their own privilege, they can't see how much this affects and hurts their classmates, neighbors and friends.
I already know how our conversation would go. I'll ask you to please not dress up as a bastardized version of my culture for Halloween, and you'll reply that it's "just for fun" and I should "get over it." You'll tell me that you "weren't doing it to be offensive" and that "everyone knows real Native Americans don't dress like this." You'll say that you have a "right" to dress up as "whatever you damn well please." You'll remind me about how you're "Irish" and the "Irish we're oppressed too." Or you'll say you're "German", and you "don't get offended by people in Lederhosen."
But you don't understand what it feels like to be me. I am a Native person. You are (most likely) a white person. You walk through life everyday never having the fear of someone mis-representing your people and your culture. You don't have to worry about the vast majority of your people living in poverty, struggling with alcoholism, domestic violence, hunger, and unemployment caused by 500+ years of colonialism and federal policies aimed at erasing your existence. You don't walk through life everyday feeling invisible, because the only images the public sees of you are fictionalized stereotypes that don't represent who you are at all. You don't know what it's like to care about something so deeply and know at your core that it's so wrong, and have others in positions of power dismiss you like you're some sort of over-sensitive freak.
You are in a position of power. You might not know it, but you are. Simply because of the color of your skin, you have been afforded opportunities and privilege, because our country was built on a foundation of white supremacy. That's probably a concept that's too much for you to handle right now, when all you wanted to do was dress up as a PocaHottie for Halloween, but it's true.
I am not in a position of power. Native people are not in positions of power. By dressing up as a fake Indian, you are asserting your power over us, and continuing to oppress us. That should worry you.
But don't tell me that you're oppressed too, or don't you dare come back and tell me your "great grandmother was a Cherokee Princess" and that somehow makes it ok. Do you live in a system that is actively taking your children away without just cause? Do you have to look at the TV on weekends and see sports teams with mascots named after racial slurs of your people? I doubt it.
Last night I sat with a group of Native undergraduates to discuss their thoughts and ideas about the costume issue, and hearing the comments they face on a daily basis broke my heart. They take the time each year to send out an email called "We are not a costume" to the undergraduate student body–an email that has become known as the "whiny newsletter" to their entitled classmates. They take the time to educate and put themselves out there, only to be shot down by those that refuse to think critically about their choices.Your choices are adversely affecting their college experiences, and that's hard for me to take without a fight.
The most frustrating part to me is, there are so many other things you can dress up as for Halloween. You can be a freaking sexy scrabble board for goodness sake. But why does your fun have to come at the expense of my well-being? Is your night of drunken revelry really worth subjugating an entire group of people? I just can't understand, how after hearing, first-hand, that your choice is hurtful to another human being, you're able to continue to celebrate with your braids and plastic tomahawk.
So I know you probably didn't even read this letter, I know you've probably already bought and paid for your Indian costume, and that this weekend you'll be sucking down jungle juice from a red solo cup as your feathers wilt and warpaint runs. I know you're going to scoff at my over-sensitivity. But I'm telling you, from the bottom of my heart, that you're hurting me. And I would hope that would be enough.
Adrienne K.
PS- I wonder if you saw these posters? Because I think they illustrate my point really well.
UPDATE 10/27: Have a look at some of the costumes I'm talking about. I think it makes my arguments a lot clearer.
But Why Can't I Wear a Hipster Headdress?
Nudie Neon Indians and the Sexualiztion of Indian Women
A Cowboys and Indians Party is just as bad as a Blackface Party
Paris Hilton as a Sexy Indian: The Halloween Fallout Begins (includes lots of links about the costume issue)
Mid-Week Motivation: I am not your costume
Thank you for this very timely piece. The sad part is that there are people who want to do what they want when they want it and nothing you say will change their minds. However, there are those who will listen and think and tell you, "I never thought about that. I'll dress up as Princess Lea from Star Wars or Arwen from "Lord of the Rings" this year," or something like that.
I will direct people to this post this year and in the future. Is it possible that next year any new articles about Halloween costumes could be published earlier? I know so many people who may have thought twice but since they finished making/buying their costume a month ago they are not willing to change at the last minute.
@90fc102137e8978ab1894faf41309d97:disqus the author-I agree with you 100%. -
Leo the Yardie Chick
I decided to stay off of Tumblr until Christmas after seeing the 'splaining going on about how "it's just a costume", "damn, you minorities are whiny!", the dismissive parodies, etc regarding the "we are a culture, not a costume" campaign. Some people just will not even try to understand, and I can't even beat some sense into them. >_<
http://www.facebook.com/fragglera Rachel Kantstopdaphunk
thank you.
This is not a Native American appropriation, but it is relevant: Raffi Torres, who plays for the NHL's Phoenix Coyotes, dressed up as Jay-Z (blackface included) for a private Halloween party. There have been a couple of good articles about why it was wrong for Torres to wear blackface, but the writers of those very reasonable articles have been shouted down by hordes of angry, anonymous internet commenters who encourage them to shut up/lighten up/stop playing the race card. It's funny how the backlash is always more vile than the initial controversy.
Very very powerful. I will pass it round.
In an odd unintended way you have just managed to put words there that describe perfectly what I feel like as a woman, sometimes (sex object etc) and with rape and violence as jokes. I mean this section:
"You don't walk through
life everyday feeling invisible, because the only images the public sees
of you are fictionalized stereotypes that don't represent who you are
at all. You don't know what it's like to care about something so deeply
and know at your core that it's so wrong, and have others in positions
of power dismiss you like you're some sort of over-sensitive freak.You are in a position of power. You might not know it, but you are." -
Thanks for this piece. Usually the "Comments" section of anything like this is pervaded by privilege-denying whites who are annoyed due to their bizarre perception that you are impinging on their self-appointed First Amendment rights; maybe you shamed them into silent compliance (but I doubt it.)
All of that anger just wreaks of white privilege. They are white, therefore, they are superior, they can do whatever the they want and your feelings and opinions don't count because you are not their equal.
http://pulse.yahoo.com/_DJQMGJU7MZMBVLSD4GUTPJEPD4 murt
Great post — thanks for this!
Excellent points in this article. I thnk Kourtney Kardashian was dressed as a native American in the audience at DWTS yesterdy. I cringed when I saw it. I used to work at Cleveland stadium for the Indians.They wanted us to all wear the chief Wahoo hat , but I always covered mine up with a price button. My brother's friend was telling me Natives should not be offended.I tasked him "how can you decide what's offensive to someone else?"
http://momsomniac.wordpress.com/ Momsomniac
The "Cherokee princess" comment is one I have not heard in years (yay!) but it too hurts. There are those of us out here who are actually of Cherokee descent. People claiming this heritage to avoid dealing with internalized racism erases us too. I will admit, I am not above mentally smacking people who make foolish comments by responding with my concern about what has happened to the Cherokee Freedmen (it's fun to watch them sputter and try to reconcile their delutions).
There are few "Indian" costumes to be seen where I live. I am in the state where an intermural (largely Native) basketball team called themselves the "Fighting Whities" and a local highschool changed it mascot to "Reds" with little commentary. Don't give up and don't give up hope. It's slow. And there will always be stupid people, but change comes.
I think the issue is not that your uncle had a genuine interest and respect for Native culture, but that your sister wore another culture's actual dresses and jewelry as a costume. I think that makes it offensive and hurtful.
Cultural appreciation is a whole separate and distinct thing. While it's probably not as bad as your sister dressing as, say, a Pocahottie, it's still treating a culture like a costume.
I think the issue is that people do not even realise the racism which underlies this costume, people will wear the Native Indian costume thinking they look like a 'Indian Princess' not thinking the 'dance to celebrate the harvest' comment could hurt those they are imposing. I have seen multiple people wearing the costume and until I read this blog I did not stop to think about the upset it could cause those from a Native decent. The 'I am not a costume' slogan is a powerful one- noone would dress up as a white person for Halloween so i do not think it is fair to dress up as a different race, especially with so many other costumes that can be worn.
Jack Acid
@Adrienne Great article.
What is your opinion on Mardi Gras indians?
I think that's a point that probably gets overlooked because there is sometimes an assumption by POC that "we all understand each other". When in fact we all come from different places, cultures, etc. In a way we reinforce this idea that POC are all one group with a unified mind. Instead of realizing that not all of us are "fighting the good fight" so to speak and are just as guilty as anyone else.
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Americans who donated to charities last year anticipating a tax write-off need to check those charities for legitimacy before filing.
The first day of spring is March 20 and I don't know about you, but I have waited all winter long for it.
It's the season for giving… and the IRS is doing their part to encourage your charitable contributions.


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The latest news on art
The video uses a modeling technology to show people what the Ike Memorial would look like.
The Eliminating Government-Funded Oil-Painting (EGO) Act would stop taxpayer-funded portraits.
Art is a "vital antidote" to the tragedy, says museum director.
Activists hope books, films and images will change public perception of immigrants.
A Canadian artist created "The Incident" for victims of gun violence.
Find out how U.S. News ranks graduate fine arts programs.
Sculpture portrays Parks sitting, but not on a bus seat.
How museums and auction houses can become agents of diplomacy.
4 elements to get your garden art growing
David Letterman, Yoko Ono, and Alec Baldwin are among those who help fund educational awards.


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The starry firmament on highAuthor: Robert GrantTune: WINCHESTER NEW Published in 70 hymnals |
First Line: | The starry firmament on high |
Author: | Robert Grant |
The starry firmament on high. Sir B. Grant. [Psalm xix.] This was given in Lord Glenelg's posthumous edition of Grant's Sacred Poems, 1839, p. 28, in 4 stanzas of 8 lines, and headed with the following words:—
"This is intended as a sequel or counterpart to Addison's hymn, 'The spacious firmament.' It corresponds to the latter portion of the 19th Psalm, as Addison's does to the former."
The use of this paraphrase in its full form is confined to a few American collections. The last stanza, "Almighty Lord, the sun shall fail," is given in Laudes Domini, N. Y., 1884, as No. 233.
--John Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology (1907)


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Stayed at the Lagon II for 4 nights. The overall experience was positive. Room was large and had a nice view over the sea. Sound of waves below was very relaxing, if you like that sort of thing. The hotel has a boat theme, so the doors have rounded corners and are raised from the ground. The place was spotlessly... More
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Stoneleigh Guest House in Llandudno is an outstanding 4 star Bed and Breakfast Guest House in the centre of the traditional Victorian seaside resort of Llandudno, North Wales, with essential car parking and catering for 'Adults Only'
If you're looking for a quality 4 star guest house in Llandudno on a bed and breakfast basis, Stoneleigh Guest House is an excellent choice.
This beautiful appointed and tastefully decorated Edwardian guest house in Llandudno is situated on one of the quietest and loveliest roads in what is known as the 'Garden Area' of Llandudno, yet just a short stroll from the promenade, myriads of restaurants, pubs and shops as well as the theatre.
Whatever type of holiday you're looking for, a short break, main holiday, a base for your walking holiday or on business in Llandudno, Stoneleigh Guest House Llandudno consistently provides outstanding quality Bed and Breakfast accommodation, perfectly located and is open all year round.
Stoneleigh Guest House in Llandudno is themed on small and friendly, serving quality food for breakfast and providing outstanding accommodation and service.
All rooms are en-suite and have either a double, king or twin 3' beds that are extremely comfortable and have luxury bed linen. All rooms have all the amenities and facilities you would expect from such an outstanding guest house that has been recently refurbished throughout.
Stoneleigh Guest House Llandudno is accredited by 'Visit Wales' and has many recommendations on TripAdvisor which you can read by clicking on the link on the right hand side of this page. Stoneleigh Guest House in Llandudno received TripAdvisor Traveller's Choice 2012 Award for one of the top 25 Inn's & B&B's in the world.
Stoneleigh Bed and Breakfast in Llandudno has free off-road car parking with space for 5 cars which is a must in Llandudno.
Stoneleigh B&B Llandudno also offers - a relaxing guest lounge, separate tables in the dining room, secure storage for bikes and free wireless broadband internet. Also available, ironing facilities and newspapers on request.
Stoneleigh B&B in Llandudno is totally non-smoking throughout.
Proprietors: George & Anna Evans - Stoneleigh Guest House, 10 St. Davids Road, Llandudno, LL30 2UL.


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EditBasic Full Name: Raymond Harold Fidder 2 Full Name: Raymond Fidder 2 Birth: 25 Jan 1895 2 Death: Jul 1983 2 Residence: Last Residence: Fort Myers, FL 2
Looking for more information about Raymond Fidder? Search through millions of records to find out more. Find more records
Anyone can contribute to this page. Please sign in or sign up—it's free. Source: Social Security Death Index Created: 04 Sep 2008 Modified: 13 Oct 2013 Page Views: 90 total (8 this week)


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CASA of the Continental Divide wants to thank The Jason Bishop Show, its sponsors, volunteers and Warren Station for hosting a sold-out "Magic in the Mountains" show. Jason Bishop was an incredible illusionist. Sponsors included: Deb Spiers; Keystone Lodge and Spa; Krystal 93; Lazer Graphics; McGraphix Creative; Mountain Ministries; RE/MAX Properties of the Summit, Laurie Williams; Summit Daily News; Summit Resort Group, Dan Burnett; Tommy Knockers and Vail Resorts Echo.
- Summit County resort report: Breckenridge, Copper Mountain plan for more terrain for holiday weekend
- Summit County Rotary Club continues tradition of community Thanksgiving dinner
- Leadville Police Department investigating 'unnatural' death, said District Attorney Bruce Brown
- Utah trucker found dead on Vail Pass
- Proposed rule would allow ski resorts to charge an 'uphill' fee


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Capt. Matt quickly shows how to tie a simple Crazy Charlie Bonefish Fly. This Bonefish Fly Pattern uses synthetic fibers with gold flash highlights. "Crazy Charlie" bonefish flies are simple to tie and will most likely catch every fish you cast at. This saltwater fly can be tied in many colors, with more or less weight and with or without a weed guard. A Gold Flash Crazy Charlie Bonefish Fly is perfect for the bonefish in the Bahamas and most specifically Andros Island. This fly will also work well in Belize and Mexico. Capt Matt Guides in the Florida Keys during the Spring tarpon Migration. If you would like to go big game fly fishing, go to http://riplips.com
More videos by Matt Thomas
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text: Find this wine Find this wine Beaujolais Louis Jadot Wine It is what it is. And it is not for me. Pin It Tweet 9 months ago by Brian Patrick More posts Beaujolais Louis Jadot Forgot how easy French wine is to drink and taste. Won't forget how wonderful it is ever 3 months ago by Karm F. Beaujolais Villages 2011 Louis Jadot 2011 Beaujolais-Villages $12. Jericho Wines 3 months ago by rsuero Beaujolais Village Louis Jadot Wine Burgundy. Fruity. Trader joes??? 7 months ago by Jfreitag Beaujolais Villages Louis Jadot A plump wine with notes of strawberry, black cherry, and spice. 8 months ago by Sintress Beaujolais Louis Jadot Wine Good solid red for inexpensive 9 months ago by Solancha


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I'm playing with an idea to make a business website using WordPress themes. My budget is pretty limited but it'd be a corporate or a business conference theme which doesn't follow the standard wordpress I'm a blog theme!
Any pointers to free or cheap sites which offer great themes appreciated. Additionally, pointers to add ins esp for SEO, URL renaming, widget syndication GREATLY appreciated!
Thanks for reading and your help in advance
Hello David,
If you still don't have the selected template I suggest to visit
- http://socialcmsbuzz.com/20-free-wordpress-magazine-style-themes-08072008/
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Both resources list some amazing magazine style WP template, which are commonly used for corporate websites.


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"Internet Purchases Only" "Not a Retail Store Stock Item"
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Faktoids and Fiktoids - 10 Things You Need to Know About Dopplereffekt
Earlier this month, mysterious duo Dopplereffekt re-emerged with Tetrahymena, a new EP for the Berlin-based Leisure System label and the outfit's first release since 2007's Calubi Mau Space LP. Needless to say, we were pretty excited to hear new music from the famously press-shy pair, and although nothing has been announced just yet, there are rumbles that more of the duo's klangy rhythms, ambient acid, and strangely elegant electro is on the way in the months ahead. Given that, we figured that Dopplereffekt was overdue for a bit of re-examination, so we've retraced the group's path from its Detroit roots to the present and have put together 10 pieces of essential information to help get everyone up to speed. Read more »


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The Aphrodisias Theatre Was Built for Drama and Public Meetings: The Aphrodisias Theatre is located in the south-eastern corner of the ancient city of Aphrodisias. It was built both for dramatic performances and for public meetings, but later on the theatre structure was altered to allow for gladiatorial combats and animal fights. Aphrodisias Theatre The Aphrodisias Theatre was built in the second half of the 1st century B.C. under the patronage of Gaius Julius Zoilus. Zoilus was believed … [Read more...]
The Aphrodisias Stadium is One of the Best Preserved
The Stadium at Aphrodisias is One of the Largest and Best Preserved Ancient Stadiums: The Stadium at Aphrodisias is located to the north of the ancient city and is one of the best preserved ancient stadiums in the world. Measuring 270 metres in length, its 30 tiers of seating has capacity for 30,000 people, making it one of the largest of ancient stadiums. Like many visitors, I couldn't resist retracing the course of those ancient athletes along the long valley between those stone … [Read more...]
Tetrapylon – The Gateway to the Temple of Aphrodite
Tetrapylon in Aphrodisias is the Grand Gateway to the Temple of Aphrodite: The Tetrapylon is the first ancient public building that we see on entry to the Aphrodisias archaeological site. This awe-inspiring structure is the grand gateway to the Temple of Aphrodite, where pilgrims come to worship the cult image of Aphrodite, the goddess of beauty, love, pleasure and procreation. Weather-wise, we've been very lucky on our tour of Turkey. Against the clear blue skies of Aphrodisias, the … [Read more...]
Temple of Aphrodite – The Heart of Ancient Aphrodisias
The Temple of Aphrodite Was Once The Heart of Ancient Aphrodisias: From the Tetrapylon, we made our way to the Temple of Aphrodite which is located in the northern section of the ancient city of Aphrodisias. This Temple housed the cult image of Aphrodite of Aphrodisias and the sanctuary was the most important site in the city. Unlike some of the other public buildings in Aphrodisias, the Temple of Aphrodite are just ruins today. The site is nevertheless still pretty impressive and some … [Read more...]


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The model gets into the spirit of the season with a Saturday family outing to Mr. Greentrees
The supermodel was virtually unrecognizable as a wrinkled old lady, cane and all
Plus: Which new dad sports his daughter's name on his necklace?
The mom of four embraces her kids' creativity and in turn they've inspired her fashion lines
"We know everyone in the world. It will not be hard," the fashion designer tells PEOPLE
A dozen celebs auditioned to sing the Sunday Night Football theme song for NBC
"The stars with her children's initials will stay intact," Klum's rep tells PEOPLE of the body art


text: This made-for-television movie, which debuted on Halloween, has Jean Stapleton as a mother from hell (literally) who returns from the dead to help her son, a doctor. He must find a Japanese artifact called the Stone of Ise, which possesses magical powers, and keep it out of the hands of a criminal Asian gang. ~ Brian Gusse, Rovi


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I forgot to make a reservation where we usually stay for the weekend so when we arrived at the island we had to go by various hotels in search of vacancy. The receptionist at Casa Bella said they had only 2 rooms left (king bed with jacuzzi), one of those had a messed up fridge, but everything else in the... More
- Also Known As:
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- Americas Best Value Inn And Suites Casa Bella Hotel South Padre Island
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Hublot Classic Fusion Chronograph Watch
Filed under: Timepieces / Watches
The newest iteration of the Classic Fusion "classy" watch from Hublot will have a bi-compax chronograph. The Classic Fusion Chronograph is a more simple chronograph in comparison to the Big Bang or King Power styles with the same complications - though it is not by any means a simple watch. Hublot offers it with a matte black dial and either titanium or 18k red gold applied hour markers and hands. The watch case comes in one size of 45mm wide, and will be offered in titanium or 18k red gold. The watch feels like just what the Classic Fusion needed to have that little extra bit of visual interest. Inside the watch will be an Hublot HUB1143 automatic movement.
Ariel Adams publishes the luxury watch reviews site aBlogtoRead.com.


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Eureka was a French manufacturer of children's toys, well known for their pressed steel pedal cars for children. Over 22,000 pedal cars were produced... More
This custom award winning show car, named "The Nas Tee" and rightly so. Built with precision and passion, this radical 1923 Ford Model... More
Awesome, very rare and original car Great paint and interior Runs and drives excellent! ... More
This Chevrolet Paddy Wagon was fabricated for use as a period movie production car. Built on a 1929 Chevrolet 1/2 ton chassis, a number... More
1929 FORD MODEL A REPLICA FACTORY BUILT BY SHAY, AND ORIGINALLY SOLD AND GUARANTEED BY FORD DEALERS WHEN NEW. OF THE VARIOUS SHAYS AROUND... More
Like it or not the T-Bucket is back in a big way. There's surely a reason why we can't keep them in stock and... More
Second to the last year of production and first year of new body change for Ford. This beautiful Ford touring was completely restored est.... More
This is a very nice Tudor sedan, all original Ford steel. Classic color combination of bramble brown and rose beige belt line with orange... More
FORD: 1929 MODEL A PICKUP TRUCK, new paint and interior, runs and drives great, good looking little truck and great fun! $16,500/offer. Call 540-303-7701. ... More
350 Chevy Motor with high rise intake and Holley. Drop axle front leaf suspension, rack and pinion steering, disc brakes, 350 Turbo auto trans,... More
Here is a very nice 29 2- dr sedan. Older restoration that looks and runs Great! Very solid body and nice original stlye interior.... More
JUST IN, from long time previous owner!! Here is a very solid and original 1929 Ford Model A roadster pick up. All original steel bodyshowing No... More
Excellent mostly original running and driving car.Much work done/rebuilt using correct parts, including new brakes,distributer,tires,carb,starter,vacuum tank,etc.Original features on car include four wheel Lockheed hydraulic brakes,hydraulic... More
1926 Ford T-Bucket for sale in our Louisville Ky Showroom. This T-Bucket is a road ready show car. This particular 1926 Ford Model T... More
1927 Ford Roadster for sale in our Indianapolis Showroom. This \27 Roadster is powered by a Ford 2.3 L (LL22) 4-cylinder engine backed by... More
We are pleased to present this 1926 Ford Model TT Pickup Hearse for purchase. The Model TT pickups were produced with almost infinite variety.... More
Fourth owner Bay Area car about 98% original and always stored inside. Selling due to ilness in family. Includes car cover and engine hand crank.... More
For sale is a rare and original touring car with all original parts. It was in running condition when placed in protected storage 25... More
1927 would be the last year Ford produced a Model T, making way for the more contemporary Model A with it's familiar 3-Speed transmission.... More
1925 OVERLAND TOURING. Tan with brown interior. This is an older restoration. For only $12,500.... More
1927 has 29k on build,350 motor w/ mild cam, 350 turbo 3 sp trans, 4 doors, american racing wheels, glass fenders, this was built in... More
Very unique with all Ford running gear with a 4.6 Fuel Injected Police Interceptor motor. 4.6/350HP mated to a 4-Speed Automatic Transmission with OD.... More
This 1922 Citroen De Convertible Yellow with a Black interior. Excellent original car. Just came out of an estate. For only $14,500... More
TT C-cab body. Pro rebuilt drivetrain, pro paint/body, pro upholstery. 10 miles since restoration. Hall Scott/Ruxtell two speed rear, High speed gears. Bosch distrubutor... More
1927 Chrysler Model 60 Touring that has been in the same family since new. Re-painted late 60's. Driven for several years after, then basically... More
T speedsters are NOT factory cars they are Homebuilt Hot Rods. They typically include parts from different cars and different years. This example features... More
1927 Chevrolet Capital Series AA roadster,just as retrieved from lengthy storage.It has a solid body,and an older repaint,in the factory colors.It seems to run... More
1924 Morris Cowley (Bullnose) Estate sale car has been in same family since 1956 - third owner All history available - car is very original Full and... More
1928 Model A "special" coupe, only built for 9 months in 1928. Very Rare car! Totally restored to original. Runs Great.... More
1927 was the last year for the model T Ford and the most desirable. The gas tank was moved to the cowl and the... More
Quick quiz: what looks like a vintage Mercedes is titled as a 1975 Ford and has a 350 cubic inch Chevy V8 for power?... More
FORD: 1929 MODEL A PICKUP TRUCK, new paint and interior, runs and drives great, good looking little truck and great fun! $16,500/offer. Call 540-303-7701. ... More
1929 Ford Model A Roadster PU, all steel older resto, new top, nice int, good wood bed, rebuilt motor, runs good.... More
1928 Packard Dump Truck, straight 6, starts and runs, Solid body for restoration project. Garaged for many years. Resonable offers will be considered. John... More
1923 Ford T-Bucket for sale in our Louisville Ky Showroom. This T-Bucket is a road ready show car. This particular 1923 Ford Model T... More
1927 Ford T-Bucket for sale in Indianapolis! This hand built 1927 T-Bucket is a recent build with only 850 miles on it. Powered... More
Passing Lane Motors, LLC, St. Louis's Premier Classic Car Dealer, is pleased to present this 1923 Ford T Bucket for sale! Highlights include: Chevy Crate 350... More
While many T-buckets are cartoonish this '23 gets it right and pares it down to the bare minimums giving it a hardcore performance look... More
This 1928 Ford Model A is for sale in our Chicago showroom. This unique rat rod style vehicle is powered by a Datsun... More
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October 3, 2012
Aaron Smith CatsIllustrated.com
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Drs. Lovelace and Moneta are with the Division of Vascular Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University and Portland Department of Veteran's Affairs Hospital, Portland, OR.
Recent randomized controlled trials comparing combined carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and medical therapy with medical therapy alone have determined that patients with specific levels of internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis benefit from endarterectomy. 1-4 The North American Symptomatic Carotid En-darterectomy Trial (NASCET) determined that patients presenting with transient ischemic attacks, nondisabling stroke, or amaurosis fugax and 50% to 69% or 70% to 99% angiographic internal carotid artery stenosis achieved significant reduction in stroke rates with ipsilateral CEA over medical therapy alone. 3,4 In patients with high grade stenosis, 70% to 99%, there was an absolute reduction in stroke risk by 17% at 2 years following surgery. 4 In patients with moderate stenosis, 50% to 69%, benefit of surgery was less dramatic, with an absolute reduction in stroke risk of 5.5% at 5 years. 3
The European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST) also found that symptomatic patients with internal carotid artery stenosis benefit from carotid endarterectomy. 2 In this multi-center, randomized controlled trial of more than 3000 patients, frequency of major stroke or death in the medically treated group was 26.5% at 3 years, compared with 14.9% for surgically treated patients. Benefit was confined to patients with 80% to 99% angiographic ICA stenosis.
Asymptomatic patients modestly benefit from CEA. 1 The Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Surgery (ACAS) trial randomized 1662 patients with angiographic ICA stenosis of 60% to 99% to receive surgery and medical therapy or medical therapy only. Aggregate stroke and death rates over a 5-year period were 11% for the medical group and 5.1% for the surgical group. In addition, the study documented a 1.2% stroke rate resulting from angiography. 1
Severity of internal carotid artery stenosis in the NASCET, ECST, and ACAS studies was determined using angiography. Angiographic measurement of percent ICA stenosis is usually calculated by one of three methods. 5 Each method uses the diameter of the ICA lumen at the point of maximal narrowing as the numerator, but the reference value used as the denominator in the equation to calculate percent stenosis varies. In NASCET and ACAS, the presumably disease-free distal cervical ICA diameter is used as the reference value, whereas in ECST the estimated normal diameter of the carotid bulb was chosen. (Use of the common carotid artery [CCA] diameter has also been advocated.)
Each method of measurement (NASCET, ECST, and CCA) leads to a different calculation of percent ICA stenosis. Three different levels of stenosis will be calculated depending on the value chosen as the denominator (figure 1). An evaluation of 1001 angiograms comparing these three methods concluded that calculations using the distal ICA diameter as the denominator (NASCET method) consistently result in a lower value of percent angiographic ICA stenosis than calculations using the estimated normal carotid bulb diameter (ECST method). 6
Contrast cerebral angiography is invasive and can be associated with significant neurologic morbidity that will diminish the benefit conferred by CEA. 1 Nearly half of the perioperative morbidity attributed to the surgical arm of the ACAS trial resulted from cerebral angiography, not from the actual surgical procedure itself. Conversely, duplex ultrasound scanning of the carotid arteries is a safe, noninvasive means of determining severity of ICA stenosis.
Duplex velocity and spectral criteria developed at the University of Washington (UW) have been the most widely employed criteria to noninvasively determine levels of "angiographic" ICA stenosis (Table 1). 7 These criteria, however, are not applicable to the threshold levels of ICA stenosis determined to be of benefit in ACAS and NASCET, in that there are no cutoffs for >= 60% and >= 70% ICA stenosis. In addition, the UW criteria were developed using the estimated normal diameter of the carotid bulb as the denominator in calculations of percent angiographic ICA stenosis.
Since the randomized trials were completed, new duplex criteria for determining angiographic ICA stenosis have been developed to provide criteria directly relevant to ACAS and NASCET. In our opinion, these supplemental duplex criteria should not replace existing UW criteria, which very accurately quantify atherosclerosis in the carotid bulb. The new criteria are most useful in properly selecting patients for CEA based on results of the randomized clinical trials that quantify stenosis using the distal cervical ICA diameter as the reference value in calculations of angiographic percent ICA stenosis.
We proposed the first duplex criteria directly applicable to the initial NASCET report. This study used receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves to compare sensitivities and specificities of different duplex parameters for predicting a 70% to 99% angiographic ICA stenosis using the distal cervical ICA diameter as the denominator in calculations of percent stenosis. 8 Data was obtained from 100 patients with 184 angiographically patent ICAs. Doppler-derived peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end diastolic velocity (EDV) in the CCA and ICA, as well as ICA/CCA PSV ratios were correlated with their ability to predict 70% to 99% angiographic ICA stenosis. An ICA/CCAPSV ratio of >= 4.0 was the most accurate overall predictor of 70% to 99% angiographic ICA stenosis with 91% sensitivity, 87% specificity, and overall accuracy of 88%. 8 This data was later confirmed in a prospective study utilizing duplex scans and angiographic studies from our institution and from the University of Washington. 9 A total of 168 angiograms and duplex scans were compared. An ICA/CCA PSV ratio of >= 4.0 was able to predict 70% to 99% angiographic ICA stenosis with 90% sensitivity, 90% specificity, and 90% overall accuracy. 9
Other investigators have since developed additional duplex criteria applicable to the initial and final NASCET reports. In a review of duplex scans and angiograms from 120 patients, Neale et al 10 found that an ICA PSV > 270 cm/s determined 70% to 99% angiographic ICA stenosis with 96% sensitivity, 86% specificity, and 88% accuracy. An ICA EDV > 110 cm/s resulted in 91% sensitivity, 93% specificity, and 93% accuracy. If both PSV > 270 cm/s and EDV >l10 cm/s were present, 96% sensitivity, 91% specificity, and 93% overall accuracy was achieved. 10 Faught et al 11 found a combination of PSV >130 cm/s and EDV >100 cm/s had an overall accuracy of 95% for detecting 70% to 99% angiographic ICA stenosis. These variables were subsequently applied in a prospective study evaluating 457 internal carotid arteries in 248 patients. 12 Overall accuracy of 95% was maintained, with 87% sensitivity and 97% specificity. (The PSV of 130 cm/s is quite low and data from this institution is likely driven by the requirement for an EDV >100 cm/s). In another study by Carpenter et al, 13 PSV >210 cm/s, EDV >70 cm/s, and ICA/CCA PSV ratio >= 3.0 each had an 83% accuracy for detecting 70% to 99% angiographic ICA stenosis. Finally, Winkelaar et al 14 studied 188 carotid arteries with both duplex scanning and angiography to identify duplex criteria for detecting a 50% to 99% angiographic ICA stenosis by NASCET methods. These investigators determined that an ICA/CCA PSV ratio >= 2.0 identified a 50% to 99% ICA stenosis with 93% accuracy, 96% sensitivity, and 89% specificity. 14
Additional duplex criteria have also been developed for asymptomatic patients, incorporating the >= 60% ICA stenosis threshold defined by ACAS. Assuming a duplex scan suggesting 60% to 99% ICA stenosis in an asymptomatic patient may lead to angiography or operation, and noting the modest therapuetic benefit of CEA in asymptomatic patients, we reasoned criteria for asymptomatic patients should have a high positive predictive value (PPV) for defining 60% to 99% angiographic ICA stenosis. Cerebral angiograms and duplex scans of 352 ICAs were compared. 15 A 95% PPV for >= 60% ICA stenosis was achieved with a combination of ICA PSV >290 cm/s and ICA EDV >80 cm/s. Carpenter et al 16 also evaluated parameters for defining 60% to 99% angiographic ICA stenosis. In their study, 210 ICAs were examined with angiography and duplex scanning. Assuming high PPV remains the discriminating factor, an EDV > 60cm/s then provides a PPV of 96%, and a PSV >230 cm/s a PPV of 94%. 16 In an additional study comparing magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to duplex for determining >= 60% ICA stenosis, a combination of PSV >245 and EDV >65 cm/s resulted in an 89% PPV. 17
Each of these studies used different duplex scanners and determined slightly different criteria for predicting percentage of ICA stenosis (tables 2 and 3). Differences apparently exist between duplex equipment, vascular laboratories, and vascular technologists in measurement of ICA stenosis.
These potential differences were examined by Fillinger et al 18 in 1996. The study was carried out at two independent centers with separate duplex scanners and technologists. A total of 360 carotid bifurcations were examined using Quantum (Siemens Medical Systems, Inc., Issaquah, WA); Diasonics (Diasonics Ultrasound, Santa Clara, CA); and ATL (Advanced Technology Laboratories, Bothell, WA) brand duplex machines. Percent ICA stenosis was measured by angiogram with the distal ICA diameter as the denominator. Using ROC curves, PPVs between 90% and 95% were determined while attempting to maintain >90% accuracy and >80% sensitivity. To meet these requirements, depending on the scanner empolyed, ICA/CCA PSV ratios varied from 2.6 to 3.3 and the ICA PSV varied from 190 cm/s to 240 cm/s for prediction of 60% to 99% angiographic ICA stenosis. Threshold values differed between scanners and appeared to be machine specific. Investigators determined that relationships between duplex data and percent angiographic ICA stenosis were statistically different for one of the machines (ATL). It was concluded that different duplex-derived criteria determining 60% to 99% angiographic ICA stenosis are not interchangeable from one machine to another.
In an attempt to standardize supplemental duplex criteria between different observers and different machines, a recent study used an entirely different diagnostic variable to determine percent angiographic ICA stenosis. Ranke et al 19 used the mean velocity ratio, which is the intrastenotic mean blood flow velocity divided by the distal ICA mean blood flow velocity, to evaluate for the presence of a 70% to 99% angiographic ICA stenosis. In this study, Hewlett-Packard (Andover, MA) and ATL duplex machines were used. The study was small, with only 44 patients undergoing both duplex scanning and angiography, and 21 patients were examined to compare differences between scanners and observers. A mean velocity ratio >= 5.0 correlated with a NASCET 70% to 99% angiographic ICA stenosis with a 97% sensitivity and 98% specificity. 19 Direct velocity measurements between the two scanners were significantly different (P <0.001), but the mean velocity ratios were not. Due to inherent accuracy problems in calculation of mean velocities, variability and reproducibility studies will be required prior to possible acceptance of mean velocities in the calculation of percent angiographic ICA stenosis. If these findings are repeated by independent observers in a larger set of patients, the use of mean velocity ratios may become important in standardizing duplex determination of ICA stenosis.
Although the University of Washington duplex criteria have had enormous clinical and research impact, the categories of ICA stenosis described are only applicable to quantifying stenosis based on the estimated normal diameter of the carotid bulb in calculations of percent angiographic stenosis. Clinical trials of carotid endarterectomy in North America, such as ACAS and NASCET, have based their results on the distal cervical ICA diameter as the reference value. Supplemental duplex criteria were developed to define percent angiographic ICA stenosis using the >= 60% and >= 70% thresholds determined to be significant in these trials. These criteria are apparently machine specific. Individual vascular laboratories must validate their own criteria with internal quality-control studies. In the future, use of distal ICA mean velocity ratios, or possibly some other combination of variables, may help to standardize duplex quantification of ICA stenosis. AR
1. Executive Committee for ACAS: Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA 273:1421-1428, 1995.
2. ECST's Collaborative Group: Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: Final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). Lancet 351:1379-1387, 1998.
3. Barnett HJ, Taylor DW, Eliasziw M, et al: Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. N Engl J Med 339:1415-1425, 1998.
4. NASCET Collaborators: Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 325:445-453, 1991.
5. Rothwell PM, Gibson RJ, Slattery J, Warlow CP: Prognostic value and reproducibility of measurements of carotid stenosis. A comparison of three methods on 1001 angiograms. Stroke 25:2440-2444, 1994.
6. Rothwell PM, Gibson RJ, Slattery J, et al: Equivalence of measurements of carotid stenosis. A comparison of three methods on 1001 angiograms. Stroke 25:2435-2439, 1994.
7. Strandness DE: Duplex Scanning in Vascular Disorders. New York, Raven Press, 1993.
8. Moneta GL, Edwards JM, Chitwood RW, et al: Correlation of North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) angiographic definition of 70% to 99% internal carotid artery stenosis with duplex scanning. J Vasc Surg 17:152-157; discussion 157-159, 1993.
9. Edwards JM, Moneta GL, Papanicolaou G, et al: Prospective validation of a new duplex ultrasound criteria for 70-99% internal carotid stenosis. JEMU 16:3-7, 1995.
10. Neale ML, Chambers JL, Kelly AT, et al: Reappraisal of duplex criteria to assess significant carotid stenosis with special reference to reports from the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial and the European Carotid Surgery Trial. J Vasc Surg 20:642-649, 1994.
11. Faught WE, Mattos MA, van Bemmelen PS, et al: Color-flow duplex scanning of carotid arteries: New velocity criteria based on receiver operator characteristic analysis for threshold stenoses used in the symptomatic and asymptornatic carotid trials. J Vasc Surg 19:818-827; discussion 827-828, 1994.
12. Hood DB, Mattos MA, Mansour A, et al: Prospective evaluation of new duplex criteria to identify 70% internal carotid artery stenosis. J Vasc Surg 23:254-261; discussion 261-262, 1996.
13. Carpenter JP, Lexa FJ, Davis JT: Determination of duplex Doppler ultrasound criteria appropriate to the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial. Stroke 27:695-699, 1996.
14. Winkelaar GB, Chen JC, Salvian AJ, et al: N ew duplex ultrasound scan criteria for managing symptomatic 50% or greater carotid stenosis. J Vasc Surg 29:986-994, 1999.
15. Moneta GL, Edwards JM, Papanicolaou G, et al: Screening for asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis: Duplex criteria for discriminating 60% to 99% stenosis. J Vasc Surg 21:989-994, 1995.
16. Carpenter JP, Lexa FJ, Davis JT: Determination of sixty percent or greater carotid artery stenosis by duplex Doppler ultrasonography. J Vasc Surg 22:697-703; discussion 703-705, 1995.
17. Jackson MR, Chang AS, Robles HA, et al: Determination of 60% or greater carotid stenosis: A prospective comparison of magnetic resonance angiography and duplex ultrasound with conventional angiography. Ann Vasc Surg 12:236-243, 1998.
18. Fillinger W, Baker RJ Jr., Zwolak RM, et al: Carotid duplex criteria for a 60% or greater angiographic stenosis: Variation according to equipment. J Vasc Surg 24:856-864, 1996.
19. Ranke C, Creutzig A, Becker H, Trappe HJ: Standardization of carotid ultrasound: A hemodynamic method to normalize for interindividual and interequipment variability. Stroke 30:402-406, 1999.


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By Paul Woolverton Staff writer
WILMINGTON - A lawyer for a woman alleged to have been involved in Fort Bragg's MacDonald murders in 1970 testified Monday that she was present when a group of people she knew from an occult group slaughtered the family.
"She basically said she didn't take part in the actual murders. She said she was there," said Jerry Leonard in U.S. District Court in Wilmington. He is a Raleigh lawyer who represented Helena Stoeckley in August 1979 when she was a witness under subpoena at the Jeffrey MacDonald murder trial. She died in 1983.
Leonard was the last witness to testify at an evidentiary hearing that began last week in the MacDonald case.
Jeffrey MacDonald, a former Army captain and doctor who worked with Special Forces units, is serving three life sentences for the murders of his wife, Colette, and two young daughters, is using new evidence regarding Stoeckley, plus DNA test results, in an effort to overturn his convictions.
MacDonald has always contended that a group of home invaders high on drugs beat and stabbed to death his wife and children. Investigators contended that MacDonald killed his family and stabbed himself to give his home invader claim credibility.
Stoeckley was a drug addict and drug informant in Fayetteville in 1970 and, by 1979, a stroke survivor. She sometimes told people over the years that she was present during the murders and sometimes denied it. Prosecutors have said that her descriptions of the scene could have been gleaned from news accounts and news photos from the MacDonald home published following the murders.
She testified on Aug. 17, 1979, that she took a mescaline pill - a hallucinogen - late the evening before the MacDonalds were killed, and has no memory of what she did until the next morning. She testified that she was not involved in the murders.
Stoeckley testified on a Friday. Once she was finished, MacDonald's lawyers said they might want her to testify further, so they kept her under subpoena. Over that weekend, according to the trial transcript and testimony at this evidentiary hearing, Stoeckley called the judge, told him that she was afraid of one of MacDonald's lawyers and asked to have a lawyer.
U.S. District Judge Frank Dupree appointed Leonard.
Leonard said that Stoeckley didn't trust him at first, and when he talked with her in private the next Monday at the federal courthouse in Raleigh, "she said that she could not remember anything about that evening."
But he said she asked him later, "What would you do if I were there?"
Leonard said that Stoeckley told him that she belonged to a cult, and was part of a core group that performed rituals. Stoeckley said one member of this core group was angry with MacDonald, Leonard testified. She said the man felt MacDonald was biased against hard drug users in a drug-treatment program, recommending them for court-martial or dismissal from the military.
Stoeckley said she and three or four men went to the MacDonald home to confront MacDonald and "the end result was things got out of hand," Leonard testified. Although present during the murders, "she said she did not actually hurt anyone."
She also offered details of the MacDonald home, such as a rocking horse in one of the children's rooms. Stoeckley said one of the springs on the horse was disconnected from its frame.
In testimony last week, one of the investigators said the horse was intact. Photos taken in the hours after the murders showed all four springs connected to the frame.
Leonard said he did not want to testify. Lawyers by law normally are prohibited from revealing their clients' secrets, even after the clients have died. This secrecy, called privilege, can sometimes be broken if it serves the interests of justice without harming the client. Leonard took the stand under orders from U.S. District Judge James Fox.
His testimony bolsters other evidence that Stoeckley reported involvement in the murders.
Also on Monday, author Joe McGinniss finished his testimony. McGinniss wrote "Fatal Vision," a true crime book about the MacDonald murders.
McGinniss, who had a contract with MacDonald to tell his story, concluded that MacDonald killed his family and said so in the book.
Last week, MacDonald's lawyers got McGinniss to testify that he likely has earned the most money off the MacDonald story, through his book and a subsequent television miniseries about the case.
Prosecutor John Bruce got McGinniss to testify that the book would have earned more money had he concluded that MacDonald was an innocent man wrongly convicted.
"Far more," he said.
"That is the story people really would want to read," he said.
Both sides have rested their case. Closing arguments are to begin at 9 a.m. today. Each side will have up to three hours to make their statements.
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