text:
You decide.
Or John Edwards?
Nugent is clearly the bigger asshole.
Edwards is just slimey, not deliberately hateful. Or so we know so far.
They're both narcissists, which already pushes them over the line into asshole country.
I initially concluded that Edwards was the larger of the a-holes because, well, he's smart enough to know better. But all he did was think that putting his dick somewhere he shouldn't would roll off him the way sexual scandals roll off many Republicans' backs (or fronts, but that's another story).
Nugent somewhat regularly threatens to end the lives of people he doesn't like. Hence, far bigger ass-hole, -hat, -clown and all other things related to assitude.
PS Nugent has a WIFE?
What she said.
Ted Nugent:
I'm a moderate. I'm an extremely loving and passionate man, and people who investigate me honestly, without the baggage of political correctness, ascertain the conclusion that I'm a damned nice guy. … And if you can find a screening process more powerful than that, I'll [expletive] your [expletive], or [expletive] you. How's that sound?
versus John Edwards:
[Peter] Scher said he again confronted Edwards about the affair in a heated phone call after learning Hunter was still traveling with the former senator from North Carolina despite staff concerns. This time, Edwards responded that he didn't need a babysitter and told Scher to back off, the former adviser recalled.
"He told me to go fuck myself," said Scher, who stopped serving as an outside adviser to Edwards at that point.
Nugent, hands down. At least John Edwards knows how to use obscenity appropriately. (Also, "moderate"? Have someone read you a dictionary some time.)
Nugent is playing a character IMHO. It's all to cash in on that redneck money. He's cynical and egotistical but he's just an entertainer.
Edwards however is the worst sort of person. Not only is he vain, cynical, narcissistic but he could've set back an entire political movement, the progressive movement, if things had gone another way. That's not even counting his campaign finance shenanigans, and what he put his wife through.
Nugent is just a blowhard with no real power. Edwards had real power and abused it. He did damage to a movement that really can't afford to have any more done to it considering everything that's stacked against progressives, and all the effort some of us put into destroying ourselves.
So thanks John. You're the biggest asshole, asshole.
I always choose sex over violence in the moral kingdom.
Adding, Ted Nugent is a violent psychopath.
Can we not add Newt Gingrich to this list?
Indeed, that would be like the triumvirate of assholes
I vote Edwards. He manipulated everyone around him and fooled thousands of potential voters just to get his rocks off. He even likely used campaign funds for his mistress and son. He did it all while his wife suffered from cancer. But not once did he seem to consider the stakes in the game he was playing. Bob has said what would have happened if Edwards had won the election and this scandal broke when he was in the White House? I say, what if he just won the Democratic Nomination first? Hello VP Palin!
Nugent is an aging performance artist who will say anything to keep the camera pointed in his direction. He's just another has been celebrity who realized there is mountains of money and attention to be had throwing red meat to the far right. He's a huckster, one of many in the right wing, and will never actually DO any for the crap he claims.
Edwards is indeed an asshat, but he's just another politician that couldn't keep his dick in his pants. Had he been a rwnj, what's the chance this would be going to trial?
Nugent, however, is much worse because he has serious potential to incite some other wingut to commit violence. He won't do anything himself because he's another chickenshit chickenhawk.
Edited insight to incite. Note to self don't type angry without coffee.
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12/04/13 Show: Sarah Palin's Mouth: We're in Holiday Mode; The Obama's Dog Accused of Tackling a Kid; Martin Bashir Fired from MSNBC Over Sarah Palin Remark; Erick Rush Wants to Assassinate Obama; Alex Jones Rejects a Conspiracy Theory; The Paul Walker Truthers; Amazon Drones; Plan-B is Not the Same as Abortion; and much more.
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11/20/13 Show: Magic Gate Ball: Gettysburg is Obama's Katrina; Darrell Issa to Investigate Jobs Numbers; Bob Woodward is the Magic Gate Ball; Republicans Deliberately Sabotaging Obamacare; Sarah Palin Loves Rafael Cruz; The Greatest Rush Limbaugh Clip Ever; Michele Bachmann is Confused About the Internet; Chez's Trans Controversy; and much more.
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11/13/13 Show: Nice Needed Powerful Gun: Another School Shooting; Pro-Gun Thugs Intimidate Moms in Dallas; Who's Attacking Bob Now; The Obamabot Meme; The Obama Wiretapped Romney Conspiracy Theory; Bill Clinton Isn't Helping on Healthcare; Sarah Palin Word Salad on the Today Show; Sarah Palin's Christmas Audiobook; and much more.
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11/06/13 Show: Eff Those Koch Brothers: Back from Vacation; Obamacare Horror Stories Debunked; The President Didn't Really Lie About Keeping Your Insurance; Derpy Will Cain on CNN; Frank Gaffney Thinks Voting Equals the End of America; Rand Paul's Plagiarism Scandal; Ron Paul Endorses Nullification and Armed Revolt Against the Government; Keeping Up with the Blogs; and much more.
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10/16/13 Show: You Lose: Imani Gandy the Angry Black Lady joins us for the hour; We Enjoy Some Schadenfreude at the Expense of the Tea Party; The Government Shutdown is Over; The Debt Ceiling Will Be Lifted; Statements from Ted Cruz, John Boehner and Pete King; Rush Limbaugh Says GOP is Irrelevant; Matt Drudge Welcomes Nancy Pelosi Back to the Speakership; The Weekend Tea Party Rally Featuring Stockman's Derp Face; Bob Helps Ted Cruz's Speechwriter with Some Math; Congress is Dumb; and much more.
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10/09/13 Show: Maranatha: The Debt Ceiling Crisis; Impending Financial Apocalypse; The Republican Lies About Debt Default and Obamacare; Rand Paul and Sarah Palin Derp; Debating on Facebook; Mandatory Sterilization; Jon Stewart Fail; Kathleen Sebelius Fail; Unions are Not Waived from Obamacare; The Importance of the Individual Mandate; and much more.
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10/02/13 Show: Shutdown: The Government Shutdown; The Tears of Boehner; How Can the Tea Party Win; Obamacare Launches; People Will Love Obamacare; The Whopper Lie About Congress Being Exempt from Obamacare; This Week In Derp; Rand Paul and Benghazi; Gohmert is Clueless; Greenwald's Lack of Self Awareness; Unskewed Polls Guy Says Obama is Secretly a Gay Muslim; and much more.
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09/25/13 Show: Angry Black Lady: Blogger Imani Gandy aka Angry Black Lady Joins Us for the Hour; ABL versus Greenwald; The Ted Cruz Filibuster; The Realities of Obamacare; Finally Affordable Healthcare; Chez and ABL Tumor Stories; The Creepy Rapey Koch Brothers Ad; Alex Jones and Jerome Corsi on Kenya; Wayne LaPierre is a Talking Bumper Sticker; and much more.
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09/18/13 Show: Shake and Bake: The Navy Yard Massacre; The Background Check System is Broken; The Same Old Script Isn't Working; Is Gun Control Dead; Alex Jones and Everything is a False Flag; Chuck Todd Says It's Not His Job To Correct GOP Lies; Michelle Obama Promotes Drinking Water; Rush Limbaugh Comes Out Against Water; John Cusack's Sappy Hagiography of Greenwald et al; and much more.
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09/11/13 Show: The Daily Banter Editor Ben Cohen Joins Us for the Hour; The President's Syria Address; The Disarmament Deal; Team Obama is Not the Stooges Fixing the Plumbing; The New Snowden Revelation is Full of Gaping Holes; The Wall Street Journal NSA Story is Old News; The Consortium of Left Libertarians and Hackers Disguised as Journalists; and much more.
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09/04/13 Show: War in Syria; McCain Adds Regime Change Language to AUMF; The Potential for Quagmire; Getting Involved in the Middle East and Africa; Rep. Jeff Duncan's Hillbilly Benghazi Tirade; The Convergence of Drudge, Assange, the Far-Left and Far-Right; PRISM Fantastico; NSA Spying on Brazil; Greenwald's Quid Pro Quo; and much more.
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08/28/13 Show: The Professional Left: We welcome fellow podcasters and first guests on the show Blue Gal and Driftglass to discuss podcasting and the NSA story; The Crisis in Syria; The President's Address at the March on Washington Anniversary; Steve Lonegan is Overcompensating for Something; Cory Booker's Excellent Response; Death Penalty for Nidal Hasan; This Week in Guns; and much more.
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08/21/13 Show: Bad Journalism: Bradley Manning Sentenced; FISA Court Oversight Revealed; Greenwald's Husband Detained and Questioned; The Guardian Is Imploding; The Ridiculous Computer Smash-Up Caper; Botching a News Story That Happened In A Newsroom; The Thwarted Atlanta School Shooting; The Secret NRA Gun Registry; The President's New Dog is Black; New Huff Post Comment Policy; and much more.
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Greenwald's New and Easily-Debunked Claim: NSA Shares Raw American Data with Israel (9/12)
How The Guardian is Quietly and Repeatedly Spying on You (9/9)
New Snowden Revelations Prove the Obvious: NSA Breaks Codes, Spies on Terrorists (9/6)
Greenwald Reports NSA Spied on Presidents of Brazil and Mexico (9/2)
The NSA's 'Black Budget' and Why We Should Be Worried About What Snowden Nabbed (8/30)
Three NSA Headlines, Three Unforgivably Misleading Claims (8/26)
The Truth Continues to Trickle Out on the Greenwald Family Reality Show (8/23)
The Guardian's Computer Smash-Up Story Grows Increasingly Bizarre & Ridiculous (8/21)
The Guardian's Editor: We Voluntarily Smashed Our Computers While Government Goons Observed (8/19)
Glenn Greenwald's Partner Detained By British Security; Was Transporting Top Secret Documents (8/18)
New Snowden Bombshell Reveals Surveillance Errors Via Internal NSA Oversight (8/16)
Government Surveillance Critics Willingly Accept Egregious Corporate Privacy Violations (8/13)
The Guardian Publishes Another Deliberately Shocking Yet Self-Debunking NSA Article (8/12)
The Top 10 Most Inaccurate and Exaggerated NSA Stories (So Far) (8/9)
The Real-Life Stories of Legitimate NSA Whistleblowers (Snowden Isn't One of Them) (8/7)
The Conspiracy Theory Nexus of Glenn Beck, Glenn Greenwald and Alex Jones (8/6)
I'll Stop Writing About Glenn Greenwald's NSA Coverage When He Stops Lying (8/5)
Another Wild Story About Government Spying Circulates the Internet, Only to Be Debunked Later (8/2)
Bradley Manning Lives in a Nation of Laws, and, Hero or Not, He Broke 20 of Those Laws (7/30)
New Poll About NSA Indicates Paranoia, Pervasive Misunderstandings About Surveillance (7/30)
Greenwald's Shocking Bombshell: NSA Analysts Can Analyze NSA Intelligence (7/29)
Snowden Inexplicably Hires A Lawyer With Ties to Russian Intelligence Agency (7/24)
The Convergence of the 'Glenn Greenwald Left' and the 'Alex Jones Right' (7/23)
How a Wild Theoretical Claim About the NSA Magically Transformed Into Factual Reality (7/19)
Greenwald's Microsoft NSA Bombshell is Frustratingly Coy and Deliberately Deceptive (7/17)
Greenwald's Threat: If Snowden Is Assassinated, the U.S. Will Face Its 'Worst Nightmare' (7/14)
A Surveillance Primer: What Exactly Are We Talking About Regarding the NSA? (7/10)
Eight Corporate Privacy Invaders That Know Way More About You Than the NSA (7/2)
Snowden Emerges with Bizarre New Remarks, Implies that He Might Be Assassinated (7/1)
As the IRS Scandal Goes Down in Flames, An Important Lesson for the NSA Story (6/25)
A Response to Cenk Uygur on Greenwald, Snowden and the NSA (6/24)
Greenwald Debunks Himself: NSA Targeting of a U.S. Citizen Requires a Warrant (6/21)
The NSA Story Exposed a Deepening Schism on the Left (6/19)
Greenwald Conducts Online Chat with Snowden, Inflicting More Damage to Their Cause (6/17)
CNET Reporter Posts Wildly Inaccurate Yet Totally Viral 'Bombshell' About NSA Eavesdropping (6/16)
Snowden and Greenwald Beginning to Self-Destruct; 'The Nation' and 'Mother Jones' Raise Questions (6/14)
Greenwald Stands By His NSA Reporting in Spite of Growing Questions (6/12)
If You're Wondering Who Helped Pass the NSA's Eavesdropping Powers, Here Are Some Familiar Names… (6/11)
NSA Bombshell Story Falling Apart Under Scrutiny; Key Facts Turning Out to Be Inaccurate (6/8)


text:
Gold-Dust, Gold-Lust: Chanel Illusion D'Ombre in 89 Vision
[**Update] I bought this at a Chanel counter, and realised it doesn't seem to be available online at the moment. Do give your local Chanel counter a call to find out when they might have this in!
If there is just one item that I will recommend from the high-end collections (if you're in the market to splurge on something this Summer season), it is Chanel's Illusion D'Ombre in 89 Vision.
And, yes - let me first say outright that this is ridiculously expensive and, YES - you can live without it.
BUT - if you want a translucent sparkle in a convenient gel/cream format that is MUCH better than the equivalent from Shu Uemura, AND you don't mind the price (US$36, S$52), this is a lust-inducing option to consider.
As you can see from the swatches above, this is literally a pot of the most glorious sparkling gold flecks in a completely translucent base. If gold has always been too yellow for you to wear, you will not encounter that problem here because you're not going to get a wash of solid yellow-gold.
This is a veil of fine but intense fairy dust that is going to stay on your lids rather than dust right off onto your cheeks. The silky, almost-dry texture also means that you can smooth this on over existing shadows or powders.
This is probably the shortest tutorial I have.
Step 1: Smooth on with finger all the way from lash line up to the brow bone.
Step 2: Apply black liner (I used Milani Liquif' Eye) along the water line and extend into a short flick to add sultriness to the gold-laden look.
Step 3: Apply black mascara to finish.
And that is literally all you need for a traffic-stopping eye look that takes 5 minutes to create.
Tip: This is best applied with your fingers.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
As mentioned in the
video, the Article Domination Method is not some cheesy Resell
Rights product, nor is it filled with a bunch of fluff or baseless
The Article Domination Method Reveals:
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From: Kevin A.
Thursday, 10:36 am
Most of the courses I purchased ranged from $47-$497 and while some of them were phenomenal; others were a great big disappointment! In addition to the upfront costs associated with purchasing these courses, some taught over-the-edge "black-hat" strategies that could lead to search engine penalties or worse.
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Want More?
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Ready? Click Here To Start Dominating Your Niche
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Please note: The terms "Adsense" and "PageRank" are trademarks of Google.com The term "Alexa" is a trademark of Alexa.com - - Photoshop is a trademark of Adobe and Frontpage is a trademark of Microsoft. This site is wholly owned by KCS Enterprises & Marketing, Inc. and is in no way associated with Google, Alexa, Adobe or Microsoft.
Enterprises and Marketing, Inc. 12345 Mountain Ave., Suite N288 Chino, CA 91710 (888) 593-6095 |


text:
I had my second stay at the Millennium this October and November. This place is fantastic. I was booked for four weeks last winter but unfortunately had to leave after 2 months due to a family emergency. They were most accommodating and gave me a credit for the 2 months I would not be there. I used that credit in... More
- Also Known As:
- Millennium Hotel
- Millennium Hotel Cabarete
- Millennium Resort And Spa
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Located in Cabarete, Dominican Republic – one of the hottest vacation destinations in the world. As one of the most beautiful properties in the Dominican Republic, Millennium Resort offers one, two and three bedroom condominiums providing an exclusive, ultra-modern and luxe environment. At Millennium, experience the best in style, the best in comfort and the most spectacular ocean views in Cabarete. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Hotels.com and Expedia so you can book your Millennium Resort & Spa reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


text:
John and Brenda Parker celebrated their 25th wedding anniversary with a trip to Baltimore to watch their daughter's volleyball team qualify for national championships in July.
The Parkers were married April 4, 1987, at St. Joseph Catholic Church, Tiffin, by the Rev. Dennis Schroeder.
They are parents of one daughter, Sarah, at home.
Brenda is the daughter of Robert and Judy Weinandy and the late Dolores Weinandy. She works at Farm Service Agency, Tiffin.
John is the son of Frank and Mary Parker. He works for American Equipment Service and is a self-employed farmer.


text:
How long did it take you to get past Marauder Shields?
I just finished this game, absolutely epic! If anyone ever has some time on their hands I really recommend you playing through the 3 games, its an 3rd person action RPG.
Founder and Writer @ http://thelotterymafia.com/
Follow me here: @jamesplowright for insightful tweets about the NBA and Bobcats News
If you are interested in writing about the NBA, web design or PR please get in touch. we will accept all applications irreverent of experience:
Let the CHOsen one get to work!


text:
- Top Local News
- Today's Local Feature
- State and Nation
Longtime AP photographer Fred Waters dies
Fred Waters, a longtime Associated Press photographer who covered everything from the Korean and Vietnam wars to construction of the Gateway Arch, has died, his daughter said Thursday.
Continued ... - Former Ala narcotics officer sentenced to prison
- State to submit proposal for Boeing plant
- Woman charged in post-game shooting free on bond
- Athens man among 11 traffic fatalities over holiday
Longtime AP photographer Fred Waters dies
- Local Sports
- Sports
Mason, No. 3 Auburn beat No. 5 Missouri 59-42
If offense was the only requirement, Auburn would be a shoe-in for the BCS championship.
Continued ... - COMEBACK CHAMPS: No. 1 Tanner takes 2nd title in rematch with No. 3 Washington Co.
- COLUMN: This time, it wasn't easy for Tanner
- COLUMN: Two state champions have common traits, trophies
- RATTLER REDUX: No. 1 Tanner outlasts No. 3 Washington Co. for 2nd state title
Mason, No. 3 Auburn beat No. 5 Missouri 59-42
- Lifestyles
- Calendar of Events
- Obituaries


text:
I know that its been said already, but allow me some catharsis... I've done 100-mile ultras in the mountains with better support along the way! Came to break 3 hours, and was well on course until the lack of water, gels, and stopping to get my own water after FINDING A CUP piled up on me and led to dehydration and bonking at mile 19 or 20. The lack of water at the finish, when I was one of the early finishers, had me quite concerned for those stuck toughing it out in the heat for several more hours. This has all been said, so let me point out 3 additional "niceties": 1: The organizer bloviating about herself and why she puts these things on when the start is already 20-30 minutes late... 2: the busses driving right towards the runners at the front of the start line Tianaman Square-style to keep the runners corralled at the start; and 3: after the race, at the local mini-mart, my brother-in-law saw the volunteer sent to get finish-line water for the 85-degree-plus runners hanging out and hitting on the clerk. A REFUND is highly unlikely, BUT an APOLOGY and perhaps some token gesture is apropos. If not, these organizers really should be ostracized for putting a bad face on the strong AZ running community.
As everyone says, this was the most poorly organized race ever. It was as though the race director didn't even care that she had a race to put on, since she overslept the morning of the race and forgot such important details as water at the finish, volunteers for the aid stations, and directions for the shuttle busses. And she was arrogant, defensive and non-apologetic. This marathon deserves to die. DO NOT SIGN UP FOR THIS MARATHON. I WANT MY MONEY BACK!
I live in the Phoenix area so I heard this race was suppose to be good. What a joke!!! Like everyone else said, we were dropped off in the dark with no direction and a late start. The worst was the lack of medical staff and volunteers at water stations. I am an RN, and I had to stop 4 times to help people throwing up!! Plus 2 bikers stopped to make Gatorade at around mile 16 because no one was running the station. My husband and friends ran water stations mile 20-25. They even had to wash out old cups because all the cups had been used!!! God Bless them!! I hit mile 20 at 3:30, but got awful leg cramps from dehydration. Because of the lack of water, and having to stop to help people, I finished in 4:55. No big deal in the whole scheme of things, but a disappointment in myself. I agree, the people who ran the full marathon should get their money back!!!!!!
Once is enough for this race. Unless you are local to the Phoenix area and are looking to get some race training don't sign up for this race with high expectations. Very few spectators on the course but what was worse the volunteers and the lack of organization of this event was unbelievable. Buses were not instructed where to drop off runners...no volunteers to meet the runners...race started about 40 minutes late...for the lead group there were no volunteers at the water stations. No water for marathoners at the finish (I think it was about 80 degrees). That's embarrasing let alone unsafe. Worst organized race of any kind that I've participated in.
Do not even think about running this race! The disaster started when I took the shuttle bus out to the start. Throughout the ride, we got to listen to the chatter on the radio with all the bus drivers screaming and arguing over where to drop off the runners. Three separate times, our bus driver told us all to get off the bus only to tell us to get back on because we were in the wrong place. Ultimately, we were dropped off in the pitch dark, still not knowing where the start was and there was no one to take our gear bags. After what seemed to be an eternity, a big truck pulled up and apparently that was when the start line was set up. Again, we waited, and waited. Finally, I asked a person in front of me if he heard about when the race would start. Just as I asked him, everyone started to run. No announcement, no firing of a starter pistol and NO APOLOGY for the late start. Then things got even worse. Water stations that were poorly manned or not at all! At the end I waited over 45 minutes for the shuttle bus and nearly had to pay extra for my room! One of the volunteers saw me waiting and asked where I was staying. When I told him, he said, 'I'm not going that way,' and drove off. At the finish I heard the race director say that next year there would not be a full marathon, only the half. It seems to me she gave up a year early. INEXCUSABLE!!!
Like many of the other comments that follow, this is the most unorganized race that I have ever run. Like many of lead marathoners, I was counting on water stations to be staffed and was not expecting that the lead marathoners would have to stop and, well, tear packages to get to the cups, and tear open the water and then pour the water ourselves. Gel packs were not to be found... And the ones we got at mile 21 were a little too late to do too much good when many of us were looking for them at 6.2 and 13.1. And then when I got to the finish, no water... I was the third marathoner to finish... And no water!!!! Ouch... The course was fast and very scenic. The police did a good job of blocking traffic, but many of us were directed off course for up to a quarter mile before we knew we were not on the marathon course. And to have to run a 2:30 marathon to be in the prize money is sort of impossible when you don?t have access to water and no supplied gel packs at certain points along the course. I wouldn't recommend it for anyone that wants a full-service marathon.
It's obvious from everyone's entries that this race was a complete mess. There is no need for me to recount everything that happened. There are enough of those entries already. What really bothers me is that there was no sort of follow-up communication with an explanation or (gasp!) an apology from the race organizers. I sent them an e-mail about it and encourage everyone here to do the same. Just go to their website and find the contact e-mail. I'm not sure they realize just how bad and borderline cruel (no water at finish in 85-degree heat) it was for the participants.
This race went downhill quickly as you can tell from all the other comments. I took the bus back along with others upset and frustrated and never did run the race because I didn't know if it was even going to start. I did ask the owner of the race if I could get my money back and she refused. We all should get reimbursed; none of this was the our fault - it was all the owner's responsibility, so she should pay the price. This was such a disaster! Whatever you do, don't run this race next year!
Fast Boston qualifier. Good thing I was fortunate enough to qualify in a fall marathon. Runners probably weren't prepared to factor in an additional 2 minutes to pour their own water! Also, if a race advertises an early start to keep runners out of the hottest part of the day (PHOENIX, AZ!!!), the race ought to start early. Especially if you plan on letting them finish in 85 degrees without water. Nice. Sorry to be harsh, but apologies at the start line don't make up for stranding runners in the desert at 5:30 am with no idea where they are, or stranding them at the finish line with no water but the nearest cactus root.
Just wanted to thank the organizers of the kids' race. My two boys had a great time and the 1st place ribbons for all the contestants was really cool. Even though everything didn't run as planned for the marathon, I'll be comming back next year for sure. The course was great, the scenery can't be beat and the kids' run topped it off.
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text:
Garlic | |
Allium sativum, known as garlic, from William Woodville, Medical Botany, 1793. | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Order: | Asparagales |
Family: | Amaryllidaceae |
Subfamily: | Allioideae |
Genus: | Allium |
Species: | A. sativum |
Binomial name | |
Allium sativum L. |
Allium sativum, commonly known as garlic, is a species in the onion genus, Allium. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive,[1] and rakkyo.[2] With a history of human use of over 7,000 years, garlic is native to central Asia,[3] and has long been a staple in the Mediterranean region, as well as a frequent seasoning in Asia, Africa, and Europe. It was known to Ancient Egyptians, and has been used for both culinary and medicinal purposes.[4]
Allium sativum is a bulbous plant. It grows up to 1.2 m (4 ft) in height. Its hardiness is USDA Zone 8. It produces hermaphrodite flowers. Pollination occurs by bees and other insects.[citation needed]
Origin and major types[edit]
According to Zohary and Hopf,[5] "A difficulty in the identification of its wild progenitor is the sterility of the cultivars", though it is thought to be descended from the species Allium longicuspis, which grows wild in central and southwestern Asia.[6][dead link][7] Allium sativum grows in the wild in areas where it has become naturalized. The "wild garlic", "crow garlic", and "field garlic" of Britain are members of the species Allium ursinum, Allium vineale, and Allium oleraceum, respectively. In North America, Allium vineale (known as "wild garlic" or "crow garlic") and Allium canadense, known as "meadow garlic" or "wild garlic" and "wild onion", are common weeds in fields.[8] One of the best-known "garlics", the so-called elephant garlic, is actually a wild leek (Allium ampeloprasum), and not a true garlic. Single clove garlic (also called pearl or solo garlic) originated in the Yunnan province of China.
European garlic[edit]
There are a number of garlics with Protected Geographical Status in Europe; these include:
- Aglio Rosso di Nubia (Red Garlic of Nubia) from Nubia-Paceco, Provincia di Trapani, Sicily, Italy
- Aglio Bianco Polesano from Veneto, Italy (PDO)
- Aglio di Voghiera from Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna, Italy (PDO)
- Ail blanc de Lomagne from Lomagne in the Gascony area of France (PGI)
- Ail de la Drôme from Drôme in France (PGI)
- Ail rose de Lautrec a rose/pink garlic from Lautrec in France (PGI)
- Ajo Morado de las Pedroñeras a rose/pink garlic from Las Pedroñeras in Spain (PGI)
Subspecies and Varieties[edit]
There are two subspecies of A. sativum,[9] ten major groups of varieties, and hundreds of varieties or cultivars.[10]
- A. sativum var. ophioscorodon (Link) Döll, called Ophioscorodon, or hard necked garlic, includes porcelain garlics, rocambole garlic, and purple stripe garlics. It is sometimes considered to be a separate species, Allium ophioscorodon G.Don.
- A. sativum var. sativum, or soft-necked garlic, includes artichoke garlic, silverskin garlic, and creole garlic.
Garlic is easy to grow and can be grown year-round in mild climates. While sexual propagation of garlic is indeed possible, nearly all of the garlic in cultivation is propagated asexually, by planting individual cloves in the ground.[6] In cold climates, cloves are planted in the autumn, about six weeks before the soil freezes, and harvested in late spring. The cloves must be planted at sufficient depth to prevent freeze/thaw which causes mold or white rot[11] Garlic plants are usually very hardy, and are not attacked by many pests or diseases. Garlic plants are said to repel rabbits and moles.[2] Two of the major pathogens that attack garlic are nematodes and white rot disease, which remain in the soil indefinitely after the ground has become infected.[6] Garlic also can suffer from pink root, a typically nonfatal disease that stunts the roots and turns them pink or red.[12]
Garlic plants can be grown closely together, leaving enough space for the bulbs to mature, and are easily grown in containers of sufficient depth. Garlic does well in loose, dry, well drained soils in sunny locations, and is hardy throughout USDA climate zones 4–9. When selecting garlic for planting, it is important to pick large bulbs from which to separate cloves. Large cloves, along with proper spacing in the planting bed, will also improve bulb size. Garlic plants prefer to grow in a soil with a high organic material content, but are capable of growing in a wide range of soil conditions and pH levels.[6]
There are different types or subspecies of garlic, most notably hardneck garlic and softneck garlic. The latitude where the garlic is grown affects the choice of type as garlic can be day-length sensitive. Hardneck garlic is generally grown in cooler climates; softneck garlic is generally grown closer to the equator.[13][14]
Garlic scapes are removed to focus all the garlic's energy into bulb growth. The scapes can be eaten raw or cooked.[11][15]
Production trends[edit]
Garlic is grown globally, but China is by far the largest producer of garlic, with approximately 10.5 million tonnes (23 billion pounds) grown annually, accounting for over 77% of world output. India (4.1%) and South Korea (2%) follow, with Egypt and Russia (1.6%) tied in fourth place and the United States (where garlic is grown in every state except for Alaska) in sixth place (1.4%).[16] This leaves 16% of global garlic production in countries that each produce less than 2% of global output. Much of the garlic production in the United States is centered in Gilroy, California, which calls itself the "garlic capital of the world".[17]
Top 10 garlic producers in 2010 | ||||
Country | Production (tonnes) | Footnote | ||
China | 13,664,069 | Im | ||
India | 833,970 | |||
South Korea | 271,560 | |||
Egypt | 244,626 | |||
Russia | 213,480 | |||
Burma | 185,900 | Im | ||
Ethiopia | 180,300 | Im | ||
United States | 169,510 | |||
Bangladesh | 164,392 | |||
Ukraine | 157,400 | |||
World | 17,674,893 | A | ||
* = Unofficial figure | [ ] = Official data | A = May include official, semi-official or estimated data F = FAO estimate | Im = FAO data based on imputation methodology | M = Data not available Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO)[18] |
Culinary uses[edit]
Garlic is widely used around the world for its pungent flavor as a seasoning or condiment.
The garlic plant's bulb is the most commonly used part of the plant. With the exception of the single clove types, garlic bulbs are normally divided into numerous fleshy sections called cloves. Garlic cloves are used for consumption (raw or cooked) or for medicinal purposes. They have a characteristic pungent, spicy flavor that mellows and sweetens considerably with cooking.[19]
Other parts of the garlic plant are also edible. The leaves and flowers (bulbils) on the head (spathe) are sometimes eaten. They are milder in flavor than the bulbs,[2] and are most often consumed while immature and still tender. Immature garlic is sometimes pulled, rather like a scallion, and sold as "green garlic".[20] When green garlic is allowed to grow past the "scallion" stage, but not permitted to fully mature, it may produce a garlic "round", a bulb like a boiling onion, but not separated into cloves like a mature bulb.[21] Additionally, the immature flower stalks (scapes) of the hardneck and elephant types are sometimes marketed for uses similar to asparagus in stir-fries.[6][dead link]
Inedible or rarely eaten parts of the garlic plant include the "skin" and root cluster. The papery, protective layers of "skin" over various parts of the plant are generally discarded during preparation for most culinary uses, though in Korea immature whole heads are sometimes prepared with the tender skins intact.[22] The root cluster attached to the basal plate of the bulb is the only part not typically considered palatable in any form.
Garlic is a fundamental component in many or most dishes of various regions, including eastern Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, northern Africa, southern Europe, and parts of South and Central America. The flavor varies in intensity and aroma with the different cooking methods. It is often paired with onion, tomato, or ginger. The parchment-like skin is much like the skin of an onion, and is typically removed before using in raw or cooked form. An alternative is to cut the top off the bulb, coat the cloves by dribbling olive oil (or other oil-based seasoning) over them, and roast them in an oven. Garlic softens and can be extracted from the cloves by squeezing the (root) end of the bulb, or individually by squeezing one end of the clove. In Korea, heads of garlic are fermented at high temperature; the resulting product, called black garlic, is sweet and syrupy, and is now being sold in the United States, United Kingdom and Australia.
Garlic may be applied to different kinds of bread to create a variety of classic dishes, such as garlic bread, garlic toast, bruschetta, crostini and canapé.
Oils can be flavored with garlic cloves. These infused oils are used to season all categories of vegetables, meats, breads and pasta.
In some cuisines, the young bulbs are pickled for three to six weeks in a mixture of sugar, salt, and spices. In eastern Europe, the shoots are pickled and eaten as an appetizer.
Lightly smoked garlic is becoming increasingly popular in British and European cuisine.[23] It is particularly prized for stuffing poultry and game, and in soups and stews. In both these cases it is important to utilize the undiscarded skin, as much of the smoke flavor is situated there, rather than in the cloves themselves.
Immature scapes are tender and edible. They are also known as "garlic spears", "stems", or "tops". Scapes generally have a milder taste than the cloves. They are often used in stir frying or braised like asparagus.[15] Garlic leaves are a popular vegetable in many parts of Asia. The leaves are cut, cleaned, and then stir-fried with eggs, meat, or vegetables.
Mixing garlic with egg yolks and olive oil produces aioli. Garlic, oil, and a chunky base produce skordalia. Blending garlic, almond, oil, and soaked bread produces ajoblanco. Yogurt mixed with garlic and salt is a common sauce in Eastern Mediterranean cuisines.
Garlic powder has a different taste from fresh garlic. If used as a substitute for fresh garlic, 1/8 teaspoon of garlic powder is equivalent to one clove of garlic.
Domestically, garlic is stored warm [above 18 °C (64 °F)] and dry to keep it dormant (lest it sprout). It is traditionally hung; softneck varieties are often braided in strands called plaits or grappes. Peeled cloves may be stored in wine or vinegar in the refrigerator.[24] Commercially, garlic is stored at 0 °C (32 °F), in a dry, low-humidity environment.[25] Garlic will keep longer if the tops remain attached.[6]
Garlic is often kept in oil to produce flavored oil; however, the practice requires measures to be taken to prevent the garlic from spoiling. Untreated garlic kept in oil can support the growth of Clostridium botulinum which causes the deadly botulism illness; refrigeration will not assure the safety of garlic kept in oil. To reduce this risk, the oil should be refrigerated and used within one week. According to wikihow, the garlic immersed in oil should be stored in the freezer and not the fridge.[26] Commercially prepared oils are widely available. Manufacturers add acids and/or other chemicals to eliminate the risk of botulism in their products.[27] Two outbreaks of botulism related to garlic stored in oil have been reported.[28][29]
In 1961, Chester Lilley from Kent in England was the first person to transform garlic into a pill form for storage.[citation needed] Although not widely accepted at the time for culinary uses, a capsulate solution for both the storage and simple dosing of garlic has become commonplace.
Historical use[edit]
Garlic has been used as both food and medicine in many cultures for thousands of years, dating at least as far back as when the Giza pyramids were built. Garlic is still grown in Egypt, but the Syrian variety is the kind most esteemed now (see Rawlinson's Herodotus, 2.125).
Hippocrates, Galen, Pliny the Elder, and Dioscorides all mention the use of garlic for many conditions, including parasites, respiratory problems, poor digestion, and low energy. Its use in China dates back to 2000 BCE.[1]
It was consumed by ancient Greek and Roman soldiers, sailors, and rural classes (Virgil, Ecologues ii. 11), and, according to Pliny the Elder (Natural History xix. 32), by the African peasantry. Galen eulogizes it as the "rustic's theriac" (cure-all) (see F. Adams' Paulus Aegineta, p. 99), and Alexander Neckam, a writer of the 12th century (see Wright's edition of his works, p. 473, 1863), recommends it as a palliative for the heat of the sun in field labor.
In the account of Korea's establishment as a nation, a tiger and a bear prayed to Hwanung that they may become human. Upon hearing their prayers, Hwanung gave them 20 cloves of garlic and a bundle of mugwort, ordering them to eat only this sacred food and remain out of the sunlight for 100 days. The tiger gave up after about twenty days and left the cave. However, the bear remained and was transformed into a woman.
In his Natural History, Pliny gives an exceedingly long list of scenarios in which it was considered beneficial (N.H. xx. 23). Dr. T. Sydenham valued it as an application in confluent smallpox, and, says Cullen (Mat. Med. ii. p. 174, 1789), found some dropsies cured by it alone. Early in the 20th century, it was sometimes used in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis or phthisis.
Garlic was rare in traditional English cuisine (though it is said to have been grown in England before 1548) and has been a much more common ingredient in Mediterranean Europe.[citation needed] Garlic was placed by the ancient Greeks on the piles of stones at crossroads, as a supper for Hecate (Theophrastus, Characters, The Superstitious Man). A similar practice of hanging garlic, lemon and red chili at the door or in a shop to ward off potential evil, is still very common in India.[30] According to Pliny, garlic and onions were invoked as deities by the Egyptians at the taking of oaths. (Pliny also stated garlic demagnetizes lodestones, which is not factual.)[31] The inhabitants of Pelusium, in lower Egypt (who worshiped the onion), are said to have had an aversion to both onions and garlic as food.
To prevent the plant from running to leaf, Pliny (N.H. xix. 34) advised bending the stalk downward and covering with earth; seeding, he observes, may be prevented by twisting the stalk (by "seeding", he most likely meant the development of small, less potent bulbs).
Medicinal use and health benefits[edit]
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
Energy | 623 kJ (149 kcal) |
Carbohydrates | 33.06 g |
- Sugars | 1 g |
- Dietary fiber | 2.1 g |
Fat | 0.5 g |
Protein | 6.36 g |
Thiamine (vit. B1) | 0.2 mg (17%) |
Riboflavin (vit. B2) | 0.11 mg (9%) |
Niacin (vit. B3) | 0.7 mg (5%) |
Pantothenic acid (B5) | 0.596 mg (12%) |
Vitamin B6 | 1.235 mg (95%) |
Folate (vit. B9) | 3 μg (1%) |
Vitamin C | 31.2 mg (38%) |
Calcium | 181 mg (18%) |
Iron | 1.7 mg (13%) |
Magnesium | 25 mg (7%) |
Manganese | 1.672 mg (80%) |
Phosphorus | 153 mg (22%) |
Potassium | 401 mg (9%) |
Sodium | 17 mg (1%) |
Zinc | 1.16 mg (12%) |
Selenium | 14.2 μg |
Link to USDA Database entry Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database |
Animal studies, and some early research studies in humans, have suggested possible cardiovascular benefits of garlic. A Czech study found garlic supplementation reduced accumulation of cholesterol on the vascular walls of animals.[32] Another study had similar results, with garlic supplementation significantly reducing aortic plaque deposits of cholesterol-fed rabbits.[33] Another study showed supplementation with garlic extract inhibited vascular calcification in human patients with high blood cholesterol.[34] The known vasodilative effect of garlic is possibly caused by catabolism of garlic-derived polysulfides to hydrogen sulfide in red blood cells (RBCs), a reaction that is dependent on reduced thiols in or on the RBC membrane. Hydrogen sulfide is an endogenous cardioprotective vascular cell-signaling molecule.[35]
A 2012 meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials looking at the effects of garlic on serum lipid profiles, found garlic was superior to placebo in reducing serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Compared with the placebo groups, serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the garlic groups was reduced by 0.28 (95% CI, −0.45, −0.11) mmol L⁻¹ (P = 0.001) and 0.13 (95% CI, −0.20, −0.06) mmol L⁻¹ (P < 0.001), respectively.[36]
Allium sativum has been found to reduce platelet aggregation[37][38][39][40] and hyperlipidemia.[40][41][42]
In 2007, the BBC reported Allium sativum may have other beneficial properties, such as preventing and fighting the common cold.[43] This assertion has the backing of long tradition in herbal medicine, which has used garlic for hoarseness and coughs.[44] The Cherokee also used it as an expectorant for coughs and croup.[45] However, in contrast to these earlier claims concerning the cold-preventing properties of garlic, a 2012 report in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews concludes that "there is insufficient clinical trial evidence regarding the effects of garlic in preventing or treating the common cold. A single trial suggested that garlic may prevent occurrences of the common cold but more studies are needed to validate this finding. Claims of effectiveness appear to rely largely on poor-quality evidence."[46]
Garlic is also alleged to help regulate blood sugar levels. Regular and prolonged use of therapeutic amounts of aged garlic extracts lower blood homocysteine levels and has been shown to prevent some complications of diabetes mellitus.[47][48] People taking insulin should not consume medicinal amounts of garlic without consulting a physician.
Garlic was used as an antiseptic to prevent gangrene during World War I and World War II.[49] More recently, it has been found from a clinical trial that a mouthwash containing 2.5% fresh garlic shows good antimicrobial activity, although the majority of the participants reported an unpleasant taste and halitosis.[50]
Garlic cloves are used as a remedy for infections (especially chest problems), digestive disorders, and fungal infections such as thrush.[51][52] Garlic can be used as a disinfectant because of its bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties.[4]
Garlic has been found to enhance thiamin absorption, and therefore reduces the likelihood for developing the thiamin deficiency beriberi.[53]
In 1924, it was found to be an effective way to prevent scurvy, because of its high vitamin C content.[53]
Garlic has been used reasonably successfully in AIDS patients to treat Cryptosporidium in an uncontrolled study in China.[54] It has also been used by at least one AIDS patient to treat toxoplasmosis, another protozoal disease.[55]
Garlic supplementation has been shown to boost testosterone levels in rats fed a high protein diet.[56]
A 2010 double-blind, parallel, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, involving 50 patients whose routine clinical records in general practice documented treated but uncontrolled hypertension, concluded, "Our trial suggests that aged garlic extract is superior to placebo in lowering systolic blood pressure similarly to current first line medications in patients with treated but uncontrolled hypertension."[57]
Other uses[edit]
The sticky juice within the bulb cloves is used as an adhesive in mending glass and porcelain.[2] An environmentally benign garlic-derived polysulfide product is approved for use in the European Union (under Annex 1 of 91/414) and the UK as a nematicide and insecticide, including for use for control of cabbage root fly and red mite in poultry.[58]
Garlic along with cinnamon is used as a fish and meat preservative, and displays antimicrobial property at temperatures as high as 120 degree Celsius; the combination can also be used to preserve fried and deep fried foods, and in the future might be used in an inner layer of plastic.[59][60][61][62] [63]
Adverse effects and toxicology[edit]
Garlic is known for causing bad breath (halitosis), as well as causing sweat to have a pungent "garlicky" smell, which is caused by allyl methyl sulfide (AMS). AMS is a volatile liquid which is absorbed into the blood during the metabolism of garlic-derived sulfur compounds; from the blood it travels to the lungs[1] (and from there to the mouth, causing bad breath; see garlic breath) and skin, where it is exuded through skin pores. Washing the skin with soap is only a partial and imperfect solution to the smell. Studies have shown sipping milk at the same time as consuming garlic can significantly neutralize bad breath.[64] Mixing garlic with milk in the mouth before swallowing reduced the odor better than drinking milk afterward.[64] Plain water, mushrooms and basil may also reduce the odor; the mix of fat and water found in milk, however, was the most effective.[64]
The green, dry "folds" in the center of the garlic clove are especially pungent. The sulfur compound allicin, produced by crushing or chewing fresh garlic, produces other sulfur compounds: ajoene, allyl polysulfides, and vinyldithiins.[1] Aged garlic lacks allicin, but may have some activity due to the presence of S-allylcysteine.
In a rat study allicin was found to be an activator of TRPA1. The neurons released neurotransmitters in the spinal cord to generate pain signals and released neuropeptides at the site of sensory nerve activation, resulting in vasodilation, as well as inflammation.[65] Allicin is released only by crushing or chewing raw garlic and cannot be formed from cooked garlic.
Some people suffer from allergies to garlic and other plants in the allium genus.[1] Symptoms can include irritable bowel, diarrhea, mouth and throat ulcerations, nausea, breathing difficulties, and, in rare cases, anaphylaxis. Garlic-sensitive patients show positive tests to diallyl disulfide, allylpropyldisulfide, allylmercaptan and allicin, all of which are present in garlic. People who suffer from garlic allergies are often sensitive to many plants, including onions, chives, leeks, shallots, garden lilies, ginger, and bananas.
Garlic reduces platelet aggregation (as does aspirin);[66] this had caused very high quantities of garlic and garlic supplements to be linked with an increased risk of bleeding, particularly during pregnancy and after surgery and childbirth,[67][68] although culinary quantities are safe for consumption.
Several reports of serious burns resulting from garlic being applied topically for various purposes, including naturopathic uses and acne treatment, indicate care must be taken for these uses, usually testing a small area of skin using a very low concentration of garlic.[69] On the basis of numerous reports of such burns, including burns to children, topical use of raw garlic, as well as insertion of raw garlic into body cavities, is discouraged. In particular, topical application of raw garlic to young children is not advisable.[70] The side effects of long-term garlic supplementation are largely unknown, and no FDA-approved study has been performed. Possible side effects include gastrointestinal discomfort, sweating, dizziness, allergic reactions, bleeding, and menstrual irregularities.[68] The safety of garlic supplements has not been determined for children;[71] some breastfeeding mothers have found their babies slow to feed and have noted a garlic odor coming from their baby when they have consumed garlic.[67][72]
Garlic may interact with warfarin, antiplatelets, saquinavir, antihypertensives, calcium channel blockers, quinolone family of antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, and hypoglycemic drugs, as well as other medications.[67] Alliums might be toxic to cats or dogs.[73] Some degree of liver toxicity has been demonstrated in rats, particularly in extremely large quantities exceeding those that a rat would consume under normal situations.[74]
Spiritual and religious uses[edit]
Garlic has been regarded as a force for both good and evil. According to Cassell's Dictionary of Superstitions, there is an Islamic myth that considers that after Satan left the Garden of Eden, garlic arose in his left footprint and onion in the right.[75] In Europe, many cultures have used garlic for protection or white magic, perhaps owing to its reputation as a potent preventative medicine.[76] Central European folk beliefs considered garlic a powerful ward against demons, werewolves, and vampires.[76] To ward off vampires, garlic could be worn, hung in windows, or rubbed on chimneys and keyholes.[77]
In both Hinduism and Jainism, garlic is considered to stimulate and warm the body and to increase one's desires. Some devout Hindus generally avoid using garlic and the related onion in the preparation of foods for religious festivities and events. Followers of the Jain religion avoid eating garlic and onion on a daily basis.
A belief among some Hindus is that when Devas and Asuras fought for nectar during churning of the ocean of milk (Samudramathan) in the other world, two Asuras were able to get access to nectar and had some quantity in their mouths in stealthy ways. Knowing the Asuras' foul play the God cuffed the heads of those Asuras before they could swallow it and as a result nectar fell down on the earth from their mouths in drops which later grew as garlic; that is why the vegetable has such wonderful medicinal properties.
In some Buddhist traditions, garlic - along with the other five "pungent spices" - is understood to stimulate sexual and aggressive drives to the detriment of meditation practice.[78]
In the Philippine folklore garlic is used to drive away monsters.
When crushed, Allium sativum yields allicin, an antibiotic[79] and antifungal compound (phytoncide) discovered by Chester J. Cavallito and colleagues in 1944. Fresh or crushed garlic also affords the sulfur-containing compounds alliin, ajoene, diallyl polysulfides, vinyldithiins, S-allylcysteine, and enzymes, B vitamins, proteins, minerals, saponins, flavonoids, and Maillard reaction products, which are not sulfur-containing compounds. Furthermore, a phytoalexin (allixin) was found, a nonsulfur compound with a γ-pyrone skeleton structure with antioxidant effects, antimicrobial effects,[80] antitumor promoting effects,[81] inhibition of aflatoxin B2 DNA binding,[81] and neurotrophic effects. Allixin showed an antitumor promoting effect in vivo, inhibiting skin tumor formation by TPA and DMBA initiated mice.[81] Analogs of this compound have exhibited antitumor promoting effects in in vitro experimental conditions. So allixin and/or its analogs may be useful compounds for cancer prevention.
The composition of the bulbs is approximately 84.09% water, 13.38% organic matter, and 1.53% inorganic matter, while the leaves are 87.14% water, 11.27% organic matter, and 1.59% inorganic matter.[82][83]
The phytochemicals responsible for the sharp flavor of garlic are produced when the plant's cells are damaged. When a cell is broken by chopping, chewing, or crushing, enzymes stored in cell vacuoles trigger the breakdown of several sulfur-containing compounds stored in the cell fluids (cytosol). The resultant compounds are responsible for the sharp or hot taste and strong smell of garlic. Some of the compounds are unstable and continue to react over time. Among the members of the onion family, garlic has by far the highest concentrations of initial reaction products, making garlic much more potent than onion, shallot, or leeks.[84] Although many humans enjoy the taste of garlic, these compounds are believed to have evolved as a defensive mechanism, deterring animals such as birds, insects, and worms from eating the plant.[85]
A large number of sulfur compounds contribute to the smell and taste of garlic. Allicin has been found to be the compound most responsible for the "hot" sensation of raw garlic. This chemical opens thermotransient receptor potential channels that are responsible for the burning sense of heat in foods. The process of cooking garlic removes allicin, thus mellowing its spiciness.[86] Allicin, along with its decomposition products diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide, are major contributors to the characteristic odor of garlic, while other allicin-derived compounds, such as vinyldithiins and ajoene show beneficial in vitro biological activity.[1] Because of its strong odor, garlic is sometimes called the "stinking rose". When eaten in quantity, garlic may be strongly evident in the diner's sweat and garlic breath the following day. This is because garlic's strong-smelling sulfur compounds are metabolized, forming allyl methyl sulfide. Allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) cannot be digested and is passed into the blood. It is carried to the lungs and the skin, where it is excreted. Since digestion takes several hours, and release of AMS several hours more, the effect of eating garlic may be present for a long time.[1]
The well-known phenomenon of "garlic breath" is allegedly alleviated by eating fresh parsley.[87] The herb is, therefore, included in many garlic recipes, such as pistou, persillade, and the garlic butter spread used in garlic bread. However, since the odor results mainly from digestive processes placing compounds such as AMS in the blood, and AMS is then released through the lungs over the course of many hours, eating parsley provides only a temporary masking. One way of accelerating the release of AMS from the body is the use of a sauna.[citation needed]
Because of the AMS in the bloodstream, it is believed by some to act as a mosquito repellent, but no clinically reported evidence suggests it is actually effective.[88]
Abundant sulfur compounds in garlic are also responsible for turning garlic green or blue during pickling and cooking. Under these conditions (i.e. acidity, heat) the sulfur-containing compound alliinase react with common amino acids to make pyrroles, clusters of carbon-nitrogen rings.[89][90] These rings can be linked together into polypyrrole molecules. Ring structures absorb particular wavelengths of light and thus appear colored. The two-pyrrole molecule looks red, the three-pyrrole molecule looks blue and the four-pyrrole molecule looks green (like chlorophyll, a tetrapyrrole). Like chlorophyll, the pyrrole pigments are safe to eat.[91]
Garlic from a recent harvest (on sale at Santa Rosa, Nueva Ecija)
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Garlic. |
Wikispecies has information related to: Garlic |
- Allistatin, a natural antibiotic found in garlic and onions.
- Garlic festival
- Garlic Is as Good as Ten Mothers. Directed by Les Blank.
- Herbalism
- International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
- Phytoalexin, an antimicrobial substance synthesized from garlic.
- Pyruvate scale
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External links[edit]
Look up garlic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on |
The Wikibook Horticulture has a page on the topic of: Garlic |
The Wikibook Ethnomedicine has a page on the topic of: Garlic |
- PROTAbase on Allium sativum
- Garlic: Plants For a Future database
- National Center for Complementory and Alternative medicine: Herbs at a Glance - Garlic
- Allium sativum L. Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) (traditional Chinese) (English)


text:
A Heart The Size Of Texas
News from Sports Day DFW:
A year ago on December 8th, the Dallas Cowboys suffered a heart breaking loss as they said goodbye to one of their practice squad players Jerry Brown. Last year on December 8th Jerry Brown was involved in a fatal auto accident with his longtime friend and teammate Josh Brent. When police pulled up to the scene of the accident, they arrived to see a...
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Cowboys Josh Brent retires after only three seasons
Dallas Cowboys NT Josh Brent is retiring from the NFL after three seasons to focus on his off-the-field issues. The team made the announcement Thursday afternoon. "This is the right decision for me, and something that I have given a lot of thought to," Brent said in a statement. "I am at a point where my main focus is [...]
Via Tireball.com
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With the recent arrest of Cowboys defensive lineman, Josh Brent, who failed another drug test, was sent back to jail. It seems the NFL is used to players failing drug tests, but twice? Oh and let's not forget the tragic accident that ended the life of his best friend and teammate, Jerry Brown. The Patriots (one of the most respected organizations in the league) released Hernandez...
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credit: getty images
The Dallas Cowboys will not cut Josh Brent even as the NT was sent to jail on Thursday for his second failed drug test.
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The Cowboys are not paying Brent anything...
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1 Comment
Brent tests positive for marijuana
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Via Larry Brown Sports
June 06, 2013
Cowboys would be wise to cut ties with DT Josh Brent
The most benevolent organization in professional sports continues to stand by its man. Dallas Cowboys defensive tackle Josh Brent will remain free while awaiting trial for intoxication manslaghter.
He'd been hauled into court Friday morning because prosecutors wanted to revoke his 100,000 bond due to problems with alcohol monitoring. According to witnesses at Friday's hearing...
Via Fox Sports Southwest
May 24, 2013
Report: Josh Brent won't play for the Cowboys in 2013
According to the Dallas Morning News, Cowboys' nose tackle Josh Brent will not play in 2013 after being charged with intoxication manslaughter last year when he killed his friend and teammate Jerry Brown after flipping his vehicle multiple times after a night of drinking.
Josh Brent won't play for the Cowboys in 2013 but the club doesn't want to comment on the nose tackle publicly...
Via Pro Football Zone
March 21, 2013
Report: Brent doing at least 110 mph before fatal crash
A report says Cowboys DL Josh Brent was driving at least 110 mph before his fatal car crash.
Via BlackSportsOnline
February 20, 2013
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Jay Ratliff DUI details emerge; Dallas Cowboys issue statement
After the Josh Brent tragedy that enveloped the Dallas Cowboys, one of the team's marquee defensive players Jay Ratliff some how, some way allowed himself to get arrested for DUI last week.
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The post Jay Ratliff DUI details emerge; Dallas Cowboys issue statement appeared first on Players View Dot Net
Via Players View
January 28, 2013
Cowboys' Josh Brent releases statement from jail
Dallas Cowboys defensive tackle Josh Brent released a statement from jail after getting arrested early Saturday morning for manslaughter.
Through his agent, Josh Brent releases a statement: "I am devastated & filled with grief. Filled with grief for the loss of my close friend"
— Ian Rapoport (@RapSheet) December 9, 2012
More Brent: "I am also grief-stricken for his...
Via Pro Football Zone
December 08, 2012
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Movie premieres, national petitions, and feminist politics: this summer has been full of firsts. This was my first summer as a college graduate, my first summer away from home—but most importantly, this was my first summer living in New York City, gaining firsthand insight into the bustling world of the media industry at the Women's Media Center.
Colby College granted me a prestigious Elijah Parish Lovejoy Journalism Fellowship scholarship this summer, a gift that provided me with the necessary funds and guidance to take on an unpaid internship in the journalism field. This opportunity was more than just experience in the workplace—it gave me the means and the motive to start a new life in the city. As a lifelong resident of Maine, having the support of the College gave me the confidence to pack up my life just the day after graduation and start anew in the greatest city in the world.
My Lovejoy fellowship allowed me to take on a position at the Women's Media Center, a nonprofit progressive women's media organization founded in 2005 by Jane Fonda, Robin Morgan, and Gloria Steinem. The Women's Media Center makes women visible and powerful in the media by ensuring that women's stories are told and that women's voices are heard. They run media advocacy campaigns, promote media monitoring for sexism, create original content on their website, and train women and girls to participate in the media.
The Women's Media Center has two offices: the main office is in Washington, DC and then there is a charter office in New York City. The office that I work in has only four full-time staff members, and while it is smaller than I imagined I have grown to love the women that I work with. They are such a tight-knit group of women that truly embody what feminism represents—supporting one another as they attempt to promote feminism in their own ways, including social media, video, writing, blogging, and more.
The beginning of my internship was nontraditional in that the first week of June I attended my first movie premiere through the Women's Media Center. On June 4, the Women's Media Center hosted the premiere of Peace, Love, & Misunderstanding—a film starring Fonda, Elizabeth Olsen, Catherine Keener, and more—at the Museum of Modern Art with an after-party at the nearby Royalton. While I performed typical intern tasks—handing out brochures and transporting photo shoot backdrops—I was still grateful to be attending the premiere. The film was brilliant, the A-list filled audience was impressive, and I was a part of it.
Not many people can say that they talked with Gloria Steinem and Jane Fonda over wine, but even fewer can say that they have had the privilege of working for them as they use their fame to promote something bigger than themselves. The premiere was not just about shaking hands with Chace Crawford or telling Hillarie Burton how much I loved Peyton Sawyer on One Tree Hill while downing free champagne (although you can bet I did all of the above).
No, the night was about celebrating women and women's stories. All too often women's voices are silenced, whether because someone prevents them from speaking or because they just don't think that their voices matter in the first place. The truth is, despite comprising 51 percent of the population, women are rarely seen or heard in the mainstream media today.
These are just some of the troublesome statistics taken from the Women's Media Center's "Status of Women in the U.S. Media 2012" guide that I have faced each day this summer:
The work that I have been a part of this summer fights against these numbers. We are the underdogs, the world is against us, but if we all work together we might just be able to change the way the media is portrayed. Another moment from this summer that has tied together my new life with that of my "Colby days" was the success of Waterville resident Julia Bluhm's anti-Photoshop petition to Seventeen magazine.
While I don't know Julia personally, my previous internship at Hardy Girls Healthy Women prepared me for much of the work that I have been involved with this summer. In fact, it was Colby's Professor of Education Lyn Mikel Brown, and co-founder of Hardy Girls Healthy Women, who encouraged me to apply for a position at the Women's Media Center in the first place. The same petition is now being launched at other similar publications, with the hopes that they will limit the use of Photoshop in their magazines to promote more realistic body images to the young girls that read those magazines.
The last month of my internship has been consumed by the Women's Media Center's two media literacy training programs, Progressive Girls' Voices and Progressive Women's Voices. In July, 10 girls were trained as media spokespeople in their fields, thereby changing the conversation on issues that fill the headlines. The three-day conference enabled these girls to master effective interview presentation techniques and improve their skills to serve as thought leaders in the media.
My review of the weekends events can be read at the Women's Media Center's blog.
One alumna, Emma Axelrod, has filled headlines lately as she successfully lead a petition calling for a female moderator in the 2012 Presidential Debates. Her petition on www.change.org received over 58,000 signatures in support, and the training that she received from the Women's Media Center proved valuable as she found herself featured in almost every major media outlet in the United States.
Not all of the firsts have been great, though. Within a few weeks of moving to the city I came down with the chickenpox, and then a pipe burst in our building and we had water leaking in through our ceiling. But these are the things that happen in the real world, though—you can't plan for anything, you just hope for the best. And with summer coming to a close, I'm hoping for the best as I try to continue a future in journalism.