text:
Confederate States Army
Army of the Confederate States | |
Battle flag of the Confederate States Army
Active | 1861–1865 |
Country | Confederate States |
Type | Army |
Size | 500,000–1,500,000 |
Part of | Confederate States Armed Forces |
Motto | "Deo vindice" (English: "Under God, [our] vindicator") |
Colors | Cadet gray[1] |
March | "Dixie" |
Engagements | Indian Wars American Civil War |
Commanders | |
Commanders | President Jefferson Davis (Commander-in-Chief) Gen. Samuel Cooper (Adjutant General and Inspector General of the Army) Gen. Robert E. Lee (General-in-Chief, January 31 to April 9, 1865) |
The Army of the Confederate States was the military ground force of the Confederate States of America, also known as the "Confederacy", while the Confederacy existed during the American Civil War.[2] On February 28, 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the President of the Confederate States of America, Jefferson Davis, a graduate of the United States Military Academy and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican-American War.[3] On March 6 and 9, 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress passed additional military legislation and established a more permanent Confederate States Army.
An accurate count of the number of individuals who served in the Confederate Army is impossible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records.[4] The better estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men. This does not include an unknown number of slaves who were impressed into performing various tasks for the army, such as construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons.[5] Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war, they do not represent the size of the army at any given date. These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate naval forces.
Although most Civil War soldiers were volunteers, both sides ultimately resorted to conscription. In the absence of exact records, estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 per cent of Union soldiers who were conscripts. Some historians have suggested that the threat of conscription may have had a greater effect on raising volunteers than it did in providing large numbers of reliable soldiers.
Confederate casualty figures also are incomplete and unreliable. The best estimates of the number of deaths of Confederate soldiers are about 94,000 killed or mortally wounded in battle, 164,000 deaths from disease and between 26,000 and 31,000 deaths in Union prison camps. One estimate of Confederate wounded, which is considered incomplete, is 194,026. These numbers do not include men who died from other causes such as accident, which would add several thousand to the death toll.[6]
The main Confederate armies, the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee and the remnants of the Army of Tennessee and various other units under General Joseph E. Johnston, surrendered on April 9, 1865 (officially April 12), and April 18, 1865 (officially April 26). Other Confederate forces surrendered between April 16, 1865 and June 28, 1865.[7] The Confederacy's government was effectively dissolved with the last meeting of the Confederate cabinet on May 5, 1865, and with the capture of President Jefferson Davis by Union forces on May 10, 1865.
In the United States Presidential election of 1860, the Republican Party, with Abraham Lincoln as its Presidential candidate, campaigned against the expansion of slavery in the United States. The Democratic Party divided over this issue and split into Southern and Northern factions with each fielding a candidate, John C. Breckinridge and Stephen A. Douglas, respectively. A fourth candidate, Senator John Bell of Tennessee, was fielded by the Constitutional Union Party, mostly former Whigs and Know Nothings from the Upper South who favored the status quo. Lincoln won the election without winning the electoral votes in a single southern state. Lincoln did not propose federal laws against slavery where it already existed, but his general view of the matter was stated in his 1858 House Divided Speech, in which he had expressed a desire to "arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction." Lincoln proposed no immediate action against slavery during his campaign or upon his election. Nonetheless, the complex issue of slavery, as well as competing understandings of federalism, party politics, expansionism, sectionalism and social structures, tariffs, economics and general values brought to a head by Lincoln's election stirred violent passions and fears of abolition of slavery in the southern states. These factors soon led to the American Civil War.
Starting with South Carolina on December 20, 1860, seven Deep South states that permitted slavery seceded from the Union by February 1861. In addition to South Carolina, these States included Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. President James Buchanan stated that secession was unconstitutional and wrong but that the United States Constitution did not give the President or the United States Congress the power to stop it. By the time Lincoln took office as President on March 4, 1861, the seceding states had formed the Confederate States of America. These states soon began to seize federal property, including most federal forts, within their borders. Lincoln was determined to hold the forts remaining under federal control when he took office, including Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, in furtherance of the overall goal of preserving the union of all the states. He considered secession to be illegal, as did Buchanan, but he also thought it constituted rebellion against the duly constituted government of the United States which he had the authority and the duty to oppose and suppress. By the time Lincoln was sworn in as President, the incompatible positions of the parties were fixed and irreconcilable and the Provisional Confederate Congress had authorized the organization of a large Provisional Army of the Confederate States (PACS). Civil war had become inevitable.
Under orders from Confederate States President Jefferson Davis, troops controlled by the Confederate government under the command of General P. G. T. Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12–13, 1861, forcing its capitulation on April 14, 1861, before it could be reinforced and resupplied. Northerners, including Westerners, rallied behind Lincoln's call on April 15, 1861, for all the states to send troops to recapture the forts from the secessionists, to put down the rebellion and to preserve the Union intact. Four states in the upper South (Tennessee, Arkansas, North Carolina and Virginia) also permitted slavery but previously had rejected overtures to join the Confederacy. These states now refused Lincoln's call to send forces against their neighbor slave states, promptly declared their secession from the United States and joined the Confederate States.[8] After the fall of Fort Sumter and the secession of the Upper South states, both the United States and the Confederate States began in earnest to raise large, mostly volunteer, armies with the objectives of putting down the rebellion and preserving the union, on the one hand, or of establishing independence from the United States, on the other hand.
Establishment, control, conscription[edit]
The Confederate Congress provided for a Confederate Army patterned after the United States Army. It was to consist of a large provisional force to exist only in time of war and a small permanent regular army. The provisional, volunteer army was established by an act of the Confederate Congress passed February 28, 1861, one week before the act which established the permanent regular army organization, passed March 6, 1861. Although the two forces were to exist concurrently, very little was done to organize the Confederate regular army.
- The Provisional Army of the Confederate States (PACS) was authorized by the Provisional Confederate Congress on February 28, 1861, and began organizing on April 27. Virtually all regular, volunteer, and conscripted men preferred to enter this organization since officers could achieve a higher rank in the Provisional Army than they could in the Regular Army. If the war had ended successfully for them, the Confederates intended that the PACS would be disbanded, leaving only the ACSA.[9]
- The Army of the Confederate States of America (ACSA) was the regular army, provided for by Act of Confederate Congress on March 6, 1861. It was authorized to include 15,015 men, including 744 officers, but this level was never achieved. The men serving in the highest rank as Confederate States Generals, such as Samuel Cooper and Robert E. Lee, were enrolled in the ACSA to ensure that they outranked all militia officers.[9] ACSA ultimately existed only on paper. The organization of the ACSA did not proceed beyond the appointment and confirmation of some officers. Three state regiments were later denominated "Confederate" regiments but this appears to have had no practical effect on the organization of a regular Confederate Army and no real effect on the regiments themselves.
Members of all the Confederate States military forces, to include the army, the navy and the marine corps were often referred to as "Confederates", and members of the Confederate States Army were referred to as "Confederate soldiers". Supplementing the Confederate States Army were the various state militias of the Confederate States:
- Confederate States State Militias were organized and commanded by the state governments, similar to those authorized by the United States Militia Act of 1792.
Control and operation of the Confederate States Army was administered by the Confederate States War Department, which was established by the Confederate Provisional Congress in an act on February 21, 1861. The Confederate Congress gave control over military operations, and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the President of the Confederate States of America on February 28, 1861, and March 6, 1861. On March 8 the Confederate Congress passed a law that authorized Davis to issue proclamations to call up no more than 100,000 men.[10] The War Department asked for 8,000 volunteers on March 9, 20,000 on April 8, and 49,000 on and after April 16. Davis proposed an army of 100,000 men in his message to Congress on April 29.[11]
On August 8, 1861, the Confederate States, after facing[12] the U.S. took control over rebellious areas, called for 400,000 volunteers to serve for one or three years. By April 1862, the Confederacy passed a conscription act, which drafted men into PACS. The Confederate Congress' successive Conscription Acts broadened the ages of those subject to conscription and even swept in people who had already provided substitutes for service. Challenges to the subsequent acts came before five state supreme courts; all five upheld them.[13]
Perman (2010) says historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight, suffer and die over four years:
- "Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology, holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty, Union, or state rights, or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery. Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight, such as the defense of one's home and family, or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men. Most historians agree that, no matter what he thought about when he went into the war, the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes affected his reasons for continuing to fight."[14]
In 1863, there was a wave of religious conversions in the Confederate Army.[15][16]
Because of the destruction of any central repository of records in Richmond in 1865 and the comparatively poor record-keeping of the time, there can be no definitive number that represents the strength of the Confederate States Army. Estimates range from 500,000 to 2,000,000 men who were involved at any time during the war. Reports from the War Department began at the end of 1861 (326,768 men), 1862 (449,439), 1863 (464,646), 1864 (400,787), and "last reports" (358,692). Estimates of enlistments throughout the war were 1,227,890 to 1,406,180.[17]
The following calls for men were issued:
- March 6, 1861: 100,000 volunteers and militia
- January 23, 1862: 400,000 volunteers and militia
- April 16, 1862, the First Conscription Act: conscripted white men ages 18 to 35 for the duration of hostilities[18]
- September 27, 1862, the Second Conscription Act: expanded the age range to 18 to 45,[19] with implementation beginning on July 15, 1863
- February 17, 1864, the Third Conscription Act: ages 17 to 50[20]
- March 13, 1865, authorized up to 300,000 African American troops but was never fully implemented.[21]
The CSA was initially a (strategically) defensive army, and many soldiers were resentful when Lee led the Army of Northern Virginia in an invasion of the North in the Antietam Campaign.
The army did not have a formal overall military commander, or general-in-chief, until late in the war. The Confederate President, Jefferson Davis, himself a former U.S. Army officer and U.S. Secretary of War, served as commander-in-chief and provided the strategic direction for Confederate land and naval forces. The following men had varying degrees of control:
- Robert E. Lee was "charged with the conduct of military operations in the armies of the Confederacy" from March 13 to May 31, 1862. He was referred to as Davis' military adviser but exercised broad control over the strategic and logistical aspects of the Army, a role similar in nature to the current Chief of Staff of the United States Army. On June 1, he assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia, which was considered the most important of all the Confederate field armies.
- Braxton Bragg was similarly "charged with the conduct of military operations in the armies of the Confederacy" from February 24, 1864 (after he was relieved of field command following the Battle of Chattanooga) to January 31, 1865. This role was a military advisory position under Davis.
- Lee was formally designated general-in-chief by an act of Congress (January 23, 1865) and served in this capacity from January 31 to April 9, 1865.
The lack of centralized control was a strategic weakness for the Confederacy, and there are few instances of multiple armies acting in concert across multiple theaters to achieve a common objective. (An exception to this was in late 1862 when Lee's invasion of Maryland was coincident with two other actions: Bragg's invasion of Kentucky and Earl Van Dorn's advance against Corinth, Mississippi. All three initiatives were unsuccessful, however.) Likewise an extreme example of "States Rights" control of CSA soldiers was Georgia Governor Joseph E. Brown, who not only reportedly tried to keep Georgia troops from leaving the State of Georgia in 1861 but also tried to keep them from CS Government control when Georgia was invaded in 1864.[citation needed]
Many of the Confederacy's senior military leaders (including Robert E. Lee, Albert Sidney Johnston, James Longstreet) and even President Jefferson Davis were former U.S. Army and, in smaller numbers, U.S. Navy officers who had been opposed to, disapproved of, or were at least unenthusiastic about secession but resigned their U.S. commissions upon hearing that their home states had left the Union. They felt that they had no choice but to help defend their states. President Abraham Lincoln was exasperated to hear of such men who professed to love their country but were willing to fight against it.
Personnel organization[edit]
As in the Union Army, Confederate soldiers were organized by military specialty. The combat arms included infantry, cavalry and artillery.
The Confederate States Army consisted of several armies. Although fewer soldiers might comprise a squad or platoon, the smallest unit in the Army was a company of 100 soldiers. Ten companies were organized into a regiment, which theoretically had 1,000 men. In reality, as disease and casualties took their toll, most regiments were greatly reduced in strength. Replacements usually went to form new regiments and not often to existing ones. Regiments, which were the basic units of army organization through which soldiers were supplied and deployed, were raised by individual states. They were generally referred by number and state, for example 1st Texas, 12th Virginia. To the extent the word "battalion" was used to described a military unit, it referred to a regiment or a near regimental size unit. Four regiments usually formed a brigade, although as the number of men in many regiments became greatly reduced, especially later in the war, more than four were often assigned to a brigade. Occasionally, regiments would be transferred between brigades. Two to four brigades usually formed a division. Two to four divisions usually formed a corps. Two to four corps usually formed an army. Occasionally, a single corps might operate independently as if it were a small army.
Companies were commanded by captains and had two or more lieutenants. Regiments were commanded by colonels. Lieutenant colonels were second in command. At least one major was next in command. Brigades were commanded by brigadier generals although casualties or other attrition sometimes meant that brigades would be commanded by senior colonels or even a lower grade officer. Barring the same type of circumstances which might leave a lower grade officer in temporary command, divisions were commanded by major generals and corps were commanded by lieutenant generals. A few corps commanders never were confirmed as lieutenant generals and exercised corps command for varying periods of time as major generals. Armies of more than one corps were commanded by (full) generals.
Ranks and insignia[edit]
Officer rank structure of the Confederate Army | ||||||||||
General | Colonel | Lieutenant Colonel | Major | Captain | First Lieutenant | Second Lieutenant | ||||
There were four (4) grades of general officer (general, lieutenant general, major general, and brigadier general), but all wore the same insignia regardless of grade. This was a decision made early in the conflict. The Confederate Congress initially made the rank of brigadier general the highest rank. As the war progressed, the other general-officer ranks were quickly added, but no insignia for them was created. (Robert E. Lee was a notable exception to this. He chose to wear the rank insignia of a colonel.) Only seven men achieved the rank of (full) general;[22] the highest ranking (earliest date of rank) was Samuel Cooper, Adjutant General and Inspector General of the Confederate States Army.
Officers' uniforms bore a braid design on the sleeves and kepi, the number of adjacent strips (and therefore the width of the lines of the design) denoting rank. The color of the piping and kepi denoted the military branch. The braid was sometimes left off by officers since it made them conspicuous targets. The kepi was rarely used, the common slouch hat being preferred for its practicality in the Southern climate.
Enlisted rank structure | ||||||||||
Sergeant Major | Quartermaster Sergeant | Ordnance Sergeant | First Sergeant | |||||||
Sergeant | Corporal | Musician | Private | |||||||
no insignia | no insignia |
Branch colors were used for color of chevrons. Blue for infantry, yellow for cavalry, and red for artillery. This could differ with some units, however, depending on available resources or the unit commander's desire. Cavalry regiments from Texas, for example, often used red insignia and at least one Texas infantry regiment used black.
The CSA differed from many contemporaneous armies in that all officers under the rank of brigadier general were elected by the soldiers under their command. The Confederate Congress authorized the awarding of medals for courage and good conduct on October 13, 1862, but war time difficulties prevented the procurement of the needed medals. To avoid postponing recognition for their valor, those nominated for the awards had their names placed on a Roll of Honor, which would be read at the first dress parade after its receipt and be published in at least one newspaper in each state.
Armies and prominent leaders[edit]
The CSA was composed of independent armies and military departments that were constituted, renamed, and disbanded as needs arose, particularly in reaction to offensives launched by the Union. These major units were generally named after states or geographic regions (in comparison to the Union's custom of naming armies after rivers). Armies were usually commanded by full generals (there were seven in the CSA) or lieutenant generals. Some of the more important armies and their commanders were:
- Army of Northern Virginia — Joseph E. Johnston, Gustavus W. Smith, Robert E. Lee commanding
- Army of Mississippi
- March 1862 – November 1862: P. G. T. Beauregard, Albert Sidney Johnston, Braxton Bragg, William J. Hardee, Leonidas Polk, (also known as the Army of the Mississippi; redesignated Army of Tennessee on November 20, 1862)
- December 1862 – July 1863: John C. Pemberton, Earl Van Dorn, (1863) William W. Loring (also known as Army of Vicksburg)
- July 1863 – June 1864: William J. Hardee, Leonidas Polk, William W. Loring (also known as the Army of the Mississippi; redesignated III Corps, Army of Tennessee in May 1864, but continued to use its old name)
- Army of the Kanawha — Henry A. Wise, John B. Floyd, Robert E. Lee
- Army of Kentucky — Edmund Kirby Smith (Eventually commander of all forces West of the Mississippi)
- Army of Central Kentucky — Simon B. Buckner, Albert Sidney Johnston
- Army of Missouri — Sterling Price
- Army of Middle Tennessee — John C. Breckinridge
- Army of the West — Earl Van Dorn
- Army of New Mexico — Henry H. Sibley
- Army of the Northwest — Robert S. Garnett, Henry R. Jackson, William W. Loring, Edward Johnson
- Army of the Peninsula — John B. Magruder, Daniel H. Hill
- Army of the Potomac — P. G. T. Beauregard, Joseph E. Johnston
- Army of Tennessee — Braxton Bragg, Samuel Gibbs French, William J. Hardee, Daniel H. Hill, John Bell Hood, Joseph E. Johnston, Richard Taylor
- Army of Western Louisiana – Richard Taylor, Edmund Kirby Smith
- Army of Arkansas – Sterling Price, Edmund Kirby Smith
- Army of the Trans-Mississippi — Thomas C. Hindman, Theophilus Holmes, Edmund Kirby Smith
- Army of the Valley (also known as Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia) — Jubal Early
Some other prominent Confederate generals who led significant units operating sometimes independently in the CSA included Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, James Longstreet, J. E. B. Stuart, Gideon Pillow, and A. P. Hill.
The supply situation for most Confederate Armies was dismal, even when they were victorious on the battlefield. Much like the Continental Army in the American Revolution, individual state governments were expected to supply their soldiers, rather than the central government. The lack of central authority and effective railroads, combined with the frequent unwillingness or inability of Southern state governments to provide adequate funding, were key factors in the Confederate Army's demise.
As a result of these supply problems, as well as the lack of textile factories in the Confederacy and the successful Union naval blockade of Southern ports, the typical Confederate soldier was rarely able to wear the standard regulation uniform, particularly as the war progressed. While on the march or in parade formation, Confederate Armies often displayed a wide array of dress, ranging from faded, patched-together regulation uniforms; rough, homespun uniforms colored with homemade dyes such as butternut (a yellow-brown color), and even soldiers in a hodgepodge of civilian clothing. After a successful battle, it was not unusual for victorious Confederate troops to procure Union Army uniform parts from captured supplies and dead Union soldiers; this would occasionally cause confusion in later battles and skirmishes. The fact that individual states were expected to supply their soldiers also increased the types of uniforms worn by Confederate troops, as some states (such as North Carolina) were able to better supply their soldiers, while other states (such as Texas) were unable for various reasons to adequately supply their troops as the war continued. Furthermore, each state often had its own uniform regulations and insignia, which meant that the "standard" Confederate uniform often featured a variety of differences based on the state the soldier came from. For example, uniforms for North Carolina regiments often featured a colored strip of cloth on their shoulders to designate what part of the service the soldier was in. Confederate soldiers also frequently suffered from inadequate supplies of shoes, tents, and other gear, and would be forced to innovate and make do with whatever they could scrounge from the local countryside. While Confederate officers were generally better-supplied and were normally able to wear a regulation officer's uniform, they often chose to share other hardships – such as the lack of adequate food – with their troops.
Confederate soldiers were also faced with inadequate food rations, especially as the war progressed. By 1863 Confederate generals such as Robert E. Lee often spent as much time and effort searching for food for their men as they did in planning strategy and tactics. Individual commanders often had to "beg, borrow or steal" food and ammunition from whatever sources were available, including captured Union depots and encampments, and private citizens regardless of their loyalties. Lee's campaign against Gettysburg and southern Pennsylvania (a rich agricultural region) was driven in part by his desperate need of supplies, especially food.
Not surprisingly, in addition to slowing the Confederate advance, such foraging aroused anger in the North and led many Northerners to support General Sherman's total warfare tactics as retaliation. Scorched earth policies by the Union Army, especially in Georgia, South Carolina and the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia in 1864, further reduced the capacity of the closely blockaded Confederacy to feed even its civilian population, let alone its Army. At many points during the war, and especially near the end, Confederate Armies were described as starving and, indeed, many died from lack of food and related illnesses. Towards more desperate stages of the war, the lack of food became a principal driving force for desertion.
Native Americans in the Confederate Army[edit]
Native Americans served in both the Union and Confederate military during the American Civil War.[24][25] Native Americans fought knowing they might jeopardize their freedom, unique cultures, and ancestral lands if they ended up on the losing side of the Civil War.[24][26] 28,693 Native Americans served in the Union and Confederate armies during the Civil War, participating in battles such as Pea Ridge, Second Manassas, Antietam, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, and in Federal assaults on Petersburg.[24][25] Many Native American tribes, such as the Creek and the Choctaw, were slaveholders and found a political and economic commonality with the Confederacy.[27]
Sir: To enable the Secretary of War most advantageously to perform the duties devolved upon him in relation to the Indian tribes by the second section of the Act to establish the War Department of February 21, 1861, it is deemed desirable that there should be established a Bureau of Indian Affairs, and, if the Congress concur in this view, I have the honor respectfully to recommend that provision be made for the appointment of a Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and for one clerk to aid him in the discharge of his official duties.
—Jefferson Davis to Howell Cobb, Confederate States of America – Message to Congress, March 1861[28]
At the beginning of the war, Albert Pike was appointed as Confederate envoy to Native Americans. In this capacity he negotiated several treaties, one such treaty was the Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws conducted in July 1861. The treaty covered sixty-four terms covering many subjects like Choctaw and Chickasaw nation sovereignty, Confederate States of America citizenship possibilities, and an entitled delegate in the House of Representatives of the Confederate States of America. The Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Catawba, and Creek tribes were the only tribes to fight on the Confederate side. The Confederacy wanted to recruit Indians east of the Mississippi River in 1862, so they opened up a recruiting camp in Mobile, Alabama "at the foot of Stone Street."[29] The Mobile Advertiser and Register would advertise for a chance at military service.
A Chance for Active Service. The Secretary of War has authorized me to enlist all the Indians east of the Mississippi River into the service of the Confederate States, as Scouts. In addition to the Indians, I will receive all white male citizens, who are good marksmen. To each member, Fifty Dollars Bounty, clothes, arms, camp equipage &c: furnished. The weapons shall be Enfield Rifles. For further information address me at Mobile, Ala. (Signed) S. G. Spann, Comm'ing Choctaw Forces.
—Jacqueline Anderson Matte, They Say the Wind is Red[29]
Stand Watie, along with a few Cherokee, sided with the Confederate Army, in which he was made colonel and commanded a battalion of Cherokee.[24] Reluctantly, on October 7, 1861, Chief Ross signed a treaty transferring all obligations due to the Cherokee from the U.S. Government to the Confederate States.[24] In the treaty, the Cherokee were guaranteed protection, rations of food, livestock, tools and other goods, as well as a delegate to the Confederate Congress at Richmond.[24] In exchange, the Cherokee would furnish ten companies of mounted men, and allow the construction of military posts and roads within the Cherokee Nation. However, no Indian regiment was to be called on to fight outside Indian Territory.[24] As a result of the Treaty, the 2nd Cherokee Mounted Rifles, led by Col. John Drew, was formed. Following the Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, March 7–8, 1862, Drew's Mounted Rifles defected to the Union forces in Kansas, where they joined the Indian Home Guard. In the summer of 1862, Federal troops captured Chief Ross, who was paroled and spent the remainder of the war in Washington and Philadelphia proclaiming Cherokee loyalty to the Union army.[24]
William Holland Thomas, the only white chief of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, recruited hundreds of Cherokees, particularly for Thomas' Legion. The Legion, raised in September 1862, fought until the end of the war.
Choctaw Confederate battalions were formed in Indian Territory and later in Mississippi in support of the southern cause. The Choctaws, who were expecting support from the Confederates, got little. Webb Garrison, a Civil War historian, describes their response: when Confederate Brigadier General Albert Pike authorized the raising of regiments during the fall of 1860, Creeks, Choctaws, and Cherokees responded with considerable enthusiasm. Their zeal for the Confederate cause, however, began to evaporate when they found that neither arms nor pay had been arranged for them. A disgusted officer later acknowledged that "with the exception of a partial supply for the Choctaw regiment, no tents, clothing, or camp and garrison equippage was furnished to any of them."[30]
Mississippi Choctaws were captured in Ponchatoula, Louisiana, and several died in a Union prison in New York.[31] Spann describes the incident, "[Maj. J.W. Pearce] established two camps—a recruiting camp in Newton County and a drill camp at Tangipahoa—just beyond the State boundary line in Louisiana in the fall of 1862. New Orleans at that time was in the hands of the Federal Gen. B.F. Butler. Without notice a reconnoitering party of the enemy raided the camp, and captured over two dozen Indians and several noncommissioned white officers and carried them to New Orleans. All the officers and several of the Indians escaped and returned to the Newton County camp; but all the balance of the captured Indians were carried to New York, and were daily paraded in the public parks as curiosities for the sport of sight-seers.[32]
In Choctaw Nation in Indian Territory, Jackson McCurtain, who would later become a district chief, was elected as representative from Sugar Loaf County to the National Council in October 1859. On June 22, 1861, he enlisted in the First Regiment of Choctaw and Chickasaw Mounted Rifles. He was commissioned Captain of Company G under the command of Colonel Douglas H. Cooper of the Confederate Army. In 1862 he became a Lieutenant Colonel of the First Choctaw Battalion.[33]
African Americans in the Confederate Army[edit]
With so many white males conscripted and roughly 40% of its population unfree, the work required to maintain a functioning society in the CSA ended up largely on the backs of slaves.[34] Even Georgia's Governor Joseph E. Brown noted that "the country and the army are mainly dependent upon slave labor for support."[35] Slave labor was used in a wide variety of support roles, from infrastructure and mining, to teamster and medical roles such as hospital attendants and nurses.[36]
The idea of arming slaves for use as soldiers was speculated on from the onset of the war, but not seriously considered by Davis or others in his administration.[37] Though an acrimonious and controversial debate was raised by a letter from Patrick Cleburne[38] urging the Confederacy to raise black soldiers by offering emancipation, it would not be until Robert E. Lee wrote the Confederate Congress urging them that the idea would take serious traction. On March 13, 1865, the Confederate Congress passed General Order 14,[39] and President Davis signed the order into law. The order was issued March 23, but only a few African American companies were raised.[40] A company or two of black hospital workers was attached to a unit in Richmond, Virginia, shortly before the besieged southern capital fell.[40] A Confederate major later affirmed that the small number of soldiers mustered in Richmond in 1865 were "the first and only black troops used on our side."[40] However, there were varying accounts of black rebel troops. For instance on July 11, 1863, the New York Herald reported: "...And after the battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, ...reported among the rebel prisoners were seven blacks in Confederate uniforms fully armed as soldiers..." While determining an accurate number of African Americans who served in the Confederate armed forces may never be known, the United States Census of 1890 lists 3,273 African Americans who claimed to be Confederate veterans[41]
Statistics and size[edit]
Incomplete and destroyed records make an accurate count of the number of individuals who served in the Confederate Army impossible. All but extremely improbable estimates of this number range between 600,000 and 1,500,000 men.[17] The better estimates of the actual number of individual Confederates soldiers seem to be between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men.[42] The exact number is unknown. Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served in each army at any time during the war, they do not represent the size of the armies at any given date. Confederate casualty figures are as incomplete and unreliable as the figures on the number of Confederate soldiers. The best estimates of the number of deaths of Confederate soldiers appear to be about 94,000 killed or mortally wounded in battle, 164,000 deaths from disease and between 26,000 and 31,000 deaths in Union prison camps. About 25,000 Union soldiers died as a result of accidents, drowning, murder, killed after capture, suicide, execution for various crimes, execution by the Confederates (64), sunstroke, other and not stated. Confederate casualties for all these reasons are unavailable. Since some Confederate soldiers would have died for these reasons, more total deaths and total casualties for the Confederacy must have occurred. One estimate of Confederate wounded, which is considered incomplete, is 194,026; another is 226,000. At the end of the war 174,223 men of the Confederate forces surrendered to the Union Army.[43][44]
See also[edit]
- Military of the Confederate States of America
- Confederate States of America
- American Civil War
- Confederate Government Civil War units
- List of Confederate Regular Army officers
- Uniforms of the Confederate Military
- Confederate States Navy
- Confederate States Marine Corps
- Uniforms of the American Civil War
- ^ C.S. War Dept., pp. 402-03.
- ^ On February 8, 1861, delegates from the seven Deep South states which had already declared their secession from the United States of America adopted the Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States of America.
- ^ On March 1, 1861, Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston, South Carolina on behalf of the Confederate States government, where state militia threatened to seize Fort Sumter from the small United States Army garrison.
- ^ All but extremely improbable estimates of the number of Confederate soldiers range between 600,000 and 1,500,000 men.
- ^ Records of the number of individuals who served in the Union Army are more extensive, but still are not entirely reliable. Estimates of the number of individual Union soldiers range between 1,550,000 and 2,400,000, with a number between 2,000,000 and 2,200,000 most likely. Union Army records show slightly more than 2,677,000 enlistments but this number apparently includes many re-enlistments. These numbers do not include men who served in Union naval forces. These figures represent the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war, not the size of the army at any given date.
- ^ In comparison, the best estimates of the number of deaths of Union soldiers are 110,100 killed or mortally wounded in battle, 224,580 deaths from disease and 30,192 deaths in Confederate prison camps, although some historians also dispute these figures. The best conjecture for Union Army wounded is 275,175.
- ^ Confederate forces at Mobile, Alabama, and Columbus, Georgia, also had already surrendered on April 14, 1865, and April 16, 1865, respectively. Union and Confederate units fought a battle at Columbus, Georgia, before surrender on April 16, 1865, and a small final battle at Palmito Ranch, Texas, on May 12, 1865. In areas more distant from the main theaters of operations, Confederate forces in Alabama and Mississippi under Lieutenant General Richard Taylor, in Arkansas under Brigadier General M. Jeff Thompson, in Louisiana and Texas under General E. Kirby Smith and in Indian Territory under Brigadier General Stand Watie surrendered on May 4, 1865, May 12, 1865, May 26, 1865 (officially June 2, 1865), and June 28, 1865, respectively.
- ^ Snell, Mark A. (2011). West Virginia and the Civil War. History Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-1596298880. "Four "border" states that permitted slavery, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri stayed in the Union but many men from the last three of these states chose to fight for the Confederacy. On the other hand, many men in the western counties of Virginia which became West Virginia in 1863, and in eastern Tennessee and mountainous areas of North Carolina and neighboring states in particular adhered to and even fought for the Union. However, West Virginia was the only border state which did not give the majority of its men to the Union."
- ^ a b Eicher, pp. 70, 66.
- ^ United States. War Dept (1900). Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. p. 134.
- ^ John George Nicolay; John Hay (1890). Abraham Lincoln: A History. The Century Co. p. 264.
- ^ Johnson, p. 19; Henderson, p. 83; Evans, Vol III, p. 38; Johnston (1961), p. 19.
- ^ "'Necessity Knows No Law": Vested Rights and Styles of Reasoning in the Confederate Conscription Cases, Mississippi Law Journal (2000).
- ^ Michael Perman and Amy Murrell Taylor, eds. (2010). Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction. Cengage. p. 178.
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ a b Eicher, p. 71.
- ^ Eicher, p. 25.
- ^ Eicher, p. 26.
- ^ Eicher, p. 29.
- ^ Official Records, Series IV, Vol. III, pp. 1161–62.
- ^ Eicher, p. 807. There were seven full generals in the CSA; John Bell Hood held "temporary full general" rank, which was withdrawn by the Confederate Congress.
- ^ http://history-sites.com/cgi-bin/bbs53x/nvcwmb/webbbs_config.pl?read=58612 Archived July 20, 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d e f g h W. David Baird et al. (January 5, 2009). ""We are all Americans", Native Americans in the Civil War". Native Americans.com. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
- ^ a b Rodman, Leslie. The Five Civilized Tribes and the American Civil War. p. 2.
- ^ "Native Americans in the Civil War". Ethic Composition of Civil War Forces (C.S & U.S.A.). January 5, 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
- ^ Rodman, Leslie. The Five Civilized Tribes and the American Civil War. p. 5.
- ^ "Confederate States of America – Message to Congress March 12, 1861 (Indian Affairs)". Yale Law School. 1861. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
- ^ a b Matte, Jacqueline (2002). "Refugees- Six Towns Choctaw, 1830–1890". They Say the Wind is Red. New South Books. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-58838-079-1.
- ^ Garrison, Webb (1995). "Padday Some Day". More Civil War Curiosities. Rutledge Hill Press. ISBN 978-1-55853-366-0.
- ^ Kidwell, Clara (1995). "The Choctaws in Mississippi after 1830". Choctaws and Missionaries in Mississippi, 1818–1918. University of Oklahoma. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-8061-2691-3.
- ^ Spann, S. G.; Confederate Veteran Magazine Volume XIII, Number 12, pages 560 and 561 (December 1905). "Choctaw Indians As Confederate Soldiers". Archived from the original on October 25, 2007. Retrieved February 6, 2008.
- ^ "Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma: 1880 – Jackson F. McCurtain". 1880. Archived from the original on February 2, 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
- ^ Levine, p. 62.
- ^ Journal of the Senate at an Extra Session of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, Convened under the Proclamation of the Governor, March 25, 1863, p. 6.
- ^ Levine, pp. 62–63.
- ^ Levine, pp. 17–18.
- ^ Official Records, Series I, Vol. LII, Part 2, pp. 586–92.
- ^ Confederate Law authorizing the enlistment of black soldiers, March 13, 1865, as promulgated in a military order
- ^ a b c Levine, Bruce. The myth of the black Confederates, The Washington Post, October 30, 2010.
- ^ 1890 U.S. Census, pg. 3
- ^ Long, E. B. The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971. OCLC 68283123. p. 705
- ^ http://www1.va.gov/opa/fact/amwars.asp
- ^ Long, 1971, p. 711
- Basler, Roy P., ed., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, Rutgers University Press, 1953, ISBN 978-0-8135-0172-7.
- Confederate States. War Dept (1863). Regulations for the Army of the Confederate States. Richmond: J.W. Randolph.
- Crute, Joseph H. Jr. (1987). Units of the Confederate States Army. 2nd ed. Gaithersburg: Olde Soldier Books. ISBN 0-942211-53-7.
- Boatner, Mark Mayo, III. The Civil War Dictionary. New York: McKay, 1959; revised 1988. ISBN 978-0-8129-1726-0.
- Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1.
- Evans, Clement A., Confederate Military History; Volume III – Virginia by Maj. Jedediah Hotchkiss. The National Historical Society, 2008, facsimile reprint, originally printed in Atlanta, by Confederate Publishing Company, 1899.
- Henderson, G. F. R., Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War, Smithmark reprint, 1995, ISBN 978-0-8317-3288-2.
- Johnson, Clint, The Politically Incorrect Guide to The South. Washington, D.C., Regnery Publishing, Inc., 2006, ISBN 1-59698-500-3.
- Johnston, David E., The Story of a Confederate Boy in the Civil War (Serving in the 7th Virginia Infantry Regiment). ISBN 978-1-84685-666-2
- Johnston II, Angus James, Virginia Railroads in the Civil War, University of North Carolina Press for the Virginia Historical Society, 1961.
- Levine, Bruce, Confederate Emancipation: Southern Plans to Free and Arm Slaves during the Civil War, Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0-19-514762-9.
- Long, E. B. The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971. OCLC 68283123.
- Robson, John S., How A One-Legged Rebel Lives: Reminiscences of the Civil War; The Story of the Campaigns of Stonewall Jackson, Kessinger Publishing, 2007, ISBN 978-1-84685-665-5.
- U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.
See also[edit]
- Weinert, Richard P., Jr., The Confederate Regular Army, White Mane Publishing, 1991, ISBN 978-0-942597-27-1.
- Wright, Marcus J., General Officers of the Confederate Army, J. M. Carroll & Co., 1983, ISBN 978-0-8488-0009-3.
- Confederate Soldiers
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Army of the Confederate States of America. |
- Civil War rank insignia
- A Manual of Military Surgery (1863). The manual used by doctors in the CSA.
- U.S. Civil War Era Uniforms and Accouterments
- Duke University Libraries Digital Collections – William Emerson Strong Photograph Album 200 cartes-de-visite depicting officers in the Confederate Army and Navy, officials in the Confederate government, famous Confederate wives, and other notable figures of the Confederacy. Also included are 64 photographs attributed to Mathew Brady.
- Confederate use of blacks
- Confederate and State Regulations at confederateuniforms.org
- 1st Confederate Battalion, Forney's Regiment { Living History Organization } http://www.1stconfederatebattalion.org /


text:
New Single "Heart Attack" Available Now!
Te quiero mucho E! Only 4 more sleeps!! Looking forward to seeing you in Montreal and Toronto! I'm very happy your are touring this year and very excited to see the show! Wishing you success with the tour and safe travels! MUAH! XO XO Miles besos!!!
Hey Enrique,
Just wanted to drop by and say hi. I think that these contests are just awesome. You do so much for your fans. Isn't it an awesome feeling to know that you are making some people's biggest dreams come true. That is just amazing. I wish you so much luck on the JLO tour. I know at times it will be difficult but you have a great team behind you to support you. Oh....I always wanted to say congrats on Atlantico partnering with Seasons 52. I think Atlantico is going to be one of the top rums. Plus, it's reallllllly good. LOL. Well take care, don't work too hard. And just remember your already a hero, just enjoy the ride.
Take care
Hugs from PA,
Steph Griffith
oi enrique iglesias! brazil logo!
oi enrique iglesias! quando voce vem para o brazil? to sabendo que vem cd novo por ai ne? estarei esperando! me responde quando puder! o cd ja tem nome? bjus!
oi enriqu iglesias tudo bem? como voce esta? qaundo vem para o brazil? to sabendo que vem cd novo por ai ne? estarei esperando! me responde! mil beijos!
brazil logo enrique iglesias!
oi enrique iglesias! tudo bem? como vc esta? to sabendo que ja tera novo album!!!!!! que legal! quando sera o lançamento? espero ouvir lindas musicas suas! qaundo vai vir para o brazil? vem logo! sou sua fa desde 1996 , me chamo manuele ! me responde mi amor! qaundo puder ! beijos!
I know ,I don`t have chance to win tickets, but I wish you to have an unforgettable, an amazing and fantastic tour with JLO! Just don`t forget about the fans , especially about your(Georgian fan) please... ,because I will remember and love you and your music all my life ! I adore you! <3
enrique you live in my heart,,,,,,,,,,,,,baby,,,,,,,,,,,,
hey there ,i love you ♥
© 2013 Created by Enrique Iglesias.

subset: commoncrawl


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I have two passport one is Saudi and the other is British.
My question is I am in Saudi Arabia and I want to travel to the UK and back how does that work?
And do I need a visa for any of the two counties?
I have two passport one is Saudi and the other is British. My question is I am in Saudi Arabia and I want to travel to the UK and back how does that work? And do I need a visa for any of the two counties? |
You need a visa for neither country because you are a citizen of each. When you enter a country, in order not to need a visa, you show them the passport of that country. In your case, when arriving to Saudi Arabia, you show them the Saudi passport. When arriving to the UK, say after you get back, you show them the UK one. You obviously need to have both with you but you always show one at any given time. It is possible there are legal exceptions, but this works in most parts of the world. For Saudi Arabia, which gives no visas to tourists, you pretty much have no choice. | ||||
There are usually multiple places where you'll have to show passports and things can get a bit tricky. Obviously you'll use the passport of the country whose passport you are at. But often you want to show the passport of the destination country at check in to show the airline company that you have the appropriate visas/residency. So for example for a trip from Germany to the US the sequence is as follows:
| |||||||||||||||||
Show your Saudi passport to the Saudi Immigration, show your British passport to UK immigration. If the airline asks if you have a Visa for the UK show them your UK passport. Do not show Saudi Immigration your UK passport. As I understand you may get into trouble if you do. I do this all the time and it's never been an issue for me. it used to be that you could get a certificate of right of abode in your Saudi passport that acted like a permanent visa meaning that you didn't need the UK passport, but they don't issue these any more. | |||||||||||||


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Doug Novak, Cudahy, bowled a 300, 822 searies.
Team, K-Ranch, Cudahy.
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Having read some of the reviews on here we weren't expecting much as far as budget hotels go. The reception was unattended when we arrived but there was a sign informing us to ask at the main bar. In the bar area we were approached immediately and told that someone would come through to reception shortly. We didn't wait long,... More
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Wheatland Township Board changes mind on concrete facility
By Hank Beckman For The Sun February 15, 2013 5:02PM
Boughton Materials Incorporated facility at 22750 W. Hastert Blvd. |Sun-Times Media graphic
Updated: March 18, 2013 6:54AM
The Wheatland Township Board of Trustees has rescinded its former support for the planned expansion of operations by Boughton Materials Incorporated at its site near Naperville.
The move overturned the August 2012 letter from the Township Plan Commission to the Will County Board in support of BMI's plans to begin concrete-crushing at its facility at 22750 W. Hassert Blvd. (111th Street) was prompted by two factors.
First was the outcry from nearby residents concerned about possible noise, traffic and pollution that could be caused by the operation, particularly the possibility of asbestos spreading near residential areas and schools.
And now it appears the township doesn't have the legal standing to make any binding decision on the matter, anyway.
"We found out we did not have the authority to act on that particular case," Trustee Frank King said in introducing the matter for discussion Thursday night.
After the initial protest from the community, the township began rethinking its approval of the project, but sought legal advice before taking any specific steps.
Attorneys from Ancel Glink advised that the township had no independent zoning power because it was located in a county that had adopted its own zoning ordinance.
According to the Illinois Township Code, Wheatland's only legal authority is to ensure that a developer's proposals comply with the township's comprehensive plan and development standards.
Moreover, even review of a development for adherence to the comprehensive plan only applies to projects that are more than 1.5 miles from a municipality that has its own comprehensive plan.
With the property located only 675 feet from Bolingbrook, the township's ability to act on the zoning changes sought by BMI is limited to making its feelings known to the Will County Board and not much else.
"Do we even need to have a plan commission anymore," Township Supervisor Todd Morse asked.
Indeed, with so much of Naperville and Bolingbrook essentially built out, property that would legally fall under Wheatland's jurisdiction are those parcels nearer to Plainfield, Oswego and Aurora.
Contacted later, Morse indicated that the township was in the process of determining how much property fell under township jurisdiction.
"We're looking into that right now," he said.
But he also stressed that the planning function of the township represented a layer of communication with the public that wouldn't be discontinued without serious consideration.
The Will County Planning and Zoning Commission recently voted unanimously not to approve the special use permit sought by BMI, and voted to not recommend the zoning changes that company is seeking.
The Land Use and Development Committee voted unanimously against both requests, and now the petition goes to the full Will County Board for a public hearing on Feb. 21.


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It is not most clean and comfortable hotel, but hey, it is very cheao and in good location, good for sightseeing purposes if your not looking for much comfort.
- Also Known As:
- Beira Minho Hotel
- Beira Minho Lisbon
It is not most clean and comfortable hotel, but hey, it is very cheao and in good location, good for sightseeing purposes if your not looking for much comfort.
Was in Lisbon for a long week end alone and I ve stayed here... is a budget accomodation, don t expet too much.. but room is clean and not noisy (was there in February) ..good price and perfect location. the square is beautiful and I found it safe. i d racommand the pensao
The main advantages are a very good location and very good price. Hotel is in the centre of Lisboa, just near the subway station (Rossio). Very forthcoming stuff. I really fall in love with this residence and thankfull to my friend had recommended it.
We stayed ther a couple of years ago. It is cheap, nice people, old but very clean. Breakfast brought to the room, amazing view towards the Tejo river, castle and the Carmo Ruin.
2 Star hotel. Needed a paint job but sheets and towels changed every day. Only 30 Euros per couple per night which includes own Bathroom and Continental breakfast. Large rooms opening onto balcony with Phone. No T.V. or tea making facilities. Great position and right next to Rossi Station and plenty of shops and restaurants. Raoul speaks English and very... More
It's a quaint little pensao, located above a floral shop in the Praca de Figueira. If you're lucky, you can get a room with a balcony overlooking the square, with a view of the castle. Close enough to walk to the castle, the Cathedral, the Tejo River, the Chiado, Santa Apolonia train station, among other activities. Very reasonably priced. Some... More
Tiara Park Atlantic Lisboa 1,312 reviews | Britania Hotel 1,102 reviews | Residencial Roxi 66 reviews |
Pensao Residencial Norte 58 reviews | Pensao Praca da Figueira 122 reviews | Pensao Londres 239 reviews | Albergaria Insulana 102 reviews |
If you own or manage Beira Minho, register now for free tools to enhance your listing, attract new reviews, and respond to reviewers.


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Rank: 754
active 6 days, 9 hours ago
My whole life has revolved around my love for animals. I became vegetarian when I was 7 years old. I hope to change the world someday.
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I am a vegan, artist, writer, blogger, singer, debater, public speaker, actor, and activist. Some of the major causes I'm heavily involved in are Veganism/Animal Rights, Human Rights, Environmentalism, and World Peace. I run a blog which is currently available at http://reasoningvegan.blogspot.com/ Check it out and subscribe! I also run a webstore with vegan products at http://stringofwords.storenvy.com/ with new products being added constantly!
Construction with imagination and faith
I love tricking. I love my family. I love my girlfriend. I love animals. I love fighting for what I love.
Loving animals since the day I was born.
The totally whacked story of a totally weird girl
I went Vegan when I was 9, and now i'm 13 I love animals and when I learned about how they treated about those animals i was sad, I love animals and the terrible things happening need to stop. I love tea, acting, field hockey and singing.
https://twitter.com/hvanevery https://www.facebook.com/hlly.ve
Doctor Who Fan who was raised by carnivorous parents and saw the vegetarian light. Is an aspiring veterinarian who plans to spend the rest of her life helping animals.
I have an adorable wheaten named Cody, and five adorable teenage chickens. I've been a vegetarian for 3 years now, and I recently became vegan. People need to learn that humans aren't the only ones on this planet, and take everyone else into consideration. I'm a field hockey player, Justin Bieber fan, and a life-long animal lover.
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Apolo Anton Ohno and Chrissie Wellington attend the Endurance Live 20th Annual Awards Gala
By topnews | 27/03/2012 | in
Apolo Anton Ohno and Chrissie Wellington attend the Endurance Live 20th Annual Awards Gala at Nokia Theatre L.A. Live on March 10, 2012 in Los Angeles, California. (Photo by Noel Vasquez/Getty Images for Competitor Group)
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in Washington, DC
13 attending · 13 waiting
in Washington, DC
13 attending · 3 waiting
in Arlington, UN
9 attending
in Rockville, MD
9 attending
in Arlington , VA
5 attending
in Washington, DC
4 attending
in North Bethesda, MD
8 attending
17 Meetup Groups match "Beer Lovers" near Springfield, VA
There are no upcoming Meetups.
We are a group, male and female who LOVE Craft Beer! We meet once or twice each month to sample great craft brews and learn more about the nuances of each. We attend "beer schools" and food pairings in a VERY casual setting. Then after we expand our knowledge and base taste really cool new crafts... We DRINK CRAFT BEER TOGETHER!
Bringing together people who love the outdoors and craft beer. Are you a lover of the outdoors and between the ages of 27 and 42? Do you need new friends to get out and hike, camp, kayak, or snowboard? How about I add in craft beer tours and homebrewing? We're an eclectic group but we love to get out and enjoy what nature has to offer (from mountains to gardens to hops). So come join in the adventure! Past Meetups Have Included: Dogfish Head Tour in Delaware Brewgrass Festival in North Carolina …
Meetup details are available only to members.
We are a group based in the DC Metro area that love craft beer and trying new things. Beer Snobs need not apply. We meet 2–3 times a month, the first Thursday of each month we meet at Meridian Pint in DC (starting January 2013) and the first Saturday a month we tour a local (or not too distant) brewery. We also have some outdoor activities such as hiking and biking followed by beer, bottle shares, beer dinners, and soon beer classes!
Meetup details are available only to members.
If you are a fan of beer, wine and spirits, and you like to sample different kinds of them, then this meet-up is for you. We will meet other like minded enthusiast and sample brews from around the world. We will also sample different liquors and a variety of wines. We have many different local wineries and breweries in the area and we will tour many of them and sample their products. We will try to find the best places to drink and eat, great pubs and bar food. We will also explore beer parings, …
There are no upcoming Meetups.
Maryland's First Meetup Group to combine people who love Craft Beer, and people who love the Outdoors! Welcome to Craft Beer, Outdoors & Social! A group founded to bring together people with common interests. Most of our members are in their late 20s, 30s, and early 40s and enjoy craft beer, home brewing, being outside, hiking, camping, running, and (of course) socializing with good people. If that sounds like you, then sign up and join us for some fun events! Most of our meetups take place in M …
Introduction: Our founder decided to start this group because she enjoyed wine and want to get to know other people in their 20s & 30s that like wine too. It worked! Since getting started in April 2010, we have attended almost 350 tastings, wineries, dinners, festivals, happy hours, parties, and almost any other idea, as long as it somehow involves wine, with many more planned! We look for a great mix of men and women in their 20s & 30s - single, married, couples, just friends, it doesn't matt …
There are no upcoming Meetups.
This group is for those beer lovers who want to go beyond just drinking beer, but creating beer. A meetup to share recipes, techniques, but most of all homebrewed beer. Whether you are a wheat beer lover or a Irish stout drinker, this group welcomes all those who want to dabble in homebrewing.
This is a great chance for all beer lovers, home brewers, and meade fans to meet on a weekly basis with the luxury of having Cork & Fork Wine and Beer store as the venue! The best way to learn is to experience, and with beer, the best way to experience is to taste. Every week we will go through new beers, try different styles, chat about what we like and don't like, and generally talk about beer and beer related products. Check out our blog! http://corkandforknews.blogspot.com/
There are no upcoming Meetups.
Enjoy your favorite brew, while singing your favorite hymns with your new favorite friends. We'll meet at the Cedar Knoll Inn on the Potomac 9030 Lucia Lane in Alexandria. This group is open to everyone who enjoys singing and meeting new people in a safe, welcoming environment.
Meetup details are available only to members.
This group is for people who would rather entertain in their own home than go out to a restaurant for fun. If you don't have the room for entertaining then that's ok but you **MUST** be willing to organize the occasional outing to a restaurant, park, winery, or something similar in order to spread the work of hosting around to more people. If you aren't interested in hosting and/or aren't interested in at least trying your hand at cooking (picking up a quart of potato salad on the way to an eve …
Meetup details are available only to members.
I love food. Cooking it, eating it, talking about it, reading about it, watching shows about it. But I've had trouble finding people around my age in this city who like to make this a part of their daily life AND are looking for friends that are interested in the same. This is a group for those who want to explore all forms of food the DC area has to offer (restaurants, specialty stores, etc.), cook and bake for others, and meet new people in their 20s and early 30s who want to do the same. We c …
We at Grapes & Grains believe in learning and tasting wine, beer and whiskey in an unpretentious and fun atmosphere. We're open to anyone interested in tasting whether they are a novice or a connoisseur (newbies, enthusiasts, wine snobs, and cork dorks welcome). "Great Times occur around Good Food, Wine and Fun conversations." Our objective is simple: organize affordable, fun tastings and food pairing events in diverse, convenient locations in the Washington DC Metro area to allow our members to …
Whether you are a California native, or just lived there for a while, this is your group! Make friends with others who know that 'On The Border' isn't real Mexican food, and that a 3.5 earthquake isn't anything to flip out over. :) Meetups will mostly be held around Northern Virginia (Arlington, Alexandria, Falls Church, Fairfax, Tyson's, Reston) and DC, but of course we welcome members from Maryland as well! Our members are mostly in their late 20s, 30s and early 40s, love happy hours, dining …
This group is for anyone who loves to travel but have a hard time finding a travel partner with the same availability or desire to travel. This group is also for those interested in group travel. The club will meet once a month to discuss upcoming trips. Trips can range from weekend getaways to 30 day cruises! Looking for positive people who understand the importance of time away from work and everyday demands to lay on the beach in Jamaica, play some slots in Vegas, or ski the slopes in Aspen. …
A group for those of us who live for spontaneity and enjoy going out on weeknights as well as weekends! I am native to Bethesda and very familiar with the amazing activities the DMV has to offer, outdoors and indoors! I am really into lots of activities, so we will be setting up a wide variety from camping and hiking, walking dogs, fitness, cooking, going to the Eastern Shore, wining, dining, movies, basically a group for people who want things to do and want a variety! It is definitely a great …
Meetup details are available only to members.
This is a way for members of Falkland Chase to share resources and talk about upcoming hiking events. Meetup is a great way to build a schedule as well. We'll decide if this is a good fit going forward. One are I'd like to explore would be getting together with some humans and canines that would be down for some more intense hikes and potentially backpacking. Also, I am putting everyone that joins from Falkland Chase as an organizer, so you can do everything except ask for money for events. Post …
This is a group dedicated to all things pizza, from its history, to cooking, to sampling some of the best pies in the local area and beyond. It is also a support group for those with a compulsion towards the greatest food ever tossed. Discussion of fast food and frozen pizza is allowed but not necessarily eaten. No, we are focused on pizza as art with the motto that if tastes good, it is good. An overriding obsession is to find a really good New York style pizza in the DC area while sampling all …
Get an alert email when new Meetup Groups like this start near you.
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S. Korea to buy 40 stealth fighter jets, 20 combat planes from 2018
November 22, 2013 11:25 am | by The Associated Press | News | CommentsSouth Korea will purchase 40 Lockheed Martin F-35A stealth fighter jets and an additional 20 combat planes from the United States starting in 2018, South Korea's Joint Chiefs of Staff said Friday. "The F-35A will be used as a strategic weapon to gain a competitive edge and defeat the enemy in the early stage of war..."
5 Things to Know about $290 million Apple verdict
November 21, 2013 7:44 pm | by The Associated Press | News | CommentsA jury on Thursday ordered Samsung Electronics to pay Apple $290 million for copying features of the iPhone and iPad. That was in addition to $640 million the South Korea-based Samsung already owed Apple from a previous trial. Samsung plans to appeal the $930 million in damages in a San Jose...
LG looking into claim smart TVs grab user data
November 21, 2013 10:07 am | by YOUKYUNG LEE, AP Technology Writer | News | CommentsLG Electronics Inc. said it is investigating a claim that some of its smart TVs send information on home viewing habits back to the company without consent. The investigation comes after Jason Huntley, a 45-year-old IT consultant in Britain, detailed in his blog how his LG smart TV logged the channels he was watching and sent the data to LG.
Jury ends Day 2 of Samsung-Apple deliberations
November 21, 2013 10:04 am | by PAUL ELIAS, Associated Press | News | CommentsJurors failed to reach a decision and will return for a third day of deliberations to determine how much Samsung Electronics owes Apple for copying key features of the iPhone and iPad. A previous jury found Samsung guilty of infringing several Apple patents in making and marketing 26 devices, and it ordered Samsung to pay $1.05 billion.
Exploring public perceptions of future wearable computing
November 8, 2013 10:24 am | by EurekAlert! | News | CommentsAs scientists develop the next wave of smartwatches and other wearable computing, they might want to continue focusing their attention on the arms and the wrists. According to a recent Georgia Tech study, portable electronic devices placed on the collar, torso, waist or pants may cause awkwardness, embarrassment or strange looks.
Smartphone competition weighs on LG earnings
October 24, 2013 12:11 pm | by YOUKYUNG LEE, AP Technology Writer | News | CommentsLG Electronics Inc. said its handset business sank into the red for the first time in a year as it cut prices and spent more on marketing to carve out a share of the high-end smartphone market. The South Korean company reported Thursday that its mobile communications business lost 79.7 billion won ($75.5 million) in the July-September period, even after selling 12 million smartphones.
Court: Studies understated Samsung health hazards
October 23, 2013 11:17 am | by YOUKYUNG LEE, AP Technology Writer | News | CommentsA South Korean court said studies conducted to evaluate safety at Samsung chip factories failed to fully examine workplace health hazards, undermining the electronics giant's efforts to distance itself from claims that its manufacturing plants caused fatal cancers. The finding by the Seoul Administrative Court was part of a ruling in the case of a Samsung Electronics Co. worker who died of leukemia in 2009 aged 29.
US experts: NKorea can likely build key nuke parts
September 24, 2013 12:07 pm | by FOSTER KLUG, Associated Press | News | CommentsNorth Korean scientists are able to build crucial equipment for uranium-based nuclear bombs on their own, cutting the need for imports that had been one of the few ways outsiders could monitor the country's secretive atomic work, according to evidence gathered by two American experts.
2 Koreas move closer to reopening factory park
August 14, 2013 10:14 am | by HYUNG-JIN KIM & YOUKYUNG LEE, Associated Press | News | CommentsNorth and South Korea on Wednesday moved closer to reopening a jointly run factory park, raising hopes for an improvement in ties between rivals that were trading war threats this spring. There was no word about when operations might resume, but the Koreas' meeting, while not conclusive, can be considered progress...
A magnetic pen for smartphones adds another level of conveniences
July 24, 2013 11:31 am | by EurekAlert! | News | CommentsA doctoral candidate at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) developed a magnetically driven pen interface that works both on and around mobile devices. This interface, called the MagPen, can be used for any type of smartphones and tablet computers so long as they have magnetometers embedded in.
NKorea halts rocket launch-pad work
July 23, 2013 12:02 pm | by FOSTER KLUG, Associated Press | News | CommentsNorth Korea has stopped construction work at a site meant to launch bigger and better long-range rockets, a possible sign that Pyongyang is slowing or even halting development of larger rockets, according to a new analysis of recent satellite imagery.
SKorea clears Google after 2-year Android probe
July 18, 2013 10:02 am | by YOUKYUNG LEE, AP Technology Writer | News | CommentsSouth Korea's fair trade commission said Thursday a two-year investigation found that Google making its search service the default in Android-powered smartphones did not limit competition in the online search market. Kwon Chul-hyun, a director at the commission, said the regulator found no evidence that Google Inc. unfairly used its power...
Korean sites still down after war anniversary hack
June 26, 2013 10:34 am | by ELIZABETH SHIM & YOUKYUNG LEE, Associated Press | News | CommentsSeveral North and South Korean websites that went offline on a war anniversary remained shut down Wednesday, a day after what Seoul partly blamed on a hacking attack. The shutdown appeared to be less severe than one in March, and some government and private sector sites were operating again.
SKorea mobile network touted as world's fastest
June 26, 2013 10:25 am | by YOUKYUNG LEE, AP Technology Writer | News | CommentsSouth Korea's largest mobile operator is this week launching what it says is the world's fastest wireless network. SK Telecom Co. said Wednesday that the LTE-Advanced network can download data at speeds twice as fast as LTE networks and 10 times faster than third generation services.
SKorea says several gov't, private websites hacked
June 25, 2013 10:41 am | by ELIZABETH SHIM & YOUKYUNG LEE, Associated Press | News | CommentsSouth Korea said multiple government and private sector websites were hacked on Tuesday's anniversary of the start of the Korean War, and Seoul issued a cyberattack alert warning officials and citizens to take security measures. Government websites, including the one for the presidential Blue House, and some media servers were attacked...
Websites in 2 Koreas shut down on war anniversary
June 25, 2013 10:28 am | by Elizabeth Shim & Youkyung Lee, Associated Press | News | CommentsMajor government and media websites in South and North Korea were shut down for hours Tuesday on the 63rd anniversary of the start of the Korean War. Seoul said its sites were hacked, while it was unclear what knocked out those north of the border.
SKorean nuclear operator raided in cable probe
June 20, 2013 10:35 am | by YOUKYUNG LEE, AP Business Writer | News | CommentsSouth Korea's sole nuclear power plant operator said Thursday that investigators raided its offices, a sign that a probe into faulty nuclear plant cables is widening. Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co. spokesman Lee Yoon-doing said prosecutors seized documents and computer hard drives from at least four of the company's offices.
SKorea fosters startups as it seeks economic shift
May 30, 2013 11:58 am | by YOUKYUNG LEE, AP Technology Writer | News | CommentsAmong the policies aimed at nurturing a "creative economy," South Korea is pouring more than 3 trillion won ($2.7 billion) into funding startups, establishing a third stock market to help new ventures raise money, and changing laws to lower hurdles for crowd-funding.
SKorea idles 2 nuke plants after cable tests faked
May 28, 2013 10:29 am | by YOUKYUNG LEE, AP Business Writer | News | CommentsSouth Korea has idled two nuclear power plants after finding that test results for crucial control cables were falsified in a new blow to an industry mired in a graft scandal and safety lapses. South Korea's trade and energy ministry said Tuesday a company contracted to conduct tests fabricated the results for cables...
SKorea analyzing NKorea's 4 projectile launches
May 20, 2013 10:48 am | by HYUNG-JIN KIM, Associated Press | News | CommentsSouth Korea is analyzing whether projectiles North Korea fired into its eastern waters over the weekend are short-range missiles or a new type of artillery the country may be developing, officials said Monday. North Korea fired what Seoul officials called a short-range projectile Sunday, a day after conducting three similar launches.
NKorea nuke arsenal seen as matter of when, not if
May 10, 2013 11:04 am | by FOSTER KLUG, Associated Press | News | CommentsAfter three nuclear tests of apparently increasing power and a long-range rocket launch that puts it a big step closer to having a missile that can carry a nuclear warhead to American shores, many believe that in a matter of years — as little as five, maybe, though the timeframe is a point of debate — Pyongyang will have a very scary nuclear arsenal.
South Koreans hope to return to Kaesong factories
April 19, 2013 11:39 am | by YOUKYUNG LEE, AP Business Writer | News | CommentsThe South Korean entrepreneurs who invested up to 10 years and millions of dollars in the Kaesong industrial complex, a symbol of economic collaboration between the Koreas that is now shuttered by the North, have little more than hope to cling to as assembly lines sit idle day after day.
NKorea denies cyberattack on SKorean companies
April 15, 2013 11:11 am | by The Associated Press | News | CommentsNorth Korea has denied involvement in a cyberattack that shut down nearly 50,000 computers and servers at South Korean broadcasters and banks last month. The General Staff of the Korean People's Army issued the denial Saturday through the official Korean Central News Agency.
SKorea: 'Indication' NKorea prepping for nuke test
April 8, 2013 10:41 am | by HYUNG-JIN KIM, Associated Press | News | CommentsSouth Korea's point man on North Korea says there is an "indication" that Pyongyang is preparing for a fourth nuclear test. Unification Minister Ryoo Kihl-jae told a parliamentary committee Monday that "there is such an indication," according to two ministry officials...
Timeline of recent events in North Korean tensions
April 4, 2013 11:40 am | by The Associated Press | News | CommentsNorth Korea bars South Koreans from going to their jobs at the Kaesong industrial complex and closes the border to trucks carrying raw materials for the factories in the most recent timeline of events in Korea tensions.
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A Dothan native is making a special trip back to the Wiregrass.
Teneshia Jackson-Warner is at the First Missionary Baptist Church tonight for the annual Martin Luther King Junior and Reverend Rochester Johnson Senior Scholarship Banquet.
It gives kids in Dothan scholarships each year.
Jackson-Warner is the recipient of the scholarship herself and says it makes all the difference.
Warner will be signing her recently published work, 'Profit with a Purpose, tomorrow from 2 P.M. to 6 P.M. at the Wiregrass Commons Mall.
Get the ingredients you need to cook with Rach all week long. | |
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I know a lot of us have young kids and there used to be a thread where we posted updates and asked questions regarding our kids.
As I mentioned before, when my daughter was younger, she didn't eat well when she was sick with a sore throat or cough. Her weight would drop off and she was even in the hospital for a few days when she was 3 months old because of the coughing. She didn't eat well even when she felt fine. Being sick only made it worse. Well, we couldn't be farther from that because now we can't stop her from eating.
Now she is just shy of 16 months old and she is progressing well. She walked at 10 months. I forget her height but her doctor says she is in the 95th percentile for height. Even when she consumed very little food, she was in the 90th percentile.
The funny thing is Big C had a note in his signature that said his son was the same height as my daughter when he was I think five months and at the my daughter was in the 90th percentile for height at her age. She has a few months on his son so God only knows what percentile he's in.
She can say "hot" and use that in the correct context. She can say "uh oh" and use that in the correct context. She seems to be really smart, picking up on things quickly. One day I'll find out who her real father is.
Lets hear some updates on Little C from the Big D, Go Blue Baby, The Princess, little Kevina Antcliff and anyone else I forgot.
Ain't nobody got time for that.
Big C's kid just recently passed up the King in terms of height.
I realize I'm putting this here for you to read... but please, don't talk about it.
I have no kids.......that I know of
Learning Taco Bell meat is not meat is like learning that cigarettes are addictive
My son turns one tomorrow and he is suprising the hell out of us. Started climbing stairs a few months ago, now he just bolt up them and climbs down correctly. Took his first steps a few months ago, but her now prefers walking over crawling and is doing pretty well. Weighs 21 lbs, I believe his height is around 31" tall.
He has refused to eat baby food for a couple months now and loves Guacamole.
Oh yeah and he runs a 4.32 40...Millen's stoppin by tomorrow, says he's not concerned about him being undersized.
Kids, you have the power
KARLinCL shall now be known as Karl Half Face and KALRinCL will live on in stories only
Just Like Football
Well, I can put in my grandson. He is just over 12 weeks old. He is 25 inches long and weighs 18 lbs. Doc said he is off the charts...Hopefully he ends up 6 foot 5 260 lbs.
"People who drink light "beer" don't like the taste of beer; they just like to pee a lot."
my son is in the 95% for his age in both weight & height.... i told the doctor i don't care what that little chart says, our son will be short maybe average at best! my wife is 5'0" and i'm 5'9".... no way height is going to be on his side the little guy loves to shot baskets, but i believe he's going to better suited for golf or soccer, where short and stocky won't hurt him.


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Saturday, December 07, 2013
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ALBANY, N.Y. -- Law enforcers, county correction officers and members of victim panels from across the state gather in Albany for the VINE conference. They're working to raise awareness for the Victim Information and Notification Everyday program, also called VINE.
The program allows crime victims to check the status of incarcerated inmates at any of New York's county jails, or state correctional facilities. That includes when an inmate will be released.
Officials say more than a million people across the state found out inmates' statuses using the VINE program database last year and they want people to know this program is available.
"And it helps a lot you got a domestic violence case and their always worried, what's going on, what's going on, so now we have that information for them to log on and see what's going on and be aware with what's going on with the case," said Madison County Sheriff Allen Riley.
They say in the six years since the program launch, it's been a success.
Victims can search local counties and the state department of correctional services by calling the VINE hotline or visiting www.vinelink.com.


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- January 26, 2013
- 1:39 a.m.
- Suggest removal
- Reply to this post
Richard_Cranium writes:
in response to fishnlawyr:
Oh no...the doors weren't slamming at the the Commission Office nor were there pencils being broken. What you heard was a bunch of people slamming their door...locking themselves in their room...and getting ready to post scurrilous, volatile, border-line...no, make that profane commentary. And they can do that because the first amendment is being stretched to accomodate hate-filled people.
Remember this...you folks are glad that your eastern Republican toadies are protecting your identity...but the law will also protect the thugz ... the militia members... the buggers.. thieves... rapists...murderers...and, muni proponents.
I've alwasys said that if you aren't willing to put your name on your post then put your keyboard in the closet and let it stay there.
Responsible.. note the word R-E-S-P-O-N-S-I-B-L-E ...posters don't have a problem with signing their work. IT's those who know they are crossing the line who object.
If I ever find myself shopping for a lawyer, the first thing I will sat to a potential provider is "So, do you like to fish?"
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All Posts Tagged With: "activists"
Video appears to show Montreal police attacking protesters
February 7th, 2012 • Jacob Serebrin
Internal investigation launched
Montreal police have opened an internal investigation into the actions of police officers at an anti-tuition protest that occurred on Jan. 27 outside offices of Quebec's education ministry.
It comes after a video was posted on YouTube and ciculated on Twitter that appears to show an officer suddenly attacking a small crowd.
It's the latest evidence of tensions over tuition fees that will rise $325 over the next five years. Just last week, activists called for kidnappings, violence and sabotage to prevent the increases.
Continue reading Video appears to show Montreal police attacking protesters


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No Jet-Lag Tablets
No Dehydration
A lot of jet lag is due to dehydration. One of the ingredients in these pills is meant to help alleviate dehydration. I bought these once and I will buy them again and again for every trans-Atlantic flight.
Another aspect of jet lag is psychological. Re-set the watch and forget about what time it is back home.
January 21, 2012
Good for long flights
Worked great on my trip to New Zealand. Taking with me on trip to Europe. Fly at night and take these pills is good formula for feeling refreshed at end of the trip.
July 26, 2013
Great purchase
Used No Jet-Lag on a flight from Detroit to Bujumbura, Burundi. All I can say is, it really worked.
May 13, 2011
I was informed about No Jet Lag from a friend that traveled to Germany. I used No Jet Lag when traveling to Europe and believe me, it worked. Traveled from Seattle to New York, New York to Rome. Upon arriving in Rome, I took a 4 hour tour than went out to dinner. I was never tired. Got up the next morning feeling refreshed. My friend who did not take No Jet Lag slept the first 4 days of the cruise. Coming back I did not take No Jet Lag as directed. Took me a week to get back to normal. Need I say more? Definitely purchasing for my flight to Australia and will not forget to take as directed when returning home.
August 18, 2012
A good test.
We took these on a flight to Ireland and had NO jet lag. We couldn't find them on the flight back, and both experienced sleep issues and jet lag for 2-3 days after arriving home. I don't know if coming home is generally a more difficult transition, but I will take these pills on every overseas flight from now on. They were quite amazing ... I don't understand how a few of these little things can make such a big difference, but, yeah! They do. (And, right on New Zealand! Your wine is amazing and now you've made a miracle pill. I wish I'd had these on my flight to NZ in 2000!)
May 5, 2013
Product worked as described.
I purchased and used the No Jet Lag tablets during my last overseas flight, San Francisco to Egypt, and found the product to work as described. When I arrived in Egypt, I felt alert without the usual symptoms of jet lag. Great product, easy to use, easy to take (chewable, no water required),, pleasant taste. With 50 tablets in a pack, there enough for 2-3 overseas trips for one. Very good value.
May 28, 2013
This is an absolutely amazing product. I just returned from a weeklong business trip to China, a trip that would usually be utterly grueling in terms of jetlag. Taking these every 2 hours, I experienced NO jetlag on either end. I don't know why they work, but I swear they do.
June 17, 2012
Do a little research on these...
Read the product website and you will find that this is a 30C strength homeopathic product. This means that any active ingredient is diluted so far that the odds of finding ONE active ingredient molecule in a pill is around 1 in 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000. These are placebo pills.
May 26, 2011


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Breast implants
Get a quote now
An implant placement between the breast and the chest muscle is called a sub glandular placement and a breast implant placed behind the chest muscle is called a sub muscular placement. With sub glandular placement the surgery and recovery time is shorter and less painful, but there is more risk of the implant hardening and deforming (capsular contracture) and it can cause difficulties with mammography imaging. The sub muscular placement tends to be more uncomfortable and the recovery time longer but achieves a more natural breast appearance and decreases the risk of problems with mammography.
There are three main types of incisions commonly used to insert breast implants, and these should be discussed with the surgeon beforehand:
1) The Periareolar incision is made around the nipple and leaves minimal scarring but potentially causes breastfeeding difficulties.
2) An Inframammory incision is the most popular incision because it doesn't cause problems with breastfeeding or leave bad scars. Small cuts are made underneath each breast to insert the breast implant.
3) The Axillary incision is made in the armpit area around the side of the breast and will leave more of a visible scar than the other incisions, but doesn't cause difficulties with breastfeeding.
The operation is carried out either under general or local anaesthetic (sometimes as day surgery, but usually with an overnight stay in hospital) and the procedure takes around an hour. An incision (surgical cut) is made in or near the breast and the surgeon will create a pocket for the breast implant to lie in, either beneath the muscle or beneath the breast tissue (size and shape will determine the outcome of the position of the implant and the patient should discuss this with their surgeon).
Following surgery dissolvable stitches will need to be removed and a sports bra worn 24 hours a day for up to three months. The breasts will be firm and swollen at first and will take several weeks to settle into a natural position but the sports bra can help the patient to feel more comfortable.
Different types of breast implant
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I want to marry this woman
I want to marry this woman
Shakira is a nice little package!!! Damn!!!! :eek:
want to touch the hiney!
"Hockey is like heroin. Only drug addicts do heroin. It's not like a recreational drug. Hockey is kind of the same way. Only hockey fans watch hockey."