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Thread: Need truck, This sucks!!
Need truck, This sucks!!
I have sold Ol' Red. For the last week now I have been without my chevy. This is the first time since I was sixteen years I have not had a truck in my driveway. Sold it to get rid of one vehicle payment so we can save a little before starting a family. Hope Kids are worth it, lol. If anyone knows of a good deal on a 01 or up silverado ext cab around Va or Nc let me know looking to buy one straight out for around $10,000
2006 Silverado 2500HD, 6.0 Vortec, rhino spray in bed liner, LT package, westin step bars,true dual exhaust
Mods to come: dixie horn, blacked out bowtie, recon smoked cab lights, recon led brake bar.
Thank you lord:sign0011:
05-28-2010, 01:06 AM #2try autotrader or carsoup.com yet?
2004 Chevy Silverado w/ 5.3L V8 / Z71 / Shorty
Would rather be going too fast then too slow:out:
05-28-2010, 01:16 AM #3How about Craigslist???
And soory to hear about your loss... I did the same thing, got rid of the newer truck..Mike
1997 Chevy S-10 Blazer 4X4 with 330K miles and counting (Hunting rig).
2009 Saturn Aura XE (wifes car)
2011 F-150 Crew 4X4
"Hold it to the floor till you see God.... Then Brake!!!!"
05-28-2010, 01:19 AM #4I have been living on craigslist and autotrader so far but never heard of carsoup so ill have to give it a try. thanks. And yeah it sucks to go from something that was practically brand new but I guess we all have to grow up some time.unless your rich
05-28-2010, 01:39 AM #5try cars.com as well... and to bad you dont live here in MN 10K gets you a lot of 01 up truck....
I got rid of my 2008 super crew, and got my 1988.. a step back but way way cheaper to modify. And what is sad is my 88 pulls my boat better than my 08.
05-28-2010, 03:50 AM #6That musta been a tough decision make. It would be hard to get rid of a good chevy truck. Sorry man.
1995 Silverado,Z71, 3-inch lift,2-inch leveling kit, SkyJacker Suspension, short ram-air intake, throttle body spacer, MSD ignition coil, straight pipes
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Ahh yes, Anasarca, that German death metal band. I remember them. I used to listen to their first album Godmachine quite a bit in my earlier days, so I was looking forward to reviewing this.
I'm going to cut to the chase here folks. If you've heard Anasarca and loved them, don't bother reading any further. Just go buy the album. Now I'll admit, I can't remember the first album all that well, but from what I can tell, this is an extremely consistent group. Pretty amazing to make three decent albums that all basically sound the same, especially when there's only one original member of the band left, and then a drummer. Yep, this album is the product of two people, and it doesn't show in the least.
Anasarca play fast-paced death metal, yes death metal. Regular old kinda-grinding death metal. I suppose I'd call it closer to a U.S. style of death metal. Yepppppp, it's sure death metal, but with hammer-ons and quite a few of them. And hey, they're good hammer-ons, used well when coupled with this sort of whirlwind riffing. I'm thinking the closest comparison I could make is maybe to Angelcorpse, only there's death metal vocals, but some parts (those hammer ons!) are a bit more reminiscent of Cannibal Corpse. Yeppppppp, it's death metal; well produced and everything. There are good levels all around.
There's a lot of shit on here that really shines and you'll find yourself reaching for the volume knob every so often, but sadly enough, the urge to turn it up louder just isn't really there. I was listening to this album in my car, stuck in the middle of traffic, and I didn't raise my fist to start beating the shit out of my steering column even once. Not because there wasn't some fucker with a comb-over cutting me off in his Mercedes, but because Dying just wasn't inspiring me to get out of my car to beat the fucker's head in.
So you know how this album is death metal? Yeah, it is. I wasn't lying to you before. Unfortunately, that's all I can think of when I listen to this album. "Yep. Death metal. Hmmm.....hm. It sure is." I'm entirely indifferent when it comes to this album on the whole, and that's why I'm really unable to write much about it. It's not bad at all, it's kind of good even. It just doesn't stand out.
But criticism aside, there's a fair amount of quality death metal on Dying. You can tell they really want to fuck you up for drinking their beer or something, it's damned aggressive. This aggressive intimidation tactic doesn't pan out though in the end. It's a bit like being startled by a large angry dog on a leash; eventually you get bored and walk away. It's certainly not something to shun, but at the same time, it's not something to actively seek out unless you were a real die-hard fan of Anasarca's older material. It's definitely good for what it is (especially when you consider there's only two people in the band) - it just all begins to run together a bit too quickly. They just sort of plod along with the same general sound, never kicking my teeth in, but at the same time, never trying to shit in my ears.
I don't have a bone to pick with Anasarca, I just don't have a bone to share. Yes, I'm entirely aware of the sexual undertone of that statement - and I meant it that way. My advice to you the reader, is to go to their website at listen to the samples and decide for yourself. You may find you love it. I can understand the appeal. For me though? I need something with a little more diversity.

subset: commoncrawl


text: 08 September 2004 archive Tweet See all show photos PERRY ELLIS designer Patrick Robinson thinks his latest collection ranks "next to Marc by Marc Jacobs". A grand statement indeed, but the mosaic of brocades, silks, laces and muslins in vintagey shades of turquoise, powder-pink, antique rose and lime certainly were highly persuasive. Relaunched by Public Clothing Company, when it acquired the license from Perry Ellis International during spring/summer 2003, the Perry Ellis womenswear label is associated with all-American quality. Under the direction of Robinson - whose do-it-yourself collection comprised Victorian tiered dresses with wide bowed sashes, quirky cropped jackets, romantic broderie anglaise vests and Capri pants that finished with a bow on the side of each knee - it is now fast acquiring cult status, too. "After wearing tweed and camel hair all winter, I wanted to offer women something light, delicate and pretty," he told reporters. He chose the right reference - Jacobs' infamous grunge collection may have lost him the Perry Ellis job back in1993, but his influence is giving the house serious kudos today. (September 8 2004, AM) Continue reading Back to top


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My husband and I are first time home buyers using an FHA loan. The house we are in the process of buying has insulbrick siding. It's an old insulation siding that is no longer used. There is an area that has deteriorated and the FHA appraisal is requiring that we fix this. (We are making all FHA fixes, not the seller). We eventually want to do new siding, but need a quick and easy way to cover/fix the insulbrick that will pass for the FHA appraisal. Does anyone have any experience with this material and and or/ FHA requirements? Thank you! | |||
This is an ideal question for the pros that frequent the This Old House.com discussion boards. | ||||
Or try the next to last forum on these boards under "General Remodeling". You should get some answers there. "The soil is the source of life, creativity, culture and real independence." David Ben-Gurion | ||||
To my knowledge buyers are not allowed to do repairs before closing on standard FHA203B. If you are doing a FHA203K RENO loan the appraisal takes in consideration of the estimates for repairs, you close on the property, and the repair money is escrowed at closing for repairs completed after closing delegated by you through the FHA approved repair servicers. | ||||
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- With Mayo Clinic asthma and allergy specialist
James T C Li, M.D., Ph.D.
read biographyclose windowBiography of
James T C Li, M.D., Ph.D.
James Li, M.D.
"People with allergy or asthma can lead full and healthy lives." — Dr. James Li
Dr. James Li is chair of the Division of Allergic Diseases in the Department of Internal Medicine and a board-certified asthma and allergy specialist. He hopes his expertise and the information on the site educates health care consumers in an area of rapid change both in medications and diagnoses.
"There are a lot of misperceptions about allergy and asthma," says Dr. Li, a New York City native who has been with Mayo since 1985 and works with a group of subspecialists in allergy, asthma and immunology. "I believe it's important to provide truthful, accurate information about allergy and asthma to the public. The more people know, the better they can take care of these conditions."
Dr. Li is a professor of medicine at College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic. He's a past director of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, the American Board of Allergy and Immunology, and the American Board of Internal Medicine. He's a fellow in the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology.
The American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology honored him with the Distinguished Service Award, and the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology with its Special Recognition Award.
Risk factors (2)
- Food allergy: Can it develop later in life?
- Starting solids: When is the right time?
Lifestyle and home remedies (1)
- Can you use honey for allergies?
Alternative medicine (1)
- Candida cleanse diet: What does it treat?
Food allergy vs. food intolerance: What's the difference?
What's the difference between a food intolerance and food allergy?
from James T C Li, M.D., Ph.D.
Food reactions are common, but most are caused by a food intolerance rather than a food allergy. A food intolerance can cause some of the same signs and symptoms as a food allergy, so people often confuse the two.
A true food allergy causes an immune system reaction that affects numerous organs in the body. It can cause a range of symptoms. In some cases, an allergic food reaction can be severe or life-threatening. In contrast, food intolerance symptoms are generally less serious and are limited to digestive problems.
If you have a food allergy, even a tiny amount of the offending food can cause an immediate, severe reaction. Digestive signs and symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, cramping and diarrhea. Other signs and symptoms can include a tingling mouth, hives, and swelling of the lips, face, tongue and throat. A life-threatening allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis can cause breathing trouble and dangerously low blood pressure. If you have a food allergy, you'll need to avoid the offending food entirely.
Food intolerance symptoms generally come on gradually and don't involve an immune system reaction. If you have a food intolerance, you may be able to eat small amounts of the offending food without trouble. You may also be able to take steps that help prevent a reaction. For example, if you have lactose intolerance, you may be able to drink lactose-free milk or take lactase enzyme pills that aid digestion (such as Lactaid).
Causes of food intolerance include:
- Absence of an enzyme needed to fully digest a food. Lactose intolerance is a common example.
- Irritable bowel syndrome. This chronic condition can cause cramping, constipation and diarrhea.
- Food poisoning. Toxins such as bacteria in spoiled food can cause severe digestive symptoms.
- Sensitivity to food additives. For example, sulfites used to preserve dried fruit, canned goods and wine can trigger asthma attacks in sensitive people.
- Recurring stress or psychological factors. Sometimes the mere thought of a food may make you sick. The reason is not fully understood.
- Celiac disease. Celiac disease has some features of a true food allergy because it does involve the immune system. However, symptoms are mostly gastrointestinal, and people with celiac disease are not at risk of anaphylaxis. This chronic digestive condition is triggered by eating gluten, a protein found in wheat and other grains.
If you have a reaction after eating a particular food, see your doctor to determine whether you have a food intolerance or a food allergy.
If you have a food allergy, you may be at risk of a life-threatening allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) — even if past reactions have been mild. Learn how to recognize a severe allergic reaction and know what to do if one occurs. You may need to carry an emergency epinephrine shot (EpiPen, Twinject) for emergency self-treatment.
If you have a food intolerance, your doctor may recommend steps to aid digestion of certain foods or to treat the underlying condition causing your reaction.
Next questionCan you use honey for allergies?
- Burks W. Clinical manifestations of food allergy: An overview. http://www.uptodate.com/home/index.html. Accessed March 16, 2011.
- Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food allergy in the United States: Summary of the NIAID sponsored expert panel report. Bethesda, Md.: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/foodallergy/clinical/Pages/default.aspx. Accessed March 16, 2011.


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A single copy of this article may be reprinted for personal, noncommercial use only.
'Degenerative changes' in the spine: Is this arthritis?
By Mayo Clinic staffOriginal Article: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/arthritis/AN00124
- With Mayo Clinic rheumatologist
April Chang-Miller, M.D.
read biographyclose windowBiography of
April Chang-Miller, M.D.
April Chang-Miller, M.D.
Dr. April Chang-Miller is board certified in internal medicine and rheumatology and is a consultant in the Division of Rheumatology at Mayo Clinic in Arizona.
Dr. Chang-Miller's primary field is rheumatology with special interests in inflammatory joint diseases called seronegative spondyloarthropathies, such as ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. She also cares for patients with rheumatoid arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica.
The New York City native is a graduate of the Yale School of Medicine. Dr. Chang-Miller joined the Mayo Clinic staff in Rochester, Minn., in 1991, and in 2002 she relocated to Mayo Clinic in Arizona. She is a fellow in the American College of Rheumatology and has been on the board of directors of the Arthritis Foundation North Central Chapter.
Definition (1)
- 'Degenerative changes' in the spine: Is this arthritis?
Symptoms (1)
- Tailbone pain: How can I relieve it?
Treatments and drugs (4)
- Opioids: Safe for older people?
- Hip resurfacing: An alternative to conventional hip replacement?
- Arthritis pain medications: Do they raise blood pressure?
- see all in Treatments and drugs
Lifestyle and home remedies (3)
- Glucosamine: Does it affect blood sugar?
- Water exercise: Does pool temperature matter?
- MSM for arthritis pain: Is it safe?
Alternative medicine (2)
- Glucosamine: Does it protect cartilage in osteoarthritis?
- Yucca: Can it relieve arthritis pain?
'Degenerative changes' in the spine: Is this arthritis?
My doctor says I have "degenerative changes" in my spine. Does this mean I have arthritis?
from April Chang-Miller, M.D.
Osteoarthritis of the spine |
Yes. The phrase "degenerative changes" in the spine refers to osteoarthritis of the spine. Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis. Doctors may also refer to it as degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease. Osteoarthritis in the spine most commonly occurs in the neck and lower back.
In osteoarthritis of the spine, the spaces between the vertebrae narrow. Bone spurs often form. When bone surfaces rub together, the vertebral joints (facets) and areas around the cartilage become inflamed and painful. Gradually, your spine stiffens and loses flexibility. Once these changes appear on X-rays, osteoarthritis has already started.
If you have osteoarthritis, your doctor will work with you to develop a treatment and pain management plan, which may include exercise, medications and measures to protect your joints. Your doctor may also refer you to a rheumatologist, physical therapist or orthopedic surgeon.
Next questionTailbone pain: How can I relieve it?
- Osteoarthritis. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Osteoarthritis/default.asp. Accessed March 22, 2011.
- Alparslan L, et al. Imaging modalities in rheumatic disease. In: Firestein GS, et al. Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2008. http://www.mdconsult.com/das/book/body/119289600-3/801105997/1807/375.html#4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-3285-4..10053-1--s1110_1648. Accessed March 22, 2011.


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The artnet Magazine was the first online art publication. It was run by Walter Robinson from 1996 to 2012.
All articles published until June 2012 will remain available here to our visitors.
For a jolt of pure terror, take a look at Goyas Monk and Old Woman. The toothless womans eyes are about to pop from her head in horror, while the monk intones something malevolent into her ear.


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In the digital era, knowledge about managing, reviewing and analyzing electronic discovery or voluminous discovery is a critical skill for criminal defense attorneys. In fact, the first principle of the national joint electronic discovery protocol developed by representatives of the Department of Justice, Federal Public Defenders, CJA panel attorneys and the Office of Defender Services reflects this trend in the law: "[l]awyers have a responsibility to have an adequate understanding of electronic discovery." (See, ESI Protocol)
The Law & Technology Series: Techniques in Electronic Case Management (TECM) Workshop exposes FDO and CJA panel attorneys to the legal, strategic and technological considerations involved with electronic and/or voluminous discovery. This two-and-a-half-day program uses a combination of plenary presentations and small group, hands-on instruction. Besides gaining an understanding of the legal, practical, and technological considerations in these types of federal criminal cases, participants will learn basic and advanced features of three litigation support software programs (Adobe Acrobat Pro, ISYS, and CaseMap/TimeMap suite). Attendees will better understand how legal litigation support programs work, and how to coordinate thoughtful work-flow processes with co-counsel, staff and potential vendors. They will also improve their overall ability to master case information, in order to better prepare a defense.
To best participate in this program, all participants are required to provide their own laptop computer. Interested participants are required to complete a short skill set survey before their registration request is completed. NOTE: The litigation support software programs used in this workshop are designed to work on Windows operating systems (as opposed to Mac). If accepted, you must bring a laptop running Windows, or a Mac laptop running a virtualized copy of Windows. Registration for this workshop will open in October, 2013.
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Protect YourselfPLAY SMART!
The Louisiana Lottery's number one priority is ensuring the best possible playing experience for those who purchase our tickets. We invite you to put these player protection tips into practice!
Watch our VideoWant to know how you can protect yourself? Watch our "Sign It Now" video on YouTube.Listen to the PSAWe're bringing the "Sign It Now" message to the radio airwaves. Check it out! 1. Sign the back of your ticket immediately after purchase.Signing the back of your ticket is the single most important thing you can do to protect yourself from theft and demonstrate ownership of the ticket. Once a winning ticket has been paid, it is much more difficult to determine whether another individual was the rightful owner. The Lottery must pay the holder of a ticket when it is presented for payment, unless the holder's identification does not match the signature on the ticket. Any alteration to a winning ticket worth more than $600 is cause for a security investigation. 2. Learn how to play and check your ticket.Have an idea of how much you have won before cashing your tickets. Familiarize yourself with game rules and winning combinations found on our website, on scratch-off game tickets and in the All Games Guide brochures in our play centers. Winning numbers are available by calling the Lottery's toll-free winning numbers hotline (800-735-5825). They are also broadcast nightly on official Lottery television stations and can be printed from retailer ticket terminals.3. Watch the Customer Display Unit to verify any winnings.Pay attention to the discreet Customer Display Unit when having your ticket cashed. The small screen will tell you whether or not your ticket is a winner, and if so, how much you have won. If your ticket has won more than $600, the display will direct you to a Lottery office to claim your prize. 4. Ask for a validation receipt.If you are in doubt about how much you have won, ask the retailer for a receipt. If you are told your ticket is not a winner, you may request its return. There is no reason for a retailer to keep a nonwinning ticket. 5. Report any concern right away.To report a problem or concern with cashing a winning ticket, contact us immediately at email@example.com. Please be sure to include the name of the retailer, location, date and approximate time of day the incident occurred. Also include the name of the game, other important ticket information and any detailed information about your concern.Frequently Asked QuestionsDo you have more questions about Lottery player security issues, procedures and policies? Get answers here. MORE >>How to Avoid Illegal Lottery ScamsDid you know the Louisiana Lottery Corporation is the only entity legally authorized to conduct a lottery in Louisiana? Learn to recognize illegal lottery scams and protect yourself from becoming a victim. MORE >>How to Play InformationBe an informed consumer! Understand how a game is played as well as possible winning combinations. Access individual game pages on this website:PowerballLottoEasy 5Pick 3Pick 4Scratch-Offs


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Health officials say the number of people sickened by a deadly meningitis outbreak has risen again. There are now 49 cases in seven states.
The number of deaths — five — has remained the same.
Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, Florida, North Carolina and Indiana had previously reported cases. On Friday, Michigan joined the list, with six reported cases of fungal meningitis tied to the national outbreak. Local 4 has learned the meningitis patients are being treated at St. Joseph Mercy Hospital in Ann Arbor.
The outbreak of fungal meningitis has been tied to steroid shots used to treat back pain. The steroid was custom-made by a specialty pharmacy in Massachusetts. Health inspectors found fungus in at least one sealed vial of the steroid at the company's facility.
The steroids were delivered to four facilities in Michigan. The Michigan Department of Community Health says the number of cases is expected to increase.
The Michigan facilities which received the shipments of recalled steroids are the following:
•Michigan Neurosurgical Institutes in Grand Blanc
•Michigan Pain Specialists in Brighton
•Neuromuscular and Rehabilitation in Traverse City
•Southeast Michigan Surgical Hospital in Warren
The Michigan facilities which received the shipments are working to notify patients of the tainted steroids. The steroids were used for Michigan patients with back pain.
The company has recalled the steroid which was sent to clinics in 23 states. The government urged doctors not to use any of the company's products.
What is fungal meningitis?
Meningitis is a general term for swelling of the protective membranes that cover the brain and spine.
The swelling is typically caused by an infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungus, although meningitis also be caused by injury, cancer or medications.
For this type of meningitis, symptoms include worsening to severe headache, nausea, dizziness and fever, Dreyzehner said. Other symptoms can include slurred speech, unsteady gait, urinary retention, weakness and sensory deficit.
-- Fungal meningitis


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IEEE 802.11 is a set of media access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications for implementing wireless local area network (WLAN) computer communication in the 2.4, 3.6, 5 and 60 GHz frequency bands. They are created and maintained by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee (IEEE 802). The base version of the standard was released in 1997 and has had subsequent amendments. The standard and amendments provide the basis for wireless network products using the Wi-Fi brand. While each amendment is officially revoked when it is incorporated in the latest version of the standard, the corporate world tends to market to the revisions because they concisely denote capabilities of their products. As a result, in the market place, each revision tends to become its own standard.
General description[edit]
The 802.11 family consist of a series of half-duplex over-the-air modulation techniques that use the same basic protocol. The most popular are those defined by the 802.11b and 802.11g protocols[citation needed], which are amendments to the original standard. 802.11-1997 was the first wireless networking standard in the family, but 802.11b was the first widely accepted one, followed by 802.11a and 802.11g. 802.11n is a new multi-streaming modulation technique. Other standards in the family (c–f, h, j) are service amendments and extensions or corrections to the previous specifications.
802.11b and 802.11g use the 2.4 GHz ISM band, operating in the United States under Part 15 of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission Rules and Regulations. Because of this choice of frequency band, 802.11b and g equipment may occasionally suffer interference from microwave ovens, cordless telephones and Bluetooth devices. 802.11b and 802.11g control their interference and susceptibility to interference by using direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) signaling methods, respectively. 802.11a uses the 5 GHz U-NII band, which, for much of the world, offers at least 23 non-overlapping channels rather than the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band, where adjacent channels overlap - see list of WLAN channels. Better or worse performance with higher or lower frequencies (channels) may be realized, depending on the environment.
The segment of the radio frequency spectrum used by 802.11 varies between countries. In the US, 802.11a and 802.11g devices may be operated without a license, as allowed in Part 15 of the FCC Rules and Regulations. Frequencies used by channels one through six of 802.11b and 802.11g fall within the 2.4 GHz amateur radio band. Licensed amateur radio operators may operate 802.11b/g devices under Part 97 of the FCC Rules and Regulations, allowing increased power output but not commercial content or encryption.[1]
802.11 technology has its origins in a 1985 ruling by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission that released the ISM band for unlicensed use.[2][3]
In 1991 NCR Corporation/AT&T (now Alcatel-Lucent and LSI Corporation) invented the precursor to 802.11 in Nieuwegein, The Netherlands. The inventors initially intended to use the technology for cashier systems. The first wireless products were brought to the market under the name WaveLAN with raw data rates of 1 Mbit/s and 2 Mbit/s.
Vic Hayes, who held the chair of IEEE 802.11 for 10 years and has been called the "father of Wi-Fi" was involved in designing the initial 802.11b and 802.11a standards within the IEEE.[4]
In 1999, the Wi-Fi Alliance was formed as a trade association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark under which most products are sold.[5]
Parts of this article (those related to Protocol) are outdated. (November 2013) |
802.11 network standards | ||||||||||
802.11 protocol |
Release[6] | Freq. (GHz) |
Bandwidth (MHz) |
Data rate per stream (Mbit/s)[7] |
Allowable MIMO streams |
Modulation | Approximate indoor range[citation needed] | Approximate outdoor range[citation needed] | ||
(m) | (ft) | (m) | (ft) | |||||||
— | Jun 1997 | 2.4 | 20 | 1, 2 | 1 | DSSS, FHSS | 20 | 66 | 100 | 330 |
a | Sep 1999 | 5 | 20 | 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 | 1 | OFDM | 35 | 115 | 120 | 390 |
b | Sep 1999 | 2.4 | 20 | 1, 2, 5.5, 11 | 1 | DSSS | 35 | 115 | 140 | 460 |
g | Jun 2003 | 2.4 | 20 | 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 | 1 | OFDM, DSSS | 38 | 125 | 140 | 460 |
n | Oct 2009 | 2.4/5 | 20 | 7.2, 14.4, 21.7, 28.9, 43.3, 57.8, 65, 72.2[B] | 4 | OFDM | 70 | 230 | 250 | 820[8] |
ac | Dec 2012 | 5 | 20 | up to 87.6[9] | 8 | |||||
40 | up to 200[9] | |||||||||
80 | up to 433.3[9] | |||||||||
160 | up to 866.7[9] | |||||||||
ad | ~Feb 2014 | 2.4/5/60 | up to 6912 (6.75Gb/s) [10] |
- A1 A2 IEEE 802.11y-2008 extended operation of 802.11a to the licensed 3.7 GHz band. Increased power limits allow a range up to 5,000 m. As of 2009[update], it is only being licensed in the United States by the FCC.
- B1 B2 Assumes short guard interval (SGI) enabled, otherwise reduce each data rate by 10%.
802.11-1997 (802.11 legacy)[edit]
The original version of the standard IEEE 802.11 was released in 1997 and clarified in 1999, but is today obsolete. It specified two net bit rates of 1 or 2 megabits per second (Mbit/s), plus forward error correction code. It specified three alternative physical layer technologies: diffuse infrared operating at 1 Mbit/s; frequency-hopping spread spectrum operating at 1 Mbit/s or 2 Mbit/s; and direct-sequence spread spectrum operating at 1 Mbit/s or 2 Mbit/s. The latter two radio technologies used microwave transmission over the Industrial Scientific Medical frequency band at 2.4 GHz. Some earlier WLAN technologies used lower frequencies, such as the U.S. 900 MHz ISM band.
Legacy 802.11 with direct-sequence spread spectrum was rapidly supplanted and popularized by 802.11b.
802.11a OFDM Waveform[edit]
Originally described as clause 17 of the 1999 specification, the OFDM waveform at 5.8GHz is now defined in clause 18 of the 2012 specification and provides protocols that allow transmission and reception of data at rates of 1.5 to 54Mbit/s. It has seen widespread worldwide implementation, particularly within the corporate workspace. While the original amendment is no longer valid, the term "802.11a" is still used by wireless access point (cards and routers) manufacturers to describe interoperability of their systems at 5.8 GHz, 54Mbit/s (54x10^6 bits per second).
The 802.11a standard uses the same data link layer protocol and frame format as the original standard, but an OFDM based air interface (physical layer). It operates in the 5 GHz band with a maximum net data rate of 54 Mbit/s, plus error correction code, which yields realistic net achievable throughput in the mid-20 Mbit/s.[11]
Since the 2.4 GHz band is heavily used to the point of being crowded, using the relatively unused 5 GHz band gives 802.11a a significant advantage. However, this high carrier frequency also brings a disadvantage: the effective overall range of 802.11a is less than that of 802.11b/g. In theory, 802.11a signals are absorbed more readily by walls and other solid objects in their path due to their smaller wavelength and, as a result, cannot penetrate as far as those of 802.11b. In practice, 802.11b typically has a higher range at low speeds (802.11b will reduce speed to 5 Mbit/s or even 1 Mbit/s at low signal strengths). 802.11a also suffers from interference,[12] but locally there may be fewer signals to interfere with, resulting in less interference and better throughput.
802.11b has a maximum raw data rate of 11 Mbit/s and uses the same media access method defined in the original standard. 802.11b products appeared on the market in early 2000, since 802.11b is a direct extension of the modulation technique defined in the original standard. The dramatic increase in throughput of 802.11b (compared to the original standard) along with simultaneous substantial price reductions led to the rapid acceptance of 802.11b as the definitive wireless LAN technology.
802.11b devices experience interference from other products operating in the 2.4 GHz band. Devices operating in the 2.4 GHz range include microwave ovens, Bluetooth devices, baby monitors, cordless telephones and some amateur radio equipment.
In June 2003, a third modulation standard was ratified: 802.11g. This works in the 2.4 GHz band (like 802.11b), but uses the same OFDM based transmission scheme as 802.11a. It operates at a maximum physical layer bit rate of 54 Mbit/s exclusive of forward error correction codes, or about 22 Mbit/s average throughput.[13] 802.11g hardware is fully backward compatible with 802.11b hardware and therefore is encumbered with legacy issues that reduce throughput when compared to 802.11a by ~21%.[citation needed]
The then-proposed 802.11g standard was rapidly adopted by consumers starting in January 2003, well before ratification, due to the desire for higher data rates as well as to reductions in manufacturing costs. By summer 2003, most dual-band 802.11a/b products became dual-band/tri-mode, supporting a and b/g in a single mobile adapter card or access point. Details of making b and g work well together occupied much of the lingering technical process; in an 802.11g network, however, activity of an 802.11b participant will reduce the data rate of the overall 802.11g network.
Like 802.11b, 802.11g devices suffer interference from other products operating in the 2.4 GHz band, for example wireless keyboards.
In 2003, task group TGma was authorized to "roll up" many of the amendments to the 1999 version of the 802.11 standard. REVma or 802.11ma, as it was called, created a single document that merged 8 amendments (802.11a, b, d, e, g, h, i, j) with the base standard. Upon approval on March 8, 2007, 802.11REVma was renamed to the then-current base standard IEEE 802.11-2007.[14]
802.11n is an amendment which improves upon the previous 802.11 standards by adding multiple-input multiple-output antennas (MIMO). 802.11n operates on both the 2.4 GHz and the lesser used 5 GHz bands. Support for 5 GHz bands is optional. It operates at a maximum net data rate from 54 Mbit/s to 600 Mbit/s. The IEEE has approved the amendment and it was published in October 2009.[15][16] Prior to the final ratification, enterprises were already migrating to 802.11n networks based on the Wi-Fi Alliance's certification of products conforming to a 2007 draft of the 802.11n proposal.
In 2007, task group TGmb was authorized to "roll up" many of the amendments to the 2007 version of the 802.11 standard. REVmb or 802.11mb, as it was called, created a single document that merged ten amendments (802.11k, r, y, n, w, p, z, v, u, s) with the 2007 base standard. In addition much cleanup was done, including a reordering of many of the clauses.[17] Upon publication on March 29, 2012, the new standard was referred to as IEEE 802.11-2012.
Parts of this article (those related to 802.11ac) are outdated. (November 2013) |
IEEE 802.11ac is a standard under development which will provide throughput in the 5 GHz band. This specification will enable higher multi-station WLAN throughput of at least 1 gigabit per second and a maximum single link throughput of at least 500 megabits per second, by using wider RF bandwidth (80 or 160 MHz), more streams (up to 8), and high-density modulation (up to 256 QAM).
Parts of this article (those related to 802.11ad) are outdated. (November 2013) |
IEEE 802.11ad "WiGig" is a published standard that is already seeing a major push from hardware manufacturers. On 24 July 2012 Marvell and Wilocity announced a new partnership[18] to bring a new tri-band Wi-Fi solution to market. Using 60 GHz, the new standard can achieve a theoretical maximum throughput of up to 7 Gbit/s.[19] This standard is expected to reach the market sometime in early 2014.
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (November 2013) |
Channels and frequencies[edit]
802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n-2.4 utilize the 2.400 – 2.500 GHz spectrum, one of the ISM bands. 802.11a and 802.11n use the more heavily regulated 4.915 – 5.825 GHz band. These are commonly referred to as the "2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands" in most sales literature. Each spectrum is sub-divided into channels with a center frequency and bandwidth, analogous to the way radio and TV broadcast bands are sub-divided.
The 2.4 GHz band is divided into 14 channels spaced 5 MHz apart, beginning with channel 1 which is centered on 2.412 GHz. The latter channels have additional restrictions or are unavailable for use in some regulatory domains.
The channel numbering of the 5.725 – 5.875 GHz spectrum is less intuitive due to the differences in regulations between countries. These are discussed in greater detail on the list of WLAN channels.
Channel spacing within the 2.4 GHz band[edit]
In addition to specifying the channel centre frequency, 802.11 also specifies (in Clause 17) a spectral mask defining the permitted power distribution across each channel. The mask requires the signal be attenuated a minimum of 20 dB from its peak amplitude at ±11 MHz from the centre frequency, the point at which a channel is effectively 22 MHz wide. One consequence is that stations can only use every fourth or fifth channel without overlap.
Availability of channels is regulated by country, constrained in part by how each country allocates radio spectrum to various services. At one extreme, Japan permits the use of all 14 channels for 802.11b, and 1–13 for 802.11g/n-2.4. Other countries such as Spain initially allowed only channels 10 and 11, and France only allowed 10, 11, 12 and 13; however, they now allow channels 1 through 13.[20][21] North America and some Central and South American countries allow only 1 through 11.
Since the spectral mask only defines power output restrictions up to ±11 MHz from the center frequency to be attenuated by −50 dBr, it is often assumed that the energy of the channel extends no further than these limits. It is more correct to say that, given the separation between channels, the overlapping signal on any channel should be sufficiently attenuated to minimally interfere with a transmitter on any other channel. Due to the near-far problem a transmitter can impact (desense) a receiver on a "non-overlapping" channel, but only if it is close to the victim receiver (within a meter) or operating above allowed power levels.
Confusion often arises over the amount of channel separation required between transmitting devices. 802.11b was based on DSSS modulation and utilized a channel bandwidth of 22 MHz, resulting in three "non-overlapping" channels (1, 6, and 11). 802.11g was based on OFDM modulation and utilized a channel bandwidth of 20 MHz. This occasionally leads to the belief that four "non-overlapping" channels (1, 5, 9 and 13) exist under 802.11g, although this is not the case as per 188.8.131.52 Channel Numbering of operating channels of the IEEE Std 802.11 (2012) which states "In a multiple cell network topology, overlapping and/or adjacent cells using different channels can operate simultaneously without interference if the distance between the center frequencies is at least 25 MHz."[22] and section 18.104.22.168 and Figure 18-13.
This does not mean that the technical overlap of the channels recommends the non-use of overlapping channels. The amount of interference seen on a 1, 5, 9, and 13 channel configuration can have very small difference from a three channel configuration[23] and in the paper entitled "Effect of adjacent-channel interference in IEEE 802.11 WLANs" by Villegas this is also demonstrated.[24]
Although the statement that channels 1, 5, 9, and 13 are "non-overlapping" is limited to spacing or product density, the concept has some merit in limited circumstances. Special care must be taken to adequately space AP cells since overlap between the channels may cause unacceptable degradation of signal quality and throughput.[25] If more advanced equipment such as spectral analyzers are available, overlapping channels may be used under certain circumstances. This way, more channels are available.[26]
Regulatory domains and legal compliance[edit]
IEEE uses the phrase regdomain to refer to a legal regulatory region. Different countries define different levels of allowable transmitter power, time that a channel can be occupied, and different available channels.[27] Domain codes are specified for the United States, Canada, ETSI (Europe), Spain, France, Japan, and China.
Most Wi-Fi certified devices default to regdomain 0, which means least common denominator settings, i.e. the device will not transmit at a power above the allowable power in any nation, nor will it use frequencies that are not permitted in any nation.[citation needed]
The regdomain setting is often made difficult or impossible to change so that the end users do not conflict with local regulatory agencies such as the United States' Federal Communications Commission.
Layer 2 – Datagrams[edit]
The datagrams are called "frames". Current 802.11 standards define "frame" types for use in transmission of data as well as management and control of wireless links.
Frames are divided into very specific and standardized sections. Each frame consists of a MAC header, payload and frame check sequence (FCS). Some frames may not have the payload. The first two bytes of the MAC header form a frame control field specifying the form and function of the frame. The frame control field is further subdivided into the following sub-fields:
- Protocol Version: two bits representing the protocol version. Currently used protocol version is zero. Other values are reserved for future use.
- Type: two bits identifying the type of WLAN frame. Control, Data and Management are various frame types defined in IEEE 802.11.
- Sub Type: Four bits providing additional discrimination between frames. Type and Sub type together to identify the exact frame.
- ToDS and FromDS: Each is one bit in size. They indicate whether a data frame is headed for a distribution system. Control and management frames set these values to zero. All the data frames will have one of these bits set. However communication within an IBSS network always set these bits to zero.
- More Fragments: The More Fragments bit is set when a packet is divided into multiple frames for transmission. Every frame except the last frame of a packet will have this bit set.
- Retry: Sometimes frames require retransmission, and for this there is a Retry bit which is set to one when a frame is resent. This aids in the elimination of duplicate frames.
- Power Management: This bit indicates the power management state of the sender after the completion of a frame exchange. Access points are required to manage the connection and will never set the power saver bit.
- More Data: The More Data bit is used to buffer frames received in a distributed system. The access point uses this bit to facilitate stations in power saver mode. It indicates that at least one frame is available and addresses all stations connected.
- WEP: The WEP bit is modified after processing a frame. It is toggled to one after a frame has been decrypted or if no encryption is set it will have already been one.
- Order: This bit is only set when the "strict ordering" delivery method is employed. Frames and fragments are not always sent in order as it causes a transmission performance penalty.
The next two bytes are reserved for the Duration ID field. This field can take one of three forms: Duration, Contention-Free Period (CFP), and Association ID (AID).
An 802.11 frame can have up to four address fields. Each field can carry a MAC address. Address 1 is the receiver, Address 2 is the transmitter, Address 3 is used for filtering purposes by the receiver.
- The Sequence Control field is a two-byte section used for identifying message order as well as eliminating duplicate frames. The first 4 bits are used for the fragmentation number and the last 12 bits are the sequence number.
- An optional two-byte Quality of Service control field which was added with 802.11e.
- The Frame Body field is variable in size, from 0 to 2304 bytes plus any overhead from security encapsulation and contains information from higher layers.
- The Frame Check Sequence (FCS) is the last four bytes in the standard 802.11 frame. Often referred to as the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), it allows for integrity check of retrieved frames. As frames are about to be sent the FCS is calculated and appended. When a station receives a frame it can calculate the FCS of the frame and compare it to the one received. If they match, it is assumed that the frame was not distorted during transmission.[28]
Management Frames[edit]
Management Frames allow for the maintenance of communication. Some common 802.11 subtypes include:
- Authentication frame: 802.11 authentication begins with the WNIC sending an authentication frame to the access point containing its identity. With an open system authentication the WNIC only sends a single authentication frame and the access point responds with an authentication frame of its own indicating acceptance or rejection. With shared key authentication, after the WNIC sends its initial authentication request it will receive an authentication frame from the access point containing challenge text. The WNIC sends an authentication frame containing the encrypted version of the challenge text to the access point. The access point ensures the text was encrypted with the correct key by decrypting it with its own key. The result of this process determines the WNIC's authentication status.
- Association request frame: sent from a station it enables the access point to allocate resources and synchronize. The frame carries information about the WNIC including supported data rates and the SSID of the network the station wishes to associate with. If the request is accepted, the access point reserves memory and establishes an association ID for the WNIC.
- Association response frame: sent from an access point to a station containing the acceptance or rejection to an association request. If it is an acceptance, the frame will contain information such an association ID and supported data rates.
- Beacon frame: Sent periodically from an access point to announce its presence and provide the SSID, and other parameters for WNICs within range.
- Deauthentication frame: Sent from a station wishing to terminate connection from another station.
- Disassociation frame: Sent from a station wishing to terminate connection. It's an elegant way to allow the access point to relinquish memory allocation and remove the WNIC from the association table.
- Probe request frame: Sent from a station when it requires information from another station.
- Probe response frame: Sent from an access point containing capability information, supported data rates, etc., after receiving a probe request frame.
- Reassociation request frame: A WNIC sends a reassociation request when it drops from range of the currently associated access point and finds another access point with a stronger signal. The new access point coordinates the forwarding of any information that may still be contained in the buffer of the previous access point.
- Reassociation response frame: Sent from an access point containing the acceptance or rejection to a WNIC reassociation request frame. The frame includes information required for association such as the association ID and supported data rates.
Information Elements[edit]
2. In terms of ICT, an Information Element (IE) is a part of management frames in the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN protocol. IEs are a device's way to transfer descriptive information about itself inside management frames. There are usually several IEs inside each such frame, and each is built of TLVs mostly defined outside the basic IEEE 802.11 specification.
The common structure of an IE is as follows:
← 1 → ← 1 → ← 3 → ← 1-252 → ------------------------------------------------ |Type |Length| OUI | Data | ------------------------------------------------
Whereas the OUI (organizationally unique identifier) is only used when necessary to the protocol being used, and the data field holds the TLVs relevant to that IE.
Control Frames[edit]
Control frames facilitate in the exchange of data frames between stations. Some common 802.11 control frames include:
- Acknowledgement (ACK) frame: After receiving a data frame, the receiving station will send an ACK frame to the sending station if no errors are found. If the sending station doesn't receive an ACK frame within a predetermined period of time, the sending station will resend the frame.
- Request to Send (RTS) frame: The RTS and CTS frames provide an optional collision reduction scheme for access points with hidden stations. A station sends a RTS frame to as the first step in a two-way handshake required before sending data frames.
- Clear to Send (CTS) frame: A station responds to an RTS frame with a CTS frame. It provides clearance for the requesting station to send a data frame. The CTS provides collision control management by including a time value for which all other stations are to hold off transmission while the requesting station transmits.
Data Frames[edit]
Data frames carry packets from web pages, files, etc. within the body,[29] using RFC 1042 encapsulation and EtherType numbers for protocol identification.[30]
Standard and amendments[edit]
Within the IEEE 802.11 Working Group,[6] the following IEEE Standards Association Standard and Amendments exist:
- IEEE 802.11-1997: The WLAN standard was originally 1 Mbit/s and 2 Mbit/s, 2.4 GHz RF and infrared (IR) standard (1997), all the others listed below are Amendments to this standard, except for Recommended Practices 802.11F and 802.11T.
- IEEE 802.11a: 54 Mbit/s, 5 GHz standard (1999, shipping products in 2001)
- IEEE 802.11b: Enhancements to 802.11 to support 5.5 and 11 Mbit/s (1999)
- IEEE 802.11c: Bridge operation procedures; included in the IEEE 802.1D standard (2001)
- IEEE 802.11d: International (country-to-country) roaming extensions (2001)
- IEEE 802.11e: Enhancements: QoS, including packet bursting (2005)
- IEEE 802.11F: Inter-Access Point Protocol (2003) Withdrawn February 2006
- IEEE 802.11g: 54 Mbit/s, 2.4 GHz standard (backwards compatible with b) (2003)
- IEEE 802.11h: Spectrum Managed 802.11a (5 GHz) for European compatibility (2004)
- IEEE 802.11i: Enhanced security (2004)
- IEEE 802.11j: Extensions for Japan (2004)
- IEEE 802.11-2007: A new release of the standard that includes amendments a, b, d, e, g, h, i and j. (July 2007)
- IEEE 802.11k: Radio resource measurement enhancements (2008)
- IEEE 802.11n: Higher throughput improvements using MIMO (multiple input, multiple output antennas) (September 2009)
- IEEE 802.11p: WAVE—Wireless Access for the Vehicular Environment (such as ambulances and passenger cars) (July 2010)
- IEEE 802.11r: Fast BSS transition (FT) (2008)
- IEEE 802.11s: Mesh Networking, Extended Service Set (ESS) (July 2011)
- IEEE 802.11T: Wireless Performance Prediction (WPP)—test methods and metrics Recommendation cancelled
- IEEE 802.11u: Improvements related to HotSpots and 3rd party authorization of clients, e.g. cellular network offload (February 2011)
- IEEE 802.11v: Wireless network management (February 2011)
- IEEE 802.11w: Protected Management Frames (September 2009)
- IEEE 802.11y: 3650–3700 MHz Operation in the U.S. (2008)
- IEEE 802.11z: Extensions to Direct Link Setup (DLS) (September 2010)
- IEEE 802.11-2012: A new release of the standard that includes amendments k, n, p, r, s, u, v, w, y and z (March 2012)
- IEEE 802.11aa: Robust streaming of Audio Video Transport Streams (June 2012)
- IEEE 802.11ad: Very High Throughput 60 GHz (December 2012) - see WiGig
- IEEE 802.11ae: Prioritization of Management Frames (March 2012)
In process[edit]
- IEEE 802.11ac: Very High Throughput <6 GHz;[31] potential improvements over 802.11n: better modulation scheme (expected ~10% throughput increase), wider channels (estimate in future time 80 to 160 MHz), multi user MIMO;[32] (~ February 2014)
- IEEE 802.11af: TV Whitespace (~ June 2014)
- IEEE 802.11ah: Sub 1 GHz sensor network, smart metering. (~ January 2016)
- IEEE 802.11ai: Fast Initial Link Setup (~ February 2015)
- IEEE 802.11mc: Maintenance of the standard (~ March 2015)
- IEEE 802.11aj: China Millimeter Wave (~ October 2016)
- IEEE 802.11aq: Pre-association Discovery (~ May 2015)
- IEEE 802.11ak: General Links
To reduce confusion, no standard or task group was named 802.11l, 802.11o, 802.11q, 802.11x, 802.11ab, or 802.11ag.
802.11F and 802.11T are recommended practices rather than standards, and are capitalized as such.
802.11m is used for standard maintenance. 802.11ma was completed for 802.11-2007 and 802.11mb was completed for 802.11-2012.
Standard vs. amendment[edit]
Both the terms "standard" and "amendment" are used when referring to the different variants of IEEE standards.
As far as the IEEE Standards Association is concerned, there is only one current standard; it is denoted by IEEE 802.11 followed by the date that it was published. IEEE 802.11-2012 is the only version currently in publication. The standard is updated by means of amendments. Amendments are created by task groups (TG). Both the task group and their finished document are denoted by 802.11 followed by a non-capitalized letter. For example IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11b. Updating 802.11 is the responsibility of task group m. In order to create a new version, TGm combines the previous version of the standard and all published amendments. TGm also provides clarification and interpretation to industry on published documents. New versions of the IEEE 802.11 were published in 1999, 2007 and 2012.
The working title of 802.11-2007 was 802.11-REVma. This denotes a third type of document, a "revision". The complexity of combining 802.11-1999 with 8 amendments made it necessary to revise already agreed upon text. As a result, additional guidelines associated with a revision had to be followed.
Various terms in 802.11 are used to specify aspects of wireless local-area networking operation, and may be unfamiliar to some readers.
For example, Time Unit (usually abbreviated TU) is used to indicate a unit of time equal to 1024 microseconds. Numerous time constants are defined in terms of TU (rather than the nearly equal millisecond).
Also the term "Portal" is used to describe an entity that is similar to an 802.1H bridge. A Portal provides access to the WLAN by non-802.11 LAN STAs.
Community networks[edit]
With the proliferation of cable modems and DSL, there is an ever-increasing market of people who wish to establish small networks in their homes to share their broadband Internet connection.
Many hotspot or free networks frequently allow anyone within range, including passersby outside, to connect to the Internet. There are also efforts by volunteer groups to establish wireless community networks to provide free wireless connectivity to the public.
In 2001, a group from the University of California, Berkeley presented a paper describing weaknesses in the 802.11 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) security mechanism defined in the original standard; they were followed by Fluhrer, Mantin, and Shamir's paper titled "Weaknesses in the Key Scheduling Algorithm of RC4". Not long after, Adam Stubblefield and AT&T publicly announced the first verification of the attack. In the attack, they were able to intercept transmissions and gain unauthorized access to wireless networks.
The IEEE set up a dedicated task group to create a replacement security solution, 802.11i (previously this work was handled as part of a broader 802.11e effort to enhance the MAC layer). The Wi-Fi Alliance announced an interim specification called Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) based on a subset of the then current IEEE 802.11i draft. These started to appear in products in mid-2003. IEEE 802.11i (also known as WPA2) itself was ratified in June 2004, and uses the Advanced Encryption Standard AES, instead of RC4, which was used in WEP. The modern recommended encryption for the home/consumer space is WPA2 (AES Pre-Shared Key) and for the Enterprise space is WPA2 along with a RADIUS authentication server (or another type of authentication server) and a strong authentication method such as EAP-TLS.
In January 2005, the IEEE set up yet another task group "w" to protect management and broadcast frames, which previously were sent unsecured. Its standard was published in 2009.[33]
In December 2011, a security flaw was revealed that affects wireless routers with the optional Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) feature. While WPS is not a part of 802.11, the flaw allows a remote attacker to recover the WPS PIN and, with it, the router's 802.11i password in a few hours.[34][35]
Non-standard 802.11 extensions and equipment[edit]
Many companies implement wireless networking equipment with non-IEEE standard 802.11 extensions either by implementing proprietary or draft features. These changes may lead to incompatibilities between these extensions.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
- Bluetooth, another wireless protocol primarily designed for shorter-range applications.
- Comparison of wireless data standards
- OFDM system comparison table
- Ultra-wideband
- Wi-Fi Alliance
- Wi-Fi operating system support
- Wibree
- Wireless Gigabit Alliance, also known as WiGig
- Fujitsu Ltd. v. Netgear Inc.
- Wireless USB, another wireless protocol primarily designed for shorter-range applications.
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- IEEE 802.11r-2008—Amendment 2: Fast Basic Service Set (BSS) Transition. IEEE-SA. 15 July 2008. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2008.4573292.
- IEEE 802.11y-2008—Amendment 3: 3650–3700 MHz Operation in USA. IEEE-SA. 6 November 2008. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2008.4669928.
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- ^ Wolter Lemstra , Vic Hayes , John Groenewegen , The Innovation Journey of Wi-Fi: The Road To Global Success, Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 0-521-19971-9
- ^ http://news.cnet.com/1200-1070-975460.html
- ^ "Wi-Fi Alliance: Organization". Official industry association web site. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
- ^ a b "Official IEEE 802.11 working group project timelines". Sept. 19, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
- ^ "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED n: Longer-Range, Faster-Throughput, Multimedia-Grade Wi-Fi® Networks" (registration required). Wi-Fi Alliance. September 2009.
- ^ a b "802.11n Delivers Better Range". Wi-Fi Planet. 2007-05-31.
- ^ a b c d "IEEE802.11ac: The Next Evolution of Wi-Fi Standards". 2012-05-11. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
- ^ "WiGig and IEEE 802.11ad For Multi-Gigabyte-Per-Second WPAN and WLAN". Tensorcom Inc.
- ^ http://www.oreillynet.com/wireless/2003/08/08/wireless_throughput.html
- ^ Angelakis, V.; Papadakis, S.; Siris, V.A.; Traganitis, A. (March 2011). "Adjacent channel interference in 802.11a is harmful: Testbed validation of a simple quantification model". Communications Magazine (IEEE) 49 (3): 160–166. doi:10.1109/MCOM.2011.5723815. ISSN 0163-6804
- ^ Wireless Networking in the Developing World: A practical guide to planning and building low-cost telecommunications infrastructure (2nd ed.). Hacker Friendly LLC. 2007. p. 425. page 14
- ^ "IEEE-SA - News & Events". Standards.ieee.org. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
- ^ IEEE 802.11n-2009—Amendment 5: Enhancements for Higher Throughput. IEEE-SA. 29 October 2009. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2009.5307322.
- ^ "Why did 802.11-2012 renumber clauses?". Matthew Gast, Aerohive Networks. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
- ^ "Tri-Band Chip Partnership". BRIGHT SIDE OF NEWS. Retrieved 2012-07-24.
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- ^ "Cuadro nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias CNAF". Secretaría de Estado de Telecomunicaciones. Archived from the original on 2008-02-13. Retrieved 2008-03-05.
- ^ "Evolution du régime d'autorisation pour les RLAN". French Telecommunications Regulation Authority (ART). Retrieved 2008-10-26.
- ^ "Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications". Retrieved 2013-12-05.
- ^ "Choosing the clearest channels for WiFi... continued". Retrieved 2013-12-05.
- ^ "Effect of adjacent-channel interference in IEEE 802.11 WLANs". Retrieved 2013-12-05.
- ^ "Channel Deployment Issues for 2.4 GHz 802.11 WLANs". Cisco Systems, Inc. Retrieved 2007-02-07.
- ^ Garcia Villegas, E.; et al. (2007). "Effect of adjacent-channel interference in IEEE 802.11 WLANs". CrownCom 2007. ICST & IEEE.
- ^ IEEE Standard 802.11-2007 page 531
- ^ "802.11 Technical Section". Retrieved 2008-12-15.
- ^ "Understanding 802.11 Frame Types". Retrieved 2008-12-14.
- ^ Olivier Bonaventure. "Computer Networking : Principles, Protocols and Practice". Retrieved 2012-07-09.
- ^ "IEEE P802.11 - TASK GROUP AC". IEEE. November 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
- ^ Fleishman, Glenn (December 7, 2009). "The future of WiFi: gigabit speeds and beyond". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
- ^ Jesse Walker, Chair (May 2009). "Status of Project IEEE 802.11 Task Group w: Protected Management Frames". Retrieved August 23, 2011.
- ^ http://sviehb.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/viehboeck_wps.pdf
- ^ http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/723755 US CERT Vulnerability Note VU#723755
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Chasing the ball Sobers pasted
Review: What happened to the inanimate victim of Garry Sobers' famously brutal assault in Swansea in 1968? A new book tries to discover its whereabouts
Numbers Game: He is the captain of the ODI team, but Bravo's stats over the last two years are anything but impressive
'You have to be a father figure'
West Indies A coach Junior Bennett talks about mentoring a young Chris Gayle, and the challenges of training cricketers at the grassroots level. By Sidharth Monga
Older, fitter, stronger, better
Numbers Game: Shivnarine Chanderpaul is 39, but over the last few years he has racked up some unbelievable numbers
Ignorance is the worst crime in commentary
And you get plenty of it in women's cricket, says Raf Nicholson
Video/Audio » Magazine » Page 2 »Who's your second-favourite team?
Sankaran Krishna: Often, watching as neutrals allows us to appreciate the game and the skills of its practitioners better
The Richards Standard for ODI batsmen
Kartikeya Date: Which modern-day players can match the speed and certainty of Viv's run-making?
Why the new fielding restrictions in ODIs are a good idea
Kartikeya Date: Bowlers who err go for boundaries and bowlers who are consistent challenge batsmen to take risks
Test matches
Overall | for West Indies | v West Indies | in West Indies | Year 2013
One-Day Internationals
Overall | for West Indies | v West Indies | in West Indies | Year 2013
Twenty20 Internationals
Overall | for West Indies | v West Indies | in West Indies | Year 2013
Shane Shillingford picked up four top-order wickets before rain came pouring in, ending the first Test in Dunedin in a draw
Former captain Clive Lloyd when asked if West Indies had a T20 hangover through the 0-2 Test defeat to India


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What we doThe Department of Diagnostic Imaging performs general radiography (x-ray), Nuclear Medicine, Ultrasound, Mammography Services, Bone Density, CT and MRI. We have two imaging areas on our hospital campus: one is in the main hospital and the other is in the Professional Building.
Highly qualified and specialized radiologists interpret your imaging studies. The majority of your imaging reports are available to your physician within 24 hours of the completion of your imaging exam. Because all of our imaging is digital, your referring physician also has the capability to view your imaging studies at his or her office on a computer.
NOTE: When making an appointment for imaging exams, please note where the secretary tells you to go for your services as the location for many of our imaging exams has moved to the main hospital. If you have any questions about your appointment, please call 734-593-5500.
X-ray/Imaging Procedures at the Main Hospital:
X-ray/Imaging Procedures at the Professional Building:
MRI Procedures
All Digital MammographyWhen it comes to your health care, you expect the best - and that includes important tests like your annual mammogram.
Until recently, all mammography services were the same. But technology has changed that, and Chelsea Community Hospital is offering the most advanced mammogram available.
Within seconds of getting your mammogram, the technologist will see the image on a high-resolution computer monitor. The image can be adjusted, brightened, and enlarged with the touch of a button - and it can be easily sent electronically to a radiologist and viewed by your physician without losing any detail.
No waiting for film to develop, no copying and transferring of bulky films with potential loss of clarity, and less chance of needing a re-take.
Appointment/Contact InformationCall for Appointments: 734-593-5500
Chelsea Community Hospital | 775 South Main Street, Chelsea, MI 48118 | 734-593-6000


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The fun place to sleep
Hostels are the ideal place for meeting other travelers and getting a good night's sleep without breaking the bank. Hostels or youth hostels as they are also known, offer communal sleeping in a dormitory with other travelers, usually including a shared bathroom. If you´re willing to pay a bit more, private rooms are often available. You can find a range of hostels dotted all over Europe's cities and often in smaller towns too.
Why stay in a hostel
Find out the benefits of staying at a youth hostel on a Eurail trip:
- Meet like-minded traveler´s from across the globe in an informal environment.
- Prices are usually considerably lower than hotels so you can keep spending on accommodation down to a minimum.
- Many hostels offer a full-equipped kitchen to cook your meals, which means you can save on eating out.
- Enjoy a range of facilities, such as bars and swimming pools, as well as city tours and excursions offered by some hostels.
One of the top online hostel booking engines is Hostelworld.com. They offer hostels throughout Europe, including B&B's.
Terms and conditions
- Hostel bookings are carried out by our selected partner Hostelworld.
- Eurail.Com is not responsbile for any changes, refunds or complaints regarding hostel bookings.
- Any queries about hostel bookings must be dealt with by the selected hostel partner.
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Plan your Eurail trip
- Train timetables
Find train schedules and travel times. - Railway map
View the major train routes in Europe. - Train reservations
When and how to make reservations.
PLUS Hostels: 10% off
Eurail.com customers get a 10% discount at PLUS Hostels, when booking online. Hostels are located in Florence, Rome, Venice, Berlin and Prague.
Just enter this promo code in your booking: INTPLUSEUR2012. Upon check-in you need to show your Eurail pass, that has been bought via Eurail.com. This discount is only valid when booking directly with PLUS Hostels.


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German type designer Martin Wenzel created this display FontFont in 1995.
The family has 9 weights, ranging from Regular to Bold and is ideally suited for advertising and packaging, festive occasions, film and tv as well as editorial and publishing.
FF Primary provides advanced typographical support with features such as ligatures.
It comes with proportional oldstyle figures.
available in all of the styles:


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A Very Veggie Easter Collection
Get ready for A Very Veggie Easter! Starring all of your favorite VeggieTales® characters, this special collection includes two Veggie Easter movies on DVD and two compilations of Easter and worship songs on CD, so you can celebrate wherever you are. Packed with music, laug... Read More
This item will not arrive in time for Christmas
More From: VeggieTales
'Twas the Night Before Easter (DVD - Run Time: 48 Minutes)
It's Easter time in Crisper County and cable news reporter Marlee Meade (Petunia Rhubarb) is hunting for a way to help others. On a tip that the old town theater will be shut down, Marlee cooks up a plan to save the stage and make a difference through the power of musical theater! With a cast of costume-clad townies, massive props and a 20-foot robot rabbit, "Up With Bunnies" is hatched! There's only one thing missing - the star of the show! When things go haywire, will it be curtains for Marlee's dreams - or will she discover the true meaning of Easter and what helping others is really all about?
An Easter Carol (DVD - Run Time: 49 Minutes)
When Ebenezer Nezzer sets out to revolutionize Easter with mechanical chickens and plastic eggs, it's up to valiant veggies Larry the Cucumber and Bob the Tomato - plus a music box angel named Hope (voiced by singer Rebecca St. James) - to teach him the true meaning of the holiday.
A Very Veggie Easter (CD) Track Listing:
Hosanna Loud Hosanna
All Around the World
Christ the Lord is Risen Today
Easter Bunny Hop
The Easter Song
How Now Easter Cow
Count Your Eggs
An Empty Egg
Hope's Song
First Things First
Christ the Lord (Reprise)
I Know That My Redeemer Liveth
Hosanna! Today's Top Worship Songs for Kids (CD) Track Listing:
Your Grace is Enough
Everlasting God
Our God
Just Wanna Say
Mighty to Save
Amazing Grace
Who Am I
Perfect Love
Your Name
Product Details:
Ages: 4 & up.
Released: 01/2013
Additional Information
- Product type: Video
- Format: 2-DVD Set/2-CD Set
- Release Date: Jan 19, 2013
- Height: 0
- Width: 0
- Length: 0
- Language: English
- Volumes/Discs: 2
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Danielle and Shane are treated to a surprise visit from U.S. Olympic gold medalists: Gabrielle Douglas, Kyla Ross, Alexandra Raisman, McKayla Maroney, and Jordyn Wieber on BIG BROTHER, September, 12. Photo: Cliff Lipson/CBS ©2012 CBS Broadcasting, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


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Today in History
March 25, 1965
Martin Luther King Jr. marches
Martin Luther King Jr. leads 25,000 on the Alabama Freedom March. In five days they cover the 54 miles from Selma, Alabama, to the steps of the state capitol in Montgomery. The protesters demand an end to racial discrimination, but Governor George Wallace does not meet with any of the marchers.
Today's Feature History Article
Dream Assignment
Photographer Bob Adelman's picture of Martin Luther King, Jr., taken 40 years ago, captures one of the greatest speeches in American history


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So Money! Vince Vaughn Plotting 'Swingers' Reunion Sequel
Vince Vaughn hopes to prove he's still "so money."
He wants to do a sequel to his hit 1996 movie, Swingers, about a group of hipster single actors who partied… READ ON
Vince Vaughn hopes to prove he's still "so money."
He wants to do a sequel to his hit 1996 movie, Swingers, about a group of hipster single actors who partied… READ ON
Mark Wahlberg and the producers of Entourage are pushing for Leonardo DiCaprio to have a significant role in the film adaptation of the HBO show slated to hit theaters next… READ ON
Mark Wahlberg finally has a buyer for his pricy $12.995 million Beverly Hills estate and RadarOnline.com has all the photos and details.
It took nearly five years, according to Redfin… READ ON
While Arnold Schwarzenegger's career has famously taken him through Hollywood and Sacramento, the high-achieving Austrian remains "an icon to almost all of the bodybuilders" as the sport's most-celebrated ambassador,… READ ON
The Kardashians celebrate Christmas, LeAnn shows off her vocabulary, and Rihanna adds to her slew of sexy selfies, in our weekly Twitter gallery.… READ ON
Mickey Rourke's worn many hats: actor, boxer, wrestler, and now the multi-talented toughman's channeling his energy toward bodybuilding, in bulking up with workouts as well… READ ON
Justin Bieber's BFF Miley Cyrus has said he's acting "stupid" lately. His own mother has publicly criticized his behavior, but it seems that he's increasingly unwilling to… READ ON
These stars have either been involved in murder trials or been the victim of murder… READ ON
When Stacy Keibler appeared resplendent on the red carpet in Cannes Thursday night, she was without her best accessory, George Clooney. Eyebrows were raised, especially since the couple haven't … READ ON
Beantown native Mark Wahlberg, appearing on Jimmy Kimmel Live Tuesday, was emotional in discussing Monday's double bombing at the Boston Marathon that left three people dead and 170 others… READ ON
Ben Affleck and Mark Wahlberg – both of whom grew up in Beantown — are among many stars expressing their shock and horror at the bombings at the Boston Marathon… READ ON
It's an unlikely big screen movie match-up, but character actor Mark Wahlberg is entering the world of pop culture and pairing up with Justin Bieber, RadarOnline.com is reporting.
The… READ ON
By Radar Staff
Kate Moss may have been the poster child for the early 90s Grunge era, known around the world for her "heroin chic" look, but the supermodel claims… READ ON
By Radar Staff
At 16, Kate Moss was the most famous model in the world, and more than 20 years later, the British beauty is finally revealing the horrors of… READ ON
By Radar Staff
The pressures of being a teenage supermodel drove Kate Moss to insanity, literally.
In a new interview with Vanity Fair, the British beauty reveals that her… READ ON
By Radar Staff
Mark Wahlberg has listed — for the third time in the last four years — the magnificent Beverly Hills estate he shares with his wife Rhea Durham… READ ON
Mark Wahlberg Lists Luxury Beverly Hills Home For $12,995,000… READ ON
By Radar Staff
Mark Wahlberg may just be one of our favorite Hollywood dads, and he proved again why during an outing with daughter Ella in Beverly Hills.
The star… READ ON
By Alexis Tereszcuk – Radar Entertainment Editor
Mark Wahlberg is on the cover of this month's Men's Fitness magazine looking buffer than ever, but we asked the captains from the … READ ON
By Radar Staff
A foul mouth Teddy Bear and a bunch of nearly nude male strippers rocked the box office this weekend. It's the first time in history that two… READ ON


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Professional services firm, Deloitte was a title sponsor of the inaugural World Retail Congress Africa, held last month in Sandton. I spoke to Ilse du Toit, a manager within the Strategy & Innovation practice at Deloitte Consulting.
By Danette Breitenbach 17 Dec 2013 08:48
The fourth annual PwC South Africa Entertainment and Media Outlook was launched recently and I caught up with Vicki Myburgh, Entertainment & Media Industries Leader for PwC Southern Africa.
By Danette Breitenbach 29 Nov 2013 15:01
The African Media Leaders Forum in Addis Ababa last week ended on a weak note: Politicians want the media to generate a new, positive African narrative.
By Anton Harber 15 Nov 2013 06:33
Is Africa the Dark Continent when it comes to the advertising industry? On the contrary, says Alan Edgar, Regional Creative Director, Ogilvy Africa and one of regional judges for African and Middle Eastern categories at this year's Loeries. It's alive and vibrant, but in dire need of world-class tertiary training institutions to tap into that potential.
By Staff Reporter 21 Sep 2013 14:25
Y&R is committed to having 20 agencies on the African continent by 2015. Leading the charge to achieve this is Yossi Schwartz, chairman of Y&R South Africa.
By Danette Breitenbach 5 Sep 2013 05:42
Africa's growing middle class has expensive tastes and research by Bain & Company suggests that luxury goods sales will increase by 11% this year - demonstrating the continent's potential for upmarket goods.
By Zeenat Moorad 5 Nov 2013 09:50
E?TV Network Limited and Cable & Wireless Seychelles have signed an agreement to bring the educational channel English Club TV to television audience in Seychelles via Cable IPTV Systems.
31 Oct 2013 07:43
South Africa launched an online, 24-hour radio station on Thursday, 17 October that aims to showcase its foreign policy and shore up its position as a continental economic and political powerhouse.
18 Oct 2013 09:08
Garmin is ramping up its product offerings and service in East Africa to include support for sectors dealing with the rapidly expanding mining, agriculture and infrastructure sectors.
Issued by Garmin 26 Aug 2013 09:53
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Kayla is the daughter of Mike and Pam Youngs. She graduated from Bountiful High in 2005 and Utah State University. She is employed by Centerville City.
Sam is the son of Kevin and Julie Prusse. He graduated from Woods Cross High School in 2007, served in he Merida, Mexico Mission and is attending the University of Utah studying business. He is employed by Bank of Utah.
Following a honeymoon to Park City, they will make their home in Bountiful.


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• We reviewed the clinical courses of 63 surgical patients who had experienced one or more days of fungemia, to determine the clinical setting for such infections and to define indications for systemic therapy. Fifty-one patients experienced fungemia as a late complication of intraperitoneal infection. Candida was identified as part of a polymicrobial flora in 70%. If untreated, the mortality was 83% (30 of 36). No untreated patients with fungemia for more than one day survived. Adequate therapy with amphotericin B (total dose, >3 mg/kg) improved survival to 67% (ten of 15). Autopsies performed in 20 cases revealed visceral Candida microabscesses in seven, with the gastrointestinal tract (12) and intra-abdominal abscess (five) as the most common sources of fungi. These data support the concept of Candida as an important participant in polymicrobial infection and recommend therapy with amphotericin B for patients with intraperitoneal infection experiencing fungemia.
(Arch Surg 1982;117:1272-1275)
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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature
Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal
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Irish Books
General Books
1 matching titles
LYSLE, A. De R.
London: Hachette, 1922. New, Second Edition, Revised & Enlarged. ix, 2052pp & xvi, 958pp. Hardbacks.
[First volume is English-Italian, Second Volume Italian-English. Includes, amongst other things, comprehensive tables of Italian and English irregular verbs]. Second Edition.
USED. Some small corner creases to some pages, otherwise generally a good plus to very good set.
Inventory #: 25425 Quantity Available: 1 ISBN: Price: £ 35.00
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12 Bayview Road, Bangor, County Down, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom BT19 6AL Telephone: +44 (0)28 9147 0310 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Z_CNHI News Service
VIDEO: President presses Syrian case in Cabinet Room
President Barack Obama says he is confident he'll be able to work with Congress to pass a resolution authorizing military intervention in Syria.
Video |
Human trafficking battled by text message
A few months ago, a worker monitoring a hotline for the Polaris Project, a nonprofit group dedicated to combating human trafficking, received a text message from an 18-year-old woman in distress.
Continued ... -
Should Detroit sell its priceless art to pay the bills?
A federal judge ruled Dec. 3 that Detroit met the conditions for Chapter 9 bankruptcy. Now a question that's been simmering for months is coming to a boil: Should the Detroit Institute of Arts - one of the country's finest art museums and perhaps the city's greatest cultural asset - sell some or all of its collection to satisfy creditors?
Continued ... -
Cargazing: Ford Fiesta ST is fast, fun, affordable
High-performance cars often come with high price tags, but the Ford Fiesta ST is proof that the two don't have to be mutually exclusive.
Continued ... -
Colleges brings liberal arts education into prisons
The men would eat, study, sleep, wake up and work, as they must, inside a prison complex surrounded by high fences and coils of barbed wire. Their campus is the Maryland Correctional Institution-Jessup. No ivory towers here. Just guard towers.
Continued ... -
VIDEO: Napping man wakes alone, forgotten by airplane crew
A man flying from Louisiana to California fell asleep during his flight and awoke alone, locked on the airplane at the airport.
Continued ... - Saturday, December 7, 2013
Young newlyweds charged with Craigslist murder
A month after a Pennsylvania man was found stabbed to death in an alley, authorities have charged a recently married young couple in his death and they're looking into other possible murders tied to adult companionship ads placed by the couple.
Continued ... - Friday, December 6, 2013
VIDEO: Plane tries to land sideways
An Emirates Boeing 777 plane tilted sideways as it tried to land at the Birmingham airport during strong wind gusts in the United Kingdom on Thursday.
Continued ... -
7 great holiday stories for season's readings
Holiday-themed movies and TV shows get the most attention during this time of year. But there are just as many, if not more, beloved books that contain cherished Christmas stories -- some of which get shared across generations.
Continued ... -
VIDEO: World reacts to death of Mandela
Nelson Mandela spent nearly a third of his life as a prisoner of apartheid before leading South Africa in a relatively peaceful transition of power that inspired the world. The iconic figure died Thursday at the age of 95.
Continued ... -
VIDEO: Wedding crashed by Ironman, Batman, knights and more
This entertaining wedding featured a duel between knights, cameo appearances by Batman and Ironman, and a wide array of unexpected wedding crashers.
Continued ... -
A 67-year-old caroling tradition
Ruthanna Weber, 98, has been organizing a Kenwood, Md., caroling tradition since World War II when she was in the Navy.
Continued ... -
Liberals listening to Pope Francis - selectively
Pope Francis' recent critique of capitalism and America makes him a darling of the political left. But those embracing the pope's ideas surely don't want to hear his take on social issues including abortion, gay marriage or female clergy.
Continued ... -
South Africans mourn Nelson Mandela's death
South Africans flocked to the Johannesburg home of Nelson Mandela to mourn his death and pay tribute to a leader who led the nation out of racial discord by encouraging reconciliation.
Continued ... - Thursday, December 5, 2013
Nelson Mandela dies at 95
Nelson Mandela,95, anti-apartheid icon and former South African president, has died.
Continued ... -
Ellsbury is a businessman in the outfield
Outfielder Jacoby Ellsbury had to consider his short- and long-term future when he agreed to a $153 million, seven-year deal with the Yankees - even if it meant burning the fans back in Boston.
Continued ... -
Washington woman unknowingly live-tweets husband's death
A Washington state woman known for monitoring police scanners unknowingly live-tweeted about a fatal car wreck Wednesday, initially unaware that the victim was her husband.
Continued ... -
VIDEO: Gun control ad recounts Newtown shooting
Moms Demand Action for Gun Sense in America partnered with Mayors Against Illegal Guns to commemorate the Dec. 14 one-year anniversary of the Sandy Hook Elementary shooting. A new TV ad created by the group shows a gunman entering a school at the same time Adam Lanza entered Sandy Hook.
Continued ... -
VIDEO: The world's worst 'selfie' snaps
People have been taking the "selfie" trend to the extreme, snapping pictures of themselves at the worst times and in the worst places. One girl, who took a photo of herself with a bridge jumper in the background, may just top the list.
Continued ... -
VIDEO: Journalism school honors Ron Burgundy
Emerson College in Boston changed the name of its School of Communication for one day to honor fictitious television anchorman Ron Burgundy. Actor and comedian Will Ferrell, who plays Burgundy, was at the school in character.
Continued ... -
VIDEO: Snow, ice aim for nation's frozen midsection
Heavy snow and ice could stretch from the Great Lakes to Oklahoma and Arkansas on Thursday, as parts of the region deal with an extreme cold snap.
Continued ... -
South Korea looking to cut in international comics market
South Korea's government is promoting manhwa exports by supporting companies distributing comics online and subsidizing translation of the works into English.
Continued ... -
VIDEO: Millions of social media credentials hacked
A massive social media hack has exposed more than 2 million usernames and passwords.
Continued ... - Wednesday, December 4, 2013
Texas wants background checks for health-care navigators
The counselors tasked with helping uninsured Texans navigate their way through the complicated process of buying health insurance will have to jump through a series of hoops to get licenses under new rules proposed by the Texas Department of Insurance.
Continued ... -
How to care for a cut Christmas tree
Cut Christmas trees must be watered and kept hydrated to last through the holidays and to prevent them from becoming fire hazards. This includes small tabletop trees.
Continued ... -
Are fake eggs the future?
A startup called Beyond Eggs, fronted by an enthusiastic founder named Joshua Tetrick, has been making headlines lately - most recently in a Mother Jones article that asks, without beating around the bush, "Can Silicon Valley Make Fake Meat and Eggs That Don't Suck?"
Continued ...
Human trafficking battled by text message


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SKU: 487655 Weight: 0.34
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List Price:$9.60 Your Price:$8.36 You Save: $1.24 (13%) International customers, please view our shipping page for information on additional shipping fees. CLICK HERE
JACK DEMPSEY-Stamped Cross Stitch: Quilt Blocks. This package contains six 18x18 inch poly/cotton quilt blocks stamped in wash- away ink; instructions; and floss requirements. Floss; batting; backing; hoop and needle not included. Design: XX Butterflies. To make a twin quilt you will need 4 packages; full needs 5 packages; queen needs 6 packages; and king needs 7 packages. Made in USA.


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Langer is an object oriented, rule based programming language. Its interpreter is shipped as a Python library. It was created to express behavior strategies, has a simple syntax based on languages like Python and C, and was designed to be convenient and readable for a programmer, but it can be easily used in genetic programming as well.
LanguageTool is a style and grammar checker that currently supports English, Polish, German, French, Dutch, and other languages to a different degree. It scans the words and their part-of-speech tags for occurrences of error patterns, which are defined in an XML file. More powerful error rules can be written in Java.
Spanish Word Searches allows you to generate and play randomly-generated word searches based on 1,200 items of basic Spanish vocabulary split into topics. You can select to play the word searches on vocabulary from any combination of themes and specify the size of the grid, number of words, and difficulty parameters. The program also contains a link to the iPad version of the word search application.
The Objeck computer language is an object-oriented computing language with functional features that has ties with Java, C#, and Pascal. In this language, all data types are treated as objects. The language consists of a compiler and VM with an accompanying memory management and JIT compiler.
lihata is a compact textual language which can represent a tree of lists, hashes, and tables. The syntax tries to be minimal and flexible to allow formatting a lihata file to fit the context it represents. The source release contains an event and DoM parser and helper functions for maintaining lihata trees. lihata is a convenient language for both simple and complex configuration files and text representation of data files.
Mutabor is a program that allows you to perform and compose microtonal music using a normal MIDI keybord and normal MIDI equipment. Its powerful description language is intended to allow permanent retunings and complex tuning logic. One application is just tuning. Mutabor has been used for this purpose to make available all pitches that can be reached by stacking perfect thirds and perfect fifths. The stable version 3.0x is available in German only and runs under Windows and Wine. The unstable branch can be accessed via CVS (but build bugs should be expected) or downloaded from the Berlios developer site.
fpgasm creates bare-metal FPGA designs without Verilog or VHDL. Traditionally, FPGAs are built using proprietary Verilog or VHDL language implementations provided by the vendor. fpgasm is to Verilog and VHDL as assembly language is to C++. It takes you all the way to the netlist, and is not just a translator to Verilog. Because of that, the total "make" time to a working fpga is seconds, not minutes. With fewer than ten reserved words, fpgasm syntax can be mastered in a few minutes. With FPGA assembler, you can focus on understanding the FPGA substrate and how your design should map onto it (instead of figuring out large and complicated tools).
A non-graphical .NET Project management component which enables .NET applications to read, write, and manage Project documents without utilizing Microsoft Project.


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Unit sales in Queensland increase during the September quarter
Dec 9, 2013
Unit sales in Queensland have increased during the September quarter, which could be encouraging for those interested in the market. View Article
Queensland's agriculture sector to receive state funding
Dec 6, 2013
The Queensland state government has announced plans to give $2.3 million of funding to the agriculture sector in order to help sustainability. View Article
Multi-unit building approvals increase in Victoria
Dec 5, 2013
The number of approvals for multi-unit buildings in Victoria increased during October, which could lead to a number of great investment opportunities. View Article
REIA: Housing affordability increases nationwide
Dec 5, 2013
The Real Estate Institute of Australia has highlighted the growing affordability of property in the latest Housing Affordability Report. View Article
Official cash rate remains unchanged for end of 2013
Dec 4, 2013
The official cash rate of Australia will remain unchanged for the remainder of 2013, which could indicate a great time to pursue property dreams. View Article