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Places Discussed (Cyclopedia of Literary Places)
Castle of Thunder-ten-tronckh
Castle of Thunder-ten-tronckh. Castle in Westphalia of Baron Thunder-ten-tronckh, Candide's presumed father, in which Candide is born and from which he is eventually expelled. Voltaire's ironic description of the castle sets the tone for the entire text. According to Candide's mentor, the Optimist philosopher Pangloss, the castle is the best of all castles in the best of all possible worlds. Voltaire immediately undercuts this notion by "supporting" it with carefully chosen ironic details. For example, the castle is a fine one because it has windows and a door, and a piece of tapestry in the great hall. A fine castle would have many windows and doors, and tapestries everywhere to insulate its occupants from the cold stone walls. Voltaire's narrator goes further, describing the castle's 350-pound baroness of Thunder-ten-tronckh, a pack of ordinary dogs that doubles as the baron's hunting pack, and household servants who double as huntsmen. If the castle truly were the best of all possible castles, its baroness should personify grace and beauty, it would have dogs used for hunting only, and would have servants dedicated to training and managing the hunting dogs. The greatest irony lies in Pangloss's insistence that stones were made for building castles, so man has castles. Castles were built for defense; in an ideal world, there would be no need for defense.
El Dorado
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Historical Context
Lisbon was destroyed by earthquake on the morning of All Saints' Day, November 1, 1755. The six-minute earthquake kills 15,000 people, injures at least that many more, and destroys thirty churches as well as thousands of houses. Despite the sophistication of natural science, the coincidence that Lisbon, a city fervently Catholic, is destroyed on a Catholic feast day—when the pious were at church—gives rise to superstitious speculation.
On November 19, 1500 Pilgrim homes are destroyed by earthquake. Many explanations again explain the disasters in religious terms. Voltaire outraged at such stupidity, writes an infamous reaction to the Lisbon earthquake. In response comes a letter from Rousseau, stating that Voltaire is the one who is wrong. Humans are at fault. Had we not left the natural world, or committed the original sins, and lived in cities, the disasters would not have happened. Further, Rousseau argues that Leibnitz is right—in the long run, everything must be for the best in this best of all possible worlds. To believe otherwise is to give into suicidal pessimism.
The Enlightenment period in Europe is about to give way to political revolution. Reason, during this period, is held to be the supreme power with which to challenge the old institutions and superstitions. In Britain, where the church had long been relegated to the role of ceremonial trappings, science and...
(The entire section is 459 words.)
Candide's journey takes him around Europe, across South America to the fabled El Dorado, and back to Europe again. His companions at various points in his journey include the Baron's daughter and son, a loyal manservant of mixed race, and his tutor, Pangloss, who persists in the belief that this is the best of all possible worlds. Candide endures great dangers in war and other human blunders as well as natural disasters, all accurately represented in Voltaire's satirical fashion. Voltaire shows an up-to-date knowledge of geography as well as a wry perceptiveness for international relations. The satirical tone makes Candide's ever-changing fortunes a good match for his plucky, good-humored nature.
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Literary Style
Taking seriously the old adage that the entire world is a stage Voltaire employed that idea in his novel. Much the same way science fiction does today, Voltaire placed ideal societies and backward societies in obscure parts of the world. The rest simply needed to be exaggerated. For example, with a few facts about the unexplored mountains of Peru and the legends of golden cities, Voltaire can create a credible Eldorado. Likewise, the lack of knowledge about tribes in the Amazon jungle allows the tale of the cannibalistic Oreillons.
Another element of Voltaire's use of setting is his invocation of the Eden trope. Many writers since the writer of the biblical book Genesis have used the idea of gardens as paradises (or hells) that one finds oneself in and, for some reason, banished from. Candide journeys through a series of such gardens. Each garden has a geographic location and a lesson to be learned. However, the best garden, like the best bed, turns out to be the one Candide makes himself.
Voltaire chose satire as a way to challenge the cult of optimism that reigned during that time. While this form of storytelling and literary composition is ancient, its historical form came into being with the Greek author, Aristophanes, and became its own genre with two Roman poets, Horace and Juvenal. Voltaire is a comic satirist. He simply loved humans too much to be tragic. But because he loved...
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Literary Qualities
Voltaire was one of the most voluminous writers of all time and he had much to say. He used a larger vocabulary than any of his non-technical contemporaries, and by his clear, flexible precision, he avoided much of the circumlocution so often found in French prose. Often, he included extremely technical words in a very readable sentence, to improve the exactness of what was being said. Reading Candide or any of Voltaire's prose fiction was a learning experience, and still is today.
It is almost impossible to translate this story from the French without capturing something of the stilted, formal prose and the satirical tone of the original. Voltaire never lets go of his sense of humor, even when describing acts of torture and barbarism. It is not that the author marvels at or laughs at human cruelty; Voltaire simply finds it ludicrous that people think so well of themselves and the world when they do so many terrible things to each other.
This sense of humor seems to sustain Candide as well, or at least keeps him marveling at each turn of events. The reader's interest in Candide is perpetually renewed, despite a series of depressing events alternating with opportunities for adventure. It would be too easy for a lesser writer to fall into the trap of a serial adventure story, but Voltaire manages to sustain a sense that Candide is likeable, means well, and is holding up rather well in astonishing conditions. Candide's good humor is as...
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Social Sensitivity
Cacambo, a man of mixed race, becomes Candide's friend as well as his servant. Other characters that befriend Candide and help him include Jacques, an Anabaptist, and Martin, a scholar and Manichean heretic. Voltaire goes to great lengths to show how these men, who would have been reviled by Europeans of high status, were trustworthy and honest to a far greater extent than the people who should have been held accountable for helping Candide.
In contrast, many of the characters in positions of leadership and social status are lampooned; their desires, greed, and frailties are shown to be as great or greater than could be expected in any person. Voltaire does not hesitate to show us how ridiculous it is to venerate the role or the robe when the person wearing it is unworthy.
One can sense the mind-set that led to the French Revolution throughout this short novel, and in other works written by Voltaire during this time. There is an egalitarian sensibility in Candide that leads the young noble bastard to consider a half-breed as dear a friend as the son of the baron who fostered him. From the perspective of 1759, that is the voice of the future, the voice of the revolution that had "Liberty! Equality! Brotherhood!" for its cry to arms. This is not the voice of a dandy writing lightweight love comedies to pander to the fashions of a paying audience.
The world changed around Voltaire as he wrote his many works. The French Revolution did...
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Compare and Contrast
The Eighteenth Century: France and Britain are continually fighting to see who will be the number one colonial power. Half of this war effort involves stirring up Indian "allies" to kill each other before the colonists spread into the wilderness.
Today: With the demise of the Soviet Union, America stands as the sole superpower.
The Eighteenth Century: The first intentional use of biological agents by a military occurs during King Phillip's War. The British intentionally infect blankets en route to the Indians with smallpox.
Today: The United States enforces economic sanctions against Iraq because of their suspected development and use of biological weapons.
The Eighteenth Century: General George Washington advocates fighting from behind trees and rocks, ambush style, instead of the traditional parade-style formation.
Today: Though guerilla warfare is now the style when necessary, fighting strategies today rely heavily on airpower and missile bombardment to soften up the enemy before ground troops move in. The style today seeks to minimize casualties.
The Eighteenth Century: Medical technology is crude, often doing more damage than the original problem. The STD syphilis is the most dangerous disease of the time.
...(The entire section is 247 words.)
Topics for Discussion
1. How does the author get the reader immediately involved.in the story?
2. The sounds of the characters' names are often chosen for the meaning (of one or more syllables) or the effect when spoken aloud. Which names have a humorous effect? Which are more sober? Which have associated meanings?
3. How is the tutor Pangloss' belief that this is the best of all possible worlds made to seem by turns grimly inevitable and ludicrous?
4. How does Candide receive kindness and charity? How does he receive cruelty and injury?
5. How does Candide find himself committing murder? Does this crime change him?
6. Why does Candide give so much of his money and resources away?
7. What differences does Candide notice as he travels the known world?
8. Who among the people Candide meets is happy? Why?
9. What are the major sources of unhappiness that he finds?
10. What sort of innocence does Candide possess, that is not spoiled by rejection, torture, deprivation or sexual knowledge?
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Ideas for Reports and Papers
1. How does Voltaire clarify his beliefs on the futility of war or aggression between Protestant and Catholic believers?
2. Does Voltaire make aggression and war between believers of different faiths ever seem reasonable? Does he suggest that any interaction is more reasonable?
3. How can philosophical beliefs about determinism and Free Will be of more practical use than Pangloss' oversimplified assertion that this is the best of all possible worlds? How does philosophy serve us in daily living?
4. What does Candide learn about the merits of charitable acts? Who benefits from charity? Do believers in Free Will or determinism have different attitudes towards charity?
5. How does the human race benefit from acts of war and aggression, even as individuals suffer? Are such benefits lasting and worthwhile? Can similar benefits be found under other conditions?
6. In Voltaire's opinion, how can one serve one's own needs best? What else does one serve at the same time? What is necessary to live a good life?
7. Compare Candide's adventures with Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift. Both are works of satire, but the effect is very different. Discuss the authors' differing targets and methods, and what conclusions a reader can draw about the authors' opinions of political and religious conflicts.
8. Voltaire makes use of fantasy elements as well as realism in Candide. In what ways...
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Topics for Further Study
Based on the evidence in Candide, what does Voltaire know about the world's climate and geography? Are these physical facts related to human customs? Do the best locations and climates contain the best societies? How do humans interact with the natural world in Candide?
Although he is exaggerating human customs, what does the satire reveal about Voltaire's awareness of other cultures? Or, what does Voltaire think about the New World—both its indigenous populations and its colonizers?
Voltaire's grasp of scientific knowledge is far above the average person's of the time. Based on the book, surmise the extent of the knowledge of the day of anatomy, physics, and chemistry.
Voltaire subtly attacks the theory of progress. What is that theory, and do we still believe in it? Is it a good belief?
Why is satire such an effective method of critique? As critiques, why are satires so often categorized as children's books? In the late twentieth century, why is animation the most appropriate medium for satire?
Doing a little research into Voltaire's hopes for humans, what do you think would most excite or surprise him if he were alive today? What would depress him?
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Originally written in French, the novel Candide was translated into English by Joan Spencer in her 1966 edition for The World's Classics. There are other translations into many languages.
There is a very useful critical edition of Candide by A. Morize (Hachette, Paris, 1913). For the original French version, look to the complete edition of Voltaire's stories: Romans et contes, edited by Henri Benac (Gamier, 1960).
Modern writers who are Voltaire's literary grandchildren include authors as diverse as Hunter S. Thompson (in Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail), Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. (in Breakfast of Champions and Wampeters & Granfalloons) and Harlan Ellison (in any of his speculative novels, but most particularly in his essay collections The Glass Teat and The Other Glass Teat). There is always an element of fantasy in even the most factual writing by these authors, and the arch sense of humor that Voltaire sustained throughout Candide shows some influence in the ironic tone these authors maintain as their writings move from politics to autobiography to imaginative prose.
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Media Adaptations
Candide was adapted to the stage with a great deal of difficulty. The writing of the stage production took several decades. The basis for the play was created in 1953 by Lillian Hellman and Leonard Bernstein as their reaction to the "Washington Witch Trials" being waged by the House Un-American Activities Committee. Poet Richard Wilbur was the lyricist, though Dorothy Parker contributed to "The Venice Gavotte." Tyrone Guthrie directed the first performance of the play, with sets by Oliver Smith and costumes by Irene Sharaff. It opened at the Martin Beck Theater in New York on December 1, 1956, to mixed reviews. The play has been continually rewritten ever since.
(The entire section is 107 words.)
What Do I Read Next?
In reaction to the controversy surrounding the Lisbon earthquake and who was at fault Voltaire penned "On the Lisbon Disaster" in 1756. The poem attempted to reconcile disaster with Leibnitzian optimism.
Historical background for Candide and Voltaire's work generally can be found in Peter Gay's Voltaire's Politics: The Poet as Realist.
One of Voltaire's models for Candide was a work first published in 1726, while he was exiled in Britain, by his new friend, Jonathan Swift. At first titled Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, the work is known today as Gulliver's Travels. It is a satire of Europe in the 1720s told through the story of Gulliver's travels to many strange and wonderful lands.
An English satire of clergymen by Laurence Sterne, entitled A Political Romance (and later titled The History of a Good Warm Watch-Coat) was published in 1759. Sterne, a clergyman himself, is also the author of the stories about Tristram Shandy.
A marked contrast to Voltaire can be found in the works and the person of Samuel Johnson. Johnson's The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia was published in 1759. It tells how the Prince gathered scientists and philosophers from near and far to discover for him the secrets of a happy life, only to realize he had wasted time he could have spent living.
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For Further Reference
Bottiglia, William F. Voltaire's Candide: Analysis of a Classic, 2nd edition, Geneva, 1964. A book about Candide that includes a critical analysis of the work.
Brailsford, H. N. Voltaire, Oxford, 1935. A book about Voltaire.
Lanson, Gustav. Voltaire, Paris: Hachette, 1906. A book that discusses Voltaire.
Vulliamy, C. E. Voltaire, Geoffrey Bles, 1930. A book about Voltaire.
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Bibliography and Further Reading
A. Owen Aldridge, in Voltaire and the Century of Light, Princeton University Press, 1975.
James Boswell, in The Life of Samuel Johnson, J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., 1978, pp. 210-11.
William F. Bottiglia, "Candide's Garden," in his Voltaire: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. by W. F. Bottiglia, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1978, pp. 87-111.
Georg Brandes, in Voltaire, Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1964.
The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Chronicle, Vol. XXIX, May, 1759, pp. 233-37.
Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, "A Letter on October 2, 1789," in his An Account of a Young Russian Gentleman's Tour through Germany, Switzerland France and England, translated by Florence Jonas, Columbia University Press, 1957, pp. 144-50.
Gustave Lanson, in Voltaire, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1966.
André Maurois, "Voltaire: Novels and Tales" in his The Art of Writing, The Bodley Head, 1960, pp. 35-50.
John Morley, in Voltaire, Macmillan and Co., 1872.
For Further Study
C. J. Betts, "On the Beginning and Ending of Candide," Modern Language Review, Vol. 80, 1985, pp. 283-92.
Betts examines the parallels and oppositions between Candide's opening and closing chapter, contending that the end of the...
(The entire section is 1024 words.)
Bibliography (Cyclopedia of Literary Characters, Revised Third Edition)
Aldridge, Alfred Owen. Voltaire and the Century of Light. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1975. A thoughtful study that describes Voltaire's extraordinarily diverse literary career. Compares Voltaire's 1759 "philosophical tale" Candide with Jonathan Swift's masterful satire Gulliver's Travels.
Besterman, Theodore. Voltaire. 3d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976. An admirable and reliable biography of Voltaire that focuses on his development as a writer. In the discussion of Candide, Besterman explains the moral and emotional transformation of the protagonist from an immature and selfish adolescent into a sensitive, responsible adult.
Mason, Haydn. Voltaire: A Biography. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981. The chapter on Candide describes the philosophical and ethical motivation for Voltaire's criticism of excessive optimism.
Pearson, Roger. The Fables of Reason: A Study of Voltaire's "Contes philosophiques." New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. An insightful literary study of Voltaire's use of satire, irony, and understatement in his many philosophical tales. The lengthy chapter on Candide includes an explanation for the appropriateness of viewing Candide as a tale on moral...
(The entire section is 232 words.)
Source: Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults, ©1999 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Novels for Students, ©2013 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Cyclopedia of Literary Places, ©2003 Salem Press, Inc.. All Rights Reserved.
Source: Cyclopedia of Literary Characters, Revised Third Edition, ©1998 Salem Press, Inc.. All Rights Reserved.


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Located at 570 metres above sea level, Interlaken is one of the oldest tourist resorts in Switzerland and one of the most popular.
Located 5,315 fr above sea level, Zermatt is a car-free village at the base of the magnificent mountain Matterhorn.
Originally known for its mineral springs, which were discovered, probably by the Celts, some 3,000 years ago, St.
Grindelwald is a picturesque mountain village and one of the most famous Swiss winter sport resorts.
Davos has been a favorite vacation spot for a long time, having some of the finest sports facilities in the world and boasting an exquisite mountain setting.
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Encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship is central to the future success in strengthening and diversifying the local economy. It is well recognised that the home-grown businesses will make a significant contribution to regeneration, alongside the numerous inward investors who embrace international business opportunities and engage with the rest of the world.
To help local businesses to take up new technologies and grow, there is a range of advice and assistance available - whether you are already trading or are considering setting up a business. Our Business Enterprise Support Team can help and are located at Tredomen Business and Technology Centre, Ystrad Mynach where there is a fully co-ordinated business development and technology support unit located in the building. Help is available from finding the right property through to help with internet technologies and trading on-line.
Businesses of any size or sector can also receive help to implement an effective environmental management system and they can receive advice on how to reduce their environmental impact and improve energy efficiency.


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The Nintendo Wii is at the forefront of motion gaming. You can read about the latest games being released on the Nintendo Wii like Halo, Mass Effect 3 or Call of Duty Modern Warfare. You can also read about what new Wii homebrews are available and download many applications to help make the most of your Wii motion gaming experience. Find out if the latest Wii model will support GameCube games or accessories or see what's new from developers like EA. |
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PYSL — Elmore Electric
Members of the Elmore Electric grade 6-8 boys soccer team include Connor Colmone, Kyle Degutis, Shaun DesRocher, Alex Elmore, Nolan Frank, Alec Lappin, Brent Loftus, Alex Schlesinger, Rodrigo Villalobos and Ryane Watson. Coaches are Jeff Schlesinger and Mark DesRocher. Assistants are Jack Click and Sam Schlesinger.
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This coffee rub adds a unique crispness to chicken, pork, beef or duck. We suggest a whole chicken here, but feel free to substitute individual chicken pieces.
A hearty meal on its own, or a terrific opener to a vegan main course like our Celebration Lentil Loaf.
This tender and delicious crust holds together beautifully, perfect for making sweet pies or savory quiches. With millet flour and almond meal, it has tons of flavor, too.
You control the flavor and spice in these simple baked beans by choosing your favorite bottled barbecue sauce. Canned pinto beans (navy or great northern work well too) make these a breeze to prepare.
This simple but sumptuous salad is an excellent way to showcase a variety of fresh, in-season tomato flavors, sizes, shapes and colors.
Cut these chewy marshmallow and corn flake cookies into other Halloween shapes, too. Be sure to enjoy the cookie trimmings as a treat!
A few shrimp add even more flavor to this Greek-inspired pasta dish with pine nuts, olives, sundried tomatoes and lemon zest. It is bound to become a new favorite entrée at your family table.
Lean protein, greens and whole grains all in this one-pot weeknight meal. Make sure to cut chicken and broccoli into bite-size pieces so they'll cook evenly.
Ground pork with aromatic ginger, garlic, cilantro and green onion fill these satisfying dumplings, served at Chinese New Year celebrations to bring good fortune and wealth for the coming year. To make dumpling soup, simply cook the dumplings in chicken or...
Top squares of this spiced cake, a perfect dessert for holiday meals and parties, with spoonfuls of whipped cream, if you like. The crystallized ginger gives them an extra punch.
An alternative to dairy-based creamy pies, this vegan version combines the rich flavors of coffee and chocolate. Serve topped with non-dairy topping or ice cream, or a handful of fresh berries.
Chipotle chiles, which are simply smoked jalapeños, flavor this vegetarian chili. Serve bowls of the smoky stuff with squares of warm cornbread on the side to crumble on top.
For a pleasingly offbeat side dish or snack, try this fresh and healthy variation of that old favorite, french fries. Sweet potatoes, turnips and celery root work well in this recipe, too.
You'll be surprised how easy and tasty this kale preparation is. Andrea from Chapel Hill, North Carolina, sent us this recipe with a note: "It's the only recipe I've found where the kale is not masked by other flavors or cooking methods, and it's crunchy.
Seedless raspberry jam is the unexpected ingredient in the rich pan sauce that accompanies this pork dish. If your rye bread happens to be stale, don't worry. When it's a bit dry, it will soak up more juices from the pork.
Smooth cashew butter blended with softened cream cheese and spiced with a bit of cinnamon and nutmeg makes a great dip for fresh fruit. Additional flavors such as vanilla, honey or other favorite spices can be added easily.
For those of us who can never decide which pie we like best, this pie is the best of both worlds. With apple pie on the bottom and pumpkin pie on top, everyone wins! Serve with scoops of vanilla ice cream for an extra treat.


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Motocross & ATV Membership
- Please come to Camp Hydaway during open hours to fill out paperwork.
- All paperwork must be completed at the Camp Hydaway Office before you will receive a membership card.
- Only current Liberty University STUDENTS are permitted to ride.
- Failure to comply with policies and procedures will result in disciplinary action and/or your membership being revoked.
- Motocross Assumption of Risk Form and Emergency Contact Sheet must be completed before riding permission will be granted.
- Liberty University does not provide bikes for the motocross track.
Policies & Procedures | Motocross Map
- ATV Assumption of Risk Form and Emergency Contact Sheet must be completed before attending an ATV Safety Course.
- Upon paperwork completion, you will be eligible to attend an ATV Safety Course. After passing the course you can obtain a membership card from Camp Hydaway.
- You must reserve an ATV 24-hours in advance at Camp Hydaway. The receptionist will reserve a 1.5 hour time slot for you.
- At your reservation time you will need to present your ATV membership card and pick up a key to your designated ATV at Camp Hydaway. A Camp Hydaway employee will walk you to the ATV to ensure it is in working order. Your key is due back at the end of your reservation.
Policies & Procedures | ATV Map
ATV Safety Course Dates
Spring course dates coming soon.
All courses are from 3 - 5pm at Camp Hydaway.
You must register for the course in person at Camp Hydaway. Classes are first-come first-serve until they are filled.
You MUST complete the Safety Course before membership will be granted.
Contact Information
Emergency Contact (LUPD): 434.582.3911
Questions, Suggestions or Concerns (Camp Hydaway): 434.592.6284 or email@example.com


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Mr. Kinley-The only strange thing to me is that we hesitate a moment in our course. We are either a Senate or not a Senate. It is true the Constitution provides that the Senate shall not exceed fifty members, and our law provides that the State shall be divided into fifty Senatorial districts; and it also provides that the State shall be divided into one hundred districts for representative purposes. It says, in effect, that there shall be one hundred members in the House of Representatives. If that is to be construed literally, then ninety-nine members could not be a House. A single member resigning would destroy the House, if the law is to be construed literally. The Constitution provides that a majority of the members elected can enact a law or pass a joint resolution. If these gentlemen who stand outside the bar are not members, then they are not members elected and the thirty or so members that are here are the Senate, and we can transact any business we choose.
The Lieutenant Governor-If the Senator will allow me, the Constitution also provides that it shall take two-thirds of each House to constitute a quorum to do business. And with less than that number, only certain acts can be done. On that ground the chair has based its decisions.
Mr. Kinley-But what is a Senate? The members elected here-the thirty or so; and we are therefore able to transact business. It is true that we have no official notice of the fact-that these gentlemen standing outside the bar are members elect. But it is notorious that they have been elected and are refusing to qualify. And that is precisely one of the modes by which a seat can be made vacant. If you, as Lieutenant Governor, had come up here and refused to qualify, that act would vacate your seat, and authorize this Senate to appoint a Lieutenant Governor in your place. If the Governor had refused to qualify, it would have virtually vacated his office. And if a County Treasurer refuse to qualify, it would vacate his office. And so the offices of every one of these gentlemen are virtually vacated. And it is certainly within the power of the Senate not to send for them, as they have already ceased to be members, or, rather never have been members. There are so many vacancies, and it should be so construed.
Mr. Cravens-Would it be competent for this body to declare these seats vacant, when we have no official knowledge ofth.e fact that there have been elections? The resolution before the Senate proposes to fortify us in that particular-to bring out the information.
Mr. Kinley-I believe it is a principle page: 2[View Page 2] of law, that the statute may be plead in evidence. It is law.
Mr. Cravens-Suppose, without information, we should send for these men, and find the men whom we supposed elected were not members. What will our condition then be?
Mr. Kinley-Our condition would be simply that of arresting the wrong men.
Mr. Bradley-I will ask the Senator it we have the power to send for any person until he becomes a member?
Mr. Kinley-That is precisely the point I made; that they are not members. The very fact that they stay around this Hall and refuse to qualify, in my opinion, makes them cease to be members.
Mr. Church-I desire to ask the Senator from Laporte, whether these persons have been privileged from arrest for a certain number of days, by reason of their having been elected?
Mr. Bradley-That is a hard question. I do not know that any of them have been arrested.
Mr. Church-Presuming that they have, what would the Senator say.
Mr. Bradley-I do not know anything about it.
Mr. Church-Then they are enjoying privileges by reason of their election, and refusing to perform the duties they owe to the State.
Mr. Kinley-There is certainly a time when these gentlemen cease to be members.
Mr. Bradley-They will cease to be members whenever we get a sufficient number of members to do business, and declare their seats vacant.
Mr. Kinley-How many members are sufficient.
Mr. Bradley-Thirty-four.
Mr. Kinley-How do you make that out?
Mr. Bradley-By the Constitution of the State.
Mr. Kinley-What article?
Mr. Bradley-Section eleven of article four.
Mr. Kinley-I assure you, Mr. President, there is not one word in the Constitution about it. [Laughter.] The Constitution says the Senate shall not exceed fifty members.
Mr. Bradley-It also says, that the number may be fixed by law. The law fixes the number at fifty; and thirty-four are two-thirds of fifty.
Mr. Kinley-The law says, that the State shall be divided into fifty Senatorial districts. That is what it says. The Senate consists, as a matter of course, of the members elected and qualified. If you allow legislation to be dropped in this way, it is not a mob but a revolution in the State of Indiana. You would established the principle, that a few men, by resigning their places in the Senate, shall defeat all legislation. They can stand here till doomsday, and we have no Senate-no House. It is an outrage alike in violation of common law, common sense, common duty and decency, if the Senate will allow expression. I hold that we shall duty.
Mr. Hamilton, in his seat-Amen [Laughter.]Mr. Gray I have no objection to the passage of this resolution at all. But I can not, for my life, see what good it would accomplish. You pass this resolution enquiring of the Secretary Of State whether the proclamation of the Governor has been complied with; and suppose you get the information that there have been men elected then what do you propose to do? Is there an office in this Government that you can compel a man to discharge the duties of before he has been qualified? Can you punish any man for refusal to discharge the duties of an office, either civil or military, into which he has not been sworn or qualified? I agree with the Senator from Whitley I think our course is plain and simple I would wait, as suggested the other day the five days. Not that we are under obligations to do so, but as a matter of courtesy, because the Constitution gives the General Assembly five days to organize; and because there might be some other difficulties besides the one which exists at present. After the five days have expired, I hold that it is within the province of the Senate to make a declaration of the existing facts and certify to the Governor that these seats are vacant. And I know whereof I speak when I say that when this thing is done, the Governor will issue writs for new elections. And I say further, that when these elections are held somebody will be qualified in this Senate and take their seats, and we will have an organization. Now, sir, upon this question of a quorum I may be in error, but I am honest about it. And, inasmuch as there has been a good deal said in regard to this question, I simply want to ask the Senator from Wayne, purely for the purpose of information, if I understood him to assume the position (as I also understood the Senator from Tippecanoe the other day), that two-thirds of the qualified members constitute a quorum? Am I correct?
Mr. Kinley, in his seat-Yes sir.
Mr. Gray-I can not, I could not, as a Senator, conscientiously discharge my duties in that way.
Mr. Stein-My position is clearly defined. It was this: That two thirds of the members elected and qualified to each House constitute a quorum, provide they are equal to a majority of all the members elected. Since the Constitution requires a majority to assist in the passage of the bill, we necessarily have got to construe section 11 with section 25. The former section is qualified by the latter-We are now a Legislature, and my opinion is, that we have full power to go with legislative business.
Mr. Gray-Then I understand the position of the Senator to be, that if there are page: 3[View Page 3] not twenty-six Senators qualified, there could be no quorum.
Mr. Stein-That is my private opinion.
Mr Gray-But I want to know your public opinion.
Mr. Stein-My private opinion is now publicly expressed. I am not blind to the fact that in these vacant districts the elections have been had. A representative is at liberty to take information from public notoriety. I am at liberty to do that, and I know that elections have been had and hence I concede that to-day we must have twenty-six to make a working body.
Mr. Gray - Then I understand you to hold that there could be no quorum unless there are twenty-six qualified members.
Mr. Stein-If I could take official notice the fact that there had been no election, I would say that we could go on without these districts. It is the privilege of a District not to send a representative if it so chooses. The Constitution does not talk about qualified members.
Mr. Gray-But suppose there were twenty-five qualified members and no more?
Mr. Stein-That would depend upon the other question.
Mr. Gray-If a quorum is two-thirds of the qualified members, there is such a thing as having a quorum in this Senate and that quorum unable to do business. Did anybody ever hear of any such a thing as that? I say a quorum has the power to do any business that comes within its province. If the Senator assumes that two-thirds of the qualified members constitute a quorum, and that quorum has authority to do business without regard to that other section of the Constitution requiring twenty-six members to pass a bill or joint resolution, then his position is inconsistent. If two-thirds of the qualified members can constitute a quorum, then two-thirds of twenty or ten can constitute a quorum.
Mr. Hooper-I do not desire to detain the Senate, and shall not but a moment. If I understand the position of matters now, the President would rule that the resolution is out of order.
The Lieutenant Governor-As far as the resolution before the Senate now is concerned, the Chair will state that on the first day of the session, when the Senator from Vigo [Mr. Scott] offered a resolution, I said that any resolution might be passed in the opinion of the Chair, that looked towards enforcement of our rights under the Constitution; that is, the right to compel the attendance of absent members. The Chair thought the resolution offered by the Senator from Vigo was not that sort of a resolution. The air is of the same opinion as to the resolution offered by the Senator from Tipton [Mr. Green.] The resolution now under consideration proposes to obtain information for the purpose of bringing about the result desired, to-wit: the organization of the Senate. The Chair is unable to see that the passage of the resolution would accomplish the result claimed, but the Chair will not undertake to prejudge. The effect that the passage of this resolution would have in the attainment of the constitutional end in view, and as it claims on its face to be for that purpose, the Chair, with a desire to enforce the Constitutional rule empowering the body to compel the attendance of absent members, will entertain the resolution. Admitting that there is doubts as to its propriety, the Senate being fully competent to determine whether it will accomplish the end it seeks, the Chair will hold the resolution in order, and leave the responsibility with the Senate.
Mr. Hooper-I simply desire to call the attention of the Senate to one fact, which it seems to me has been somewhat overlooked. However, it does seem to me, that the constitution, where it prescribes that two-thirds of each House are necessary to do business, it manifestly has reference to legislative business. It can not in the nature of things, without absolutely prohibiting under certain circumstances the organization of the Legislature, contemplate these preliminary proceedings that are essential to the organization. Suppose two sets of members come up from different districts-and that is not an unusual thing at the commencement and before the organization of a legislative body;who decides these questions at that time? Notwithstanding you may have a provision in the constitution that two-thirds are necessary to do business, here is some business that necessarily has to be passed upon. Now, who determines this question? Why, the majority of members about whose credentials-there is no question. That has been the practice and usage ever since there has been an organization of legislative bodies. A majority of the members, then, determine these questions, without reference to the fact whether the constitution requires two-thirds of the whole number of members or not. That, I take it, is precisely our position to-day, and we have a clear right, in my judgment, to determine these preliminary questions. But when we come to transact legislative business,I believe the requirements of the constitution should be complied with. I differ with the Senator from Tippecanoe, [Mr. Stein] for whose opinion I have great respect. I can not bring myself to believe that we can go on with legislative business with less than the number required by the Constitution. The view I take to-day is, that vacancies exist in all these Districts from which members have failed to take their seats. And while the passage of this resolution may, in the opinion of Senators, be necessary to enable us to determine the question whether vacancies exist or not, I hold that it is patent before us. And we must not forget that, in determining this question, we are the exclusive judges; that there is no power beyond us to settle these page: 4[View Page 4] things. It is for us to determine to-day, whether vacancies exist; and our determination is final in this question. I undertake to say that the evidence is before us that authorizes us to determine this matter. We have the right to take official notice of the fact that elections have been held, and it is notorious that these seats are vacant, and equally notorious that these gentlemen are refusing to qualify. It is not necessary to read the authorities I read a moment ago, but I will call attention to one other.
Vacancies may occur, before the meeting of the Assembly, by members chosen thereto declining to accept the office; after the meeting by their declining to take the oaths or complying with the other conditions, if any, requisite te entitle them to sit and vote.-Lex. Partiam. Am. p. 191.
Now, that is precisely the situation today. These members are required to take the oath of office. They are refusing to do that; and are refusing to come in. We all know-it is manifest-that they are in the city. They are here hanging about the lobbies and the streets. Now, what is our duty?
Mr. Cravens-I ask the Senator whether we would be justifiable in declaring vacancies, until we ourselves have discharged our duty in trying to compel the attendance of absent members? It is notorious that there have been elections, and it is notorious that the men elected are here.
Mr. Hooper-I think, clearly, we would. There are no absent members that we can send for, because, by their acts, the3r have vacated their seats, and are no longer members of this body. Shall we set ourselves up as higher authority than this, which has been the practice and usage, acted upon and recognized as law for centuries. All we can do is to declare vacancies.-It is clear and manifest that these vacancies exist. And it is the plain duty of the presiding officers of either House to certify that fact to the Governor. I apprehend, as the Senator from Randolph (Mr. Gray,) said, that the action of the Governor can be easily judged of; that he would re-issue writs of election in each of the districts. And that is precisely what ought to be done, in my judgment. As expressing my views on this question, I will ask that the following resolution be read, as part of my remarks:
The Secretary read as follows-
Resolved, That the President of the Senate notify the Governor that a vacancy has happened in the office of State Senator at the present session in each of the following Senatorial districts;
- The county of Vanderburgh.
- The counties of Knox and Daviess,
- The counties of Pike, Dubois and Martin.
- The counties of Perry, Orange and Crawford.
- The counties of Washington and Harrison.
- The counties of Floyd and Clark.
- The counties of Ohio and Dearborn.
- The county of Franklin,The counties of Shelby and Bartholomew.
- The counties of Green and Owen
- The counties of Clay and Sullivan.
- The county of Montgomery.
- The counties of Cass and Fulton.
- The counties of Grant, Blackford and Jay.
- The counties of Huntington and Wells
- The county of Allen.
- The counties of Allen and Adams,
by the members elect from said districts refusing to qualify and take their seats at the present session of the General Assembly.
Mr. Hooper-That is expressive of views upon this question. (He then read from the general statute which requires the presiding officer in such cases to give such notice to the Governor, without giving the reference.)
Mr. Cravens-The Senator proposes declare these seats vacant. I would ask him if we should not have our own skirts clear before making such a declaration. In the first place, we have no information concerning them. I do not know but they are restrained of their liberty. In my judgment, and with due deference I think they are. [Laughter.] And it might be necessary for us to interpose the authority of this body to have them released. [Laughter continued.]
Mr. Robinson, of Madison-I understand that Thomas A. Hendricks and Joseph E. McDonald are restraining them of their liberty. [Laughter renewed.]
Mr. Hooper-I think that a kind of restraint not necessary for us to take cognizance of.
I admit that it is a question for each one of us, on our individual responsibility, to determine whether vacancies exist. Other Senators may differ with me, but as far as I am concerned, to my mind, under my obligation, I undertake to say that the evidence is before me of the fact) that they refuse to come in and quality! I see them in the Halls of this House, in this city. I meet them in the street. I know that they are here, and that they are refusing to come in and qualify. And I have authority to sustain me in saying, that, by refusing to qualify, they "have created vacancies in every one of these districts. Therefore the evidence is before me, by which I am authorized to declare, that vacancies exist in every one of these districts.
Perhaps here I ought to close my remarks. However, one remark by the Senator form Laporte, [Mr. Bradley], in reply to my first speech, does seem to demand a passing reply. He talks something about revolution-that this proceeding would be revolutionary, what we are attempting to do. Nothing in my judgment, would be further from it. I abhor anything of that sort as much as the Senator from Laporte can. For that very reason, I would not resort to anything of doubtful expediency. I can not therefore,enter into any arrangement to organize this body, without the necessary number of qualified members. I would not the State into the sea of litigation, would necessarily follow.
Mr. Bradley-Is the act of declaring vacancies a legislative act.
Mr. Hooper-It is not a legislative act page: 5[View Page 5] at this time. It is not a legislative act-I will answer squarely. It is a question that comes up at the organization, and for the purpose of prefecting the organization of the legislative body.
Mr. Bradley - If it is not a legislative act, where does the body get the power to perform such an act?
Mr. Hooper - From the nature of things. It goes behind any legislation. I thought I made that matter plain in the commencement of my remarks. I do not think it necessary to have two-thirds to pass upon such questions as these, which are preliminary questions. If the other construction is to be placed upon this matter, then we have a provision which, in many instances, would destroy a legislative body entirely. I believe that it is clearly within the record to declare these seats vacant, and that there is nothing revolutionary about it. These vacancies exist as manifestly as if these parties were physically dead. They are politically dead, and I don't know but I might say dead and damned. If that don't constitute a vacancy, I do not know what does.
Mr. Rice-I can not see that this resolution will get us out of difficulty, I see there are no Senators here from the vacant districts, and were we to get the returns from the Secretary of State, that would not bring them here. That certain men were elected, we all know, but until they appear and are sworn in, they are not Senators. Most assuredly you can not force an office upon a man; you can not make him take the oath; you can not make a man a member of this Senate against his will. When the resolution has spent its force and brings up the fact that these election papers are on file in the Secretary's office-until these members come upon this floor and are qualified, they have no rights here; they are not Senators. I think the Senator from Whitley (Mr. Hooper) takes a broad view of this question of declaring vacancies. I have seen Senators come in and take the oath after two weeks; and, according to his views, you would declare their seats vacant. I know of one member of the House in 1865 who did not appear till within a few days of the end of the session, and the House never thought of ignoring his right.
You say you want to find out whether these men have been elected- what for? To see whether there has been any resignation? No. The resolution says, to compel the attendance of absent members. If they are not members, how can you compel their attendance? I will tell you where the difficulty is, and the people will hold us to a strict accountability. These members will come into their seats in five minutes. When I left home, I cam with instructions from every man I spoke to, to postpone this constitutional amendment. Say we will postpone it for ten, fifteen or twenty days. You can give assurance by a vote that the sense of this Senate is that the question should be postponed.
Mr. Scott, in his seat-I never will.
Voices"Never, never!"
Mr. Rice-Then people will hold you to a strict responsibility. Your hold upon the confidence of the people will slip from you in about two years, and this party "you have been battling will come into' power. You stand upon the technical ground of pride. You stand upon dignity, whilst there are men out here waiting to be fed; and there is no appropriation to feed the insane, the deaf, the dumb and the blind. And the great Republican party is standing upon a matter of pride and dignity! The people will sweep the matter of dignity out of the way. I admit and say, that these Democratic gentlemen are refractory, I would put myself upon no humiliating terms by signing an agreement. I would organize as we are, and say, as gentlemen and as honorable men, that we will take up the necessary legislation and pass it, arid when the time comes, we will take up the Constitutional admendment and pass it, if we can; and let them take care of themselves.
Mr. Church interposed-I suppose the Senator acknowledges that he owes these gentlemen a debt, and he agrees to pay them, but proposes to give a note?
Mr. Rice-No sir. I do not acknowledge that I owe them a debt.
Mr. Cravens-I am willing, for one, to contract that they may fix the day when the measure you speak of shall be considered, on condition that they will not be revolutionary again, but let the vote be taken.
Mr. Rice-I want an organization; and I am willing to postpone the consideration of the amendment to a day certain. I am willing that they shall run the gauntlet, whether they get out before we pass it or not.
Mr. Bradley-I will ask whether the Senator does not believe that this minority, which he calls a faction, or fraction, represent the will of a majority of 75,000 of the people of this State?
Mr. Rice-I have no means of answering.
Mr. Bradley-I ask whether they do not reflect the will of a majority of 75,000?
Mr. Rice-The Senator knows I can not answer that. The Democrats themselves did not vote in their districts by a thousand or so. It would be a mere expression of opinion.
Mr. Church-I would ask if the same Constitution that protects these gentlemen from arrest, the same Constitution that keeps us here day after day without a quorum; if the same Constitution that prevents our doing business won't protect the minority in their rights after they come in?
Mr. Rice-Of course it will protect them. These men are not Senators. I can arrest every last one of them to-day, by legal process. They have never taken the oath page: 6[View Page 6] of office. They are not privileged from arrest. History gives a different expression of this matter. A few years ago the Republicans were in the minority here; and they required a pledge from the majority in the Senate then in session, that certain bills should not be taken up. They did not give it, except in the way we now propose. The result was, the Republicans held the Legislature at Madison and defeated legislation. These gentlemen are now playing the same game on you.
Mr. Bradley, in his seat-No.
Mr. Rice-These men went before the people and were put out of power. And it' you take the same stand the Democracy'did at that session, you will be put out of power too. I do not compare the two cases. I justify the men of 1863. It was a time of rebellion and revolution. It was necessary to save the Government intact. They have a precedent, and claim that they have a right
Mr. Church, interrupting-I will ask the Senator if he don't know that the reason these Democrats were put out of power was, not because of their acts here, but because of th rebellious acts of that party in this Government?
Mr. Rice-Both. Everything conspired against them. And this was an element against them-an element of weakness. They were endeavoring to pass a bill revolutionary in its tendency.
The Senator from Laporte says that 75,000 majority of the people of this State are against this amendment. These gentlemen come back instructed by their constituents to resign again, if necessary, so as to bring that thing before the people. I am not arguing this thing for them, and I don't intend to. You might as well accept the state of facts at once, and not spend time in talking and standing upon a point of dignity. You say to them, come in. But you forget that you are in the majority, and they are in the minority. They say, give us an assurance that you will do a certain business in a certain way, and they will come in. These men have a right to come in and be sworn or not be sworn. And it is your right to do just as you are doing;" but you take the consequences too. My people want legislation, and I came here to do it. And I want to get away as quick as possible when it is done. I am willing to give that assurance, and do it now for myself-and I speak alone for myself. I give the assurance that we will go ahead with the regular business of legislation; that we will pass the necessary appropriation bills, and other bills which come op for the consideration of the Senate; and that, at a day to be fixed by the Senate, or at a time indefinite, we will take that amendment up and try to pass it.
Mr. Henderson-Have you assurance that any other Senators will stand with you?
Mr. Rice-I have. And I think the Democratic caucus had a paper that assured them of that.
Mr. Green-Here is the count if it will do you any good. I see it stands 23 to 25.
Mr. Rice-I make these remarks, because it might as well be done here as caucus. The sooner we understand ourselves the better. I think the people the State demand that something shall be done, and, if necessary, that we give some assurance in regard to this matter. I know that the feeling of the people is with me. I made it a particular point to get an expression from every man of note I could meet; and that is the universal expression, and I am going to reflect it. You may talk about seats being vacant but the people will ask you how the came to be vacant. The people will also ask, what is the reason they were kept vacant? Why, we are dignified fellows!
Mr. Scott, interrupting-Do you say they had pledges from enough to control the action of the Legislature?
Mr. Rice-I so understand it. I say you stand upon dignity-
Mr. Scott, interrupting.I have given an individual statement, and if they are not willing to take my word as a man of honor-
Mr. Rice-What individual statement?
Mr. Scott-I am willing to give these gentlemen all the time they want to get out, if they want to leave-if it is one two, or five days.
Mr. Rice-That is my very proposition, and I want the Senate to make it here And, this afternoon, we will have a Senate.
Mr Fisher-A proposition of that kind has been made and signed in writing by a sufficient number of members of the two houses to control that thing. That was given with the assurance from certain members that it would be satisfactory. I signed such a paper. I came here with a view to do that very thing. And I have no hesitancy in saying it in the Senate, out of doors, on paper, or anywhere else.
Mr. Rice-I say that is all this Senate should ask. I desire to draw out Senators, so that these men who are here can report to their men the feeling and animus of this Senate in regard to that question. A better thing could be not done, than to reduce the proposition of the Senator from Vigo [Mr. Scott] to paper, and send it to them.
Voices-"Never," "never!"
Mr. Gray-What is it?
Mr. Rice-To give some assurance to these gentlemen.
Mr. Church-I never will give them a pledge of any kind.
Mr. Robinson of Madison-Inasmuch as assurances should be given by the Republican majority-seventeen members of the two Houses have signed a proposition, which has been before this Democratic caucus. And these seventeen have the power to control this question. And the caucus have rejected that proposition page: 7[View Page 7] by a vote of 25 to 23. All I have to say in regard to that fact is, that I signed that paper. I signed it in the first place to test the sincerity of the Democratic party; to know whether they were willing to come in and take their seats and do the legislation necessary or not. If they vote down this proposition, and refuse to they are insincere and hypocritical. I defy them to go before the State of Indiana with having rejected that proposition. They have been in caucus two days upon that question.
Mr Bradley-If the Senator will allow me. Of course I don't want to say anything about what took place in a Democratic caucus but I desire to say that that question has not been disposed of. They are now discussing it at the other end of the Capitol.
Mr Robinson-How long does it require to dispose of a question in a Democratic caucus?
Mr. Bradley, in his seat-Large bodies move slowly.
Mr. Robinson, of Madison-The vote this morning did not indicate a large body.
Mr. Cravens-I understand that it takes some time to investigate the character for truth and veracity, and the standing of the signers of that paper. [Laughter.]
Mr. Robinson, of Madison-As far as that question is concerned, the truth and veracity of these gentlemen have never been affected by charges of the Democratic party, and I think never will. I say, the proposition was made, and the Democratic party have been considering it. And if that proposition is accepted, it is clear to every Senator that legislation can be done. And if the Democratic party are sincere, they will accept that proposition. I do not want to make a speech. I think this matter ought to be talked over in a Republican caucus, and not here. Gentlemen have their views and opinions, and there we can reconcile those views and opinions.
Mr. Fisher-I have listened patiently, and have been entertained by the remarks of Senators, and have gleaned a good deal of information. I rise riot with the hope of imparting information, nor with a desire to make a speech. It seems to me that we have got entirely off the question under consideration. That question is the adoption of the resolution of the Senator from Jefferson (Mr. Cravens.) There certainly can be no harm in the adoption of the resolution. There could be no harm in eliciting the information it seeks to obtain. It may do good. We see certain gentlemen traversing about streets and these Halls who, we suppose, are members of this body, but we have no evidence it. We want that evidence. There is a way of reaching it. This resolution points out that way, and I think we should adopt it. When we get that information, if we can make it it, available, why, do so. It costs nothing. I know what the design of the Democratic members in regard to the Legislature is. These men who report themselves as members elect-and I suppose they are, because some of them I know to be honorable men-all, indeed, that I have had any conversation with-profess to have an earnest desire to progress with the legislation of the State. That is what they come here for. But they have not yet taken their seats. They decline to take their seats. They say, the design is to spring that amendment: and unless you make certain pledges, we won't come in. Now, as a body, I do not think it proper to make them any pledges. As an individual, I am ready to make a pledge; and have. My understanding was, that the pledge of a sufficient number to control action, with their assistance, would be acceptable. I thought it a great letting down of dignity to grant that pledge. I thought they had no right to require that pledge. Their duty was to come in here, as was our duty, and take their seats. I hold that they had no right to require any condition precedent; and, as a body, I am opposed to giving it. As an individual, if I have a mind to lower my own dignity by signing a pledge of that kind, I have aright to do it.
Mr. Church interposed-I would ask the Senator if that is not an indecent and corrupt proposition.
Mr. Fisher-I do not know about that. I hold that they had no right to make us any proposition. Their duty was to be sworn in. We, being members sworn and qualified to do our duty, could not meet them upon equal terms, because they are not such-they are not Senators in the general acceptation of the term. They are Senators elect. We are Senators in office. Enough of us have given pledges to assure them that one day's notice shall be given them before the constitutional amendment is taken up. If they are not satisfied, it is clear that they are either insincere in a desire to meet us and do the necessary legislation of the State, or else it is their desire to get some political advantage. The pledges which have been given secure them against the very thing they dread the nigger. It secures them fully, and gives them power to prevent its being pushed upon them. They are not satisfied, but they want something else, and that is political advantage. And if we are prudent and cautious, we will not give that. If they are not willing to accept what is given them, which is ample, let them take their own course. I hope we will pass this resolution, and adjourn till Monday.
After further debate, in which Messrs. Church, Fisher, Bradley and Cravens took part, the resolution submitted by Mr. Cravens was adopted-yeas 28, nays 2.
And then-
On motion of Mr. Cravens the Senate took a recess till 2:30 o'clock.
page: 8[View Page 8]AFTERNOON SESSION.
The Lieutenant Governor resumed, and ordered the roll call and a call of the unrepresented districts. Twenty-four Senators answered.
Mr. Wolcott-As the Senate has now no business before it, I move that we adjourn till Monday at 2 o'clock.
Mr. Cravens-I would like to know before we adjourn whether there has been any response from the Secretary of State.
The Lieutenant Governor-The Secretary informs me that the resolution has been received, but no response has been made.
And then the Senate adjourned.


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By Brian Dukes Staff writer
When last we spoke with David Leathers Jr. and Ariel Sprague, the Seventy-First High School classmates were competitors on the 11th season of "American Idol."
In January, Leathers was a 17-year-old senior and Sprague was a 16-year-old junior. After auditioning in Savannah, Ga., both made the show's first cut, earning "golden tickets," or callbacks, for the popular Fox reality show.
The two met with differing success, as Sprague made it to the top 42 before being cut, and Leathers, who showed off his charismatic side, just missed making the top 24.
Sprague, now 17 and a senior, said she has refocused her attention on school since her time on "Idol." She plans to attend college somewhere close to her Fayetteville home.
"I did some gigs - played halftime at the Charlotte Bobcats arena with David - over the summer, and some local things here and there," she said. "But right now, my senior year is what I'm focusing on. I'm trying to walk across that stage."
Sprague said she's still eligible to audition and may entertain the idea of walking across the "Idol" stage again in the future.
Leathers, meanwhile, turned 18 this year, graduated from high school, and has been busy on Twitter and Facebook maintaining his Internet presence.
He also performed at a number of local charity and fundraising events, including performing for soldiers on Fort Bragg.
The singer has continued recording YouTube videos where he asks fans to suggest a song for him to cover.
"He's stayed busy concentrating on his music career," said David's father, David Leathers Sr. "(David Jr.) has some things coming up that we can't really talk about right now, but we're excited."
Leathers Sr. said his son has been writing original tunes and recording new material at a studio inside the family's Fayetteville home.
His son also is learning how to become a producer and has his eyes set on a few North Carolina colleges.
"He intends to go to college at some point and learn how to have more ownership of his product," said Leathers Sr. "He really appreciated his time on 'Idol,' and got a sense of how famous you can get with just a little time on TV."
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text: 500 pts Weird Trivia <K99 Country Club What "ran amuck" on a New Jersey bus? Click here to see the answer. Sign in to Participate Category: Trivia Ends: Monday March 18 at 9:59PM MDT Visit our sponsor: Click here to see the answer. Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! More Ways To Get and Use Points 2013 Year In Review QuizTeacher Tuesday TriviaFavorite Christmas Animated TV MovieCountry Club BirthdaysK99 Double ShotMorning Wake Up & Win Song


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Del Mar Online Racing Community
The Del Mar Online Racing Community will be closing its doors for good on December 22, 2013
Meanwhile, share your thoughts and your good-byes with other members on these pages. You can use PMs to get contact information for friends you know only through this community and would like to keep in touch with in the outside world. See you at the races! Xmas present for CK
4 posts • Page 1 of 1
Re: Xmas present for CKGo see Django. You will then.
Re: Xmas present for CKexplain, because i prolly wont go see it. the last movie i went to was in 1996
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20 CFR 356.2 - Program Fraud Civil Remedies Act of 1986.
§ 356.2
Program Fraud Civil Remedies Act of 1986.
In the case of penalties assessed under part 355 of this chapter, an additional penalty of $500 may be assessed for claims or statements made after October 23, 1996.
Title 20 published on 2012-04-01
no entries appear in the Federal Register after this date.
This is a list of United States Code sections, Statutes at Large, Public Laws, and Presidential Documents, which provide rulemaking authority for this CFR Part.
This list is taken from the Parallel Table of Authorities and Rules provided by GPO [Government Printing Office].
It is not guaranteed to be accurate or up-to-date, though we do refresh the database weekly. More limitations on accuracy are described at the GPO site.


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Classic Park will be taken over this weekend by some of the area's top high school baseball players, and it is all for a good cause.
The eighth annual News-Herald Captains Charities Baseball Classic will bring together eight area teams to compete in four featured games over the next two days at Classic Park. Ticket proceeds from the event will be shared between the eight participating schools and Captains Charities, the charitable arm of the Lake County Captains, the Class A affiliate of the Indians.
Tickets are $6 each for general admission seating. A ticket is good for both daily games (but not good for both days). Children 3 and under are admitted free.
On Friday, the event begins with a matchup of two of the area's perennial powerhouses, with Mayfield taking on NDCL at 4 p.m. The nightcap is the second edition this spring of the Civil War as rivals North and South play at 7 p.m.
On Saturday, Riverside plays Gilmour at 1 p.m., and the event closes with Fairport taking on Villa Angela-St. Joseph in a rematch of a game played last weekend at the Skipper Invitational.
"One of the highlights of the spring is the annual Captains Charities High School Baseball Classic," Captains vice president/general manager Brad Seymour said. "We are proud to welcome and host these schools at Classic Park this year and give the players an opportunity to play games in a professional baseball environment and create memories that are sure to last a lifetime."
Parking will be available in the Captains Gold Lot for $5. The City of Eastlake may charge $5 per car if it staffs the lot. Parking proceeds from the Blue Lot are retained by the City of Eastlake, and Gold Lot proceeds are retained by the Captains.
Perfect debut
Lake Catholic junior pitcher Brendon Borkey knows how to make a first impression.
Borkey, who transferred from Gilmour in the middle of last year and had to sit out his sophomore baseball season with the Cougars, was called up Saturday from the JV to make his first varsity start against John Hay. Borkey responded by throwing a perfect game to lead Lake Catholic to a 10-0 victory in five innings. Borkey struck out 11 and no ball left the infield.
Tourney time
As if the Division I Euclid District tournament wasn't interesting enough with the depth of talent in the field, an intriguing development occurred at the draw on Sunday.
Top seed Mayfield and No. 2 seed South are on the same half of the bracket, meaning if the Wildcats and Rebels win sectional title games, they would meet in a district semifinal instead of the district championship game.
Mentor is the No. 3 seed and is looking a potential district semifinal matchup with No. 4 Shaker Heights, No. 5 Euclid, Madison or Riverside.
Chardon, which is 18-2 and would have certainly been among the top seeds at Euclid, was sent to the Struthers District this year. The Hilltoppers received a bye and will take on the Bedford-Kent Roosevelt winner on May 10.
Triple delight
North turned a triple play in a recent game against Madison.
The Blue Streaks had runners on first and second with no outs when a live drive hit up the middle was snagged by Rangers second baseman Payton Anderson. He stepped on second to record the second out and threw to first to get the final runner and complete the triple play.
However, Madison got the last laugh by defeating North. The Rangers are 14-8 through Wednesday.


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2011-04-04, 07:18 | Link #262 |
Ehh? EEEEHHHHHH?
Join Date: Nov 2007
Age: 25
This anime's VA list blew my mind away. Practically all my favourite VAs are in it :
1. Mizuki Nana 2. Taketatsu Ayanyan & Hanazawa Kana 3. Horie Yui And the first two ranks exactly the same on my favourite VA list (yes, Mizuki Nana is my favourite VA, with Ayanyan and Kanatan coming in together on the second)! Is it just me, or the story setting looks VERY much like Final Fantasy with those Chocobos horse-birds? And why is Ayanyan ALWAYS associated kemonomimi characters, especially catgirls?
2011-04-04, 07:36 | Link #263 | |
Senior Member
Join Date: Jun 2008
Location: UK
and there are other anime that use horse-birds creatures but yea it looks exactly the chocobo (チョコボ ) from the Final Fantasy series. |
2011-04-04, 07:55 | Link #265 |
Shinbo's Favorite Girl
This was an entertaining first episode.
What I liked: 1. The characters. The characters are all likable to me, so far at least. Even the antagonists are amusing and charming in a way. 2. The fact that Shinku eagerly throws himself into competition. That's a refreshing change. 3. The relationship between Shinku and Becky. Nice to see a male/female friendship in anime that actually feels a bit like a bromance. That's different. Nice for a change. 4. The dog-human (protagonist) vs. cat-human (antagonist) motif. I find that very amusing. It reminds me of a funny live-action movie I saw once, but can't place the name of it. 5. Millhiore and Eclair remind me a lot of Madoka and Sayaka, respectively, from Madoka Magica. So I can kind of imagine that this is a happy spin-off of Madoka Magica. 6. The art style. It really suits this anime well, and makes it seem bold and colorful. What I'm undecided about: 1. War games instead of actual war. It's Ok for now, but it could drain any real sense of conflict out of this anime over time. But I'll give it a chance at least. What I didn't like: 1. Not getting to see Shinku in actual combat in the first episode. But I suppose that does help build anticipation for the next episode. All in all, this is a cute and pleasantly entertaining anime so far. I look forward to more. I'll give the first episode a very solid 8/10.
2011-04-04, 08:06 | Link #266 |
Ehh? EEEEHHHHHH?
Join Date: Nov 2007
Age: 25
And the way he dresses is so much like Takuto Tsunashi from Star Driver. Also, if the OP's Scarlet Knight refers to him, so can we expect him to move three times faster than an average human or Flonyardian?
And interestingly, there is a dog cookie named Doggie Biscotti.
2011-04-04, 08:13 | Link #267 |
Aishiteru Banzai!!
Join Date: Jan 2008
Location: on the Middle of Nowhere..
somebody convinced me to watch this anime and well, I'm surprised it's turn out to be good (at least for the first episode)
interesting idea though, 'takeshi castle' styled war I can't stop imagining takuto every time I heard shinku LOL
2011-04-04, 09:06 | Link #269 |
~ Nudist Clone ~
Join Date: Dec 2008
Location: The Golden Throne
Age: 27
You young'uns need to watch Death Note and Gundam 00!!
Oh no, a Saintess! Stay away from Eclair! She's MINE!! Brioche too!!! :3 (Granted if you counted voices, yes I'd claim the entire dog side as harem. XD)
2011-04-04, 09:24 | Link #270 | |
Senior Member
Join Date: Nov 2010
2011-04-04, 09:40 | Link #271 | |
Ambiguous Pokerface
Join Date: Nov 2006
Location: Fighting demons and the like
Also, it seems Ricotta (the dog girl voiced Mizuki Nana) is quickly becoming popular as a moeblob, and we're still on ep 1 >_>
2011-04-04, 10:44 | Link #273 |
Join Date: Nov 2006
Location: Gotham
Age: 25
I foresee some Negima-like-shounen-rivary between Shinku and the Cat boy Gaul Galette Des Rois (VA: Tetsuya Kakihara - Natsu from Fairy Tail and Jin from Blazblue).
They're almost like a mirror image of Negi vs Kotaro, though it looks like Gaul has his own groupies, I mean - Personal Guards. Maybe he's like a second protagonist, showing the story from the other side? |
2011-04-04, 10:49 | Link #274 |
Device Meister
Graphic Designer
Join Date: Oct 2006
Location: Everywhere and nowhere at once
Kakihara also voiced Graf Eisen in Nanoha. And Gurren Lagann's Simon
And Negi Vs Kotaro is actually one of the more apt comparisons I've seen (compared to the unfair ZnT comparisons): British boy vs eared feral boy. Although the comparison is still only so shallow. We'll see how this rivalry goe.
2011-04-04, 10:50 | Link #275 | |
Ambiguous Pokerface
Join Date: Nov 2006
Location: Fighting demons and the like
...and the OP hints that too
2011-04-04, 10:59 | Link #276 | ||
Join Date: Nov 2006
Location: Gotham
Age: 25
At awesome - "IF I WIN, I GET YOUR PRECIOUS PRINCESS! IF YOU LOSE, YOU GET MY 'precious' SISTER!!" That will motivate any boy. Quote:
Or maybe both |
2011-04-04, 11:30 | Link #278 |
Kira_Naruto, the ecchi
Graphic Designer
Join Date: Dec 2005
Location: http://www.exciting-tits.com/
Just what did I watched just now o_O
I'll join lol .. *munch munch munch* Imagine she starts sounding wise and seductive .. Oh dear lord.. HORO STOP Seducing me !!!! And I got Vivio in her feito mama's voice.. so all good
2011-04-04, 13:04 | Link #279 |
Senior Member
Join Date: Mar 2009
Location: In my room
the whole summon at first give me a whole zero no tsukaima vibe but it all change when takuto... I mean shinku just agrees with it. And like said above, it's more like MAR heaven.
And the character design are really cute. It's lovely and all likable but when I head Shinku's voice. I first thought of Kida but after a few more minutes I thought of takuto then the girl...... I started remembering how bad the ending of star driver for me and wondering if their will be a wako and sugata in the story but it turn different again. The bird did remind me of chocobo but before that it remind me of road runner card of yusei in yugioh 5d
2011-04-04, 13:41 | Link #280 | |
Senior Member
Join Date: Jun 2008
Location: UK
Anyway if you wanna see why Miyano Mamoru was chosen as "Best Voice Actor", you could start watching Steins;Gate, the first episode was rocking with his talent. |
Tags |
ecchi, fantasy, harem, shonen |
Thread Tools | |


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Upcoming EventsNo upcoming events. Other PressPersecución sistemática y registro ilegal al domicilio de defensores de derechos humanos y ambienta 21:49 Dec 11 0 comments Hombres armados disparan contra periodistas e integrantes de la comunidad de Pitalito 20:28 Dec 09 0 comments Los que más queremos que pare esta guerra somos nosotros 20:16 Dec 09 1 comments Wage Hike in Haiti Doesnt Address Factory Abuses 19:43 Dec 05 0 comments Why the world should care about Honduras' recent election 20:48 Dec 04 0 comments more >> |
north america / mexico / workplace struggles Saturday November 02, 2013 - 01:09 byStephanie Basile 1 image
Dylan's Candy Bar workers staged a lively rally outside the store's flagship location Wednesday night. ... read full story / add a comment
international / history of anarchism Saturday October 26, 2013 - 18:24 byKate Sharpley Library 1 image
KSL: Bulletin of the Kate Sharpley Library No. 76, October 2013 has just been posted on the site. ... read full story / add a comment
indonesia / philippines / australia / anti-fascism Tuesday October 22, 2013 - 18:54 byDmitri (republishing) 1 image
The Oakleigh Greek Glendi on Sunday 27 October will include the annual parade to commemorate Ochi Day. This type of event has a history of attracting fascists, such as members of the neo-Nazi party, Golden Dawn. ... read full story / add a comment
brazil/guyana/suriname/fguiana / repression / prisoners Monday October 14, 2013 - 17:31 byFederação Anarquista do Rio de Janeiro 1 image
We of the Federação Anarquista do Rio de Janeiro vehemently repudiate the latest acts of political persecution promoted by the Brazilian State in Rio de Janeiro. We wish to show our solidarity with the companions of the Frente Independente Popular, the Organização Anarquista Terra e Liberdade and all the many comrades (17 warrants) who woke up to calls from the Federal Police and the Civil Police, banging on their doors. [Português] ... read full story / add a comment
indonesia / philippines / australia / gender Monday October 14, 2013 - 10:45 byMelbourne Anarchist Communist Group 1 image
Today, a counter-mobilisation by an alliance of womens and Left groups defeated the March for the Babies, the annual anti-abortion rally organised in Melbourne by a coalition of Catholic and Protestant zealots and right-wing politicians. ... read full story / add a comment
brazil/guyana/suriname/fguiana / repression / prisoners Saturday October 05, 2013 - 18:11 byFederação Anarquista do Rio de Janeiro 1 image
On 1 October 2013, the Civil Police carried out an operation against militants and organizations campaigning in the Bloco de Lutas in Porto Alegre. The homes of PSOL and PSTU members, the Moinho Negro/Centro de Cultura Libertária da Azenha libertarian social centre, a dormitory of the MST (Landless Rural Workers' Movement), the premises of Via Campesina, an urban settlement of the Utopia e Luta autonomous movement and the public premises of the Federação Anarquista Gaúcha, the Ateneu Libertário Batalha de Várzea, were all raided by the police at the behest of the governor Genro (Workers' Party - PT) for the second time in less than four months. Moreover, the comrades of the Assentamento Madre Terra São Gabriel settlement in Rio Grande do Sul were manhandled by the Military Brigade at the headquarters of the settlement. [Português] ... read full story / add a comment
north america / mexico / migration / racism Thursday September 19, 2013 - 10:01 byCollectif Emma Goldman 1 image
Words like shock and horror do not do enough to express our disgust before the hate crime perpetrated Saturday afternoon against the Chicoutimi Mosque. We who are active every day tearing down these borders built of prejudices, violence, oppression, privilege and ignorance, are saddened by this new manifestation of a system of oppression racism that is widespread where we live. [Français] ... read full story / add a comment
indonesia / philippines / australia / migration / racism Friday August 23, 2013 - 18:03 byDmitri 1 image
This morning, a group of vocal protesters from the Beyond Borders Collective attended the Melbourne office of logistics firm, Toll, to protest the companys commercial involvement in the offshore processing of refugees and asylum seekers. Here is the statement released by the Beyond Borders Collective ... read full story / add a comment
iberia / history of anarchism Sunday August 18, 2013 - 22:53 byKSL 1 image
Solidaridad Obrera (Workers Solidarity), founded in Barcelona in 1907, is the voice of Spains Anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT: National Confederation of Labour). These essays were issued to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of Soli and together they illustrate the changing fortunes of the Anarcho-syndicalist movement, and its enduring attempt to communicate the anarchist idea. ... read full story / add a comment
greece / turkey / cyprus / community struggles Saturday August 10, 2013 - 14:33 byNo man's land
Statement in relation to the evictions of Parartima, Maragopouleio and the TEI hangout in Patras, Greece, on Monday August 5th 2013 Translation found in Athens Indymedia: https://athens.indymedia.org/front.php3?lang=el&article...85197 ... read full story / add a comment
north africa / miscellaneous Monday July 08, 2013 - 19:11 byRelations Internationales de la CGA 1 image
For more than 2 years, the counter-revolution in Egypt has been in the form of power sharing between 2 sectors of the state and the bourgeoisie. On the one side, the Muslim Brotherhood, which represents the spare wheel of the mercantile bourgeoisie and Western states to prevent any social revolution, were running civil affairs. [Français] ... read full story / add a comment
north africa / community struggles Friday July 05, 2013 - 16:46 byAlternative libertaire 1 image
Two and a half years after the ousting of Hosni Mubarak, the Egyptian streets have spoken again. Mohamed Morsi has been ousted after a one-year reign and four days of demonstrations on an unprecedented scale in the history of the country. The Egyptians have reminded the world that an election is not a blank cheque which leaves representatives free from all constraint. [Français] [Castellano] [Italiano] [Ελληνικά ] ... read full story / add a comment
ireland / britain / community struggles Wednesday June 26, 2013 - 21:57 byWorkers Solidarity Movement 1 image
The Workers Solidarity Movement has decided to withdraw from the Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes. Please see statement below. We have made a donation of 1,000 towards paying off the debts of CAHWT. ... read full story / add a comment
brazil/guyana/suriname/fguiana / repression / prisoners Wednesday June 26, 2013 - 02:47 byInternational Anarchist Organisations 4 comments (last - wednesday july 03, 2013 - 15:04) 1 image
In Porto Alegre, on June 20 past, about 15 agents from the Civil Police raided the Ateneo Batalha da Varzea, political and social premises where the Gaucha Anarchist Federation is located, without a warrant. [Castellano]
... read full story / add a comment
brazil/guyana/suriname/fguiana / repression / prisoners Tuesday June 25, 2013 - 22:37 byFederação Anarquista Gaúcha FAG 1 image
On Thursday afternoon (20/06/2013), preceding the already anticipated mass protest in the Gaucha capital, the forced entry invasion of the Ateneu Libertário A Batalha da Várzea took place, carried out by unidentified police agents. Owing to this, in the statement of Friday morning, June 21, we reported that the raid had been carried out by the Federal Police, after all this is how the agents of repression presented themselves.
[Português] ... read full story / add a comment
brazil/guyana/suriname/fguiana / community struggles Monday June 24, 2013 - 17:56 byFederação Anarquista do Rio de Janeiro (FARJ) 1 image
Who benefits from the increased bus fare? Certainly the owners of the bus companies who, besides offering a lousy public transport service, are totally exempt from taxes (PIS/PASEP and COFINS) thanks to the federal government. In other words, the bus companies receive privileges from the government and can increase fares in order to make more profit... But the workers, the unemployed and students have to put up with the terrible conditions of public transport in Rio de Janeiro day in day out and moreover have to pay more! [Português] ... read full story / add a comment
brazil/guyana/suriname/fguiana / community struggles Friday June 21, 2013 - 17:35 byColetivo Anarquista Bandeira Negra 1 image
The country is being taken over by demonstrations in the struggle for public transport. Earlier this week, there were massive demonstrations in Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and dozens of other cities. The Congress in Brasilia was occupied by protesters, as was the Legislative Assembly of Rio de Janeiro. Until now, Porto Alegre, Goiânia, Natal, Recife and other cities have already managed to obtain a reduction of the fare, but the prospect of victory is alive in several other cities. [Português] ... read full story / add a comment
brazil/guyana/suriname/fguiana / repression / prisoners Friday June 21, 2013 - 16:59 byFederação Anarquista Gaúcha 1 comment (last - sunday june 23, 2013 - 22:19) 1 image
On the afternoon of Wednesday, 20 June 2013, between 12 and 15 plainclothes officers dressed in black waistcoats and blazers, claiming to be from the Federal Police broke into and raided the Ateneu Batalha da Várzea, the social and political premises of the Federação Anarquista Gaúcha, and took some of our material. The officers would not present any search and seizure warrant to standers-by who tried to find out what was happening. In addition to this, some officers, also in plainclothes, tried to take a comrade from her home this morning. [Português] ... read full story / add a comment
greece / turkey / cyprus / miscellaneous Saturday June 08, 2013 - 19:58 byRelations internationales
Press release about the ongoing revolt in Turkey ... read full story / add a comment
france / belgium / luxemburg / anti-fascism Friday June 07, 2013 - 17:20 byCGA Relations extérieures 1 image
This is no time for polemics but instead to unify the militant antifascist forces while acknowledging the change to be made in the organisation/management of society. [Français] ... read full story / add a comment |
Front pageMelissa Sepúlveda "Uno de los desafíos más importantes es mostrarnos como una alternativa real" Declaración del FAO ante la coyuntura electoral chilena y el quiebre en el movimiento libertario Are Republican Libertarians Anarchists? Tareas del Anarquismo social chileno. Lo libertario como espacio de disputa. Brasil: Nova invasão policial do local da FAG El confederalismo democrático, propuesta libertaria del pueblo kurdo Biel-Bienne: Anarchist Bookfair 2013 A 40 años del golpe: recuperando la iniciativa, construyendo la alternativa popular Ante el Paro Nacional y la ola de desobediencia popular en Colombia La primavera árabe: reconfiguración del mapa del Norte de África y Oriente Medio [Colombia] 19 de Agosto, paro agrario y popular, ¿un nuevo punto de inflexión en la lucha de clases? Questões Organizativas do Anarquismo Combative Unionism: Waging Class War within Labour La democracia de masas: una apuesta libertaria para el actual período A Brief History of the Rapprochement Process of US Class Struggle Anarchist Organizations La rue égyptienne plus forte que les urnes Solidaridad contra la persecución hacia la Federación Anarquista Gaucha Tear Gas & Twitter in Taksim - an anarchist eyewitness analysis from Gezi Park, Istanbul Lutar Contra o Aumento da Tarifa Pela Força e Vontade das Ruas! Les assassins de Clément Méric devront répondre de leur crime Latest NewsSat 14 Dec, 01:42 Palestine-Israel, The joint struggle monthly convergence starting this Saturday in Nabi Saleh* 04:13 Tue 10 Dec 0 comments Palestine-Israel, The joint struggle is facing high escalation in all fronts 15:37 Mon 02 Dec 0 comments Palestine-Israel, Zionist settler colonialism expiring date already written on the separation wall* 22:33 Tue 26 Nov 0 comments Palestine-Israel, The long long struggle of Palestinians to resist the creeping transfer continue* 01:10 Tue 19 Nov 0 comments From Istanbul to Thessaloniki Occupation, Self-Management, Production 18:07 Mon 11 Nov 0 comments Palestine-Israel, joint struggle continues in spite of the low ebb after the Arab Spring lost steam* 16:20 Thu 07 Nov 0 comments Dylan's Candy Bar Workers Rally for Better Hours, Pay, & Respect 01:09 Sat 02 Nov 0 comments Palestine-Israel, The joint struggle continues as does the creeping transfer* 16:01 Thu 31 Oct 0 comments Solidarity networks spread as a new alternative to alternative labor 00:04 Tue 29 Oct 0 comments October 2013 Kate Sharpley Library Bulletin online 18:24 Sat 26 Oct 0 comments more >>Opinion and AnalysisNelson Mandela Dec 10 5 comments Wake Up the Power of the Working Class and Poor Dec 10 0 comments Stop Evictions, Stop the State, Defend the Working Class and Poor Nov 29 0 comments Wages struggle: Reformist or Revolutionary? Nov 28 0 comments What's in a Name: Grounding Housing Justice in Class Struggle Nov 22 0 comments more >>Press ReleasesDylan's Candy Bar Workers Rally for Better Hours, Pay, & Respect Nov 02 Retail, Wholesale & Department Store Union 0 comments October 2013 Kate Sharpley Library Bulletin online Oct 26 KSL 0 comments Counter rally against Golden Dawn Oct 22 MACG (personal capacity) 0 comments Solidarity with those persecuted by State terrorism in Rio de Janeiro! Oct 14 FARJ-CAB 0 comments Anti-abortion bigots defeated on the streets of Melbourne Oct 14 A 0 comments more >> |