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A toy is any item that can be used for play. Toys are generally played with by children and pets. Playing with toys is an enjoyable means of training the young for life in society. Different materials are used to make toys enjoyable to both young and old. Many items are designed to serve as toys, but goods produced for other purposes can also be used. For instance, a small child may pick up a household item and "fly" it through the air as to pretend that it is an airplane. Another consideration is interactive digital entertainment. Some toys are produced primarily as collector's items and are intended for display only.
The origin of toys is prehistoric; dolls representing infants, animals, and soldiers, as well as representations of tools used by adults are readily found at archaeological sites. The origin of the word "toy" is unknown, but it is believed that it was first used in the 14th century.[1]
Toys, and play in general, are important when it comes to growing up and learning about the world around us. The young use toys and play to discover their identity, help their bodies grow strong, learn cause and effect, explore relationships, and practice skills they will need as adults. Adults use toys and play to form and strengthen social bonds, teach, remember and reinforce lessons from their youth, discover their identity, exercise their minds and bodies, explore relationships, practice skills, and decorate their living spaces.
Most young humans have been said to play with whatever they can find, such as pine cones and rocks. Toys and games have been unearthed from the sites of ancient civilizations. They have been written about in some of our oldest literature. Toys excavated from the Indus valley civilization (3000-1500 BCE) include small carts, whistles shaped like birds, and toy monkeys which could slide down a string.[2]
The earliest toys were made from materials found in nature, such as rocks, sticks, and clay. Thousands of years ago, Egyptian children played with dolls that had wigs and movable limbs which were made from stone, pottery, and wood.[3] In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, children played with dolls made of wax or terracotta, sticks, bows and arrows, and yo-yos. When Greek children, especially girls, came of age it was customary for them to sacrifice the toys of their childhood to the gods. On the eve of their wedding, young girls around fourteen would offer their dolls in a temple as a rite of passage into adulthood.[4][5]
As technology changed and civilization progressed, toys also changed. Where as ancient toys were made from materials found in nature like stone, wood, and grass, modern toys are often made from plastic, cloth, and synthetic materials, often powered by batteries. Ancient toys were often made by the parents and family of the children who used them, or by the children themselves. Modern toys, in contrast, are often mass-produced and sold in stores.
This change in the nature of toys is exemplified by the changes that have taken place in one of the oldest and most universal of human toys; dolls. The earliest and most primitive dolls were simple wooden carvings and bundles of grass. Egyptian dolls were sometimes jointed so that their limbs could move realistically. By the early 20th century there were dolls that could say "mama".[6] Today there are computerized dolls that can recognize and identify objects, the voice of their owner, and choose among hundreds of pre-programmed phrases with which to respond.[7] The materials that toys are made from have changed, what toys can do has changed, but the fact that children play with toys has not changed.
Child development[edit]
Toys, like play itself, serve multiple purposes in both humans and animals. They provide entertainment while fulfilling an educational role. Toys enhance cognitive behavior and stimulate creativity. They aid in the development of physical and mental skills which are necessary in later life.
One of the simplest toys, a set of simple wooden blocks is also one of the best toys for developing minds. Andrew Witkin, director of marketing for Mega Brands told Investor's Business Daily that, "They help develop hand-eye coordination, math and science skills and also let kids be creative."[8] Other toys like Marbles, jackstones, and balls serve similar functions in child development, allowing children to use their minds and bodies to learn about spatial relationships, cause and effect, and a wide range of other skills as well as those mentioned by Mr. Witkin.
One example of the dramatic ways that toys can influence child development involves clay sculpting toys such as Play-Doh and Silly Putty and their home-made counterparts. Mary Ucci, Educational Director of the Child Study Center of Wellesley College, demonstrates how such toys positively impact the physical development, cognitive development, emotional development, and social development of children.[9]
Toys for infants often make use of distinctive sounds, bright colors, and unique textures. Through play with toys infants begin to recognize shapes and colors. Repetition reinforces memory. Play-Doh, Silly Putty and other hands-on materials allow the child to make toys of their own.
Educational toys for school age children of often contain a puzzle, problem-solving technique, or mathematical proposition. Often toys designed for older audiences, such as teenagers or adults demonstrate advanced concepts. Newton's cradle, a desk toy designed by Simon Prebble, demonstrates the conservation of momentum and energy.
Not all toys are appropriate for all ages of children. Some toys which are marketed for a specific age range can even harm the development of children in that range.[citation needed]
Certain toys, such as Barbie dolls and toy soldiers, are often perceived as being more acceptable for one gender than the other. It has been noted by researchers that, "Children as young as 18 months display sex-stereotyped toy choices".[10]
However, when eye movement is tracked in young infants, infant girls even show a visual preference for a doll over a toy truck. Interestingly, the opposite is true for infant boys.[11] This shows that even before any self-awareness of gender identity has emerged, children already prefer sex-typical toys. These clear differences in toy choice are well established within the child by the age of three.[12]
Parents encourage their sons and daughters to participate in sex-typed activities, including doll playing and engaging in housekeeping activities for girls and playing with trucks and engaging in sports activities for boys[13] Parents, siblings, peers, and even teachers have been shown to react more positively to children engaging in sex-typical behavior and playing with sex-typical toys.[14] Additionally, sons are more likely to be reinforced for sex-typical play and discouraged from atypical play.[14] However, it is generally not as looked down upon for females to play with toys designed "for boys", an activity which has also become more common in recent years.[15] Fathers are also more likely to reinforce typical play and discourage atypical play than mothers are.[16]
With toys comprising such a large and important part of human existence, it makes sense that the toy industry would have a substantial economic impact. Sales of toys often increase around holidays where gift-giving is a tradition. Some of these holidays include Christmas, Easter, Saint Nicholas Day, and Three Kings Day.
In 2005, toy sales in the United States totaled about $22.9 billion.[8] Money spent on children between the ages of 8 and twelve alone totals approximately $221 million annually in the U.S.[17] It was estimated that in 2011, 88% of toy sales was in the age group 0–11 years.[18]
Toy companies change and adapt their toys to meet the changing demands of children thereby gaining a larger share of the substantial market. In recent years many toys have become more complicated with flashing lights and sounds in an effort to appeal to children raised around television and the internet. According to Mattel's president, Neil Friedman, "Innovation is key in the toy industry and to succeed one must create a 'wow' moment for kids by designing toys that have fun, innovative features and include new technologies and engaging content."
In an effort to reduce costs, many mass-producers of toys locate their factories in areas where wages are lower. 75% of all toys sold in the U.S., for example, are manufactured in China.[8] Issues and events such as power outages, supply of raw materials, supply of labor, and raising wages that impact areas where factories are located often have an enormous impact on the toy industry in importing countries.
Many traditional toy makers have been losing sales to video game makers for years. Because of this, some traditional toy makers have entered the field of electronic games and are enhancing the brands that they have by introducing interactive extensions or internet connectivity to their current toys.[19]
Construction sets[edit]
The Greek philosopher Plato wrote that the future architect should play at building houses as a child.[20] A construction set is a collection of separate pieces that can be joined together to create models. Popular models to make include cars, spaceships, and houses. The things that are built are sometimes used as toys once completed, but generally speaking, the object is to build things of one's own design, and old models often are broken up and the pieces reused in new models.
The oldest and, perhaps most common construction toy is a set of simple wooden blocks, which are often painted in bright colors and given to babies and toddlers. Construction sets such as Lego bricks and Lincoln Logs are designed for slightly older children and have been quite popular in the last century. Construction sets appeal to children (and adults) who like to work with their hands, puzzle solvers, and imaginative sorts.
Some other examples include Bayko, Konstruk-Tubes, K'NEX, Erector Sets, Tinkertoys, and Meccano, and generic construction toys such as Neodymium magnet toys.
Dolls and miniatures[edit]
A doll is a model of a human (often a baby), a humanoid (like Bert and Ernie), or an animal. Modern dolls are often made of cloth or plastic. Other materials that are, or have been, used in the manufacture of dolls include cornhusks, bone, stone, wood, porcelain (sometimes called china), bisque, celluloid, wax, and even apples. Often people will make dolls out of whatever materials are available to them.
Sometimes intended as decorations, keepsakes, or collectibles for older children and adults, most dolls are intended as toys for children, usually girls, to play with. Dolls have been found in Egyptian tombs which date to as early as 2000 BC.[3]
Dolls are usually miniatures, but baby dolls may be of true size and weight. A doll or stuffed animal of soft material is sometimes called a plush toy or plushie. A popular toy of this type is the Teddy Bear.
A distinction is often made between dolls and action figures, which are generally of plastic or semi-metallic construction and poseable to some extent, and often are merchandising from television shows or films which feature the characters. Modern action figures, such as Action Man, are often marketed towards boys, whereas dolls are often marketed towards girls.
Toy soldiers, perhaps a precursor to modern action figures, have been a popular toy for centuries. They allow children to act out battles, often with toy military equipment and a castle or fort. Miniature animal figures are also widespread, with children perhaps acting out farm activities with animals and equipment centered around a toy farm.
Children have played with miniature versions of vehicles since ancient times, with toy two-wheeled carts being depicted on ancient Greek vases.[20] Wind-up toys have also played a part in the advancement of toy vehicles. Modern equivalents include toy cars such as those produced by Matchbox or Hot Wheels, miniature aircraft, toy boats, military vehicles, and trains. Examples of the latter range from wooden sets for younger children such as BRIO to more complicated realistic train models like those produced by Lionel, Doepke and Hornby. Larger die-cast vehicles, 1:18 scale, have become popular toys; these vehicles are produced with a great attention to detail.[citation needed]
A puzzle is a problem or enigma that challenges ingenuity. Solutions to puzzle may require recognizing patterns and creating a particular order. People with a high inductive reasoning aptitude may be better at solving these puzzles than others. Puzzles based on the process of inquiry and discovery to complete may be solved faster by those with good deduction skills.
The history of puzzles goes back many thousands of years.
There are many different types of puzzles, for example a maze is a type of tour puzzle. Other categories include; construction puzzles, stick puzzles, tiling puzzles, transport puzzles, disentanglement puzzles, sliding puzzles, logic puzzles, picture puzzles, lock puzzles and mechanical puzzles.
History of mechanical puzzles[edit]
The oldest known mechanical puzzle comes from Greece and appeared in the 3rd century BC. The game consists of a square divided into 14 parts, and the aim was to create different shapes from these pieces. In Iran "puzzle-locks" were made as early as the 17th century AD. In 1742 Japan there is a mention of a game called "Sei Shona-gon Chie No-Ita" in a book. Around the year 1800 the Tangram puzzle from China became popular, and 20 years later it had spread through Europe and America. The company Richter from Rudolstadt began producing large amounts of Tangram-like puzzles of different shapes, the so-called "Anker-puzzles".
Puzzles were greatly fashionable towards the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The first patents for puzzles were recorded at this time. In 1893 professor Hoffman wrote a book called "Puzzles Old and New". It contained, amongst other things, more than 40 descriptions of puzzles with secret opening mechanisms. This book grew into a reference work for puzzle games and modern copies exist for those interested.
With the invention of materials easy to shape such as plastic, the range of puzzle possibilities grew. Rubik's Cube, arguably the most famous puzzle worldwide, would not be possible without modern polymers.
Physical activity[edit]
A great many toys are part of active play. These include traditional toys such as hoops, tops, jump ropes and balls, as well as more modern toys like Frisbees, foot bags, astrojax, and Myachi.
Playing with these sorts of toys allows children to exercise, building strong bones and muscles and aiding in physical fitness. Throwing and catching balls and frisbees can improve hand-eye coordination. Jumping rope, (also known as skipping) and playing with foot bags can improve balance.
Some toys, such as Beanie Babies, attract large numbers of enthusiasts, eventually becoming collectibles. Other toys, such as Boyds Bears are marketed to adults as collectibles. Some people spend large sums of money in an effort to acquire larger and more complete collections. The record for a single Pez dispenser at auction, for example, is $1,100 U.S.[21]
Promotional merchandise[edit]
Many successful films, television programs, books and sport teams have official merchandise, which often includes related toys. Some notable examples are Star Wars (a science fiction film series) and Arsenal, an English football club.
Promotional toys can fall into any of the other toy categories; for example they can be dolls or action figures based on the characters of movies or professional athletes, or they can be balls, yo-yos, and lunch boxes with logos on them. Sometimes they are given away for free as a form of advertising. Model aircraft are often toys that are used by airlines to promote their brand, just as toy cars and trucks and model trains are used by trucking, railroad and other companies as well. Many food manufacturers run promotions where a toy is included with the main product as a prize. Toys are also used as premiums, where consumers redeem proofs of purchase from a product and pay shipping and handling fees to get the toy. Some people go to great lengths to collect these sorts of promotional toys.
Some new toys and new types of toys are created by accidental innovation. For example, after trying to create a replacement for synthetic rubber, Earl Warrick inadvertently invented "nutty putty" during World War II. Later, Peter Hodgson recognized the potential as a childhood plaything and packaged it as Silly Putty. Similarly, Play-Doh was created as a wallpaper cleaner.[22] In 1943 Richard James was experimenting with springs as part of his military research when he saw one come loose and fall to the floor. He was intrigued by the way it flopped around on the floor. He spent two years fine-tuning the design to find the best gauge of steel and coil; the result was the Slinky, which went on to sell in stores throughout the United States.
Safety regulations[edit]
Many countries have passed safety standards limiting the types of toys that can be sold. Most of these seek to limit potential hazards, such as choking or fire hazards that could cause injury. Children, especially very small ones, often put toys into their mouths, so the materials used to make a toy are regulated to prevent poisoning. Materials are also regulated to prevent fire hazards. Children have not yet learned to judge what is safe and what is dangerous, and parents do not always think of all possible situations, so such warnings and regulations are important on toys.
For toy safety, every country has its own regulations. But since the globalization and opening of markets, most of them try to harmonize their regulations. The most current action for children is to put toys in their mouths. This is why it is of upmost importance to regulate chemicals which are contained in the paintings and other materials children's products are made of.[23] Countries or trade zones such as the European Union regularly publish lists to regulate the quantities or ban chemicals from toys and juvenile products.
There have also been issues of toy safety regarding lead paint. Some toy factories, when projects become too large for them to handle, outsource production to other less known factories, often in other countries. Recently, there were some in China that America had to send back. The subcontractors may not be watched as closely and sometimes use improper manufacturing methods. The U.S. government, along with mass market stores, is now moving towards requiring companies to submit their products to testing before they end up on shelves.[24]
When toys have been outgrown or are no longer wanted, reuse is sometimes considered. They can be donated via many charities such as Goodwill Industries and the Salvation Army, sold at garage sales, auctioned, sometimes even donated to museums. However, when toys are broken, worn out or otherwise unfit for use, care should be taken when disposing of them. Donated or resold toys should be gently used, clean and have all parts.[25] Before disposal of any battery-operated toy, batteries should removed and recycled; some communities demand this be done. Some manufacturers, such as Little Tikes, will take back and recycle their products.
In 2007, massive recalls of toys produced in China[26] led many U.S. based charities to cut back on, or even discontinue, their acceptance of used toys. Goodwill stopped accepting donations of any toys except stuffed animals, and other charities checked all toys against government-issued checklists.[27]
The WEEE directive (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment), which aims at increasing re-use and recycling and reducing electronic waste, applies to toys in the United Kingdom as of 2 January 2007.[28]
Toy use in animals[edit]
It is not unusual for some animals to play with toys. An example of this is a dolphin being trained to nudge a ball through a hoop. Young chimpanzees use sticks as dolls - the social aspect is seen by the fact, that young females more often use a stick this way than young male chimpanzees.[29][30] They carry their chosen stick and put it in their nest. Such behaviour is also seen in some adult female chimpanzees, but never after they have become mothers.
See also[edit]
- Girls' games and toys
- Battery recycling
- Board Games
- Card games
- List of toys
- National Toy Hall of Fame (United States)
- Toy museums
- Traditional Mexican handcrafted toys
- ^ Definition of "toy" from etymonline.com
- ^ MrDonn.org - Daily Life in Ancient India, including the mysterious Indus Valley Civilization
- ^ a b Maspero, Gaston Camille Charles. Manual of Egyptian Archaeology and Guide to the Study of Antiquities in Egypt. Project Gutenberg.
- ^ Powell, Barry B. (2001). Classical Myth; Third Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 33–34. ISBN 0-13-088442-1.
- ^ Oliver, Valerie (1996). "History Of The Yo-Yo". Spintastics Skill Toys, Inc. Archived from the original on 2006-08-09. Retrieved 2006-10-30.
- ^ Reading Eagle - Google News Archive Search
- ^ Van Patten, Denise. "A Brief History of Talking Dolls - From Bebe Phonographe to Amazing Amanda". About.com. Retrieved 2006-10-30.
- ^ a b c Tsuruoka, Doug (January 5, 2007). "Toys: Not All Fun And Games". Investor's Business Daily. Retrieved 2007-01-08.[dead link]
- ^ Ucci, Mary (April 2006). "Playdough: 50 Years' Old, And Still Gooey, Fun, And Educational". Child Health Alert 24. Retrieved 2007-02-17. (Full-text on-line version requires login)
- ^ Caldera, Yvonne M.; Huston, Aletha C.; O'Brien, Marion (February 1989). "Social Interactions and Play Patterns of Parents and Toddlers with Feminine, Masculine, and Neutral Toys". Child Development 60 (1): 70–76. doi:10.2307/1131072. JSTOR 1131072. PMID 2702876.
- ^ Alexander, G. M., Wilcox, T., & Woods, R. (2009). Sex differences in infants' visual interest in toys. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 427-433. doi: 10.1007/s10508-008-9430-1
- ^ Alexander, G. M., & Saenz, J. (2012). Early androgens, activity levels and toy choices of children in the second year of life. Hormones and Behavior, 62, 500-504.
- ^ Gender Role Stereotypes, Expectancy Effects, and Parents' Socialization of Gender Differences, Jacquelynne S. Eccles, Janis E. Jacob, Rena D. Harold, 14 April 2010
- ^ a b Servin, A., Bohlin, G., & Berlin, L. (1999). Sex differences in 1-, 3-, and 5-year olds' toy-choice in a structured play-session. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 40, 43-48.
- ^ Toys for Girls and Boys - The Canadian Toy Testing Council accessed 27 May 2007 Archived February 28, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Berenbaum, S. A., Martin, C. L., Hanish, L. D., Briggs, P. T., & Fabes, R. A. (2008). Sex differences in children's play. In J. Becker, K. Berkley, N. Geary, E. Hampson , J.Herman, & Young, E.A. (Eds.), Sex Differences in the Brain from Genes to Behavior (1ed., pp. 275-290).New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Associated Press (November 28, 2006). "Parents of tweens seek balance for fast-maturing kids". CNN.com. Archived from the original on 2006-12-01. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
- ^ Crupnick, Russ. "Drilling to the Core in Toy Spending". https://www.npdgroupblog.com/. NPD Group. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ "World in their hands". Melbourne: The Age. 2007-03-26.
- ^ a b Karl Hils, The Toy - Its Value, Construction and Use, Edmund Ward Ltd., London, 1959.
- ^ Brown, Patricia Leigh (April 23, 1995). "New Auction Gems: Common Folks; Venerable Houses Woo Unstuffy Buyers With Unstuffy Stuff". The New York Times. p. 37. Retrieved 2006-10-11.
- ^ On the invention of silly putty, from web.mit.edu
- ^ "Korea plans to limit five chemicals in children's products", SGS SafeGuards, Retrieved 02/2012
- ^ Barboza, David (2007-09-11). "Why Lead in Toy Paint? It's Cheaper". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-03-28.
- ^ Goodwill donation guidelines
- ^ LIPTON, ERIC S. (2007-06-19). "As More Toys Are Recalled, Trail Ends in China". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 June 2007.
- ^ Eckelbecker, Lisa (November 15, 2007). "Santa helpers deal with toy recalls; Charities must scrutinize gifts". Worcester Telegram & Gazette. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
- ^ Information about the Weee Directive.
- ^ Chimp "Girls" Play With "Dolls" Too—First Wild Evidence
- ^ Current Biology, DOI: 10,1016 / j . cub.2010.11.024
Further reading[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toys. |
- Kline, Stephen (1995). Out of the Garden: Toys, TV, and Children's Culture in the Age of Marketing. Verso Books. ISBN 1-85984-059-0.
- Walsh, Tim (2005). Timeless Toys: Classic Toys and the Playmakers Who Created Them. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-5571-4.
- Wulffson, Don L. Toys!. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-6196-7.


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Savvy Treats
Today I want to introduce to you a very special lady named Cheryl, the owner of Savvy Treats.
Savvy Treats is a specialty cake and cupcake business that delivers to the Washington, DC, Maryland, and Virginia metropolitan area.
Cheryl's love for cooking began at a very early age. She credits her Italian grandmother for teaching her the fine art of baking delicious desserts. For many years Cheryl spent her career as an executive but realized her true passion was baking.
Last year she decided to follow her dream and started Savvy Treats by offering her favorite Carrot Cake. Which was a huge success!
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Sustainability Council Southern California Unveils New Website
The Sustainability Council Southern California (SCSC), a collective group of businesses whose mission is to inspire the business community to deliver a better social, economic and environmental future, launched its new website, goscsc.info.
With an online presence, the council hopes to expand its membership network and promote environmental efforts.
"Getting businesses involved in green initiatives allows California to stay at the forefront of sustainability," said Allen Schuman, Sr. Sourcing Specialist, The Walt Disney Company. "With this council, we hope to attract like-minded businesses to our efforts. The website we've developed will provide a way to do this and update visitors on projects that will drive greater change within our communities."
Established in 2009 as the Resource Conservation Council, the SCSC includes representatives from Boise Inc., CBS Corp., CH2M Hill, Cintas Corp., U.S. Zero Waste Business Council, Hewlett Packard Company, Nestle Waters North America, OfficeMax Workplace, Paul Hastings, SeaWorld San Diego, St. Joseph Heritage Healthcare, The Capital Group, and the Walt Disney Company. The evolution of the SCSC was inspired by the success of the Greater Cincinnati Green Business Council (GCGBC), which includes sustainability leaders from Cintas Corp., Procter & Gamble, Mitsubishi Electric Automotive America, Melink Corp., Macy's, Luxottica Group and Fifth Third Bank.
"We worked closely with Cintas and the GCGBC to assist with project planning and help us generate momentum for some of our current initiatives," added Schuman. "We believe that these councils create an important network for businesses to impact sustainability on a local level and we encourage their creation in all communities where relevant."
The council is interested in engaging a cross section of organizations and institutions.
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text:
this game will be unreal real
this game is "bold new direction" it will have 3 protagonists all switchable instanstly.this guy above is one them, he have a wife that he hates and two kids a son and a daughter.The other main guy is an insane dude who is on drugs and shit so he is the freaky part of this trio.The last one is a young dude typical cj style.
Greg said:
so fucking souped is that the main character??
hell yeah, Michael is a badass (thats the characters name)
Greg said:
so fucking souped is that the main character??
WTF you mean, slacking...this guy looks badass
Willie Murk said:
Fuck yes dude. I agree though they ate slackin on their main characters coolness levels. ^^^
i can't wait for this game. i think that is dope that there is going to be 3 main characters. i hope you get to turn cars into low riders again lol. I also like the fact that they say the police in this game will be more active. Also when you reach certain wanted levels they will broadcast that you are wanted over radio stations and things like that. just that little bit makes it sound like this game is going to be fucking awesome.
Hecktik888 said:
Hope they bring back elements from Vice City and San Andreas. Buying property, riding bikes, going to the gym, etc. Only bad thing for me is that I'm a PC gamer and there's a recent rumor that the PC version will be delayed..
It's crazy they said the map for this game will be bigger than red dead, gta 4 and san andreas COMBINED
That will all be back in GTA 5, along with pretty much everything else you couldn't do in GTA 4 that you could do in any other GTA game, lol. They are going all out for this out.
yesitsmario said:
Hope they bring back elements from Vice City and San Andreas. Buying property, riding bikes, going to the gym, etc. Only bad thing for me is that I'm a PC gamer and there's a recent rumor that the PC version will be delayed..
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text: A Further Waste of Time Posted on June 6, 2010 by Anthony Reply GREETINGS. Hello! Hi! Here we go! Some Original Characters in a Castelvania image. Was fun! Wolverine, Wolf, Hellboy and Atomic Robo walk into a bar... Female Booster Gold for funnnnn YEAH. More Booster/Beetle love. Female Cap and Iron Man Having a Poignant Conversation HellFILL IN THE CAPTION. I was thinking something like "HE'S MY HUSBAAAAND" More work on a female punisher design. Yes. PowerPack versus Lex Luthors Daughter, weeeee Some Cheesecake for /co/. Don't open this if you're my parents. Requested: Spider-Man beating up Squirrel Girl, Speedball, Monica Rambeau, and The Sentry Black Widow Thanks, goodbye!


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Last modified: 24/11/2010 09:57:48
Institution: University College London
This is a brief summary of the organisational model that we have adopted in order to work more closely with Schools, Faculties and Departments and 'partner' with them in understanding and providing for the needs of their particular staff in a 'bespoke' way where appropriate. This positions us better to target our resource towards meeting real needs, while striving for enhanced alignment between UCL's research strategy and individual aspirations. This new model also enables us to work more closely in partnership with other key people deployed at a Faculty or Department level, such as Research Facilitators, Research Leaders, HR Consultants, Faculty Managers etc. -
Graduate Centre for Europe
Practice No. 834
Last modified: 21/10/2010 11:53:46
Institution: University of Birmingham
An interdisciplinary initiative run by doctoral researchers to enrich their research environment, enhance their skills and facilitate exchange of ideas on Europe. -
Incite - skills training newsletter for research staff
Practice No. 970
Last modified: 19/11/2009 12:11:43
Institution: University of Manchester
A quarterly newsletter for research staff working at the University of Manchester written and edited by fellow researchers, highlighting activities, information and personal perspectives relating to professional and career development. -
External Training and Development Fund for Researcher Development
Practice No. 960
Last modified: 18/11/2009 12:13:53
Institution: University of Manchester
A fund for researchers within the Faculty to apply for, to cover costs of attending external events which develop their transferable skills.
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Seeking Artists - $100 Prize - Politics and Social Justice Week Flyer Competition
Students for Political Action (SPA) are seeking artists to participate in a competition to create a flyer to advertise Politics and Social Justice Week which will be held this spring semester, April 3rd through April 12th. The winner will receive $100. The theme for this event is "Equality, Diversity, and Justice." Lilly Ledbetter who is famous for her persistence in actively pursuing the fight to close the wage gap between men and women will be the keynote speaker during PSJW. Other speakers will address political and social justice issues throughout the week and include areas such as education, inner-cities and African Americans, immigration and post-9/11 politics, the LGBTQ community, democracy in the Middle East, North Korea, and African women. Please send entries to SPA President Amanda Sasek at firstname.lastname@example.com. Dr. Robynn Kuhlmann can answer any questions concerning the PSJW schedule and can be contacted at email@example.com.
For more information:
Contact Robynn Kuhlmann at email@example.com


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Hooked - (Stacia Naquin)
Updated: 10/11/2013 - I'm SO CLOSE to being able to do a pull-up. So my trainer introduced something new into my training.
Bumbo Baby Seats are being recalled by the manufacturer to install a restraint belt and add new warnings. Until that is complete, parents are advised to stop using the seats immediately.
The company, Bumbo International Trust, is offering a free repair kits that include the warning sticker and safety belt. The seats do not need to be returned to the company.
In addition to obtaining and using the repair kit, parents are advised to not use the seats on a raised surface and to stop using any accessories that might interfere with the new belt.
To find out if your Bumbo is included in this recall, visit recall.bumbousa.com.
KKTV firmly believes in freedom of speech for all and we are happy to provide this forum for the community to share opinions and facts. We ask that commenters keep it clean, keep it truthful, stay on topic and be responsible. Comments left here do not necessarily represent the viewpoint of KKTV 11 News.
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powered by DisqusUpdated: 10/11/2013 - I'm SO CLOSE to being able to do a pull-up. So my trainer introduced something new into my training.
Posted: 08/06/2013 - Even if you don't plan to workout on your vacation, you may be surprised at the calories you're burning without even trying!
Updated: 06/18/2013 - We did a quick helicopter tour of the Black Forest burn area. Someone asked why the video looks shaky.
Updated: 05/20/2013 - Two weekends left to catch one great show!
Updated: 05/14/2013 - I'm still focused on meeting my goal of doing a pull-up. And I'm almost there! But I'm always getting this question:


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Release Date: January 28, 2013
Breakthrough Large-Scale Industrial Project Begins Carbon Capture and Utilization
DOE-Supported Project in Texas Demonstrates Viability of CCUS Technology
Washington, D.C. — A breakthrough carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) project in Texas has begun capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) and piping it to an oilfield for use in enhanced oil recovery (EOR).
Read the project factsheet
This event marks a milestone in DOE's Industrial Carbon Capture and Storage (ICCS) program: progressing beyond research and development to a demonstration scale that can be readily replicated and deployed into commercial practice within the industry. Goals of the ICCS program are to mitigate climate change through CCUS; create jobs; and position the United States as a world leader in carbon capture technologies.
In the Air Products project, CO2 that would ordinarily be released to the atmosphere is separated from the gas stream of one of the company's steam methane reformers using a gas-separation technology called "vacuum swing adsorption." After compression and drying, the CO2 purity is greater than 97 percent, concentrated from an initial 10–20 percent. The CO2 is then transported through Denbury Green Pipeline – Texas, LLC's pipeline for injection into the Denbury Onshore–operated West Hastings Unit, an EOR project in Texas.
When an oil well begins "playing out," not enough oil is pumped to make it worthwhile to continue using the well, and the well is closed or "shut in," even though much of the original oil in the field remains in the formation. Several methods of enhanced oil recovery have been developed to recover this remaining oil, including pumping CO2 down to the oil reservoir. In the Port Arthur project, a monitoring, verification, and accounting program will ensure that the injected CO2 remains underground, safely and permanently trapped in the same geologic formation that confined the oil brought to the surface in the demonstration.
In 2009, during the first phase of DOE's ICCS program, 12 projects were chosen to receive ARRA funding to expedite or carry out large-scale CCUS from industrial sources. After 7 months, a competitive evaluation was undertaken, and in 2010, Air Products was selected as one of three companies to enter Phase 2 and continue receiving funding for a commercial demonstration project.
Specific advantages of the Air Products demonstration project include:
When other companies join with Air Products and begin CO2 capture and utilization, these numbers will increase. Air Products plans to begin CO2 capture at a second steam methane reformer within its Port Arthur facility in the next several months.


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Berkeley, A City in History
by Charles Wollenberg
Copyright 2002Chapter 5
In 1905 the newly-established Berkeley Chamber of Commerce promoted the city with pamphlets and magazine articles emphasizing the theme of "Berkeley the Beautiful." One of the missives asked, "I suppose omnipotent power could make a better place for a city than Berkeley's location, but has it ever done so?" The rhetoric was not just limited to self-interested developers and businessmen. In 1911 the city's Socialist mayor, J. Stitt Wilson, proclaimed that "Any kind of a day in Berkeley seems sweeter than the best day anywhere else."
All this can be dismissed as typical American boosterism, and surely much of it was. But it is also true that in the midst of the explosive civic growth and development of the early twentieth century, there was a strong sense of Berkeley as a special place, a charmed community of great accomplishment and unlimited potential. This was reflected in attempts at social and political reform and efforts to create new living spaces and lifestyles. Back in 1873, Governor Newton Booth had proclaimed Berkeley the "Athens of the West," but in the early twentieth century, some Berkeleyans seemed to be trying to achieve the "Utopia of the Pacific."
Much of this spirit was due to the presence of the university. Attracting scholars and intellectuals, and idealistic enthusiastic young people, the university was laying a social foundation for utopian aspirations. The university also attracted residents who, while not formally affiliated with the institution, still wanted to live in what they believed to be the elevating intellectual and cultural atmosphere of a college town.
A bevy of religious institutions also influenced community life. Beginning with the establishment of Congregationalist and Catholic parishes in the 1870s, Berkeley had by the early 1900s become a proud city of churches. A strong current of primarily Protestant morality affected public policies from the prohibition of alcoholic beverages to the fight against political corruption. The city was also the location of several church schools, including the California Theological Seminary, which in 1905 moved to Scenic and LeConte Avenues, just north of the university campus. It changed its name to the Pacific School of Religion in 1916 and became the hub of the affiliated church schools and institutes that formed the Graduate Theological Union in 1962. "Holy Hill," just north of campus, remains an important symbol of the strong moral tone that religious institutions have often contributed to Berkeley public life.
Civic Chutzpah
The Chamber of Commerce's most ambitious early twentieth century activity, however, was more a matter of civic chutzpah and pecuniary interest than religious morality. In 1907 the chamber began a campaign to move the state capital to Berkeley. The idea was suggested by Louis Titus, a partner with Duncan McDuffie in the development of the new Northbrae neighborhood. Not surprisingly, Titus recommended that the capitol building be located in Northbrae, at the base of the North Berkeley hills. Two wide boulevards, Marin Avenue and Hopkins Street east of The Alameda, were planned as dramatic access routes to the proposed seat of government. Warming up to their task, the developers named most of the streets in the new neighborhood after California counties, and John Galen Howard was commissioned to design elaborate entrance pillars and the landscaped Marin Circle. (A fountain designed by Howard and originally located in the circle was restored in the 1990s.) The legislature agreed to put the issue on the 1908 state ballot, but the voters decisively turned the move down, with only Alameda, San Francisco and Santa Clara Counties supporting the proposal. Still, it is intriguing to speculate what the 1960s in Berkeley would have been like if Governor Ronald Reagan and the legislature had been located just a mile or so north of the campus protests.
Some of the chamber's other programs were more successful. For example, in 1914 the Southern Pacific finally agreed to make Berkeley a regular stop on its West Berkeley mainline. Eventually, the S.P. built a terminal at the foot of University Avenue. (During the 1980s and 90s, the building served as a restaurant, but in 2002 the city council considered restoring it to its original purpose to serve the increasing amount of California Amtrak passenger traffic.) Also in 1914, the federal government completed another project dear to the chamber's heart---a graceful new post office on Allston Way. The Berkeley chamber worked hard to defeat still another attempt at annexation by Oakland (while Oakland was vigorously opposing San Francisco's plan for a Bay Area regional government based on New York's borough system).
Among American chambers of commerce, Berkeley's was unusual in at least one respect---for several years, its executive director was Charles Keeler, an established poet, writer and naturalist. Even the chamber, however, was unable to overcome the economic and sectional differences that divided the Berkeley business community. Chamber of Commerce members were primarily downtown and East Berkeley merchants, real estate developers and professionals. In 1905 West Berkeley industrialists formed their own organization, the Berkeley Manufacturers' Association.
Women's Rights
Compared with the concerns of the chamber of commerce, the fight for women's rights and suffrage was more indicative of the moralistic tone of Berkeley politics during the early twentieth century. As we have seen, church women were an important part of the campaign to ban alcoholic beverages, and many Berkeleyans got their first experience in community affairs through the good offices of the Women's Christian Temperance Union. Not surprisingly, the WCTU championed the suffrage cause. Though often primarily upper middle class social organizations, Berkeley women's clubs also took stands on public issues and frequently supported the suffrage movement and other reforms.
The university had officially been coeducational since 1870, and university women were another important source of support for women's voting rights. The regents had decreed that women should be admitted to UC on "equal terms in all respects with young men." The first woman graduated from Cal in 1876, and the university awarded its first doctoral degree to a woman in 1898. Nevertheless, female students were sometimes harassed by male classmates and greeted with open hostility by some male faculty. Conditions markedly improved during the Hearst/Wheeler era, in part due to the great influence of Phoebe Hearst herself. As we have seen, she established scholarships and facilities for women students, and she personally paid for a half-time doctor, Mary Bennet Ritter, who provided health care for university women.
Women also benefited from the establishment of the first teaching certificate program in the 1890s. At that time, about 90 percent of employed female college graduates in the United States worked as teachers, so a teacher training program naturally attracted women students. By 1906, Cal enrolled about 2000 women, more than 90 percent of whom were applying for teacher's certificates, and the Education Department had the university's largest graduate enrollment. Also in 1906 Benjamin Ide Wheeler appointed Lucy Sprague as the first Dean of Women. A year later, Jessica Peixotto, a 1894 UC graduate, became the first tenure-track female faculty member (in social economics). Between 1911 and 1916, women made up between 40 and 50 percent of the annual undergraduate admissions at Cal. By the early twentieth century, then, the campus area was home to an extraordinary concentration of well-educated young women, many of whom were likely recruits to the suffrage cause.
One of the important Berkeley suffrage activists was Mary McHenry Keith, a UC graduate who was the first woman to earn a law degree at Hastings College. She was a leader of the Berkeley Political Equality League and one of the organizers of the Woman's Congress that met in Berkeley in 1895. During that meeting, she and her husband, artist William Keith, entertained Susan B. Anthony at their Berkeley home. In 1896 another Berkeley activist, Theresa Jacquemine, refused to leave the Alameda County Recorder's office, chaining herself to a desk, until she was allowed to register to vote. The deputy recorder finally let her register, but the District Attorney removed her name after she left the premises. That piece of political theater had apparently had little effect. In 1896 California (male) voters overwhelmingly defeated a measure to establish female suffrage in the state. Fifteen years later, however, a similar proposal finally passed by a narrow margin, and California became the sixth state in the US to allow women to vote. While Alameda County as a whole voted solidly against the measure, it won in Berkeley.
After the establishment of women's suffrage in 1911, suffrage supporters organized the League of Women Voters. The league has often been an influential, nonpartisan force in Berkeley politics ever since. Berkeley women's clubs also continued to be active after the establishment of suffrage. In the late 1920s several previously separate organizations joined together to form the Berkeley Women's City Club. Its building on Durant Avenue, designed by Julia Morgan and completed in 1930, is a Berkeley landmark. In 1923 there were enough women teaching at the university to warrant the construction of a Women's Faculty Club, still another of John Galen Howard's distinguished campus structures.
Reform Politics
While California was approving women's suffrage in 1911, Berkeley voters were electing the state's first Socialist mayor. The Socialist Party was a viable political organization in early twentieth century America, offering reformist and radical political alternatives to the platforms of the mainstream parties. Although Socialist supporters often differed violently among themselves over program and ideology, they did at least agree on measures to reduce poverty, empower working people and establish government ownership of public utilities and basic industries. The early 1910s were the high point of Socialist Party influence in California, the party's candidate for mayor of Los Angeles coming within a few thousand votes of winning the 1910 election.
J. Stitt Wilson, a Canadian-born Methodist minister, was Berkeley's leading Socialist. He preached a form of the "social gospel," which unified Christianity and socialism into a neat ideological package. As Socialist candidate for governor in 1910, Wilson won a respectable 12 percent of the vote. In the following year, he was the party's unanimous candidate for mayor of Berkeley. He won a narrow victory by combining the votes of some East Berkeley reformers with solid working class support in West Berkeley. In fact, Wilson won every precinct west of Shattuck Avenue. He campaigned on a "big government" platform of city ownership of public utilities and a substantial program of civic improvements. Unable to get his programs through a hostile city council, Wilson declined to stand for reelection in 1913, choosing instead to run for the congressional seat held by Republican Congressman and future newspaper publisher Joseph Knowland. In that election, Wilson managed to win 40 percent of the vote against a powerful, conservative incumbent.
In spite of Berkeley's brief fling with socialism, for most of the early twentieth century, the city's politics were dominated by more conventional "progressive" reformers. Like progressives in other parts of the country, Berkeley reformers tried to make government more honest, efficient and responsive to middle class voters. In 1907 William Carey Jones, dean of the university's School of Jurisprudence, argued that in the old days, Berkeley had been "too small to offer much temptation to the professional politician. There was nothing to be boss of." But rapid growth and urbanization had changed all that, creating the "exploitation of the city for the benefit of the organization, of the machine." "This shame," he said, 'has already fallen on Berkeley."
To reverse this sad state of affairs, Jones proposed a new city charter which would restore at-large elections of city council members and introduce direct democracy provisions--- the initiative, referendum and recall. Jones also championed the nonpartisan commission form of government, in which each council member would serve as a "commissioner" with administrative authority over one or more city departments. The new charter was approved by the voters in 1909, but soon critics were complaining that council members were more concerned about the interests of their particular departments than the good of the city as a whole. Some reformers supported Professor Samuel May, director of the university's Bureau of Public Administration, who proposed a city manager form of government, vesting day-to-day administrative power in a professional manager and limiting elected officials to broad policy-making functions. The proposal won the support of many businessmen, who admired its purported efficiency. Benjamin Ide Wheeler was strong supporter, arguing the concept worked well in Germany. Nevertheless, voters defeated the city manager system in 1916, apparently swayed by arguments that it took too much power away from elected officials. The proposal was adopted in 1923, however, and has operated in Berkeley ever since.
In addition to establishing the city manager form of government, Berkeley attempted to professionalize and de-politicize most other local governmental functions. In the early twentieth century, the city established a civil service system for public employees and created a professional fire department, ending two decades of volunteer fire stations in the community. But the most extensive program of professionalization, one that set a powerful national example, occurred in the Berkeley Police Department. In 1905 August Vollmer was elected town marshall. A Louisiana native who served in the Spanish American War, Vollmer used his veteran status to become a Berkeley postman. He was an intelligent friendly man, and reformers supported his candidacy for marshall as part of an effort to fight corruption and crime, which were perceived to be particular problems in West Berkeley. When the 1909 charter established a professional police department and eliminated the elected office of town marshall, Vollmer was appointed the city's first police chief.
Over the next three decades, Vollmer established what was widely regarded as a model force. He ended graft, introduced scientific methods of investigation and established educational requirements and professional standards. He literally put the cops on wheels, first establishing bike patrols, then introducing motorcycles in 1912 and cars in 1914. The Berkeley police department developed the first lie detector and was among the earliest to use fingerprints and radios. As part of his crime prevention effort, Vollmer founded the Junior Police, which eventually evolved into the nation's first junior traffic patrol. Vollmer also hired the nation's first college-trained policewoman, Elizabeth Lossing, and Berkeley' first African American officer, Walter Gordon. A Cal graduate who had been an All-American football player, Officer Gordon patrolled on the night shift, while attending Boalt law School and serving as assistant football coach during the day. In spite of this excruciating schedule, he managed to graduate from Boalt and become a distinguished lawyer and public official and eventually served as territorial governor of the Virgin Islands.
Vollmer had only a seventh-grade education, but he was proud that his force had so many college-educated officers like Lossing and Gordon. He started the nation's first college-level criminology department at Cal and worked with a great variety of police departments, including those in Chicago, Los Angeles and Havana, to establish his training methods and professional standards. In Berkeley these standards produced a more honest, efficient and less brutal police force than existed in most American cities. But like so many progressive reforms, professionalization may have helped alienate public servants from the very public they were supposed to serve. Career police officers and fire fighters, like career city managers and other officials, were sometimes more loyal to their professional community and its standards than to the cities and citizens for whom they worked. At times the reformers' attempts to achieve honest and efficient government seemed to out-weigh any commitment to participatory democracy.
Vollmer was typical of his generation of reformers in his faith in education. Berkeley was very much affected by the "progressive education" movement of these years. The school district began enforcing school attendance laws, and as a result, post-elementary enrollment substantially increased. Berkeley High expanded its facilities and curriculum, and along with an Illinois district, Berkeley pioneered in the development of the junior high school. But within these expanded secondary schools, "tracking" became the rule, with a high percentage of West Berkeley working class students, often from immigrant families, relegated to non-collegiate vocational programs. The university played an important role in the new educational system, as UC entrance requirements became the definition of high school college transfer curricula throughout the state. For many years, university faculty had the power to accredit the state's high schools, and the UC education department played a major role in promoting the establishment of public junior colleges. The department also cooperated with the Berkeley school district in operating an experimental elementary school on what is now the site of the Jewish Community Center on Walnut Street.
A Taste for the Unconventional
While Berkeley government and public education were undergoing substantial change in the early twentieth century, the residents of what some Berkeleyans called "Nut Hill" were engaging in social and cultural experiments, involving new concepts of living spaces and lifestyles. "Nut Hill" was the name given to a somewhat ill-defined hillside area north of campus and east of Euclid Avenue. The "Nut" may have either referred to the vegetarian diet of some of the residents or to the fact that hill-dwellers were often considered pretty weird by their fellow citizens. The origins of the neighborhood's special reputation go back to 1894 when Charles Keeler engaged Bernard Maybeck to design a home at the corner of Highland Place and Ridge Road. A poet and naturalist, Keeler had little use for the elaborate "victorian" houses that had been popular in the late nineteenth century. He believed they were profoundly unnatural and inappropriate for the kind of community he hoped to promote in the Berkeley Hills. He asked Maybeck for a house that blended into its natural surroundings and projected a simple, healthy lifestyle for its inhabitants.
Maybeck's design, his first in Berkeley, was for an unpainted redwood structure with shingle siding, exposed beams and rafters, steep rooflines and a handsome stone fireplace. The house was not only consistent with Keeler's ideas but also helped establish a tradition of Bay Area home-building that was to last for much of the twentieth century. Many other Berkeley architects, including John Galen Howard and Julia Morgan, followed Maybeck's lead, building houses in what became a particular Bay Area expression of the larger "Arts and Crafts Movement." Morgan's St. John's Presbyterian Church on College Avenue, now the Julia Morgan Center for the Performing Arts, is a fine institutional example of the genre. Like Morgan and Howard, Maybeck designed buildings in many other styles, including the wonderfully gaudy Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco and the reinforced concrete "earthquake-proof" house Geology Professor Andrew Lawson commissioned after the 1906 quake. But Maybeck returned again and again to the woodsy, natural character he had captured in the Keeler house. It characterizes two of his most notable Berkeley buildings---the Faculty Club on campus and the First Church of Christ, Scientist on Dwight Way.
In 1898 Keeler's ideas were a major force behind the founding of the Hillside Club, whose members also included John Galen Howard, fellow architect Almeric Coxhead and the Maybecks, Bernard and his wife Annie. The club advocated a new kind of urban development that would respect rather than destroy the natural environment. In the North Berkeley hills, club members were determined to retain the natural topography and produce "artistic homes that appear to have grown out of the hillside and to be a part of it." They opposed streets laid out on the grid plan, calling instead for winding lanes that followed the contours of the land. They also advocated a network of pedestrian paths and fought any attempt to cut down the region's trees. A club pamphlet said, "The few native trees that have survived centuries should be jealously preserved....Bend the road, divide the lots, place the houses to accommodate them!" Annie Maybeck was particularly protective of native trees, often taking on City Hall on their behalf. One block of Le Roy Avenue was divided specifically to save what came to be known as "Annie's Oak." In 1904 the club published Keeler's The Simple Home, an extended essay outlining his views on architecture and its relation to the good and proper life. The book was dedicated to "My Friend and Counselor Bernard Maybeck."
Maybeck claimed the perfect California home was a well-vegetated hillside with "a few rooms scattered around in case it rains." He loved telling stories about the shocked reaction of neighbors as they saw the Keeler house being built. He became a vegetarian, kept a beard long after it was fashionable and often wore a beret. When their son was born, he and Annie believed that giving him a name would stunt the development of the child's individuality. They called him "boy" for the first few years of his life, until he was old enough to choose his own name. My great-grandfather, Louis Wollenberg, lived around the corner from the Maybecks at the time. After spending more than forty years failing at a number of business ventures in the American West, Louis had retired, living off his several children. He spent his time telling stories (some of which may even have been true) about his adventures to the neighborhood kids. When asked what name he wanted, "boy" Maybeck said "Wollenberg." This was a bit too much even for his "bohemian" parents, so they compromised and agreed to call him "Wallen." But even with this concession to normalcy, Bernard and Annie Maybeck were what most early twentieth century Americans would consider "unconventional."
Even more unconventional were Florence and Treadwell Boynton. In 1911 they bought a lot from Maybeck on Buena Vista Way and had him draw up plans for the most unusual of all the homes on "Nut Hill." The Boyntons and Maybecks soon began what turned out to be a two-decade feud, so the structure was completed under the direction of a different architect. In 1914 the Boyntons moved into the "Temple of the Wings," a hillside platform with a roof supported by thirty-four Corinthian columns. Until 1923, there were no walls, though sailcloth could be deployed in case of heavy wind and rain. The Boyntons often wore togas and robes and primarily ate fruits and nuts. Florence Boynton was a friend and follower of dancer Isadora Duncan, and the temple was sometimes a venue for her performances. The tradition was passed on to the Boynton's daughter, Sulgwynn, and, along with her husband Charles Quitzow, she gave modern dance lessons to several generations of young Berkeleyans. As late as the 1980s, when the Quitzows were themselves in their eighties, Sulgwynn was still teaching dances to young girls in robes amid the gardens and columns of the Temple of the Wings.
"Progressive" Development
As "unconventional" as some of the residents of "Nut Hill" may have been, the Hillside Club also included such establishment figures as John Galen Howard and real estate developer Frank Wilson. Even though he was not a member, Duncan McDuffie, one of Berkeley's most active early twentieth century developers, was also in sympathy with many of the club's principles. In 1905 McDuffie established a partnership with David Mason, who had originally opened a real estate office on Shattuck Avenue in the mid-1880s. Since Mason was approaching retirement, McDuffie became the leading partner, and he involved the firm in joint ventures with some of the biggest East Bay developers, including Borax Smith, Frank Havens and John Spring. McDuffie also considered himself a committed conservationist and became a prominent leader of both the Sierra Club and the Save the Redwoods League.
Like many "progressive" realtors of his day, McDuffie expressed his conservation consciousness through support of developments that featured lush landscaping, curving and irregular street patterns and substantial open space. These "cities in a garden" were immensely popular and thus appealed to the developers' profit motives as well as their aesthetic sensibilities. Two of the most dramatic examples in the Bay Area were Mason-McDuffie's Claremont District in Berkeley and St. Francis Wood in San Francisco. These were high-end projects, appealing to wealthy home buyers, but McDuffie built similar, if less elaborate, amenities into new middle income neighborhoods like Northbrae. Even San Pablo Park, a working class development in Southwest Berkeley, was built around a large public park that was donated to the city.
McDuffie was also a strong proponent of city zoning. In 1916 Berkeley became the second community in California to establish a Planning Commission, and over the next few years, various parts of the city were zoned "residential," "commercial," etc. The zoning protected many of the bucolic new neighborhoods from over-development, but it also promoted the separation of home and work. Ocean View/West Berkeley had originally developed as a place where people both lived and worked, but as much of the area became zoned "industrial," homes declined in value and were often destroyed to make way for new plants. Not until the 1970s were effective steps taken to preserve some of the oldest residential buildings and blocks in the city, and by then much of Ocean View had been lost.
In Berkeley, as in many other American cities, restrictive zoning was often accompanied by "restrictive covenants." These were provisions attached to deeds by which developers prohibited buyers from subsequently selling or renting their property to "undesirable" individuals, which in Berkeley meant Asians and African Americans. In addition to the covenants, which had become common in Berkeley neighborhoods by the 1920s, real estate brokers tried to prevent people of color from buying or renting in other "white" areas of the city. The result was that almost all Asian and Black Berkeleyans lived south of Dwight Way and west of Grove Street. When George Shima, a prominent Japanese immigrant who had become a wealthy agribusinessman, built a house on College Avenue, he faced so much harassment from white neighbors that he had to erect a large fence around his lot. And when Dwight Uchida, an executive of a Japanese trading company, rented a home on Ward Street, he was visited by a delegation of neighbors asking him to move. The problem was that the house was a few yards east of Grove and thus barely on the wrong side of an invisible but very real dividing line. Berkeley may have been a special place in the early twentieth century, but not so special as to escape the devastating effects of traditional American racism.
End of Chapter 5
Back to Berkeley, A City in History
Forward to Chapter 6
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Last modified September 3, 2002


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After reading an interesting blog entry by Wordpress (http://tinyurl.com/2up4u9), we were inspired to investigate the cost of hosting one of our products in the US. Not surprisingly, the cost is far lower. We have been warned, however, that there may be data privacy issues and even ownership implications. Does anyone know if this is the case, and if there are any other possible issues we should look into?
hi, Benno, how are you?
There are some data protection issues & it's essential to let customers know what you're doing in your privacy policy. Here's the relevant section from Last Minute:
"For any of the above purposes we may send your information internationally including to countries outside the EEA. Some of these jurisdictions offer differing levels of protection of personal information, not all of which may be as high as the UK. Beginning 1 June 2002, the personal information that you submit to us through the lastminute.com site will be collected, stored and processed at our third party service provider's data centre in the United States. The United States has data protection laws that are different and/or less stringent than those in the UK. We will, however, ensure that your personal information is kept confidential and secure, and that the appropriate technical and organisational measures, to prevent unlawful or accidental destruction, accidental loss, unauthorised disclosure or access or other unlawful forms of processing, are implemented."
It's worth chatting to your legal person about this as they'll no doubt have experience of this & know what else you need to do.
As for other issues, there are two small ones I can think of:
- Speed of data transfer (only really an issue if you're sending a lot & you're on a slower server/link. try & test this first though - maybe browse some heavier sites hosted at the location you're looking at? Here's an older e-consultancy thread talking about this)
Appearing in Google's Pages From The UK (there are also several threads on this here at e-consultancy)
Hope that helps,daniel


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Devious and lithe. Powerful and stubborn. Cunning, proud, or even seductive. No race on earth is more varied in appearance or capacities as the Beastmen. Indeed, though Science has clearly found that Beastmen are all of a single race, it seems almost impossible to believe that a stooped, ratlike creature, no matter how sapient, might be cousin to a man with the build and features... [click here for more]
While Victoriana is a world of many sentient races, only a few dominate European society. There are certainly others that are a bit more prevalent elsewhere around the world; some, like the Oni ond the Orcs, are only found in large numbers elsewhere, while the Karakon and Steppegoblins form small but distinct groups. The Giants were once numerous but are now limited to scattered tribes and indi... [click here for more]
Time flies when you're having fun, but flying through time can present a whole host of problems. Whether accidentally creating paradoxes, upsetting the course of history or trying to Put Things Right, you're going to need to know your way around the Vortex. You need a guide…a companion.
This supplement for Doctor Who: Adventures in Time and Space gives more information on ... [click here for more]
The Secret Masters.
They watch...from the salons of the rich to the darkest corners of the tenements, the city plays host to countless organisations, each with their own agenda, battling in a shadow war for supremacy beneath the cover of the smog-filled streets.
These groups range from the ancient to the new, from political activists to cultists worshipping dark gods. Their memb... [click here for more]
These groups range from the ancient to the new, from political activists to cultists worshipping dark gods. Their members are from all... [click here for more]
Once again, the renowned experts of Faulkner's guides have assembled the best purchases money can buy. Essential goods from clothing ... [click here for more]
It is a land that has brought the British riches and tribute for many years, managed by the vast British East India Company. The subcontinent has fascinated the British, influencing their art, science and even cuisine. However, it is a land they ... [click here for more]
Legends of Anglerre shoves a massive battle axe in the hands of the Ennie Award-Nominated Starblazer Adventures roleplaying game. Play action-packed fantasy using the award-winning FATE RPG system: gritty adventurers on paths to greatness; epic heroes leading mighty armies and noble kingdoms; mythic questers traversing the many planes and battling the gods themselves - and m... [click here for more]
Legends of Anglerre shoves a massive battle axe in the hands of the Ennie-award nominated Starblazer Adventures roleplaying game. Play action-packed fantasy using the award-winning FATE RPG system: gritty adventurers on paths to greatness; epic heroes leading mighty armies and noble kingdoms; mythic questers traversing the many planes and battling the gods themselves - and more!>... [click here for more]
From classic Dragons to exotic Foxwomen, Qin is full of fantastic beings, the existence of which is laughed at in the cities but makes those in remote villages tremble.Encountered as mysterious folklore or as foes to vanquish, you can discover the fantastic creatures of Qin to populate your adventures.
Th... [click here for more]
In the course of their adventures and trials, heroes reach mastery levels far beyond the abilities of common men and women. In this age of warfare, heroes wrote history and became legends...
The Legends sourcebook contains information for the progression of high-level characters, details on the northern Barbarians and a scenario kicking off the Tian Xia campaign.
· The po... [click here for more]
The Art of War is a supplement for Qin: The Warring States dedicated to war, the military life and descriptions of the armies and martial mentality of ancient China. In a world full of change and a permanent state of war, it is essential to understand the wheels of the martial policy of the Warring States combatants in order to take into account this military dimension in the scenarios and camp... [click here for more]
Every year Governor Qi Xiang holds a tournament to which the mightiest warriors travel to compete, attracting merchants and artisans for the business the tournament brings. Take part in this tournament, prove your mettle, and uncover a bloody tale of intrigue and murder - if you can survive!
Welcome once more to the world of Qin, the fantasy roleplaying game set i... [click here for more]
China. 240 BC. The state of Qin is the most authoritarian and brutal of all the Warring States. Its vast and disciplined army stands ready to embark on its great project : the union of all things under Heaven into a single Empire, or Tian Xia. But you can still change the course of history. Become a legend ! Enter the epic world of Warring States China, a world of colorful myths and time... [click here for more]
"You're a hero. Will you become a legend ?" Qin - the role-playing game encourages you to explore a rich and fascinating historical setting. In this Ancient China of the Warring States, doomed to disappear into dictatorship and bureaucracy, there is still the opportunity for you to become a legend… Political intrigues, battles, quests,magic and mythi... [click here for more]
A Tale of Missing Heirs & Misfortunes
A missing persons case draws the characters into the convoluted investigation of a crime with no apparent motive. The investigation becomes even more confusing when the only solid clues the characters have refer to a dragon - and dragons don't exist... do they?
This introductory adventure for Victoriana sends the character... [click here for more]
Meet the Haverings, Victoriana's most infamous family: Nathaniel, head of the family and proof that the upper classes aren't always in charge; beautiful and decadent Susanna, Nathaniel's distinctly improper wife; Jonathan, fallen to terrible vice; Selina, a survivor from the gutter and the family's moral heart; Tobin, wizardly academic with a crimina... [click here for more]
The Hounds are Loose!
A Spectral Hound is at large -- mysterious and powerful, yet curiously selective in its choice of victims. Can your players solve the mystery surrounding the hound before they become its next victims?
Find out in this Penny Dreadful for Victoriana, an entire scenario designed for an evening's play.
The Legends of Anglerre Companion is the first supplement for the Fate-powered Legends of Anglerre fantasy roleplaying game, giving you new rules, tools, background, and scenarios to take your Legends of Anglerre games to new heights of action and adventure! In these pages you'll find haunted seas and treasure-filled ruins, nefarious villains, evil ... [click here for more]
A failed robbery, the daring of two Hobbit brothers, a terrible crime, the flight of the Elves, the affairs of Wizards, black treachery, an ancient threat - seven stories await to be told in the Twilight of the Third Age. Seven adventures... [click here for more]
The Heart of the Wild is a resource for The One Ring: Adventures Over the Edge of the Wild describing the lands of the River and the Forest – the Vales of Anduin along the banks of the Great River, and the trackless forest of Mirkwood to the east. It expands on the descriptions given in the Loremaster's Guide, offering new sanctuaries an... [click here for more]
"Lake-town was refounded and was more prosperous than ever, and much wealth went up and down the Running River; and there was friendship in those parts between elves and dwarves and men."
The 32 page Lake-town Guide presents this fascinating setting in detail, including:
Smaug has been defeated, the Battle of Five Armies has been won, and Bilbo has returned to the Shire. The War of the Ring is several generations away. In the relative peace, the Free Peoples of Wilderland look beyond their borders for the first time, establishing trade routes, renewing... [click here for more]
Four Million souls and this city still has no heart! Take in the sights of Victorian London With this 130 page Sourcebook detailing the highs and lows of the empire's capital. There's never been a better time to visit... This book contains Characters, Contacts, Monsters, Villains, Maps, and detailed descriptions of each area of Victoriana London. Everything you need to give... [click here for more]
Victoriana – a world of high adventure and intrigue in an age of sorcery and steam!The year is 1856 and the world roils in the unseen conflict between Order and Entropy. As technology marches forward the Celestial Engine moves ever faster, and all our fates grow more precarious. Now is the time to act decisively and boldly, to seize control of your destiny and impose your will upon the wo... [click here for more]
There are dangers lurking in the shadows of the Smoke – and some of the most dangerous are stirring at the wrong time. With the War in the Crimea going badly for the British, the rumour of conscription has sent anarchists into the street. Against the backdrop of social unrest and increasing danger a web of troubles grows, culminating in a fearsome threat to the entire city.
Street... [click here for more]
In this 23 page Penny Dreadful, the adventurers are hired by Sir Travis Duquesne to investigate the strange happenings at a Midlands coal mine. The Devil in the Dark is designed for a group of beginning adventurers (or those with only one or two penny dreadfuls under their belts and corsets) of any investigative Association. The Havering Household, the Selenium, the Spiritual Repose and Willowp... [click here for more]
It is the year 1867, and it is a time of revolution.
The new science has done more than bring incredible technologies into the homes of everyday people. It has brought with it a new way of looking at the world. A way based on observation and logic that threatens the ancient dogma of Aluminat church teachings.
New political ideas are sweeping across Europe. Bismark 'The ... [click here for more]
The new science has done more than bring incredible technologies into the homes of everyday people. It has brought with it a new way of looking at the world. A way based on observation and logic that threatens the ancie... [click here for more]
Victoriana – a world of high adventure and intrigue in an age of sorcery and steam!
The year is 1856 and the world roils in the unseen conflict between Order and Entropy. As technology marches forward the Celestial Engine moves ever faster, and all our fates grow more precarious. Now is the time to act decisively and boldly, to seize control of your destiny and impose your will up... [click here for more]
Once this was a world of Magic and Wonder, but that was the dark ages, and a time best forgotten by modern, rational minds.
It is now the year 1867. It has been over three hundred years since the age of magic ended with the thirty-year war. It is an age of unprecedented achievement. Men fly through the skies in balloons, travel overland by train faster than twenty horses! For th... [click here for more]
"Hearing I ask, from the holy races,From Heimdall's sons, both high and low;Thou wilt, Valtfather, that I well relateOld tales I remember, of men long ago"-- Völuspa, stanza 1
Yggdrasill is a game of ex... [click here for more]


text: its not so complicated prob!!... i have inverted prob from other ...my cd or cdr not load my ps2 v5 with duo 2 modchip..dvd and dvdr beackup work fine but when i try cd ps2 or cd psx it take me directly to the red screen..the weird thing is that the first time that i try the same cd it load that and it work but after the first it not load even a ten times..i need to mention that when i disabled the chip with the method and try psx original it work fine so i assume that the prob is connection with the chip or something ?maybe laser adjustment?? i just find the prob now because i just installed that before a month and until now i was play with dvdr games..please i am sure that someone can help me and tel me what the prob please


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text: Meta Battle Subway PokeBase - Pokemon Q&A Login Register All Activity Questions Unanswered Tags Users Ask a Question Rules Chat Can items be 'thieved' continually? 0 votes Can I have a Pokemon use thief to obtain an item from a trainer (npc) battle and then defeat that Pokemon and then battle that trainer to thief that same item again and have more than one of that item? I apologize for the long drawn out question. -Charizard items thief asked Mar 8 by Chimcharizard edited Mar 8 by Pokemaster Please log in or register to add a comment. Please log in or register to answer this question. 2 Answers 1 vote Best answer Thief will steal an item from an NPC permanently in Gens 2-4, but thief will not be permanent in Gen 5. So if you battle somebody that has a Pokemon with a held item, you could thief that held item, and then that person would have the item back, so you could thief it again. answered Mar 8 by heracross selected Mar 8 by Chimcharizard Please log in or register to add a comment. 1 vote It works as long as the Pokemon using thief has the item it holds in the moment is taken away after battle. Source:experience answered Mar 8 by Enderdragon edited Mar 8 by Enderdragon i'm sorry but this answer isn't very clear I`ll edit it. If it isn`t clear still, then I`ll hide it. `Cause that is as clear as I can get. yeah its ok i guess I understand your answer and will give you an upvote. Heracross gets the BA because it explains more, not more clearly. It`s fine by me.(: Please log in or register to add a comment. Related questions Stealing items from Battle Frontier? If you were to use Thief/Covet and then use Fling on a human opponent? Nice Items to steal in Black and White 2? Can Somebody Please Name All The 'Stealing' Moves? Can Thief/Covet steal your rival's Absolite? Can you use the move thief in a link battle? Can I use thief on this? Thief and telling you if you've received an item? Useful Meta Posts How to change your username How to add a user avatar Why was my post hidden? The points system Question etiquette Flags vs Downvotes Anime FAQ


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Married to the Mob
Original Release Date: Aug 19, 1988
After her husband, a mob hit man, is murdered, a mafia wife tries to break away from the influnce of 'the Family'. After the syndicate leader makes a pass at the at her husband's funeral, she unwittingly becomes involved in an FBI plan to arrest the mafia boss, and with the agent who has been following her.
- Michelle Pfeiffer
- Matthew Modine
- Dean Stockwell
- Mercedes Ruehl
- Alec Baldwin
- Joan Cusack
- Chris Isaak
- David Johansen
- Al Lewis
- Charles Napier
- Nancy Travis
- Buster Poindexter
- Tracey Walter
- Trey Wilson
- Director: Jonathan Demme
- Screenplay: Mark R. Burns
- Screenplay: Barry Strugatz
- Composer: David Byrne
- Cinematographer: Tak Fujimoto
- Editor: Craig McKay
- Executive Producer: Joel Simon
- Executive Producer: Bill Todman Jr.
- Producer: Kenneth Utt
- Producer: Edward Saxon
- Production Designer: Krista Zea


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Wake Tech provides a wide range of continuing education (non-credit) classes for professional and personal enrichment, conveniently offered at multiple Wake Tech campus locations and community sites throughout Wake County.
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Get the resources, training, and counseling you need to help your new or established business grow and thrive through a comprehensive range of cost-effective and convenient education and services. Our classes, free seminars, and individual consultations support entrepreneurs and small business. We also provide customized corporate training, leadership and process improvement, and technical troubleshooting education for employees of large industries.
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Did you know? Through our non-credit division, you can prepare for licensure exams and earn industry-recognized certificates in a variety of areas, including information technology and computer skills, healthcare, public safety, service industry occupations, vocational trades, sustainability technology, biotechnology, apprenticeship, and more.
Take Classes for Personal Interest
Learn a new language, recipe, or skill! Get creative! Pursue your interests or try something you've never done before!


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News Summary
DMA Announcements
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July 10, 2011 Establishing Yourself as an Authority [DMA11]
If you attend any web marketing seminar, one of the things you'll hear a lot of by the experts in attendance is the importance of establishing yourself as an authority in your industry. With as much fierce competition as there is for the attention of online customers, accomplishing this not-so-easy feat is critical. At the forthcoming DMA2011 marketing conference in Boston, you'll have the opportunity to meet and talk with literally hundreds of experts who will offer you advice on different ways to accomplish this. One of the most popular methods is by writing and publishing an e-book.
What's So Great About E-Books?Most importantly, an e-book shows you as being "published." And although in today's society where the act of self-publication is easier than ever, there's still a great regard held for individuals and entities that have actually taken the time to put forth the necessary effort it takes to write an e-book—especially if the e-book in question provides valuable information to your existing customers and potential customers. Giving away your e-book for free in exchange for someone signing up for your mailing list is also a shrewd move that many companies make. In reality, book sales shouldn't be your primary objective. Establishing yourself as a trusted authority in your field is. And there are very few ways of accomplishing this that are as effective as publishing an e-book.
How Much Does it Cost to Publish an E-Book?Herein lies the beauty, because the actual cost of publication is zero dollars. There are no books to bind and no postage fees to absorb. Everything is made available online, usually by way of a PDF file that anyone can easily download and read on their computer, print out, or even transfer to their e-book reader of choice. The only considerable cost to publish an e-book is your valuable time and effort. But if you view it as an investment that could potentially bring you a sizeable upswing in your number of online followers and, eventually, paying customers, it's an investment that's well worth it.
Write What You KnowIt's important to keep your primary objective in mind when setting out to write an e-book. This isn't about veering off into uncharted territory and making a name for yourself as a fiction writer, but about taking steps to create an identifiable brand image that people will instantly recognize. An e-book is an effective way to attract the attention of those interested in what your company has to offer so that they'll keep coming back time and time again. For this reason, stick to what you know. If you own a plumbing company, write an e-book about home plumbing maintenance that contains how-to's and household improvement suggestions. If you're a financial advisor, write an e-book that contains advice on retirement planning and smart investments.
Writing and publishing an e-book is a proven method of growing your customer base and stepping into the role of a go-to person in your industry. Making your e-book available for free will also win you many fans. But proper retention marketing also requires that you remain engaged with your customers. This is accomplished through active participation with your customer base via social media platforms, blogs, and discussion forums. Publishing an e-book is only one part—albeit a large part—of establishing your company presence online. To dig deeper into alternative methods of building up your company's online and digital presence, be sure to attend the DMA2011 Conference and Exhibition in October.
The DMA Newsstand Archive


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Quins training centre fit for European kings (From Sutton Guardian)
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Quins training centre fit for European kings
9:35am Wednesday 2nd October 2013 in Sport
Quins chief executive David Ellis has hailed the club's new £1million training centre as an important step on the road to maintaining the club's place at the top table of European rugby.
Harlequins officially opened their new state-of-the-art facility - located adjacent to the club's current training pitches Surrey Sports Park in Guildford - on Tuesday.
The development - including new changing rooms, medical and treatment suites, video and statistical analysis suites, meeting rooms and administration offices - upgrades the club's current facilities at the University of Surrey.
Ellis said, "The new centre represents an important milestone in the club's ongoing development, we now have a complex that befits a club of our stature that wants to consistently compete at the top of the game in this country and in Europe.
"We are most grateful to all the contractors and specialists that have contributed to turning our vision into reality on budget and on time."
The opening was attended by representatives of the RFU, Premiership Rugby, the University of Surrey, Harlequins stakeholders including its supporters club and members, and the contractors, specialist engineers and suppliers that created the new centre.
RFU chief executive Ian Ritchie added: "I think it's very important that there is a true and good partnership between the clubs and the RFU - that is something that we're all working towards. I think we have a great relationship with Harlequins.
"This facility is a tribute to the farsightedness of the Club, to the farsightedness of all the things that they want to achieve in the future.
"What we all want to see is a growth of rugby, a growth of people being involved with it – participating, playing, watching, volunteering, and the more we can improve facilities the better. This is a key thing for all of us – we're very conscious of this at the RFU.
"Again I applaud Harlequins for its investment in improving facilities for training, it's absolutely essential and I think the right thing to do for the game."