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New York City Cafe Carlyle Hotels + great location
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Hotels By Brand
"Seems safe. Very cheap. Clean. Staff is polite and helpful. Wi-fi worked fine. C... Read more"
"Would not recommend to stay here if more than 1 person. The rooms are so small maybe... Read more"
"This place is dirty. Got a soft, lumpy double bed which was advertised as a queen si... Read more"
"My daughter and I had a great experience at the Park Central Hotel NYC. The location... Read more"
"Employees were friendly and service good. Accomodations were less than fair. No hot w... Read more"
"We had reservations at Park Central New York last week, and we found bedbugs in our r... Read more"
"Once again this hotel proved a great value for the money. Rooms are clean, and taste... Read more"
"We were very happy with our stay at Bentley Hotel. We just needed to stay overnight ... Read more"
"Go somewhere else, to noisy with all the bridge noise and traffic, far from the heart... Read more"
"The cleanest hotel. Great staff. Perfect location. Amazing services offered. Very hel... Read more"
"My husband commented when we stayed here that this hotel had the most comfortable bed... Read more"
"Courteous, effective, warm and helpful but unobtrusive staff - absolutely perfect. Go... Read more"
"Location perfect for reaching all the upper Manhattan tourist sites such as museums; ... Read more"
"We enjoyed our stay very much. The staff was friendly and helpful, our room was open ... Read more"
"Had a 1 bedroom suite for an overnight in the City. The room size was amazing and ha... Read more"
"The hotel was totally charming. When we arrived, we were given an "upgrade"... Read more"
"The suite had two rooms that were large for NY standards. The view was the building a... Read more"
"This is the second year that we have stayed at The Salisbury Hotel. The location is s... Read more"
"The Parker Meridien is a first class European style experience from its contemporary ... Read more"
"The room was spacious and clean; the staff was very helpful with information, how to ... Read more"
"Really like this hotel! The location is excellent particularly if you like Broadway ... Read more"
Note: The nightly rates shown above do not yet include Tax Recovery Charge & Service Fees or (if applicable) Extra Person Fees, Child Fees, Additional Mandatory Hotel Charges or optional incidentals, such as parking, room service or movies.


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Double Layer Tank
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- Modeled in size S. See fit guide for model's dimensions.
- Revolve Style No. HARL-WS352
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subset: commoncrawl


text: chase_reynolds By Barrett August 15, 2011 7:30 PM Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Category: Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! More From 96.3 The Blaze Burglary Suspect Refuses to Answer Prosecutor's Questions – Bail Set at $25,000 [AUDIO] 30 Worst Rock Tattoos of All Time [Watch] Slayer's Manager Clarifies Band's Relationship With Producer Rick Rubin Seattle Seahawks Star QB Russell Wilson Drafted by Texas Rangers Best of the Web ZergNet


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Strep Throat
Streptococcal sore throat, or strep throat, as it is more commonly called, is a bacterial infection of the mucous membranes lining the throat or pharynx.
Strep throat is caused by a type of bacteria called group A streptococci. The tonsils may also become infected (tonsillitis). Left untreated, strep throat may develop into rheumatic fever or other serious conditions.
Strep throat accounts for between 5 and 10 percent of all sore throats. Although anyone can get strep throat, it is most common in school-age children. People who smoke, who are fatigued, run down, or who live in damp, crowded conditions are also more likely to become infected. Children under age two and adults who are not around children are less likely to get the disease.
Strep throat occurs most frequently between November to April. The disease passes directly from person to person by coughing, sneezing, and close contact. On rare occasions, the disease is passed through food, when a food handler infected with strep throat accidentally contaminates food by coughing or sneezing. Statistically, if someone in the household is infected, one out of every four other household members may get strep throat within two to seven days.
Causes and symptoms
A person with strep throat suddenly develops a painful sore throat one to five days after being exposed to the streptococcus bacteria. The pain is indistinguishable from sore throats caused by other diseases.
The infected person usually feels tired and has a fever, sometimes accompanied by chills, headache, muscle aches, swollen lymph glands, and nausea. Young children may complain of abdominal pain. The tonsils look swollen and are bright red, with white or yellow patches of pus on them. Sometimes the roof of the mouth is red or has small red spots. Often a person with strep throat has bad breath.
Despite these common symptoms, strep throat can be deceptive. It is possible to have the disease and not show any of these symptoms. Many young children complain only of a headache and stomachache, without the characteristic sore throat.
Occasionally, within a few days of developing the sore throat, an individual may develop a fine, rough, sunburn-like rash over the face and upper body and have a fever of 101–104°F (38.3–40°C). The tongue becomes bright red, with a flecked, strawberry-like appearance. When a rash develops, this form of strep throat is called scarlet fever. The rash is a reaction to toxins released by the streptococcus bacteria. Scarlet fever is no more dangerous than strep throat and is treated the same way. The rash disappears in about five days. One to three weeks later, patches of skin may peel off, as might occur with a sunburn, especially on the fingers and toes.
Untreated strep throat can cause rheumatic fever. This is a serious illness, although it occurs rarely. One outbreak appeared in the United States in the mid-1980s. Rheumatic fever occurs most often in children between the ages of five and 15 and may have a genetic component, since it seems to run in families. Although the strep throat that causes rheumatic fever is contagious, rheumatic fever itself is not.
Rheumatic fever begins one to six weeks after an untreated streptococcal infection. The joints, especially the wrists, elbows, knees, and ankles become red, sore, and swollen. The infected person develops a high fever and possibly a rapid heartbeat when lying down, paleness, shortness of breath, and fluid retention. A red rash over the trunk may come and go for weeks or months. An acute attack of rheumatic fever lasts about three months.
Rheumatic fever can cause permanent damage to the heart and heart valves. It can be prevented by promptly treating streptococcal infections with antibiotics. It
In the 1990s, outbreaks of a virulent strain of group A streptococcus were reported to cause a toxic-shock-like illness and a severe invasive infection called necrotizing fasciitis, which destroys skin and muscle tissue. Although these diseases are caused by group A streptococci, they rarely begin with strep throat. Usually the streptococcus bacteria enters the body through a skin wound. These complications are rare. However, since the death rate in necrotizing fasciitis is 30 to 50 percent, it is wise to seek prompt treatment for any streptococcal infection.


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Alright, apart from custom maps... lets discuss the epic win that is far cry 2. My system defaulted to all high graphics, and i left it there - its running nice and smooth. (not sure if DX9 or DX10 tho) Memorable moments so far: * Setting a chicken on fire, and then running like hell as the whole friendly base caught alight from it. * firing a rocket at an oncoming jeep, to have the flaming debris fly up and smack me in the face. My "best buddy" then came in and dragged me from the wreckage *driving into what i thought was a friendly town, until they all started ramming me in their cars and shooting at me. Flamethrower solved that problem
Heres my farcry2 bench resul,you can see the settings at the top.I've not tried it in dx10 yet though.
Can you run the benchmarker,its in the bin folder and post your result.We might as well use this thread to post them in,unless someone wants to make a new thread just for the purpose.
This game does sound good to be honest and i am looking for another game. I resorted to digging my copy of X3: Reunion and after flying around for 5 minutes straight and not getting anywhere I remembered why I put it at the bottom of the box. How does this game compare to Crysis for example? i.e will i be able to play it on my computer?
I got this game now but I cant load is until I get home. If it's 1/2 as good as everyone is saying I'll be buying it later this week.
Yeah my new theory is to try EVERY game before buying it. I've been let down by demoless games too often but I still want to support the games worth playing.
Just for shits and giggles last night i tried to download the game to see how bad the seeds/peer ratio was and what my d/l speed would be. I got 0.7kB/s down and up on the torrent and it would have taken me 2 years to d/l.
lol. With all the different images on the trackers I wish people would have just use one or two files like Assassins Creed with the 6000+ seeders before the game was even released. Ironically the cracked/nuked version played better than the retail version I got for my bday.
Awesome game! It's very smooth at 1680x1050 all maxed out with 4xAA and a 4870 at 850/1050 I find it does stutter a lot though. Sometimes, every 1 or 2 seconds it'll freeze for a split second and then resume. I'm using the ATi hotfix too. EDIT: Also found some nvidia far cry 2 drivers: http://techreport.com/discussions.x/15746 links available there.
Yea, it unfortunately does Hopefully a new driver release will fix this, anyone else getting the same issue? BTW to show your FPS, press the key next to 1 (`) and type "showfps 1"
Well if you have a 512mb 4870 it might just not have the ram available to load the large textures. If is stutters @ lower resolutions then I would assume your right about the driver though. Maybe a good round of defragging will help also.
It runs far better than crysis ever did, AND i think it looks better. No. i heard those drivers break the level editor in the game, and i intend to play with that. latest thing i've found amusing: hovercraft on the rivers. With a sniper rifle The enemy boats catch up behind me and start shooting, i have enough time to get off the seat, turn around and snipe the enemy gunners before the boat loses momentum... and just keep on going. makes it a lot faster than walking everywhere!
Oh I cannot wait to run this tonight! I wanted to have the steam download running while I am at work, but noooooooo, it wasn't yet released at 6:30 this morning! How Lame! Oh well, I will post the benchies later tonight!
Quick note for ATI users, try using 2x AA instead of 4, performance is worth it the TINY IQ loss; as well as Very High Shadows instead of Ultra High. I noticed some things I was not prepared for gameplay and control wise. There's no prone..no leaning..and iron sights/zoom is a momentary maneuver, rather than toggle. Also, mouse acceleration.. AWFUL. I cannot stand force acceleration. The Gamerprofile.xml seems to indicate nothing about this. Where are the files to modify engine commands?
Be warned, there is a serious activation issue with this game. I have never ran into an issue in this manner. it allows you to add your key then says its not able to activate. Steam forums say ubisoft is reactivating a ton of keys I guess, but it just makes me wonder WTF they were thinking releasing bunk keys! I have contacted suport and looked in the forums and so far there are no answers, I hope to hall they get this sorted FAST. Concider yourselves lucky, those who are in already!


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The WSU College of Education offers graduate degrees in educational leadership and teaching and learning, with coursework substantially available on the Spokane campus.
Doctoral degrees:
Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) in Educational Leadership
Leadership for school improvement: A statewide doctor of education (Ed.D.) program offered by WSU's College of Education Department of Educational Leadership and Counseling Psychology features coursework that is primarily available on the Spokane campus. This is a cohort-based program focusing on the themes of collaborative leadership and school improvement.
The Ed.D. in educational leadership is designed to prepare students whose primary interest is in the practice of education as K-12 administrators and is typically taken by those who will occupy positions of leadership and applied specialties in public or private educational organizations or related fields. Program delivery requires that students attend two summer institutes on the Pullman campus.
Many students completing the field-based principal's and superintendent's certification programs go on to apply credits earned in those programs to this Ed.D.
Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) in Teacher Leadership
The Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) with a specialization in teacher leadership offered by the WSU College of Education Department of Teaching and Learning features coursework that is primarily available on the Spokane campus. This statewide teacher leadership program prepares K-12 teachers and teacher leaders for intellectual and practical leadership within classrooms, schools, districts, and the larger educational policy arena.
Students begin the program with an initiation of two complementary summer courses taken on the Pullman campus in July.
Master's degrees:
Master in Teaching Program
The MIT program is for an individual who holds a baccalaureate degree in a field other than education and who wants to become a teacher. Students are selected through a careful screening process that seeks those who are not only academically capable but who are especially devoted to the education of children.
Master's Degrees in Educational Leadership
WSU Spokane, in collaboration with WSU Pullman, is pleased to offer two master's degrees in Educational Leadership designed for current educators who wish to pursue careers in leadership positions in the field of education. The programs provide a balance of practical experience, research, and theory to prepare practitioner-scholars for leadership positions in K-12 school settings or for continued study and research in the field of Educational Leadership. WSU's Educational Leadership programs focus on the theme of leadership for school improvement. The Ed.M. degree fits nicely with the WSU field-based principal and program administrator certification programs, allowing students both the degree and the certification simultaneously, maximizing their courses of study with courses that meet the requirements of both programs.
Master's Degrees in Curriculum and Instruction
WSU Spokane, in collaboration with WSU Pullman, is pleased to offer two master's degrees with specialization in Curriculum and Instruction. The specialization offers students rigorous and highly individually tailored programs of study. The degree programs are designed for students with bachelor degrees who have an interest in deepening their knowledge in a specific content area (in or outside the College of Education) as well as educational research in curriculum and instruction. The specialization emphasizes applying research, theory, and evidence-based practices to improve education. The Ed.M. degree in Curriculum and Instruction works nicely with the WSU Professional Certification Program for teachers, and offers several avenues for study on the Spokane campus including online coursework in the areas of literacy and special education.
Program information
Kelly LaGrutta
Academic Coordinator
Mailing address
College of Education
PO Box 1495
Spokane, WA 99210-1495
Student services
(509) 358-7537


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Henry James
This article possibly contains original research. (October 2012) |
Henry James | |
James in 1910
Born | 2 Washington Place, New York City, New York, USA |
15 April 1843
Died | 28 February 1916 Cheyne Walk, Chelsea London, England |
(aged 72)
Occupation | Writer |
Nationality | born as an American; acquired British nationality in July 1915 |
Ethnicity | White |
Citizenship | British |
Alma mater | Harvard Law School |
Notable work(s) | The American The Turn of the Screw The Portrait of a Lady What Maisie Knew The Wings of the Dove Daisy Miller The Ambassadors |
Relative(s) | Henry James, Sr. (father), William James (brother), Alice James (sister) |
Signature |
Henry James, OM ( 15 April 1843 – 28 February 1916 ) was an American-born British writer, regarded as one of the key figures of 19th-century literary realism. He was the son of Henry James, Sr. and the brother of philosopher and psychologist William James and diarist Alice James.
James alternated between America and Europe for the first 20 years of his life, after which he settled in England, becoming a British subject in 1915, one year before his death. He is primarily known for the series of novels in which he portrays the encounter of Americans with Europe and Europeans. His method of writing from the point of view of a character within a tale allows him to explore issues related to consciousness and perception, and his style in later works has been compared to impressionist painting.
James contributed significantly to literary criticism, particularly in his insistence that writers be allowed the greatest possible freedom in presenting their view of the world. James claimed that a text must first and foremost be realistic and contain a representation of life that is recognisable to its readers. Good novels, to James, show life in action and are, most importantly, interesting. The concept of a good or bad novel is judged solely upon whether the author is good or bad. His imaginative use of point of view, interior monologue and possibly unreliable narrators in his own novels and tales brought a new depth and interest to narrative fiction. An extraordinarily productive writer, in addition to his voluminous works of fiction he published articles and books of travel, biography, autobiography, and criticism, and wrote plays, some of which were performed during his lifetime with moderate success. His theatrical work is thought to have profoundly influenced his later novels and tales.
James was born at 2 Washington Place in New York City into a wealthy family. His parents were Mary Robertson (Walsh) and Henry James, Sr., who was one of the best-known intellectuals in mid-19th-century America. His brother is William James the philosopher. In his youth James travelled back and forth between Europe and America. He studied with tutors in Geneva, London, Paris, Bologna, and Bonn. At the age of 19 he briefly attended Harvard Law School, but preferred reading literature to studying law. James published his first short story, A Tragedy of Error, at age 21, and devoted himself to literature. In 1866–69 and 1871–72 he was a contributor to The Nation and Atlantic Monthly.
From an early age James read the classics of English, American, French and German literature, and Russian classics in translation. His first novel, Watch and Ward (1871), was written while travelling through Venice and Paris. After living in Paris, where he was contributor to the New York Tribune, James moved to England in 1876, living first in London and then in Rye, Sussex. During his first years in Europe James wrote novels that portrayed Americans living abroad. In 1905 James visited America for the first time in twenty-five years, and wrote "Jolly Corner".
Among James's masterpieces are Daisy Miller (1879); in which the eponymous protagonist, the young and innocent American Daisy Miller, finds her values in conflict with European sophistication; and The Portrait of a Lady (1881), in which a young American woman finds that her upbringing has ill prepared her against two scheming American expatriates during her travels in Europe. The Bostonians (1886) is set in the era of the rising feminist movement. What Maisie Knew (1897) depicts a pre-adolescent girl who must choose between her parents and a motherly old governess. In The Wings of the Dove (1902) an inheritance destroys the love of a young couple. James considered The Ambassadors (1903) his most "perfect" work of art. James's most famous novella is The Turn of the Screw, a ghost story in which the question of childhood corruption obsesses a governess. Although James is best known for his novels, his essays are now attracting a more general audience.
Between 1906 and 1910 James revised many of his tales and novels for the New York edition of his complete works. His autobiography, A Small Boy And Others, appeared in 1913 and was continued in Notes Of A Son And Brother (1914). The third volume, The Middle Years, appeared posthumously in 1917. The outbreak of World War I was a shock for James, and on 26 July 1915, he became a British citizen as a declaration of loyalty to his adopted country and in protest against America's refusal to enter the war.1 James suffered a stroke on 2 December 1915, and it soon became apparent that his prognosis was not good. The novelist, now seriously ill, was awarded the Order of Merit, bestowed on 1 January 1916. His health continued to decline and he died in London on 28 February 1916. He was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and his ashes are interred at Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Career in letters
James early established the precedent of pursuing his career as a man of letters. His first published work was a review of a stage performance, "Miss Maggie Mitchell in Fanchon the Cricket," published in 1863,2 that reflected a lifelong interest in the actor's art. From an early age James read, criticised, and learned from the classics of English, American, French, Italian, German and (in translation) Russian literature. In 1863, he anonymously published his first short story, A Tragedy of Error. Until his fiftieth year he supported himself by writing, principally by contributing extensively to illustrated monthly magazines in the United States and Great Britain, but after his sister's death in 1892 his royalties were supplemented by a modest income from the family's properties in Syracuse, New York.
Until late in life his novels were serialised in magazines before book publication, and he wrote the monthly instalments as they were due, allowing him little opportunity to revise the final work. To supplement his income he also wrote frequently for newspapers, and from 1863 to his death he maintained a strenuous schedule of publication in a variety of genres and media. In his criticism of fiction, the theatre, and painting he developed ideas concerning the unity of the arts; he wrote two full-length biographies, two volumes of memoirs of his childhood and a long fragment of autobiography; 22 novels, including two left unfinished at his death, 112 tales of varying lengths, fifteen plays, and dozens of travel and topical essays.
Biographers and critics have identified Henrik Ibsen, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Honoré de Balzac, George Eliot, and Ivan Turgenev as important influences.3 He heavily revised his major novels and many of his stories for a selected edition of his fiction, whose twenty-three volumes formed an artistic autobiography which he called "The New York Edition" to emphasise his continuing ties to the city of his birth. In his essay The Art of Fiction, and in prefaces to each volume of The New York Edition, James explained his views of the art of fiction, emphasising the importance to him of realist portrayals of character as seen through the eyes and thoughts of an embodied narrator.
At several points in his career James wrote plays, beginning with one-act plays written for periodicals in 1869 and 18714 and a dramatisation of his popular novella Daisy Miller in 1882.5 From 1890 to 1892, he made a conscious effort to succeed commercially on the London stage, writing a half-dozen plays of which only one, a dramatisation of his novel The American, was produced. This play was performed for several years by a touring repertory company, and had a respectable run in London, but did not earn very much money for James. His other plays written at this time were not produced. The effort was made avowedly to improve his finances, and after his sister Alice's death in 1892, as he had a modest independent income, he halted his theatrical efforts. In 1893, however, he responded to a request from actor-manager George Alexander for a serious play for the opening of his renovated St. James's Theatre, and James wrote a long drama, Guy Domville, which Alexander produced. There was a noisy uproar on the opening night, 5 January 1895, with hissing from the gallery when James took his bow after the final curtain, and the author was considerably upset. The incident was not repeated, the play received moderately good reviews and had a modest run of four weeks, before being taken off to make way for Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest, which Alexander thought would have better prospects for the coming Season. After the stresses and disappointment of this effort James insisted that he would write no more for the theatre, but within weeks had agreed to write a curtain-raiser for Ellen Terry. This became the one-act "Summersoft", which he later rewrote into a short story, "Covering End", and then expanded into a full-length play, The High Bid, which had a brief run in London in 1907, when James made another concerted effort to write for the stage. He wrote three new plays, two of which were in production when the death of Edward VII 6 May 1910, plunged London into mourning and the theatres were closed. Discouraged by failing health and the stresses of theatrical work, James did not renew his efforts in the theatre, but recycled his plays as successful novels. The Outcry was a best-seller in the United States when it was published in 1911. During the years 1890–1893 when he was most engaged with the theatre, James wrote a good deal of theatrical criticism and assisted Elizabeth Robins and others in translating and producing Henrik Ibsen for the first time on the London stage.6
Biographer Leon Edel was the first to call attention to the importance of the "theatrical years" 1890–1895 for James's later work. Following the commercial failure of his novel The Tragic Muse, in 1890, James renounced novel writing and dedicated himself to short fiction and plays, which he described as related forms. Between 1890 and 1895, he sketched in his notebooks plots and themes of nearly all his later novels, which he first conceived as short stories or plays. The structure of his late novels was "scenic" in James's special sense, in that they followed the scene-by-scene structure of a French play in the classical mode, and he freely translated short stories into plays and vice versa. The use of an observer's consciousness and the sense of the action as a performance became most marked in James's fiction in and after the 1890s. Failing to make a commercial success on the stage, however, and finding that the stresses of theatrical work were difficult to sustain, he returned to the writing of long, serialised novels, which again became the mainstay of his income. With his new private income as well, he was able to maintain a country house and rooms in London.
Leon Edel argued in his psychoanalytic biography that James was deeply traumatised by the opening night uproar that greeted Guy Domville, and that it plunged him into a prolonged depression. The successful later novels, in Edel's view, were the result of a kind of self-analysis, expressed in James's fiction, which partly freed him from his fears. Other biographers and scholars have not accepted this account, however; the more common view being that of F.O. Matthiessen, who wrote: "Instead of being crushed by the collapse of his hopes [for the theatre]... he felt a resurgence of new energy."7
James returned to the United States in 1904–1905 for a lecture tour to recoup his finances and to visit his family. His essays describing that visit, published as The American Scene, were perhaps his most important work of social commentary. In them he described the rise of commerce and democracy, the impact of free immigration on American culture, and his agonised sense that his deeply felt American nationality was threatened by these upheavals.
James' biographers
James regularly rejected suggestions that he marry, and after settling in London proclaimed himself "a bachelor." F. W. Dupee, in several well-regarded volumes on the James family, originated the theory that he had been in love with his cousin Mary ("Minnie") Temple, but that a neurotic fear of sex kept him from admitting such affections: "James's invalidism ... was itself the symptom of some fear of or scruple against sexual love on his part." Dupee used an episode from James's memoir A Small Boy and Others, recounting a dream of a Napoleonic image in the Louvre, to exemplify James's romanticism about Europe, a Napoleonic fantasy into which he fled.8 This seemed to support literary critics like Van Wyck Brooks and Vernon Parrington who had condemned James's expatriation and criticised his work as effeminate and deracinated; Leon Edel used it as the premise of his influential biography which held the field for many years.
Dupee had not had access to the James family papers and worked principally from James's published memoir of his older brother, William, and the limited collection of letters edited by Percy Lubbock, heavily weighted toward James's last years. His account therefore moved directly from James's childhood, when he trailed after his older brother, to elderly invalidism. As more material became available to scholars, including the diaries of contemporaries and hundreds of affectionate and sometimes erotic letters written by James to younger men, the picture of neurotic celibacy gave way to a portrait of a closeted homosexual, although as author Terry Eagleton has stated, "... gay critics debate exactly how repressed his (probable) homosexuality was ..."9
James's letters to expatriate American sculptor Hendrik Christian Andersen have attracted particular attention. James met the 27-year-old Andersen in Rome in 1899, when James was 56, and wrote letters to Andersen that are intensely emotional: "I hold you, dearest boy, in my innermost love, & count on your feeling me—in every throb of your soul". In a letter of 6 May 1904, to his brother William, James referred to himself as "always your hopelessly celibate even though sexagenarian Henry".10 How accurate that description might have been is the subject of contention among James's biographers,11 but the letters to Andersen were occasionally quasi-erotic: "I put, my dear boy, my arm around you, & feel the pulsation, thereby, as it were, of our excellent future & your admirable endowment."12 To his homosexual friend Howard Sturgis, James could write: "I repeat, almost to indiscretion, that I could live with you. Meanwhile I can only try to live without you."13
His many letters to the young gay men who made up a large fraction of his close male friends are more forthcoming. In a letter to Howard Sturgis, following a long visit, James refers jocularly to their "happy little congress of two"14 and in letters to Hugh Walpole he pursues convoluted jokes and puns about their relationship, referring to himself as an elephant who "paws you oh so benevolently" and winds about Walpole his "well meaning old trunk".15 His letters to Walter Berry printed by the Black Sun Press have long been celebrated for their lightly veiled eroticism.16
He corresponded in almost equally extravagant language with his many female friends, writing, for example, to fellow-novelist Lucy Clifford: "Dearest Lucy! What shall I say? when I love you so very, very much, and see you nine times for once that I see Others! Therefore I think that—if you want it made clear to the meanest intelligence—I love you more than I love Others."17 To his New York friend Mary Cadwalader Jones: "Dearest Mary Cadwalader. I yearn over you, but I yearn in vain; & your long silence really breaks my heart, mystifies, depresses, almost alarms me, to the point even of making me wonder if poor unconscious & doting old Célimare [Jones's pet name for James] has "done" anything, in some dark somnambulism of the spirit, which has ... given you a bad moment, or a wrong impression, or a "colourable pretext" ... However these things may be, he loves you as tenderly as ever; nothing, to the end of time, will ever detach him from you, & he remembers those Eleventh St. matutinal intimes hours, those telephonic matinées, as the most romantic of his life ...18 His long friendship with American novelist Constance Fenimore Woolson, in whose house he lived for a number of weeks in Italy in 1887, and his shock and grief over her suicide in 1894, are discussed in detail in Leon Edel's biography and play a central role in a study by Lyndall Gordon. (Edel conjectured that Woolson was in love with James and killed herself in part because of his coldness, but Woolson's biographers have strongly objected to Edel's account.19
Style and themes
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2011) |
James is one of the major figures of trans-Atlantic literature. His works frequently juxtapose characters from the Old World (Europe), embodying a feudal civilization that is beautiful, often corrupt, and alluring, and from the New World (United States), where people are often brash, open, and assertive and embody the virtues—freedom and a more highly evolved moral character—of the new American society. James explores this clash of personalities and cultures, in stories of personal relationships in which power is exercised well or badly. His protagonists were often young American women facing oppression or abuse, and as his secretary Theodora Bosanquet remarked in her monograph Henry James at Work:
When he walked out of the refuge of his study and into the world and looked around him, he saw a place of torment, where creatures of prey perpetually thrust their claws into the quivering flesh of doomed, defenseless children of light ... His novels are a repeated exposure of this wickedness, a reiterated and passionate plea for the fullest freedom of development, unimperiled by reckless and barbarous stupidity.20
Critics have jokingly described three phases in the development of James's prose: "James the First, James the Second, and The Old Pretender"21 and observers do often group his works of fiction into three periods. In his apprentice years, culminating with the masterwork The Portrait of a Lady,citation neededhis style was simple and direct (by the standards of Victorian magazine writing) and he experimented widely with forms and methods, generally narrating from a conventionally omniscient point of view. Plots generally concern romance, except for the three big novels of social commentary that conclude this period. In the second period, as noted above, he abandoned the serialised novel and from 1890 to about 1897citation needed, he wrote short stories and plays. Finally, in his third and last period he returned to the long, serialised novel. Beginning in the second period, but most noticeably in the third, he increasingly abandoned direct statement in favour of frequent double negatives, and complex descriptive imagery. Single paragraphs began to run for page after page, in which an initial noun would be succeeded by pronouns surrounded by clouds of adjectives and prepositional clauses, far from their original referents, and verbs would be deferred and then preceded by a series of adverbs. The overall effect could be a vivid evocation of a scene as perceived by a sensitive observer. In its intense focus on the consciousness of his major characters, James's later work foreshadows extensive developments in 20th century fiction.22 Indeed, he might have influenced stream-of-consciousness writers such as Virginia Woolf, who not only read some of his novels but also wrote essays about them.23 Then and later many readers find the late style difficult and unnecessary; his friend Edith Wharton, who admired him greatly, said that there were passages in his work that were all but incomprehensible.24 H.G. Wells harshly portrayed James as a hippopotamus laboriously attempting to pick up a pea that has got into a corner of its cage.25 Some criticswho? have claimed that the more elaborate manner was a result of James taking up the practice of dictating to a secretary. He was afflicted with a stutter and compensated by speaking slowly and deliberately.26 The late style does become more difficult in the years when he dictates, but James also was able to revise typewritten drafts more extensively, and his few surviving drafts show that the later works are more heavily revised and redrafted. In some cases this leads critics to prefer the earlier, unrevised versions of some works because the older style is thought to be closer to the original conception and spirit of the work, Daisy Miller being a case in point: most of the current reprints of this novel contain the unrevised text. On the other hand, the late revision of the early novel The Portrait of a Lady is generally much preferred to the first edition, even by those who dislike the late style, because of the power of the imagery and the depth of characterisation, while his shorter late fiction, such as The Turn of the Screw, is considered highly accessible and remains popular with readers.
More important for his work overall may have been his position as an expatriate, and in other ways an outsider, living in Europe. While he came from middle-class and provincial belongings (seen from the perspective of European polite society) he worked very hard to gain access to all levels of society, and the settings of his fiction range from working class to aristocratic, and often describe the efforts of middle-class Americans to make their way in European capitals. He confessed he got some of his best story ideas from gossip at the dinner table or at country house weekends.27 He worked for a living, however, and lacked the experiences of select schools, university, and army service, the common bonds of masculine society. He was furthermore a man whose tastes and interests were, according to the prevailing standards of Victorian era Anglo-American culture, rather feminine, and who was shadowed by the cloud of prejudice that then and later accompanied suspicions of his homosexuality.28 Edmund Wilson famously compared James's objectivity to Shakespeare's:
One would be in a position to appreciate James better if one compared him with the dramatists of the seventeenth century—Racine and Molière, whom he resembles in form as well as in point of view, and even Shakespeare, when allowances are made for the most extreme differences in subject and form. These poets are not, like Dickens and Hardy, writers of melodrama—either humorous or pessimistic, nor secretaries of society like Balzac, nor prophets like Tolstoy: they are occupied simply with the presentation of conflicts of moral character, which they do not concern themselves about softening or averting. They do not indict society for these situations: they regard them as universal and inevitable. They do not even blame God for allowing them: they accept them as the conditions of life.29
It is also possible to see many of James's stories as psychological thought-experiments. The Portrait of a Lady may be an experiment to see what happens when an idealistic young woman suddenly becomes very rich. In many of his tales, characters seem to exemplify alternate futures and possibilities, as most markedly in "The Jolly Corner", in which the protagonist and a ghost-doppelganger live alternate American and European lives; and in others, like The Ambassadors, an older James seems fondly to regard his own younger self facing a crucial moment.30
Major novels
Although any selection of James's novels as "major" must inevitably depend to some extent on personal preference, the following books have achieved prominence among his works in the views of many critics.31 James believed a novel must be organic. Parts of the novel need to go together and the relationship must fit the form. If a reader enjoys a work of art or piece of writing, then they must be able to explain why. The very fact that every reader has different tastes, lends to the belief that artists should have artistic freedom to write in any way they choose to talk about subject matter that could possibly interest everyone.
The first period of James's fiction, usually considered to have culminated in The Portrait of a Lady, concentrated on the contrast between Europe and America. The style of these novels is generally straightforward and, though personally characteristic, well within the norms of 19th century fiction. Roderick Hudson (1875) is a Künstlerroman that traces the development of the title character, an extremely talented sculptor. Although the book shows some signs of immaturity—this was James's first serious attempt at a full-length novel—it has attracted favourable comment due to the vivid realisation of the three major characters: Roderick Hudson, superbly gifted but unstable and unreliable; Rowland Mallet, Roderick's limited but much more mature friend and patron; and Christina Light, one of James's most enchanting and maddening femmes fatales. The pair of Hudson and Mallet has been seen as representing the two sides of James's own nature: the wildly imaginative artist and the brooding conscientious mentor.32
Although Roderick Hudson featured mostly American characters in a European setting, James made the Europe–America contrast even more explicit in his next novel. In fact, the contrast could be considered the leading theme of The American (1877). This book is a combination of social comedy and melodrama concerning the adventures and misadventures of Christopher Newman, an essentially good-hearted but rather gauche American businessman on his first tour of Europe. Newman is looking for a world different from the simple, harsh realities of 19th-century American business. He encounters both the beauty and the ugliness of Europe, and learns not to take either for granted.
Washington Square (1880) is a deceptively simple tragicomedy that recounts the conflict between a dull but sweet daughter and her brilliant, domineering father. The book is often compared to Jane Austen's work for the clarity and grace of its prose and its intense focus on family relationships. James was not particularly enthusiastic about Jane Austen, so he might not have regarded the comparison as flattering. In fact, James was not enthusiastic about Washington Square itself. He tried to read it over for inclusion in the New York Edition of his fiction (1907–09) but found that he could not. So he excluded the novel from the edition. But other readers have enjoyed the book enough to make it one of the popular works in the Jamesian canon. Washington Square was turned into a dramatic musical-opera in 1972 by Jerome Walman.
In The Portrait of a Lady (1881) James concluded the first phase of his career with a novel that remains his most popular piece of long fiction. The story is of a spirited young American woman, Isabel Archer, who "affronts her destiny" and finds it overwhelming. She inherits a large amount of money and subsequently becomes the victim of Machiavellian scheming by two American expatriates. The narrative is set mainly in Europe, especially in England and Italy. Generally regarded as the masterpiece of his early phase, The Portrait of a Lady is described as a psychological novel, exploring the minds of his characters, and almost a work of social science, exploring the differences between Europeans and Americans, the old and the new worlds.33
The Bostonians (1886) is a bittersweet tragicomedy that centres on Basil Ransom, an unbending political conservative from Mississippi; Olive Chancellor, Ransom's cousin and a zealous Boston feminist; and Verena Tarrant, a pretty protégée of Olive's in the feminist movement. The storyline concerns the contest between Ransom and Olive for Verena's allegiance and affection, though the novel also includes a wide panorama of political activists, newspaper people, and quirky eccentrics.
James followed with The Princess Casamassima (1886), the story of an intelligent but confused young London bookbinder, Hyacinth Robinson, who becomes involved in far left politics and a terrorist assassination plot. The book is something of a lone sport in the Jamesian canon for dealing with such a violent political subject. But it is often paired with The Bostonians, which is also concerned with political issues.
Just as James was beginning his ultimately disastrous attempt to conquer the stage, he wrote The Tragic Muse (1890). This novel offers a wide, cheerful panorama of English life and follows the fortunes of two would-be artists: Nick Dormer, who vacillates between a political career and his efforts to become a painter, and Miriam Rooth, an actress striving for artistic and commercial success. A huge cast of supporting characters help and hinder their pursuits. The book reflects James's consuming interest in the theatre and is often considered to mark the close of the second or middle phase of his career.
After the failure of his "dramatic experiment" James returned to his fiction and began to probe his characters' consciousness. His style started to grow in complexity to reflect the greater depth of his analysis. The Spoils of Poynton (1897) is a half-length novel that describes the struggle between Mrs. Gereth, a widow of impeccable taste and iron will, and her son Owen over a houseful of precious antique furniture. The story is largely told from the viewpoint of Fleda Vetch, a young woman in love with Owen but sympathetic to Mrs Gereth's anguish over losing the antiques she patiently collected.
James continued the more involved, psychological approach to his fiction with What Maisie Knew (1897), the story of the sensitive daughter of divorced and irresponsible parents. The novel has great contemporary relevance as an unflinching account of a wildly dysfunctional family.
The third period of James's career reached its most significant achievement in three novels published just around the start of the 20th century. Critic F. O. Matthiessen called this "trilogy" James's major phase, and these novels have certainly received intense critical study. It was the second-written of the books, The Wings of the Dove (1902) that was the first published. This novel tells the story of Milly Theale, an American heiress stricken with a serious disease, and her impact on the people around her. Some of these people befriend Milly with honourable motives, while others are more self-interested. James stated in his autobiographical books that Milly was based on Minny Temple, his beloved cousin who died at an early age of tuberculosis. He said that he attempted in the novel to wrap her memory in the "beauty and dignity of art".34
The next published of the three novels, The Ambassadors (1903), is a dark comedy that follows the trip of protagonist Lewis Lambert Strether to Europe in pursuit of his widowed fiancée's supposedly wayward son. Strether is to bring the young man back to the family business, but he encounters unexpected complications. The third-person narrative is told exclusively from Strether's point of view. In his preface to the New York Edition text of the novel, James placed this book at the top of his achievements, which has occasioned some critical disagreement. The Golden Bowl (1904) is a complex, intense study of marriage and adultery that completes the "major phase" and, essentially, James's career in the novel. The book explores the tangle of interrelationships between a father and daughter and their respective spouses. The novel focuses deeply and almost exclusively on the consciousness of the central characters, with sometimes obsessive detail and powerful insight.
Shorter narratives
James was particularly interested in what he called the "beautiful and blest nouvelle", or the longer form of short narrative. Still, he produced a number of very short stories in which he achieved notable compression of sometimes complex subjects. The following narratives are representative of James's achievement in the shorter forms of fiction.35
Just as the contrast between Europe and America was a predominant theme in James's early novels, many of his first tales also explored the clash between the Old World and the New. In "A Passionate Pilgrim" (1871), the earliest fiction that James included in the New York Edition, the difference between America and Europe erupts into open conflict, which leads to a sadly ironic ending. The story's technique still seems somewhat inexpert, with passages of local color description occasionally interrupting the flow of the narrative. But James manages to craft an interesting and believable example of what he would call the "Americano-European legend".
James published many stories before what would prove to be his greatest success with the readers of his time, "Daisy Miller" (1878). This story portrays the confused courtship of the title character, a free-spirited American girl, by Winterbourne, a compatriot of hers with much more sophistication. His pursuit of Daisy is hampered by her own flirtatiousness, which is frowned upon by the other expatriates they meet in Switzerland and Italy. Her lack of understanding of the social mores of the society she so desperately wishes to enter ultimately leads to tragedy.
As James moved on from studies of the Europe-America clash and the American girl in his novels, his shorter works also explored new subjects in the 1880s. "The Aspern Papers" (1888) is one of James's best-known and most acclaimed longer tales. The storyline is based on an anecdote that James heard about a Shelley devotee who tried to obtain some valuable letters written by the poet. Set in a brilliantly described Venice, the story demonstrates James's ability to generate almost unbearable suspense while never neglecting the development of his characters. Another fine example of the middle phase of James's career in short narrative is "The Pupil" (1891), the story of a precocious young boy growing up in a mendacious and dishonorable family. He befriends his tutor, who is the only adult in his life that he can trust. James presents their relationship with sympathy and insight, and the story reaches what some have considered the status of classical tragedy.
"The Altar of the Dead", first published in James's collection Terminations in 1895 after the story failed of magazine publication, is a fable of literally life and death significance. The story explores how the protagonist tries to keep the remembrance of his dead friends, to save them from being forgotten entirely in the rush of everyday events. He meets a woman who shares his ideals, only to find that the past places what seems to be an impassable barrier between them. Although James was not religious in any conventional sense, the story shows a deep spirituality in its treatment of mortality and the transcendent power of unselfish love.
The final phase of James's short narratives shows the same characteristics as the final phase of his novels: a more involved style, a deeper psychological approach, and a sharper focus on his central characters. Probably his most popular short narrative among today's readers, "The Turn of the Screw" (1898) is a ghost story that has lent itself well to operatic and film adaptation. With its possibly ambiguous content and powerful narrative technique, the story challenges the reader to determine if the protagonist, an unnamed governess, is correctly reporting events or is instead an unreliable neurotic with an overheated imagination. To further muddy the waters, her written account of the experience—a frame tale—is being read many years later at a Christmas house party by someone who claims to have known her.
"The Beast in the Jungle" (1903) is almost universally considered to be one of James's finest short narratives, and has often been compared with The Ambassadors in its meditation on experience or the lack of it. The story also treats other universal themes: loneliness, fate, love and death. The parable of John Marcher and his peculiar destiny speaks to anyone who has speculated on the worth and meaning of human life. Among his last efforts in short narrative, "The Jolly Corner" (1908) is usually held to be one of James's best ghost stories. The tale describes the adventures of Spencer Brydon as he prowls the now-empty New York house where he grew up. Brydon encounters a "sensation more complex than had ever before found itself consistent with sanity".
Beyond his fiction, James was one of the more important literary critics in the history of the novel. In his classic essay The Art of Fiction (1884), he argued against rigid proscriptions on the novelist's choice of subject and method of treatment. He maintained that the widest possible freedom in content and approach would help ensure narrative fiction's continued vitality. James wrote many valuable critical articles on other novelists; typical is his insightful book-length study of his American predecessor Nathaniel Hawthorne. When he assembled the New York Edition of his fiction in his final years, James wrote a series of prefaces that subjected his own work to the same searching, occasionally harsh criticism.36
For most of his life James harboured ambitions for success as a playwright. He converted his novel The American into a play that enjoyed modest returns in the early 1890s. In all he wrote about a dozen plays, most of which went unproduced. His costume drama Guy Domville failed disastrously on its opening night in 1895. James then largely abandoned his efforts to conquer the stage and returned to his fiction. In his Notebooks he maintained that his theatrical experiment benefited his novels and tales by helping him dramatise his characters' thoughts and emotions. James produced a small but valuable amount of theatrical criticism, including perceptive appreciations of Henrik Ibsen.37
With his wide-ranging artistic interests, James occasionally wrote on the visual arts. Perhaps his most valuable contribution was his favourable assessment of fellow expatriate John Singer Sargent, a painter whose critical status has improved markedly in recent decades. James also wrote sometimes charming, sometimes brooding articles about various places he visited and lived in. His most famous books of travel writing include Italian Hours (an example of the charming approach) and The American Scene (most definitely on the brooding side).38
James was one of the great letter-writers of any era. More than ten thousand of his personal letters are extant, and over three thousand have been published in a large number of collections. A complete edition of James's letters began publication in 2006 with two volumes covering the 1855–1872 period, edited by Pierre Walker and Greg Zacharias. James's correspondents included celebrated contemporaries like Robert Louis Stevenson, Edith Wharton and Joseph Conrad, along with many others in his wide circle of friends and acquaintances. The letters range from the "mere twaddle of graciousness"39 to serious discussions of artistic, social and personal issues. Very late in life James began a series of autobiographical works: A Small Boy and Others, Notes of a Son and Brother, and the unfinished The Middle Years. These books portray the development of a classic observer who was passionately interested in artistic creation but was somewhat reticent about participating fully in the life around him.40
Henry James was only twenty-two when he wrote The Noble School of Fiction for The Nation's first issue in 1865. He wrote, in all, over two hundred essays and book, art and theatre reviews for the magazine.41
Criticism, biographies and fictional treatments
James's work has remained steadily popular with the limited audience of educated readers to whom he spoke during his lifetime, and remained firmly in the British canon, but after his death American critics, such as Van Wyck Brooks, expressed hostility towards James's long expatriation and eventual naturalisation as a British citizen.42 Other critics like E.M. Forster complained about what they saw as James's squeamishness in the treatment of sex and other possibly controversial material, or dismissed his style as difficult and obscure, relying heavily on extremely long sentences and excessively latinate language.43 Similarly Oscar Wilde once criticised him for writing "fiction as if it were a painful duty".44 Vernon Parrington, composing a canon of American literature, condemned James for having cut himself off from America. Jorge Luis Borges wrote about him, "Despite the scruples and delicate complexities of James his work suffers from a major defect: the absence of life."45 And Virginia Woolf, writing to Lytton Strachey, asked, "Please tell me what you find in Henry James. ...we have his works here, and I read, and I can't find anything but faintly tinged rose water, urbane and sleek, but vulgar and pale as Walter Lamb. Is there really any sense in it?"46
Despite these criticisms, James is now valued for his psychological and moral realism, his masterful creation of character, his low-key but playful humour, and his assured command of the language. In his 1983 book, The Novels of Henry James, Edward Wagenknecht offers an assessment that echoes Theodora Bosanquet's:
"To be completely great," Henry James wrote in an early review, "a work of art must lift up the heart," and his own novels do this to an outstanding degree ... More than sixty years after his death, the great novelist who sometimes professed to have no opinions stands foursquare in the great Christian humanistic and democratic tradition. The men and women who, at the height of World War II, raided the secondhand shops for his out-of-print books knew what they were about. For no writer ever raised a braver banner to which all who love freedom might adhere.47
Early biographies of James echoed the unflattering picture of him drawn in early criticism. F.W. Dupee, as noted above, characterised James as neurotically withdrawn and fearful, and although Dupee lacked access to primary materials his view has remained persuasive in academic circles, partly because Leon Edel's massive five-volume work, published from 1953 to 1972, seemed to buttress it with extensive documentation. Michael Anesko, Fred Kaplan, and Sheldon Novick, working from primary materials, have disputed the factual basis of Dupee's and Edel's accounts. Other critics and biographers have disputed Edel's interpretations and conclusions. James has also figured in at least a half-dozen novels. Colm Tóibín used an extensive list of biographies of Henry James and his family for his widely admired 2004 novel, The Master, which is a third person narrative with James as the central character, and deals with specific episodes from his life during the period between 1895 and 1899. Author, Author, a novel by David Lodge published in the same year, was based on James's efforts to conquer the stage in the 1890s. In 2002 Emma Tennant published Felony: The Private History of The Aspern Papers, a novel that fictionalised the relationship between James and American novelist Constance Fenimore Woolson and the possible effects of that relationship on The Aspern Papers.
The published criticism of James's work has reached enormous proportions. The volume of criticism of The Turn of the Screw alone has become extremely large for such a brief work. The Henry James Review, published three times a year, offers criticism of James's entire range of writings, and many other articles and book-length studies appear regularly. Some guides to this extensive literature can be found on the external sites listed below.
William Dean Howells saw James as a representative of a new realist school of literary art which broke with the English romantic tradition epitomised by the works of Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray. Howells wrote that realism found "its chief exemplar in Mr. James... A novelist he is not, after the old fashion, or after any fashion but his own."48
Perhaps the most prominent examples of James's legacy in recent years have been the film versions of several of his novels and stories. Three of James's novels were filmed by the team of Ismail Merchant and James Ivory: The Europeans (1978), The Bostonians (1984) and The Golden Bowl (2000). The Iain Softley-directed version of The Wings of the Dove (1997) was successful with both critics and audiences, and Helena Bonham Carter received an Academy Award nomination as Best Actress for her memorable portrayal of Kate Croy. Agnieszka Holland's Washington Square (1997) was well received by critics, and Jane Campion tried her hand with The Portrait of a Lady (1996) but with much less success. In earlier times Jack Clayton's The Innocents (1961) brought The Turn of the Screw to vivid life on film, and William Wyler's The Heiress (1949), adapted from Washington Square, won four Academy Awards, including a Best Actress award for Olivia de Havilland as Catherine Sloper.
Most of James's work has remained continuously in print since its first publication, and he continues to be a major figure in realist fiction, influencing generations of novelists. James has allowed the genre of the novel to become worthy of a literary critic's attention. James has formulated a theory of fiction that many today still discuss and debate. Testifying to his importance, a character named "Henry James" appears in at least a half-dozen novels, as noted above, the best-known of which is The Master by Colm Toibin.49 Such disparate writers as Joyce Carol Oates with Accursed Inhabitants of the House of Bly (1994), Louis Auchincloss with The Ambassadress (1950), Tom Stoppard with The Real Thing (1982), and Alan Hollinghurst with The Line of Beauty (2004) were explicitly influenced by James's works. James was definitely out of his element when it came to music, but Benjamin Britten's operatic version of "The Turn of the Screw" (1954) has become one of the composer's most popular works. William Tuckett converted the story into a ballet in 1999.
Even when the influence is not so obvious, James can cast a powerful spell. In 1954, when the shades of depression were thickening fast, Ernest Hemingway wrote an emotional letter in which he tried to steady himself as he thought James would: "Pretty soon I will have to throw this away so I better try to be calm like Henry James. Did you ever read Henry James? He was a great writer who came to Venice and looked out the window and smoked his cigar and thought." The odd, perhaps subconscious or accidental allusion to "The Aspern Papers" is striking. More recently, James' writing was even used to promote Rolls-Royce automobiles: the tagline "Live all you can, it's a mistake not to", originally spoken by The Ambassadors' Lambert Strether, was used in one advertisement. This is somewhat ironic, considering the novel's sardonic treatment of the "great new force" of mass marketing.50
- Watch and Ward (1871)
- Roderick Hudson (1875)
- The American (1877)
- The Europeans (1878)
- Confidence (1879)
- Washington Square (1880)
- The Portrait of a Lady (1881)
- The Bostonians (1886)
- The Princess Casamassima (1886)
- The Reverberator (1888)
- The Tragic Muse (1890)
- The Other House (1896)
- The Spoils of Poynton (1897)
- What Maisie Knew (1897)
- The Awkward Age (1899)
- The Sacred Fount (1901)
- The Wings of the Dove (1902)
- The Ambassadors (1903)
- The Golden Bowl (1904)
- The Whole Family (collaborative novel with eleven other authors, 1908)
- The Outcry (1911)
- The Ivory Tower (unfinished, published posthumously 1917)
- The Sense of the Past (unfinished, published posthumously 1917)
Short stories and novellas
- A Tragedy of Error (1864)
- The Story of a Year (1865)
- A Landscape Painter (1866)
- A Day of Days (1866)
- My Friend Bingham (1867)
- Poor Richard (1867)
- The Story of a Masterpiece (1868)
- A Most Extraordinary Case (1868)
- A Problem (1868)
- De Grey: A Romance (1868)
- Osborne's Revenge (1868)
- The Romance of Certain Old Clothes (1868)
- A Light Man (1869)
- Gabrielle de Bergerac (1869)
- Travelling Companions (1870)
- A Passionate Pilgrim (1871)
- At Isella (1871)
- Master Eustace (1871)
- Guest's Confession (1872)
- The Madonna of the Future (1873)
- The Sweetheart of M. Briseux (1873)
- The Last of the Valerii (1874)
- Madame de Mauves (1874)
- Adina (1874)
- Professor Fargo (1874)
- Eugene Pickering (1874)
- Benvolio (1875)
- Crawford's Consistency (1876)
- The Ghostly Rental (1876)
- Four Meetings (1877)
- Rose-Agathe (1878, as Théodolinde)
- Daisy Miller (1878)
- Longstaff's Marriage (1878)
- An International Episode (1878)
- The Pension Beaurepas (1879)
- A Diary of a Man of Fifty (1879)
- A Bundle of Letters (1879)
- The Point of View (1882)
- The Siege of London (1883)
- Impressions of a Cousin (1883)
- Lady Barbarina (1884)
- Pandora (1884)
- The Author of Beltraffio (1884)
- Georgina's Reasons (1884)
- A New England Winter (1884)
- The Path of Duty (1884)
- Mrs. Temperly (1887)
- Louisa Pallant (1888)
- The Aspern Papers (1888)
- The Liar (1888)
- The Modern Warning (1888, originally published as The Two Countries)
- A London Life (1888)
- The Patagonia (1888)
- The Lesson of the Master (1888)
- The Solution (1888)
- The Pupil (1891)
- Brooksmith (1891)
- The Marriages (1891)
- The Chaperon (1891)
- Sir Edmund Orme (1891)
- Nona Vincent (1892)
- The Real Thing (1892)
- The Private Life (1892)
- Lord Beaupré (1892)
- The Visits (1892)
- Sir Dominick Ferrand (1892)
- Greville Fane (1892)
- Collaboration (1892)
- Owen Wingrave (1892)
- The Wheel of Time (1892)
- The Middle Years (1893)
- The Death of the Lion (1894)
- The Coxon Fund (1894)
- The Next Time (1895)
- Glasses (1896)
- The Altar of the Dead (1895)
- The Figure in the Carpet (1896)
- The Way It Came (1896, also published as The Friends of the Friends)
- The Turn of the Screw (1898)
- Covering End (1898)
- In the Cage (1898)
- John Delavoy (1898)
- The Given Case (1898)
- Europe (1899)
- The Great Condition (1899)
- The Real Right Thing (1899)
- Paste (1899)
- The Great Good Place (1900)
- Maud-Evelyn (1900)
- Miss Gunton of Poughkeepsie (1900)
- The Tree of Knowledge (1900)
- The Abasement of the Northmores (1900)
- The Third Person (1900)
- The Special Type (1900)
- The Tone of Time (1900)
- Broken Wings (1900)
- The Two Faces (1900)
- Mrs. Medwin (1901)
- The Beldonald Holbein (1901)
- The Story in It (1902)
- Flickerbridge (1902)
- The Birthplace (1903)
- The Beast in the Jungle (1903)
- The Papers (1903)
- Fordham Castle (1904)
- Julia Bride (1908)
- The Jolly Corner (1908)
- The Velvet Glove (1909)
- Mora Montravers (1909)
- Crapy Cornelia (1909)
- The Bench of Desolation (1909)
- A Round of Visits (1910)
- Captaine John Smith (1867)51
- A Passionate Pilgrim and Other Tales (1875)
- Transatlantic Sketches (1875)
- French Poets and Novelists (1878)
- Hawthorne (1879)
- Portraits of Places (1883)52
- A Little Tour in France (1884)
- Partial Portraits (1888)
- Essays in London and Elsewhere (1893)
- Picture and Text (1893)
- Terminations (1893)
- The Real Thing and Other Tales (1893)
- Theatricals (1894)
- Theatricals: Second Series (1895)
- Guy Domville (1895)
- The Soft Side (1900)
- William Wetmore Story and His Friends (1903)
- The Better Sort (1903)53
- English Hours (1905)
- The American Scene (1907)
- Views and Reviews (1908)54
- New York Edition (1907–1909), selected "definitive" edition of James's fiction
- Italian Hours (1909)
- A Small Boy and Others (1913)
- Notes on Novelists (1914)
- Notes of a Son and Brother (1914)
- Within the Rim (1918)
- Travelling Companions (1919)
- Notebooks (various, published posthumously)
- The Middle Years (unfinished, published posthumously 1917)
- A Most Unholy Trade (1925, published posthumously)55
- The Art of the Novel : Critical Prefaces (1934)56
- ^ "Project MUSE – The Henry James Review – The Art of Living Inward: Henry James on Rupert Brooke". Muse.jhu.edu. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
- ^ Novick (1996) p. 431
- ^ James acknowledged his debt to these writers. For instance, see the New York Edition preface to The Portrait of a Lady for a discussion of Turgenev's influence, and the Lesson of Balzac for the French novelist's. James wrote extensive critical essays on all four of these writers. Later critics such as Cornelia Sharp and Edward Wagenknecht have noted specific influences on James's works, such as Balzac's Eugénie Grandet on Washington Square, Hawthorne's The Marble Faun on Roderick Hudson, and Turgenev's Virgin Soil on The Princess Casamassima. Novick (2007) pointed out the influence of Ibsen on his fiction.
- ^ Edel (1990) pp. 75, 89
- ^ Edel (1990) p.121
- ^ Novick (2007) pp.15–160 et passim.
- ^ The Notebooks of Henry James, F.O. Matthiessen and Kenneth B. Murdoch, eds., p. 179. See similarly Richard Ellmann, in Bradley (1999) p. 21, n; Novick (2007) pp. 219–225 et passim.
- ^ See Dupee (1949) and (1951), collecting earlier papers.
- ^ "The asperity papers" (24 June 2006) by Terry Eagleton, a review of The Year of Henry James: The Story of a Novel by David Lodge in The Guardian.
- ^ The Correspondence of William James: Volume 3, William and Henry edited by Ignas Skrupskelis and Elizabeth Bradley (1994) p. 271.
- ^ See volume four of Edel's referenced biography, pp.306–316, for a particularly long and inconclusive discussion on the subject. See also Bradley (1999) and (2000).
- ^ Mamoli Zorzi, Rosella (Ed.) Beloved Boy: Letters to Hendrik C. Andersen, 1899–1915 ISBN 0-8139-2270-4
- ^ Gunter, Susan E; Jobe, Steven Dearly Beloved Friends: Henry James's Letters to Younger Men (2001) ISBN 0-472-11009-8
- ^ Gunter and Jobe (2001) p.125
- ^ Gunter and Jobe p.179
- ^ Black Sun Press (1927)
- ^ Bravest of Women and Finest of Friends: Henry James's Letters to Lucy Clifford, edited by Marysa Demoor and Monty Chisholm, University of Victoria (1999), p.79 ISBN 0-920604-67-6
- ^ Dear Munificent Friends: Henry James's Letters to Four Women, edited by Susan E. Gunter, The University of Michigan Press (1999), p.146 ISBN 0-472-11010-1
- ^ See e.g. Cheryl Torsney, Constance Fenimore Woolson: The Grief of Artistry (1989, "Edel's text ... a convention-laden male fantasy").
- ^ Henry James At Work by Theodora Bosanquet, pp.275–276 (1970) ISBN 0-8383-0009-X
- ^ "But I come back, I come back, as I say, I all throbbingly and yearningly and passionately, oh, mon bon, come back to this way". MetaFilter. Retrieved 14 July 2007.
- ^ See James's prefaces, Horne's study of his revisions for The New York Edition, Edward Wagenknecht's The Novels of Henry James (1983) among many discussions of the changes in James's narrative technique and style over the course of his career.
- ^ Woolf diary entry for August, 1923. Books.google.com. Retrieved on 10 August 2011.
- ^ The Writing of Fiction by Edith Wharton, pp.90–91 (1925)
- ^ H.G. Wells, Boon, The Mind of the Race, The Wild Asses of the Devil, and The Last Trump. London: T. Fisher Unwin (1915) p. 101.
- ^ "Famous People Who Stutter". Minnesota State University – Mankato. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ^ James's prefaces to the New York Edition of his fiction often discuss such origins for his stories. See, for instance, the preface to The Spoils of Poynton.
- ^ James himself noted his "outsider" status. In a letter of 2 October 1901, to W. Morton Fullerton, James talked of the "essential loneliness of my life" as "the deepest thing" about him (Henry James Letters edited by Leon Edel, volume 4, p.170 (1984) ISBN 0-674-38780-5)
- ^ The Portable Edmund Wilson edited by Lewis Dabney, pp.128–129 (1983) ISBN 0-14-015098-6
- ^ Millicent Bell explores such themes in her monograph Meaning in Henry James
- ^ For extensive critical discussions of The American, The Portrait of a Lady, The Ambassadors and The Wings of the Dove, see the referenced editions of these novels. For discussion of all of James's novels from a variety of critical viewpoints, see the referenced books of criticism.
- ^ Kraft, James. The early tales of Henry James. Southern Illinois University Press, 1969, p. 68.
- ^ Brownstein, Gabriel. "Introduction," in James, Henry. Portrait of a Lady, Barnes & Noble Classics series, Spark Educational Publishing, 2004.
- ^ Posnock, Ross. "James, Browning, and the Theatrical Self," in Neuman, Mark and Payne, Michael. Self, sign, and symbol. Bucknell University Press, 1987, p. 114.
- ^ For further critical analysis of these narratives, see the referenced editions of James's tales and The Turn of the Screw. The referenced books of criticism also discuss many of James's short narratives.
- ^ See the referenced editions of James's criticism and the related articles in the "Literary criticism" part of the "Notable works by James" section for further discussion of his critical essays.
- ^ Henry James: The Scenic Art, Notes on Acting and the Drama 1872–1901 edited by Allan Wade, pp.243–260 (1948). For a general discussion of James's efforts as a playwright, see Edel's referenced edition of his plays.
- ^ Further information about these works can be found in the related articles in the "Travel writings" and "Visual arts criticism" parts of the "Notable works by James" section and in the referenced editions of James's travel writings.
- ^ Henry James Letters edited by Leon Edel, volume 4 p.208 (1983). Further information on James's letters can be found at The Online Calendar of Henry James's Letters. For more information on the complete edition of James's letters, see The Henry James Scholar's Guide to Web Sites in the "External links" section.
- ^ See the referenced edition of James's autobiographical books by F.W. Dupee, which includes a critical introduction, an extensive index, and notes.
- ^ Katrina Vanden Heuvel The Nation 1865–1990, p. 5, Thunder's Mouth Press, 1990 ISBN 1-56025-001-1
- ^ The Pilgrimage of Henry James by Van Wyck Brooks (1925) develops this thesis at length.
- ^ Aspects of the Novel by E.M. Forster pp.153–163, (1956) ISBN 0-674-38780-5
- ^ Oscar Wilde Quotes – Page 6. BrainyQuote. Retrieved on 10 August 2011.
- ^ Borges, Jorge Luis, in collaboration with Esther Zemborain de Torres (1971) An Introduction to American Literature. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 55.
- ^ Reading Experience Database Display Record. Can-red-lec.library.dal.ca. Retrieved on 10 August 2011.
- ^ The Novels of Henry James by Edward Wagenknecht, pp.261–262 (1983) ISBN 0-8044-2959-6
- ^ Lauter, Paul. A companion to American literature and culture. Chichester; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010: 364. ISBN 0-631-20892-5
- ^ Many of these examples are drawn from Henry James's Legacy: The Afterlife of His Figure and Fiction by Adeline Tintner (1998) ISBN 0-8071-2157-6. Specific references from the book: Joyce Carol Oates pp.378–380, Louis Auchincloss pp.350–353, Tom Stoppard pp.251–253, Benjamin Britten p.247, Ernest Hemingway pp.176–188, and Rolls-Royce pp.2–4.
- ^ [1] Google Books. Retrieved on 4 February 2012. Originally published in the North American Review, then reprinted in Historical Essays, C. Scribner's Sons, 1891, pp. 42-79
- ^ Portraits of Places: James, Henry – AbeBooks – Gene's Books, member IOBA. AbeBooks (10 October 2000). Retrieved on 10 August 2011.
- ^ 'The better sort' (collection) by Henry James. Henryjames.org.uk. Retrieved on 10 August 2011.
- ^ Henry James: Biography from. Answers.com. Retrieved on 10 August 2011.
- ^ (1923) "A most unholy trade": Being letters on the drama. Getcited.org. Retrieved on 10 August 2011.
- ^ James, Henry. (15 December 2005) The Art of the Novel: Critical Prefaces (Book) by Henry James, et al. (2011). Waterstones.com. Retrieved on 10 August 2011.
- Biography
- Henry James by F.W. Dupee. William Sloane Associates, The American Men of Letters Series, 1951.
- Henry James: The Untried Years 1843–1870 by Leon Edel (1953)
- Henry James: The Conquest of London 1870–1881 by Leon Edel (1962) ISBN 0-380-39651-3
- Henry James: The Middle Years 1882–1895 by Leon Edel (1962) ISBN 0-380-39669-6
- Henry James: The Treacherous Years 1895–1901 by Leon Edel (1969) ISBN 0-380-39677-7
- Henry James: The Master 1901–1916 by Leon Edel (1972) ISBN 0-380-39677-7
- "Friction with the Market": Henry James and the Profession of Authorship by Michael Anesko (1986) ISBN 0-19-504034-1
- Henry James: The Imagination of Genius by Fred Kaplan (1992) ISBN 0-688-09021-4
- Henry James: The Young Master by Sheldon Novick (1996) ISBN 0-394-58655-7
- Henry James: The Mature Master by Sheldon Novick (2007) ISBN 978-0-679-45023-8
- A Private Life of Henry James: Two Women and His Art by Lyndall Gordon (1998) ISBN 0-393-04711-3
- Henry James's Permanent Adolescence by John R. Bradley (2000) ISBN 0-333-91874-6
- Letters
- Theatre and Friendship by Elizabeth Robins. London: Jonathan Cape, 1932.
- Henry James: Letters edited by Leon Edel (four vols., 1974–1984)
- The Correspondence of William James: vols. 1–3, William and Henry (1992–1994)
- Dear Munificent Friends: Henry James's Letters to Four Women edited by Susan Gunter (1999) ISBN 0-472-11010-1
- Henry James: A Life in Letters edited by Philip Horne (1999) ISBN 0-670-88563-0
- Dearly Beloved Friends: Henry James's Letters to Younger Men edited by Susan E. Gunter and Steven H. Jobe (2001) ISBN 0-472-11009-8
- Beloved Boy: Letters to Hendrik C. Andersen, 1899–1915 edited by Rosella Mamoli Zorzi (2004) ISBN 0-8139-2270-4
- The Complete Letters of Henry James,1855–1872 edited by Pierre A. Walker and Greg Zacharias (two vols., University of Nebraska Press, 2006)
- The Complete Letters of Henry James, 1872–1876 edited by Pierre A. Walker and Greg W. Zacharias (three vols., University of Nebraska Press, 2008)
- Editions
- Henry James: Autobiography edited by F.W. Dupee (1956)
- The American: an Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Sources, Criticism edited by James Tuttleton (1978) ISBN 0-393-09091-4
- The Notebooks of Henry James edited by F. O. Matthiessen and Kenneth Murdock (1981) ISBN 0-226-51104-9
- Novels 1871–1880: Watch and Ward, Roderick Hudson, The American, The Europeans, Confidence (William T. Stafford, ed., Library of America, 1983) ISBN 978-0-940450-13-4
- Literary Criticism Volume One: Essays on Literature, American Writers, English Writers edited by Leon Edel and Mark Wilson (Library of America, 1984) ISBN 978-0-940450-22-6
- Literary Criticism Volume Two: French Writers, Other European Writers, The Prefaces to the New York Edition edited by Leon Edel and Mark Wilson (Library of America, 1984) ISBN 978-0-940450-23-3
- Novels 1881–1886: Washington Square, The Portrait of a Lady, The Bostonians (William T. Stafford, ed, Library of America, 1985) ISBN 978-0-940450-30-1
- The Complete Notebooks of Henry James edited by Leon Edel and Lyall Powers (1987) ISBN 0-19-503782-0
- Novels 1886–1890: The Princess Casamassima, The Reverberator, The Tragic Muse (Daniel Mark Fogel, ed, Library of America, 1989) ISBN 978-0-940450-56-1
- The Complete Plays of Henry James edited by Leon Edel (1990) ISBN 0-19-504379-0
- Collected Travel Writings, Great Britain and America: English Hours; The American Scene; Other Travels edited by Richard Howard (Library of America, 1993) ISBN 978-0-940450-76-9
- Collected Travel Writings, The Continent: A Little Tour in France, Italian Hours, Other Travels edited by Richard Howard (Library of America, 1993) ISBN 0-940450-77-1
- The Ambassadors: An Authoritative Text, The Author on the Novel, Criticism edited by S.P. Rosenbaum (1994) ISBN 0-393-96314-4
- Complete Stories 1892–1898 (John Hollander, David Bromwich, Denis Donoghue, eds, Library of America, 1996) ISBN 978-1-883011-09-3
- Complete Stories 1898–1910 (John Hollander, David Bromwich, Denis Donoghue, eds, Library of America, 1996) ISBN 978-1-883011-10-9
- Complete Stories 1864–1874 (Jean Strouse, ed, Library of America, 1999) ISBN 978-1-883011-70-3
- Complete Stories 1874–1884 (William Vance, ed, Library of America, 1999) ISBN 978-1-883011-63-5
- Complete Stories 1884–1891 (Edward Said, ed, Library of America, 1999) ISBN 978-1-883011-64-2
- The Turn of the Screw: Authoritative Text, Contexts, Criticism edited by Deborah Esch and Jonathan Warren (1999) ISBN 0-393-95904-X
- Henry James on Culture: Collected Essays on Politics and the American Social Scene edited by Pierre Walker (1999) ISBN 0-8032-2589-X
- Novels 1896–1899: The Other House, The Spoils of Poynton, What Maisie Knew, The Awkward Age (Myra Jehlen, ed, Library of America, 2003) ISBN 978-1-931082-30-3
- The Portrait of a Lady: An Authoritative Text, Henry James and the Novel, Reviews and Criticism edited by Robert Bamberg (2003) ISBN 0-393-96646-1
- The Wings of the Dove: Authoritative Text, The Author and the Novel, Criticism edited by J. Donald Crowley and Richard Hocks (2003) ISBN 0-393-97881-8
- Tales of Henry James: The Texts of the Tales, the Author on His Craft, Criticism edited by Christof Wegelin and Henry Wonham (2003) ISBN 0-393-97710-2
- The Portable Henry James, New Edition edited by John Auchard (2004) ISBN 0-14-243767-0
- Novels 1901–1902: The Sacred Fount, The Wings of the Dove (Leo Bersani, ed, Library of America, 2006) ISBN 978-1-931082-88-4
- Henry James, et al., The Classics of Style. The American Academic Press, New Edition of writing advice (2006) ISBN 0-9787282-0-3
- Criticism
- The Novels of Henry James by Oscar Cargill (1961)
- The Tales of Henry James by Edward Wagenknecht (1984) ISBN 0-8044-2957-X
- Modern Critical Views: Henry James edited by Harold Bloom (1987) ISBN 0-87754-696-7
- A Companion to Henry James Studies edited by Daniel Mark Fogel (1993) ISBN 0-313-25792-2
- Henry James's Europe: Heritage and Transfer edited by Dennis Tredy, Annick Duperray and Adrian Harding (2011) ISBN 978-1-906924-36-2
- Echec et écriture. Essai sur les nouvelles de Henry James by Annick Duperray (1992)
- Henry James: A Collection of Critical Essays edited by Ruth Yeazell (1994) ISBN 0-13-380973-0
- The Cambridge Companion to Henry James edited by Jonathan Freedman (1998) ISBN 0-521-49924-0
- Henry James and Homo-Erotic Desire edited by John R. Bradley (1999) ISBN 0-312-21764-1
- Henry James on Stage and Screen edited by John R. Bradley (2000) ISBN 0-333-79214-9
- The Novel Art: Elevations of American Fiction after Henry James by Mark McGurl (2001) ISBN 0-691-08899-3
- Henry James and the Visual by Kendall Johnson (2007) ISBN 0-521-88066-1
- False Positions: The Representational Logics of Henry James's Fiction. by Julie Rivkin. (1996) ISBN 0-8047-2617-5
- 'Henry James's Critique of the Beautiful Life,' by R.R. Reno in Azure, Spring 2010, [2]
- General
- Approaches to Teaching Henry James's Daisy Miller and The Turn of the Screw edited by Kimberly C. Reed and Peter G. Beidler (2005) ISBN 0-87352-921-9
- A Bibliography of Henry James: Third Edition by Leon Edel, Dan Laurence and James Rambeau (1982) ISBN 1-58456-005-3
- A Henry James Encyclopedia by Robert L. Gale (1989) ISBN 0-313-25846-5
- Henry James and Modern Moral Life by Robert B. Pippin (1999) ISBN 0-521-65230-8
- Fiction
- Richard Liebmann-Smith. The James Boys: A Novel Account of Four Desperate Brothers (2008) posits Jesse and Frank are noms de outlaw used by William and Henry James's two younger brothers who went West and fought in the Civil War. Written somewhat in the style of Henry James.
External links
Find more about Henry James at Wikipedia's sister projects | |
Media from Commons | |
Quotations from Wikiquote | |
Source texts from Wikisource | |
Database entry Q170509 on Wikidata |
- Works by Henry James at Project Gutenberg (plain text and HTML editions)
- Works by Henry James at Internet Archive (scanned illustrated first editions etc..)
- The Henry James Scholar's Guide to Web Sites
- The Ladder—a Henry James Web Site
- Henry James (I) at the Internet Movie Database at the Internet Movie Database
- Free Audiobook (An International Episode) from Librivox
- Henry James on Find-A-Grave
- Henry James Timeline
- Works by or about Henry James in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Sheldon Novick's Henry James Page
- Works by Henry James on Open Library at the Internet Archive
- The Henry James Collection at the Library of Congress


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You're watching...
Bias Bash: Was news coverage of Romney's foreign trip fair?
Rich Lowry on how he thinks the media obsessed over the wrong things during Romney's foreign trip
Aug 2, 2012
You're watching...
Rich Lowry on how he thinks the media obsessed over the wrong things during Romney's foreign trip
Aug 2, 2012
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Is dot com line what time for today's -- -- Fox News contributor Rich Lowry joins us now and you can follow rich on Twitter at rich Lowery so rich welcome and so what are you look at aspect.
I have wrote a column for -- today about.
And I really think the media got totally obsessed with the notion that this.
Triple is gaffe ridden and went out of their way to define it outside she obviously had.
A big hiccup in London where he named a comment about maybe they were so prepared for the Olympics should go over very well.
But the rest of the so called gas were ridiculous and manufactured it and my view this comment about how culture.
Plays -- -- -- economic performance is.
Not a gaffe I need and today I didn't argue about it -- it would have been nice in the press actually did that instead they go to Palestinian official calls that racist and eighteen minute gap.
And then he had this incidence.
-- near -- to tomb of the unknown soldier and Poland.
Where -- these reporters shouted out these ridiculous questions you know Heidi feel.
Governor Romney about how -- your trip it's been about gaps.
And he had a Romney a -- and it is -- it.
And out came a huge issue that -- Obsessed with four obsessed over for twelve to eighteen hours so I thought this is it was sort of pack mentality.
Biased journalism at its very worst.
And then went real -- -- this is thinking we we know the incidents happened is it warned that Romney doesn't go with the flow -- he's not a guy that can you know you know we've been.
You know punch or whatever they call that in -- boxing terms is that really the issue here.
I don't think so I mean it wasn't really done -- weren't exchanges the governor had with reporters in fact the print reporters were very upset because they only got to ask 33 questions the whole trip.
So wasn't Romney you know not going -- flow -- messing up any negative interviews -- -- -- reporters -- this -- print reporter is being obsessed with a narrative that -- -- started the beginning of the week and they -- devoted to defining everything.
Within the prism.
That narrative and -- they they complain about lack of access and they had a point.
But in terms of access to the media in general it was just fine and -- -- -- -- interviews with.
Brian Williams Matt -- someone from ABC Jan Crawford CDS to folks with us fox two with CNN.
And Wolf Blitzer in piers Morgan so there's plenty of media access to just wasn't -- access and that was all the reasons print reporters went out of their way.
Right -- the trip as though is a disaster.
Okay and what else is on your and you're on your -- today.
Well that's that's the that's the main -- so if you look at permitted to bash the media over something else there's nothing yet -- must -- -- and is.
I'll let you know you're -- I know -- you're probably thinking about it at the chick filet.
The chick -- conflict that really has been on the front burner for a lot of media today of how do you think in its handling that.
I can't say -- all the coverage extremely closely from and media perspective I think it is an example of where the cultural wars.
Are going in I fear it -- it it will become increasingly.
It's difficult for for people to say in the public's fear that they oppose.
Gay marriage where you had you know.
Government officials.
And Chicago and Boston and now in and New York.
Saying that they all will go either way to discriminate against this firm based on the views.
Of the person who runs it was is just outrageous we can argue about his views you know I have to agree with them you can boycott you know not -- eat is chicken salad is because it is he is -- -- within your rights that's an exercise of freedom.
But this is the very opposite.
Of an exercise of freedom using government power and -- to crack down someone.
-- he is which are not out of the mainstream you know -- -- president I was gay marriage.
As a three months ago.
Yeah I -- -- much unbiased bass Rich Lowry can get -- Arianna FOX News Watch.
That's hosted by John's got -- side to thirty and 11:30 PM Saturdays.
-- have rich thank you so let's -- pleasure talking.
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