text:
Test ID: ACASM
Pernicious Anemia Cascade
Secondary ID A test code used for billing and in test definitions created prior to November 2011
NY State Approved Indicates the status of NY State approval and if the test is orderable for NY State clients.
Useful For Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful
Diagnosis of pernicious anemia
Diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency-associated neuropathy
Reflex Tests Lists test(s) that may or may not be performed, at an additional charge, depending on the result and interpretation of the initial test(s)
Test ID | Reporting Name | Available Separately | Always Performed |
IFBPA | Intrinsic Factor Blocking Ab, S | Yes, (order IFBA) | No |
MMAPA | Methylmalonic Acid, QN, S | Yes, (order MMAS) | No |
GASTR | Gastrin, S | Yes, (order GAST) | No |
Testing Algorithm Delineates situation(s) when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.
If vitamin B12 is <150 ng/L, then intrinsic factor blocking antibody (IFBA) is performed. If IFBA is negative or indeterminate, then gastrin is performed.
If vitamin B12 is 150 to 400 ng/L, then methylmalonic acid (MMA) is performed. If methylmalonic acid is >0.40 umol/L, then IFBA is performed.
See Pernicious Anemia Testing Cascade in Special Instructions.
Special Instructions and Forms Describes specimen collection and preparation information, test algorithms, and other information pertinent to test. Also includes pertinent information and consent forms to be used when requesting a particular test
Method Name A short description of the method used to perform the test
B12PA/15153: Immunoenzymatic Assay
Reporting Name A shorter/abbreviated version of the Published Name for a test; an abbreviated test name
Pernicious Anemia Cascade
Aliases Lists additional common names for a test, as an aid in searching
B12 Assay
B12 Deficiency
Cobalamin Deficiency
Intrinsic Factor Blocking Antibody
Islet Cell Tumor
Methylmalonic Acid (MMA)
MMA (Methylmalonic Acid)
Schilling Testing (Alternative Strategy)
Type 1 Intrinsic Factor Antibody
Vitamin B 12
B12 Deficiency
Cobalamin Deficiency
Intrinsic Factor Blocking Antibody
Islet Cell Tumor
Methylmalonic Acid (MMA)
MMA (Methylmalonic Acid)
Schilling Testing (Alternative Strategy)
Type 1 Intrinsic Factor Antibody
Vitamin B 12


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text:
Complutense University of Madrid
Complutense University of Madrid | |
Universidad Complutense de Madrid | |
Latin: Universitas Complutensis Matritensis | |
Motto | Latin: Libertas Perfundet Omnia Luce ("Freedom will flood all things with light") |
Established | 20 May 1293 as Estudio de Escuelas Generales de Alcalá; becomes Universitas Complutensis in 1499 by Papal Bull |
Type | Public University |
Budget | 607.559.030 € |
Rector | José Carrillo |
Admin. staff | 11,162 |
Undergraduates | 74,771 |
Postgraduates | 11,388 |
Location | Madrid, Spain |
Campus | Urban, Ciudad Universitaria district and Somosaguas district |
Student Associations | 107 Groups: Asociación Internacional de Sociología (AIS),[1] Asociación para la Defensa e Integración Universitaria (ADIU) Estudiantes de Izquierdas,[2] Rosa que te quiero Rosa (RQTR),[3] Tuna[4] |
Colors | |
Website | www.ucm.es |
The Complutense University of Madrid (Spanish: Universidad Complutense de Madrid or Universidad de Madrid, UCM, Latin: Universitas Complutensis) is a public research university located in Madrid, and one of the oldest universities in the world. The university enrolls over 86,000 students ,[5] and consistently ranks as the top university in Spain.[6][7] It is located on a sprawling campus that occupies the entirety of the Ciudad Universitaria district of Madrid, with annexes in the district of Somosaguas in the neighboring city of Pozuelo de Alarcón.
In the course of over seven centuries, the University of Madrid has provided invaluable contributions in the sciences, fine arts, and political leadership. Alumni include renowned philosophers (Jose Ortega y Gasset, Ignatius of Loyola, Thomas of Villanova), writers (Federico Garcia Lorca, Antonio de Nebrija, Pedro Calderon de la Barca), scientists (Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Severo Ochoa, Andres Manuel del Rio), historians (Juan de Mariana, Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda), military leaders (Don John of Austria, Alexander Farnese, Cardinal Cisneros), and foreign leaders (Cardinal Mazarin, Jose Rizal). In the year 1785, Complutense became one of the first Universities in the world to grant a Doctorate degree to a female student.[8] By Royal Decree of 1857, Complutense University was the only institution in Spain authorized to grant doctorates throughout the Spanish Empire.
In recent years, the roster of alumni comprises winners of the Prince of Asturias Awards (18), Miguel de Cervantes Prize (7), Nobel Prize (7), Solvay Conference, European Commissioners, Presidents of the EU Parliament, European Council Secretary General, ECB Executive Board members, NATO Secretary General, UNESCO Director General, IMF Managing Director, and Heads of State. According to the Spanish newspaper El Mundo, the university is widely regarded as the most prestigious academic institution in Spain.[9]
- 1 Early history
- 2 The Central University of Madrid
- 3 The University at Ciudad Universitaria
- 4 Second Spanish Republic and Civil War
- 5 Forty years of political opposition
- 6 The Complutense University today
- 7 Student life and extracurriculars
- 8 The Complutense Abroad
- 9 Famous alumni
- 10 See also
- 11 Notes and references
- 12 External links
Early history[edit]
On May 20, 1293, King Sancho IV of Castile granted the Archbishop of Toledo, Gonzalo Garcia Gudiel, a Royal Charter to found a Studium Generale (as Universities were known at that time) in Alcala de Henares.[10] One of its alumni, Cardinal Cisneros, made extensive purchases of land and ordered the construction of many buildings, in what became the first university campus ex-novo in history: The Civitas Dei, or city of God, named after the work of Agustine of Hippo. On 13 April 1499, Cardinal Cisneros secured from Pope Alexander VI a Papal Bull to expand Complutense into a full university. This Papal Bull conferred official recognition throughout Christendom to all degrees granted by the University. It also renamed the institution Universitas Complutensis, after Complutum, which was the Latin name of Alcalá de Henares, where the University was originally located.
In the 1509–1510 school year, the Complutense University already operated with five major schools: Arts and Philosophy, Theology, Canon Law, Philology and Medicine.[11][12] On January 22, 1510 Cisneros approved the Constitutions of the University, which laid our the rules governing the institution, spelling the rights and duties of every member of the community.[13]
Cisneros attracted many of the world's foremost linguists and biblical scholars to Alcalá to produce the magnum opus of the University, the Biblia Políglota Complutense or Complutensian Polyglot Bible, printed in five massive volumes (including a popular glossary volume). This became the first Polyglot Bible ever produced. The New Testament was complete in 1514, but publication was delayed by Papal order until 1520.[14][15] The edition was one of the great works of philology of the Renaissance, comprising critical editions of all of the books of the Bible in their original Hebrew, Greek and Aramaic, as well as the authorized Latin Vulgate text. Cisneros borrowed or acquired most of the known Biblical manuscripts of his day for the project. One of the greatest academic works of the Renaissance, it was the result of 15 years of interdisciplinary research. For instance, the Greek typefaces devised for this 6 volume tractatus constituted the template for the Greek fonts used nowadays (Otter Greek, GFS Complutensian Greek). Owing to unfortunate mishaps, most copies of the edition have not survived, but this singular achievement launched the Complutense into the company of the greatest universities of the world. As the prestige of the institution grew, it received the epithet of Most Illustrious in international publications (Praeclarissima Universitas Complutensis).[16] This publication predates Erasmus' Textus Receptus (1516), which later became the basis for Oxford University's King James version (1611).
The University flourished in the 16th century, especially under the early benefaction of Cisneros who, as Archbishop of Toledo, was able to endow it richly. Cisneros' great vision was to create the first modern University, encouraging its active participation in society and the affairs of the Spanish Empire, the greatest political and military power of that Era. Until then, most centers of erudite knowledge were reclusive and disconnected from the world, such as monasteries and convents.[17]
After the death of Cisneros, beginning in the second quarter of the 16th century, multiple colleges were founded by religious orders, military orders, the King and wealthy families, reaching a number of 30. During the 16th and 17th centuries, Complutense University became one the greatest centers of Academic excellence in the world. Many of the leading figures in science, arts and politics of that Age studied or taught in Complutense's classrooms.[18] Special colleges were created for students of foreign origin, such as Flemish or Irish.
In the 18th century, Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos gave new impulse to the University, adding additional studies in Science. In 1785, Complutense became one of the first Universities in the world to grant a Doctorate to a female student, María Isidra de Guzmán y de la Cerda.[8] In comparison, University of Oxford did not accept female scholars until the year 1920,[19] and the University of Cambridge did not grant a Ph.D. to a female student until the year 1926.[20]
In 1824, Francisco Tadeo Calomarde further expanded Complutense by merging it with the University of Siguenza.[21]
The Central University of Madrid[edit]
By a royal order of 29 October 1836, Queen Regent Maria Christina suppressed the university in Alcalá and ordered its move to Madrid, where it took the name of Literary University and, in 1851, of Central University of Madrid. The University would be known under this name until its original name of "Complutense" was restored in the 1970s.
As a product of the mid-19th century mindset of "renewal" (after the dark absolutist years that characterized the reign of Ferdinand VII), the Central University of Madrid had a fundamental objective of ending the system of traditional education typical of the Ancien Régime and replacing it with a new, liberal mindset. The University initially occupied the edifice of the Seminary for Nobles (originally built to serve as a school, later placed into service as army barracks during the Spanish War of Independence, and finally serving as military hospital prior to its occupation by the Central University), later relocating to the Salesian Convent on San Bernardo Street. In 1842, the institution moved to the former Jesuit Novitiary, which would serve henceforth as the seat of the Central University; today this building houses the Instituto de España ("Institute of Spain"), a state agency under which the eight Royal Spanish Academies exist. The modern Paraninfo on San Bernardo was built in 1852 using the walls of the former Jesuit church.
The Moyano Law of 1857 established the Central University as the sole university in Spain authorized to confer the title of Doctor on any scholar. This law remained in effect until 1954, when the authorization was extended to the University of Salamanca in commemoration of its septecentenary. In later years, that power was extended to all Spanish universities, ending the monopoly of the Central University over this distinction. This means that all holders of a Doctor degree in Spain can trace back their academic lineage to a Doctoral supervisor who was a member of Complutense's Faculty
Complutense University awarded Albert Einstein a Doctor of Science degree Honoris Causa on 28 February 1923. In his speech of acceptance, he declared:[22]
So many are the honors and testimonies of warm sympathy that I have received during my visit to Madrid, that I can hardly find the words to express my gratitude. Because of this appointment as Doctor "Honoris Causa", I feel as intimately related to your University, as those who in it began their studies of Science. You have dearly and profoundly penetrated in my work, with such success, that I need not adding anything on that regard. [...] I'm confident that your University will educate researchers active in both categories [theoretical and empirical Science], who will augment and deepen the extent of human knowledge.
This was the first Doctor of Science degree Honoris Causa that Albert Einstein accepted from a European University. In April 1933 the Minister for Education and the Arts, Fernando de los Ríos, announced that Einstein had agreed to take charge of an extraordinary professorship in a research institute, which would bear the name Instituto Albert Einstein, under the University's School of Science.[23] However, as the political situation began to deteriorate throughout Europe, Prof. Einstein ended up accepting a similar position at Princeton University.
The University at Ciudad Universitaria[edit]
This section does not cite any references or sources. (May 2012) |
The University greatly expanded during the 19th century, and its accommodations in central Madrid proved to be increasingly inadequate. Besides the greater number of students, after its move from Alcalá the University had been based in a number of preexisting, government-acquired properties – mainly aristocratic mansions and royal châteaux from centuries past, abandoned by their owners for more contemporary lodgings. Though they were not without their charm, the ancient buildings were not precisely ideal as educational settings, and the early 20th century witnessed the students of the Central University attending philosophy lectures and anatomy lessons in elaborate spaces that had served as ballrooms and salons only a few decades prior. Moreover, the haphazard collection of buildings was hardly conducive to the bureaucratic functions of the University as a whole, given that very few of them were actually grouped near each other on the Calle San Bernardo, and, as such, a significant amount of time was lost just in undertaking the distance between the University properties strewn about the center of Madrid in the attendance of routine bureaucratic tasks. This is not to mention the significant inconvenience to students enrolled in faculties too large to fit in a single building, or those who decided to take on multiple studies (implying multiple travels, from one building to another, across the center of Madrid, potentially several times a day).
This curious situation changed by the grace of His Majesty King Alfonso XIII. It was tradition in Spanish Kingdom that, upon the assumption of an important regal anniversary, the individual provinces and territories would make great shows of loyalty and affection towards the benign rulers by way of lavish and elaborate presents as a gesture of allegiance and affection towards the crown (donations of lands, construction of great monuments, and the gifting of enormous amounts of regional wares to the rulers).
To the surprise of many, however, Alfonso XIII declined the anticipated gifts commemorating the Silver Jubilee of his rule (having reached his majority in 1902), instead declaring that it was his dream that a new university should be built in Madrid, replacing the current, scattered, shabby institution with a fine center of learning, "a new Athens", whereby the perfection of the educational process would be achieved and the lives of students improved, with complete intellectual, moral and physical formation. What's more, he went on to declare that this should be the magnum opus of his reign, and that he would spend more upon this effort than he had previously ever invested on matters such as the battleships that had so recently played a part in the Moroccan Wars; this would be called, henceforth, la Ciudad Universitaria, or University City.
It was such that on 7 May 1927, a royal decree called into existence the Junta Constructora de la Ciudad Universitaria, and Alfonso XIII officially ceded the royal lands in the proximity of the Palace of La Moncloa, which at the time constituted all of the land between the Royal Palace and the Palace of El Pardo, today comprising a vast swath of western Madrid and stretching well outside the city limits.
The Junta was composed of a number of academics, architects, juridical and financial consultants, and presided directly by the King, although it should be made clear that while this was a government-funded project, it was in no way controlled by the government, the academics firmly holding the reins and the official organisms of the state represented on the board only by the Minister of Education and the Mayor of Madrid; it was the King's will that the University should be a project for the nation, but directed by the intellectual elite rather than it be compromised by the underhanded ways of politicians. It was for this reason that it was decided that the project should not be funded mainly by way of government funds, but rather via a special lottery, for which an enthusiastic and remarkably effective publicity campaign was organized; the lottery was so successful, in fact, that, combined with the generous donations of the ruling classes and numerous industries, the funds required for construction of the campus buildings were acquired by 1930. Meanwhile, the Weimar Republic and a number of South American nations graciously opted to donate the funds necessary to build the student residences for the University in a show of international intellectual solidarity.
Meanwhile, the Junta had decided that the new University of Madrid would require the innovative architecture befitting the "new Athens"; as such, a team of academics was sent out on an international expedition to visit the finest universities in Europe and North America, to combine the best of both continents and design the utopian academic setting. Mssr.'s López Otero, Cásares Gil, Dr. Simonena, Del Amo, and Julio Palácios, amongst others, set about a whirlwind tour which took them to 19 universities in the American northeast, as well as to Paris, Lyon, Oxford, Berlin, Hamburg, and numerous other European cities, all in an effort to discern the best possible building structure. The architectural tendencies of the era, however, ended up having a greater influence than the academics' visits to Harvard, the University of Pennsylvania, La Sorbonne or the University of Berlin; while the final plans from this period are hardly recognizable to anyone familiar with the contemporary campus, the buildings from the era that managed to survive the design revisions, the Civil War and the Franco regime, betray the period's fondness for the German Bauhaus movement. Indeed, the original buildings, exemplary amongst them the Schools of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, are a paean to structural functionalism and the graceful utilitarianism of the 1920s.
It is of some irony that Alfonso XIII, who wished the new University to be the defining triumph of his reign, never got to see any of the buildings through to completion, much less inaugurate any of the classes. Deposed in 1931, he found himself exiled in Rome when, on 15 January 1933, Manuel Azaña, President of the Second Spanish Republic (and former professor, as well as graduate, of said University), officially inaugurated the first classes in the new University of Madrid campus in the mostly finished School of Philosophy. During the Second Spanish Republic the Schools of Philosophy, Pharmacy, Medicine, Odontology, Architecture, Agronomy, Chemistry and Physics Sciences would be completed, as well as the Clinical Hospital, the Del Amo Foundation, and the Velazquez House, which housed the School of Diplomacy.
Second Spanish Republic and Civil War[edit]
The first graduating class in the new campus was over 40% female students (a dramatic change from the traditional, male-dominated educational system which had until then been the norm in Spain). The last years of the Alfonsine monarchy and the early part of the Second Spanish Republic marked the "silver Age" of Spanish intellectualism, exemplified by the "Generation of '27", a diverse group of intellectuals which included the poet Federico García Lorca, filmmaker Luis Buñuel, philologist Dámaso Alonso and philosopher Julián Marías, amongst others, many of whom were students of the University of Madrid. A "silver Age" of Spain, it was, indeed, the Golden Age of the Complutense, which at the time counted with one of the most distinguished staffs of its 800-year history, its professorship including luminaries such as José Ortega y Gasset, Julian Besteiro, and Santiago Ramón y Cajal. Its administration at the time also reads like a list of the who's who of government, the administration being headed by alternating former and future presidents of the Spanish state. At the time, the University of Madrid's School of Philosophy was widely considered to rival the University of Berlin for the position of being the best in Europe, if not the world.
It was also during this time that the University enjoyed its greatest period in terms of visiting professors, serving as a safe haven to the Jewish intelligentsia of northern Europe fleeing the growing influence of anti-Semitic fascism.[citation needed] Unfortunately, those visitors, as well as many of the native professors, were forced to flee once again after the attempted coup led by Francisco Franco on 17 July 1936, which began the Spanish Civil War.
Ciudad Universitaria, que el buen pueblo levantó para mostrar a sus hijos fuentes de estudio y amor, ¿cómo les dirás mañana lo que en tus aulas pasó? Antonio Argaz, Muerte de Durruti (1936)
The campus served as one of the primary fronts during the Siege of Madrid during the Spanish Civil War;[24] the International Brigades has its headquarters in the School of Philosophy, and its soldiers occupied all of the campus buildings,[25] which were connected by a series of elaborate trenches. Ciudad Universitaria was literally the final bastion between Republican Madrid and Franco's troops; a small stream used to cross the area now occupied by the School of Communications, and a small wall which preceded it marked the border between nacionales and republicanos.
Throughout the course of the war the University campus witnessed some of the fiercest fighting of the conflict; the area was exposed to heavy artillery fire and bombardments, and even as the Nationalist troops began to make headway, the International Brigade forces held strong and literally fought from building to building, at times even from floor to floor of the campus, managing to hold out until the very last moments of the war. It was in the School of Pharmacy that one of the icons of the Civil War, the Catalan anarchist Buenaventura Durruti, would be killed (although controversy surrounds his death, with some claiming he was assassinated by the Communists, others noting he died at the hands of a companion whose machine gun went off by mistake – his death was publicly attributed to a sniper's bullet "for reasons of morale and propaganda"). Large part of the original of the University's rich intellectual patrimony was lost forever; although most of the 500-year-old library of Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, founder of the University, was able to be evacuated. Renaissance manuscripts, amongst many other priceless documents stored in the University archives and libraries, were used by troops loyal to the Second Spanish Republic to fortify on-campus bunkers against the persistent enemy gunfire[26] and to keep fires burning for warmth. Some of the survivors of the war would later recall, with some amusement, how many times their lives had been saved by the greats of Spanish literature, the verbal ingenuity of Cervantes quite literally saving their lives by stopping bullets halfway through the sizeable girth of his Don Quixote, and stacks of the Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española providing cover from deadly shrapnel. One English volunteer, fighting in the French Commune de Paris Battalion, wrote:
When we next came back to University City we were put into the Philosophy Building. We built barricades with volumes of Indian metaphysics and early nineteenth-century German philosophy; they were quite bullet-proof. (...) Life here was quiet, orderly. On clear mornings, about eleven o'clock, we were bombed. A few shells came over late in the afternoons; the rest of the time we sniped, read, talked, studied Spanish, or dug trenches. (...) We explored the library; in the great reading-room anti-tank guns stood on the tables; the valuable books and manuscripts had been taken away, but there was plenty to interest us. (...) On a cold morning I found De Quincey's Lake Poets and rolled myself up in a carpet and read voraciously; the day passed in a stupor, I was with Wordsworth and Coleridge, in another place, another time...
John Sommerfield, Volunteer in Spain (1937)
Forty years of political opposition[edit]
At war's end in 1939, over 40% of the original campus was completely levelled, and all of the buildings showed significant damage. For a time the Francoist victors of the war considered leaving the area as it was, a virtual moonscape. It was eventually decided, however, that the area should be restored and rehabilitated as a symbol of the new regime, albeit with some alterations – chief amongst them the new plans for a monumental main building with a Sistine Chapel-type interior, and a large church. While those two particular plans never came to fruition, the direct involvement of Franco in the rebuilding of the University meant that, though the original plans were largely followed, chapels were now incorporated into each of the buildings. Today, this creates a curiously contradictory situation, whereby one has certain buildings, such as the School of Philosophy, with streamlined architecture that epitomizes the liberal spirit of the 1920s and borrows heavily from Weimar Germany, and yet features a first-floor chapel which, fitted into a highly art-deco setting, seems implausible as a place of serious spiritual reflection.
Franco's influence on-campus was not limited to the imposition of his Catholic ideals. As a result of the war, as could be expected, the staff was purged of all liberals and Republican sympathizers, and replaced with members of the Falangist movement. What's more, the University charters were altered to compel all students to reside either in government-sanctioned dormitories or personal family homes. The dormitories staffed with members of the falangist movement, the regime aspired to be able to oversee all aspects of the student's lives, hoping to mold them into devotees of the "nationalist movement". Moreover, there was an active attempt by the government to dominate the University from the very beginning. The original buildings, restored or rebuilt from 1940 until 1945, were all personally reinaugurated, with solemn mass and elaborate ritual, by "El Caudillo" himself; enormous plaques of marble (still visible today) were placed at the entrance of each of these buildings declaring that the institution had been rebuilt under Minister X under the generous and courageous leadership of Generalísimo Francisco Franco on such and such date of such and such year.
Although these buildings were rebuilt in their original, architecturally innovative style, Franco broke completely with the campus plans with the new buildings, and imposed his vision of an "Imperial" Madrid harkening back to the traditionally Catholic age of Philip II and the styles exemplified by the palatial monastery of El Escorial. Although a lack of funds fortunately prevented the entire campus from taking on the turreted look imposed by his regime upon other parts of Madrid (a clear example being the castle-like Ejército del Aire building), this particular architectural style defined a few of the new buildings, including the José Antonio Dormitory, named after the founder of the fascist Falangist movement, José Antonio Primo de Rivera (since converted into one of the University's secretarial buildings and subsequently renamed). The campus also took on a more somber look immediately after the war, on account of Franco ordering that all the trees replanted on the campus of the cypress genus, trees traditionally planted in cemeteries in Spain, as a symbol of the "fallen martyrs of the national movement" (this situation was changed later during Franco's regime, and continued over the last half-century, and the campus now actually features some of the most diverse flora of Madrid).
Despite their dedicated efforts, however, period events indicate that Franco was not successful in his attempts to totally control the minds and hearts of the University's students; despite the political oppression of the era, it is evident that even in those early years of the dictatorship and after a brutal Civil War, some of the political students of the University of Madrid were already actively revolting against the government. Its buildings destroyed during the war, the University had been compelled to move back into the pre-Ciudad Universitaria mansions and châteaux; the students took advantage of their lodgings in the city center, and some took the opportunity to hold lightning protests and rallies on the Gran Via and other main thoroughfares whenever possible. Seeking to avoid any potentially embarrassing or undermining displays of civil disobedience and revolt in the face of his newly minted regime, Franco ordered that all efforts be devoted to finishing the University buildings with all due haste, in order to get the students back out into the then-distant Moncloa area and away from the city center as soon as possible. Even though the press of the era was too heavily censored to report on the matter, students from that time recall, with some glee, that the landmark accomplishment of Franco's University rebuilding efforts, the construction of the School of Law and the School of Philosophy in a mere 5 months, due not to the zeal on the part of the builders, but rather to the concern of the unshakeable dictatorship.
During the Franco Regime, the Complutense University was at the forefront of the clandestine opposition movements; the politically active university students came to be ranked, along with the labour and nationalist movements, as one of the chief threats to the stability of the dictatorship. Consequently, members of the Secret Police were infiltrated into the classes in order to monitor the students, and the Falange Party was given the task of patrolling the grounds. The 1960s, in particular, saw some of the most polemic moments in the University's history. From 1963 until the late 1970s, members of both the local and government police were kept perpetually stationed on campus; police officers on horseback were frequently ordered to charge the spontaneous anti-Franco protests that would form along the main university thoroughfares, and several times entire departments were shut down in response to confrontations between the authorities and the student body.[27] In October 1971, the School of Medicine[28] was shut down entirely throughout an entire year due to conflicts with the police, and on numerous occasions the police was actually reported to have staged charges within the actual buildings, although there was an unspoken rule of sanctuary, generally respected, by which the police refrained from actually entering classrooms to arrest suspected protesters.[29]
During the later years of the Francoist regime, the new Somosaguas campus was specifically planned to accommodate the Schools of History and Political Science, respectively, in order to move the most politicized sectors of the University to the relatively isolated town in the outskirts of Madrid. To this day the Somosaguas Campus lies almost completely disconnected from the rest of the University, as well as the Metro lines – in terms of public transportation, it is accessible only by way of a twenty minute bus ride (and by the new light metro line, only since June 2007).
On campus, one of the lasting symbols of this era is graffiti from the early 1950s that still dominates a portion of the School of Philosophy's rotunda:[30] painted in chemicals used for photo developments (which also happen to be permanent and shine when exposed to sunlight), the message calls for freedom of expression in the University and freedom from the Falange Party, which at the time exercised its jurisdiction over the campus. Nicolás Sánchez-Albornoz & Manuel Lamana, the students who painted the message, would later be caught and sentenced to twenty years hard labour building the Valle de los Caídos, from which they would later stage a spectacular escape, as fictionalized in the 1998 film Los años bárbaros.
The Complutense University would also be the site of intense, and often bloody, marches and protests during the politically charged years of the post-Franco Transition period.
In 1970 the University returned to its original name. When, later, the people of Alcalá de Henares decided to open a university within the old campus buildings in that city, they were obliged to name it Universidad de Alcalá de Henares to clearly separate it from the Complutense University.
The Complutense University today[edit]
The Complutense University has played a major role in the political development of Spain since its founding. Its graduates have been members, at either Congressional or Ministerial level, in all of the governments of Spain since the Enlightenment, and their positions in the Second Spanish Republic and the post-Franco transition to democracy were particularly notable. The current first Deputy Prime Minister, María Teresa Fernández de la Vega, and the former President, José María Aznar, are both graduates of the university. The Complutense University has also played host to some of the most significant figures of the intellectual world, with a long tradition of visiting professors amongst which feature some of the greats of world academia (most notably, Albert Einstein). A significant part of the European intelligentsia flocked to its halls during the 1930s, when democratic Spain provided a refuge from the rising terrors of fascism; while the tradition of distinguished visiting professors somewhat diminished during the Franco years, the University has recovered its former splendour in the decades since, although it continues to employ very few non-Spanish academics. This last fact may explain its poor international profile. The contemporary Complutense University has nevertheless counted numerous Nobel Laureates not only amongst its graduates, but also amongst its faculty members over the years.
Currently, the Complutense University is the largest university in Spain. During the 2004–2005 academic year the University recorded an enrollment of 91,598 students and employed a staff of 9,500, of which over 6000 are directly involved in teaching duties; the University operates on government subsidies, grants and enrollment funds, with a current annual budget of over 500,000,000 euros. The University currently offers nearly 80 possible majors, 230 individual degrees, and 221 doctorate programs. The University has over 30 libraries, with over 2 million works in print, a particularly rich archive of over 90,000 historical documents, and one of the most extensive film collections in Europe.
The Complutense University of Madrid is a member of the Europaeum.
Due to its long history in the capital, the Complutense University enjoys great support from Madrid-based institutions, at a local, national and international level. The School of Medicine operates the Hospital Clínico Universitario de San Carlos, as well as a number of other specialized clinics located on-campus, some of which are operated jointly with the Ministry of Health or perform specific research for the Ministry. The School of Medicine is not the only one with government involvement; indeed, despite past conflicts, the Complutense University shares a close bond with the Spanish government, as made evident by the fact that the presidential residence of La Moncloa and the Spanish Constitutional Court are both located directly on-campus (with the political center of the city at walking distance).
The School of Communications, meanwhile, enjoys equally good relations with the press (large part of its professors being former reporters, editors, or directors of major Spanish and international newspapers). Moreover, the School is known particularly for its role as one of the main pre-screening locales for the nation; indeed, all major Spanish film productions are screened first before an audience of Complutense students, with the main actors or production figures of the films attending a post-screening press conference. Most recently, Blanca Portillo, Carmen Maura, Lola Dueñas and Yohana Cobo pre-screened Pedro Almodóvar's Volver; past pre-screening visitors have included director Santiago Segura, actor Alejo Sauras, and writer E. Annie Proulx. Each year, the Madrid Círculo de Bellas Artes extends special invitations to the Complutense students during its series of annual conferences featuring prominent philosophers, sociologists, and psychologists. Likewise, all of the faculties have been able to benefit greatly by lectures given by some of the most illustrious figures in recent history, of all fields, from singer-songwriter / Catalan activist Joan Manuel Serrat to historian Ernst Gombrich, from writer Umberto Eco to communist politician Santiago Carrillo. Alejandro Amenábar wrote his first film, Tesis, while still attending the Complutense University. All the on-campus scenes in the film were shot in the School of Communications, which Amenábar himself had attended, and the building itself serves as major device in the plot. Amenábar dropped out of the Complutense in part due to his antagonistic relationship with one of his professors, who kept failing him; as revenge, Amenábar named one of the main villains in Tesis, Professor Castro, after his teacher. Castro still teaches at the University.
Student life and extracurriculars[edit]
The Complutense University publishes a bi-monthly newspaper, the Gaceta Complutense,[31] and also features a fully operational radio station, Radio Complutense (107.5 FM),[32][33] which broadcasts for 12 hours daily; both are run from the School of Communications.[34]
While the University has a select number of registered dormitories, these are located on the fringes of the campus, within border neighbourhoods, and therefore no students truly live on campus proper. Due to the costs, and the fact that university-affiliated lodging is not required, the majority of the Complutense's student live independently, either in non-affiliated dormitories or in actual apartments.
In modern times, the Complutense University's student body continues to be highly politicized, with an active student government which most recently called for a student strike to protest the Bologna process. All political parties have the right to on-campus representation, though there is a decided tilt towards leftist politics amongst the student body. Upon petition, student political groups can be granted actual offices within the University, some examples being En Construcción, the radical-leftist student organization with offices in the School of Communications, or Erre Que Te Erre (rqtr),[3] the gay liberation front with offices in the School of Political Sciences on the Somosaguas Campus, notable for having been the first gay-rights group established in a Spanish university. In May 2006 the University hosted a celebration of the 75th anniversary of the Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic and advocating the abolition of the monarchy and declaration of the Third Spanish Republic.[35]
Separately from the political groups, the Complutense features a number of social and sports-related groups. The University counts on a strong Erasmus-support group and every school features a Tuna (traditional Spanish band), which compete in the nation-wide competitions. In terms of sports, aerobics, gym, yoga, swimming, tennis, diving, tai-chi, and numerous other courses are offered. In terms of team sports, the Complutense features male and female basketball, soccer, and volleyball divisions, as well as rugby. Chess, badminton, golf, judo, karate, squash, table-tennis, and archery teams also exist. Internal university games are held several times a year, with all of the different schools competing; the Complutense also participates in the regional university games, held each March at the Puerta del Hierro Stadium in Madrid, and the selected national competitions. All students, professors, staff-members, and family of staff-members have the right to be evaluated and attended to at the Complutense University Center for Sport and Fitness Medicine.
The Complutense Abroad[edit]
Besides an extensive series of accords permitting student/professor exchanges and study abroad opportunity with prestigious universities throughout the world, the Complutense University of Madrid currently operates four full-time institutions outside of Spain.[36][37]
- The Real Colegio Complutense at Harvard University (Cambridge, Massachusetts):[38] The RCC was founded as a joint cooperative institution to foster intellectual and scientific interaction between Harvard University and Complutense, with the support of HM King Juan Carlos I, HM Queen Sofia of Spain and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. It follows the tradition of the Royal Spanish College, founded in 1364 to host Spanish Visiting Scholars at the University of Bologna. The RCC accord is the only one of its sort ever to have been approved by Harvard. The institution is directed jointly by the President of Harvard and the Rector of Complutense University, with an academic council formed by 5 Harvard professors and 5 Complutense professors. It permits a select number of Complutense professors to conduct their research at Harvard as Visiting Scholars. RCC Fellows enjoy the same privileges as Harvard's non-tenured Faculty. Each year the institution hosts the RCC Fellows Lectures, a conference cycle during which the Visiting Scholars deliver lectures revealing the results of their investigations to an audience of Harvard professors and students. Finally, it also permits a small number of students to attend doctoral school at the University as Research Associates, under scholarships hosted by the Spanish Royal Family.
- Collège des Hautes Études Européennes Miguel Servet (Paris, France):[39] founded upon the initiative of the Club Européen des Recteurs, the Collège des Hautes Études Européennes Miguel Servet is a Franco-Iberian center of learning and research located within the La Sorbonne. Besides specialized degrees, it offers programs focused on jurisprudence and economy within the European Union, a double-major program in Franco-Iberian law, and the Diplôme de Formation Européenne, which is operates under the auspices of the European Union and UNESCO. It was awarded a status of 'centre d'excellence', and in 1995 it opened chapters in Italy, Portugal, and South America.
- Cátedra Complutense en la Universidad de Karlova (Prague, Czech Republic):[40] Full campus in operation, offering bachelor and doctoral degrees in partnership with Charles University (Univerzita Karlova v Praze) in Prague.
- Cátedra Dubcek (Bratislava, Slovakia):[41] Full campus in operation, offering bachelor and doctoral degrees in partnership with Comenius University in Bratislava.
Famous alumni[edit]
Pre-20th century
- Don John of Austria – Victor of the Battle of Lepanto, Spanish Governor of the Netherlands, Grandee of Spain, the last Knight of Europe.
- Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, Duke of Piacenza.
- Cardinal Mazarin - 2nd Prime Minister of France (1642–1661), successor of Cardinal Richelieu.
- Gaspar de Borja y Velasco - Served as Primate of Spain, Archbishop of Seville, Archbishop of Toledo and viceroy of Naples.
- Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos – Prime Minister of Spain, theorist behind the Constitution of 1812
- Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso – President of the First Spanish Republic
- Emilio Castelar y Ripoll – Journalist, Essayist, Minister during the First Spanish Republic
II Spanish Republic
- Manuel Azaña – Head of State & President of Spain at various points throughout the Second Spanish Republic
- Juan Negrín López – Last President of the Second Spanish Republic
- Gregorio Marañón – Spanish physician, scientist, historian, writer, philosopher and political reformer
- Julián Besteiro Fernández – Socialist Politician, Deputy during the Second Spanish Republic
- Clara Campoamor – Feminist Politician, Deputy during the Second Spanish Republic
- Victoria Kent – Essayist, Feminist, Deputy during the Second Spanish Republic
- Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz y Menduiña – Historian, Deputy during the Second Spanish Republic
- Fernando de los Ríos Urruti – Anarquist Politician during the Second Spanish Republic
Transition and Contemporary Administrations
- Adolfo Suárez – first democratically elected Prime Minister after the Franco regime
- Américo Castro – Politician, Spanish cultural historian, philologist, and literary critic
- José María Aznar – Former President of the Spanish Government (1996–2004)
- Javier Solana – European Union foreign policy chief and former NATO Secretary General
- Esperanza Aguirre – Former regional President of Madrid
- Enrique Barón Crespo – President of the European Parliament
- Manuel Fraga Iribarne- Former Interior Minister/Father of the Spanish Constitution of 1978/Founder and President of the Spanish conservative People's Party/former President of the Xunta de Galicia/Member of the Spanish Senate
- María Teresa Fernández de la Vega – Current Vice President of the Spanish Government (2004—)
- Marcelino Oreja Aguirre – Secretary General of the Council of Europe/Member of the European Parliament /European Commissioner for Transport/European Commissioner for Institutional Relations and Communication Strategy
- Manuel Prado y Colón de Carvajal – Spanish diplomat/Politician/Royal Senator/Administrator of the Royal Household
- Rodrigo Rato – Politician/former Spanish Minister of Economy and Finance/9th Chairman of the International Monetary Fund
- Josep Borrell – former President of the European Parliament
- Manuel Marín – member of the European Commission and President during the interim Marin Commission/President of the Congress of Deputies of Spain
- José Bono – former President of Castile–La Mancha, former Defense Minister, current president of the Spanish Congress of Deputies
- Ana Palacio – former Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba – Chemist/ former minister of the Ministry of Education (Spain), former Defense Minister, current minister of the Spanish Interior Minister
- Elena Salgado – current Spanish Minister of Economy and Finance
- Alan Garcia – President of Peru
- German Vargas Lleras – current Ministry of the Interior and Justice (Colombia)
- José María Barreda – current President of Castile–La Mancha
Royal Family
- Infanta Cristina of Spain – Duchess of Palma de Mallorca
- Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano – Princess of Asturias
Journalism & Literature[edit]
- Antonio de Nebrija – Writer
- Antonio Machado – Poet, Member of the Generación del '98 literary movement
- Camilo José Cela – Writer, Poet, Nobel Prize in Literature (1989), Miguel de Cervantes Prize Recipient, Member of the Generación del '50 literary movement
- Giannina Braschi, author of "Empire of Dreams," "Yo-Yo Boing!", and "United States of Bnanana.
- Concepción Arenal – Journalist, Essayist, Political Figure
- Dámaso Alonso y Fernández de las Redondas – Writer, Poet, Philologist, Member of the Generación del '27 literary movement, Miguel de Cervantes Prize Recipient.
- Enrique Tierno Galván – Writer, Politician
- Federico García Lorca – Poet, Playwright
- Félix Lope de Vega y Carpio – Spanish Playwright
- Fermín Caballero – Early Journalist / Publisher, Congressional Deputy
- Francisco Ayala – Writer, Nobel Prize for Literature Candidate, Principe de Asturias Award for Literature, Miguel de Cervantes Prize Recipient
- Francisco de Quevedo – Classical Writer
- Gerardo Diego – Writer, Poet, Member of the Spanish Royal Academy, Member of the Generación del '27 literary movement, Miguel de Cervantes Prize Recipient
- Jacinto Benavente – Playwright, Nobel Prize in Literature (1922)
- Javier Marías – Writer, translator, member of the Spanish Royal Academy
- José Echegaray y Eizaguirre – Writer, Nobel Prize in Literature (1904)
- José Rodríguez Carracido – Writer, Chemist
- Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano – Former reporter for TVE, current Princess of Asturias
- María Zambrano Writer, Philosopher
- Mario Vargas Llosa – Peruvian writer (naturalized Spaniard), Principe de Asturias Award, Miguel de Cervantes Prize, Nobel Prize in Literature (2010)
- Miguel de Unamuno – Writer, Member of the Generación del '98 literary movement, Neo-Humanist Philosopher
- Pío Baroja – Writer, Member of the Generación del '98 literary movement
- Ramiro Ledesma Ramos – Writer, Politician
- Torcuato Luca de Tena y Álvarez-Ossorio – Journalist, founder of ABC
- Juan Ignacio Luca de Tena – Journalist, Playwright, Diplomat
- Vicente Aleixandre – Writer, Poet, Nobel Prize in Literature (1970)
- Xosé Luís Méndez Ferrín – Writer
- José Ortega Spottorno – Journalist, founder of Alianza Editorial, co-founder of El País
- Jesús de Polanco – Journalist, co-founder of El País, founder of Editorial Santillana, Grupo PRISA and Cadena SER
- Juan Luis Cebrián – Journalist, co-founder and former editor in chief of El País, member of the Real Academia Española, head of Grupo PRISA
- Antonio de Nebrija – Renaissance Humanist, Philologist
- Domingo de Soto – Philosopher, Theologian, Theorist at the Council of Trent
- Fernando Savater – Philosopher
- José Gaos y González Pola – Neo-Humanist Philosopher
- Jose Luis López Aranguren – Philosopher
- José Ortega y Gasset – Neo-Humanist Philosopher, Founder of Ratio-Vitalism, Writer, Journalist, Deputy during the Second Spanish Republic
- Julián Marías – Philosopher
- María Isidra de Guzmán y de la Cerda – First woman to earn a doctorate in Spain, Philosopher
- Raimon Panikkar – Philosopher, Theologian, Scholar of Comparative Philosophy of Religion
- Tomás de Villanueva – Roman Catholic Saint, Archbishop of Valencia, Theologian
- Xavier Zubiri Apalategui – Philosopher, Philologist
- María Zambrano – Philosopher
- Ambrosio de Morales – Historian
- Francisco Giner de los Ríos – Historian
- Juan de Mariana – Historian, Political Theorist
- José Amador de los Ríos – Historian
- Manuel Colmeiro Penido – Economist, Historian, Jurist
- Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo – Scholar/Historian
- Ramón Menéndez Pidal – Historian
- Carlos Jiménez Díaz – Medical Pioneer
- Florestán Aguilar – Medical Pioneer
- Gregorio Marañón – Physician/Scientist/Historian/Writer/Philosopher
- José Rizal – Filipino, Polyglot, Writer, National Hero of the Philippines
- Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Nobel Prize in Medicine (1906), founder of modern Neuroscience
- Severo Ochoa – Nobel Prize in Medicine (1959)
Maths and Sciences[edit]
- Albert Einstein – Doctor of Science degree Honoris Causa (first one he accepted from a European University).
- Ángel Martín Municio – Chemist/Pharmacist/President of the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences.
- Blas Cabrera y Felipe – Physicist/President of the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences, member of the Solvay Conference.
- Carlos Sánchez del Río – Physicist/President of the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences.
- Eduardo Torroja Caballe – Mathematician, disciple of Karl Georg Christian von Staudt, member of the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences.
- Enrique Moles Ormella – Physicist.
- Federico Mayor Zaragoza – Pharmacist/Director-General of UNESCO from 1987 to 1999.
- Juan Manuel Rodríguez Parrondo – Physicist.
- José Cuatrecasas – Botanist.
- José Rodríguez Carracido – Chemist/Pharmacist/Dean at the Faculty of Pharmacy/Rector of the Complutense University of Madrid /President of the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences.
- Juan Luis Arsuaga – Biologist/Paleontologist.
- Julio Rey Pastor – Mathematician.
- Margarita Salas – Scientist/President of the Instituto de España.
- Miguel Catalán Sañudo – Scientist.
- Sixto Ríos – Mathematician/Statistician.
- Jesús Huerta de Soto – Economist, Law scholar.
- Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain - Quantum physicist, Wolf Prize in Physics 2013.
- Alejandro Amenábar – Oscar-winning Filmmaker (did not graduate)
- Luis Buñuel – Surrealist Filmmaker
- Santiago Segura – Actor, Filmmaker
- Ángel Sanz Briz – Spanish diplomat credited with saving thousands of Hungarian Jews from Nazi persecution during World War II.
- Chema Madoz – Photographer
- Concepción Arenal – Spanish feminist writer and activist.
- Emilio García Gómez – International authority on Arab culture.
- Fernando Cordero Cueva – Ecuadorian politician and architect
- Hildegart Rodríguez Carballeira – Girl genius of the 1920s and renowned Socialist activist and Sexual Reformer.
- J.B.L. Reyes – Filipino jurist
- Miguel Álvarez-Fernández – Sound artist and theorist
- Valentín García Yebra, philologist and translation scholar.
- Rafael Iruzubieta Fernández – A renowned Spanish advocate and Padma Shri (One of India's highest Civilian Award) Winner.
See also[edit]
Notes and references[edit]
- ^ ISA – Asociacion Internacional de Sociologia[dead link]
- ^ "Estudiantes de Izquierdas". Nodo50.org. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ a b "RQTR – erre que te erre – LGTB de la universidad complutense de madrid". Ucm.es. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ http://www.ucm.es/info/podotuna/
- ^ "Estudiantes 2011-2013". Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
- ^ "Ranking Web of Universities- Spain". Webometrics. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
- ^ "Universities in Spain". 4ICU.org. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
- ^ a b Historia de la Universidad. Universidad de Alcalá. 2011.
- ^ "Universidades Tradicionales". ElMundo.es. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
- ^ La herencia de la universidad medieval. Biblioteca Histórica Marqués de Valdecilla. Exposiciones. 500 años de la Bula Cisneriana. 13 de junio de 1999.
- ^ Reseña histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
- ^ La fundación cisneriana: el Colegio Mayor de San Ildefonso. Biblioteca Histórica Marqués de Valdecilla. Exposiciones. 500 años de la Bula Cisneriana. 13 de junio de 1999.
- ^ Cabañas González MD. Constituciones de la Universidad de Alcalá, 1510. Alcalá de Henares: Centro Internacional de Estudios Históricos Cisnerianos; 2010.
- ^ "Duke Mag-Converging Visions – Selections from the Library-Gallery-May/June 2003". Dukemagazine.duke.edu. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Andover-Harvard Library – Bible Exhibit – 3. The First Polyglot Bible". Hds.harvard.edu. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "In hac praeclarissima Complutensi Universitate, de mandato & sumptibus... Francisci Ximenez de Cisneros...industria & solertia... Arnaldi Guilielmi de Brocario, 1514 mensis ianuarij ([1], and [2].
- ^ La antigua Universidad de Alcalá. Conoceréis la Verdad. 11 de diciembre de 2011.
- ^ Fernández Luzón A. La Universidad de Barcelona en el siglo XVI. Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona; 2005. pp. 72–73. ISBN 84-475-2851-0
- ^ http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/introducing_oxford/women_at_oxford/index.html
- ^ http://yegs.org/yegs-hall-of-fame-main-page
- ^ Frías Balsa JV. «El venerable Palafox y Mendoza, doctor en cánones por Sigüenza». Wad-al-Hayara. 1977; (4):223–231.
- ^ ABC http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1923/03/09/007.html
- ^ J. M. Sánchez Ron and T. Glick in La España posible de la Segunda República (Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 1983)
- ^ [3][dead link]
- ^ "Las Brigadas Internacionales". Antorcha.org. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "España, 1936–1939: Manuel Tagüeña Lacorte: El fetiche del frente continuo". La Insignia. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "La Universidad durante el franquismo::Recuperando Memoria – Estudiantes de Izquierdas". Nodo50.org. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Universidad Complutense de Madrid. "Universidad Complutense de Madrid :: Página principal". Ucm.es. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "universidad años 70". Ucm.es. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Facultad de Filosofía, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 2007". Fs-morente.filos.ucm.es. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ [4]
- ^ [5][dead link]
- ^ [6][dead link]
- ^ Universidad Complutense de Madrid (1 June 1999). "Universidad Complutense de Madrid :: Página principal". Ucm.es. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ [7][dead link]
- ^ "Universidad Complutense de Madrid :: UCM". Ucm.es. 1 June 1999. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Universidad Complutense de Madrid :: UCM". Ucm.es. 1 June 1999. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Real Colegio Complutense at Harvard". Realcolegiocomplutense.harvard.edu. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Collège des Hautes Études Européennes – Miguel Servet". Chee-mservet.fr. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Univerzita Karlova – UK". Cuni.cz. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Univerzita Komenského". Uniba.sk. 10 April 2007. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Complutense University of Madrid. |


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Big Dada at the Boiler Room
Big Dada at the Boiler Room
Posted on 03/05/2012
June 5th sees Big Dada take over the Boiler Room. The internationally-renowned live stream music session thing will be welcoming a whole heap of BD artists through its doors for four hours of music and MCing. Expect performances from Roots Manuva, Sticky, DELS, Dobie, Offshore and Bang On! with more to be confirmed. Should be massive.


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Optics InfoBase > Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics
Ultrafast optical switching using parity–time symmetric Bragg gratings
Compact wavelength-selective optical switch based on digital optical phase conjugation
Engineering-reflected phase in Fabry–Perot sensors with resonant mirrors
Transition from nonresonant to resonant random lasers by the geometrical confinement of disorder
Sub-bandgap linear-absorption-based photodetectors in avalanche mode in PN-diode-integrated silicon microring resonators
Laser-speckle-based detection of fluid pulsation in the presence of motion artifacts: in vitro and in vivo study
Broadband photoresponse and rectification of novel graphene oxide/n-Si heterojunctions
Liquid-crystal micro-lens array with two-divided and tetragonally hole-patterned electrodes
A cost-effective 25-Gb/s EML TOSA using all-in-one FPCB wiring and metal optical bench
Electroluminescence from metal-insulator-semiconductor tunneling diodes using compressively strained Ge on Si0.5Ge0.5 virtual substrates
Optic-null medium: realization and applications
GaN-based ultraviolet light-emitting diodes with AuCl3-doped graphene electrodes
Light shutter using dichroic-dye-doped long-pitch cholesteric liquid crystals
Localized strain sensing with fiber Bragg-grating ring cavities
Suppressed quantum-confined Stark effect in InGaN-based LEDs with nano-sized patterned sapphire substrates
Room temperature polariton light emitting diode with integrated tunnel junction
Dip-transfer phosphor coating on designed substrate structure for high angular color uniformity of white light emitting diodes with conventional chips
Characterization of a refractive linear axicon with distant depth of field and no central blocking
Introduction to the BODA 2013 feature issue
Stratified composite-loaded plasmonic waveguide for sensing biofluids
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Select a Journal: Adv. Opt. Photon.Applied OpticsApplied SpectroscopyBiomed. Opt. ExpressChinese Optics LettersJ. Display Technol.J. Lightwave Technol.J. Opt. Commun. Netw.J. Opt. Netw. (2002-2009)J. Opt. Soc. Am. (1917-1983)J. Opt. Soc. Am. AJ. Opt. Soc. Am. BJ. Opt. Soc. KoreaJ. Opt. Technol.MeetingsOpt. Mater. ExpressOptics ExpressOptics LettersOptics News (1975-1989)Photonics Research Year


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At 5:30 this morning, my big brother sent me a text: a link to a New York Times op-ed piece called "The Gift of Siblings" by Frank Bruni. The timing (of the piece coming to my attention, not the early hour) was impeccable, as it contained all the words I'd been fumbling for the night before when I was asked if I thought "things" would be easier if Coraline had a sibling. The obvious answer was no: being a single parent of two small children is certainly twice as overwhelming financially and logistically. But would I prefer Coraline had a sibling? Absolutely. "They're less tailored fits than friends are. But in a family that's succeeded at closeness, they're more natural, better harbors," says Bruni. While Coraline gets 100 percent of my attention and resources, I imagine a sibling — older or younger — could offer a sense of continuity and comfort that I cannot, especially in our particular situation. I want her to have a harbor.
Clearly a sibling for Coraline is out of the question, so when the only-child-versus-siblings topic comes up among those who know I'm no longer with Coraline's father, people almost reflexively start listing all the reasons why having an only child is great. Which is kind. And with many of them I cannot argue. But as someone who has the gift of siblings, I just can't embrace the only-child thing. Of his siblings, Bruni says "We'd been graced: with a center of gravity; with an audience that never averts its gaze and doesn't stint on applause." He points out that your siblings are the only people to know you intimately throughout the entire arc of your life. In a world where connection seems more and more difficult, it's certainly a gift to have someone to whom you are tied by blood and beginnings, for better or worse.
So, would it be easier? Probably not. But better for Coraline? In the long run, I suspect so.
» More from Mama Greenest blog
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Dutchess County native Shannon Gallagher is a contributing editor for Hudson Valley Magazine. An erstwhile thrill-seeker, these days she courts disaster of a different variety wrangling a spirited toddler, honing her vegan baking skills, and chasing the ever-elusive work-family balance. She teaches Pilates and does fascial bodywork, and lives in Rhinebeck with Coraline, a cat named Otie, and Sushi the Fish (named, of course, by the toddler).


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Email this page to a friend
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Welcome to the Legal Profession Admission Board (LPAB) website
The LPAB is a self-funding body, created by legislation, responsible for making rules for, and approving, the admission of lawyers and appointment as a public notary. The Board also registers Students-at-Law who on passing the Board's exams receive a Diploma in Law and satisfy the academic requirements for Admission as a Lawyer. Find out more about the LPAB.
Latest News
Website Outage
The Board's website will not be available from 8:00am Saturday 14 December 2013 to 6:00pm Sunday 15 December to allow for scheduled maintenance. We apologise for any inconvenience.
Opening Hours
The Board's office will not open until 10:00am on Tuesday 26 November 2013 and will close at 3:30pm on Thursday 28 November 2013. There will be no counter, telephone or email service during these times.
December Admission Ceremonies
It is likely that Admission ceremonies will be held over 2 days in December of this year. Currently ceremonies are scheduled for Friday 6 December 2013 and it is likely that additional ceremonies will need to be held on Monday 9 December 2013. This will be confirmed as soon as possible.
- posted September 2013
Website Review
The LPAB is currently reviewing the content of this website. If you would like to provide any suggestions for improvement or feedback, please email email@example.com
- posted 19 September 2013
Enrolment - November Semester (Term 1/2014)
Enrolment packages for next semester will be posted out in the first or second week of October.
- posted 16 September 2013
Fee Increase
Please note that some of the Board's fees will increase on 1 October 2013. Please refer to the Second and Third Schedules of Fees on the Forms and Fees page.
- posted 12 September 2013
Credit Card Payments
As of 1 July 2013 all credit card payments made to the LPAB will incur a 0.4% surcharge. This surcharge applies to Mastercard and Visa payments only.
Effective immediately any credit card payments made by a third party will no longer require an additional letter authorising payment.
- posted 26 June 2013
LACC Disclosure Guidelines available
Now available on our website are the NSW modified version of the LACC Disclosure Guidelines, which are adapted to NSW admission qualification requirements.
- posted 8 May 2013
Find more news in our News Archive.
Related Websites


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Launch Afterglow
Last week, a Russian Soyuz launched on its way to the International Space Station with cosmonaut Fyodor Yurchikhin, European astronaut Luca Parmitano, and NASA astronaut Karen Nyberg. Long-time NASA photographer Bill Ingalls, brilliant at making new images of events we've seen over and over, took this almost surreal picture of the rocket blast glowing off the retracted hold-down arms.
Photo: NASA / Bill Ingalls


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New guidance for treating children with severe acute malnutrition
27 November 2013 -- Severe acute malnutrition is when children suffer severe wasting that may or may not be accompanied by swelling of the body from fluid retention. Children with severe acute malnutrition are among the most vulnerable people in the world. WHO has new treatment guidelines for the almost 20 million children under-5 worldwide who have severe acute malnutrition.
Global targets 2025 to improve maternal, infant and young child nutrition
25 November 2013 -- WHO's Member States have endorsed global targets for improving maternal, infant and young child nutrition and are committed to monitoring progress. The targets are vital for identifying priority areas for action and catalysing global change.
2012 Joint child malnutrition estimates (UNICEF-WHO-The World Bank)
23 September 2013 -- The World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF and the World Bank updated their joint child malnutrition data set and released new global and regional estimates for 2012. An interactive dashboard presents the updated prevalence estimates and numbers affected for stunting, underweight, overweight, wasting and severe wasting by the different regional classification.
Promoting healthy growth and preventing childhood stunting launch
18 September 2013 -- As part of the work on implementing the project "Promoting healthy growth and preventing childhood stunting", the World Health Organization has worked with various experts to prepare nine papers for a supplement of the Maternal and Child Nutrition Journal. A seminar featuring key sections of the supplement, with participation of experts in the themes, is taking place at the International Nutrition Congress in Granada, Spain on 18 September 2013. This supplement is a contribution by WHO to countries' efforts to meet the challenge of stunting and reaching the target of 40% reduction for 2025.
Latest publications
- Updates on the management of severe acute malnutrition in infants and children
- Nutritional care and support for patients with tuberculosis
- Country implementation of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes
Information concerning the use and marketing of follow-up formula
pdf, 165kb
July 2013 - All publications
World Health Assembly resolutions and documents related to nutrition
Nutrition seminar
The Healthy Growth Project
Promoting healthy growth and preventing childhood stunting


text: There's one thing we love around here and that's the coast. Lowcountry ladies love the salt in the air, the sun on their skin and the classic, laid back lifestyle that comes with living by the water. This gorgeous European wedding was shot along the coast of Spain by the insanely talented Miguel Varona. He captured the couple, the glowing Pilar + her man, Victor, as they strolled along the shore with the sand beneath their toes…heavenly!


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The U.S. Supreme Court granted certiorari this term on two issues concerning the Fifth Amendment's Takings Clause. The justices heard oral arguments January 15 on a case focused on the conditions that a land-use agency may attach when issuing a development permit.
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U.S. Supreme Court
The Supreme Court Revisits the Takings Clause
The Legal Intelligencer
February 7, 2013
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Occupy Town Square III at Tompkins Square Park With Your Very Own Occu-Finger:)
Friday, February 24th, 2012Frozen extended digits no more with the new ergonomically designed "Occu-finger" from #OWS Fiber Arts. Knitted to help you keep exactly one finger sheltered from the elements at all times, the Occu-finger works on any digit, whether you're showing your disdain for the NYPD or simply pointing out some of New York's finer tourist attractions to a friend. Knitted in a variety of colours to match any outfit, the Fiber Arts Occu-finger is as at home on the runway as it is on the freeway for fashion minded activists the world over.
And what better venue to unveil our newest models than at this weekend's Occupy Town Square III at Tompkins Square Park from 11am to 5pm on Sunday. Fiber Arts will be there with knitting by Marsha and Karen, Hearts by Patricia, Paper Cranes by Raven and Signpainting by David. Join us this weekend and flip a bird, be it a paper crane or an Occu-finger at your favourite target.


text: 1 We have a few things going on at once in this photo: the stock locking screw (A) against one of the pulley nut flats (B). The new lock plate (C) is held up to the nut and we had already installed our pulley-locking tool (D). 1 We have a few things going on at once in this photo: the stock locking screw (A) agains Sometimes the factory takes a few years to figure out a better way of doing something with their bikes. And, recently, we came across a perfect example. Our friend Corey, was experiencing some clutch problems on his 1988 Softail. As we dug into the primary drive, we found the clutch hub key had sheared and the clutch hub had spun on the transmission mainshaft. The inner primary cover needed to come off to fit a new bearing and seal. When the inner cover was removed we found the original method of locking the pulley nut to the final drive pulley was as it left the York, Pennsylvania, assembly plant; using a 10/24 Allen head screw against one of the sprocket nuts flats. The pulley is drilled and tapped in three places to accommodate the Allen bolt against a flat of the nut, preventing the nut from backing off. This method of nut retention was upgraded in 1992 with the introduction of the full circumference lock plate. The new lock plate surrounds the nut and is held in place by two, 1/4-20 Allen head screws that thread into the transmission pulley. This lock plate system is still used today. We obtained a lock plate from V-Twin Manufacturing, (P/N 17-0934 Pulley lock plate kit) MSRP $7.94. Modifying your pre-1992 transmission pulley is easily accomplished by drilling and tapping two, 1/4-inch holes in the pulley body. Of course, this is all made easier if the primary is removed, as ours was. We used a couple of specialized tools for our job; a pulley locking tool and a transmission nut wrench. The pulley locking tool can be as simple as using the rear wheel brake to hold the belt and consequently stopping the pulley from turning (our Softail was getting a new rear tire at the same time). The transmission nut needs the correct socket to keep from damaging any other parts during disassembly and for torquing the nut to the correct specification when reassembling. The whole job took a little over an hour working slow and methodically double-checking our work as we went. A shop manual should be at hand for your model bike if you are going this far into the final drive system. 2 Here we've removed the 10/24 Allen screw. These screws have been known to shear off, especially with a hopped-up engine and a hard launch. This threaded hole in the pulley was chosen as the one closest to inhibit the removal rotation of the pulley nut (left-hand threads). 3 We placed the lock plate over the pulley nut in such a way as to miss the existing 10/24 holes. Once we were satisfied with the location of the plate, we marked the locations with a Sharpie and used a transfer punch to mark the location of the new mounting hole. 4 It was time to remove the pulley nut using the special socket (A) that fits over the mainshaft. Note the collar (B) that stabilizes the socket while in use-remember, the pulley nut has left-hand threads. This is where we had our first surprise, the pulley nut was not even finger tight, so the nut spun right off. 5 When removing the pulley, we checked the back of the pulley for any shims; like the one shown. We made sure not to lose or misplace any shims that affect the rear belt alignment. Also, before wiping the crud off the seal and transmission, we checked for any leaks or hints of leaks, especially on the lower side (arrow) of the main shaft. 6 Since we're kind of slow we marked the transfer punch marks with little arrows and then used a center punch to define the transfer punch marks. We started each hole with a center drill and then worked our way up to the tap drill size for the 1/4-20 tap. 7 We then test fit the lock plate on the pulley while still gripped in the vise. From the vise, the pulley was thoroughly cleaned including the belt teeth and then reassembled on the transmission. 8 The pulley was remounted, the pulley locking tool snugged up, and the pulley nut torqued to spec; in our case 110 lb-ft. Again, the pulley nut has left-hand threads. Once the pulley was tightened, we aligned the lock plate so the pair of holes lined up. If needed, the pulley nut can be tweaked a little each way for the lock plate holes to line up. 9 The two 1/4-20 Allen screws holding the lock plate to the pulley were given a drop of Loctite (red) and torqued to 7-9 lb-ft. We could now "drop the hammer" without worrying about the pulley coming loose. Sources V-Twin Manufacturing www.vtwinmfg.com By Ervin Hendrick Enjoyed this Post? Subscribe to our RSS Feed, or use your favorite social media to recommend us to friends and colleagues!


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Tarzan and the Lost City
Screenplay : Bayard Johnson and J. Anderson Black
MPAA Rating : PG
Year of Release : 1998
Stars : Casper Van Dien (Tarzan), Jane March (Jane Porter), Steven Waddington (Nigel Ravens)
"Tarzan and the Lost City" is one of the most anemic movies to come out in quite a while. Not only it is poorly written, badly acted, and generally incompetent in all cinematic areas, it is thoroughly uninspired and insipid.
Unfortunately, it's not bad in the way great, colossal misfires like "Heaven's Gate" (1980) or "Ishtar" (1987) are bad. Instead, it literally drips off the screen like a movie nobody wanted to be associated with, which of course begs the question of why it was made in the first place. With all the good scripts lying around Hollywood un-produced, how does needless drek like this make its way to the big screen?
Of course, Tarzan is one of the most filmed characters in all of motion picture history -- he has appeared in over forty films, which have ranged from the very good (1984's "Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes") down to the really bad (1981's "Tarzan, the Ape Man" with Bo Derek). Most of these films were just cheapie B-movies made in the thirties and forties, starring ex-Olympic athletes and a lot of cutsie chimps.
Therefore, if another Tarzan movie is to be made, one might assume that it would have something new to offer -- a different angle, an original storyline, anything to set it apart from all the others. "Greystoke" added a never-before-seen level of realism to the pulpy tale, and even "Tarzan, the Ape Man" at least had the mis-guided audacity to sexualize the story as a vehicle for Bo Derek's bare breasts.
"Tarzan and the Lost City," on the other hand, has absolutely nothing to offer but a bunch of recycled storylines and bad dialogue. The script, by Bayard Johnson and J. Anderson Black is about as formulaic and generic as they come. Comic books have better plots than this. The movie is so bad, in fact, that it retains that ridiculous Tarzan call that was so tirelessly mocked in last summer's comedy "George of the Jungle." Didn't the producers think to leave that back in the old Weissmuller pictures where it belongs?
The story starts with the legend of Tarzan already firmly established: a quick opening narration tells of Tarzan (Casper Van Dien) being found in the jungle after having been raised by apes, and his return to England where he assumes his Greystoke heritage. When the movie starts in 1913, he is a civilized English gentleman (without an English accent), and he is to marry Jane (Jane March) in less than a week.
However, when a wicked archeologist/grave-robber named Nigel Ravens (Steve Waddington) begins hunting for the fabled lost City of Opar, one of Africa's last great secrets, the witch doctor of an ancient African tribe summons Tarzan back to the jungle. At first, Jane refuses to go, pouting about how it will interfere with their wedding; but after Tarzan leaves she changes her mind and tracks him down, therefore assuring lots of lame smooch scenes between her and her ape-man.
Once the film gets going (in its own sluggish way), it delves into a series of jungle adventures, as Tarzan, Jane, and the natives attempt the thwart Ravens and his crew from discovering the city. Most of the so-called adventures are cheesy, predictable, and unexciting, with no pace, tension, or action to speak of. There are sequences stolen from innumerable recent adventure movies, ranging from "Raiders of the Lost Ark" (1981) to "The Goonies" (1985). When the movie is running short on action, it includes a few Greenpeace-friendly scenes of Tarzan freeing caged animals, releasing a baby elephant from a trap, and throwing ivory tusks into the river.
The movie is also lacking even a remote hint of reality. For instance, when Tarzan -- who was raised in the jungle -- is bit by a cobra, he doesn't even attempt to suck the venom out like any semi-experienced weekend backpacker would do. Instead, he ties a tourniquet around his arm and stumbles off into the jungle with no plan for survival.
Of course, one can't help but notice how fundamentally misleading the title is. Not to ruin the ending or anything, but there is no lost city. There is, however, a lost pyramid, which I suppose is all the resource-strapped FX department could come up with (the special effects are not worthy of a made-for-TV movie). Which also brings up the question of why the treasure hunters had to slog through numerous underground caverns to get to the lost pyramid, when it's sitting right out in the middle of an open field?
Strictly speaking, "Tarzan and the Lost City" isn't even bad enough to have camp quality, although Casper Van Dien's laughably stiff performance comes real close. This movie proves what "Starship Troopers" only hinted at: he cannot act, but he sure looks well-groomed, even in the deepest heart of the African jungle. Van Dien is much too much of a pretty-boy to be an effective Tarzan; he's a Calvin Klein model in a loin cloth. I also wondered what the make-up department was thinking when it outfitted him with that awful circa-1983 Steve Perry haircut.
Waddington makes a decent villain, although he's like a charmless version of Belloque from "Raiders of the Lost Ark." As Jane, the ex-model Jane March has little to do but smile and look pretty next to Tarzan. She does fire off a gun at the evil treasure hunters a time or two, but whenever a snake comes into the picture, she is reduced to a hysterical mess.
However, amidst all this complaining, I do have one piece of good news. "Tarzan and the Lost City" is so lacking in ideas both new and old, that it is unable to fill even an hour and a half of celluloid. So, we can say this much for it: at least it had the decency to be short.
©1998 James Kendrick


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Hosts' Favorite Travel Moments of 2012
Travel Channel hosts clock some serious mileage, but meeting new fans in the UK and filming with a screen legend in Malibu stood out in 2012.
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