text:
Islamic Automation: Al-Jazari's Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices
Dr. Gunalan Nadarajan*
Table of contents
1. Introduction2. Islamic Science and Technology 3. 'Fine Technology' as Genealogical Nexus4. The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices5. Islamic Programming6. Untoward Automation7. Conclusion8. References
Note of the editor
This essay was published originally as: Nadarajan, Gunalan, "Islamic Automation: A Reading of Al-Jazari's The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices (1206)", in Media Art Histories, edited by Oliver Grau, Cambridge (Mass.): MIT Press, 2007, pp. 163-178. The present publication is a newly copy edited version. All the illustrations were added by the editor. For the sake of clarity, words and phrases were added by the present editor between brackets in the text.
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Large image
Figure 1: Elephant clock of al-Jazari, from a MS copy of his treatise The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Device copied in Syria in 1315 by Farkh ibn 'Abd al-Latif. © The Metropolitan Museum, New York. (Source).
Donald Hill, who translated and had done most to promulgate the importance of this text, claimed "it is impossible to over-emphasize the importance of Al-Jazari's work in the history of engineering. Until modern times there is no other document from any cultural area that provides a comparable wealth of instructions for the design, manufacture and assembly of machines… Al-Jazari did not only assimilate the techniques of his non-Arab and Arab predecessors, he was also creative. He added several mechanical and hydraulic devices. The impact of these inventions can be seen in the later designing of steam engines and internal combustion engines, paving the way for automatic control and other modern machinery. The impact of Al-Jazari`s inventions is still felt in modern contemporary mechanical engineering [1]."
This essay presents al-Jazari's Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices (1206) as a significant contribution to the history of robotics and automation insofar as it enables a critical re-evaluation of classical notions and the conventional history of automation and therefore of robotics. Al-Jazari's work is presented as exemplary of what is called here "Islamic automation", where the notions of control that have informed the conventional history of automation and robotics are substituted by subordination and submission to the rhythms of the machines. Al-Jazari is in some ways the most articulate of what is a long tradition of "Islamic automation" in Arabic science and technology wherein automation is a manner of submission rather than the means of control that it has come to represent in our times. It is proposed here that "Islamic automation" also provides some interesting examples of what I call "untoward automation", which involves deliberate and elaborate programming for untoward behaviour in automated devices. In addition to articulating the cultural specificities of technological development, this essay positions al-Jazari's work as a catalyst for critical readings of and new directions in robotic arts.
2. Islamic Science and Technology
Figure 2: Two photos of the fascinating reproduction of the 8.5 meters high elephant clock of al-Jazari in the Ibn Battuta Mall, Dubai. This was the first clock in which an automaton reacted after certain intervals of time. In the mechanism, a humanoid automata strikes the cymbal and a mechanical bird chirps after every hour. See Salim Al-Hassani The Machines of Al-Jazari and Taqi Al-Din and Al-Jazari: The Mechanical Genius.
It is noteworthy though that our current notions of science and technology are significantly different from those that mediate the quest for knowledge in Islamic societies. The word, 'ilm that is most commonly used to denote 'knowledge' in Arabic, Hill reminds us, included a wide range of fields as astronomy, mechanics, theology, philosophy, logic and metaphysics. This practice of not differentiating between seemingly separate fields is best understood in the context of the Islamic view of the interconnectedness of all things that exist and wherein the quest for knowledge is a contemplation on and discovery of this essential unity of things. It is this essential unity and coherence of all things in the world, referred to in Islamic philosophy as tawhid [oneness], which makes it almost impossible to articulate and maintain the distinctions between the sciences and other areas of inquiry and experience.
Figure 3: 3D-model of the al-Jazari's elephant clock, recreated by FSTC Ltd. Click here to view this animation.
Bakar argues that in thus deciphering the peculiar ways in which each thing manifests itself and exists in this world, one is arriving at an understanding of its specific islam (manner of submission), i.e., of how that thing submits to the will of God [5]. This notion of islam as a "manner of submission" is a useful reference point to begin a discussion of the Islamic notion of technology. While, it is logical to assume that the Islamic notion of technology is related to and continuous with its notion of 'ilm, there are practically no scholarly studies that are dedicated to the exploration of the Islamic conceptualization of technology. While there are several works that exhaustively describe the various technologies developed by Islamic societies and scholars, these works rarely deliberate on their specific philosophical and cultural underpinnings. This paucity might be indicative of the refusal within Islamic thought to present technology as a material application of scientific knowledge, a practice that is common in many conventional histories of technology. It is suggested here that in the Islamic lifeworld, technology is yet another a'yat but of a different sort. It is suggested that technological objects are signs that have been made to manifest as such by human design. And it is important here to clarify that this design itself is a sign of the submission of the person who 'makes' the technological object as much as the object's functional operations reflect its own manner of submission. In Islamic aesthetics and technology alike, the notion of the human creator is philosophically subordinated to that of God the creator. The task of human creativity in Islamic thought is thus conceived as that of referring to and making manifest God's creative work rather than 'showing off' one's own ability to create. In this sense, then technological objects are also a' yat that manifest the islam or "manners of submission" of those forces and processes that are implicated in them [6].
3. 'Fine Technology' as Genealogical Nexus
Figure 4: A creative model of a device designed by al-Jazari (chapter 6 of category III) used for measuring blood lost during phlebotomy (bloodletting) sessions, a popular therapy in the medieval world. Taken from a MS of al-Jazari's treatise copied in Egypt in 1354. (Source).
According to Nietzsche, who first formulated the critical possibilities of genealogy as historical method, "whatever exists, having somehow come into being, is again and again reinterpreted to new ends, taken over, transformed, and redirected by some power superior to it; all events in the organic world are a subduing, a becoming master, and all subduing and becoming master involves a fresh interpretation, an adaptation through which any previous 'meaning' and 'purpose' are necessarily obscured or even obliterated" [7]. Thus, the meaning of a thing in history is not fixed and unchanging as it is sometimes conveniently assumed in conventional historical methods. The conventional historiographical practice usually seeks out the Ursprung (origin), wherein there is, Foucault claims, "an attempt to capture the exact essence of things, their purest possibilities and their carefully protected identities because this search assumes the existence of immobile forms that precede the external world of accident and succession" [8]. The genealogical method in contrast is governed by the Herkunfts-Hypothesen (descent-hypothesis) that turns away from such metaphysical preconceptions and "listens to history"; leading the historian to the discovery that there is no eternal essence behind things; that things "have no essence or that their essence was fabricated in a piecemeal fashion from alien forms". [9] With his ears cocked up to detect the faintest of sounds made within the historical space, the genealogist finds "not the inviolable identity of their origin", but rather "the dissension of other things".
"Genealogy", he thus claims, "is gray, meticulous, and patiently documentary. It operates on a field of entangled and confused parchments, on documents that have been scratched over and recopied many times" [10]. Foucault also argues that genealogy is able and attempts to record events in their singularity without reference to some teleological design or purpose. He recognises the usefulness of the genealogical method in subverting the totalizing histories that drew from the Hegelian teleological versions of history where usually notions of 'purpose' or 'utility' tended to predetermine the specific ways in which a thing's history was 'always-already' interpreted.
Figure 5: Automat arbiter for dispensing liquids for drinking: al-Jazari 1974, category II, chapter 3, p. 103. Held at the Topkapi Palace Museum Library in Istanbul, al-Jazari, Al-Jami' bayn al-ilm wa'l-amal al-nafi fî sina'at al-hiyal, MS Ahmet III 3472.
It is suggested here that one develops a better appreciation of their complex historical interactions and contemporary constitution by working from this temporary suspension of their differences within this nexus. It is proposed here also that the notion of 'fine technology' provides a useful reference point to instantiate and analyse this nexus between machines, automation and robotics. "Fine technology", science and technology historian Donald Hill states, "is the kind of engineering that is concerned with delicate mechanisms and sophisticated controls" and that "before modern times, comprised of clocks, trick vessels, automata, fountains and a few miscellaneous devices." Hill notes that the "apparent triviality of these constructions should not…be allowed to obscure the fact that a number of the ideas, components and techniques embodied in them were to be of great significance in the development of machines technology" [12].
Some of the earliest examples of fine technology are recorded in the works of an Egyptian engineer, Ctesibius from Alexandria (ca. 300 BCE). Vitruvius, the architect and theorist claims that Ctesibius invented the organ and monumental water clock. According to Devaux, "Diodorus Siculus and Callixenes gave this description of animated statues of gods and goddesses that featured at the festivities organized in 280 BCE by Ptolemy Philadelphus in honour of Alexander and Bacchus: a four-wheeled chariot eight cubits broad, drawn by sixty men, and on which was a seated a statuette of Nysa measuring eight cubits, dressed in a yellow, gold-brocade tunic and a Spartan cloak. By means of a mechanism she would stand up unaided, pour out milk from a golden bottle, and sit down again" [13].
The works of Philo from Byzantium (230 BCE) whose text Pneumatics exists in a number of Arabic versions has also described a variety of automata and trick vessels that exemplify early fine technology. Another early text, that again only exists in Arabic versions, is On the Construction of Water Clocks by Archimedes. This work, though suspected to have been only partially written by him with later additions by Islamic scholars, was instrumental in introducing some of the principles of water-mediated control and power generation that was systematically developed by Islamic engineers. Hero from Alexandria (1st century CE) is probably one of the most well known and most widely read of the authors of fine technology. His primary texts are Pneumatica and Automata where he expounds on the fundamentals of pneumatics and plans for a variety of machines and automata that embody and are driven by such pneumatic forces.
While there are several important and interesting exponents of fine technology exemplifying Islamic automation, for the purposes of this essay, we will restrict our discussion to the work of the Banu Musa. Kitab Al-Hiyal (The Book of Ingenious Devices) by Banu Musa bin Shakir (9th century) is one of the foundational texts for the development and systematic exploration of automated devices in the Islamic world. It is clear from the various references in their text that they knew of Heron's work that had already been translated by Qusta Ibn Luqa during their time (ca. 864) and possibly with their support. In fact, of the slightly more than hundred devices that they describe in their book, Hill identified twenty five devices having similar features to and in some cases almost completely resembling Hero's and Philo's automata. However, it is crucial here that despite these similarities in the physical and operational features between these automata, the culturally specific ways in which these machines were conceived and used by the Banu Musa are significantly different enough for one to be cautious not to perceive their work as simply derivative. It is also noteworthy that the Banu Musa were inventors in their own right and there are several machines described in this book that are uniquely theirs and perhaps even invented by them. For example, their fountains are unique in their designs and mechanical features. Hill claims that the Banu Musa "display an astonishing skill in the manipulation of small variations in aerostatic and hydrostatic pressures." This attention to and ability to harness minute variations required the use of several innovative mechanisms including the crankshaft (which Hill suggests might be the first recorded use of this historically significant technology); a variety of and differently arranged siphons; float valves that helped mediate and trigger the changes in water levels; throttling valves that helped maintain regular flow with minimal water pressure; and most importantly, the development of a sort of 'on-off' control mechanism that responded to distinct and varying limits.
4. The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices
Figure 6: An illustration by al-Jazari of the internal mechanics of an automated boat: al-Jazari 1974, category II, chapter 4, p. 107. Held at the Topkapi Palace Museum Library in Istanbul, al-Jazari, Al-Jami' bayn al-ilm wa'l-amal al-nafi fî sina'at al-hiyal, MS Ahmet III 3472.
The book is presented in six categories (naw') – 10 chapters on water clocks including one of his most dramatic and ambitious, Elephant Clock; ten chapters on what are called "vessels and figures that are suitable for drinking sessions presenting a variety of trick automata vessels dispensing wine and water; ten chapters on water dispensers and phlebotomy (blood-letting) devices; ten chapters on fountains and musical automata, some of the devices explicitly seeking to improve on the rhythms and patterns expressed by the fountains of the Banu Musa; five chapters on water-raising machines – one version of which still survives in Damascus, in the As-Salhieh district on the slopes of Mount Qassiyoun; and five chapters on a miscellaneous list of machines including geometrical designs for a latticed door, an instrument for measuring spheres and a couple of locks. These devices are presented as hiyal (ingenious devices) that are driven by two forms of motive power, water and air pressures. The motive power of these pressures are inherently unstable and capricious and had thus to be managed in complex and meticulous ways so as to create the desired effects.
Al-Jazari's descriptions are methodical and ordered in a form that he rarely veers away from. He typically begins with a general description of the machine and follows this with a number of separate sections that provide details on the specific ways in which the machines work along with a number of accompanying drawings that illustrate the structural aspects of the machine. It is useful to note that these illustrations are relatively static with little or no dynamic elements incorporated into them to suggest their potential movement – the dynamics of the machines are only described through his exhaustive and point-to-point descriptions of how the mechanism works. In the following section, the descriptions of several automata is presented as in the original texts so as to enable a clear understanding of style, detail and specific mechanical outcomes of these machines.
Arbiter (Hakama) for a Drinking Session (Chapter 3 of Category II)
This is an elaborate three part automated hakama consisting of three distinct automata – a servant girl on a dais, a castle with four servant girls and a dancer and finally an upper castle with a horse and rider. The highly ritualized session begins with a servant bringing the automata in three different sections and assembling them in the middle of a drinking party seated in a circle around it. "It is then left in the middle of the assembly until a period of about 20 minutes has elapsed. Then it emits an audible musical sound and the horse and rider rotate slowly past the members of the assembly as if to stop opposite one of them. The dancer makes a half turn to his left and [then] a quarter turn to his right. His head moves, as do his hands, each holding a baton. At times, both his legs are on the ball. At times [only] one. The flautist plays with a sound audible to the assembly and the servant girls play their instruments with a continuous regular rhythm, with varied sounds and drumbeats. [This continues] for a while and then the rider comes to a halt, with his lance pointing to one of the party. The servant girls are silent and the dancer is still. Then the servant girl tilts the bottle until its mouth is near the rim of the goblet, and pours from the bottle clarified, blended, wine till the goblet is nearly full, whereupon the bottle returns to its previous position. The steward takes it [i.e., the goblet] and hands it to the person towards whom the lance is pointing. [After the goblet is drained] the steward puts it back in front of the servant girl. This is repeated about twenty times, at intervals of about twenty minutes. Then the door is left open in the upper castle and a man emerges from the door, his right hand indicating 'no more wine' and the left hand indicating 'two more goblets'" [15].
Boat of Automata (Chapter 4 of Category II)
"The boat is placed on the surface of a large pool of water, and is seldom stationary but moves in the surface of the water. All the time it moves the sailors move, because they are on axles, and the oars move it (i.e. the boat) through the water until about half-an-hour has elapsed. Then, for a little while, the flute player blows the flute and the (other) servant girls play their instruments with that are heard by the assembly. Then they fall silent. The boat moves slowly on the surface of the water until about half-an-hour has passed (again). Then the flute player blows the flute audibly and the servant girls play the instruments, as happened the first time. They do not desist until they have performed about fifteen times" (al-Jazari, 1206/1974: 107).
Perpetual Flute (Chapter 10 of Category IV)
"Water flows from the supply channel and falls into funnel N and flows through end H of the pipe because it is tilted towards tank K and float E. It runs through hole P into tank A, driving the air from it, which streams into pipe J. The flute plays until the water rises to the level in the siphon S – the hole P is narrower than end H (of the pipe). The water rises in the tank of float E, the float rises and lifts the extension H with its rod, pipe L tilts and discharges from end T into tank Z and float W. Water runs through hole Q into tank B, driving the air from it, which streams through pipe D into the flute's jar, which plays like a flute until tank B is filled. The water rises to the bend in siphon F, and in the tank of float W, which rises, lifting the extension of end T with its rod. The water in tank A has evacuated through siphon S. Then the water runs away from end T which comes away from tank B. And so on as long as the water flows" [16].
5. Islamic Programming
Figure 7: Illustration from the treatise of Al-Jazari depicting the basin of the two scribes. The Basin of the Scribes belongs to the chapter on pitchers, basins, and other vessels containing or measuring liquids. The device is intended to specify the exact amount of blood taken from a patient. According to al-Jaziri, two scribes are placed on a platform supported by columns. The pens of the scribes move according to the amount of blood gathered in the basin below. (Source).
In relation to al-Jazari's machines, Hill is similarly puzzled that in some cases "the techniques devised for given purposes were often more sophisticated than were strictly necessary. It is simpler, for example, to maintain a static head by fixing an overflow pipe, rather than using a valve-operated feedback control" [18]. Ifrah claims that al-Jazari in his works, "gives a description of true sequential automata, driven notably by a camshaft, which transforms the circular motion of a sort of crankshaft into an alternating motion of a distributor: such automata thus marks a break with the Greco-Roman concept of the simple device endowed with automatic movements" [19]. This, he argues, is a significant milestone in the sequential programming of machines where he views it as having achieved a greater level of control achieved over the movements. While this retrospective reading of al-Jazari's works provides yet another tendency in the greater teleology of the striving towards machines that achieve greater levels of control fits well into a cybernetic conceptualization of the history of automata, it fails to acknowledge the religious and cultural specificities that informed Islamic automation as that exemplified by al-Jazari. It is suggested here that the reasons for these elaborate mechanisms that Islamic engineers devised for their machines were informed by the religious world-views within which their works were conceptualized and made.
As discussed earlier, since the notion of Islam requires the human creator to always subordinate his creative interventions to those of God as creator, these devices need to be understood not as means to show how effectively and efficiently one could control the natural forces of air and water but as conduits of allowing these forces to play out their capricious movements that were pleasurable because they were conceived as expressions of God's will. It is not surprising therefore to note in several of the early texts on automata, specifically that of Banu Musa, the expression, "if God wills" accompanying their technical descriptions of several devices. The fact that this has become such a conventional expression in the everyday lives of Muslims, might make one doubt that these references are anything but conventionalized ways of speaking and writing in these societies and thus think it not worthy of serious attention. However, this notion of including divine will in mechanical treatises is peculiar to Islamic scholars of the medieval period and thus needs to be understood within the context of how religion mediates scientific and technological aspirations.
One of the most conspicuous uses of this expression in mechanical treatises is that of the Banu Musa. In describing one of their trick vessels (Model 20) which dispenses a variety of coloured liquids through a complex series of siphons, they state: "It is [also] possible for us to install floats and valves in this jar as we did in the pitcher that accepts [nothing], if God wills [20]." While many of their trick vessels rely on the subtle 'sleights of hand' of an accomplice servant who manages the flow or lack thereof through a hole that controls the aerostatic pressures in these vessels, some of them however are based on the motive power of hydrostatic and aerostatic pressures that are not easily subject to such artful manipulations. It is noteworthy that they begin using the expression "if God wills" in Model 20 in reference to a trick vessel of the latter kind.
It is impossible within the scope of the present essay to systematically study other comparable texts of this period and make an assessment of the significance these Islamic engineers placed on divine will in mechanical devices and processes. However, based on the organic context within Islamic science and technology developed as an extension of religious enquiry in the medieval period coupled with such explicit articulations, as noted above, of the relationship between divine will and mechanical processes, it is useful to remain attentive to these interconnections. It is pertinent here that the creative programming of these devices issues not from an engineering intent to achieve greater levels of control but as a means to show the sophisticated ways in which divine will operates in/on the world. Thus the elaboration and sophistication of these machinic processes seem to be aimed at ensuring the most conspicuous and viscerally pleasing expression of the wonders of divine will [21].
6. Untoward Automation
Figure 8: Folio from an Automata by al-Jazari. One chapter discusses hand-washing devices, such as this large ewer held by a kneeling female attendant in a domed pavilion. Al-Jazari maintains that once the bird whistles, water pours into a basin below. A duck then drinks the used water and releases it through its tail into a container hidden under the platform. (Source).
Interestingly and conversely, one of the features that enable Islamic automation to sustain its untoward behaviour is the fact that there is no such separation. The material structure of these automata, the motive power that drives them and the material elements that support the sequential programming are intricately interconnected. In the concluding parts of this essay, some unique features of this "untoward automation" are presented through the discussion of three kinds of automata developed by al-Jazari.
For the fountains (fawwara) that al-Jazari developed and describes in his book, he claims to have drawn some of his ideas from the Banu Musa. Al-Jazari had very specific ideas of how to improve on the designs of his predecessors, the Banu Musa. He claims that of the fountains that change shape (tabaddala), "I did not follow the system of the Banu Musa, may God have mercy upon them, who in earlier times distinguished themselves in the matters covered by these subjects. They made the alternation with vanes turned by wind or by water do so that the fountains were changed at every rotation, but this is too short an interval for the change to appear (to full effect)" [23]. Al-Jazari was obviously more concerned with creating an aesthetic experience one could dwell upon rather than present such fountains as mere distractions. This concern towards prolonging, intensifying and diversifying the experiences of those who encounter these devices is also found in an another discussion (Category IV, Chapter 7) where he notes this of a particular musical automata of a predecessor he had personally examined: "even if the (water) wheel caused a number of rods to fall in succession it would not be slow enough to display the changes adequately." However, his designs were despite their attention to longer intervals between spurts, coordinated alternations and diverse shapes, only seemingly more programmed. The composite result of these programmes do not seem to be focused on creating more predictable fountains that had a regularized rhythm but to bring a greater level of variety and depth to the experience without compromising on the untowardness of the fountains' repertoire.
In the different phlebotomy (blood-letting) devices he constructed, al-Jazari incorporates elements into its automated operations that show sensitivity to the psychological state of the patient who is being bled (al-mafsud). He states clearly at the outset of the section where he discusses these devices that "it is based upon [the work of] a predecessor, that was simply a sphere for collecting the blood. I have excelled him with various designs" [24].
He describes how one of these devices incorporating two automated scribes is programmed to constantly switch between providing accurate information to the patient who is bled (al-mafsud) on the exact amount of blood that is filling the basin and distracting the patient from these indicators. He writes, "I decided to use two scribes because the scribe in the circle rotates and then his pen becomes invisible to the patient, and the scribe's back turns towards the patient's face, while the board (that reveals the measurements) is not concealed from him at all" [25]. Al-Jazari also incorporates within this particular blood-letting device an elaborate mechanism for constantly distracting the patients even while reassuring them that the procedure is progressing smoothly. He has incorporated within the castle that forms the principal motif for this device, a series of twelve automated doors that open each time a specific quantity (in this case, 10 dirhams; an equivalent of 30grams) has been gathered in the basin, to reveal an automata (a young male servant) that carries a board indicating 'ten' so as to reinforce the measurement indicated initially by the automated scribe. One can easily imagine how the constant distraction provided by the rotating scribes and the successive openings of the doors that result there from would have helped a patient get through this painful procedure.
Figure 9: Illustration of an oscillator mechanism by Al-Jazari. The working principle of the oscillator as explained by Ahmet Sonmez is as follows: Energy (water) is fed from the central inlet of the balance arm and fills the right hand side container. Raising water level lifts the upper right compartment buoy and thus, the balance arm. During this process, the plug at the bottom of the right hand side container is released and the left plug is locked. The desired oscillation is obtained by tuning the effective parameters of the system. (Source).
7. Conclusion
This essay is a modest contribution to the displacement of al-Jazari from the linear and conventional histories of automata that view him as an early proponent of 'not so effective yet' methods of controlling machinic movements through programming. It has been argued here that the task of what has been referred to here as Islamic automation reflected in al-Jazari's works was not to achieve effective control over an automata but to present through these automated processes, a vicarious expression of divine will and the peculiar manners of submission inherent to those forces that provide the motive power for these devices. It has also been suggested that al-Jazari's work provides a useful platform to rethink automation in terms of untoward automation – a notion that might prove especially significant in developing new ways of working with robotic arts that are not informed by and therefore celebrate the departure from the instrumental logic of conventional robotic programming.
8. References
Al-Jazari, Ibn al-Razzaz, The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices (Kitab fi ma 'rifat al-hiyal al-handasiyya). Trans. Donald R. Hill. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1974.
Banu Musa bin Shakir, The Book of Ingenious Devices (Kitab al-Hiyal). Trans. Donald R. Hill. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1979.
Chapius, Alfred and Droz, Edmond, Automata: A Historical and Technological Study. Trans. Alec Reid. Neuchâtel: E´ditions du Griffon, 1958.
Foucault, Michel, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972- 1977. Edited by Colin Gordon. New York: Pantheon Books, 1980.
Hill, Donald R., Studies in Medieval Islamic Technology: From Philo to al-Jazari-From Alexandria to Diyar Bakr. Edited by David A. King. (Variorum Collected Studies Series, 555). Aldershot, Eng./Brookfield, Vt.: Ashgate, 1998.
Ifrah, Georges, The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quatum Computer. Trans. E.F. Harding. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, Science and Civilization in Islam. New York: New American Library, 1968.
Nietzsche, Friedrich, On the Genealogy of Morals. Translated by Walter Kaufman and Robert J. Holingdale. New York: Vintage Books, 1967.
End Notes
[1] Hill, 1998: II, p. 231-2.
[2] See Hill, 1993: 10-14.
[3] Cited in Bakar, 1996: 114; emphasis by the author.
[4] Cited in Bakar, 1996: 70.
[5] Bakar 1996: 71.
[6] It is important for me to here clarify that while I elaborate a notion of how Islamic technology was conceived within a particular historical context, it is impossible within this essay to extrapolate and extend the study into how such religiously framed notions of technology operate in contemporary Islamic societies.
[7] Nietzsche, 1967: 77.
[8] Foucault, 1980: 142.
[9] Foucault, 1980: 142.
[10] Foucault, 1980: 139.
[11] A more thorough analysis of the historiographical value of the genealogical method for the history of technology, though necessary, is well beyond the scope of this essay.
[12] Hill, 1993: 122.
[13] P. Devaux cited by Ifrah, 2001: 169.
[14] Al-Jazari, 1206/1976: 15; words in parentheses added by the author.
[15] Al-Jazari, 1206/1974: 100.
[16] Al-Jazari, 1206/1974: 176.
[17] Hill, 1998: IV, p. 30.
[18] Hill, 1998: II, p. 233.
[19] Ifrah, 2001: 171.
[20] Banu Musa, 1979: 80
[21] It has been suggested that conceptualizing these machines as being structured to express submission rather than achieve control does not represent a radical difference in interpretation insofar as submission is nothing more than the dialectical flip-side of control. While it is true that one could conceptualize 'control-submission' as a dialectical relationship expressed within machinic processes, this does not problematize the fact that control-oriented discourses of cybernetics and the Industrial Revolution that have informed conventional histories of automation are radically different from those that informed medieval Islamic engineering of automata.
[22] Ifrah, 2001: 178.
[23] Al-Jazari, 1974: 157.
[24] Al-Jazari, 1974: 136.
[25] Al-Jazari, 1974: 146; words in parentheses are mine.
[26] Hill, 1974: 256.
[27] Hill, 1976: 233.
* Associate Dean of Research and Graduate Studies, College of Arts and Architecture, Pennsylvania State University, USA.
by: Dr. Gunalan Nadarajan, Mon 24 November, 2008
Recent scholarly interest in the genesis of social sciences in Islamic culture is a noteworthy shift. Until recent times, the development of these fields was credited exclusively to the modern Western tradition, especially to the 19th century birth of humanities. The ground breaking contribution of Ibn Khaldun was recognized; however, the author of the Muqaddima stands as an isolated genius. In the following article, an attempt is made to broaden the field by highlighting the contributions of several other scholars in laying the foundation of social sciences in Islamic culture. After a short survey on Al-Biruni and Al-Raghib al-Isfahani, the focus of the article is dedicated to the 10th-century Palestinian geographer Al-Muqaddasi, who touched on various subjects of interest to the social sciences in his book Ahsan al-taqasim fi ma'rifat al-aqalim.


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This morning news broke that the Canucks have re-signed RFA goalie Eddie Lack to a two-year deal, reportedly worth $650,000 in the NHL/$85,000 in the AHL for the first year and $850,000 in the second year.
It looks to be a two-way deal in year one and a one-way deal in year two.
— Hosea Cheung (@hosea24hours) August 27, 2012
#Canucks announce that they have re-signed goalie Eddie Lack.
Lack originally signed by the Canucks in April of 2010, is likely to be the back up for the Vancouver Canucks if and when the season starts.
— News1130 Sports (@News1130Sports) August 27, 2012#Canucks have inked goalie Eddie Lack to a new deal. The Swede could be Cory Schneider's back-up if#NHL hockey is ever played again
Nothing not to "Lack" about this deal
Lack, who has yet to appear in an NHL regular season game, completed his second professional season in the Canucks organization. Lack has a 49 - 41 - 7 record in 99 games played with the Manitoba Moose and the Chicago Wolves.
I like this signing for the Canucks. It solidifies the goaltending position for and adds depth. The Canucks could still acquire a veteran back up goalie in case the 24 year old struggles in his first season with the Canucks.

subset: commoncrawl


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Exactly what I ordered!
By Al
from Arlington, VA
About Me Casual/ Recreational
Comments about Mammut Logo T-Shirt for Men:
Comment on this review
Fantastic T-shirt
By valuefinder
from Korea, South
I am totally satisfied with this t-shirt. it's price is reasonable.
The picture does this shirt no justice.
By Geotrek
from Trinity Florida
About Me Avid Adventurer
I use it for casual walking hiking, great for 70 and 80 degree temps. Its a super durable shirt has extra stitching AAA+ on quality. Not so great for humid weather or active wear. However I would own one in every color. love this shirt.
Great T
By tacttweed
from Alexandria, VA
This is just a comfy T with a great design. Love it.
Good stuff!
By Dug
from Kansas city
I really know nothing about the Mammut line, but really like the design.
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SANTA CRUZ, Calif- New information released during the news conference held Thursday morning as the investigation into the killing of two Santa Cruz police officers develops. Sheriff Phil Wowak said in the press conference that the officers had no reason to believe that Jeremy Goulet was violent or had violent intentions.
Wowak said both detectives, Loran "Butch" Baker and Elizabeth Butler, spoke with the suspect for 20 minutes before Goulet opened fire, with a .45 caliber gun, and killing the detectives. The handgun was registered to Goulet.
During the investigation, it is now known that the detectives were not wearing body armor, however, Sheriff Wowak said body armor would not have helped.
After the shooting, Goulet disarmed both officers and fled in Detective Baker's car where he encountered a team of detectives and fire fighters. Goulet was forced into an alley off of Doyle Street.
Goulet encountered six officers and began firing with both his handgun and one weapon taken from the officers. Four out of the six officers, 3 Santa Cruz City Police officers and 1 Santa Cruz deputy, returned fire and killed Goulet.
Investigators have uncovered that Goulet was in possession of his own passport and an airline ticket to New Mexico.
A press conference is scheduled by Chief Vogel for 3:00 this afternoon to discuss the memorial services for both fallen officers. At this time, Santa Cruz Sheriff and California Highway Patrol are still patrolling the city of Santa Cruz. Chief Vogel is expected to announce when city officers will return to duty.


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If 2007 has been the year of web 2.0, then it has also been the year of Digg.com. The site has seen meteoric growth in users and attention, as it seeks to harness the collective news judgment of armies of volunteers, who log in to vote stories, videos and pictures up or down. Digg started out as a place to eavesdrop into the hallowed halls of Apple, or bash Bill Gates for the latest Windows hiccups. But it soon expanded beyond tech talk to include politics, science, culture, not to mention the bizarre and hilarious.
According to a recent survey, tech and science stories (including environmental ones) make up 40% of Digg submissions. Although there are now social news sites dedicated specifically to the green sphere (Hugg, part of Care2 and About My Planet's Grow), as well as others in the social news game (the 'soon-to-be-Propeller.com' Netscape, Newsvine and Reddit), Digg still commands a dominant lead over traffic and buzz. Its pages are now perused by users with such monikers as ecogal80, EnviroGirl and Ecochick, as well as the requisite guy humor (dirtyfratboy, tush, doodirock2, doggybum) and uber geeks (OBKenobi, Geekforlife, macbot). The following is TDG's list of the top green diggers, pulled together by a subjective process of talking to their peers, watching their online activity, and gauging their relative effectiveness in bringing green content to light.
Although anyone can submit a story to Digg, power users have much more impact in attracting notice and votes. The ranking of top overall diggers here was helpful, but was not used exclusively. Contrary to popular belief, top Diggers are not all young adult males posting in their pajamas from their parents' basements. Many are middle aged with families and real jobs. A growing number are women. Most of the top diggers are 'green,' in my opinion, says Kelly Lenfest (tomboy501). That's encouraging, because as the world teeters on the edge of potentially catastrophic climate change, species loss and explosive consumption rates, these online warriors are fighting to educate the masses, day after day, without pay.
1. Aidenag
Real Name: Mark Johnson
Location: Seattle, WA
Occupation: Photographer
In the Digg community, one name rises to the top whenever people are asked about environmental content: Aidenag. Self-proclaimed news junkie Mark Johnson is particularly good at sleuthing out green hard news and science-based analysis. When a new study comes out, I go find the source, says Johnson. I subscribe to Nature. I like to be able to make first-hand decisions. Johnson says he first got into Digg when he saw how little media attention a vast slurry spill received in Appalachia in 2002. Ever since I've been trying to get things like that out, he says. For example, his recent submission of a New York Times story on Bush's push for more mountaintop removal coal mining made it to Digg's sought-after front page, generating thousands of clicks on the piece.
2. maheshee11
Real Name: Mahesh Basantani
Location: Lucknow, India
Occupation: Student
A student of biotechnology in the Botany Department of India's Lucknow University, Mahesh Basantani is arguably the most prolific submitter and digger (voter) of green content. Not surprising given his academic pedigree, Basantani tends to uncover a lot of stories about genetic engineering and emerging green technologies, though his interests are clearly diverse. Basantani's website is loaded with highly technical scientific information. Emails seeking comment were not returned.
3. msaleem
Real Name: Muhammed Saleem
Location: Chicago, IL
Occupation: IT/Social Media Consultant
A successful blogger and online marketing maven, 22-year-old Muhammed Saleem writes for copyblogger.com and works for the emerging firm pronetadvertising.com. He has a degree in economics from the University of Chicago. Not a lot of people are submitting stuff about the environment yet; it's not quite mainstream, says Saleem, who certainly does his part with a wide range of green stories. A lot of Diggers are just concerned with tech, humor, space exploration, health and fitness and research. He says those who are interested in green content generally fall into two groups: those trying to get the word out and global warming deniers, who often comment and post aggressively. Topics the broad Digg community does appreciate, says Saleem, include alternative energy and vehicles and other tech-friendly fare. You have to position the story with an angle that will appeal to the site's core, he says.
4. Zaibatsu
Real Name: Reg
Location: Denver, CO
Occupation: IT Consultant
Reg, who asked to keep his last name anonymous, took his moniker (for a Japanese corporate conglomerate) from a William Gibson novel. He recently sold his consulting company, and is thinking about ways to legitimately and openly monetize his knowledge of social news and networking. Of the top Diggers, Reg says, We try to push causes we care about. For Zaibatsu, this includes many green stories from diverse sources. He particularly likes nature stories, and says he lives adjacent to a protected greenbelt. I love coming on Digg and seeing news before it makes it to mainstream sites, says Reg. As for his top-level Digg peers, he says, We move millions of dollars worth of bandwidth a day, each one of us.
5. MrBabyMan
Real Name: Andrew Sorcini
Location: Glendale, CA
Occupation: Film Editor
Digg's undisputed top user is MrBabyMan, who has dugg more than 34,000 stories and submitted more than 6,000 since signing up in December 2005, a year after the site debuted to the public. Named by his wife because of his childlike attitude, MrBabyMan has long been a fan of green content, especially stories that incorporate tech. His process is instinctive. I can look at an RSS feed of news stories coming up, and the ones that are diggworthy pop up as big red flags for me, says Sorcini. He adds that like-minded diggers often help each other, and suggests greens develop more relationships to share stories. View a video of MrBabyMan here.
6. tomboy501
Real Name: Kelly Lenfest
Location: Honolulu, HI
Occupation: Construction Management
Kelly Lenfest is a self-described tomboy who is making waves in a traditionally male-dominated medium. [For green content], she's one of the best, says Mark Johnson. She gets the stuff that everyone else misses. People just aren't chaining themselves to nuclear weapons facility gates like they used to... or marching... but, you can post your heart out on the internet on sites like Digg and feel like you are doing something, says Lenfest. That's a double-edged sword. In some ways, you could argue that the social news audience is using their 'activism' to feel warm and fuzzy, without really doing anything substantial. Lenfest says stories about species extinction often resonate on Digg, although the community is suspicious of those who seem to be jumping on bandwagons without facts or embracing extreme theories. What interests me most is the changing face of our planet, she says. Also, corporate shenanigans!
7. Webcure
Real Name: Matt
Location: Wisconsin
Occupation: NA
Matt is highly recommended by his peers for uncovering a wealth of great content on healthy (and eco-friendly) food and alternative health, as well as related issues. Webcure votes prolifically on stories (more than 15,000), and is more selective about submitting than many top users. Matt's blog is packed with info on food safety, allergies and healthy living. He did not return repeated emails.
8. burkinaboy
Real Name: Jonathon D. Colman
Location: Washington, DC
Occupation: (Green) Digital Marketing
The youthful Jonathon D. Colman is the senior manager of digital marketing for The Nature Conservancy, one of the world's biggest and (arguably) most successful environmental groups. He served in the Peace Corps in Burkina Faso, giving rise to his handle. Colman epitomizes today's hip young greens: he's wired, but also very outdoorsy. He actively seeks out and promotes a wide range of green content from many creators.
9. SeaMowse
Real Name: Linda S.
Location: Cleveland, OH
Occupation: Aspiring Filmmaker
Another leading female Digger, Linda has a wide range of interests, especially science, technology and nature. Some of her recent green submissions include debate over organic food standards, toxic fumes from microwave popcorn and dramatic imagery of wildlife.
10. BloodJunkie
Real Name: Derek van Vliet
Location: Toronto, Canada
Occupation: Software Developer
Derek van Vliet makes this list because of past glory on many environmental stories, although he hasn't posted anything new to Digg in more than 80 days (he has cast some votes). Friends say he has recently been devoting much of his time to other social sites, especially Netscape.
Honorable Mention:
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Enter your city or zip code to get your local temperature and air quality and find local green food and recycling resources near you.


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Spencer Ochieng is in the business of connecting remote villages in Kenya with water. But to do so he relies on an unusual tool. When most people dig down to check the water table below, Ochieng digs into his right pocket.
"The first thing we check for is availability of a strong mobile phone signal," says Ochieng, general manager of Grundfos Lifelink, an organization that uses technology to provide safe drinking water to communities throughout the developing world.
Currently, there are nearly 1 billion people around the world with no access to clean water, and 13 million in Kenya alone with no access to a so-called "improved water system" – NGO-speak for anything that improves on collecting dirty water from rivers, lakes or ponds.
The Lifelink project was set up to tackle this problem using a solar-powered pump and a pay-per-use water tap, designed specifically for Kenya's mobile-centered society.
The setup is relatively simple. Protected water is drawn from sources up to 250m underground by solar powered pumps. This is then held in an elevated storage tank, which is used to supply a tap in a secure, concrete kiosk. To access water, customers must first load money into their M-Pesa account — the ubiquitous mobile money payment and transfer service in Kenya used by more than 70% of the adult population. Then, through a simple text message, customers top-up the balance of their personal pre-paid Lifelink fob key. Once at the tap, customers simply wave their key at a sensor; money is debited from their account, and out flows 20 litres of pure drinking water.
"There's a real need to provide drinking water to communities in a sustainable way," Ochieng says. Every year thousands of deep wells, pumps, and boreholes are installed across the African continent by development organizations. Unfortunately, when funding dries up, so too does the water source. Studies have shown that as many as half of these projects are no longer working after two years. Pumps break. People stop paying. Wiring erodes. Parts vanish.
Seasonal flow
Ayaz Manji, head of water and sanitation at Kenya Red Cross, which helps Grundfos identify water-poor communities, says that the problem is all too common in Kenya. Although organisations typically form local 'water committees' to collect fees from users for repairs, Manji says that corruption and misappropriation is rampant.
"People use that money for other needs, or groups become politically inclined and that money disappears," claims Manji.
The Lifelink system gets around this by collecting the fees people pay for water in a community M-Pesa account. It's used to fund all repairs and maintenance and reduces the chance of corruption by keeping the money at arm's length and all transactions virtual.
It's a vital part of the system because maintenance is not cheap - Grundfos requires communities to save about 215,000 Kenyan Shillings (£1,500) a year for the service. This equates to customers paying roughly 3-4 Shillings (around two pence) per 20-litre jerry can of water, making it affordable to even the poorest. Any amount generated beyond the required savings amount is returned to the community.
To date, Grundfos has sold 38 Lifelink systems across Kenya, mostly purchased by development organisations, Kenya's Water Board, or through Grundfos' own corporate responsibility programs. Many serve hospitals, orphanages, and schools in remote areas.
According to the company, 75% of their systems are now self-sustaining. But the other quarter struggle to generate the necessary income for a mix of reasons. For example, the system has not worked in some northern regions of Kenya populated by nomadic herders. These herders tend to migrate with the seasons in search of fertile grazing pastures and water for their livestock, so there is not enough demand all year round. In other areas, people collect seasonal rainfall, meaning that the systems are underused and under-funded parts of the year.


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PRINEVILLE, Ore. -- Ten firefighters heading to a small blaze in Central Oregon were injured Tuesday when the driver of their van fell asleep and their vehicle crashed into an oncoming semi-truck.
One of the firefighters, Marcelino Romero, 39, was in critical condition after getting airlifted to St. Charles Medical Center in Bend.
The nine other injured firefighters were treated at area hospitals and released. They were identified as Christopher Reed, 29, of Sheridan; Rogelia Saimc, 22, of Salem; Jesus Medera, 38, of Independence; Pedro Ramos, 37, of Salem; Manuel Abriz, 40, of Salem; Jovita Romero, 36, of Woodburn; Jose Salas, 20, of Salem, and Jerson Mendoza, 33, also from Salem.
"I think we're really fortunate that no one was killed in it and that more people weren't more seriously injured," said Lt. Gregg Hastings.
The wildland firefighters all work for Lava River Forestry, out of Salem, according to The Oregon Department of Forestry. They were on their way to the Briley Mountain Fire near Monument in Grant County.
Investigators said the crash happened on a curve west of Prineville about 2:15 a.m.
Police cited the van diver, 35-year-old Jeremy Miesner, on a count of failure to drive within a lane. Investigators think he fell asleep at the wheel.
Rod Nichols is with the State Department of Forestry that oversees the firefighters. He said crews must adhere to work-rest rules, meaning they can not work without a certain number of hours of rest and that includes time spent driving.
Nichols said no rules were broken by the firefighters involved in the Tuesday morning crash.
"The idea is to keep people safe, not only when they drive, but also when they fight fires," he explained.
The truck driver, Scott Ramage, 48, of Washington and his one passenger were not injured.
Back in 2003, 8 firefighters from Roseburg and Portland were killed when the van they were riding in collided with a truck and exploded in flames. that deadly crash prompted state officials to review protocol for potential safety changes.


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My old sweetheartLily, a young woman of Hawaii completely dependent on her eccentric mother, a drug addict supplied by her physician husband, embarks on a search for the truth of her childhood and the meaning of her life |
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Review: My Old Sweetheart
User Review - Hayley - GoodreadsSome stop you dead in your tracks writing... Read full review
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User Review - Sally Kenney - GoodreadsI liked this better than Sleeping Beauties. Very sad about both mother and father. Hawaii setting interesting. Read full review
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Razor RipStik Caster Board
The Ripstik Caster Board brings snowboard-like carving ability to the street with inclined caster trucks and a pivoting deck. The unique design allows for acceleration and turning without pushing. The concave deck provides increased foot co...ntrol and the polyurethane wheels and ABEC 5 bearings give you a smooth ride. Features Inclined caster trucks Concave deck platforms Traction plates Kick nose Kick tail Rubber-padded handle Torsion bar 76-mm, polyurethane wheels High-performance ABEC-5 bearings Read More
Wanna go-pro, but pay less? Then this is the one for you! - The Razor A Scooter features a single-folding action mechanism, top li...ne 98mm polyurethane wheels, ABEC bearings, a rear-step friction brake for quick stops, and adjustable handlebars. - It is made from extremely lightweight and durable aircraft-grade aluminum. - The rear wheel friction brake allows you to stop the scooter smoothly by applying pressure to the back fender. - The Razor A Scooter has adjustable handlebars, perfect for riders of all sizes! - The Razor A Scooter can hold up to 143lbs and weighs 6 lbs. - It measures 26 L x 14 W x 35 H unfolded. Important Safety Reminder: If you do not have a helmet, please get one. See all our helmets for kids of all ages. Read More
The all-time best selling scooter in the world just got even hotter with the Razor Spark scooter. - Light up your ride by stepping... on the sparking bar and watch the sparks fly! Awesome! Features: - Max Kid Weight: 143 lbs - Light up your ride with real sparks! - Step on the Spark Bar and watch the sparks fly! - Aircraft-grade aluminum t-tube and deck. - Patented rear fender brake. - Patented folding mechanism. - Urethane wheels equipped with ABEC-5 bearings. - Adjustable handlebars. - Easy to fold and carry. - No assembly required. - Spark cartridges also sold separately. Read More
This is a Mac-Daddy of a Scooter! - The Razor A5 Lux Scooter is a deluxe-size kick scooter with extra-large 200mm urethane wheels.... The wheels not only support more weight (up to 220 pounds) than the standard razor kick scooter, but they also require less work than smaller wheels. Now you can spend less time pushing and more time riding! - The A5 Lux is also extremely durable, with a super-strong aluminum T-tube frame and deck. - And like all Razor kick scooters, the A5 Lux folds up quickly for easy storage or transport. - Other features include an adjustable handlebar height, Abec-5 bearings, and a patented rear fender brake. - The A5 Lux measures 35x41x21 inches (WxHxD) when unfolded and weighs 13 pounds. - The Razor A5 Lux holds riders up to 220 lbs. Important Safety Reminder: If you do not have a helmet, please get one. See all our helmets for kids of all ages - GOTTA PROTECT THE NOGGIN! Read More
Graffiti just got legal! We're PUMPED! - Colorful lines, squiggly twists, crazy designs - do it all with the super-cool Graffiti S...cooter! - Just load up the special refillable chalk holder, hit the street, and lay down some lines. - With an adjustable-height folding handlebar, patented rear fender brake and smooth-rolling urethane wheels. Technical Specs: - Max Kid Weight: 143 lbs - Product Weight: 5.88 lbs - Assembled Product Dimensions: 32 x 11.5 x 33.5 - Replacement chalk available for purchase GRAB A HELMET! Read More
Classic kick scooter with radical graphics Aircraft-grade aluminum t-tube and deck 98mm urethane wheels with ABEC-5 bearings Light...weight at only 6 pounds Weight capacity 143 lbs., 25L x 5W x 8H inches Whats Included Riding toyDescription This lightweight, compact and easily portable scooter is the perfect vehicle for zipping around the park or neighborhood. Because it folds perfectly in half, you can fit it in the trunk, a bag, or just about anywhere. The adjustable handlebars also fold for easier storage. A patented rear fender brake allows for easy, safe stoppage and superb control. With that in mind, youll be at ease knowing the kids are on the safest scooter out there. Fun for all with no worries. Read More
Flexible, wide wooden deck Large 140mm urethane wheels Patented folding and rear brake mechanisms Easily folds and carries anywher...e Weight capacity 175 lbs., 28L x 5W x 9H inches Whats Included Riding toyDescription This easy-riding Cruiser Scooter will have you zipping around the neighborhood in comfort and style. Unlike those skinny deck scooters, this here machine is the Cadillac of comfort. A wide, flexible deck acts as a shock absorber and the cushy handlebars keep your palms from wearing out. Youve still got to propel it yourself, but we think it rides so smoothly, youll hardly notice. Collapsible and adjustable height handlebars ABEC-5 high-speed wheel bearings Weight absorbing wood deck Read More
Product Summary Encourage your child to get some fresh air with this battery-powered scooter by Razor. The rechargeable batteries ...have a long life, so your child can enjoy zooming about for almost an hour at a time. The quiet motor keeps the scooter from bothering your neighbors and adjustable handlebars allow the scooter to grow along with your child. The handbrake is easy to operate, allowing your child complete control of the scooter even at the maximum speed of ten miles per hour.Features high-torque, quiet, belt-driven motor Can touch speeds of up to 10 miles per hour Rear brake is hand operated Has 125mm polyurethane and 8 in. pneumatic front tire Includes charger and 2 rechargeable 12 V batteries Note: Scooter is only available in red Whats Included Battery Charger Tools, two 12 volt batteries, chargerWhats Not Included Elbow Pads, Knee Pads, Helmet Description What We Like About the Razor E100 Scooter The E100 Razor Battery Powered Scooter is geared for maximum fun with minimal noise. The E100 has a charge time of 4 to 6 hours and long battery life so you get all the best from your scooter. Your child will have continuous use of their scooter for up to 40 minutes. The handlebars are adjustable to fit most rider sizes and acceleration is a breeze with thumb trigger control for the high torque motor. Recommended for ages 8 to 13 years, max weight of 120 pounds. Note: Scooter available in red only About Razor USA Based in Cerritos, CA, Razor USA is home of the amazingly popular Razor Electric Scooter as well as other fun designs like the Pocket Mod, Pocket Rocket, Ground Force, and more. Privately owned, Razor is also known for their support of "Team Razor," pro scooter athletes ages 9 to 20 who tour the world giving demonstrations and going to competitions for scooter athletes. Razors huge line-up of product awards include "Toy of the Year" from the Toy Industry Association and from TIME magazine, Parents, Sports Illustrated for Kids, US News and World Report, and a long list of others. The company was founded in June 2000 and is at the head of the list when it comes to creative, innovative toys, and recreational items for kids of various ages. Read More
Product Summary The Razor A was the 2000 Toy of the Year Award Winner! Its easy to see why: With ZERO assembly and a patented fold...ing mechanism, the Razor A folds up to a compact, lightweight scooter you can take with you anywhere! Aircraft-grade aluminum scooter Top quality aluminum design Lightweight - only 6 pounds Patented handlebar folding mechanism Patented rear fender brake Whats Not Included Wheelie Bar, Shoulder Strap, Replacement Wheels and Grips, Power Pack, Helmet, Elbow Pads, Knee PadsDescription The Razor A Scooter is the perfect scooter for your kids to get moving. The Razor A features an updated deck design constructed with aircraft grade aluminum. Tipping the scales at only 6 pounds, this scooter is super easy to take along where you go. The patented folding mechanism makes the scooter compact and easy to carry. Kids ages 5 and up will love this scooter and parents will love that the Razor A requires NO ASSEMBLY! More features: Tire construction: 98mm urethane wheels Weight capacity: 143 lbs Bearings: abec 5 bearings Read More
Product Summary The Razor A2 Scooter keeps improving with a new springless front wheel shock system. It folds down in no time and ...is easy to carry. Kids ages 6 and up will love this scooter and parents will love that the Razor A2 requires NO ASSEMBLY! Aircraft-grade aluminum scooter with front wheel shock system Aluminum construction of t-tube and deck 98 mm urethane wheels, springless in front Patented rear fender brake Handlebar folding mechanism Whats Included Wheelie BarWhats Not Included Power Pack, Elbow Pads, Knee Pads, HelmetDescription The Razor A2 Scooter keeps improving with a new springless front wheel shock system. The scooter is great to absorb the extra shock when your kids take it out for a test drive. The Razor As features an updated deck design constructed with aircraft grade aluminum and this scooter weighs only 8 pounds. The Razor A2s handlebars stand 34 inches high but still folds down in no time and the patented folding mechanism make the scooter compact and easy to carry. Kids ages 6 and up will love this scooter and parents will love that the Razor A2 requires NO ASSEMBLY! More features: Tire construction: 98mm urethane wheels and new springless front wheels Weight capacity: 143 lbs Brake system: patented rear fender brake Bearings: abec 5 bearings Scooter deck: updated deck design and new wheelie bar Read More
3 wheel design for easier stability Extra-wide slip resistant deck Super simple assembly Features handlebar pad and extra large wh...eels Weight capacity 45 lbs., 19L x 5W x 9H inches Whats Included Riding toyDescription For the little tikes sometimes its good to let them play around like the older kids. With this cool scooter specially designed for younger kids (from 3 and older), theyll feel like part of the gang. A three-wheel system with large, tough wheels allows more stability while still offering the fun of a scooter style ride. A handle bar pad and slip resistant deck will prevent injury where other scooters might prove dangerous. Read More
Want to focus your batting practice? Use the SKLZ� 8-in Small Balls to give batters a smaller target to hit and encourage them to ...keep their eyes on the ball. They're great for building hand-eye coordination and feature the same construction and materials as an official baseball. Features Same construction and materials as an official baseball Weight: 2.5 oz Ideal for use with narrow-diameter training bats Available in a 6-pack Read More
The Kwik Tek� Hull Hugger� Contour Fender hinges to wrap around the gunwale and hull, following the contours of the boat. It can b...e used as a flat fender too. It's constructed of highly durable tri-laminate material with polycarbonate grommets. It stows conveniently under seats or inside storage compartments. Features Hinges to wrap around the gunwale and hull, following the contours of the boat Size: L 24 in; W 6 in; T 2 1/2 in Constructed of durable tri-laminate material with polycarbonate grommets Stows conveniently under seats or inside storage compartments Read More
This Kwik Tek� bungee dock line stretches from 5 ft to 7 ft. It's designed to help absorb shock to boats, cleats, docks, pylons, a...nd other hardware. The bungee cord is hidden inside the rope and acts as a built-in snubber. The 2 foam floats protect the boat from chafing and there's a sliding adjustment at both ends for quick docking. Features 5 ft stretches to 7 ft Includes 2 foam floats Recommended for docking boats and PWCs up to 3,500 lbs Tensile strength is 2,150 lbs Read More
The SHOCK DOCTOR� youth Braces strapless mouthguard offers reliable protection for young athletes dealing with dental work. A spec...ial Ortho-Channel fits around brace brackets and adapts to changes in tooth position as the braces are adjusted. This provides a custom, comfortable fit and ensures it meets NFHS� wrestling rules. It's crafted from 100% medical-grade silicone and doesn't require boiling or fitting before use. Features 100% medical-grade silicone for ultimate comfort Insta-Fit? System with an Ortho-Channel that fits around brace brackets and adapts to changes in tooth position as braces are adjusted Quick-release helmet tether Meets NFHS� wrestling rules requiring full coverage of upper-brace brackets No boiling or fitting required Latex free User Age: 10 and younger Read More
The strapless SHOCK DOCTOR� Gel Max youth mouthguard offers the protection your child needs for all sports, competitive or recreat...ional. It's crafted using a heavy-duty rubber Exoskeletal Shock Frame? and Gel-Fit? liner to provide maximum impact protection, fit and comfort. Get your new SHOCK DOCTOR� mouthguard today from Sports Authority. Features Gel-Fit? Liner: Custom molds to teeth for a tight, comfortable fit Exoskeletal Shock Frame?: Heavy-duty rubber shock frame with integrated jaw pads provides maximum impact protection and minimizes impact transfer Triple layer design with integrated breathing channel creates maximum protection, fit and comfort Latex free Not for use with braces Meets NFHS� standards Age: 10 and younger Fitting instructions included Read More
Protect your teeth the hygienic way with the heavy-duty SHOCK DOCTOR� anti-microbial mouthguard case. It's ventilated to promote q...uick drying and includes an athletic-bag attachment system, so you'll never have to worry about losing it. Get your new SHOCK DOCTOR� mouthguard case today from Sports Authority. Features Mouthguard case Anti-bacterial treatment provides clean storage of your mouthguard Ventilated case promotes fast drying Carabiner clip attaches easily to your athletic bag Secure closure Drip slot Read More
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Stay safe on the playing field with a SHOCK DOCTOR� Gel Max adult mouthguard with strap. Its heavy-duty rubber frame has integrate...d jaw pads that provide protection for teeth and absorb shock upon impact. This latex-free mouthguard meets NFHS� standards and is not designed for athletes who wear braces. Get your new SHOCK DOCTOR� mouthguard today from Sports Authority. Features Gel-Fit? Liner: Custom molds to teeth for a tight, comfortable fit Exoskeletal Shock Frame?: Heavy-duty rubber shock frame with integrated jaw pads provides maximum impact protection and minimizes impact transfer Triple layer design with integrated breathing channel creates maximum protection, fit and comfort Quick-release helmet tether Latex free Not for use with braces Meets NFHS� standards User Age: 11 and older Fitting instructions included Read More


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In 1860, along the Rideau Canal, Moss Kent Dickinson and his partner, Joseph Currier, built the Long Island Flouring Mill in what is now know as the historic Dickinson Square in the picturesque village of Manotick, to which Dickinson founded and named after an Ojibwa word meaning Island in the river. The mill was constructed of limestone quarried from the riverbank of the western channel of the Rideau River and is older than Canada itself. Moss Kent Dickinson was born in Denmark, New York in 1822, his family relocated to Cornwall, Ontario in 1827. Joseph Currier was born in North Troy, Vermont in 1820, his family moved to Canada in 1836. In 1858 he became partners with Dickinson to open the Long Island Mill. Both men were in the lumber business and teamed up for this new and exciting opportunity. They obtained the water rights to the head of water at the newly constructed dam on the back channel of the Rideau River..More
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Gifts for the Physics Fanatic in All of Us
Podcast: Apollo's Mystery Flashes
Apollo's Mystery Flashes IceCube Neutrinos Gauss' Missing Brain |
PhysicsQuestRegistration is now open for this year's PhysicsQuest kits and comic books designed for middle school classrooms. Tesla Junior High is in ruins after H. Toueaux destroyed the gym during the big swim meet. The gang is scattered between 3 different middle schools as they wait for their school to be rebuilt. When Lucy's mom takes their ancient mini-van to Black Body Repair, she gets a little more than she bargained for. Owner and chief mechanic Pauli Black gives the van more than new brakes, she gives it a quantum kick. With the gang so spread out, Spectra will have to use both her laser powers and the quantum additions to her mom's mini-van to stop the Quantum Mechanic's super-powered machines. Learn about topics in modern physics including what's hidden in a rainbow, why physicists sometimes claim there are 10 dimensions and why Wint-O-Green lifesavers spark in the dark while helping Spectra! Information about this year's PhysicsQuest kit can be found on the PhysicsQuest web page. For more information about the overall program, please visit the PhysicsQuest About Page. |
SpectraSnappCreate your own spectroscope with our free iPhone/Ipad app: SpectraSnapp. Now you can see the spectral lines behind the fluorescent lights, neon signs, sodium lamps, and other light sources you encounter everyday! Comic BooksRead all of our physics comic books online, and follow the adventures of Spectra, the original laser superhero. |
Science off the SphereAstronaut and chemist Dr. Don Pettit did physics
demos that are out of this world while he was aboard the International
Space Station. Now you can enjoy videos of his fantastic micro-gravity experiments safely on the surface! |
Physics Stuff
View and Order Physics PostersPurchase Posters, Spectra Sound, Tshirts and More in the APS store. |
Resources for EducatorsPhysicsCentral runs programs for all ages with the goal of making physics fun and interesting for everyone. From coloring books to at home experiments we have something perfect for you and your students to enjoy. |


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Network: Lifetime
Episodes: Ongoing (hour)
Seasons: Ongoing
TV show dates: July 12, 2009 – TBD
Series status: Un-cancelled
Performers include: Brooke Elliott, Amir Zeev Kovacs, Margaret Cho, Jackson Hurst, Kate Levering, April Bowlby, Stacy Barrett, Josh Stamberg, Ben Feldman, and Brooke D'Orsay.
TV show description:
As the series begins, a vapid blonde aspiring model named Deb Dobson (Brooke D'Orsay) is killed in a car crash. As her soul enters the gates of Heaven, she finds herself declared a self-centered "zero" by the gatekeeper, Fred (Ben Feldman). Not liking what she's heard, she presses return, hoping to get back to Earth. Deb gets her wish but doesn't end up in her own body. Instead, she finds herself deposited inside recently-deceased Jane Bingum (Brooke Elliott). Jane's a highly-intelligent, plus-size attorney who was accidentally shot. Superficial Deb is initially horrified by her new form but in time begins to discover the meaning of inner beauty.
Though she has Jane's form and legal knowledge, Deb doesn't have Jane's memories, making for some very uncomfortable situations. Things are made even tougher by the fact that Deb's boyfriend, Grayson Kent (Jackson Hurst), works at the same law firm. She'd love to pick up their relationship but he's still grieving for her former self. Hot-shot lawyer Kim Kasswell (Kate Levering) has always looked down on Jane because of her appearance and wants to start a relationship with Grayson now that Deb is "gone."
Teri Lee (Margaret Cho) is Jane's office assistant who tries to help her boss overcome her confusion. After sending Deb back to Earth, Fred is demoted to be her guardian angel and works in the firm's mailroom to keep an eye on her. He ends up falling for aspiring actress/model Stacy Barnett (April Bowlby), Deb's best friend and the only person to know the truth about Jane.
Series Finale
Episode #TBD
This TV series has not ended yet.
First aired: TBD
What do you think? Do you still like the Drop Dead Diva TV series? Are you hoping that the show is renewed for another season?
Newer and/or Related Articles
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Mar 1, 2013 -
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Mar 4, 2011 -
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Sep 23, 2010 -
Drop Dead Diva: Lifetime Renews Series for Season Two
Aug 20, 2009


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You are not logged in.
Pages: 1
I'm scratching my head on something which is likely very simple and will no doubt make me feel rather stupid when I know the answer.
I want to link to a given page on a site, in this case a section called contact
. I want to link it from an article, and I have this as my article body:
<a href="<txp:site_url />contact">Contact form
On a fresh install of 4.4.1 in my development environment, this outputs…well, nothing.
I have had a number of very late nights over the past week or so, and I will admit that 1015am on a Monday is early for me, but I'd appreciate a pointer on this if anyone has ideas. I'd be even more grateful if this saves me from hulksmashing my Dell screen.
Thank you in advance.
Last edited by gaekwad (2012-07-16 09:28:54)
==<a href="<txp:site_url />contact">Contact form==
In bad weather I never leave home without wet_plugout, smd_where_used and adi_form_links
What does the double equal marks do? I've never seen that before. Is that Textile for something?
Wouldn't just doing this work, or am I missing something? "Contact":/contact
Last edited by Destry (2012-07-17 16:27:34)
Ah, thanks. I knew there was something for escaping it, but never really used it before so didn't know offhand.
Destry wrote:
What does the double equal marks do?
Yup, like gaeqwad said. It's effective, typed quicker than notextile.
, not as easy overlooked and deleted as a blank at the beginning of the line and, not least, it looks like a typographical barrier: don't touch!
Last edited by uli (2012-07-18 00:52:34)
In bad weather I never leave home without wet_plugout, smd_where_used and adi_form_links
Pages: 1


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Sam has to let Meryl down easy after Russ' good friend Ralph, a legend in the airline industry, offers to help him on a new project. When the project ends up becoming a circus, Sam begs Meryl to take him back, but she's not one to forgive that easily. watch
When faced with the upcoming conclusion of critical darling Breaking Bad last year, Betsy Brandt admits she felt a little unsure of what to do.
"I said to my husband, 'I don't know what happens after you do a show like this,'" she tells TVGuide.com. "I hope that I'm confident and patient enough to wait for something really good."
It was an understandable concern, albeit a...read more
After 40 years in the business, five Emmys and two hit TV shows, Michael J. Fox still isn't afraid of a challenge. Case in point: When the TV vet was tasked with running up 100-odd steps at New York City Hall while filming the pilot episode of The Michael J. Fox Show.
"After doing it, he said something like, 'That was the most stairs I have literally run in...read more
Sam gets unsolicited advice from Derek on how to close the deal with Cara.
Wendell Pierce talks about this week's guest star Sting and the meaning of Christmas.
After a little white lie about losing her virginity gets out, a clean cut high school girl (Emma Stone) sees her life paralleling Hester Prynne's in "The Scarlet Letter," which she is currently studying in school, until she decides to use the rumor mill to advance her social and financial standing.
With Russ fuming, Meryl uses her cell phone photos to refresh Sam's memory of an important business meeting.
more Will Gluck Clips & Interviews videos
Most friendships are complicated. Some are more complicated than others.
When two friends decide to try something new and take advantage of their mutual attraction without any emotional attachment, they soon realize romantic comedy stereotypes might exist for a reason.
Dylan (Justin Timberlake) and Jamie (Mila Kunis) think it's going to be easy to add the simple act of sex to their friendship, despite what Hollywood romantic comedies would have them believe. They soon discover however that getting physical really does always lead to complications.
more Will Gluck Movies videos
The Christmas spirit is kept alive through rivalry, fake Santas, and Sting. Also available on iTunes, Amazon Instant Video and VUDU
Annie and Mike's Thanksgiving traditions are turned upside down by a visit from Mike's parents. Charles Grodin and Candice Bergen guest star. Also available on NBC, iTunes, Xfinity, Amazon Instant Video and VUDU
Mike hatches a plot to return Ian to college while Annie organizes a girls' night out. Also available on NBC, iTunes, Xfinity, Amazon Instant Video and VUDU
Chaos ensues when Leigh gets bed bugs in her apartment, and Mike is forced to take her in! Chris Christie guest stars. Also available on NBC, iTunes, Xfinity, Amazon Instant Video and VUDU
more Will Gluck On TV videos
more Will Gluck credits (15 total credits)
In his own words, the TV icon opens up about why he's turning his real life into a family sitcom, The Michael J. Fox Show.
I started to think about doing my own show as a result of my guest-starring roles on Boston Legal, Rescue Me and The Good Wife. I was feeling good that viewers accepted my characters and could distinguish them from me, for whatever brief amount of time. And then it just clicked with me that acting is what I do. It's what I like to do. So I'd better have a really good reason for not doing it.
It's been 13 years since Michael J. Fox last starred on a TV series, but the actor said it didn't take much to convince him to return to the small screen full-time on The Michael J. Fox Show.
"I just thought: Why can't I? There's no reason not to do it," Fox told reporters Saturday at NBC's Television Critics Association fall TV previews.
Fox famously left Spin City in 2000 shortly after revealing to the public that he... read more
Sandra Bullock is in early talks to join the Annie remake, according to The Wrap.
The Oscar winner would play... read more
Whether or not she goes home with the statue for Best Actress at the 85th Academy Awards Sunday, Beasts of the Southern Wild star Quvenzhane Wallis already has her next role lined up: Little Orphan Annie.
CBS has ordered four pilots, including two from Raising Hope's executive producer Greg Garcia. read more
You might be also interested in the following websites:


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Momeni New Wave Nw80 Plum Rug
Item #: 126NW80-P Add to Wishlist
$79 - $1799 + FREE SHIPPINGDescription: Hand-tufted by expert artisans using a special blend of the highest quality Chinese wools, these rugs have the softest of hands and a shine that is unsurpassed. Many New Wave designs feature hand carving for added depth and a Tibetan-like weave, mostly found in hand-knotted rugs, but expertly achieved in these hand-tufted pieces.
- Collection: New Wave
- Brand: Momeni
- Material: 100% Wool
- Weave: Hand Tufted
- Styles: Contemporary Rugs
- Origin: China
- Available in the following sizes: 2' x 3', 3' 6" x 5' 6", 5' 3" x 8', 7' 6" x 9' 6", 8' x 11', 9' 6"x 13' 6", 5' 9" Round, 7' 9" Round, 2' 6" x 14', 2' 6" x 8' and 2' 6" x 12'
- Clean & Care: Vacuum regularly as new wool rugs can shed yarn fibers for up to three months. Avoid direct and continuous exposure to sunlight. Do not pull loose ends, clip them with scissors to remove. Clean liquid spills immediately by blotting with cloth or sponge. For hard to remove stains, professional rug cleaning is recommended.
The color of the rug isn't exactly as it is pictured here. The actual rug is more purple nad less brown. I am pleased with the quality.
RECOMMENDED: Yes, I would recommend this to a friend.I was hesitant about the accuracy of the colors. Darker purples...picture looks like it has a cocoa brown, no brown, all hues of purple. Looks great in my room, quality is good, would definitely recommend.
RECOMMENDED: Yes, I would recommend this to a friend.thick and terrific colors... you shipped 2 painters dream. I have asked for one to be picked up but it has not been done so as yet.
RECOMMENDED: Yes, I would recommend this to a friend.Colors were much darker than sample shown on web site. 2'6 x 8' runner was not the pattern shown on the web site. Rather it appeared as though two smaller rugs were patched together. Very disappointed!
The colors are much darker than the photo- the medium purple show is almost burgundy. The darker colors actually worked better for me. Very good value and quality for the price.
Though styles have come and gone, beneath them all is the fundamental principal that Momeni rugs are created to touch our senses. The Momeni standard of quality, elegance, and sophistication has been recognized time and time again with America's Magnificent Carpet Award in Atlanta Georgia.
Fill out the information below.


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The Residential Green Building Committee is a subcommittee of the United States Green Building Committee (USGBC), and is comprised of volunteers.
Home Energy Pros was founded by the developers of Home Energy Saver Pro (sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act) and brought to you in partnership with Home Energy magazine.
© 2013 Created by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.


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Cheap hotels near Paradeplatz in Zurich, Switzerland
Sometimes called the "heartland of banking," the Paradeplatz ("Parade Square") is a square located along the upscale Bahnhofstrasse thoroughfare. The "platz" is within easy walking distance of the Fraumünster and a host of other sights. Several tram lines stop here making it a great meeting point.
In the 17th-century, Paradeplatz was a market square serving pig farmers who brought their swine out to be sold here. Back in the day too, horse-drawn trams (precursors to the trams you see buzzing around town today) circled through here. Today you'll find two of the world's major banks headquartered here. Credit Suisse sits on the north side of the square while UBS is at its western edge.
Also worth checking out? The nearby Savoy Hotel, and the famous Sprungli chocolate shop and cafe has its flagship on the Bahnhofstrasse.
Fun fact: To mark the beginning of spring, the Burning Snowman Festival (Sechseläuten) takes place in the Paradeplatz each April. The fest culminates in Bellevue Square with the spectacle of an exploding (burning) snowman!
Cheap hotels near Paradeplatz: Most hotels we list below are located a quick walk across the river in Altstadt. These range from hostels to two-star hotels and guesthouses. More affordable properties can be found nearby around Langstrasse.
Alexander Guesthouse
starAddress Zähringerstr 16 (Altstadt)
The two-star Alexander Guesthouse offers 20 simple rooms and a fabulous location in the heart of Old Town.
Anwand Lodges
starAddress Anwandstrasse 10 (Langstrasse)
Situated in the eclectic Langstrasse neighborhood, the three-star Anwand Lodges offers urban convenience and quaint charm, with respectable rates, to boot.
Address Niederdorfstrasse 5 (Altstadt)
It's quite basic, but the inexpensive City Backpacker Hostel Biber is located smack in the heart of Zurich.
Address Brauerstrasse 87 (Langstrasse)
The colorful, pet-friendly Dakini's B&B is run by the feisty artist Susanne Seiler and her adorable dog. It offers eight unique rooms (with shared bathrooms) near the funky, happening West district.
No online booking
Address Zwinglistrasse 14 (Langstrasse)
The easyHotel does for sleeping what easyJet does for flying—it offers a frill-free and inexpensive experience, with basic rooms, a convenient location and, of course, plenty of the standard easyJet orange.
Check Rates for Checking Rates for No availability
xNote: This hotel does not offer online booking through our reservation partners. To see all available hotels in , please search below.


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With "luxembourg" we think you're looking for one of these 26 options
Hotel Fontaines du Luxembourg
Hotel Fontaines du Luxembourg is located in central Paris, 360 ft from the Luxembourg gardens and the Senate of France. This designer hotel offers stylish rooms with vintage artworks. Each air conditioned and soundproofed room is elegantly designed with unique furniture pieces. More |
Le Luxembourg
Le Luxembourg is a small family-run hotel in the heart of Rochefort, a 10-minute drive from Rochefort Brewery and Behogne Forest. It offers an à la carte restaurant with a terrace and guests can benefit from free Wi-Fi access. More |
Happyfew - Appartement Le Luxembourg
Located on the edge of Promenade des Anglais, 30 metres from the beach, Appartement Le Luxembourg is an air-conditioned studio with a terrace and a view of the courtyard. Guests have access to the rooftop, swimming pool. More |
Brussels Gallery Apartment - Luxembourg
Located 300 metres from the Place du Luxembourg Square and 700 metres from the Royal Palace of Brussels, Brussels Gallery Apartment - Luxembourg offers a fully furnished studio with free WiFi throughout. Public parking is possible in the vicinity of the accommodation. More |
Holiday home Rue Du Luxembourg
Holiday home Rue Du Luxembourg is located in D 'Agde within 4km distance of a beach area, shopping and dining facilities. There is a full a kitchenette with a dishwasher and a microwave. The private bathroom comes with a shower. Optional services incl. towels, linen and final cleaning. More |


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Activities, Leadership, & Service Committees:
Everyone is invited to get involved in class leadership or join an LDSSA committee.Choir/Latter-day Celebration (LDC): Provide music and programs that invite the Spirit through excellence in performance. Represent the Institute throughout the community through the Latter-day Celebration choir (audition required), and the noon and evening choirs. Provide a float and arrange for a participation in the July 4th Freedom Festival parade.
Dances & Special Events: Provide a fun, uplifting atmosphere where wholesome social interaction is encouraged through dances and other social events. This includes a dance theme, decorations, refreshments, music, and cleanup. Plan the Spring-semester Women's and Men's Appreciation luncheons in coordination with the council presidency, along with other wholesome Institute social events.
Devotional: Plan, organize, and prepare inspiring weekly devotionals for the students at the Orem Institute of Religion and UVU. Responsibilities include ushering during the devotionals, encouraging student attendance at the devotionals and their enrolling for credit, as well as providing a luncheon after the devotional for the speaker, guests, invited students, faculty, and staff.
Enrollment: Extend our exposure by inviting every potential Institute student to enroll. Arrange for an enrollment booth on campus at designated times throughout the semester, plus all other activities focusing on the enrollment of students in Institute classes on and off campus. Sponsor priesthood leader visits to the Institute, a monthly open house for priests and laurels from local stakes, and visits to the local seminaries through out the year and at the end of our Spring semester.
Evening & Day Time Munch & Mingle: Organize and provide for the "Munch-and-Mingle" activity, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday during the day or evening when scheduled. (There are 6 council positions two council members will serve on each of the days respectively - Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday)
Fellowship & Missionary: Find ways to welcome, reach out to, and fellowship all those who enter our Institute. Create a warm and welcoming environment at the beginning of each semester that will continue throughout the semester. Sponsor Bread and Jam Days, Hot Chocolate Days, Ice Cream Days, etc., along with regularly greeting students in the lobbies. Coordinate the missionary efforts of our Institute students with the full-time missionaries, to invite and teach others the gospel of Jesus Christ. This includes helping with the call center, providing firesides and promoting other activities that foster missionary work.
Historian: Help document all of the activities through photograph, video, and the written word. This may also include posting pictures of past activities on display boards in the lobby; interviewing students and posting their comments with pictures about Institute activities and classes, and preparing slide shows of activities and showing them in the game room or at other events. Help all of the executive council with other assignments as necessary.
International/Multicultural: Help our students from many different cultures and all international students to come to the Institute and participate in the classes and activities. Host an International Week, and regularly sponsor other activities (i.e. luncheons, firesides, study groups, pink-pong tournaments, etc.) that would encourage those of various nationalities, cultures, and languages to get involved in Institute. Work closely with the International Club on campus.
Publicity & Advertising: Help to creatively, tastefully, and appropriately inform Institute students and out potential students of the various Institute programs and activities. Design and distribute advertising materials throughout the campus and community for Institute dances, service projects, missionary opportunities, and other special events.
Website: Assist in updating and developing the Orem Institute website hosted by UVU.
Service: Provide opportunities for Institute students to serve the Lord, one another, and UVU. This includes assisting the Devotional Committee in providing a "Munch-and-Mingle" activity after Friday Devotionals, working with the Institute and UVU grounds crews to keep the area around the Institute looking sharp, and assisting other service organizations on campus in completing other approved service projects.
University Relations: Provide and maintain positive relations between the Orem Institute and UVU and the community. This includes representing the LDSSA as a club on campus and attending all official UVU inter-club council meetings as officers of the LDSSA. Help to organize Institute student support for the various sporting, cultural, and social events sponsored by UVU. Encourage student and faculty loyalty, associated with being enthusiastic supporters of all things UVU. Sponsor the annual UVU faculty and staff luncheon.