text:
Influenza A virus
Orthomyxoviridae | |
Electron micrograph of influenza A viruses | |
Virus classification | |
Group: | Group V ((-)ssRNA) |
Family: | Orthomyxoviridae |
Genera | |
Influenzavirus A |
Influenza A virus causes influenza in birds and some mammals, and is the only species of influenza virus A. Influenza virus A is a genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses. Strains of all subtypes of influenza A virus have been isolated from wild birds, although disease is uncommon. Some isolates of influenza A virus cause severe disease both in domestic poultry and, rarely, in humans.[1] Occasionally, viruses are transmitted from wild aquatic birds to domestic poultry, and this may cause an outbreak or give rise to human influenza pandemics.[2][3]
Influenza A viruses are negative-sense, single-stranded, segmented RNA viruses. The several subtypes are labeled according to an H number (for the type of hemagglutinin) and an N number (for the type of neuraminidase). There are 18 different H antigens (H1 to H18) and 11 different N antigens (N1 to N11).[4][5] H17 was isolated from fruit bats in 2012.[6][7][8] H18N11 was discovered in a Peruvian bat in 2013.[5]
Each virus subtype has mutated into a variety of strains with differing pathogenic profiles; some are pathogenic to one species but not others, some are pathogenic to multiple species.
A filtered and purified influenza A vaccine for humans has been developed, and many countries have stockpiled it to allow a quick administration to the population in the event of an avian influenza pandemic. Avian influenza is sometimes called avian flu, and colloquially, bird flu. In 2011, researchers reported the discovery of an antibody effective against all types of the influenza A virus.[9]
Variants and subtypes[edit]
Influenza (Flu) |
Types |
Vaccines |
Treatment |
Pandemics |
Outbreaks |
See also |
Influenza type A viruses are categorized into subtypes based on the type of two proteins on the surface of the viral envelope:
- H = hemagglutinin, a protein that causes red blood cells to agglutinate.
- N = neuraminidase, an enzyme that cleaves the glycosidic bonds of the monosaccharide, neuraminic acid
Different influenza viruses encode for different hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. For example, the H5N1 virus designates an influenza A subtype that has a type 5 hemagglutinin (H) protein and a type 1 neuraminidase (N) protein. There are 18 known types of hemagglutinin and 11 known types of neuraminidase, so, in theory, 198 different combinations of these proteins are possible.[4][5]
Some variants are identified and named according to the isolate they resemble, thus are presumed to share lineage (example Fujian flu virus-like); according to their typical host (example human flu virus); according to their subtype (example H3N2); and according to their deadliness (example LP, low pathogenic). So a flu from a virus similar to the isolate A/Fujian/411/2002(H3N2) is called Fujian flu, human flu, and H3N2 flu.
Variants are sometimes named according to the species (host) in which the strain is endemic or to which it is adapted. The main variants named using this convention are:
Variants have also sometimes been named according to their deadliness in poultry, especially chickens:
- Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI)
- Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), also called deadly flu or death flu
Most known strains are extinct strains. For example, the annual flu subtype H3N2 no longer contains the strain that caused the Hong Kong flu.
Annual flu[edit]
The annual flu (also called "seasonal flu" or "human flu") in the U.S. "results in approximately 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations each year. In addition to this human toll, influenza is annually responsible for a total cost of over $10 billion in the U.S."[10]
The annually updated, trivalent influenza vaccine consists of hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein components from influenza H3N2, H1N1, and B influenza viruses.[11]
Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 has increased from 1% in 1994 to 12% in 2003 to 91% in 2005.
"Contemporary human H3N2 influenza viruses are now endemic in pigs in southern China and can reassort with avian H5N1 viruses in this intermediate host."[12]
F16 antibody[edit]
F16, an antibody that targets the hemagglutinin protein, was recently discovered, and is the only known antibody effective against all 16 subtypes of the influenza A virus.[13][14][15]
Structure and genetics[edit]
"The physical structure of all influenza A viruses is similar. The virions or virus particles are enveloped and can be either spherical or filamentous in form. In clinical isolates that have undergone limited passages in eggs or tissue culture, there are more filamentous than spherical particles, whereas passaged laboratory strains consist mainly of spherical virions."[16]
The Influenza A virus genome is contained on eight single (non-paired) RNA strands that can code for up to 14 proteins (HA, NA, NP, M1, M2, M42, NS1, NEP, PA, PA-X, PB1, PB1-F2, PB1-N40, and PB2). The total genome size is 13,588 bases.[17] The segmented nature of the genome allows for the exchange of entire genes between different viral strains during cellular cohabitation. The eight RNA segments are:
- HA encodes hemagglutinin (about 500 molecules of hemagglutinin are needed to make one virion) "The extent of infection into host organism is determined by HA. Influenza viruses bud from the apical surface of polarized epithelial cells (e.g. bronchial epithelial cells) into lumen of lungs and are therefore usually pneumotropic. The reason is that HA is cleaved by tryptase clara which is restricted to lungs. However HAs of H5 and H7 pantropic avian viruses subtypes can be cleaved by furin and subtilisin-type enzymes, allowing the virus to grow in other organs than lungs."[18]
- NA encodes neuraminidase (about 100 molecules of neuraminidase are needed to make one virion).
- NP encodes nucleoprotein.
- M encodes two matrix proteins (the M1 and the M2) by using different reading frames from the same RNA segment (about 3000 matrix protein molecules are needed to make one virion). M42 is produced by alternative splicing, and can partially replace an M2.
- NS encodes two distinct non-structural proteins (NS1 and NEP) by using different reading frames from the same RNA segment.
- PA encodes an RNA polymerase; an alternate form is sometimes made through a ribosomal skip, with +1 frameshift, reading through to the next stop codon.
- PB1 encodes an RNA polymerase, plus two other transcripts read from alternate start sites, named PB1-N40 and PB1-F2 protein (induces apoptosis) by using different reading frames from the same RNA segment.
- PB2 encodes an RNA polymerase.
The genome segments have common terminal sequences, and the ends of the RNA strands are partially complementary, allowing them to bond to each other by hydrogen bonds. After transcription from negative-sense to positive-sense RNA the +RNA strands get the cellular 5' cap added by cap snatching, which involves the viral protein NS1 binding to the cellular pre-mRNAs. The cap is then cleaved from the cellular pre-mRNA using a second viral protein, PA. The short oligo cap is then added to the influenza +RNA strands, allowing its processing as messenger RNA by ribosomes. The +RNA strands also serve for synthesis of -RNA strands for new virions.
The RNA synthesis and its assembly with the nucleoprotein takes place in the cell nucleus, the synthesis of proteins takes place in the cytoplasm. The assembled virion cores leave the nucleus and migrate towards the cell membrane, with patches of viral transmembrane proteins (hemagglutinin, neuraminidase and M2 proteins) and an underlying layer of the M1 protein, and bud through these patches, releasing finished enveloped viruses into the extracellular fluid.
Evidence has been found for the presence of RNA structure in Influenza A virus.[19] Structured RNA appears to be favored in the +RNA, and is clustered near regions with functional importance. Two pseudoknot RNA structures were discovered in the influenza A Segment 7 splice site and in the influenza A segment 8 (Influenza virus pseudoknot), which are both alternatively spliced to produce the M2 and NEP proteins respectively. Towards the 5' splice sites of these mRNAs, hairpin loop and multibranch loop structures were predicted. As well as these structures near splice sites, a pseudoknot was proposed in Segment 2, which encompasses the start codon for an internally transcribed open reading frame for a small polypeptide product (PB1-F2).
Multiplicity Reactivation[edit]
Influenza virus is able to undergo multiplicity reactivation after inactivation by UV radiation,[20][21] or by ionizing radiation.[22] If any of the eight RNA strands that make up the genome contains a damage that prevents replication or expression of an essential gene the virus is not viable when it alone, infects a cell (a single infection). However, when two or more damaged viruses infect the same cell (multiple infection), viable progeny viruses can be produced provided each of the eight genomic segments is present in at least one undamaged copy. That is, multiplicity reactivation can occur.
Upon infection, influenza virus induces a host response involving increased production of reactive oxygen species, and this can damage the virus genome.[23] If, under natural conditions, virus survival is ordinarily vulnerable to the challenge of oxidative damage, then multiplicity reactivation is likely selectively advantageous as a kind of genomic repair process. It has been suggested that multiplicity reactivation involving segmented RNA genomes may be similar to the earliest evolved form of sexual interaction in the RNA world that likely preceded the DNA world.[24] (Also see RNA world hypothesis.)
In Non-humans[edit]
- See H5N1 for the current epizootic (an epidemic in nonhumans) and panzootic (a disease affecting animals of many species especially over a wide area) of H5N1 influenza
- Avian influenza
Fowl act as natural asymptomatic carriers of influenza A viruses. Prior to the current H5N1 epizootic, strains of influenza A virus had been demonstrated to be transmitted from wild fowl to only birds, pigs, horses, seals, whales and humans; and only between humans and pigs and between humans and domestic fowl; and not other pathways such as domestic fowl to horse.[25]
Wild aquatic birds are the natural hosts for a large variety of influenza A viruses. Occasionally, viruses are transmitted from these birds to other species and may then cause devastating outbreaks in domestic poultry or give rise to human influenza pandemics.[2][3]
H5N1 has been shown to be transmitted to tigers, leopards, and domestic cats that were fed uncooked domestic fowl (chickens) with the virus. H3N8 viruses from horses have crossed over and caused outbreaks in dogs. Laboratory mice have been infected successfully with a variety of avian flu genotypes.[26]
Influenza A viruses spread in the air and in manure, and survives longer in cold weather. It can also be transmitted by contaminated feed, water, equipment and clothing; however, there is no evidence the virus can survive in well-cooked meat. Symptoms in animals vary, but virulent strains can cause death within a few days.
"Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is on every top ten list available for potential agricultural bioweapon agents".[27]
Avian influenza viruses that the OIE and others test for to control poultry disease include: H5N1, H7N2, H1N7, H7N3, H13N6, H5N9, H11N6, H3N8, H9N2, H5N2, H4N8, H10N7, H2N2, H8N4, H14N5, H6N5, H12N5 and others.
- Known outbreaks of highly pathogenic flu in poultry 1959–2003[28]
Year | Area | Affected | Subtype |
1959 | Scotland | Chicken | H5N1 |
1963 | England | Turkey | H7N3 |
1966 | Ontario (Canada) | Turkey | H5N9 |
1976 | Victoria (Australia) | Chicken | H7N7 |
1979 | Germany | Chicken | H7N7 |
1979 | England | Turkey | H7N7 |
1983 | Pennsylvania (USA)* | Chicken, turkey | H5N2 |
1983 | Ireland | Turkey | H5N8 |
1985 | Victoria (Australia) | Chicken | H7N7 |
1991 | England | Turkey | H5N1 |
1992 | Victoria (Australia) | Chicken | H7N3 |
1994 | Queensland (Australia) | Chicken | H7N3 |
1994 | Mexico* | Chicken | H5N2 |
1994 | Pakistan* | Chicken | H7N3 |
1997 | New South Wales (Australia) | Chicken | H7N4 |
1997 | Hong Kong (China)* | Chicken | H5N1 |
1997 | Italy | Chicken | H5N2 |
1999 | Italy* | Turkey | H7N1 |
2002 | Hong Kong (China) | Chicken | H5N1 |
2002 | Chile | Chicken | H7N3 |
2003 | Netherlands* | Chicken | H7N7 |
*Outbreaks with significant spread to numerous farms, resulting in great economic losses. Most other outbreaks involved little or no spread from the initially infected farms.
1979: "More than 400 harbor seals, most of them immature, died along the New England coast between December 1979 and October 1980 of acute pneumonia associated with influenza virus, A/Seal/Mass/1/180 (H7N7)."[29]
1995: "[V]accinated birds can develop asymptomatic infections that allow virus to spread, mutate, and recombine (ProMED-mail, 2004j). Intensive surveillance is required to detect these "silent epidemics" in time to curtail them. In Mexico, for example, mass vaccination of chickens against epidemic H5N2 influenza in 1995 has had to continue in order to control a persistent and evolving virus (Lee et al., 2004)."[30]
1997: "Influenza A viruses normally seen in one species sometimes can cross over and cause illness in another species. For example, until 1997, only H1N1 viruses circulated widely in the U.S. pig population. However, in 1997, H3N2 viruses from humans were introduced into the pig population and caused widespread disease among pigs. Most recently, H3N8 viruses from horses have crossed over and caused outbreaks in dogs."[31]
2000: "In California, poultry producers kept their knowledge of a recent H6N2 avian influenza outbreak to themselves due to their fear of public rejection of poultry products; meanwhile, the disease spread across the western United States and has since become endemic."[32]
2003: In Netherlands H7N7 influenza virus infection broke out in poultry on several farms.[33]
2004: In North America, the presence of avian influenza strain H7N3 was confirmed at several poultry farms in British Columbia in February 2004. As of April 2004, 18 farms had been quarantined to halt the spread of the virus.[34]
2005: Tens of millions of birds died of H5N1 influenza and hundreds of millions of birds were culled to protect humans from H5N1. H5N1 is endemic in birds in southeast Asia and represents a long-term pandemic threat.
2006: H5N1 spreads across the globe, killing hundreds of millions of birds and over 100 people, and causing a significant H5N1 impact from both actual deaths and predicted possible deaths.
- Swine flu
- Swine influenza (or "pig influenza") refers to a subset of Orthomyxoviridae that create influenza and are endemic in pigs. The species of Orthomyxoviridae that can cause flu in pigs are influenza A virus and influenza C virus, but not all genotypes of these two species infect pigs. The known subtypes of influenza A virus that create influenza and are endemic in pigs are H1N1, H1N2, H3N1 and H3N2.
- Horse flu
- Horse flu (or "equine influenza") refers to varieties of influenza A virus that affect horses. Horse flu viruses were only isolated in 1956. The two main types of virus are called equine-1 (H7N7), which commonly affects horse heart muscle, and equine-2 (H3N8), which is usually more severe.
- Dog flu
- Dog flu (or "canine influenza") refers to varieties of influenza A virus that affect dogs. The equine influenza virus H3N8 was found to infect and kill – with respiratory illness – greyhound race dogs at a Florida racetrack in January 2004.
- H3N8 is now endemic in birds, horses and dogs.
Human influenza virus[edit]
"Human influenza virus" usually refers to those subtypes that spread widely among humans. H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 are the only known influenza A virus subtypes currently circulating among humans.[35]
Genetic factors in distinguishing between "human flu viruses" and "avian influenza viruses" include:
- PB2: (RNA polymerase): Amino acid (or residue) position 627 in the PB2 protein encoded by the PB2 RNA gene. Until H5N1, all known avian influenza viruses had a Glu at position 627, while all human influenza viruses had a lysine.
- HA: (hemagglutinin): Avian influenza HA binds alpha 2–3 sialic acid receptors, while human influenza HA binds alpha 2–6 sialic acid receptors. Swine influenza viruses have the ability to bind both types of sialic acid receptors.
"About 52 key genetic changes distinguish avian influenza strains from those that spread easily among people, according to researchers in Taiwan, who analyzed the genes of more than 400 A type flu viruses."[36] "How many mutations would make an avian virus capable of infecting humans efficiently, or how many mutations would render an influenza virus a pandemic strain, is difficult to predict. We have examined sequences from the 1918 strain, which is the only pandemic influenza virus that could be entirely derived from avian strains. Of the 52 species-associated positions, 16 have residues typical for human strains; the others remained as avian signatures. The result supports the hypothesis that the 1918 pandemic virus is more closely related to the avian influenza A virus than are other human influenza viruses."[37]
Human flu symptoms usually include fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, conjunctivitis and, in severe cases, severe breathing problems and pneumonia that may be fatal. The severity of the infection will depend in large part on the state of the infected person's immune system and if the victim has been exposed to the strain before, and is therefore partially immune.
Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in a human is far worse, killing 50% of humans that catch it. In one case, a boy with H5N1 experienced diarrhea followed rapidly by a coma without developing respiratory or flu-like symptoms.[38]
The influenza A virus subtypes that have been confirmed in humans, ordered by the number of known human pandemic deaths, are:
- H1N1 caused "Spanish flu" and the 2009 swine flu outbreak
- H2N2 caused "Asian flu" in the late 1950s
- H3N2 caused "Hong Kong flu" in the late 1960s
- H5N1 considered a global influenza pandemic threat through its spread in the mid-2000s
- H7N7 has unusual zoonotic potential
- H1N2 is currently endemic in humans and pigs
- H9N2, H7N2, H7N3, H5N2, and H10N7.
- H1N1 is currently pandemic in both human and pig populations. A variant of H1N1 was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic that killed some 50 million to 100 million people worldwide over about a year in 1918 and 1919.[39] Another variant was named a pandemic threat in the 2009 flu pandemic. Controversy arose in October, 2005, after the H1N1 genome was published in the journal, Science, because of fears that this information could be used for bioterrorism.[citation needed]
- The Asian flu, a pandemic outbreak of H2N2 avian influenza, originated in China in 1957, spread worldwide that same year during which a influenza vaccine was developed, lasted until 1958 and caused between one and four million deaths.
- H3N2 is currently endemic in both human and pig populations. It evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift and caused the Hong Kong flu pandemic of 1968 and 1969 that killed up to 750,000.[40] "An early-onset, severe form of influenza A H3N2 made headlines when it claimed the lives of several children in the United States in late 2003."[41]
- The dominant strain of annual flu in January 2006 was H3N2. Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 increased from 1% in 1994 to 12% in 2003 to 91% in 2005.[42]
- "[C]ontemporary human H3N2 influenza viruses are now endemic in pigs in southern China and can reassort with avian H5N1 viruses in this intermediate host."[12]
- H5N1 is the world's major influenza pandemic threat.
- "When he compared the 1918 virus with today's human flu viruses, Dr. Taubenberger noticed that it had alterations in just 25 to 30 of the virus's 4,400 amino acids. Those few changes turned a bird virus into a killer that could spread from person to person."[43]
- H7N7 has unusual zoonotic potential. In 2003 in Netherlands, 89 people were confirmed to have H7N7 influenza virus infection following an outbreak in poultry on several farms. One death was recorded.
- On 2 April 2013, the Centre for Health Protection (CHP) of the Department of Health of Hong Kong confirmed four more cases in Jiangsu province in addition to the three cases initially reported on 31 March 2013.[44]
- H1N2 is currently endemic in both human and pig populations. The new H1N2 strain appears to have resulted from the reassortment of the genes of the currently circulating influenza H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes. The hemagglutinin protein of the H1N2 virus is similar to that of the currently circulating H1N1 viruses, and the neuraminidase protein is similar to that of the current H3N2 viruses.
- Low pathogenic avian influenza A (H9N2) infection was confirmed in 1999, in China and Hong Kong in two children, and in 2003 in Hong Kong in one child. All three fully recovered.[45]
- One person in New York in 2003 and one person in Virginia in 2002 were found to have serologic evidence of infection with H7N2. Both fully recovered.[45]
- In North America, the presence of avian influenza strain H7N3 was confirmed at several poultry farms in British Columbia in February 2004. As of April 2004, 18 farms had been quarantined to halt the spread of the virus. Two cases of humans with avian influenza have been confirmed in that region. "Symptoms included conjunctivitis and mild influenza-like illness."[34] Both fully recovered.
- Japan's Health Ministry said January 2006 that poultry farm workers in Ibaraki prefecture may have been exposed to H5N2 in 2005.[46] The H5N2 antibody titers of paired sera of 13 subjects increased fourfold or more.[47]
- In 2004 in Egypt, H10N7 was reported for the first time in humans. It caused illness in two infants in Egypt. One child's father is a poultry merchant.[48]
Taubenberger says:
- "All influenza A pandemics since [the Spanish flu pandemic], and indeed almost all cases of influenza A worldwide (excepting human infections from avian viruses such as H5N1 and H7N7), have been caused by descendants of the 1918 virus, including "drifted" H1N1 viruses and reassorted H2N2 and H3N2 viruses. The latter are composed of key genes from the 1918 virus, updated by subsequently incorporated avian influenza genes that code for novel surface proteins, making the 1918 virus indeed the "mother" of all pandemics."[49]
Researchers from the National Institutes of Health used data from the Influenza Genome Sequencing Project and concluded that during the ten-year period examined, most of the time the hemagglutinin gene in H3N2 showed no significant excess of mutations in the antigenic regions while an increasing variety of strains accumulated. This resulted in one of the variants eventually achieving higher fitness, becoming dominant, and in a brief interval of rapid evolution, rapidly sweeping through the population and eliminating most other variants.[50]
Short-term Evolution In the short-term evolution of influenza A virus, a 2006 study found that stochastic, or random, processes are key factors.[51] Influenza A virus HA antigenic evolution appears to be characterized more by punctuated, sporadic jumps as opposed to a constant rate of antigenic change.[52] Using phylogenetic analysis of 413 complete genomes of human influenza A viruses that were collected throughout the state of New York, the authors of Nelson et al. 2006 were able to show that genetic diversity, and not antigenic drift, shaped the short-term evolution of influenza A via random migration and reassortment. The evolution of these viruses is dominated more by the random importation of genetically different viral strains from other geographic locations and less by natural selection. Within a given season, adaptive evolution is infrequent and had an overall weak effect as evidenced from the data gathered from the 413 genomes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the different strains were derived from newly imported genetic material as opposed to isolates that had been circulating in New York in previous seasons. Therefore, the gene flow in and out of this population, and not natural selection, was more important in the short term.
See also[edit]
- ^ "Avian influenza (" bird flu") — Fact sheet". WHO.
- ^ a b Klenk, et al. (2008). "Avian Influenza: Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Host Range". Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-22-6.
- ^ a b Kawaoka Y, ed. (2006). Influenza Virology: Current Topics. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 1-904455-06-9.
- ^ a b "Influenza Type A Viruses and Subtypes". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2 April 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
- ^ a b c Suxiang Tong et al. (October 2013). "New World Bats Harbor Diverse Influenza A Viruses". PLoS Pathogens. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003657.
- ^ "Unique new flu virus found in bats". NHS Choices. 1 March 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
- ^ Gewin, V. (2012). "Bats harbour influenza". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.10112.
- ^ Tong, S.; Li, Y.; Rivailler, P.; Conrardy, C.; Castillo, D. A. A.; Chen, L. -M.; Recuenco, S.; Ellison, J. A.; Davis, C. T.; York, I. A.; Turmelle, A. S.; Moran, D.; Rogers, S.; Shi, M.; Tao, Y.; Weil, M. R.; Tang, K.; Rowe, L. A.; Sammons, S.; Xu, X.; Frace, M.; Lindblade, K. A.; Cox, N. J.; Anderson, L. J.; Rupprecht, C. E.; Donis, R. O. (2012). "A distinct lineage of influenza a virus from bats". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. doi:10.1073/pnas.1116200109.
- ^ Gallagher, James (29 July 2011). "'Super antibody' fights off flu". BBC News. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
- ^ whitehouse.gov National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza — Introduction — "Although remarkable advances have been made in science and medicine during the past century, we are constantly reminded that we live in a universe of microbes – viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi that are forever changing and adapting themselves to the human host and the defenses that humans create. Influenza viruses are notable for their resilience and adaptability. While science has been able to develop highly effective vaccines and treatments for many infectious diseases that threaten public health, acquiring these tools is an ongoing challenge with the influenza virus. Changes in the genetic makeup of the virus require us to develop new vaccines on an annual basis and forecast which strains are likely to predominate. As a result, and despite annual vaccinations, the U.S. faces a burden of influenza that results in approximately 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations each year. In addition to this human toll, influenza is annually responsible for a total cost of over $10 billion in the U.S. A pandemic, or worldwide outbreak of a new influenza virus, could dwarf this impact by overwhelming our health and medical capabilities, potentially resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of hospitalizations, and hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and indirect costs. This Strategy will guide our preparedness and response activities to mitigate that impact."
- ^ Daum LT, Shaw MW, Klimov AI, et al. (August 2005). "Influenza A (H3N2) outbreak, Nepal". Emerging Infect. Dis. 11 (8): 1186–91. doi:10.3201/eid1108.050302. PMC 3320503. PMID 16102305.
"The 2003–2004 influenza season was severe in terms of its impact on illness because of widespread circulation of antigenically distinct influenza A (H3N2) Fujian-like viruses. These viruses first appeared late during the 2002–2003 influenza season and continued to persist as the dominant circulating strain throughout the subsequent 2003–2004 influenza season, replacing the A/Panama/2007/99-like H3N2 viruses (1). Of the 172 H3N2 viruses genetically characterized by the Department of Defense in 2003–2004, only one isolate (from Thailand) belonged to the A/Panama-like lineage. In February 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) changed the H3N2 component for the 2004–2005 influenza vaccine to afford protection against the widespread emergence of Fujian-like viruses (2). The annually updated trivalent vaccine consists of hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein components from influenza H3N2, H1N1, and B viruses." - ^ a b Mahmoud 2005, p. 126
"H5N1 virus is now endemic in poultry in Asia (Table 2-1) and has gained an entrenched ecological niche from which to present a long-term pandemic threat to humans. At present, these viruses are poorly transmitted from poultry to humans, and there is no conclusive evidence of human-to-human transmission. However, continued, extensive exposure of the human population to H5N1 viruses increases the likelihood that the viruses will acquire the necessary characteristics for efficient human-to-human transmission through genetic mutation or reassortment with a prevailing human influenza A virus. Furthermore, contemporary human H3N2 influenza viruses are now endemic in pigs in southern China (Peiris et al., 2001) and can reassort with avian H5N1 viruses in this 'intermediate host.' Therefore, it is imperative that outbreaks of H5N1 disease in poultry in Asia are rapidly and sustainably controlled. The seasonality of the disease in poultry, together with the control measures already implemented, are likely to reduce temporarily the frequency of H5N1 influenza outbreaks and the probability of human infection." - ^ BBC: 'Super antibody' fights off flu
- ^ Independent: Scientists hail the prospect of a universal vaccine for flu
- ^ Huffington Post: Universal Flu Vaccine On The Horizon: Researchers Find 'Super Antibody'
- ^ Clinical Services Journal article Avian influenza issues analysed published March 2006
- ^ MicrobiologyBytes: Virology: Orthomyxoviruses
- ^ UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entry P09345 Complete sequence of a cDNA clone of the hemagglutinin gene of influenza A/Chicken/Scotland/59 (H5N1) virus: comparison with contemporary North American and European strains.
- ^ RNA Journal article Identification of potential conserved RNA secondary structure throughout influenza A coding regions published May 2011
- ^ BARRY RD (August 1961). "The multiplication of influenza virus. II. Multiplicity reactivation of ultraviolet irradiated virus". Virology 14: 398–405. PMID 13687359.
- ^ HENLE W, LIU OC (October 1951). "Studies on host-virus interactions in the chick embryo-influenza virus system. VI. Evidence for multiplicity reactivation of inactivated virus". J. Exp. Med. 94 (4): 305–22. PMC 2136114. PMID 14888814.
- ^ Gilker JC, Pavilanis V, Ghys R (June 1967). "Multiplicity reactivation in gamma irradiated influenza viruses". Nature 214 (5094): 1235–7. doi:10.1038/2141235a0. PMID 6066111.
- ^ Peterhans E (May 1997). "Oxidants and antioxidants in viral diseases: disease mechanisms and metabolic regulation". J. Nutr. 127 (5 Suppl): 962S–965S. PMID 9164274.
- ^ Bernstein H, Byerly HC, Hopf FA, Michod RE (October 1984). "Origin of sex". J. Theor. Biol. 110 (3): 323–51. doi:10.1016/S0022-5193(84)80178-2. PMID 6209512.
- ^ Mahmoud 2005, p. 30
- ^ Mahmoud 2005, p. 82
"Interestingly, recombinant influenza viruses containing the 1918 HA and NA and up to three additional genes derived from the 1918 virus (the other genes being derived from the A/WSN/33 virus) were all highly virulent in mice (Tumpey et al., 2004). Furthermore, expression microarray analysis performed on whole lung tissue of mice infected with the 1918 HA/ NA recombinant showed increased upregulation of genes involved in apoptosis, tissue injury, and oxidative damage (Kash et al., 2004). These findings were unusual because the viruses with the 1918 genes had not been adapted to mice. The completion of the sequence of the entire genome of the 1918 virus and the reconstruction and characterization of viruses with 1918 genes under appropriate biosafety conditions will shed more light on these findings and should allow a definitive examination of this explanation. Antigenic analysis of recombinant viruses possessing the 1918 HA and NA by hemagglutination inhibition tests using ferret and chicken antisera suggested a close relationship with the A/swine/Iowa/30 virus and H1N1 viruses isolated in the 1930s (Tumpey et al., 2004), further supporting data of Shope from the 1930s (Shope, 1936). Interestingly, when mice were immunized with different H1N1 virus strains, challenge studies using the 1918-like viruses revealed partial protection by this treatment, suggesting that current vaccination strategies are adequate against a 1918-like virus (Tumpey et al., 2004)." - ^ Mahmoud 2005, p. 285
"As of October 2001, the potential for use of infectious agents, such as anthrax, as weapons has been firmly established. It has been suggested that attacks on a nation's agriculture might be a preferred form of terrorism or economic disruption that would not have the attendant stigma of infecting and causing disease in humans. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is on every top ten list available for potential agricultural bioweapon agents, generally following foot and mouth disease virus and Newcastle disease virus at or near the top of the list. Rapid detection techniques for bioweapon agents are a critical need for the first-responder community, on a par with vaccine and antiviral development in preventing spread of disease." - ^ "Avian influenza A(H5N1)- update 31: Situation (poultry) in Asia: need for a long-term response, comparison with previous outbreaks". Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR). WHO. 2004.
Known outbreaks of highly pathogenic flu in poultry 1959–2003. - ^ Geraci JR, St Aubin DJ, Barker IK, et al. (February 1982). "Mass mortality of harbor seals: pneumonia associated with influenza A virus". Science 215 (4536): 1129–31. doi:10.1126/science.7063847. PMID 7063847. "More than 400 harbor seals, most of them immature, died along the New England coast between December 1979 and October 1980 of acute pneumonia associated with influenza virus, A/Seal/Mass/1/180 (H7N7). The virus has avian characteristics, replicates principally in mammals, and causes mild respiratory disease in experimentally infected seals. Concurrent infection with a previously undescribed mycoplasma or adverse environmental conditions may have triggered the epizootic. The similarities between this epizootic and other seal mortalities in the past suggest that these events may be linked by common biological and environmental factors."
- ^ Mahmoud 2005, p. 15
"Unlike most other affected countries, Indonesia also instituted mass vaccination of healthy domestic birds against H5N1, followed by routine vaccination (China has a similar policy; other Asian countries are considering it [ProMED-mail, 2004j]) (Soebandrio, 2004). This is a risky strategy, because vaccinated birds can develop asymptomatic infections that allow virus to spread, mutate, and recombine (ProMED-mail, 2004j). Intensive surveillance is required to detect these "silent epidemics" in time to curtail them. In Mexico, for example, mass vaccination of chickens against epidemic H5N2 influenza in 1995 has had to continue in order to control a persistent and evolving virus (Lee et al., 2004)." - ^ CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention — Transmission of Influenza A Viruses Between Animals and People
- ^ Mahmoud 2005, p. 27
- ^ BBC News Early bird flu warning for Dutch — 6 November 2005
- ^ a b Tweed SA, Skowronski DM, David ST, et al. (December 2004). "Human illness from avian influenza H7N3, British Columbia". Emerging Infect. Dis. 10 (12): 2196–9. doi:10.3201/eid1012.040961. PMC 3323407. PMID 15663860.
- ^ CDC Key Facts About Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) and Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus
- ^ Bloomberg News article Scientists Move Closer to Understanding Flu Virus Evolution published 28 August 2006
- ^ Chen GW, Chang SC, Mok CK, et al. (September 2006). "Genomic signatures of human versus avian influenza A viruses". Emerging Infect. Dis. 12 (9): 1353–60. doi:10.3201/eid1209.060276. PMC 3294750. PMID 17073083.
- ^ de Jong MD, Bach VC, Phan TQ, et al. (February 2005). "Fatal avian influenza A (H5N1) in a child presenting with diarrhea followed by coma". N. Engl. J. Med. 352 (7): 686–91. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa044307. PMID 15716562.
- ^ Mahmoud 2005, p. 7
- ^ Detailed chart of its evolution here at PDF called Ecology and Evolution of the Flu
- ^ Mahmoud 2005, p. 115
"There is particular pressure to recognize and heed the lessons of past influenza pandemics in the shadow of the worrisome 2003–2004 flu season. An early-onset, severe form of influenza A H3N2 made headlines when it claimed the lives of several children in the United States in late 2003. As a result, stronger than usual demand for annual flu inactivated vaccine outstripped the vaccine supply, of which 10 to 20 percent typically goes unused. Because statistics on pediatric flu deaths had not been collected previously, it is unknown if the 2003–2004 season witnessed a significant change in mortality patterns." - ^ Reason New York Times This Season's Flu Virus Is Resistant to 2 Standard Drugs By Altman Published: 15 January 2006
- ^ New York Times Published: 8 November 2005 — Hazard in Hunt for New Flu: Looking for Bugs in All the Wrong Places
- ^ Schnirring, Lisa (2 April 2013). "China reports 4 more H7N9 infections". CIDRAP News.
- ^ a b CDC Avian Influenza Infection in Humans
- ^ CBS News article Dozens In Japan May Have Mild Bird Flu January 2006.
- ^ Ogata T, Yamazaki Y, Okabe N, Nakamura Y, Tashiro M, et al. (July 2008). "Human H5N2 Avian Influenza Infection in Japan and the Factors Associated with High H5N2-Neutralizing Antibody Titer" (PDF). J Epidemiol 18 (4): 160–6. doi:10.2188/jea.JE2007446. PMID 18603824.
- ^ niaid.nih.gov Timeline of Human Flu Pandemics
- ^ Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (January 2006). "1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics". Emerging Infect. Dis. 12 (1): 15–22. doi:10.3201/eid1201.050979. PMC 3291398. PMID 16494711.
- ^ Science Daily article New Study Has Important Implications For Flu Surveillance published 27 October 2006
- ^ Nelson, Martha; L. Simonsen, C. Viboud, M. A. Miller, J. Taylor, K. S. George, S. B. Griesemer et al. (December 2006). "Stochastic Processes Are Key Determinants of Short-Term Evolution in Influenza A Virus". PLoS Pathogens.
- ^ Smith, Derek J.; A. S. Lapedes, J. C. de Jong, T. M. Bestebroer, G. F. Rimmelzwaan, A. D. M. E. Osterhaus, and R. A. M. Fouchier. (July 2004). "Mapping the Antigenic and Genetic Evolution of Influenza Virus". Science 305 (5682): 371–376. doi:10.1126/science.1097211. PMID 15218094. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
Further reading[edit]
- Official sources
- Avian influenza and Influenza Pandemics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Avian influenza FAQ from the World Health Organization
- Avian influenza information from the Food and Agriculture Organization
- U.S. Government's avian influenza information website
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) Stockholm, Sweden
- General information
- "The Bird Flu and You" Full-color poster provided by the Center for Technology and National Security Policy at the National Defense University, in collaboration with the National Security Health Policy Center
- Influenza Report 2006 Online book. Research level quality information. Highly recommended.
- Special issue on avian flu from Nature
- Nature Reports: Homepage: Avian Flu
- Beigel JH, Farrar J, Han AM, et al. (September 2005). "Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans". N. Engl. J. Med. 353 (13): 1374–85. doi:10.1056/NEJMra052211. PMID 16192482.
- Pandemic Influenza: Domestic Preparedness Efforts Congressional Research Service Report on Pandemic Preparedness.
- A guide to bird flu and its symptoms from BBC Health
- A Variety of Avian Flu Images and Pictures
- Mahmoud 2005, p. 285 "Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is on every top ten list available for potential agricultural bioweapon agents"
- Mahmoud, Adel A. F; Institute of Medicine; Knobler, Stacey; Mack, Alison (2005). The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready?: Workshop Summary. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press. ISBN 0-309-09504-2.
- 'The Threat of Bird Flu': HealthPolitics.com
- Is a Global Flu Pandemic Imminent? from Infection Control Today.
- Bird Flu is a Real Pandemic Threat to Humans by Leonard Crane, author of Ninth Day of Creation.
- Links to Bird Flu pictures (Hardin MD/Univ of Iowa)
- Yoshihiro Kawaoka (2006). Influenza Virology: Current Topics. Caister Academic Pr. ISBN 1-904455-06-9.
- Francisco Sobrino; Thomas Mettenleiter (2008). Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Pr. ISBN 1-904455-22-0.
External links[edit]
- Influenza Research Database – Database of influenza genomic sequences and related information.
- Health-EU portal European Union response to influenza


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iPad is left behind as rival tablets get multiuser support
When I got my Microsoft Surface two months ago, my 11-year-old asked if he could try it. "Sure," I said, and I was able to hand it over without worry that he'd be getting into my work e-mail or accidentally tweeting on my behalf. The Surface has what the iPad lacks: multiuser support.
It's not just the Surface, either. Any Windows tablet allows different users to have their own accounts. The latest version of Android, such as on the Nexus 7 and Nexus 10, also offers this. Even Amazon's Kindle Fire HD has a … Read more

subset: commoncrawl


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Washington, DC Thursday, February 14, 2013
Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Martin Dempsey honored Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton with the Defense Department's highest award for public service. The service was held in the Pentagon auditorium where Secretary Panetta, General Dempsey and Secretary Clinton made remarks.
Updated: Thursday, February 14, 2013 at 1:36pm (ET)


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Following the previous dance hit Crank That in Beijing, I present you… Gangnam Style in Paris, and Pisa.
These photos didn't do justice to my street dance cred effort. I wish I had an iPhone camera app with burst mode back then.
On the way to Arc de Triomphe from Louvre.
In front of the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
For reference, check out the original Gangnam Style, the HOWTO, Ai Wei Wei style, Klingon style, Dwight Howard style, MIT style, Filipino Prison style, more stuffs on YouTube.


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Bradley Cooper has entered the race to portray Lance Armstrong in a bio-pic on the disgraced cycling champ.
In an interview with the BBC, the Oscar-nominated actor said he would "love" to play Armstrong, adding, "I would be interested in that. I think he's fascinating. What a fascinating character."
Paramount Pictures is planning to make an Armstrong film, but hasn't officially mentioned any casting yet, although Matt Damon, Jake Gyllenhaal, Michael Fassbender and Christian Bale have also been mentioned as possibilities for the role.


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Year: 2011
Country: Spain
Run Time: 20 minutes
Cristina and her mother live in an inner world of fear and pain, unable to regain their lives after the scars left on them by the brutal beatings of their father and husband.
CIFF Screenings
Saturday, March 31, 2012 at 11:40 PM
Shorts Program
Late Night Shorts Program #4
Ignacio Martín, Manuel Marín
Nicolas Duval-Adassovsky, Laurent Zeitoun, Yann Zenou
Olivier Nakache, Éric Toledano
Mathieu Vadepied
Dorian Rigal-Ansous
Principal Cast
François Cluzet, Omar Sy
Merry Little Christmas
Manuel Marín
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Take the college student survey to share your opinions about your school and be entered into a $1,000 scholarship!
Currently Viewing: All Majors • Communications • Graphic Communications • Graphic and Printing Equipment Operation
This course of study generally prepares individuals to apply technical knowledge and skills to plan, prepare, and execute a variety of commercial and industrial graphic communications jobs. This includes instruction in the operation and maintenance of mechanical, electronic, and digital graphic, printing, and finishing equipment; and related processes.


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A permanent and growing charitable community endowment that, through a wide variety of grants and programs, serves to enhance life in Milan, Michigan...for good, for ever.
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BY MAIL - Please mail this form to the address below.
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Milan Area Historical Society Endowment Fund, established in 2011 for the preservation, maintenance and repairs to various Historical Society buildings.
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You may donate online securely using either your PayPal account or your debit or credit card.
(Please note that you are not required
to establish a PayPal account to use this service.)
Your generous donation to these GMACF funds is tax-deductable.


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Cognizant rejigs top deck, showers promotions
Cognizant has reshuffled its top deck and effected organization changes to give more powers to its second-line leaders.
Healthkart appoints ex-Zynga exec as CTO
Healthkart has named former Farmville executive Gaurav Agarwal as its chief technology officer and head of products.
Email authentication has reduced phishing: Google
The development of email authentication standards has finally reduced email phishing scams, according to Google.
AT&T: Don't have to disclose NSA dealings
AT&T, under fire for sharing customers' records to NSA, says it isn't required to disclose to shareholders what it does with the data.
A flashlight app that kept users in the dark
This case came to light when tech-savvy customers questioned why a flashlight app would be interested in a phone's geolocation.
PayPal hackers plead guilty to cyberattack charges
A group of 13 defendants who had been charged in a cyberattack on PayPal's website pleaded guilty.
US court upholds trial plan for Nortel's $7.5bn cash
The fight over defunct Nortel's $7.5 billion in cash will be decided in joint US-Canadian court hearings and not in arbitration.
Videocon launches voucher to cut roaming call rates
Videocon Telecom has announced a special tariff voucher offering a 50% cut in outgoing roaming call rates.
US Supreme Court to decide on software patent protections
The US Supreme Court agreed to rule on the divisive issue of what kinds of software are eligible for patent protection.
Apple assures RCom of iPhone 5S supply
Reliance Communications has been assured by Apple of guaranteed iPhone 5S supplies from December 10.
Twitter to be available on phones without internet
U2opia Mobile, which has a similar tie-up with Facebook, will launch its Twitter service in the first quarter of next year.
Bharti Airtel sacks group CIO Jai Menon
Bharti Airtel has sacked Jay Menon, group CIO and the company's director of global Innovation & IT.
Why China Mobile deal means gold for Apple
It could be a huge breakthrough for Apple to win a place in the line-up of China's largest telecom provider and a big shakeup for the s...
Philips, Samsung offices raided by European Commission
Philips and Samsung were among companies visited by European Commission officers this week
Aircel may launch 4G services in India next year
Aircel could become the second company to launch 4G services in India.
Spotify to unveil free mobile streaming service
Spotify is set to announce a new way for users to pick specific tracks and listen to them on mobile devices without paying a fee.
After Amazon, Deutsche Post tests delivery drones
Germany's Deutsche Post-DHL is also testing mini-drones as a way to deliver packages across the skies to your doorstep.
Microsoft leads attack on ZeroAccess botnet
Microsoft said it had disrupted the largest network of compromised personal computers.
Look who's hiring online: Hotels, spas & hospitals
Profiles of chefs and bartenders are commonly featured on online portals, which once seemed to be confined to postings by IT workers.
How tech tools are helping hire the right talent
Online recruitment portals are developing innovative tools to help technology companies spot the right talent in a market.
Placements: Flipkart largest recruiter at IITs
Ecommerce major Flipkart has stormed the IITs emerging as the largest recruiter in the first three-and-half days of this placement seas...
HP to cut 1,124 jobs in UK: Trade union
US IT group Hewlett-Packard Co is set to cut 1,124 jobs in Britain at the start of next year, the Unite union said.
Broadband in schools get boost from tech gurus
The effort to get high-speed broadband in every school is getting a boost from the philanthropy of two technology guru.
Global semiconductor revenues up 5.2% in 2013: Gartner
Global semiconductor revenues have risen by 5.2% to $315.4 billion this year.
IIT students ditch crore-plus salaries for job profile
Two 21-year-old, soon-to-graduate IIT-K engineers stunned tech major Oracle by turning down offers of Rs 1.31 crore ($210,000) each.
Cognizant to hire 10,000 people in three years
Cognizant Technology Solutions will hire at least 10,000 people in the United States over the next three years.


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TRITON NOTES2013 All-American and CCAA champion in the javelin.
AS A JUNIOR IN 2014 Team captain.
AS A SOPHOMORE IN 2013 All-American ... USTFCCCA All-Region Team ... Placed seventh in the javelin (214'11") at his first NCAA Championships (5/25) ... CCAA champion (221'4") in the javelin, a personal-best length that also netted him UCSD's lone automatic qualifier for the season (5/4) ... Earned the CCAA Athlete of the Week after shattering the meet record to finish first at the San Diego Collegiate Challenge with a throw of 212'4" (3/9) while moving to second on UCSD's all-time top 10 list for that concentration (Week of 3/4-3/10) ... Two-time UCSDtritons.com Athlete of the Week (5/6 and 5/27).
AS A FRESHMAN IN 2012 Competed in the javelin at the CCAA Championships, where he threw a personal-best distance of 199'1" to place second overall ... Tossed the javelin 192'10" at the Cal State L.A. Last Chance Qualifier, placing fifth overall to end his season ... Won the javelin at the Soka Peace Invitational upon throwing a top distance of 192'10" ... Matched his personal-best mark of 5'10" in the high jump at the 16th Annual Rossi Relays, finishing in a tie for eighth place.
HIGH SCHOOL A 2011 graduate of Aptos High School ... Took third in the high jump at the Santa Cruz Coast Athletic League (SCCAL) Championships after clearing a personal-best height of 5'10" during his senior year (2011) ... Finished fourth in the triple jump at the same meet, leaping a personal-record distance of 40'11.5" ... Named to All-League basketball team ... SCCAL champions ... Scholar Athlete ... Averaged 14 points, five rebounds and two blocks per game with the Mariners ... Also played baseball and ran track and field at AHS.
PERSONAL Born June 23, 1993 in Redwood City ... Son of Ralph and Cynthia Howe ... Father played basketball for UC Riverside and qualified for the Olympic Trials in the javelin in Atlanta ... Has three brothers named Nick, Nolan and Nemo, as well as one older sister named Sunny ... Nick was a two-time national champion in the javelin for UCSD ... Human development major at Marshall College ... Aspires to go to medical school after graduation and eventually become an anesthesiologist ... Considers standing on the podium next to his brother Nick at the 2012 CCAA Championships as his most memorable track and field moment ... Favorite UCSD moment was competing at the Junior Outdoor National Championships ... Enjoys music ... Jim Thorpe is his favorite athlete of all time ... The Harry Potter series are his favorite movies ... Listens to "Alien of Unnatural Ability" by BaRD ... Names his father as his greatest influence in life.
2013 NCAA Division II National ChampionshipsJavelin Throw - 214'11" (Finals) - 7th Place
Triton Talk Triton InsiderAsk the Athletics Director Live StatsUCSD Hall of Fame


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Podiatry is a profession dedicated to the complete care of the feet. Most Doctors of Podiatry, or podiatrists, treat many types of foot problems, but some specialize in foot surgery or other treatments for congenital defects, diseases and injuries of the bones and joints of the foot. A podiatrist can also specialize in podopediatrics (foot ailments of children) or in podogeriatrics (foot ailments of the elderly). Like other health professionals, the podiatrist has the responsibility for referring patients to other practitioners (usually physicians) when foot problems are symptoms of other health disorders, such as diabetes and heart disease.
Students interested in podiatry should obtain their BS, although the New York College of Podiatric Medicine does accept mature and well qualified students after the completion of 90 credits. Students who apply to Schools of Podiatry take the Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT) exam. Applications to Schools of Podiatry must be made through the American Association of Podiatric Medicine Application Service (AACPMAS).
Note that applicants have until April 1st of the year in which they wish to enter to apply. Podiatry schools also will accept spring MCAT scores in evaluating students for fall admission.


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The process of buying a new Mazda car or truck can seem overwhelming if you don't know where to begin. Edmunds.com can get you started on the right track with a convenient directory of Mazda car dealerships in and around Pompano Beach, Florida. Compare online price quotes on the new or used car, truck, SUV, minivan, or wagon of your choice to locate the best deals. Edmunds.com makes it easy to find trusted Mazda car dealers in Pompano Beach, saving car buyers time and money on what will be an important purchase.
"Davin Martin sales man from lehman mazda gave me the best price in south florida. i was quoted 1500 and 950 more then lehman mazda. one dealer even tr"... Read more Review by: shamre
"I am a recent widow and went in alone to trade my Mazda Miata which I loved for a higher profile car. The car was not paid off and I needed something "... Read more Review by: talkin56


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After registering, you will receive an e-mail with your assigned password. Please click the link in that message to verify your address, change your password, and complete your member profile. Thanks!
PLEASE NOTE: Evening and weekend user registrations require administrative approval. Valid users will be approved by the next business day.


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2012 Quivira Sauvignon Blanc Fig Tree Vineyard
"Sleek and refreshing, with grassy aromatics of fresh thyme up front, featuring lemon meringue, lime, melon and grapefruit zest notes. Crisp and refreshing."
Reviewed by: Wine Spectator - 88pts
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750ml Bottle
750ml Bottle
2012 Benziger Sauvignon Blanc
"The Key lime pie, tangerine, passion fruit and mango flavors are fresh and vibrant, with a juicy core and plenty of intensity on the finish."
Reviewed by: Wine Spectator - 87pts
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Carey Parker's family noticed that the mother of three was missing in March of 1991. In fact, no one has seen Carey, 23, since March 17 of that year. On the Facebook page dedicated to the missing young woman her sister explains that, through one misunderstanding or another, the family believed that a missing person report had been filed for Carey — but it had not.
Carey's father had been caring for her children while she sorted out her recent breakup with her longtime live-in boyfriend William Cody Songer. It was during that period of time that Carey and her car vanished. When Carey's father began to worry about her, he told his a Constable friend that his daughter was missing. Carey's father came away from the conversation believing that his friend would file a missing person report, but he did not.
Meanwhile Careys' sister, who was busy caring for her newborn, having moved back from Houston to live with her father, went to the station and filed a police report. Unfortunately, the report that was filed was not a missing person report, but a request for a welfare check on Carey, who was living in Quinlan, Texas, at the time. Police went to Carey's workplace, Flanders-Precisionaire, in Terrell, Texas, where she worked nights. They talked to her co-workers, but failed to turn up any information on Carey. Carey's father decided not to pursue the matter after he got a call telling him to back off or he and her kids would wind up "just like her." He backed off, believing that the missing person report had been filed. It is not known if police ever attempted to follow up with the family.
Years passed and for some unknown reason no other family member seems to have checked on the case.
In 2010, Carey's sister followed up on the case and called the Hunt County Sheriff's Office. She soon discovered that there was no missing person report on her sister, so she filed one: Case number M12-10-006. The case was 19-years cold by then and has not gone anywhere. There are no new leads on Carey's whereabouts, her car is still missing and police have not interviewed anyone in connection with her disappearance. Most of the information her family has is secondhand at best, hearsay at worst.
Carey would be 46 years old on May 12, 2013. She was 5-feet-seven-inches tall, with brown hair and blue eyes. She sometimes wore glasses and had an indentation on one leg from a car accident. She drove a 1980 blue and gray Buick Skylark sedan with Texas tags. Her DNA has been submitted to NamUS.
Anyone with any information on Carey should contact Detective Jeff Haines at the Hunt County Sherriff's Office by phone at (903) 453-6809, or by email at email@example.com; or message her sister through Carey's Facebook page.
Colorado Police Ask for Help Solving Possible Serial Killer Cold Cases


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Man dismissed from job after 11 years with firm (From Kidderminster Shuttle)
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Man dismissed from job after 11 years with firm
2:25pm Friday 27th April 2012 in News
AN employee's dash lasting just under two minutes, from a Sainsbury's store at Amblecote, Stourbridge, to his car and back to his job, cost a Kidderminster baker his job after 11 years with the firm.
Sainsbury's told a Birmingham Employment Tribunal hearing that Mr Steven Tyler of Quantock Drive, Kidderminster, had left the store without permission.
The store had a strict policy about employees leaving the premises without permission and Mr Tyler was dismissed for breaching the regulations following a disciplinary hearing, it was said.
Mr Tyler was seeking compensation against Sainsbury's for unfair dismissal after complaining the dismissal decision had been harsh.
Mr Tyler normally worked as a baker on the night shift at Sainsbury's store at Kidderminster but had been transferred to the firm's store at Amblecote, Stourbridge,on a temporary basis because the Kidderminster store was being refurbished at the time.
During the first night at the Amblecote store Mr Tyler says, in his statement, that he needed to get money from his car in the car park and briefly left his job. He said he intended to dash back to his position as soon as possible.
"The CCTV time bar showed I was away from my position for only one minute 48 seconds," he said in his statement. "Ironically, I was doing bread and rolls for the Kidderminster store at the time."
He said he believed he was unfairly dismissed.
The tribunal was told by one employee, that Sainsbury's were autocratic if there was a breach of regulations but that the management was always prepared to try out new ideas put forward by employees.
Questions were raised at the hearing about the use of a back door at the Amblecote store, whether it was covered by CCTV and if the footage had been viewed as evidence during the firm's disciplinary hearing for Mr Tyler.
He was said to have spoken to an employee at the door as he went to his car.
The hearing had been listed for one day but tribunal judge Mr John Keith said he would have to adjourn the case to a later date to hear more evidence.
Mr Tyler said he now had another job – in a factory.
Sainsbury's at Kidderminster is now open after being closed for the refurbishment.


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One of the most extravagant houses in the Old South was Rosedown Plantation in West Feliciana Parish. Mary Thompson, the great-, great-granddaughter of the builders of this home, gives us a glimpse of a lifestyle that is now "gone with the wind." The English are notorious for mixing their liquor with sweets. Anne Butler, a seventh generation owner of Butler-Greenwood Plantation, and her cousin Bob, indulge Chef Folse's taste buds with Whiskey Cake. Dudley Smith and Smithfield Fair perform delightful pieces representative of the British influence in Louisiana.
Visit the Website: http://www.lpb.org/programs/tasteofla/ourfoodheritage/
Episode #1119 / Length: 26 minutes
On TV
- Monday, December 2nd at 6:00 AM on KLRU Create
- Monday, December 2nd at 12:00 PM on KLRU Create
- Tuesday, December 3rd at 12:00 AM on KLRU Create


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Accessories and Games
Explore a Whole New Level of Passionate Play
Adult novelties is a multi-billion dollar industry. Good Clean Love has sorted through the mess to offer you the very best toys, games and accessories to discover new sides to the trust and pleasure of your intimate times.
We have chosen a high quality selection of games and toys for your intimate play as well. Sometimes adding a bit of structure can actually loosen up the time you share with your partner and provoke entirely new exchanges. Try one of these games and find out.
Items 1 to 10 of 12 total
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Mimi Rhinstone Nipple covers
$13.00Be the star of the show with these ultra-glamorous rhinestone pasties. -
Cosmo's Naughty Notes
$10.00These Naughty Notes are jam-packed with 100 sizzling stickies sure to ignite your man's passion. -
Mimi Rhinestone Pasties
$13.00These are perfect for the most romantic of evenings…with a naughty surprise! -
Bristols 6 Nippies - Patch of Freedom
$16.00Feel sexy and confident knowing your goods are stylishly covered, and if a slip happens, you'll be "haute"!
Items 1 to 10 of 12 total
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I have always loved being outside – riding my bike around the neighborhood, playing on sports teams, building forts in the back yard.
During college I began to run more often. I entered my first race when I was in graduate school and that is when I probably caught the bug . Once I moved to Charleston, I fell into running with a great group of people. They encouraged me to start doing track workouts on Tuesday nights. I was running 21 minute 5ks before I started track and never thought I would get under 20 minutes. After I started track,, my times started to drop. It was so fun to get faster! I'm not a very competitive person – except with myself. Running is perfect for me. There is always the wonder if I can get a little faster, if I can go a little longer. I also love that running allows me to spend time outside. All I need are my shoes and I'm out the door – rain, sun, wind, morning, night – it doesn't matter. I can just go. And I love it.
Personal Records:
5K: 17:32 (James Island Connector Run 5K 11/5/11)
10K: 36:59 (Hell Hole Swamp 10K 5/7/11)
15K: 59:58 (Charlie Post 15k)
Half Marathon: 1:25:51 (Kiawah Half Marathon 12/9/06)
Marathon: 3:11:50 (New York City Marathon 11/2006)
*Winner of Marcus Newberry Award in 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011 (award given to the fastest local male and female finishers in the Cooper River Bridge Run)
*Currently ranked number 1 in SC Road Race Rankings compiled by Bill Marable.
2011 Races
11/24/11 Turkey Day 17:30
11/5/11 James Island Connector 5k 17:32 (PR) 2nd female
10/15/11 Race for the Cure 5k 18:11 1st female
7/4/11 Firecracker 5000 (Hilton Head) 17:44 1st female
6/4/11 Floppin' Flounder 5k 17:39 1st female
5/21/11 Run Forest Run 5k 18:04 1st female
5/7/11 Hell Hole Swamp 10k 36:59 (PR) 1st female
4/2/11 Cooper River Bridge Run 10k 37:57 16th female, 1st local
3/17/11 Catch the Leprechaun 5k 18:20 1st female


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Management of waste oil in Botswana and the possibilities of energy recovery from waste oil
Title: | Management of waste oil in Botswana and the possibilities of energy recovery from waste oil |
Author: | Ketlogetswe, C. |
Abstract: | Since independence, the economy of Botswana has been undergoing a rapid transition from one in which the majority of the people depend on traditional agriculture and pastoralism to one in which formal sector employment predominates. This is partly reflected by rapid increase in vehicle population. Because of these changes, the country started to experience environmental problems. Unfortunately from the time of independence until late eighties, the level of environmental awareness in the country was very low, and therefore waste minimisation and reduction of environmental impact procedures were never in place. To date, many organisations in the country still seem not to be committed to reducing and disposing their wastes in environmentally friendly manner. The need to reconcile development with environmental concern, thus sustainable development, is vital. For the country to achieve that, an introduction of environmental impact assessment in Botswana is essential, and thus, the main thrust of the current investigation is to determine the level of concern about environmental problems posed by waste engine oil in various organisations in the country. Management of various organisations were interviewed on their methods of waste engine oil disposal. It was found that the disposal of waste engine oil by many organizations is resulting in serious environmental problems. |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10311/659 |
Date: | 1998-04 |
Publisher: | University of Botswana, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, http://ajol.info/index.php/bjt |
xmlui.dri2xhtml.METS-1.0.item-type: | Published Article |
Files in this item
Files | Size | Format | View |
Ketlogetswe_BJT_1998.pdf | 3.285Mb |
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The Inn at Brookeville Farms
Online Reservations
Great little restaurant. Food was very good and service was as well. Several good options on menu. Excellent wine list too.
Love the new reservation system. This was really easy to use......... Waiter was great and very professional
We had a not so good experience with food a couple of weeks back. This time we had a really nice time with food and service. I asked for a "nice" martini and he suggested a raspberry martini -- it was great. Also this time we tried small plates instead of entree. We enjoyed everything.
We had a private dining room. Great waiters. Fantastic food. It was perfect.
We came here for Mother's Day brunch. It's a lovely place and the food and service are very good . But what we appreciated most was that, even though it was crowded, the tables were large and well spaced so we weren't on top of other diners. I would like to come back here for dinner sometime.
We went to the Inn at Brookeville because a favorite location was not open that evening. What a pleasant surprise. The menu was varied and the dishes we had were superb. My wife had the beef tenderloin and a salad, and I had the sea bass. We were there to celebrate our wedding anniversary and found ourselves in a private little area. We were able to talk without difficulty and enjoy each other's company. The Inn at Brookeville is on our list of places to return to.
I moved out of the area years ago, so I was at a loss when I had to find a handicap accessible restaurant for my father's birthday. The great service started when I called ahead to confirm logistics and continued through to the end of the meal. Our waitress made sure we were seated in a good spot with plenty of room for Dad's wheelchair. Our orders were taken promptly and served well. Towards the end of the meal, I asked for a little special birthday dessert w/ candle which was nicely accommodated and well-timed. The food was excellent. I was expecting an overpriced ok meal; we got three really terrific lunches. We had the ribeye sandwich, crabcake sandwich and the chicken wrap. All were well cooked and freshly made. Will go back here!
At a time where quality restaurants are being replaced by national fast food chains, it is wonderful to find a place that has it all--a beautiful setting, great food, attentive service, and quiet (no loud kids screaming). As a plus this restaurants is affordable and not difficult to get a reservation. We loved the option of small plates so there is room for their fabulous desserts.
This was my second visit to Brookeville Farms. I went with a friend for brunch/lunch. I was concerned that our service might not be great as there was a wedding that day, and though the kitchen seemed a little slow, the service overall was excellent. Food was fresh and very well prepared. Portion sizes were generous without being overwhelming. The only thing I would caution diners about is the ambiance: don't expect a trendy place. It's a comfortable space, but chic it isn't. It is a great place to meet a friend for a chat over an unhurried meal.
The food was great for a special night out! Staff is some time thin but the food is incredible.
Took my in-laws for Father's day dinner, not knowing that my MIL has been before with a group. 5pm reservation, so there were not many people there yet. Food was excellent, although I had to send my lamb back because it was over-cooked, but the replacement was fine. Absolutely loved the crab spring roll! One issue with sitting outside on the patio is that it is near some of the A/C compressors, so there was constant hum in the background - but not enough to affect conversation. Also, the patio is much more casual than the inside dining - iron tables & chairs, no table cloths. The wait-staff was attentive & knowledgeable about the menu. Will definitely return.
Quaint, friendly neighborhood restaurant in an old farmhouse - think farm to table meets urban bistro Note: for a suburban neighborhood haunt, tough to beat - not a NYC hot spot, but not trying to be either - refreshing! Best dishes of the evening - Appetizer: Maine Diver Scallops - grilled to perfection with a light dijonaise sauce on the side Entree: Maryland Crab Cakes - pan sautéed with just enough binder to hold them together - fabulous Dessert: Champagne Sorbet with Fresh Fruit - feather light and pallete cleansing
We had a group of nine family members celebrating a birthday and appreciated being seated in a separate area that allowed us some privacy. Our waiter was knowledgeable and personable. At first, the teenagers in our group were a little concerned about finding something they would like on the menu but the hamburger under "small plates" was fantastic--and anything but small. Several people in our group got the crab spring rolls and thought they were excellent. The rest of our meals were also delicious. Brookeville Inn turned out to be a great choice for our family celebration.
Dinner is always a pleasant experience - good service and the mussels are always fresh and interestingly prepared.
Tucked away in a Maryland suburb is a historic house turned restaurant. It has been a staple in Olney, Maryland for a good number of years now. It is what you expect in a historic house, lots of charm and warm temperatures in the summer; cool in the winters. The food is worth the trip. Fresh salads and seafood, excellent beef dishes. The guest is greeted warmly, and the meal begins with homemade biscuits. I'm a coffee drinker and enjoy the fact that they make a fresh brew just for me when I arrive. The Inn is a welcome change to the typical Brass and Glass and fast-food restaurants popping up all around. Maryland needs more Chef-owned restaurants! But at least in Olney, Maryland they have one!
I had chosen this spot to meet a friend for her birthday dinner because it was convenient. My husband and I had been there a few times several years ago and had been underimpressed, but geography ruled. IT WAS FABULOUS! Our food was delicious, and very hot when approriate. It was gourmet, but not way out there. The service was fabulous. Jonathan was attentive, but not hovering. His suggestions were just right . We had a small room to ourselves and since we were having such a great time, that was just as well! My husband and I will definitely try it out again.
Romantic setting, comfortable and relaxing - great service and lovely dish selections...make for a fine dining experience!
We had a nice lunch on the patio on a beautiful day..
Dinner was great!! Very impressed. I have lived here for about 20 years but have never been until this weekend. I will definetely be going back. We had a room to ourselves-a party of 8. Our waiter was very attentive and had great suggestions for us. It was really a very good experience!
Decided to enjoy Sunday - a " Breakfast Brunch" - lovely setting, both inside & out. Server attentive, without being overbearing. Home made , warm mini croissant a nice touch, soon after seated. Delicious. My husband VERY pleased with his order - I'm afraid mine was over done & I should have said something at the time. Have been here once before - all was most satisfactory. Like eating in a beautiful old home, landscaping nicely done - and very calming, that time on a Sunday morning! A wedding was to take place - quiote a few held here, and we were impressed with all the work they put into each event - to make that couple feel special.
Beautiful in a restored farmhouse that's now an Inn & restaurant. Staff is pleasant & well meaning, but do not seem trained in service. My husband & I are approaching our 60s, yet the food runners insisted on calling us guys. "Hey, guys how's your wine?" One of the food runners threw the soup in front of my husband and left, even though I was the one that had ordered that appetizer. The waiter was far more polished, but we saw less of him than of the runners and bus staff, so the untrained staff left the biggest impression. Our food was cooked from excellent ingredients, but the crabcakes were deep fried (unexpected) and unspiced (disappointing). The tenderloin was quite good, but the dish was quite basic.
We went on a Friday night and the place was pretty dead. This was nice because we had a whole room to ourselves. I had the Crab Spring Roll and my wife had the Corn Soup for an appetizer. Both were delicious and a great start to our meal. For an entree we both had the Fillet. The chef cooked it to perfection. We planned for 2.5 hours for dinner. But since it was pretty dead, we were in and out within an hour. My wife and I didn't know what else to do in the area so we returned home early to the babysitter's surprise.
We really enjoyed dinner in this elegant mansion. The beautifully furnished small dining room enabled us to converse comfortably while enjoying our tasty martinis. The food was very special, starting with savory biscuits, puree of pumpkin/squash soup and an abundant salad. I had my eye on the scallop appetizer in lobster champagne sauce and was pleased that they could serve this as an entrée by increasing the number of scallops and adding steamed spinach and pureed cauliflower. My friend enjoyed her tasty crab cakes served on sautéed red cabbage. For dessert we shared the chocolate bombe with homemade orange ice cream and fresh fruits. A fabulous dining experience! No need to wait for a special occasion.
What a magnificent restaurant all around. The Inn itself is stunning. The food was superb as well as the service. They honored our reservation time on a busy Saturday night and the atmosphere for our party of four was intimate., not noisy or crowded. The food was prepared and served with care. The dinner was plated elegantly and served at a leisurely pace. We were made to feel special although it was our first visit. We all look forward to returning in the near future.
We had a late family lunch the day before Thanksgiving here and the restaurant was very quiet. However the food was very good and the personalized service was outstanding. We had our own room; the outdoors and location were very nice but we didnt explore. This is our second visit and I would highly recommend.
My close friend and I had a wonderful time at the Inn. The special menu for the day was so on target that we enjoyed the ambience as atmospheric and hospitable. We are definitely considering to make a future reservation for the Christmas holiday.
The cheese and sausage plate was a little unappealing and the rolls were not very good. However, the entree was excellent - quite possibly the best turkey breast I have ever had. The gravy was also excellent, quite light. I had the arugula salad which was delightful as was the spice cake. The service seemed a little inexperienced but they were so willing and cheerful that it was easy to give them the benefit of the doubt. I expect they put on extra help for the holiday. With just a little fine tuning they could easily improve the experience.
They nailed it. As we were leaving the restaurant, I walked up to people going in and recommended the lemon and pistachio cheesecake. I'll probably never have it again, but that one glorious time . . .


text: I saw an ad in my local classified fore someone selling a Time Killers arcade machine for $50. I've never played or seen this game, but the extrememly cheap price interests me, and since it the next town over and I have a truck and a lift, transporting would not be an issue. Assuming that it's working and in decent shape, is this game worth the price?


text:
Camps For Curious Minds
A Science Celebration®
Winter Break Camps at Pacific Science Center: December 30 - January 3
Get Set to be a Vet – Grades 1-3 FULL - NO MORE OPEN SPACES AVAILABLE
It's all about animals from A – Z, inside and out in this camp. Discover amazing features of your favorite creatures as you examine x-rays, study skeletons, delve into digestive tracts and mimic the motions of the animal world. Get an up-close look at animal medicine and see how a vet figures out what's ailing your pet. Dogs, cats, horses and lizards... they're all in a day's work for a vet!
- Time: 8:30a.m-4:00p.m.
- Price: Member $285, Non-member $310
ChemLab, Inc. – Grades 4-6
Congratulations! You've just been hired by ChemLab, Inc. — a world-class chemistry laboratory. Join your new coworkers to conduct research on a variety of household products, test ideas and make recommendations based on your findings. Analyze endothermic and exothermic reactions and then design an instant cold pack. Extract the chemical components of toothpaste to evaluate their effectiveness and analyze the water density of popcorn. Lab coats, test tubes, variables and controls will all be used in this foray into the life of a chemist!
- Time: 8:30a.m-4:00p.m.
- Price: Member $285, Non-member $310
2014 Mid-winter Break Camps will be offered at Pacific Science Center in Seattle and Mercer Slough Environmental Education Center in Bellevue. Spring Break Camps will be offered at Pacific Science Center in Seattle, Mercer Slough Environmental Education Center in Bellevue and St. Thomas School in Medina.
Camp Information and Policies
Please have the following available when you register:
- Emergency contact name and phone.
- Child's insurance information.
- Child's medications/dosages/prescribing physician's name.
A note for those registering multiple children: when registering multiple children you must register one child at a time. Once you have completed the registration for your first child you will then see the "add another camper" button allowing you to choose camps for a second child.
For Questions call Education Registration at (206) 443-2925.
Cancellation Policy: Requests for withdrawal from camp must be received at least two weeks before camp start date. A $100 processing fee will be retained per camp. No refunds will be given within two weeks of the camp start date.
Transfer Policy: To transfer sessions, please call (206) 443-2925. There will be $20 processing fee per transfer (excluding transfer resulting from openings on our camp waiting list which are free of charge).
Kid Code: At pick-up you will be asked the Kid Code you selected at registration. This code functions as a password; share this code only with anyone authorized to pick-up your child. This is a security measure to ensure all campers leave with authorized adults. Camp staff will release campers only to those who know the Kid Code, or who show picture identification that matches names listed on the medical form. If you forget your Kid Code before camp begins, ask the teachers as you drop off your child on the first day of camp.
Campers should bring the following each day:
- Two snacks
- Sack lunch
- Water bottle
- Any medications listed on your medical form
Attendance: We expect children to attend each day of their camp (except for illness) and to arrive and depart at the scheduled time.
- Children arriving late or leaving early must be escorted by camp staff. Parents must wait for camp staff; this process can take over 15 minutes.
- Late arrival and early pick-up are disruptive to the entire camp as many of our activities are cumulative and group based. Please avoid scheduling appointments and other activities during the camp day.
- If you plan to pick-up early, notify your child's teacher in advance and pick up your child before 3 p.m. After this time, camp staff may be unavailable to escort your child.
Communication during Camp: Each afternoon, we will send a daily camp summary from your camper's teachers to the email address provided at registration.
Parent Presentations: Some camps have a parent presentation on the last day of camp. Look for more information in your daily parent letter.
Field Trips: Some camps have a field trip during the week. Look for more information in your daily parent letter.
Location-specific information for camps:


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Dodge/RCH Weekend Preview
Thursday, February 21, 2013 | 10:40 AMMore than 70,000 fans are expected to fill the indoor stadium as the southeastern part of the United States will get its first look at the series' high-flying motorcycle acrobats. If recent trends continue, earning the "Nuclear Cowboyz Holeshot Award" will be a key to victory Saturday night. Back-to-back race winners – Davi Millsaps (San Diego) and Ryan Villopoto (Arlington) – grabbed the lead on hole shots and led wire-to-wire en route to race victories. In the last 100 laps of competition, only six riders have led. Perfecting the starting technique is key for riders hoping to challenge for the win in the 20-lap SX450 Main Event.
"I think we're starting to see a trend, especially with the top three riders," said 15-time champion and RCH Racing owner Ricky Carmichael who won five SX races at the Georgia Dome from 2001 to 2007. "The top three riders finished inside the top three each weekend. The competition is so close that the starts are so important. I think we're going to see a trend and also see the same guys up front every single weekend, almost in the same order. It's starting to get crunch time and the top guys are really going to be focused."
Broc Tickle (No. 20 Dodge/Sycuan Casino/RCH Racing/Bel-Ray/
"I was happy with how I rode in Arlington last weekend," Tickle said. "My Main Event race was the best 20 laps that I've put in this year. We're heading in the right direction despite it taking a little bit longer than we wanted. I think we're starting to see the results of all the work that our Dodge/Sycuan Casino/RCH Racing/Bel-Ray/Suzuki team has been putting into the racing."
Josh Hill (No. 75 Dodge/Sycuan Casino/RCH Racing/Bel-Ray/Suzuki Z450) continues his comeback after being sidelined with a broken right hand since the season-opening event at Anaheim. Hill has made consecutive Main Event starts since returning two weeks ago in San Diego with finishes of 18th (San Diego) and 15th (Arlington).
Hill has a pair of top-10 finishes in three previous Main Event starts at the Georgia Dome. He finished 19th in his debut and followed with finishes of ninth and sixth the last two seasons.
"Man, the Georgia Dome fans are rad," said Hill. "Atlanta is a great stop on the tour. They usually sell out all 72,000 seats for the race. The fans are crazy and understand racing. They only get one Supercross race a year and they make the most of it.
"The dirt is going to be completely different. I've heard that it will be a little more hard-packed than before. It will be new dirt and a new layout, but it's the Georgia Dome and the place will be packed."
SPEED's live coverage of Round 8 from Atlanta on Saturday will begin at 7:30 p.m. (ET).
The Race: Monster Energy AMA Supercross Series – Round 8 of 17
The Place: Georgia Dome, Atlanta
The Date: Saturday, Feb. 23
The Time: 7:30 p.m. (ET)
TV: SPEED (Live), Saturday, Feb. 23 at 7:30 p.m. (ET)
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Check out THE MOTOCROSS OF 40 NATIONS
in our Latest issue of Racer X available now.The 2013 FIM Motocross of Nations at Teutschenthal, Germany, hosted teams from a record forty countries. Here's how it played out for each of them. Page 90.
The Conversation
I do not understand why everyone pumps this team so much. I am not trying to be disrespectful at all but Speed TV gives the RCH guys to much attention. Other riders that are racing better should get the spot light they do. Just my two cents but there are riders placing higher every week who deserve the fame. Maybe having a team owner as a commentator has something to do with.
I agree, i have a lot of respect for the goat. His riders aren't lighting it up but get a lot of attention. I would respect that team if they got rid of that clown Watson. He's a low life punk . Doesn't fit with the goat. ( no disrespect to Hill/Tickle)


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RWJF Forum Series
The Power of Placebo
This forum series, co-sponsored by RWJF, brings physicians, neuroscientists and the public together to understand "the big question: why we have the placebo effect."
You are now viewing 1 - 6 of 6 results
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A Force Multiplier: Spreading Medical Knowledge, Expanding Health Care Capacity
December 1, 2009 | Issue Brief, Audio, Presentation Material, Report, Video
Health policy experts discuss various care management programs which seek to reduce costs while enhancing quality for people with complex health care needs. Patients with complex health care needs account for a high percentage of annual medical ex ...
November 23, 2009 | Video, Story
Initiative is developing evidence about the most effective ways of organizing, financing and delivering public health services.
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Nurse-Family Partnership programs such as Kane Kares help change the lives of vulnerable first-time mothers and their babies through ongoing home visits from registered nurses.
June 5, 2008 | Toolkit, Video
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He was at work at the time and planned to head to his mother's birthday party afterward.
When his two children called a second time, this time after dark, he decided to return home.
"I went to the house and there wasn't anything out of place. Everything was right where it was supposed to be. I waited and waited. Around 8 o'clock or so, I called the police," he said.
An exhaustive investigation followed. For months, local, state and federal investigators interviewed dozens of family members, friends, neighbors and co-workers to no avail, said the Lititz Borough police news release.
Four days after she disappeared, Brenda Heist's car was found legally parked in a parking spot in a nearby city.
There was no damage to the car, but it was parked near a bus station.
When police scoured bus and airline schedules, they couldn't find any bookings for Brenda Heist, according to case details provided by the Monroe County Sheriff's Office.
Under suspicion
Lee Heist even became a suspect, though he was eventually cleared.
"The police always asked me if I wanted to have an attorney present, I said 'No, I don't need one.' I gave them total access to the house, to the computer, whatever they needed. I wanted answers," Lee Heist said.
The investigation continued for several years.
Six years after Heist went missing, Lititz police invited the Lancaster County Major Crimes Unit to join them in conducting a cold case investigation.
Detectives from all over the county interviewed several old and new witnesses, poring over every bit of evidence collected during the original investigation, said the Lititz police news release.
"We couldn't overlook anything, so it went in many different directions. We would have calls every so often where somebody would say that they saw her. Many people became persons-of-interest," Schofield said.
"We'd get a call from someone who said she was buried in the woods, only to find out it was only a dirt mound when we went to investigate. Individuals were acting suspicious, calling saying they knew where she was. We'd just find out later that they were mentally unstable."
While police did find some new information, all of their leads came up short.
"I won't even get into the number of psychics who called in, saying they knew where she was. Obviously that didn't pan out," he said.
Despite years of dedicated investigation, it seemed like an answer to Heist's whereabouts would never be found.
Not without her children
Friends and family were convinced that something bad had happened to her.
While they couldn't determine how she disappeared, they all agreed on one thing: There was no way Heist would ever leave her children, or so they thought.
"When the investigation first began, after interviewing all of her family and friends, neighbors, co -workers, the one consistent thing they all said was that she would never leave on her own. She would never leave her children behind," said Schofield.
"The fact that she left on her own was one of the theories, but it was at the bottom of the list," he said.
In 2010, Lee Heist filed a petition with the county court to have Brenda declared legally deceased, according to the Lititz police news release. It was a measure necessary for closure, he said.
He later remarried.


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Forgot to post on our stay 2/24/13. After going to the Smoky mtns in the fall of 2012 we used our free room from the buy one get one offer of Choice hotels. Went skiing at Crystal with wife, daughter, son in law, and 3 grandsons. Booked the suite for them above lobby that had king bed, a small kitchen... More
- Also Known As:
- Econo Lodge Traverse City
- Traverse City Econo Lodge
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Family owned and operated. Located seven miles south of downtown Traverse City, near Interlochen, Buckley and Kingsley. Recent upgrades include: new carpet, new wallpaper, in-room coffee makers, expanded wif-fi service throughout the building, flat screen TV's in most guest rooms. All rooms are now equipped with microwaves and refrigerators. Other amenities include: free continental breakfast, indoor pool and hot tub, in-room hair dryers. Dogs accepted with permission. We have parking available for trucks, trailers, motor coaches and other large vehicles. We offer wine tour packages in cooperation with the Leelanau Peninsula Vintner's Association several times throughout the year. If you have a special need/request, please contact the hotel directly. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Orbitz, Booking.com, Priceline, Travelocity, Choice Hotels, Expedia and Hotels.com so you can book your Econo Lodge reservations with confidence. We help millions of travellers each month to find the perfect hotel for both holiday and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.