text:
Cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear colorless bodily fluid found in the brain and spine. It is produced in the choroid plexus of the brain. It acts as a cushion or buffer for the cortex, providing a basic mechanical and immunological protection to the brain inside the skull, and it serves a vital function in cerebral autoregulation of cerebral blood flow.
The CSF occupies the subarachnoid space (the space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater) and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord. It constitutes the content of the ventricles, cisterns, and sulci of the brain, as well as the central canal of the spinal cord.
CSF serves four primary purposes:
- Buoyancy: The actual mass of the human brain is about 1400 grams; however, the net weight of the brain suspended in the CSF is equivalent to a mass of 25 grams.[1] The brain therefore exists in neutral buoyancy, which allows the brain to maintain its density without being impaired by its own weight, which would cut off blood supply and kill neurons in the lower sections without CSF.[2]
- Protection: CSF protects the brain tissue from injury when jolted or hit. In certain situations such as auto accidents or sports injuries, the CSF cannot protect the brain from forced contact with the skull case, causing hemorrhaging, brain damage, and sometimes death.[2]
- Chemical stability: CSF flows throughout the inner ventricular system in the brain and is absorbed back into the bloodstream, rinsing the metabolic waste from the central nervous system through the blood–brain barrier. This allows for homeostatic regulation of the distribution of neuroendocrine factors, to which slight changes can cause problems or damage to the nervous system. For example, high glycine concentration disrupts temperature and blood pressure control, and high CSF pH causes dizziness and syncope.[2] To use Davson's term, the CSF has a "sink action" by which the various substances formed in the nervous tissue during its metabolic activity diffuse rapidly into the CSF and are thus removed into the bloodstream as CSF is absorbed.[3]
- Prevention of brain ischemia: The prevention of brain ischemia is made by decreasing the amount of CSF in the limited space inside the skull. This decreases total intracranial pressure and facilitates blood perfusion.
Various comments by ancient physicians have been read as referring to CSF. Hippocrates discussed "water" surrounding the brain when describing congenital hydrocephalus, and Galen referred to "excremental liquid" in the ventricles of the brain, which he believed was purged into the nose. But for some 16 intervening centuries of ongoing anatomical study, CSF remains unmentioned in the literature. This is perhaps because of the prevailing autopsy technique, which involved cutting off the head, thereby removing evidence of the CSF before the brain was examined. The modern rediscovery of CSF is now credited to Emanuel Swedenborg. In a manuscript written between 1741 and 1744, unpublished in his lifetime, Swedenborg referred to CSF as "spirituous lymph" secreted from the roof of the fourth ventricle down to the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. This manuscript was eventually published in translation in 1887.[4]
Albrecht von Haller, a Swiss physician and physiologist, Avery Kinsey, made note in his 1747 book on physiology that the "water" in the brain was secreted into the ventricles and absorbed in the veins, and when secreted in excess, could lead to hydrocephalus.[4]
Francois Magendie studied the properties of CSF by vivisection. He discovered the foramen Magendie, the opening in the roof of the fourth ventricle, but mistakenly believed that CSF was secreted by the pia mater.[4]
Thomas Willis (noted as the discoverer of the circle of Willis) made note of the fact that the consistency of the CSF is altered in meningitis.[4]
In 1891, W. Essex Wynter began treating tubercular meningitis by tapping the subarachnoid space, and Heinrich Quincke began to popularize lumbar puncture, which he advocated for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.[4] In 19th and early 20th century literature, particularly German medical literature, liquor cerebrospinalis was a term used to refer to CSF.
In 1912, William Mestrezat gave the first accurate description of the chemical composition of the CSF. In 1914, Harvey W. Cushing published conclusive evidence that the CSF is secreted by the choroid plexus.[4]
CSF is produced in the brain by modified ependymal cells in the choroid plexus (approx. 50-70%) and the remainder is formed around blood vessels and along ventricular walls. It circulates from the lateral ventricles to the foramina of Monro (Interventricular foramina), third ventricle, aqueduct of Sylvius (Cerebral aqueduct), fourth ventricle, foramen of Magendie (Median aperture) and foramina of Luschka (Lateral apertures), subarachnoid space over brain and spinal cord. It should be noted that the CSF moves in a pulsatile manner throughout the CSF system with nearly zero net flow. CSF is reabsorbed into venous sinus blood via arachnoid granulations.
It had been thought that CSF returns to the vascular system by entering the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid granulations (or villi). However, some[5] have suggested that CSF flow along the cranial nerves and spinal nerve roots allow it into the lymphatic channels; this flow may play a substantial role in CSF reabsorbtion, in particular in the neonate, in which arachnoid granulations are sparsely distributed. The flow of CSF to the nasal submucosal lymphatic channels through the cribriform plate seems to be especially important.[6]
The brain produces roughly 500 mL of cerebrospinal fluid per day. The fluid is continuously reabsorbed at a constant rate, so only 100-160 mL of CSF is usually present in the at one time. The production of CSF starts with blood plasma being filtrated via the capillaries of the brain. Blood plasma is modified by ependymal cells upon passage. As a result, CSF contains more sodium and chloride compared to blood plasma, but it contains reduced levels of potassium, calcium and glucose and it has very little amounts of protein. [7] [8]
Amount and constitution[edit]
The CSF contains approximately 0.3% plasma proteins, or approximately 15 to 40 mg/dL, depending on sampling site,[9] and it is produced at a rate of 500 ml/day. Since the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord can contain only 135 to 150 ml, large amounts are drained primarily into the blood through arachnoid granulations in the superior sagittal sinus. Thus the CSF turns over about 3.7 times a day. This continuous flow into the venous system dilutes the concentration of larger, lipid-insoluble molecules penetrating the brain and CSF.[10]
CSF pressure, as measured by lumbar puncture (LP), is 10-18 cmH2O (8-15 mmHg or 1.1-2 kPa) with the patient lying on the side and 20-30cmH2O (16-24 mmHg or 2.1-3.2 kPa) with the patient sitting up.[11] In newborns, CSF pressure ranges from 8 to 10 cmH2O (4.4–7.3 mmHg or 0.78–0.98 kPa). Most variations are due to coughing or internal compression of jugular veins in the neck. When lying down, the cerebrospinal fluid as estimated by lumbar puncture is similar to the intracranial pressure.
There are quantitative differences in the distributions of a number of proteins in the CSF. In general, globular proteins and albumin are in lower concentration in ventricular CSF compared to lumbar or cisternal fluid.[12] The IgG index of cerebrospinal fluid is a measure of the immunoglobulin G content, and is elevated in multiple sclerosis. It is defined as IgG index = (IgGCSF / IgGserum ) / (albuminCSF / albuminserum).[13] A cutoff value has been suggested to be 0.73, with a higher value indicating presence of multiple sclerosis.[13]
Reference ranges[edit]
Substance | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Corresponds to % of that in plasma[clarification needed] |
Osmolality | 280[14] | 300[14] | mmol/L | |
Sodium | 135[14] | 150[14] | mmol/L | |
Potassium | 2.6[14] | 3.0[14] | mmol/L | |
Chloride | 115[14] | 130[14] | mmol/L | >100%[14] |
Calcium | 1.00[14] | 1.40[14] | mmol/L | ~50%[14] |
Magnesium | 1.2[14] | 1.5[14] | mmol/L | >100%[14] |
Iron | 0.2[14] | 0.4[14] | µmol/L |
Substance | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Corresponds to % of that in plasma |
Glucose | 50[15] | 80[15] | mg/dL | ~60%[14] |
2.2,[16] 2.8[14] | 3.9,[16] 4.4[14] | mmol/L | ||
Protein | 15[14][15] | 40,[9] 45[14][15] | mg/dL | ~1%[14] |
Albumin | 7.8[17] | 40[17] | mg/dL | 0[18] - 0.7%[18] - corresponding to an albumin (CSF/serum) quotient of 0 to 7x10−3 |
Lactate | 1.1[14] | 2.4[14] | mmol/L | |
Creatinine | 50[14] | 110[14] | µmol/L | |
Phosphorus | 0.4[14] | 0.6[14] | µmol/L | |
Urea | 3.0[14] | 6.5[14] | mmol/L | |
Carbon dioxide | 20[14] | 25[14] | mmol/L |
Substance | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Corresponds to % of that in blood plasma |
RBCs | n/a[15] | 0[15] / negative | cells/µL or cells/mm3 |
WBCs | 0[15] | 3[15] | cells/µL cells/mm3 |
pH | 7.28[14] | 7.32[14] | (-log M) | |
PCO2 | 44[14] | 50[14] | mmHg | |
5.9[19] | 6.7[19] | kPa | ||
PO2 | 40[14] | 44[14] | mmHg | |
5.3[19] | 5.9[19] | kPa |
Pathology and laboratory diagnosis[edit]
When CSF pressure is elevated, cerebral blood flow may be constricted. When disorders of CSF flow occur, they may therefore affect not only CSF movement but also craniospinal compliance and the intracranial blood flow, with subsequent neuronal and glial vulnerabilities. The venous system is also important in this equation. Infants and patients shunted as small children may have particularly unexpected relationships between pressure and ventricular size, possibly due in part to venous pressure dynamics. This may have significant treatment implications, but the underlying pathophysiology needs to be further explored.
CSF connections with the lymphatic system have been demonstrated in several mammalian systems. Preliminary data suggest that these CSF-lymph connections form around the time that the CSF secretory capacity of the choroid plexus is developing (in utero). There may be some relationship between CSF disorders, including hydrocephalus and impaired CSF lymphatic transport.
CSF can be tested for the diagnosis of a variety of neurological diseases.[20] It is usually obtained by a procedure called lumbar puncture. Removal of CSF during lumbar puncture can cause a severe headache after the fluid is removed, because the brain hangs on the vessels and nerve roots, and traction on them stimulates pain fibers. This pain can be relieved by intrathecal injection of sterile isotonic saline. Lumbar puncture is performed in an attempt to count the cells in the fluid and to detect the levels of protein and glucose. These parameters alone may be extremely beneficial in the diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage and central nervous system infections (such as meningitis). Moreover, a CSF culture examination may yield the microorganism that has caused the infection. By using more sophisticated methods, such as the detection of the oligoclonal bands, an ongoing inflammatory condition (for example, multiple sclerosis) can be recognized. A beta-2 transferrin assay is highly specific and sensitive for the detection for, e.g., CSF leakage.
Cause | Appearance | Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes | Lymphocytes | Protein | Glucose |
Pyogenic bacterial meningitis | Yellowish, turbid | Markedly increased | Slightly increased or Normal | Markedly increased | Decreased |
Viral meningitis | Clear fluid | Slightly increased or Normal | Markedly increased | Slightly increased or Normal | Normal |
Tuberculous meningitis | Yellowish and viscous | Slightly increased or Normal | Markedly increased | Increased | Decreased |
Fungal meningitis | Yellowish and viscous | Slightly increased or Normal | Markedly increased | Slightly increased or Normal | Normal or decreased |
Lumbar puncture[edit]
Lumbar puncture can also be performed to measure the intracranial pressure, which might be increased in certain types of hydrocephalus. However a lumbar puncture should never be performed if increased intracranial pressure is suspected due to certain situations such as a tumour, because it can lead to brain herniation and ultimately death.
This fluid has an importance in anesthesiology. Baricity refers to the density of a substance compared to the density of human cerebrospinal fluid. Baricity is used in anesthesia to determine the manner in which a particular drug will spread in the intrathecal space.
Alzheimer's disease[edit]
A 2010 study showed analysis of CSF for three protein biomarkers can indicate the presence of Alzheimer's disease. The three biomarkers are CSF amyloid beta 1-42, total CSF tau protein and P-Tau181P. In the study, the biomarker test showed good sensitivity, identifying 90% of persons with Alzheimer's disease, but poor specificity, as 36% of control subjects were positive for the biomarkers. The researchers suggested the low specificity may be explained by developing but not yet symptomatic disease in controls.[21][22]
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cerebrospinal fluid. |
- Ventricular system
- Meningitis
- CSF rhinorrhea
- Lumbar puncture
- Hydrocephalus
- Craniosacral therapy
- Neuroglobin
- Pandy's test
- ^ Noback, Charles; Norman L. Strominger, Robert J. Demarest, David A. Ruggiero (2005). The Human Nervous System. Humana Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-58829-040-3.
- ^ a b c Saladin, Kenneth (2007). Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. McGraw Hill. p. 520. ISBN 978-0-07-287506-5.,
- ^ Allan H. Ropper, Robert H. Brown Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology McGraw-Hill Professional; 8 edition (March 29, 2005) Ch. 30 p. 530.
- ^ a b c d e f Hajdu, Steven I. (2003). "A Note from History: Discovery of the Cerebrospinal Fluid". Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science. 33, number 3 (3): 334–6. PMID 12956452.
- ^ Zakharov A, Papaiconomou C, Djenic J, Midha R, Johnston M (2003). "Lymphatic CSF absorption pathways in neonatal sheep revealed by sub arachnoid injection of Microfil". Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 29 (6): 563–73. doi:10.1046/j.0305-1846.2003.00508.x. PMID 14636163.
- ^ Johnston M (2003). "The importance of lymphatics in cerebrospinal fluid transport". Lymphat. Res. Biol. 1 (1): 41–4. doi:10.1089/15396850360495682. PMID 15624320.
- ^ Saladin, Kenneth. Anatomy and Physiology, 6th edition. McGraw Hill 2012. 519-520
- ^ Multiple Sclerosis Society. Cerebrospinal Fluid. 2013
- ^ a b Felgenhauer K (1974). "Protein size and CSF composition". Klin. Wochenschr. 52 (24): 1158–64. doi:10.1007/BF01466734. PMID 4456012.
- ^ Saunders NR, Habgood MD, Dziegielewska KM (1999). "Barrier mechanisms in the brain, I. Adult brain". Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 26 (1): 11–9. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1681.1999.02986.x. PMID 10027064.
- ^ THE NORMAL CSF from Chapter Fourteen - Cerebrospinal Fluid. Neuropathology. By Dimitri Agamanolis, Northeast Ohio Medical University . Updated: May, 2011
- ^ Merril CR, Goldman D, Sedman SA, Ebert MH (March 1981). "Ultrasensitive stain for proteins in polyacrylamide gels shows regional variation in cerebrospinal fluid proteins". Science 211 (4489): 1437–8. doi:10.1126/science.6162199. PMID 6162199.
- ^ a b Hische, E. A.; Van Der Helm, H. J.; Van Walbeek, H. K. (1982). "The cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin G index as a diagnostic aid in multiple sclerosis: A Bayesian approach". Clinical chemistry 28 (2): 354–355. PMID 7055958.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am PATHOLOGY 425 CEREBROSPINAL FLUID [CSF] at the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the University of British Columbia. By Dr. G.P. Bondy. Retrieved November 2011[dead link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h Normal Reference Range Table from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.
- ^ a b Department of Chemical Pathology at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, in turn citing: Roberts WL et al. Reference Information for the Clinical Laboratory. In Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, 4th edn. Burtis CA, Ashwood ER and Bruns DE eds. Elsevier Saunders 2006; 2251 - 2318
- ^ a b Lab Manual for SFGH > PROTEIN, CSF - IgG INDEX at The University of California, San Francisco. Last updated 10/4/2010.
- ^ a b Standardization of procedures and methods in neuroimmunology from the Italian Association of Neuroimmunology. Retrieved January, 2012
- ^ a b c d Derived from mmHg values using 0.133322 kPa/mmHg
- ^ Seehusen DA, Reeves MM, Fomin DA (September 2003). "CSF analysis". Am Fam Physician 68 (6): 1103–8. PMID 14524396.
- ^ De Meyer, Geert et al. (August 2010). "Diagnosis-Independent Alzheimer Disease Biomarker Signature in Cognitively Normal Elderly People". Archive of Neurology 67 (8): 949–56. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2010.179. PMC 2963067. PMID 20697045. Retrieved 2010-09-08.
- ^ Herskovits, A. Zara; Growdon, John H. (August 2010). "Sharpen That Needle (editorial)". Archive of Neurology 67 (8): 918–20. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2010.151. PMID 20697041. Retrieved 2010-09-08.
External links[edit]
- Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) - Interactive Tool
- Cerebrospinal fluid


text: The Greatest 15 Shana Feste (2009) US 96 min Share: Film Review Reviewed By John Ferguson 3 out of 5 Carey Mulligan offers up a touchingly vulnerable performance in this quietly moving family drama that was released soon after her big break, An Education. She plays a young college student whose boyfriend (Aaron Johnson) is killed in a car accident just after they have slept together for the first time. Her own mother is in rehab, so when Mulligan discovers that she is pregnant, she moves in with the dead boy's family. But while philandering father Pierce Brosnan (revelling again in playing a dislikeable character) is welcoming, the mother (Susan Sarandon) has still not come to terms with the tragedy. Although director Shana Feste doesn't completely avoid the usual tear-jerker clichés, the low-key direction and classy performances ensure that this weepie never gets too mawkish. Plot Summary Drama starring Pierce Brosnan, Susan Sarandon and Carey Mulligan. Teenagers Rose and Bennett are young and in love. But on the same evening that Rose loses her virginity, Bennett is killed in a car accident. The young woman then discovers she's pregnant. But with no support from her own family, Rose decides to seek solace and shelter with Bennett's grieving family - father Allen, mother Grace and younger brother Ryan. Cast and crew Cast Rose Carey Mulligan Grace Brewer Susan Sarandon Allen Brewer Pierce Brosnan Bennett Aaron Johnson Jordan Walker Michael Shannon Ryan Johnny Simmons Ashley Zoë Kravitz Joan Jennifer Ehle Lydia Amy Morton Janis Cara Seymour Shea Lindsay Beamish Amy Hannah Hodson Sean Miles Robbins Crew Director Shana Feste Other Information Language: English Colour Guidance: Contains swearing, a sex scene and nudity. Available on DVD Certificate 15 Distributor: High Fliers Films Ltd Categories Drama Share:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Site Navigation
As a cooperative, not-for-profit financial institution, we exist to serve the needs of our members – not stockholders. And that means you benefit directly from surplus earnings in the form of higher savings dividends, lower borrowing rates, and a broad range of free or low-cost services.
Unlike other financial institutions, credit unions are governed by a volunteer board of directors, consisting of Coosa Pines members elected by other Coosa Pines members… like you.
View Location on MapQuest
Election Notice: The Nominating Committee has nominated Gene Welch and Roger Barnett to serve three-year terms on the Board of Directors. In accordance with our election procedures and bylaws, there will be no nominations from the floor. When there is only one nominee for each position to be filled, election will not be conducted by ballot.
Individuals may submit a petition for nomination signed by one percent of the membership (minimum of 20, maximum of 500) with a brief statement of qualifications and biographical data, along with a signed certificate stating that he/she is agreeable to nomination and will serve if elected to office, to the Credit Union's Secretary at the following address on or by Thursday, February 10, 2012. Such nominations should be mailed to: Mrs. Nettie Studdard, Secretary, P.O. Box 432, Childersburg, AL 35044.


text:
Domain & Hosting
The domain represents both the web address of your website and the name your site visitors will use to refer to your website. Web Hosting or 'Hosting' is a service provided by a vendor which offers a physical location for the storage of web pages and files.
Web Development
Please don't make a dust website for saving your some poor money because a website is very important for internet marketing and getting new client inquire from all over the world So,
Website Redesign
We are Professional website Redesign Services Provider. Our focus is to redesign your old website with a new look and feel with better look and functionality.
Logo design
Affordable small business logo design service. Professional, custom and always cheap, our logos are perfect for the small business, website or blog owner.
About NEW IT BIZ
NEW IT BIZ is representing a very good Client Support For IT Solutions from the day of its establishment in 2006. Since the beginning we have been maintaining the motto Customer Service. First Our Customer Service Department has earned the trust of our valued clients by serving them with their entire Satisfaction.
Call us now at +88 01922529176 or come to our office before you make any decision on hiring for develop a website with search engine optimization or internet marketing company!
Search Engine Optimization
We provide free SEO(Search Engine Optimization) for our client website.
Attractive Mail Service
We provide attractive mail service with 10 email account using google apps like gmail email account at very low cost.
Fagebook Fan Page
We provide fagebook fan page , twitter follwer page, linkedin account at very low cost for our client.
Email Marketing Software
You can send 500 mail per hour using our email marketing software.
We are incredibly pleased with the placement SEO Inc. achieved for us. We couldn't have done it without them. SEO Inc. is a tremendous SEO and marketing asset to us and I would recommend them to any business looking to grow and strengthen their online presence.
- Md Tofayel, SEO of greenorganictrims.com


text:
The views below are submitted by registered users of evertonfc.com and do not necessarily reflect the views of Everton Football Club. View the Blueroom acceptable usage policy.
AllAroundMyHat said:oh dear Sambo.....i never saw that one coming
rob pockets said:did u miss him against leeds in the carling cup this season did ya?
It looks like you're new here. If you want to get involved, click one of these buttons!


text:
Plan Activities
/ Birding
You can narrow down your choices by making selections in the left column. Each selection you make will narrow down the results to exactly what you are looking for.
1 results total
Sponsored Listings
Sorry there are no matches for your search.
Basic Listings
Website | 318-927-2976, 888-677-2524
225 State Park Rd.,
Homer, LA 71040
On the shores of a 6,400-acre lake. Features fishing, swimming beach, picnicking, overnight camping, cabins, trails, playground and pavilions.


text:
Simple, But Not Easy
Simple, but not easy. On my present trip to India, this phrase has come to mind in several contexts. CURE International India Trust (CIIT) is the umbrella under which the CURE Clubfoot Worldwide (CCW) program is administered and managed. I attended the CIIT board meeting, which has impressive and helpful members who are devoted to the continued good work and expansive growth of the program. To do this effectively, CIIT was registered as a trust, and several applications were made to be able to receive funds without tax consequence. Simple goals, but not an easy process – there are at least four approvals needed, and the ability to receive funds from outside of India on a more permanent basis still awaits. The government appropriately is concerned to vet our organization, ensuring we are legitimate and have fidelity to our mission. The authorities want evidence that we spend our money with integrity, but we cannot bring in funds until they grant approval.
Simple, but not easy.
I attended clubfoot training in Trivandrum, the capital of Kerala, the southwestern state in India. The Ponseti methodology and techniques are wonderfully and expertly taught by Dr. Mathew Varghese, the medical director of CCW-India/CIIT program. Dr. Mathew learned directly from the late Dr. Ponseti and has benefited from dialogs with Drs. Shafique Parani, Jose Morcuende, Norgrove Penny, and Chris Lavy – all well-respected clubfoot experts within the orthopedic community. While training, Dr. Mathew interspersed accounts of his own mistakes and lessons learned for the benefit of the professors and residents that came to the training. The subtleties and nuances of the Ponseti technique with regard to casting, performing the tenotomies, and bracing were clearly presented. Consistency – to use the Parani Score, two people to cast, proper brace, communications to parents – is preached throughout. Students hear lectures, use foot models, and observe real patient evaluations. The most time is spent on recognizing the exceptions and avoiding common mistakes. The salvation is in the details – good focus on specific issues is critical success. These lectures and hands-on training have been given almost 20 times by Dr. Mathew in India – and several dozen more times throughout CCW programs. Yet, the lessons learned and mistakes to avoid have been repeated from day one and will be again. Although the treatment and protocol is wonderfully straightforward and well documented, the next child's clubfoot can be complex and require pertinent flexible judgment.
Simple, but not easy.
CCW employs counselors as an integral part of our program structure and process. The counselor becomes the liaison between the clinician and the family. The Ponseti method relies on the parent to be compliant with the use of foot abduction braces (FAB) once the child's clubfoot is corrected through casting and a tenotomy. The bracing is a simple process – for a prescribed period of time the child wears it 24/7 (depending on the age of the child) and then post that time period when the child sleeps (naps and nighttime). It is simple – but it is not easy. The parent needs to recognize signs that the child's foot is growing too large for the shoe in the FAB; they need to comfort the child if he/she becomes agitated with the brace in the middle of the night; they need to devote themselves to keep the appointments for evaluations. They can become nervous or disheartened; we give them our counselor's mobile number to call anytime, because we know their job with the use of the brace is simply stated, but it not easy when they think they are all alone or don't understand what to do.
Simple, but not easy.
Through 30 June 2012, CCW has been able to treat almost 29,000 new patients since 2006. CCW now has over 24 programs in 18 countries, with seven state programs in India alone. Once we receive approval for receiving outside funding in India, we can expand to nine more states due the increased generous funding of our partner miraclefeet. Additionally, the state governments of India provide great help through clinicians, clinic space, and casting supplies to complement the funding from miraclefeet, CBM, and Riverside Foundation. Organizations and residents of India – including school children – are beginning to give financial assistance. All this requires prudent record keeping, reporting to each partner, and increased program management capacity to match the expansion for helping more children and families in India. Raising the necessary funds, keeping within our budget, monitoring and maintaining quality, and establishing new programs – not only in India, but also in Africa, Central America, and the rest of Asia – is …
Simple, but not easy.
To those donors and partners who join with us and contribute to us financially, we say thank you. To those who provide great assistance through gifts-in-kind for our work, we are very grateful. To those who encourage, support, and pray for our benefit as we endeavor to serve children and their families – this is more appreciated than we can describe to you. We realize to do these significant things is simple to say, but not always easy to do. We thank you.


text:
In the old rehearsal snapshots from 1957, three of the four men who created ''West Side Story'' look as cool as the Jets and Sharks. The choreographer Jerome Robbins, the playwright Arthur Laurents and the composer Leonard Bernstein are all dressed in 50's hip. Only the true kid of the group, the 27-year-old lyricist making his Broadway debut, seems out of place. Stephen Sondheim is in a tie and a loud, boxy sports jacket, his hair slicked back, his grin forced -- a geek trying to cut it with the popular crowd.
Yet the appearance is deceiving. Perhaps even more than his collaborators, he was a rebel advancing a cause: a new, jarring, adult kind of Broadway musical. Like most Sondheim efforts to come -- among them the landmark shows ''Company,'' ''Follies,'' ''Sweeney Todd'' and ''Sunday in the Park With George'' -- West Side Story'' wasn't the smash commercial hit of its season. It lost the Tony Award to ''The Music Man.'' But it also upended the genteel conventions of an American art form then exemplified by ''My Fair Lady.'' The future's possibilities seemed boundless, for both the musical theater and the four young artists retooling it.


text:
A to Z | Directory | Full View | Mobile Site
Images should be the same size (width) as the space you are filling and no wider. This page diagram shows the maximum width in pixels for each area of the page.
Open images in a photo editor to resize them if necessary. Large photos that are resized (dimensions changed) inside CommonSpot still retain the original size (in KB/MB) and may take a long time to load.
Photos used in the Faculty and Staff profile pages must be 200px wide by 300px high. If not, the person may appear squished since the photo is forced to that size.
When you have an image on your desktop that you are going to upload, make sure you use a title that is descriptive, not just the file number. Images are available to all our CMS authors, and a descriptive title helps in searching. The title can also be used as the Alternate Text Tag which should be descriptive enough to provide a mental picture for people using the screen reader setting on the computer. If your title is not descriptive (making it easier to search), you should still make the Alternate Text a full description.
To insert an image you need to be in a
formatted text block element, then
click the image icon.
You may choose an image that has been uploaded previously. Images are included in a Public Gallery that can be searched - either by Subsites or over the entire UWRF site.
Or, you may upload a new image from your desktop (that you have sized correctly).
There is also an option to upload multiple images at one time before you add them to a page.
Once your image is in your text block, you can Edit Your Image (also see information on Aligning your Image).
Linking an image is also done in the Image Properties screen.
If you have a new version (like an updated mug shot), use the Upload New Image Version.
To display multiple images in a cycle (slide show), see Image Cycle.


text:
Order Information
We will acknowledge your order by email to the address provided by you. This will confirm your order details, including your chosen delivery address and your unique order reference number, which you will need to quote in any correspondence to us relating to that particular order.
If you have any questions relating to this email please call UK 020 7014 3750, US 1-888-962-6264 or calling from overseas please call +44 20 7014 3750 in order for us to investigate.
We will despatch your order within two working days after you have placed it. Please allow up to 7 working days for standard delivery. Please note that incorrect information or payment details may delay the dispatch of your order.
We accept most major credit & debit cards. We do not accept Diners or payment by cheque.Payment is taken via our secure payment service provider. We do not store any of your credit card details.
You will be charged the price advertised on the website at the time you place your order. Gift wrapping, postage and packaging will be charged according to the delivery option chosen during checkout.
Gift Wrapping
Select gift wrap when the products are in your shopping bag and leave all the hard work to us. Depending on the products ordered your gift will be wrapped in luxury paper or placed into a gorgeous gift box. Both are tied with a luxury ribbon and your personal gift tag message.
Price are not shown on the delivery note.
In the unlikely event of an item being out of stock we will notify you either by telephone or to the email address that you have submitted on your order form to seek further advice. Should you wish to cancel an item we will refund you as soon as possible and at the very latest within 30 days.
Please note that our voucher codes can not be used in conjunction with any other offer. One use per customer.
Amending/ Canceling your Order
If you wish to make any changes to your order, such as delivery address or quantity of goods, please do so as soon as possible. Please call us on UK 020 7014 3750, US 1-888-962-6264 or calling from overseas please call +44 20 7014 3750 and quote your order reference number.
If your order has already been dispatched, you are entitled to cancel it within 7 working days from the day after you have received the goods. Please return the goods to us in their original condition.
We want you to be 100% happy with your Mama Mio products and gifts. In the unlikely event that an order is lost, damaged, delayed or faulty, please let us know as soon as you are aware and within 7 days of delivery for damaged or defective goods. Before returning an item to us please contact us on UK 020 7014 3750, US 1-888-962-6264 or calling from overseas please call +44 20 7014 3750 and we will confirm the returns address.
Please take due care when returning items and ensure they are suitably protected for transit. You will be responsible for the items and postage costs until they reach us. Goods must be returned to us and subject to us being satisfied that such a defect exists and has not been caused by incorrect storage or handling we will credit you in full by your original payment method or send you a replacement order. We won't be able to cover for any other damages or losses beyond that of refunding or replacing your order, including your original delivery charge.
If an error has been made on our behalf we will refund you for the return postage accordingly.
If you fail to return the goods or send them at our expense, without prior agreement we will charge you for the direct costs of recovery.
Once received, we will process your return as soon as possible and at the very latest within 30 days. Your credit or debit card provider determines the time taken to credit your card. This is usually between 10-15 business days. We will notify you once we have credited your card.


text:
You're watching...
Reliance on Government Handouts Growing
The Mellman Group's Mark Mellman argues the nation is still a nation of makers, not takers.
Nov 12, 2012
You're watching...
The Mellman Group's Mark Mellman argues the nation is still a nation of makers, not takers.
Nov 12, 2012
Also in this playlist...
Auto-advance: ON
Auto-advanceThis transcript is automatically generated
Change from a nation of makers to a nation of takers new numbers perhaps backing up the claim that we've been making since Election Day right here -- Barney company.
A study just released from the CDC shows more than 47 point one million people are on food stamps that's nearly 50% of all of America.
And more than seven point four million are -- -- Medicaid that's one in every five Americans on the government program joining us now is Mark Mellman.
From development group remarked this coming right out that's -- Americans have -- become a nation -- takers.
Actually not this is -- still very great country where we produce a lot of things you know the reality is we do you have more people on Medicaid than we have in the past.
Who are those people well the truth is two thirds of them are seniors in nursing homes those are bottom -- people who are passed.
By any construction they're making years.
A third of that money goes to children.
Who are who are poor and don't have other kinds of health insurance so.
Those are folks -- are not yet in their making years so.
I don't -- -- really says much of anything it -- does say we do have a crisis about long term care in this country that we've got to solve we've got to deal with.
Smart food stamps.
Mark mark I just gotta jump in their -- -- I you know listen I did it in the U whistling by the graveyard or are.
You not being honest -- neither a gigantic enormous numbers that in this is not the America that almost anybody watching the show growth with.
Certainly you have to be alarmed by the trend.
You do have to be alarmed by the trend in the fact is again two thirds of the folks are seniors in nursing homes are you saying we should take that money away we should -- those folks.
Those senior citizens have given so much to us into this country.
A lot of them aren't more -- 12 what must have been honest discussion OK because every time.
We're worried about something.
We -- school teachers in front.
We throw the children in front wasn't talking about an -- time magazine has partnered magnetic and my dog food I mean that's what you've got you guys all that's the congress goes my friend and though the money is no matter -- the -- Fidelity is if no no you're wrong two thirds of the money goes to seniors in nursing homes were you don't -- cargo that you can't -- Eurostar ago.
The other third ghost import children who don't have other -- about -- that's that's all that's only only people are getting this program then.
That that is buying that is almost 99% of the money.
Going to those two places while he goes right into things -- -- -- we never do is we never tackle the real we spent trillions in the war on poverty.
But instead of fixing productivity instead of making sure there -- jobs for people.
Where they work themselves out of it we don't do that on the other hand there is wrong I'm all we have not -- Israeli politics is here's the announced fraud they're really asking relegation nursing homes and put him in jobs.
I'm all in favor of investments are great jobs believe me every Democrat right exactly they're creates jobs investment and jobs is actually -- those jobs and haven't I I have -- I -- -- -- company -- create jobs on a private sector got.
That creates jobs I know all about it -- -- something else you're not gonna take too many seniors at a nursing now about talking about seeing just lots of attack -- the around the notion of the problem.
Which is let's get people working let's get productivity -- -- -- we raise income levels.
Are -- this is that as you thought about regulating not a -- brought -- that doesn't work.
The question was about Medicaid not productivity you can fomented all you want about productivity but if you want to -- -- -- Asian product that -- -- -- Again nobody has been made there's -- thing -- market entire art market here's a thing now.
-- I think you have to say when you when you look at this many people on food stamps that's a record of failure that's a record of failure for the country.
And you know listen I know you -- if it's not about protecting.
You know any below the political party and I gotta disagree what David -- it probably is working from a political point of view but from an economic point of view.
We know it's not working and we -- something that we should be really afraid.
And -- I've heard people than your corner like Nancy Pelosi actually chair.
How many people are food stamps I've heard talk about the multiplier effect I've heard the commercials -- -- radio thing okay.
Go out there get food stamps isn't really the country you want us the -- Well -- the people who who are qualified food stamps ought to get them instead of going hungry that's a program that Bob Dole -- the Republicans.
-- help to put together at the beginning.
But the reality is yes we don't want people on food stamps when people in jobs.
And we want people working there's no question about that fair market reality is we are in the reality is we have been in a very deep recession.
We're working our way out of that recession and swallow working -- -- that recession are not enough job.
Right up above market you -- -- you fairness is one of my great fears that it's becoming more and seductive.
To go ahead and drop out of the jobs market.
To give up net because -- -- looks so much easier when you start to -- when you start the way I think the only other way to pros and cons that.
I'll get my rent paid I'll get my health care paid I'll get a free cell phone.
I'll give -- why -- -- work why anyone making less than 50000 dollars a year in this country why would they work if they get all these goodies.
The only people who have that attitude frankly -- people who never been out of a job.
The reality is -- people who don't have a job spend every day.
Most vast majority of trying to get that job working hard to get that job it's not have to I think that is the reserves I don't think that's -- that's how they feel -- that's what they want to be true and so unfortunately I gotta -- yeah it's not true anymore I don't think so mark but let's and we love -- on and you'll be back -- thanks a lot great thank you are but let's.
Filter by section


text: Well, it's more contributing to the idea than to the man itself. That's the sentiment I'm reading from the comments at Kickstarter and even if it fails, it's feels like the next non-tradition avenue for gamers hungering for good games to be part of the process that 95% of the industry has flat out ignored and/or underestimated for the last 28 years. With 300K+ pre-orders rumors for Xenoblade looming abound (200K according to VGchartz), this "lost" market is becoming a growing presence day by day possibly beyond what Operation Rainfall aspired as there's already talk about getting Fatal Frame IV/2 Remake over here by building awareness of Spirit Camera in hope the sales will warrant FF's localization in the states.


text: The Medici family was a powerful and influential family from Florence, a dynasty of skilled and influential aristocrats with exceedingly refined tastes that ruled the whole region from its capital from the 14th to 18th century. The family's members included three popes - Leo X, Clement VII, and Leo XI - besides numerous rulers of Florence (notably Lorenzo the Magnificent, patron of some of the most famous works of Renaissance art) and even great Queens, like Catherine de Medici, Queen of France, and Marie de Medici, another Queen Consort of France. Among many important things, the biggest accomplishments of the de Medici were in the sponsorship of art and architecture, mainly during Early and High Renaissance. The de Medici were to thank for the flourishing of the majority of Florentine art during their rule. During the Renaissance, food became the focus of interest as never before: in such a bountiful area, it grew to be art, research, gustative and visual elaboration. The de Medici family was made up of refined gourmand that liked hunting, banquets and generally good food. Catherine de Medici herself introduced the Italian School of Cuisine to France, bringing her cooks and her recipes with her when she became Queen of France.


text:
Repressed memory
Repressed memory is a condition where a memory has been unconsciously blocked by an individual due to the high level of stress or trauma contained in that memory.[citation needed] Even though the individual cannot recall the memory, it may still be affecting them consciously.[1]
The existence of repressed memories is a controversial topic in psychology; some studies have concluded that it can occur in victims of trauma while others dispute it. According to some psychologists, repressed memories can be recovered through therapy. Other psychologists argue that this is in fact rather a process through which false memories are created by blending actual memories and outside influences. Furthermore, some psychologists believe that repressed memories are a cultural symptom because there is no written proof of their existence before the nineteenth century.[2]
According to the American Psychological Association, it is not currently possible to distinguish a true repressed memory from a false one without corroborating evidence.[1] The term repressed memory is derived from the term dissociative amnesia, which is defined in the DSM-IV as "an inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that is too extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness".[3]
Amnesia is referred to any instance in which memories stored in the long-term memory are completely or partially forgotten, usually due to brain injury.[3] According to proponents of the existence of repressed memories, they may sometimes be recovered years or decades after the event, most often spontaneously, triggered by a particular smell, taste, or other identifier related to the lost memory, or via suggestion during psychotherapy.[4]
There is no documented writing about repressed memories or dissociative amnesia (as it is sometimes referred to), before the 1800s.[5] The concept of repressed memory originated with Sigmund Freud in his 1896 essay Zur Ätiologie der Hysterie ("On the etiology of hysteria").[6] One of the studies published in his essay involved a young woman by the name of Anna O. Among her many ailments, she suffered from stiff paralysis on the right side of her body. Freud stated her symptoms to be attached to psychological traumas. The painful memories had separated from her consciousness and brought harm to her body. Freud used hypnosis to treat Anna O. She is reported to have gained slight mobility on her right side.[7] Freud's repressed memory theory joined his philosophy of psychoanalysis. Repressed memory has remained a heavily debated topic inside of Freud's psychoanalysis philosophy.
Some research indicates that memories of child sexual abuse and other traumatic incidents may be forgotten.[8][9] Evidence of the spontaneous recovery of traumatic memories has been shown,[10][11][12] and recovered memories of traumatic childhood abuse have been corroborated.[9][13][14]
Van der Kolk and Fisler's research shows that traumatic memories are retrieved, at least at first, in the form of mental imprints that are dissociated. These imprints are of the affective and sensory elements of the traumatic experience. Clients have reported the slow emergence of a personal narrative that can be considered explicit (conscious) memory. The level of emotional significance of a memory correlates directly with the memory's veracity. Studies of subjective reports of memory show that memories of highly significant events are unusually accurate and stable over time.[15] The imprints of traumatic experiences appear to be qualitatively different from those of nontraumatic events. Traumatic memories may be coded differently than ordinary event memories, possibly because of alterations in attentional focusing or the fact that extreme emotional arousal interferes with the memory functions of the hippocampus.[15]
Although research on repressed memory is limited, a few studies have suggested that memories of trauma that are forgotten and later recalled have a similar accuracy rate as trauma memories that had not been forgotten.[16]
One prominent proponent of the theory of repressed memory, and the usage of repressed memory in legal actions brought against alleged abusers, is Lenore Terr, a controversial California psychiatrist who championed the notion that repressed memories can be suddenly resurrected by victims of abuse (such as childhood physical or sexual abuse) through exposure to visual or auditory stimuli. The U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals challenged Terr's theory, when applied to legal actions and remedies, as unreliable and inconsistent, and ultimately denied the admissibility of repressed memory as evidence in a judicial proceeding (Franklin v. Duncan, 1995).[17][18][19]
There has also been significant questioning of the reality of repressed memories. There is considerable evidence that rather than being pushed out of consciousness, the difficulty with traumatic memories for most people are their intrusiveness and inability to forget.[20] One case that is held up as definitive proof of the reality of repressed memories, recorded by David Corwin[14] has been criticized by Elizabeth Loftus and Melvin Guyer for ignoring the context of the original complaint and falsely presenting the sexual abuse as unequivocal and true when in reality there was no definitive proof.[21]
Psychologists Elizabeth Loftus and Katherine Ketcham are authors of the seminal work on the fallacy of repressed memory, The Myth of Repressed Memory (St. Martin's Press, 1994).
For years Loftus was criticized and marginalized by her colleagues in psychology and psychiatry for her criticism and skepticism of repressed memory. In recent years her research is regarded as the most responsible approach to the controversy of repressed memory.[22]
It has been speculated that repression may be one method used by individuals to cope with traumatic memories, by pushing them out of awareness (perhaps as an adaptation via psychogenic amnesia) to allow a child to maintain attachment to a person on whom they are dependent for survival.[23] Researchers have proposed that repression can operate on a social level as well.[24]
Memories can be accurate, but they are not always accurate. For example, eyewitness testimony even of relatively recent dramatic events is notoriously unreliable.[25] Misremembering results from confusion between memories for perceived and imagined events, which may result from overlap between particular features of the stored information comprising memories for perceived and imagined events. Memories of events are always a mix of factual traces of sensory information overlaid with emotions, mingled with interpretation and "filled in" with imaginings. Thus there is always skepticism about how valid a memory is as evidence of factual detail. Some believe that accurate memories of traumatic events are often repressed, but remain in the subconscious mind, from where they can be recovered by appropriate therapy. Others believe that truly traumatic events are never forgotten in this way, although often people may not disclose their memories to others. This is a difficult area to study, and unambiguous conclusions are hard to draw, hence there continue to be very divergent opinions. In one study where victims of documented child abuse were reinterviewed many years later as adults, a high proportion of the women denied any memory of the abuse.[26]
Those who doubt the existence of "traumatic amnesia" note that various manipulations can be used to implant false memories (sometimes called "pseudomemories"). These can be quite compelling for those who develop them, and can include details that make them seem credible to others.[27] A classic experiment in memory research, conducted by Elizabeth Loftus, became widely known as "Lost in the Mall"; in this, subjects were given a booklet containing three accounts of real childhood events written by family members and a fourth account of a wholly fictitious event of being lost in a shopping mall. A quarter of the subjects reported remembering the fictitious event, and elaborated on it with extensive circumstantial detail.[28] This experiment inspired many others, and in one of these, Porter et al. could convince about half of his subjects that they had survived a vicious animal attack in childhood.[29]
Such experimental studies have been criticized[30] in particular about whether the findings are really relevant to trauma memories and psychotherapeutic situations.[31] Nevertheless, these studies prompted public and professional concern about recovered memory therapy for past sexual abuse. When memories are 'recovered' after long periods of amnesia, particularly when extraordinary means were used to secure the recovery of memory, it is now widely (but not universally) accepted that the memories are quite likely to be false, i.e. of incidents that had not occurred.[32] It is thus recognised by professional organizations that a risk of implanting false memories is associated with some types of therapy. The American Psychiatric Association advises that "...most leaders in the field agree that although it is a rare occurrence, a memory of early childhood abuse that has been forgotten can be remembered later. However, these leaders also agree that it is possible to construct convincing pseudomemories for events that never occurred. The mechanism(s) by which both of these phenomena happen are not well understood and, at this point it is impossible, without other corroborative evidence, to distinguish a true memory from a false one."[33][34]
Obviously, not all therapists agree that false memories are a major risk with psychotherapy and they argue that this idea overstates the data and is untested. [35][36][37][38] Several studies have reported high percentages of the corroboration of recovered memories,[39][40] and some authors have claimed that the false memory movement has tended to conceal or omit evidence of (the) corroboration" of recovered memories.[41] Herman in her theory of recovery from chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder writes that one of the major recovery stages is the remembering and mourning of the repressed material of traumatic events.[42]
Both true and false 'memories' can be recovered using memory work techniques, but there is no evidence that reliable discriminations can be made between them.[43] Some believe that memories "recovered" under hypnosis are particularly likely to be false.[44] According to The Council on Scientific Affairs for the American Medical Association, recollections obtained during hypnosis can involve confabulations and pseudomemories and appear to be less reliable than nonhypnotic recall.[45] Brown et al. estimate that 3 to 5% of laboratory subjects are vulnerable to post-event misinformation suggestions. They state that 5 - 8% of the general population is the range of high-hypnotizability. Twenty-five percent of those in this range are vulnerable to suggestion of pseudomemories for peripheral details, which can rise to 80% with a combination of other social influence factors. They conclude that the rates of memory errors run 0 - 5% in adult studies, 3 - 5% in children's studies and that the rates of false allegations of child abuse allegations run 4 - 8% in the general population.[36]
Neurological basis of memory[edit]
The neuroscientist Donald Hebb (1904–1985) was the first to distinguish between short-term memory and long-term memory. According to current theories in neuroscience, things that we "notice" are stored in short-term memory for up to a few minutes; this memory depends on 'reverberating' electrical activity in neuronal circuits, and is very easily destroyed by interruption or interference. Memories stored for longer than this are stored in long-term memory. Whether information is stored in long-term memory depends on its 'importance'; for any animal, memories of traumatic events are potentially important for the adaptive value that they have for future avoidance behaviour, and hormones that are released during stress have a role in determining what memories are preserved. In humans, traumatic stress is associated with acute secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline) from the adrenal medulla and cortisol from the adrenal cortex. Increases in these facilitate memory, but chronic stress associated with prolonged hypersecretion of cortisol may have the opposite effect. The limbic system is involved in memory storage and retrieval as well as giving emotional significance to sensory inputs. Within the limbic system, the hippocampus is important for explicit memory, and for memory consolidation; it is also sensitive to stress hormones, and has a role in recording the emotions of a stressful event. The amygdala may be particularly important in assigning emotional values to sensory inputs.[46]
Although memory distortion occurs in everyday life, the brain mechanisms involved are not easy to study in the laboratory, but neuroimaging techniques have recently been applied to this subject. In particular, there have recently been studies of false recognition, where individuals incorrectly claim to have encountered a novel object or event, and the results suggest that the hippocampus and several cortical regions may contribute to such false recognition, while the prefrontal cortex may be involved in retrieval monitoring that can limit the rate of false recognition.[47]
Amnesia is partial or complete loss of memory that goes beyond mere forgetting. Often it is temporary and involves only part of a person's experience. Amnesia is often caused by an injury to the brain, for instance after a blow to the head, and sometimes by psychological trauma. Anterograde amnesia is a failure to remember new experiences that occur after damage to the brain; retrograde amnesia is the loss of memories of events that occurred before a trauma or injury. For a memory to become permanent (consolidated), there must be a persistent change in the strength of connections between particular neurons in the brain. Anterograde amnesia can occur because this consolidation process is disrupted; retrograde amnesia can result either from damage to the site of memory storage or from a disruption in the mechanisms by which memories can be retrieved from their stores. Many specific types of amnesia are recognized, including:
- Childhood amnesia is the normal inability to recall memories from the first three years of life. Sigmund Freud was the first to observe this phenomenon and realized that not only do humans not remember anything from birth to three years, but they also have "spotty" recollection of anything occurring from three to seven years of age.[48] There are various theories as to why this occurs: some believe that language development is important for efficient storage of long-term memories; others believe that early memories do not persist because the brain is still developing.
- A fugue state, formally dissociative fugue, is a rare condition precipitated by a stressful episode. It is characterized by episode(s) of traveling away from home and creating a new identity.[49]
The form of amnesia that is linked with recovered memories is dissociative amnesia (formerly known as psychogenic amnesia). This results from a psychological cause, not by direct damage to the brain, and is a loss of memory of significant personal information, usually about traumatic or extremely stressful events. Usually this is seen as a gap or gaps in recall for aspects of someone's life history, but with severe acute trauma, such as during wartime, there can be a sudden acute onset of symptoms.[50]
Effects of trauma on memory[edit]
'Betrayal Trauma Theory' proposes that in cases of childhood abuse, dissociative amnesia is an adaptive response, and that "victims may need to remain unaware of the trauma not to reduce suffering but rather to promote survival."[51] When stress interferes with memory, it is possible that some of the memory is kept by a system that records emotional experience, but there is no symbolic placement of it in time or space.[52] Traumatic memories are retrieved, at least at first, in the form of dissociated mental imprints of the affective and sensory elements of the traumatic experience. Clients have reported the slow emergence of a personal narrative that can be considered explicit (conscious) memory.
Psychiatrist Bessel van der Kolk[40] divided the effects of traumas on memory functions into four sets
- traumatic amnesia; this involves the loss of memories of traumatic experiences. The younger the subject and the longer the traumatic event is, the greater the chance of significant amnesia. He stated that subsequent retrieval of memories after traumatic amnesia is well documented in the literature, with documented examples following natural disasters and accidents, in combat soldiers, in victims of kidnapping, torture and concentration camp experiences, in victims of physical and sexual abuse, and in people who have committed murder.
- global memory impairment; this makes it difficult for subjects to construct an accurate account of their present and past history. "The combination of lack of autobiographical memory, continued dissociation and of meaning schemes that include victimization, helplessness and betrayal, is likely to make these individuals vulnerable to suggestion and to the construction of explanations for their trauma-related affects that may bear little relationship to the actual realities of their lives"
- dissociative processes; this refers to memories being stored as fragments and not as unitary wholes.
- traumatic memories' sensorimotor organization. Not being able to integrate traumatic memories seems to be linked to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).[53]
According to van der Kolk, memories of highly significant events are usually accurate and stable over time; aspects of traumatic experiences appear to get stuck in the mind, unaltered by time passing or experiences that may follow. The imprints of traumatic experiences appear to be different from those of nontraumatic events, perhaps because of alterations in attentional focusing or the fact that extreme emotional arousal interferes with memory.[40] van der Kolk and Fisler's hypothesis is that under extreme stress, the memory categorization system based in the hippocampus fails, with these memories kept as emotional and sensory states. When these traces are remembered and put into a personal narrative, they are subject to being condensed, contaminated and embellished upon.
When there is inadequate recovery time between stressful situations, alterations may occur to the stress response system, some of which may be irreversible, and cause pathological responses, which may include memory loss, learning deficits and other maladaptive symptoms. In animal studies, high levels of cortisol can cause hippocampal damage, which may cause short-term memory deficits; in humans, MRI studies have shown reduced hippocampal volumes in combat veterans with PTSD, adults with posttraumatic symptoms and survivors of repeated childhood sexual or physical abuse. Trauma may also interfere with implicit memory, where periods of avoidance may be interrupted by intrusive emotional occurrences with no story to guide them. A difficult issue is whether those presumably abused accurately recall their experiences.[54]
The existence of repressed memory recovery has not been accepted by mainstream psychology,[55][56][57][58] nor unequivocally proven to exist, and some experts in the field of human memory feel that no credible scientific support exists for the notions of repressed/recovered memories.[59][60] A survey revealed that whilst memory and cognition experts tend to be skeptical of repressed memory, clinicians are much more apt to believe that traumatic memory is often repressed.[61] One research report states that a distinction should be made between spontaneously recovered memories and memories recovered during suggestions in therapy.[62] A common criticism is that a recovered memory is tainted by, or a product of, the process of recovery or the suggestions used in that process.[citation needed]
Many critics believe that memories may be distorted and false. Psychologist Elizabeth Loftus questions the concept of repressed memories and their possibility of them being accurate. Loftus focuses on techniques that therapists use in order to help the patients recover their memory. Such techniques include age regression, guided visualization, trance writing, dream work, body work, and hypnosis. Loftus' research indicates that repressed memory faces problems, such as memory alteration. In one case a teenage boy was able to "conjure a memory of an event that never occurred." According to Loftus, if a stable person could be influenced to remember an event that never occurred, an emotionally stressed person would be even more susceptible.[63]
Medico-legal issues[edit]
Serious issues arise when recovered but false memories result in public allegations; false complaints carry serious consequences for the accused. Many of those who make false claims sincerely believe the truth of what they report. A special type of false allegation, the false memory syndrome, arises typically within therapy, when people report the 'recovery' of childhood memories of previously unknown abuse. The influence of practitioners' beliefs and practices in the eliciting of false 'memories' and of false complaints has come under particular criticism.[64] Sometimes these memories are used as evidence in criminal prosecutions.
It is generally accepted that people sometimes are unable to recall traumatic experiences. The current version (DSM-IV) of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association, states that "Dissociative amnesia is characterized by an inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that is too extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness."[65] The term "recovered memory", however, is not listed in DSM-IV or used by any mainstream formal psychotherapy modality.[66]
Legal issues[edit]
Some criminal cases have been based on a witness's testimony of recovered repressed memories, often of alleged childhood sexual abuse. In some jurisdictions, the statute of limitations for child abuse cases has been extended to accommodate the phenomena of repressed memories as well as other factors. The repressed memory concept came into wider public awareness in the 1980s and 1990s followed by a reduction of public attention after a series of scandals, lawsuits, and license revocations.[67]
Alan Scheflin, a law professor, stated in 1999, "Both those who argue that repressed memories are always false and those who argue that repressed memories are always true [...] appear to be mistaken. Although the science is limited on this issue, the only three relevant studies conclude that repressed memories are no more and no less accurate than continuous memories...."[68]
A U.S. District Court accepted repressed memories as admissible evidence in a specific case.[69] Dalenberg argues that the evidence shows that recovered memory cases should be allowed to be prosecuted in court.[38]
The apparent willingness of courts to credit the recovered memories of complainants but not the absence of memories by defendants has been commented on: "It seems apparent that the courts need better guidelines around the issue of dissociative amnesia in both populations."[70]
In July, 2012, the Minnesota Supreme Court ruled that repressed memory is not acceptable as evidence in a legal action and is the equivalent of superstition, hearsay or "junk science."[71][72]
In 1995, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, ruled in Franklin v. Duncan and Franklin v. Fox, Murray et al., (312 F3d. 423, see also 884 FSupp 1435, N.D. Calif.)[73] that repressed memory is not admissible as evidence in a legal action because of its unreliability, inconsistency, unscientific nature, tendency to be therapeutically induced evidence, and subject to influence by hearsay and suggestibility. The court overturned the conviction of a man accused of murdering a nine-year-old girl purely based upon the evidence of a 21-year-old repressed memory by a lone witness, who also held a complex personal grudge against the defendant.[18][74][75]
In a 1996 ruling, a U.S. District Court allowed repressed memories entered into evidence in court cases.[76] Jennifer Freyd writes that Ross Cheit's case of suddenly remembered sexual abuse is one of the most well-documented cases available for the public to see. Cheit prevailed in two lawsuits, located five additional victims and tape-recorded a confession.[12]
On 16 December 2005 the Irish Court of Criminal Appeal issued a certificate confirming a Miscarriage of Justice to a former nun Nora Wall whose 1999 conviction for child rape was partly based on Repressed Memory evidence. The judgement stated that: "There was no scientific evidence of any sort adduced to explain the phenomenon of 'flashbacks' and/or 'retrieved memory', nor was the applicant in any position to meet such a case in the absence of prior notification thereof." [77]
Recovered memory therapy[edit]
Recovered memory therapy is a range of psychotherapy methods based on recalling memories of abuse that had previously been forgotten by the patient.[78] The term recovered memory therapy is not listed in DSM-IV or used by mainstream formal psychotherapy modality.[66][79] Opponents of the therapy advance the explanation that therapy can create false memories through suggestion techniques; this has not been corroborated, though some research has shown supportive evidence.[80][81] Nevertheless, the evidence is questioned by some researchers.[66][82][83] It is possible for patients who retract their claims—after deciding their recovered memories are false—to suffer post-traumatic stress disorder due to the trauma of illusory memories.[84] According to a book written in 1995, the number of reported retractions is small when compared to the large number of actual child sexual abuse cases.[85]
Professional organizations[edit]
The Working Group on Investigation of Memories of Child Abuse of the American Psychological Association presented findings mirroring those of the other professional organizations (see External Links subpage for references to various statements made independently by these organisations). The Working Group made five key conclusions:
- Controversies regarding adult recollections should not be allowed to obscure the fact that child sexual abuse is a complex and pervasive problem in America that has historically gone unacknowledged;
- Most people who were sexually abused as children remember all or part of what happened to them;
- It is possible for memories of abuse that have been forgotten for a long time to be remembered;
- It is also possible to construct convincing pseudo-memories for events that never occurred; and
- There are gaps in our knowledge about the processes that lead to accurate and inaccurate recollections of childhood abuse.[86]
See also[edit]
- ^ a b Questions and Answers about Memories of Childhood Abuse
- ^ Pettus, Ashley. "cultural symptom? repressed memory". Harvard Magazine. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
- ^ a b "Amnesia". Encyclopedia Britannica online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
- ^ Albach, Francine; Peter Paul Moormann, Bob Bermond (December-1996). "Memory recovery of childhood sexual abuse". Dissociation 9 (4): 261–273. ISSN 0896-2863. hdl:1794/1774.
- ^ Pope H., et al. Psychol. Med., 37. 225 - 233 (2007).
- ^ Hinz, Paul (1920). Die Verfassung des Freistaates Preussen. J. Bensheimer. pp. 55–57.
- ^ Boag, Simon (2012). Freudian Repression. London: Karnac Books. ISBN 9781855757387.
- ^ Williams LM (1994). "Recall of childhood trauma: a prospective study of women's memories of child sexual abuse". J Consult Clin Psychol 62 (6): 1167–76. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.62.6.1167. PMID 7860814.
- ^ a b Bowman, E.S. (1996). "Delayed memories of child abuse: Part I: An overview of research findings on forgetting, remembering, and corroborating trauma". Dissociation 9: 221–231.; lay summary "Corroboration of child abuse memories". About.com. 2006-02-20. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
- ^ Chu, J; Frey L, Ganzel B, Matthews J (May 1999). "Memories of childhood abuse: dissociation, amnesia, and corroboration". American Journal of Psychiatry 156 (5): 749–55. PMID 10327909.
- ^ Duggal, S.; Sroufe, L. A. (April 1998). "Recovered memory of childhood sexual trauma: A documented case from a longitudinal study". Journal of Traumatic Stress 11 (2): 301–321. doi:10.1023/A:1024403220769. PMID 9565917. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
- ^ a b Freyd, Jennifer J. (1996). Betrayal Trauma - The Logic of Forgetting Childhood Abuse. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-06805-X.
- ^ Cheit, Ross E. (1998). "Consider This, Skeptics of Recovered Memory". Ethics & Behavior 8 (2): 141–160. doi:10.1207/s15327019eb0802_4. Retrieved 2007-12-25.
- ^ a b Corwin, D; Olafson E. (1997). "Videotaped Discovery of a Reportedly Unrecallable Memory of Child Sexual Abuse: Comparison with a Childhood Interview Videotaped 11 Years Before". Child Maltreatment 2 (2): 91–112. doi:10.1177/1077559597002002001. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
- ^ a b van der Kolk BA, Fisler R (1995). "Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: overview and exploratory study". J Trauma Stress 8 (4): 505–25. PMID 8564271. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
- ^ Scheflin, A (1999-11-01). "Ground lost: The false memory/recovered memory therapy debate". Psychiatric Times 16 (11).
- ^ Victims of the State: George Franklin www.victimsofthestate.org/CA/Franklin.htm
- ^ a b Holding, Reynolds (2011-06-23). "Repressed Memory Case Ruling / Appeals court refuses to restore murder conviction". The San Francisco Chronicle.
- ^ Harry N. MacLean, Once Upon a Time: A True Story of Memory, Murder and the Law. NY: Harper Collins, 1993.
- ^ McHugh, PR. Try to remember: Psychiatry's clash over meaning, memory and mind. Dana Press. pp. 45–6. ISBN 1-932594-39-6.
- ^ Loftus, EF; Guyer MJ (2002). Who Abused Jane Doe? The Hazards of the Single Case History Part 1 26 (3). Skeptical Inquirer. Loftus, EF; Guyer MJ (2002). Who Abused Jane Doe? The Hazards of the Single Case History Part 2 26 (4). Skeptical Inquirer.
- ^ Harry N. MacLean, "Repressed Memory Dealt a Serious Blow." http://www.harrymaclean.com/blog/tag/minnesota-supreme-court/
- ^ Freyd, J. (1994). "Betrayal trauma: traumatic amnesia as an adaptive response to childhood abuse" (PDF). Ethics & Behavior 4 (4): 307–330. doi:10.1207/s15327019eb0404_1. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
- ^ Freyd, Jennifer J. (2007). "Archiving Dissociation as a Precaution Against Dissociating Dissociation" (PDF). Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 8 (3). Retrieved 2007-12-29.
- ^ Gonsalves, B, Paller, KA (2002). "Mistaken memories: remembering events that never happened". Neuroscientist 8 (5): 391–5. doi:10.1177/107385802236964. PMID 12374423.
- ^ Williams LM (1994). "Recall of childhood trauma: a prospective study of women's memories of child sexual abuse". J Consult Clin Psychol 62 (6): 1167–76. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.62.6.1167. PMID 7860814.
- ^ Laney, C, Loftus, EF (2005). "Traumatic memories are not necessarily accurate memories". Can J Psychiatry 50 (13): 823–8. PMID 16483115.
- ^ See Loftus E (1997) Creating false memories Scientific American 227 no 3 for a popular account
- ^ Porter, S, Yuille, JC, Lehman, DR (1999). "The nature of real, implanted, and fabricated memories for emotional childhood events: implications for the recovered memory debate". Law Hum Behav 23 (5): 517–37. doi:10.1023/A:1022344128649. PMID 10487147.
- ^ Crook, L; Dean, MC (1999). "Lost in a shopping mall--A breach of professional ethics". Ethics Behavior 9 (1): 39–50. doi:10.1207/s15327019eb0901_3. PMID 11657487.
- ^ Pope, K (1996). "Memory, abuse, and science: questioning claims about the false memory syndrome epidemic". Am Psychologist 51 (9): 957–74. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.51.9.957. PMID 8819364.
- ^ Brandon, S, Boakes, J, Glaser, D, Green, R (1998). "Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse. Implications for clinical practice". Br J Psychiatry 172 (4): 296–307. doi:10.1192/bjp.172.4.296. PMID 9722329.
- ^ Questions and Answers about Memories of Childhood Abuse American Psychiatric Association
- ^ Sheflin and Brown state that a total of 25 studies on amnesia for child sexual abuse exist and that they demonstrate amnesia in their study subpopulations. Sheflin, AW; Brown D (1996). "Repressed memory or dissociative amnesia: what the science says". J Psychiat Law 24: 143–88. ISSN 0093-1853. . An editorial in the British Medical Journal however, prefaces mention of the Sheflin and Brown study with "on critical examination, the scientific evidence for repression crumbles.""Editorial — Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse: The Royal College of Psychiatrists issues important precautions". British Medical Journal (BMJ) 316 (7130). 14 February 1998 Unknown parameter
ignored (help) - ^ Chu, JA; et al. (1999). "Memories of childhood abuse: Dissociation, amnesia and corroboration". Am J Psychiatry 156 (5): 749–55. PMID 10327909.
- ^ a b Hammond DC; Brown DP.; Scheflin AW (1998). Memory, trauma treatment, and the law. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-70254-5.
- ^ Whitfield MD, CL (1995-06-03). Memory and Abuse - Remembering and Healing the Effects of Trauma. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications Inc. ISBN 1-55874-320-0.
- ^ a b Dalenberg, C (2006). "Recovered memory and the Daubert criteria: recovered memory as professionally tested, peer reviewed, and accepted in the relevant scientific community". Trauma Violence Abuse 7 (4): 274–310. doi:10.1177/1524838006294572. PMID 17065548.
- ^ Kluft, RP (1995). "The confirmation and disconfirmation of memories of abuse in Dissociative Identity Disorder patients: A naturalistic study". Dissociation 8: 253–8.
- ^ a b c van der Kolk, BA; Fisler, R (1995). "Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: Overview and exploratory study". J Traumatic Stress 8: 505–25
- ^ Cheit, RE (1998). "Consider this, skeptics of recovered memory". Ethics Behav 8 (2): 141–60. doi:10.1207/s15327019eb0802_4.
- ^ Herman, JL (1997). Trauma and recovery. New York: Basic Books. p. 290. ISBN 0-465-08730-2. "The ordinary response to atrocities is to banish them from consciousness."
- ^ Stocks, JT (1998). "Recovered memory therapy: a dubious practice technique". Soc Work 43 (5): 423–36. doi:10.1093/sw/43.5.423. PMID 9739631.
- ^ Kihlstrom, JF (1997). "Hypnosis, memory and amnesia". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 29 (1362): 3521727–32. doi:10.1098/rstb.1997.0155. PMC 1692104. PMID 9415925.
- ^ "Scientific status of refreshing recollection by the use of hypnosis. Council on Scientific Affairs". JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association 253 (13): 1918–23. April 1985. doi:10.1001/jama.253.13.1918. PMID 3974082.
- ^ Zola, SM (1998). "Memory, amnesia, and the issue of recovered memory: neurobiological aspects". Clin Psychol Rev 18 (8): 915–32. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00037-3. PMID 9885767.
- ^ Schacter, DL, Slotnick, SD (2004). "The cognitive neuroscience of memory distortion". Neuron 44 (1): 149–60. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.017. PMID 15450167.
- ^ Josselyn, S. A., & Frankland, P. W. (2012). Infantile amnesia: A neurogenic hypothesis. Learning & Memory, 19(9), 423-433. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.021311.110
- ^ Loewenstein, R. J. (1991). Psychogenic amnesia and psychogenic fugue: A comprehensive review. (pp. 189-222). Arlington, VA, US: American Psychiatric Association, Arlington, VA.
- ^ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- ^ Freyd, J (1994). "Betrayal trauma: Traumatic amnesia as an adaptive response to childhood abuse". Ethics Behav 4 (4): 307–29. doi:10.1207/s15327019eb0404_1.
- ^ van der Kolk, Bessel (1994). "The body keeps the score: memory and the evolving psychobiology of posttraumatic stress". Harvard Rev Psychiat 1 (5): 253–65. doi:10.3109/10673229409017088
- ^ Diagnostic symptoms of PTSD include reexperience such as flashbacks and nightmares, difficulty falling or staying asleep, feelings of panic or fear, depression, headache, and physiological symptoms including irregular heartbeat and diarrhoea.Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) The Royal College of Psychiatrists
- ^ Bremner, JD (2002). Does Stress Damage the Brain? Understanding Trauma-Related Disorders from a Neurological Perspective. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.
- ^ McNally, R.J. (2004). "The Science and Folklore of Traumatic Amnesia". Clinical Psychology Science and Practice 11 (1): 29–33. doi:10.1093/clipsy/bph056.
- ^ McNally RJ (2007). "Dispelling confusion about traumatic dissociative amnesia". Mayo Clin. Proc. 82 (9): 1083–90. doi:10.4065/82.9.1083. PMID 17803876.
- ^ McNally RJ (2004). "Is traumatic amnesia nothing but psychiatric folklore?". Cogn Behav Ther 33 (2): 97–101; discussion 102–4, 109–11. doi:10.1080/16506070410021683. PMID 15279316.
- ^ McNally RJ (2005). "Debunking myths about trauma and memory". Can J Psychiatry 50 (13): 817–22. PMID 16483114.
- ^ Amicus Curiae brief in Taus v. Loftus (Supreme Court of California 2006-02-21).
- ^ Revisiting the memory wars: repressed/recovered memory and dissociation; ABC TV, Catalyst, 22 Sept. 2011.
- ^ Patihis, L.; Ho, L. Y.; Tingen, I. W.; Lilienfeld, S. O.; Loftus, E. F. (2013). "Are the "Memory Wars" Over? A Scientist-Practitioner Gap in Beliefs About Repressed Memory". Psychological Science. doi:10.1177/0956797613510718.
- ^ Geraerts, E.; Schooler, J.W.; Merckelbach, H.; Jelicic, M.; Hauer, B.J.A.; Ambadar, Z. (2007). "The Reality of Recovered Memories: Corroborating Continuous and Discontinuous Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse" (PDF). Psychological Science 18 (7): 564–568. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01940.x. PMID 17614862.
- ^ Loftus, Elizabeth (May 1993). "The Reality of Repressed Memories". American Psychologist 48 (1): 518–537.
- ^ Boakes, J (1999). "False complaints of sexual assault: recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse". Med Sci Law 39 (2): 112–20. PMID 10332158.
- ^ Section 300.12:DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, American Psychiatric Association
- ^ a b c Whitfield, Charles L.; Joyanna L. Silberg, Paul Jay Fink (2001). Misinformation Concerning Child Sexual Abuse and Adult Survivors. Haworth Press. p. 56. ISBN 0-7890-1901-9.
- ^ Robbins Susan P., The Social and Cultural Context of Satanic Ritual Abuse Allegations, published in Institute for Psychological Therapies magazine, vol 10 1998.[1]
- ^ Scheflin, A (1999). "Ground lost: the false memory/recovered memory therapy debate". Psychiatric Times 16
- ^ "The Validity of Recovered Memory: Decision of a US District Court" Judge Edward F. Harrington, Presentation by Jim Hopper Ph.D. The legal documentation citation is: 923 Federal Supplement 286 (D. Mass. 1996), United States District Court - District of Massachusetts Ann Shahzade, plaintiff Civil Action No.: V. 92-12139-EFH George Gregory, Defendant. [2]
- ^ Porter S et al. (2001). "Memory for murder. A psychological perspective on dissociative amnesia in legal contexts". Int J Law Psychiatry 24 (1): 23–42. doi:10.1016/S0160-2527(00)00066-2. PMID 11346990
- ^ "Minn. Supreme Court rejects repressed memory 'junk science' against priest; media yawns."http://www.themediareport.com/2012/07/31/minn-supreme-court-rejects-repressed-memory/
- ^ "Minnesota Supreme Court rejects church abuse case based on repressed memories."http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_21155266
- ^ Franklin v. Duncan Court Order http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=3066228776991890480
- ^ Victims of the State: George Franklin http://www.victimsofthestate.org/CA/Franklin.htm
- ^ Los Angeles Times http://articles.latimes.com/keyword/george-thomas-sr-franklin
missing title (help). - ^ 923 Federal Supplement 286 (D. Mass. 1996); CIVIL ACTION NO.: 92-12139-EFH MEMORANDUM AND ORDER; May 8, 1996
- ^ "D.P.P.-v- Nora Wall [2005] IECCA 140 (16 December 2005)". Bailii.org. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
- ^ Lief, Harold I (November 1999). "Patients Versus Therapists: Legal Actions Over Recovered Memory Therapy". Psychiatric Times XVI (11).
- ^ Underwager, Ralph; Hollida Wakefield (October 1994). Return of the Furies: An Investigation into Recovered Memory Therapy. Open Court Pub Co. p. 360. ISBN 978-0-8126-9271-6.
- ^ Loftus, EF; Pickrell JE (1995). "The formation of false memories" (PDF). Psychiatric Annals 25: 720–725.
- ^ Pezdek, K; Hodge, D. (July–August 1999). "Planting false childhood memories: The role of event plausibility" (PDF). Child Development 70 (4): 887–895. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00064.
- ^ Hammond, D. Corydon; Brown, Daniel P.; Scheflin, Alan W. (1998). Memory, trauma treatment, and the law. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-70254-5.
- ^ Brandon S, Boakes J, Glaser D, Green R (1998). "Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse. Implications for clinical practice". Br J Psychiatry 172 (4): 296–307. doi:10.1192/bjp.172.4.296. PMID 9722329.
- ^ Lambert, K; Lilienfeld SO (2007-10-01). "Brain Stains". Scientific American. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
- ^ Whitfield M.D., Charles L. (1995). Memory and Abuse - Remembering and Healing the Effects of Trauma. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications, Inc. p. 375. ISBN 1-55874-320-0.
- ^ Colangelo JJ (2007) Recovered memory debate revisited: practice implications for mental health counselors. (PRACTICE) Journal of Mental Health Counseling


text:
Hooked - (Stacia Naquin)
Updated: 10/11/2013 - I'm SO CLOSE to being able to do a pull-up. So my trainer introduced something new into my training.
Surveillance image of suspect in shoplifting. (Credit: Pueblo Police Department)
A Walmart employee was able to thwart an attempt by two suspects to shoplift an entire cart full of items, but the suspects still managed to get away with a DVD player and a 150 ounce bottle of Tide.
Pueblo police are now looking for the suspects.
According to police, a loss prevention employee saw the two suspects leaving the store without paying and confronted them. As a struggle out between the employee and the male suspect, the female suspect grabbed a DVD player from the cart and ran away. The male suspect managed to get away with the bottle of Tide.
Police say the incident took place on September 28 at the Walmart on the 4200 block of Dillon. Anyone with information is asked to call Pueblo Crime Stoppers at 542-STOP.
KKTV firmly believes in freedom of speech for all and we are happy to provide this forum for the community to share opinions and facts. We ask that commenters keep it clean, keep it truthful, stay on topic and be responsible. Comments left here do not necessarily represent the viewpoint of KKTV 11 News.
If you believe that any of the comments on our site are inappropriate or offensive, please tell us by clicking "Report Abuse" and answering the questions that follow. We will review any reported comments promptly.
powered by DisqusUpdated: 10/11/2013 - I'm SO CLOSE to being able to do a pull-up. So my trainer introduced something new into my training.
Posted: 08/06/2013 - Even if you don't plan to workout on your vacation, you may be surprised at the calories you're burning without even trying!
Updated: 06/18/2013 - We did a quick helicopter tour of the Black Forest burn area. Someone asked why the video looks shaky.
Updated: 05/20/2013 - Two weekends left to catch one great show!
Updated: 05/14/2013 - I'm still focused on meeting my goal of doing a pull-up. And I'm almost there! But I'm always getting this question:


text:
1 Meetup Group matches "Kayaking" near Lafayette, LA
Calling all kayakers and canoeists in Louisiana Cajun country: we are a growing community of people who enjoy kayaking, canoeing, meeting other paddlers, and discovering new places to paddle in South Louisiana. Are there places you want to paddle but do not want to go on your own? There are hundreds of bayous, rivers, swamps and coastal marshes to explore throughout south central Louisiana. It is free to become a member and get updates via email on trips we plan; there is also no obligation to b …
Get an alert email when new Meetup Groups like this start near you.
You'll get advice, help finding members, and tools to make running a Meetup Group easier.


text:
Do you have a question about this product or company? Simply type it in the box below and one of our community will give you an answer
As rated by real users
"Sliding Wardrobes Essex" Read More
"Heart Toiching Movie" Read More
"Moving Romance! " Read More
"My love book" Read More
"One of the greatest movies eve..." Read More


text:
Star Trek – The reboot of the series, it was much better than I expected (read the review!)
Rome: The Complete Series – If you don't have this on DVD already here's a chance to get it all at once.
Andy Barker, P.I.: The Complete Series – The 2nd show from Andy Richter, it got even less respect than the first. Didn't last very long but was great, go buy this.
Drawn Together – The Complete Series – If you don't have this on DVD already here's a chance to get it all at once.
Sex Is Zero – Korean sex comedy about a dude that can't get the girl, pretty fucking funny.
WWE: Hulk Hogan's Unreleased Collector's Series – Oh shit, it's HULK HOGAN!
Buddy Holly: Not Fade Away: The Complete Studio Recordings and More
The Doors: Live in New York (Box set)
Paul McCartney : Good Evening New York City [2 CD/1 DVD Combo]
Hawkwind: Shot Down in the Night: Live UK 1979 (Vinyl)
Morrissey: Swords-Deluxe Edition
Morrissey: Swords (Vinyl)
Miles Davis: Kind of Blue
Miles Davis:Live In Vienna 1973
Overkill: Killbox 13/Wrecking Everything Live
Dan the Automator: Rapper's Delight
Uncle Tupelo: Anodyne (Vinyl)
Steve Martin: The Crow: New Songs for the Five-String Banjo (Vinyl)
Inglorious Bastards Soundtrack (Vinyl)
Carl Reiner/Mel Brooks: The 2000 Year Old Man:The Complete History
Filed under: New Releses | Tagged: andy barker, andy irchter, banjo, blue grass, buddy holly, carl reiner, cd, comedy, Country, dan the automator, drawn together, DVD, Hawkwind, Hip-Hop, hiphop, hulk hogan, inglorious bastards, jazz, mel brooks, metal, Miles Davis, morrissey, movie, music, Overkill, paul mccartney, rap, records, rock, sex is zero, soundtrack, star trek, steve martin, the doors, uncle tupelo, vinyl, WWE, wwf | Leave a Comment »


text:
A collection of news and information related to Lanvin published by this site and its partners.
Top Lanvin Articles
Displaying items 45-55
IMAGE: Uncommon Scents Whiff of Truth
Story | Jan 1, 2012 | 4:38 PMSeparating truth from fiction in the enduring fairy tale of fragrance... -
Frugal Fashion: Golden Globes 2012 accessories
Story | Jan 18, 2012 | 4:32 PMCharlize Theron, Emma Stone and Michelle Williams wore trend-inspiring accessories to the Golden Globes.... -
Elyse Walker debuts shopping website
Story | Feb 2, 2012 | 4:32 PMPacific Palisades boutique owner Elyse Walker debuts new website, Forward by Elyse Walker.... -
IMAGE: XY FACTOR Buttonholes in Bloom
Story | Feb 2, 2012 | 4:41 PMA formerly mandatory men's accessory resurfaces with a unique twist on the traditional... -
IMAGE: Appearances Rock Star
Story | Mar 1, 2012 | 4:38 PMTilda Swinton shines for Pomellato—and shares the secrets of her style... -
Rooney Mara, Kate Beckinsale at Costume Designers Guild Awards
Story | Feb 22, 2012 | 4:32 PMRooney Mara, Kate Beckinsale, Penelope Ann Miller, Chloe Moretz and others come out for the 14th Annual Costume Designers Guild Awards in Los Angeles.... -
Frugal Fashion: Leighton Meester white hot at MTV movie awards
Story | Jun 5, 2012 | 4:32 PMThe red carpet at the 2012 MTV Movie Awards show was hot with stars opting for shorter, flirtier dresses for the occasion. Charlize Theron, dressed in red Lanvin, Kristen Stewart in a micro mini by Guishem, and "Gossip Girl" star Leighton Meester in all-... -
IMAGE Wanton Ways
Story | Mar 29, 2012 | 4:39 PMMysterious scents of noir fiction sure to liberate your own inner femme fatale... -
Shopping L.A.: Burning Torch, Clare Vivier boutiques open
Story | Jun 20, 2012 | 4:32 PMHandbag designer Clare Vivier and L.A. clothing label Burning Torch both open boutiques. Plus other store openings, sales and shopping related events.... -
Frugal Fashion: 'The Amazing Spider-Man' star Emma Stone
Story | Jun 27, 2012 | 4:33 PMActress Emma Stone is on quite a roll. This month's Vogue cover girl and star of the upcoming film "The Amazing Spider-Man," slated to open Friday, is on a w press tour for the new action flick. As she travels from city to city she's been been popping... -
Fashion News: Kanye West, Kim Kardashian and other celebs in Paris
Story | Jul 5, 2012 | 4:32 PMEllen Olivier of Society News L.A. is attending the Paris haute couture shows, where top labels are showing their collections for fall-winter 2012-13. Hollywood is well represented, she says, with sightings over the last couple of days including...


text:
Eagles have nested near our home in Cattaraugus NY for about three years now. We see them all the time. This eagle was circling above our field last week, May 2'nd, so I grabbed my camera. I was amazed when it landed. It appeared to be eating. Then it tried to fly off with a woodchuck! It carried it about ten feet then dropped it. I think it was too heavy. It laid there for a few days and is now gone. I don't know if the eagle finished it off or some other preditor did.
The Eagle Has Landed
This story is inappropriate and should be flagged for moderation. Please choose from one of the following options:


text:
RIM Sets Date For BlackBerry 10
11:48 AM EST Mon. Nov. 12, 2012Research In Motion confirmed a Jan. 30 launch date for BlackBerry 10, its next-generation mobile operating system that is largely considered a make-or-break move for the struggling smartphone maker.
RIM said both the new OS, and new BlackBerry smartphones running the software, will be available upon the launch.
The company's confirmation of a January release puts to rest a wave of reports that emerged last month suggesting the launch had been delayed until March. The reports were prompted by a research note published by Jefferies analyst Peter Misek, who wrote that RIM "management has been silent as to the timing of the launch," and that Jefferies anticipated a delay.
[Related: 5 Reasons You Shouldn't Count RIM Out Yet]
Speculation of a delay may have also stemmed from RIM pushing back the release of BlackBerry 10 in June, when RIM CEO Thorsten Heins told investors that the development timeline for the software was "no longer realistic." The OS was originally slated to launch this year, by the end of the fourth quarter.
When it does arrive next quarter, BlackBerry 10 will usher in a new generation of BlackBerry smartphones that will go head-to-head against market leaders including Apple's iPhone and Samsung's Android-based Galaxy handsets.
The OS will arm BlackBerry devices with a slew of new features, such as BlackBerry Hub, a central console from which users can access and track all messages, notifications, social media feeds and calendar appointments. BlackBerry Flow, another new feature, is said to provide users with a more seamless navigation experience, allowing them have multiple apps open at once, and switch between them with the swipe of a finger, rather than having to return to the home screen.
RIM is also targeting its bread-and-butter enterprise market with BlackBerry 10 through its new BlackBerry Balance feature, which allows users to host their personal apps and other information separately from corporate data.
RIM said that BlackBerry 10 smartphones already have entered more than 50 carrier labs, with more entries expected in the coming weeks.
The January launch will represent RIM's attempt at a comeback, after surrendering much of its smartphone market share to rivals Apple and Google. RIM's global market share for its BlackBerry platform has slipped from 11.7 percent to the 5.2 percent in the last year, Gartner reported in August, with Apple's iOS and Google's Android accounting for 18.8 percent and 64.1 percent share, respectively.
RIM, however, believes these numbers could shift in its favor with the arrival of BlackBerry 10.
"By showing the world how BlackBerry 10 unites elegant devices with a flowing user experience that is based on a future-proof mobile computing platform, and our strong alignment with the carriers, we are making believers out of partners," RIM's Heins said at the company's BlackBerry Jam Americas event in September. "And we are also making believers out of those who have previously written BlackBerry off."