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Critical Essays (Short Story Criticism)
Andersen, Hans Christian (Nineteenth-Century Literary Criticism)
Hans Christian Andersen 1805–1875
(Also wrote under the pseudonym Villiam Christian Walter.) Danish writer of fairy tales, poetry, short stories, novels, travel sketches, autobiographies, and dramas.
Although he wrote in many genres, including novels, poems, plays, and travelogues, Hans Christian Andersen is remembered primarily as one of the most distinguished writers of fairy tales. Many of these—such as "The Ugly Duckling" (1843), "The Emperor's New Clothes" (1837), and "The Little Mermaid" (1837)—have become world famous. In all, Andersen wrote more than 150 tales, primarily between 1835 and 1874. Before this time, fairy tales had been part of the oral tradition of literature passed through generations and recorded in writing only for historical interest. Andersen revitalized and expanded the genre by merging the traditional folk tale with the more sophisticated literary tale. To this end he employed conversational language suitable for children, often provided sad rather than happy endings, combined an adult sensibility with a child-like simplicity, and blended into his tales aspects of his own personal life.
Biographical Information
Andersen was born into poverty in the town of Odense, Denmark. His father, a shoemaker, was an avid reader, and encouraged his son's intellectual and creative aspirations by reading to him tales from Danish folklore and from such works as Arabian Nights. The elder Andersen also built a marionette theatre for Hans, so the youngster could write and perform plays for the characters. When Hans was eleven, his father died, but the elder Andersen had already instilled a keen interest in literature in his son, who particularly enjoyed the works of Shakespeare and Sir Walter Scott. Desiring a career on stage as an actor, dancer, or singer, Andersen left home three years later in 1819, intent on joining Copenhagen's theater circle. Without references, though, he was denied admittance to the Royal Theater (many biographers have also stated that Andersen had neither the talent nor the appearance suitable for the theater). He was, nevertheless, taken under the wing of Jonas Collin, a director of
the Royal Theater and a prominent government official. Collin arranged for Andersen to obtain some basic schooling, including instruction at elite private schools during the mid-1820s, and by the late 1820s Andersen had passed the entrance exams for the University of Copenhagen. In the meantime, Collin had become a sort of surrogate father to Andersen, opening his home to the young man. Andersen never saw his own family again. Eventually, Andersen secured some work at the Royal Theater, appearing as an actor in minor roles and translating some French plays. Then in 1829 an original play of his was performed at the theatre: the farcical Kjœrlighed paa Nicolai Taarn, elle Hvad siger Parterret (Love on St. Nicholas Tower, or What Says the Pit). That same year saw the publication of his mock travel book Fodrejse fra Holmens Canal til Østpynten af Amager (Journey on Foot from Holmens Canal to the East Point of Amager), which describes an imaginary walk through Copenhagen. But Andersen's first real success came after a more extended journey, a trip to Italy in 1833, which inspired his novel Improvisatoren (1835; The Improvisatore), which is considered his literary breakthrough. Many scholars have contended that the trip marked a rebirth for Andersen, who turned from composing poetry to writing prose and fairy tales.
Andersen had begun his first fairy tales, published in the collection Eventyr, Fortalte for Børn (1835-42; Fairy Tales Told for Children), during his stay in Italy. Although he had originally intended the fairy tales for adults as well as children, he amended the title to "tales for children" after critics faulted the simplistic dialogue and style of the stories. Many of his early tales were adaptations of traditional folk tales, but he eventually concentrated on producing original stories: all but a dozen of his more than 150 tales are original creations. By 1837 and with the publication of his third novel, Kun en Spillemand (Only a Fiddler), Andersen began to be perceived as a European celebrity and was granted an annual stipend from Denmark for the remainder of his life. Thereafter Andersen continued his travels, visiting such countries as Germany, England, and Holland. Toward the end of his life, as his health began to fail, Denmark acknowledged him as its national author. He died in 1875 near Copenhagen.
Major Works
The tales most familiar to English-speaking readers are Andersen's early tales, written between 1835 and 1850. These include such stories as "The Princess on the Pea" (1835), "Thumbelina" (1835), "The Steadfast Tin Soldier" (1838), "The Snow Queen" (1844), "The Darning Needle" (1845), "The Little Match Girl" (1845), and "The Shirt Collar" (1848). Although some of his tales end happily, Andersen often deviated from the "happily ever after" conclusion of the traditional fairy tale; death, for example, is the primary motif in more than three-fourths of his tales. Andersen's heroes and heroines get consumed by fire or die of cold or have to renounce their love or their ambitions. They often suffer painful ordeals in an ugly or frightening world, and even if they succeed or are transformed in a positive way, like the ugly duckling, it is often not through their own doing, as in a traditional fairy tale, but through the workings of fate or some other external agency. Among Andersen's most popular and best loved fairy tales is "The Ugly Duckling," the story of a homely cygnet who becomes the most beautiful of all swans; many biographers have commented on the autobiographical elements in the tale. In another departure from the traditional fairy tale, Andersen's stories introduce the adult theme of the role of the artist, with an emphasis on the plight of neglected artistic genius. The stories also reflect a division in Andersen between sympathy with ordinary people and distrust of authority, and a desire to be accepted by authority. In general, the stories work on several levels, combining a child-like surface and simplicity of language with serious, adult themes.
Critical Reception
During his lifetime, Andersen became celebrated for his tales not only in Denmark, but throughout Europe and beyond. His tales have remained popular since his death, leading many critics to comment on the universality of his themes. Early scholars, including Paul Hazard, have pointed out the realism inherent in Andersen's tales. According to Hazard, the world Andersen witnessed—which encompassed sorrow, death, evil, and man's follies—is reflected in his tales. Discussing the essential "humanness" of Andersen's tales, Niels Kofoed has found that since they involve everyday-life themes of love, death, nature, injustice, suffering, and poverty, they appeal to all races, ideologies, classes, and genders. Critic Celia Catlett Anderson has also noted that the appeal of the stories is based on their intrinsic optimism, which typically prevails over pessimism. Anderson has contended that Andersen's tales reaffirm the strength of spirit of the protagonists, who prove themselves worthy of triumph.
In recent years, one major trend in Andersen criticism has involved psychoanalytic studies seeking to draw connections between the suffering depicted in Andersen's stories and the troubles of Andersen's own life, including his various psychological problems and his own unrequited love affairs. Throughout his life, as biographers have recorded, Andersen was ashamed of his working-class background and as such, they claim, was plagued by a sense of inferiority. John Griffith has speculated that Andersen turned to writing fantasies as an outlet for his own frustration and embarrassment over his poverty-stricken youth and the immorality of his background. Some critics have even maintained that Andersen retold his own life story over and over again in his stories—portraying his own self as triumphing over evil, persecution, poverty, and scorn.
There has also been interest among modern critics in Andersen's divided role as both an "insider" and an "outsider" in the upper reaches of society. Believing that Andersen's tales reveal the author's desire to be accepted by the upper classes, Jack Zipes has argued that the tales also depict the humiliation, pain, and suffering that "dominated" members of society must endure in order to prove their virtuosity and nobility. According to Zipes, Andersen, during his lifetime, "was obliged to act as a dominated subject within the dominant social circles despite his fame and recognition as a writer." This led Andersen to form an ambivalent attitude toward the aristocracy—at once he aspired to join the ranks of the higher classes, and at the same time he disdained them. Other critics have commented on this feeling of Andersen's of being "miscast" or of not belonging. Noting that although Andersen rose from the working-class ranks to join the upper classes, Niels Ingwersen has pointed out that Andersen never became their equal; instead, he served those who assisted him. Andersen's tales are subversive, then, toward the audience as well as toward Andersen himself, who often despised his own efforts to gain their approval. Critics have also paid some attention to Andersen's neglected plays as well as to his novels and travel writings, and it has been suggested that travel was an important motif in both Andersen's life and his works. But the critics, like the general public, still focus primarily on the fairy tales.
Principal Works
Ungdoms-Forsøg [as Villiam Christian Walter] (novel) 1822
Fodrejse fra Holmens Canal til Østpynten af Arnager [Journey on Foot from Holmens Canal to the East Point of Amager] (travel essay) 1829
Kjœrlighed paa Nicolai Taarn, elle Hvad siger Parterret [Love on St. Nicholas Tower, or What Says the Pit] (drama) 1829
Bruden fra Lammermoor [The Bride of Lammermoor] (libretto; adapted from Sir Walter Scott's novel of the same name) 1832
Improvisatoren [The Lmprovisatore] (novel) 1835
Eventyr, Fortalte for Børn [Fairy Tales Told for Children] (fairy tales) 1835-42
O.T. (novel) 1836
Kun en Spillemand [Only a Fiddler] (novel) 1837
De to Baronesser [The Two Baronesses] (novel) 1838
Den Usynlige paa Sprogø [The Invisible Man on Sprogø] (drama) 1839
Mulatten [The Mulatto] (drama) 1840
En Digters Bazar [A Poet's Bazaar] (poetry, short stories, and travel essays) 1842
Nye Eventyr [New Fairy Tales] (fairy tales) 1844-48
Den nye Barselstue [The New Maternity Ward] (drama) 1845
Liden Kirsten [Little Kirsten] (libretto) 1846
(The entire section is 293 words.)
SOURCE: "A Grumble about the Christmas Books," in The Memoirs of Barry Lyndon, Esq. and the Miscellaneous Papers Written between 1843 and 1847, edited by George Saintsbury, Oxford University Press, 1908, pp. 581-609.
[The following was originally published by Thackeray under the name Michael Angelo Titmarsh and appeared in Fraser's Magazine in 1847. In the excerpt below, Thackeray praises Andersen for his wit and playfulness, calling him a "delicate and charming … genius. "]
I have, I trust, been tolerably ill-humoured hitherto; but what man can go on grumbling in the presence of such an angelical spirit as Hans Christian Andersen? Seeing him praised in the Athenœum journal, I was straight put away from reading a word of Hans's other works: and it was only last night, when going to bed, perfectly bored with the beef-fed English fairies, their hob-nailed gambols, and elephantine friskiness, his Shoes of Fortune and his Wonderful Stories1 came under the eyes of your humble servant. Heaven bless Hans Christian! Here are fairies! Here is fancy, and graceful wit, and delicate humour, and sweet, naϊve kindness, flowing from the heart! Here is frolic without any labour! Here is admirable fooling without any consciousness or degradation! Though we have no sort of respect for a great, hulking, whiskered, red-faced, middle-aged man, who dresses himself in a...
(The entire section is 358 words.)
SOURCE: "Hans Andersen's Fairy Tales," in Much Loved Books: Best Sellers of the Ages, Boni and Liveright, 1927, pp. 291-96.
[In the following excerpt, Bennett discusses the similarities between Andersen 's personal life and the events in his well-known fairy tale "The Ugly Duckling."]
"My life," said Hans Andersen in his serene old age, "is a lovely story, happy and full of incident. If, when I was a boy, and went forth into the world poor and friendless, a good fairy had met me and said, 'Choose now thine own course through life, and the object for which thou wilt strive, and then, according to the development of thy mind, and as reason requires, I will guide and defend thee to its attainment,' my fate could not, even then, have been directed more happily, more prudently, or better. The history of my life will say to the world what it says to me, 'There is a loving God, who directs all things for the best.'"
In its vicissitudes, its hardships, its triumphs that life was a fairy tale come true. The fourteen-year-old boy who came gawking into Copenhagen in 1819, clad in the confirmation suit that a small-town tailoress had made for him from his dead father's old overcoat, lived to be the man who could ride in the king's carriage when he wished to—once he made that wish known to his good-natured sovereign and it was granted—lived, also, to be the man whom almost every literary notable...
(The entire section is 971 words.)
SOURCE: "Superiority of the North over the South," in Books, Children and Men, 5th ed., translated by Marguerite Mitchell, The Horn Book, Inc., 1983, pp. 77-110.
[In the following excerpt, originally written in 1932, Hazard celebrates the vitality and wisdom found in Andersen's tales, maintaining that the stories reflect the true meaning of life.]
Supposing that, by some stretch of imagination, we were called upon to choose the very prince of all story writers for children, my vote would go, not to a Latin, but to Hans Christian Andersen….
He is unexcelled because, within the slender framework of his tales, he brings in all the pageantry of the universe. It is never too much for children. You will find there not only Copenhagen and its brick houses, and its great reddish roofs and copper domes, and the golden cross of Notre-Dame that reflects the sun; Denmark with its marshes, its woods, its willows bent by the wind, its ever-present sea; Scandinavia, Iceland, snowy and frozen, but you will also find Germany, Switzerland, Spain flooded with sunshine, Portugal, Milan, Venice, Florence and Rome, Paris, city of the fine arts, city of revolutions. You will find there Egypt, Persia, China, the ocean to its very depths where the mermaids live; the sky where floats the whiteness of great wild swans.
It is a marvelous picture book that the moon makes in relating what she saw...
(The entire section is 3766 words.)
SOURCE: "The Plays of H. C. Andersen," in Hans Christian Andersen and the Romantic Theatre: A Study of Stage Practices in the Prenaturalistic Scandinavian Theatre, University of Toronto Press, 1971, pp. 30-64.
[In the excerpt below, Marker discusses Andersen 's often-neglected dramatic works, focusing on Andersen's early dramatic influences and arguing that his works form part of a significant bridge between the romanticism of the early part of the Century and the realism that later followed.]
'In Denmark there is but one city and one theatre,' wrote Kierkegaard in 1848,1 and his characteristic comment suggests the central place occupied by the Royal Theatre in nineteenth-century Danish culture and society. Architecturally as well as intellectually, it dominated the daily life of Copenhagen; it was 'the most important daily and nightly topic of conversation,' Andersen declared, and it 'ranked among the finest in Europe.'2 It is no surprise, then, that Andersen's very existence revolved around the imposing playhouse on Kongens Nytorv. His lodgings were always within easy walking distance of it. On most evenings he could be found in the stalls together with the foremost figures of the Danish Golden Age—Oehlenschläger, Thorvaldsen, Heiberg, Kierkegaard—first as a young, promising author, eventually as the renowned mid-point of Scandinavian romanticism. As a dramatist,...
(The entire section is 8450 words.)
SOURCE: "Alternatives in the Nineteenth Century," in Outsiders: A Study in Life and Letters, translated by Denis M. Sweet, MIT Press, 1982, pp. 191-222.
[In the following excerpt, originally published in 1975, Mayer discusses Andersen's outsider status and sexual orientation as revealed in his novel Only a Fiddler and in his fairy tales.]
In chapter 7 of The Story of My Life,1 which deals with the period 1835-1837, Hans Christian Andersen reports a curious incident in his relations with Søren Kierkegaard. Andersen, born in 1805, was in his thirties. Kierkegaard, of the generation of 1813 along with Georg Büchner, Hebbel, and Richard Wagner, was still a student at the time, but he knew all manner of people in Copenhagen, among them the controversial Andersen, a child of poverty from the island of Fyn. Andersen had just published his third novel: The Improvisatore and O. T. were now followed by Only a Fiddler. This third novel (1837) in as many years was well known in Copenhagen to be filled with autobiographical detail.
Andersen reports the incident, looking back, of course, knowing exactly what had become of Kierkegaard or at least what had become of him in the eyes of the official circles of Danish church and crown. He says that his novel about the gifted and despised fiddler "made a strong impression for a short time on one of our...
(The entire section is 4108 words.)
SOURCE: "The Range of Andersen's Tales," in Hans Christian Andersen: The Story of His Life and Work, 1805-75, Phaidon, 1975, pp. 308-32.
[In the following essay, Bredsdorff discusses the sources of some of Andersen's tales and proposes a system for grouping the tales.]
Today Andersen's fame rests entirely on his fairy tales and stories. They have been translated into well over a hundred languages and are still being published and republished in millions of copies all over the world; but it is important to realize that when people speak of Andersen's Fairy Tales they are not necessarily speaking of the same tales.
The total number of tales published in Denmark during Andersen's lifetime under the title Eventyr og Historier is 156; but although they have all been translated,1 many are unfamiliar in Denmark, and even fewer are well known abroad.
In the English-speaking world the early tales, those published between 1835 and 1850, are the ones best known. Judging by present-day editions the following thirty appear to be the most popular (the year of publication in Denmark being given in brackets): 'The Tinder Box', 'Little Claus and Big Claus', 'The Princess on the Pea',2 'Little Ida's Flowers', 'Thumbelina',3 'The Travelling Companion' (1835); 'The Little Mermaid', 'The Emperor's New Clothes' (1837); 'The Steadfast Tin...
(The entire section is 16035 words.)
SOURCE: "Andersen on Love," in The Nordic Mind: Current Trends in Scandinavian Literary Criticism, edited by Frank Egholm Andersen and John Weinstock, translated by Turid Sverre, University Press of America, 1986, pp. 17-35.
[In the following excerpt, originally presented on Radio Denmark in 1979, Brask discusses the obstacles in Andersen's tales to realizing true love.]
"The Swineherd" ("Svindrengen") and "The Shepherdess and the Chimney Sweep" ("Hyrdinden og Skorsteensfeiren") are among Andersen's best-known fairy tales, and when we reread them, they seem so natural. They simply could not be different! Is it just habit, or is it because they are so well narrated, with such power and energy?
What does this mean? After all, they are sad stories; you'd have to look long and hard to find such embarrassing love stories. And yet, they are so funny! How can this be? If you were to ask why Andersen wrote them, there are so many possible answers. For example, you could try to find out whether the poor man had recently been in love and whether, in that case, he had fared as badly as the men in the fairy tales. You will, of course, find that the poet had been unhappy in love, but this doesn't really tell us very much. The interesting thing, after all, is not that the poet fell in love and was unsuccessful in his love, but that he wrote the fairy tales. What actually happens in them? What...
(The entire section is 3770 words.)
SOURCE: "Hans Christian Andersen and the Discourse of the Dominated," in Fairy Tales and the Art of Subversion: The Classical Genre for Children and the Process of Civilization, Heinemann, 1983, pp. 71-96.
[In the following essay, Zipes points to ambivalence in Andersen's tales, finding its roots in the conflict between Andersen's identification with the lower classes and his simultaneous efforts to legitimize Denmark's hierarchical social structure and particularly its powerful upper classes, which in essence controlled his literary success.]
If the Grimm Brothers were the first writers in the nineteenth century to distinguish themselves by remolding oral folk tales explicitly for a bourgeois socialization process, then Hans Christian Andersen completed their mission so to speak and created a canon of literary fairy tales for children between 1835 and 1875 in praise of essentialist ideology. By infusing his tales with general notions of the Protestant Ethic and essentialist ideas of natural biological order, Andersen was able to receive the bourgeois seal of good housekeeping. From the dominant class point of view his tales were deemed useful and worthy enough for rearing children of all classes, and they became a literary staple in western culture. Fortunately for Andersen he appeared on the scene when the original middle-class prejudice against imaginative fairy tales was receding. In fact, there was...
(The entire section is 11480 words.)
SOURCE: "Personal Fantasy in Andersen's Fairy Tales," in Kansas Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 3, Summer, 1984, pp. 81-88.
[In the following essay, Griffith contends that Andersen depicted death as a welcome escape for the innocent from the frightening sexuality of the world.]
"We can begin by saying that happy people never make fantasies, only unsatisfied ones," Freud wrote in his essay on the relation between imaginative writing and day-dreaming. "Unsatisfied wishes are the driving power behind fantasies; every separate fantasy contains the fulfillment of a wish, and improves on unsatisfactory reality. The impelling wishes may vary according to the sex, character and circumstances of the creator; they may be easily divided, however, into two principal groups. Either they are ambitious wishes, serving to exalt the person creating them, or they are erotic."1
There is little doubt that unsatisfied wishes inspired Hans Christian Andersen to write, and to write what he did. Neurotic, vain, skittish, inclined toward hysteria and melancholy, Andersen lived a life of yearning and self-denial, of awkward advances and embarrassed retreats. His fairy tales were an outlet for feelings of frustration that troubled him all his life.
His biographer Elias Bredsdorff summarizes the conditions of his earliest years this way: "In a candid letter to a friend who knew him better than...
(The entire section is 4359 words.)
SOURCE: "Andersen's Heroes and Heroines: Relinquishing the Reward," in Triumphs of the Spirit in Children's Literature, edited by Francelia Butler and Richard Rotert, Library Professional Publications, 1986, pp. 122-26.
[In the following essay, Anderson argues that the endings of Andersen's fairy tales do not convey pessimism but that they instead express the "triumph of the Spirit " and the optimism and wisdom of remaining true to one's ideals and one's self.]
Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tales have sometimes been described as too adult or too pessimistic for children. For example, May Hill Arbuthnot in her classic Children and Books, although praising Andersen as an allegorist, notes that "because of the double meaning, the adult themes, and the sadness of many of these stories, the whole collection is usually not popular with children."1 P. L. Travers found a "devitalizing element" of nostalgia in the tales.2 Bruno Bettelheim has commented that the conclusions of some of Andersen's stories are discouraging in that "they do not convey the feeling of consolation characteristic of fairy tales," and Jack Zipes accuses Andersen of teaching lessons in servility to the young.3 Andersen's tales continue, however to be published, read, discussed, and used as a basis for children's theater, and the most popular of them have an undeniable appeal for children....
(The entire section is 2172 words.)
SOURCE: "Hans Christian Andersen's Fairy Tales and Stories: Secrets, Swans and Shadows," in Touchstones: Reflections on the Best in Children's Literature, Vol. 2: Fairy Tales, Fables, Myths, Legends, and Poetry, Children's Literature Association, 1987, pp. 14-23.
[In the essay following, Cech discusses the optimistic and pessimistic aspects of Andersen's fairy tales, relating them to the "competing sides of [Andersen's] nature."]
Among the 156 "tales and stories" that Hans Christian Andersen wrote between 1835 and 1872, a dozen or so are among the best-known, most frequently anthologized and reprinted retellings of fairy tales or literary fairy tales of any canon. Indeed, such stories as "The Ugly Duckling," "The Princess and the Pea," and "The Emperor's New Clothes" have been retold so often, and in so many different forms, that they have become part of the public domain of our oral folk tradition. Bo Grønbech claims that Anderson's tales have been translated into over a hundred languages; only the Bible and Shakespeare have been translated into more. Not long after the appearance of the first of Andersen's tales, one of his friends had quipped that Andersen's novels and plays might make him famous in Denmark, but his fairy tales would make him immortal. The friend's intuitive pronouncement has not been far off the mark.
This enormous success could not have been more unlikely,...
(The entire section is 4801 words.)
SOURCE: "Being Stuck: The Subversive Andersen and His Audience," in Studies in German and Scandinavian Literature after 1500: A Festschrift for George C. Schoolfield, edited by James A. Parente, Jr. and Rich ard Erich Schade, Camden House, 1993, pp. 166-80.
[In the following excerpt, Ingwersen discusses the theme of the loss of freedom in Andersen's fairy tales, focusing particularly on those characters trapped by their social standing or by gender roles. Ingwersen also comments on the relationship between the artist and audience in Andersen 's tales, finding Andersen concerned with the appreciation of art as well as the compromises an artist makes for his audience.]
Hans Christian Andersen's butterfly ("Sommerfuglen," ["The Butterfly"] 1862) flutters through life without finding anyone quite fit for marriage. When he finally proposes, he is firmly told by the desired object that too much time has passed to realize a marriage; friendship must suffice. As an old butterfly, he finds himself comfortably lodged in a parlor, but in spite of the warmth and protection of the locale, he passes judgment on his life by admitting that a butterfly ought to be outside enjoying the sunshine, the freedom, and the company of a little flower as a partner…. He deems his life to be wasted. At that point the inhabitants of the parlor notice him—presumably by his fluttering against the...
(The entire section is 8219 words.)
SOURCE: "Hans Christian Andersen—The Journey of His Life," in Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, Vol. 76, No. 3, Autumn, 1994, pp. 127-43.
[In the following essay, Andersen (a twentieth-century critic) discusses the motif of travel in Andersen's works, finding it connected with themes of restlessness, homelessness, and alienation, and maintaining that the idea of travel can be seen as a metaphor for Andersen's own life journey.]
Hans Christian Andersen's delight in travel is well-known, as is his talent for describing his progress through Europe and, briefly, the Near East and North Africa. His very earliest works, and his earliest successful works, were travel books or fiction inspired by the experience of travel in the middle of the nineteenth century. They show him integrating fact and fiction seamlessly, so that the reader comes to experience the world through his mind, with his sensitive eye for the significant and the insignificant detail of life in those days.
This present work is indirectly inspired by research into Hans Christian Andersen's work for the stage, an aspect of his career that has to a great extent remained unseen in the work of critics. Among his thirty stage plays is one originally written for reading rather than for performance: Agnete and the merman (Agnete og Havmanden, 1833). Written in Switzerland during his first...
(The entire section is 7337 words.)
SOURCE: "Hans Christian Andersen and the European Literary Tradition," in Hans Christian Andersen: Danish Writer and Citizen of the World, edited by Sven Hakon Rossel, Rodopi, 1996, pp. 209-56.
[In the following excerpt, Kofoed discusses Andersen's sources and the double nature of his narrative voice, which expresses "the tension between the manners of the highly educated, adult person and the spontaneity of the child as a representative of unconscious life."]
The sources of Andersen's tales and stories are manifold. First of all there is the anonymous folktale; next there is the German literary tale by writers such as Tieck, Arnim, Brentano, Chamisso, and Hoffmann, which had flourished throughout the romantic period; furthermore Andersen's own life story, and finally modern technology and natural science, a source pointed out by one of his closest friends, the physicist Hans Christian Ørsted. In his tales and stories Andersen exploits the entire treasure trove of motifs and themes to be found in European literature as well as in Greek and Roman antiquity, and he also found inspiration in Arabic, Persian, and Indian narrative.
One of the secrets behind Andersen's success may have been the fact that in his development as a writer he accomplished a transition from poetry to prose, from writing in verse for an educated reader to a modern narrative prose based on oral diction, addressing...
(The entire section is 3460 words.)
Further Reading
Enquist, Per Olov. "The Hans Christian Andersen Saga." Translated by Joan Tate. First published, 1985. Reprinted in Scandinavian Review 74, 3 (Autumn 1986): 64-69.
Brief discussion of Andersen's troubled, poverty-stricken ancestors and his own unstable personality.
Grønbech, Bo. Hans Christian Andersen. Boston, Mass.: Twayne, 1980, 171 p.
An extensive study of Andersen's life and works.
Pickard, P. M. "Hans Christian Andersen: Success and Failure." In I Could a Tale Unfold: Violence, Horror and Sensationalism in Stories for Children, pp. 67-93. London: Tavistock, 1961.
Provides psychological analyses of Andersen and discusses his life and career.
Spink, Reginald. Hans Christian Andersen and His World. London: Thames and Hudson, 1972, 128 p.
Pictonal biography of Andersen, including caricatures, reproductions of title pages, and various other illustrations.
Stirling, Monica. The Wild Swan: The Life and Times of Hans Christian Andersen. London: Collins, 1965, 384 p.
Popular and authoritative biography of Andersen.
(The entire section is 515 words.)
Source: Nineteenth-Century Literary Criticism, ©1999 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.


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Cailteux, J.L.H.; Kampunzu, A.B.; Lerouge, C.; Kaputo, A.K.; Milesi, J.P. (Elsevier www.elsevier.com/locate/jafrearsci, NaN, 2005)[more][less]
Abstract: The Neoproterozoic central African Copperbelt is one of the greatest sediment-hosted stratiform Cu–Co provinces in the world, totalling 140 Mt copper and 6 Mt cobalt and including several world-class deposits (P10 Mt copper). The origin of Cu–Co mineralisation in this province remains speculative, with the debate centred around syngenetic–diagenetic and hydrothermal-diagenetic hypotheses. The regional distribution of metals indicates that most of the cobalt-rich copper deposits are hosted in dolomites and dolomitic shales forming allochthonous units exposed in Congo and known as Congolese facies of the Katangan sedimentary succession (average Co:Cu = 1:13). The highest Co:Cu ratio (up to 3:1) occurs in ore deposits located along the southern structural block of the Lufilian Arc. The predominantly siliciclastic Zambian facies, exposed in Zambia and in SE Congo, forms para-autochthonous sedimentary units hosting ore deposits characterized by lower a Co:Cu ratio (average 1:57). Transitional lithofacies in Zambia (e.g. Baluba, Mindola) and in Congo (e.g. Lubembe) indicate a gradual transition in the Katangan basin during the deposition of laterally correlative clastic and carbonate sedimentary rocks exposed in Zambia and in Congo, and are marked by Co:Cu ratios in the range 1:15. The main Cu–Co orebodies occur at the base of the Mines/Musoshi Subgroup, which is characterized by evaporitic intertidal–supratidal sedimentary rocks. All additional lenticular orebodies known in the upper part of the Mines/Musoshi Subgroup are hosted in similar sedimentary rocks, suggesting highly favourable conditions for the ore genesis in particular sedimentary environments. Prelithification sedimentary structures affecting disseminated sulphides indicate that metals were deposited before compaction and consolidation of the host sediment. The ore parageneses indicate several generations of sulphides marking syngenetic, early diagenetic and late diagenetic processes. Sulphur isotopic data on sulphides suggest the derivation of sulphur essentially from the bacterial reduction of seawater sulphates. The mineralizing brines were generated from sea water in sabkhas or hypersaline lagoons during the deposition of the host rocks. Changes of Eh–pH and salinity probably were critical for concentrating copper–cobalt and nickel mineralisation. Compressional tectonic and related metamorphic processes and supergene enrichment have played variable roles in the remobilisation and upgrading of the primary mineralisation. There is no evidence to support models assuming that metals originated from: (1) Katangan igneous rocks and related hydrothermal processes or; (2) leaching of red beds underlying the orebodies. The metal sources are pre-Katangan continental rocks, especially the Palaeoproterozoic low-grade porphyry copper deposits known in the Bangweulu block and subsidiary Cu–Co–Ni deposits/occurrences in the Archaean rocks of the Zimbabwe craton. These two sources contain low grade ore deposits portraying the peculiar metal association (Cu, Co, Ni, U, Cr, Au, Ag, PGE) recorded in the Katangan sediment-hosted ore deposits. Metals were transported into the basin dissolved in water. The stratiform deposits of Congo and Zambia display features indicating that syngenetic and early diagenetic processes controlled the formation of the Neoproterozoic Copperbelt of central Africa. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/387 Files in this item: 1
Kampunzu2005GenesisSediment.pdf (2.837Mb) -
Cailteux, J.L.H.; Kampunzu, A.B.H.; Batumike, M.J. (Elsevier www.elsevier.com/locate/jafrearsci, NaN, 2005)[more][less]
Abstract: The Neoproterozoic Katangan R.A.T. ("Roches Argilo-Talqueuses") Subgroup is a sedimentary sequence composed of red massive to irregularly bedded terrigenous-dolomitic rocks occurring at the base of the Katangan succession in Congo. Red R.A.T. is rarely exposed in a continuous section because it was affected by a major layer-parallel de´collement during the Lufilian thrusting. However, in a number of thrust sheets, Red R.A.T. is in conformable sedimentary contact with Grey R.A.T which forms the base of the Mines Subgroup. Apart from the colour difference reflecting distinct depositional redox conditions, lithological, petrographical and geochemical features of Red and Grey R.A.T. are similar. A continuous sedimentary transition between these two lithological units is shown by the occurrence of variegated to yellowish R.A.T. The D. Strat. "Dolomies Stratifie´es" formation of the Mines Subgroup conformably overlies the Grey R.A.T. In addition, a transitional gradation between Grey R.A.T. and D. Strat. occurs in most Cu–Co mines in Katanga and is marked by interbedding of Grey R.A.T.-type and D. Strat.-type layers or by a progressive petrographic and lithologic transition from R.A.T. to D. Strat. Thus, there is an unquestionable sedimentary transition between Grey R.A.T. and D. Strat. and between Grey R.A.T. and Red R.A.T. The R.A.T. Subgroup stratigraphically underlies the Mines Subgroup and therefore R.A.T. cannot be comprised of syn-orogenic sediments deposited upon the Kundelungu (formerly ''Upper Kundelungu'') Group as suggested by Wendorff (2000). As a consequence, the Grey R.A.T. Cu–Co mineralisation definitely is part of the Mines Subgroup Lower Orebody, and does not represent a distinct generation of stratiform Cu–Co sulphide mineralisation younger than the Roan orebodies. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/391 Files in this item: 1
Kampunzu2005Lithostratigraphic.pdf (1.922Mb) -
Cailteux, J.L.H.; Kampunzu, A.B.; Lerouge, C. (Elsevier www.elsevier.com/locate/gr, NaN, 2007)[more][less]
Abstract: Rocks of the Neoproterozoic Mwashya Subgroup (former Upper Mwashya) form the uppermost sedimentary unit of the Roan Group. Based on new field and drill hole observations, the Mwashya is subdivided into three formations: (1) Kamoya, characterized by dolomitic silty shales/ siltstones/sandstones and containing a regional marker (the "Conglomerate de Mwashya" bed or complex); (2) Kafubu, formed by finely bedded black carbonaceous shales; and (3) Kanzadi, marked by feldspathic sandstones. Rocks of the Mwashya Subgroup are overlain by the Sturtian age Grand Conglomérat diamictite (equivalent to the Varianto/Brazil and Chuos/Namibia diamictites), and conformably overlie rocks of the Kansuki Formation (former Lower Mwashya), a carbonate unit containing volcaniclastic beds. New geochemical data confirm the continental rift context of this magmatism, which is contemporaneous with rift-related volcanism of the Askevold Formation (Nosib Group, Namibia). A gradational lithological transition between rocks of the Kansuki and the underlying Kanwangungu Formations, and similar petrological composition of these two formations, support the hypothesis that the Kansuki is the uppermost unit of the carbonate-dominated Dipeta/Kanwangungu sequence, and does not form part of the Mwashya Subgroup. Base metal deposits, mostly hosted in rocks of the Kansuki Formation, include weakly disseminated early-stage low-grade Cu–Co mineralisation, which was reworked and enriched, or initially deposited, by metamorphic fluids associated with the Lufilian orogenic event. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/399 Files in this item: 1
Kampunzu2007Neoproterozoic Mwashya.pdf (2.801Mb) -
Kampunzu, A.B.; Cailteux, J.L.H.; Kamona, A.F.; Intiomale, M.M.; Melcher, F. (Elsevier www.elsevier.com/locate/oregeorev, NaN, 2009)[more][less]
Abstract: Stratabound epigenetic sulphide Zn–Pb–Cu ore deposits of the Central African Copperbelt in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia are mostly hosted in deformed shallow marine platform carbonates and associated sedimentary rocks of the Neoproterozoic Katanga Supergroup. Economic orebodies, that also contain variable amounts of minor Cd, Co, Ge, Ag, Re, As, Mo, Ga, and V, occur mainly as irregular pipe-like bodies associated with collapse breccias and faults as well as lenticular bodies subparallel to bedding. Kipushi and Kabwe in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia, respectively, are the major examples of carbonate-hosted Zn–Pb–Cu mined deposits with important by-products of Ge, Cd, Ag and V in the Lufilian Arc, a major metallogenic province famous for its world-class sediment-hosted stratiform Cu–Co deposits. The carbonate-hosted deposits range in age from Neoproterozoic to early Palaeozoic (680 to 450 Ma). The formation of the relatively older Neoproterozoic deposits is probably related to early collision events during the Lufilian Orogeny, whereas the younger Palaeozoic deposits may be related to post-collisional processes of ore formation. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope data indicate that hydrothermal metal-bearing fluids evolved from formation brines during basin evolution and later tectonogenesis. Ore fluid migration occurred mainly along major thrust zones and other structural discontinuities such as karsts, breccias and faults within the Katangan cover rocks, resulting in ore deposition within favourable structures and reactive carbonates of the Katangan Supergroup. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/380 Files in this item: 1
Kampunzu2009Sediment-hosted Zn.pdf (4.792Mb)
Now showing items 1-4 of 4

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does it come with the extension cord piece cause i like how it reaches longer. i lost my original charger my pro came with.
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'An AC lead is provided with the adaptor for maximum lead length, while the AC wall adaptor (also provided) gives users an even easier and more compact way to travel.'- Answered by Vince B from Burgess Hill
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does this come with the outlet cord or how can I buy just the cord. My son-in-law seems to have lost his!
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If you're going to have a bed and breakfast, two things better be great: the bed and the breakfast! As for the bed, it was a high bed with a very comfy mattress. I like that sort of thing. I slept well, and woke up to a rooster's call. Linens were soft and wonderful. As for breakfast, as someone else... More
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- Boutique B&B with spacious guest rooms and suites minutes Greenfield and Deerfield, colleges and Pioneer Valley attractions to the south, and north to Brattleboro or Keene. Pillow top beds, cable TV, WiFi and ample country breakfasts in an historic New England village. Enjoy hearth side breakfast in winter, or spectacular views in the Sun Room in warmer weather. Relax in a gazebo overlooking distant hills; there's electricity and WiFi out there too so you can use your laptop. Weddings, meetings and other events. Off I-91 and Mohawk Trail, near attractions, hiking the New England Trail, x-c skiing, shopping and fine dining. Open all year. Romantic and family-friendly suites. ... more less


text: USA Today -- Gasoline prices could soon jump by as much as 15 cents a gallon along the West Coast and Northeast corridors, where motorists already are paying some of the nation's highest prices.The unexpected surge is coming at a time when overall gasoline prices, which typically slump after peak summer driving season, are at their highest autumn levels ever.The culprit: record-low inventories due to production woes at several U.S. refineries.Nationally, gasoline averages $3.78 a gallon, down from $3.83 last month but still 35 cents higher than Oct. 1, 2011's $3.43. Through September, gasoline is averaging $3.64 a gallon, easily eclipsing 2011's record $3.51."The two coasts are obviously the biggest sore spots," says Denton Cinquegrana, editor at the Oil Price Information Service. Read the Full Article


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Caravaggio dark matt grey suspension light
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A simple, soft, curved design for small and large pendants. The shade is made of drawn steel and coated with smooth, high-gloss paint. The suspension assembly consists of curved steel rods and two pieces of turned brass, coated in matt chrome. The light features an opening at the top, casting light both upwards and down. Recommended for use withOsram halogen bulbs.
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- With Mayo Clinic diabetes educators
Nancy Klobassa Davidson, R.N., and Peggy Moreland, R.N.
read biographyclose windowBiography of
Nancy Klobassa Davidson, R.N., and Peggy Moreland, R.N.
Nancy Klobassa Davidson and Peggy Moreland
Nancy Klobassa Davidson, R.N., B.S.N, C.D.E
Nancy Klobassa Davidson is a registered nurse who has worked in diabetes education for 17 years. She is a certified diabetes educator (C.D.E.) and is currently in graduate school working on a Master of Science in nursing (M.S.N.) and health care education.Nancy works with adults who have type 1, type 2 and other forms of diabetes. Nancy is coordinator of the Diabetes Unit's intensive insulin therapy program within the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, & Nutrition at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn. Nancy has worked extensively with insulin pump therapy and continuous interstitial glucose sensing.
Peggy Moreland, R.N., M.S.N.
Peggy Moreland is a certified diabetes educator (C.D.E.) in the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, & Nutrition at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn.Peggy graduated with a Master of Science in Nursing and Health Care Education from the University of Phoenix and is a member of the American Association of Diabetes Educators and the American Diabetes Association. A certified diabetes educator (C.D.E.), Peggy enjoys working with patients to set and achieve diabetes self-management goals.
Latest entries
- Managing diabetes in the winter
Dec. 3, 2013
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Oct. 24, 2013
- Diabetes: Take baby steps toward healthy lifestyle changes
Oct. 11, 2013
- Diabetes and weight loss: Tips for success
Sept. 26, 2013
- Balancing insulin, medication and exercise
Sept. 13, 2013
Living with diabetes blog
April 13, 2012
Coping with the ups and downs of managing diabetes
By Nancy Klobassa Davidson, R.N., and Peggy Moreland, R.N.
35 comments posted
How does one, day in and day out, cope and continue to cope with a chronic disease such as diabetes? Is there ever a halcyon time? "Halcyon" comes from a bird identified with the kingfisher, and in an ancient legend it nested at sea during winter solstice and just by its very presence calmed the waves during incubation. Does it seem that there are periods when managing your diabetes is easier than usual, and other times it seems like no matter what you do the blood sugars are out of control?
I see in my practice some people who never find a halcyon period in coping with their diabetes. We all know that everyone has different coping skills, and I've seen individuals with diabetes who have great coping skills. To them, diabetes is little more than an inconvenience.
What are good coping skills and how do we develop them? Try these tips:
- Avoid negative thinking — "It doesn't matter what I do, I'll get diabetes complications anyway (not true)."
- Self talk — It's OK to talk to yourself, you'll feel better.
- Play music — I play the drums and there are times they really vibrate.
- Do something — Walk, dance, clean the house, wash the car.
- Call someone — Friends are good.
- Pray — Someone who always listens.
- Ride it out — Experience the wave of emotion and let it go.
- Take a bath and add candlelight
- Help someone else — Take the focus off yourself (poor you).
- Write a blog — Sometimes this can be a helpful coping skill.
Have you found any coping skills that work for you in managing your diabetes? Please share.
35 comments posted
March 20, 2013 3:10 p.m.
Joan: We do our best to answer questions, but it is not possible to answer all of them. We may miss a few. Did you have a question that we missed?
- Nancy and Peggy
March 20, 2013 3:06 p.m.
Gary: We love your "war" analogy! That is a perfect analogy and is what it is. We are sorry that you feel shame. You needn't. I (Peggy) have type 2 diabetes as well. Sometimes the diagnosis is a wake up call to eat better/exercise better etc. you can lead the healthiest lifestyle ever and still get type 2 diabetes. Keep up the good work!
- Nancy and Peggy
March 13, 2013 7:24 p.m.
I use meditation 2x daily to take care of me body,spirit& soul.
- Isidra
March 13, 2013 7:16 p.m.
Seek out exercise classes that you could enjoy and benefit from, such as, stretching, Tai Chi, Pilates, Yoga. Build up a pleasant exchange with the participants. With something you like to do and with people you enjoy sharing the experience with, will motivate you to continue with your exercise choices.
- Camille
March 12, 2013 10:06 p.m.
I am concerned that comments, many asking for help, others sharing incomplete or other info worthy of Mayo Clinic response are not getting any replies from "Nancy" at Mayo Clinic. I logged on to leave a comment why reply to a question if the person who asks the question never replies? Or is this site just meant to sell Mayo Clinic books and services?
- joan
March 12, 2013 9:17 p.m.
I treat it like a war. I do the research (intelligence), I develop a plan (planning), and I carry it out on a daily basis (tactics), and I look at the overall picture to get a sense of how I'm doing (Strategy). Its a challenge. The most difficult part of the problem is shame. I was mortified to learn I was diabetic. I had always associated Type 2 Diabetes with sloth, gluttony, and ignorance. I still do not discuss it with friends unless they have been diagnosed.
- Gary
March 12, 2013 4:13 p.m.
Had diabetes since I was 45 (or earler)am now 74.keep 2 my diet always have some interesting project on, such as beautiful crochet, knitting, sewing,my husband passed away very suddenly 21 years ago, so I have 2 keep busy & think "there is plenty worse things than diabetes".always take 2 meusli bars when I go out (they R always in my shopping bag & "dressed up bag" ready & replace when expiry date is due) & test 5 or 6 x per day so as I don;t go on a "low" when out. Diabetic clinic Dr is VERY PLEASED with me & no complications 5 injections per day 3 of act rapid & 2 of protophane
- Joyce
March 12, 2013 11:41 a.m.
What a great place to come to with our highs and lows I have type 2 and Im vegetarian just being aware of healthy eating and any type of excercise can make a huge difference. glad to have you all out there .
- sharon
September 4, 2012 11:53 p.m.
I have son who suffers from type 1 diabetes. I think the best coping mechanism for those who suffer or is suffering from diabetes is to have a strong support system. For me, being there for someone gives that person strength that he/she is not alone, that they have somebody to turn to if they need help. Many thanks for posting!! Love the tips!Live Beyond Awesome
- Jen
June 6, 2012 4:45 a.m.
It's hard getting use to being a Diabetic, so to help me follow a diet I plan a daily menu to follow to avoid my tendency to be in a hurry, or skip meals and ending up grabbing fast foods. Change has been the main theme to avoid diet-boredom, so planning is essential for me to maintain a low blood sugar. Usually a balanced diet is best, although there have been occasions that I haven't been as strict as I should be. I realize this does help me avoid the consequences of weight gain and hyperglycemia, which is something I can't afford. Each day, menu planning & exercise has to be a habit to keep me motivated.
- Maxie
May 28, 2012 9:20 p.m.
I have found using alcohol flavoring is a terrific way to get the taste of my favorite alcohol beverage without the alcohol. When I go out to a bar or restaurant with friends, I bring my alcohol flavor drops with me and make my own drinks. I found them at www.yumdropsflavoring.com
- Shirley
April 26, 2012 3:14 p.m.
"Do Something" really hit home with me....my husband and I take nightly walks after dinner. I was diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes and in addition to managing it on my own, was prescribed Actos. Unfortunately, I also have bladder cancer and was shocked to find a link. http://www.newsinferno.com/pharmaceuticals/he
alth-canada-says-actos-raises-bladder-cancer- risks/36943. I will take your advice and pray, and hope they are answered. - Patrisha
April 20, 2012 10:48 a.m.
My message is to Sue. Thank you for your comments to Denise. I am going to use your advised and try and stay positive. It is hard when you have no one to talk to and you feel all alone.
- Suzie
April 19, 2012 3:01 a.m.
I've been a type 1 diabetic with an insulin pump for years. What I do to keep busy is do my favorite hobbies such as sewing and quilting, crocheting, reading and gardening.
- Sue
April 17, 2012 12:30 p.m.
I know what I need to eat and what to avoid. I keep track of my nutrients (carbs & protein) on Fitday for a few weeks a year, just to keep my eye "calibrated". It's easy to let portions slide. Seeing the numbers reminds me I'm only cheating myself. I'm a numbers person, and that works for me. I'd rather have my toes and my kidneys than sweets, and I don't want to take drugs. I also encourage others who ask me what I do.
- Carol
April 16, 2012 10:56 a.m.
I have a dear friend whos child is of the age of 15yrs old (son)..He has been at our home on and off on the weekends and I had noticed a drastic weight change in a short amount of time and brought it to her attention. Long story short, I had her check his blood sugar level and it was over 300. Beings it was a week-end she made a verbal consiltation over the phone with his doctor and she has made follow-up appts. Her son is type 1 juvenile diabetic...and we are going on the third week. Her son's dr. still hasn't giving the correct insulin amount to control it...He is still running on the average of 270-300+ and I am scared of the long term affects this will have on his body and organs. Also the doctor is putting off her seeing an Educator and a Endocarnologist(?)...What do I tell her for her to understand?? Please help....
- Holly
April 15, 2012 12:44 a.m.
I have not long been told by a doctor that I am type 2 diabetic,and now I am on diabex as well as a diet,it has changes my life and way of thinking,I now check every label for sugar and potassium and all the other stuff and I have also lost around 10 kilos as well which will help my disease,it has also given me an insight into the health industry so Ihave decided to start my on web page on health called healthier-u.org,it is a work in progress but it already has a lot of information on it. Any way thanks for my little comment and I have bookmarked this blog so I can come back and learn more from you. Don
- don
February 23, 2012 12:11 p.m.
I have been diabetic for 12 years now .And I was looking into a diabetic study on Monday they took some blood and run a ekg on me . And being 42 yaers old They told me the ekg showed I had a heart attack .. wow I'm still shock over this and Just need to tell someone take care of yourself..
- James
March 22, 2010 7:36 p.m.
To Denise - I am wondering how you are doing.
- Sue
March 18, 2010 9:33 p.m.
I have found that prayer helps me with my diabetes. It takes my mind off of my body and put it in a hands of the Lord who knows how much I can bear. Looking to Jesus give me peace while dealing with my diabetes. The sun is always shining.... even when the rain clouds are over your head. Prayer works!
- Sabrina
March 10, 2010 11:03 p.m.
I do not have diabetes, but my husband has been diagnosed as a Type 2 diabetic about 3 years ago. His is not as cronic as many, but he does suffer from many symptoms. One hint that he received from the wife of a friend that has been a type1 diabetic since his childhood, was to investigate the herb, cinnamon bark. My husband was having a sort of fainting spell, and she said it helped her husband tremendously to stabilize the insolin peaks. He uses celon cinnamon bark found at our local health food store. They are 6oomg capsules -120 for $18.28, so not expensive. It is reccomended to take 2 capsules, 2 times a day with meals, but my husband found that to be too strong, so he reduced it to 1 capsule morning and evening. He is not a herb fanatic, in fact he avoids medicines if he possibly can. When he ran out of his first lot he thought he could probably do without them, but within a few days he was back to the way he was before. He bought another bottle and has stayed on them for over a year now with good results. I hope this suggestion can help for some of you at least. You have to be careful where you buy. We were out on the west coast of Canada and bought some that was 1/3 the potency for over double the price! Got us!! The product my husband uses is NOW, manufactured by NOW FOODs in Bloomingdale Ill. www.nowfoods.com
- Pat
March 10, 2010 6:49 p.m.
First time on this site, found it very interesting and helpful. I am 51 and going thru the menopause thing, sometime I feel I am going out of my mind. I don't want to take more medications, so any suggestion on how you did it without meds would be nice. I find having diabetic stinks and now I may has to go on the pump. Like to know what machine other are on and how they like being on the pump. Hope to hear from u soon and god be with us all, this disease isnt easy.
March 7, 2010 7:13 p.m.
I noticed that the last entries are dated way back in February. Since I am just a reader w/ diabetes, I don't feel I should say too much, but I do feel these people are asking for help and not getting it. So . . . To Denise: I am understanding how you are feeling. Having a chronic illness is a lot to deal with and unless a person is in the same boat, cannot REALLY understand what you are going through. 1. Be thankful you still have life. 2. Slow down and breathe. Slowly. 3. Call a friend, even if they don't completely understand since they are NOT in the same boat as you - but TALK to them, just as you wrote some of your feeling here. It does help to get it all off your chest. 4. Make a list of your priorities - what do you want to do first? I don't believe it can all come at once. It is OK to go one day at a time. As I said in #4, it cannot be done all at once. I REALLY wish I could wake up thin, but I do realize that I can only lose one lb at a time and I am over 100 lbs overweight. 5. Find a source of motivation. Even if you are motivated 20 minutes at a time, do it. Then the next 20. Stay busy. It keeps your mind occupied and off food and your troubles. Do not dwell on negative feelings. ONE DAY AT A TIME, DENISE. It seems you and I have several things in common, according to your list. Mothers, heart valves, obesity...I understand, believe me. Remember that others care even if we are total strangers. Write here again.
- Sue
February 15, 2010 9:54 p.m.
well where do i start. I AM 53 YRS, I WAS DIAGNOISED WITH TYPE 2 DIABETTES ABOUT 8 YEARS AGO, USING INSULIN FOR THE LAST 3 YEARS. MY MOTHER PASSED AWAY 6 YEARS AGO FROM COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETTES.(LIVER PROBLEMS FIRST THEN KIDNEY FAILURE) SHE WAS 79. I SEEM TO BE STEAM ROLLING INTO HER FOOT STEPS ONLY YOUNGER. SCARES ME TO DEATH. (I HOPE NOT TO SOON). I STARTED HAVING EVERYTHING GO WRONG ALL AT ONCE, I DONT KNOW HOW TO DEAL WITH IT ALL. FIRST THE DIABETTES OK DEAL WITH IT, THEN HAD GAULL BLADDER OUT, DELT WITH IT, THEN WAS TOLD HAD CHIRRIOUS OF LIVER, NOT SO GOOD NEED TRANSPLANT, NEED HYSTERECTOMY CAME OUT OK NO CANCER, THEN 3 WEEKS AFTER SURGERY I HAVE UTI. DIDNT KNOW I HAD IT UNTIL I DIED, THEY GOT ME BACK. I KNOW THIS SOUNDS IMPOSSIABLE BUT IT HAPPEND JUST 4 MONTHS AGO. I NOW HAVE A ARTIFICIAL PIG HEART VALVE. STILL HAVE ALL OTHER STUFF. ALL THIS IN 1 YEAR. I REALLY DONT KNOW HOW TO LIVE MY LIFE, JUST DAY TO DAY. I NEED MY BODY TO GET HEALTHY, BUT HOW? I HAVE VARIECIES ALSO. THEY HAVE BEEN BLEEDING IN MY URIN, LOST 50 LBS NOW ITS BACK. BUT YOU LOOSE WEIGHT ON FEEDING TUBE WHEN YOU ARE OUT. START EATING AGAIN THEN YOU GAIN.I SPENT 4 WEEKS IN HOSPITAL U OF M . GUESS I'M LUCKY DONT REMEMBER ANYTHING. I FEEL SO LOST. DONT KNOW HOW TO GET BETTER, I NEED A DIET AND SOMEONE THAT MIGHT UNDERSTAND. I FEEL LIKE I HAVE LET MY HUSBAND DOWN, HE RETIRED THINKS HE HAS TO CARE FOR ME. THIS IS NOT THE WAY RETIREMENT IS SUPPOSE TO BE. WHERE CAN I GET HELP TO GET HEALTHY. DENISE
- denise
February 8, 2010 3:08 a.m.
I've been living with type 2 for 6 years. I also deal with depression and have finally found good results from two medications. Not wanting to take care of oneself is a hard nut to crack. Reading your comments and knowing there are others out there with a like issue gives me great hope. I'm not alone. Right now I'm between jobs for the first time in 25 years. Making a major course correction feels good and scarey at the same time. My sugars have been all over the place from 65 to 350. The only thing i notice is that whe I exercise at leat one hour every other day I'm in better shape: mentally, physically and spiritually. All I have to do, is to do it. Lord, help me out of bed, off the couch, away from the TV, the computer. There are many nice folks to meet, greet and learn from. Thanks, JC
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So were the rest of us, but not for the same reason...
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She could have whisked away the tears with her broom, except she is a witch with a capital "B".
She never chased after a middle class sugar-daddy. With her, it all about the money and it usually someone else's money at that!
Hey, Eva.There will be even more tears when you get your tax bill next year, as a 1 percenter
Screw Hollywood.
who cares what this little syphylitic monster has to say, really?See Staff note at #3.
So was I, but for SO MANY different reasons!!
It's a good thing all these Hollywood creeps have already made their millions. I suspect by showing their blind love for Obama, they have lost a huge portion of their audience forever. I can hardly stand to watch a movie or listen to music I once liked since I've seen the soul of those behind them.
this silly woman, you know, gets on my last nerve. you know...
#6, Hollywood is not worried about taxes.......see, Eva's production company gets paid the $400K, pays her 'living expenses' and her 'salary' is around $15K a year...........Not a ONE of 'em will pay their 'fair share'.
So will she be writing a check to pay additional taxes?
Leader for the moron class....Fourth husband?Another Obama ambassador? Perfect! Mexico..Maybe Beyonce can be the Ambassador to Africa and Clooney to Italy and Madonnas to the Vatican, you know with all those rosaries and stuff...Ship of fools...unfortunately we'll get what they deserve
Poor Eva. She's got the beauty...but not the brains.
We ALL were in tears!
I was close to tears, too, but not for the same reason.
Ah, Miss La Raze. The gal who votes with her lady parts; not her lady smarts, which I might add she has none. As for her lady parts; fake.
Disgusting pig.
Posting in all caps is shouting. We do not shout here.
Put her name on your personal boycott list and never, ever give her one thin dime of your hard earned money. She's on her own.
It's a salon, not a saloon, it's a salon, not a saloon, it's a salon, not a saloon....must..not..swear....
...you and the horse you rode in on! Who cares what she is feeling? What a waste.
#15 obviously hasn't seen the pics of her sans make-up.And I agree you know, with #11.
In terms a Hollywood 'star' would understand. Eva you are still too short and now you are getting older.
Little Miss Logorrhoea.
Yeah Eva, I was in tears too, but not for the same reason you were. I was mourning my country.


text:
From a rare lithia hot spring in the Canadian Rockies emerges edj a refreshing mineral water naturally rich in trace lithium, the unique dietary element scientifically discovered to boost neurogenesis (new brain cell creation).
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Bayonne to confirm Phillips exit (From Salisbury Journal)
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Bayonne to confirm Phillips exit
8:12am Monday 28th October 2013 in National Sport News © Press Association 2013
Bayonne are expected to officially confirm on Monday that Wales scrum-half Mike Phillips' contract with the French club has been terminated.
Press Association Sport understands that the decision to end Phillips' deal, which was due to run out at the end of the season, was made by the club's board on Saturday.
Phillips had faced an internal disciplinary hearing on Tuesday after it was alleged that he attended a video analysis session while drunk.
Phillips was accused of being intoxicated when the squad met on October 11, the morning after Grenoble had been defeated 37-6 in the Amlin Challenge Cup.
Team-mates Dwayne Haare and Stephen Brett also faced the board last Tuesday to answer for their involvement in the same incident.
Phillips sat out Friday's 24-19 victory over Montpellier, but Brett started the match while Haare was included on the bench.
The day before the game, Phillips used his Twitter account to apologise to Bayonne supporters "for this situation".
The two-time British and Irish Lions tourist was expected to join the Wales squad on Sunday night ahead of their autumn series against South Africa, Argentina, Tonga and Australia.
Wales head coach Warren Gatland last week offered Phillips his full support as the 31-year-old waited for the outcome of Bayonne's disciplinary hearing.
"We will sit down and have a quiet chat about where his head's at and what he's doing, but there will be no sanctions for him in this set-up," Gatland said.
Phillips has a chequered disciplinary record, but remains a high-quality player and there will be no shortage of clubs willing to take him on.
He was fined and suspended for 10 days by relegation-threatened Bayonne for an off-field incident last year and was banned by Wales in 2011 following a confrontation with a doorman in Cardiff.
Phillips, capped 77 times and a veteran of the 2008 and 2012 Grand Slam triumphs, was a central figure during the Lions' series victory over Australia last summer.
He left the Ospreys for Bayonne in 2011.


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Wonder if part of the GSP announcement is that Hendricks is injured?
Wonder if part of the GSP announcement is that Hendricks is injured?
omg here we fucking go. aint no sunshine in nation
Shit, can't believe this fight is finally happening. Here we go folks. Shits about to go real lol
Anyone with Burger King on their trunks is a baaaaaad man.
A tiger never loses sleep over the opinion of sheep.
So he's a wizard now too, great.
I like Weidman early, Anderson the rest of the way.
"I have noticed even people who claim everything is predestined, and that we can do nothing to change it, look before they cross the road."
- Stephen Hawking
If weidman takes this the rematch will be MONEY!!!!
Half chub status.
A tiger never loses sleep over the opinion of sheep.
Two Questions:
1. Is that Feijao behind Anderson?
2. If so, fuck, Feijao looks fat.
HW Cain JDS Werdum Cormier Barnett Bigfoot Browne Miocic Napao
LHW Jones Goose Evans Texeira Davis Hendo Shogun Manuwa
MW Weidman ASilva Belfort Jacare Machida Rockhold Munoz Kennedy Bisping
WW GSP Hendricks Condit Lawler Maia Kampmann Rory Ellenberger Askren Lombard
LW Pettis Bendo Alvarez Chandler Grant Gil Thomson Diaz J.Miller dos Anjos
FW Aldo Mendes Lamas Frankie Cub Lentz Kawajiri Zombie Elkins
BW Barao Cruz Faber Bibiano McDonald Moraes Assuncao Wineland Dillashaw
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- Document Type
- Trend Reports
- Country(s)
- Ghana
- Survey
- Ghana DHS, 2003
- Language
- English
- Author(s)
- ORC Macro Calverton, Maryland USA
- Publication Date
- July 2005
- Publication ID
Download this publication
Trends in Demographic, Family planning and Health Indicators in Ghana 1960-2003 (PDF, 264K)
There is no printed copy available to order.
This report highlights trends in population, family planning,, and maternal and child health indicators in Ghana based on DHS surveys conducted between 1988 and 2003. In particular, the report addresses the prevailing demographic situation and describes trends in fertility, family planning, maternal and child health as well as infant and child mortality.Women now wait longer to have their first birth and the proportion of young women age 15-19 that have had a child or are pregnant with their first child has declined. Current use of any modern contraceptive method has steadily increased for women age 15 to 49, along with their desire to stop childbearing.
Nevertheless, the dramatic decline in fertility experienced in the eighties and nineties appears to have slowed down. The Total Fertility Rate in Ghana Declined between 1988 and 1998 and remained constant through 2003. The median age at first birth among women between the ages of 25 and 49 increased, and adolescent pregnancies decreased.
The percentage of all women between the ages of 15 and 49 who have ever used any modern contraceptive method has steadily increased between 1979 and 2003. The number of currently married women who have responded that they want no more children has increased three-fold since the 1979-1980 study.
Infant and under-five child mortality rates show a marked decline. Compared from 1988 to 2003, surveys show a marked decline in both and under-five mortality in the 1988 GDHS to the 1998 GDHS three earlier surveys, but that decline levels off at during the time of surveyed in the 2003 survey.
Trends in household conditions, attitudes toward family size, children's medical treatment, and nutritional status of children are also examined.


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Shir HaKovod - Anim Zemiros. This is amazingly anthropomorphic and all that without even once the word כביכול (= as if such a thing could be true). Admittedly the references come from texts such as Shir HaShirim but to make a poem from it, how come it's allowed?
I think there's no problem using anthropomorphic images if:-
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The poet makes it very clear, before launching into these descriptions, that they are not literal: (Artscroll translation of lines 5 through 9) That sounds to me like five lines of "כביכול ." | |||||||||||||||||||||


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Sally's Pins
There are far, far better things ahead than any we leave behind.
Living for the weekends is definitely a term I associate with myself. My favorite weekends are the ones where I have no plans and I can just do whatever I want. It is so refreshing. This weekend I had plenty of time to check out the web for this week's edition of Sally's Pins:
Bedside Table: I love all the room for books. It is so nice to cuddle up to bed with a good read.
Dress Exchange Party: I hate wearing dresses again after taking a bunch of pictures in them. This idea is perfect for recycling much loved dresses.
Homemade Soft Pretzels with Jalapeno Cheese Sauce: That sauce looks sooo good! Dipping a warm pretzel in there is the perfect way to devour it.
30 Things to Start Doing for Yourself: Everyone should check this site out. It has such wonderful recommendations on things you can do to better yourself.
Spring Style: I am dying to wear shorts! The weather has been teasing me lately tempting me to break them out. I also want to wear everything coral.
Cute Shower Bench: This would make shaving my legs so much easier, and the natural stones would provide a soothing massage for my feet.
Shrimp Tacos: Everything about these tacos is perfect. The creamy sauce and succulent shrimp combination has me adding all the ingredients to my weekly grocery shopping list.
Scalloped Shorts: These shorts are just precious! I loved the detail. It is kind of like a casual version of a scalloped lace skirt.
The Great Debate: I saw this photo and it had me cracking up. I totally choose option B. It reminds me of a Seinfeld episode where they contest how many plies of toilet paper is the correct amount to use. Two is not enough.
Dress with Ruffles: After watching The Help, I want to wear all things prim and proper. The ruffles down the back are so unique.
Stick Wreath: This is something I could possibly make on my own, and I love the idea of repurposing the sticks.
Alternative Guest Book Idea: Having guest write on rocks is so clever, and the rocks could easily be displayed in your home instead of hiding in a guest book somewhere.
Healthy Peanut Butter Banana Oatmeal Cookies: healthy cookies??? Yes, please! Adding in the banana sounds so good too.
Sex Tape: I love Pinterest! Who comes up with these ideas? I could never be that funny.
Whitney: This show makes my stomach hurt so bad because I cannot stop laughing, and it is not just Whitney that is the standout character, they are all so funny.
What is your favorite new show?


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Here's what you might have missed while figuring that 9-2 scoreline was just an office party-induced hallucinatory hangover:
Numerical string to ponder: 37.6, 39.0, 50.6. Give up? Too easy, I know, the last one was a dead giveaway. They're the Raptors' defensive FG numbers for the past three games, all W's, and yesterday's W over the GS Nellies included six Bargnani blocks. He's coming along, and so are they. Meantime, Jose Calderon was stretchered off with a back injury and wasn't on the plane to Phoenix where the Raps open their final pre-Christmas road trip.
Another great weekend for millionaire bozo jocks losing touch with their emotions and reality. The Knicks and Nuggets spilled their slapping and backpeddling into the baseline seats in NY Saturday (video here, although who knows how long it'll stay up), the former blaming the latter for actually playing the game out. The nerve. Suspensions may come down today, with original Raptor turned Knick-killer Isiah Thomas one of the focuses:
The league is certain to punish Anthony, its leading scorer and one of its brightest young stars, for throwing a punch at Collins. As for Thomas, a Hall of Fame guard who is now fighting to hold on to his job, the situation is unusual because there is no known precedent for a team's coach, let alone its president, to be punished for instigating a fight.
Raptors coach Sam Mitchell, missing the point entirely: "We can't fight. We can wrestle. But we've got a better chance of scratching each other than fighting each other where we actually (land) a punch. ... So why is it such a black eye when these guys lose their temper?" Sam, fighting might be a part of hockey - if they penalized NHL coaches for instigating fights, the bench would be a pretty lonely place many nights - but it's not in the NBA, and when it moves into the expensive seats, it's a puffy shiner for all the world to see.
Oh, and this long-running idiot (the one on the right) spat in the face of an opponent, which means it'll probably show up as an option on the next NFL Blitz game. Meantime, there was Chicago Bear Tank Johnson's weekend: arrested for the third time in 18 months, then 12 hours later out partying with a friend who was shot to death.
Back to the playing fields: Agent Zero drops 60 on the Lakers (Kobe's held to 45).
This is not sports, but it's definitely seasonal: Boss drinks lots of vodka at Christmas lunch party and passes out - on the train tracks, his head on the rail, causing a four-hour delay during London rush hour (nice basket catch by The Morning News).
What I learned from the BBC's 100 things we didn't know this time last year: Jose Mourinho says he's only been in an English pub once, and that was to buy his wife some fags, as they're known over there (so there's 101 things - I didn't know the Special Wife smoked).
Jason Williams' line from Miami's game Saturday night stopped me: 26 minutes, 0 shots from the field or the line, seven assists. Hey, all hail White Carob.
One game away from the midpoint of the Premier League season - and now into the holiday match crunch, as David James notes in his Guardian blog - Chelsea's just two points back of Man United. And in Spain, a bad weekend for Barcelona - losing the yawnworthy Club World Cup to Brazilian side Internacional, and falling out of first place in La Liga.
Australia beats the Poms, reclaims the Ashes.
And still Down Under, a world record-breaking bungee jump.


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Hot Dads of World Cup Soccer
Father's Day: 10 Hot World Cup Dads to Watch
Source: Getty
Previous | 7 / 13 | Next |
Joris Mathijsen
Dutch center back Joris Mathijsen will have son Jens-Joris on the sidelines to cheer him on.
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The last patch was great, satisfied a number game play issues for me. There are a number of things I'd still like to see improved. But the outstanding change I'd like to still see is the diplomacy victory system. Currently it is an economic victory, not diplomatic. (Sure, that's pretty much how the UN works currently, but it makes for poor gameplay) I have no clear cut idea of how it should be changed. Only that right now, it doesn't work. Diplomacy victory in Civ IV wasn't ideal for me because the religious alliances that formed seemed to distort it and I could never achieve it. The only diplomatic victory I ever won was in Civ 3.
My ideal would be winning through a vote in the UN, where CS don't count, (or if they do, they can't be bought). This would probably require some significant changes to the current aggressive civ diplomacy system. Which also wouldn't be a bad thing. So anyway, feel free to fill this thread with how you think a diplomacy victory could work/ be improved. -Or not- in the case that you like the curent system.
Never tried to make a poll before, so I don't know if this will work.


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Le Creuset Oven Mitt , Black
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FYI: The AIP Bulletin of Science Policy NewsPolicy and budget developments of importance to the physical science communityFYI summarizes science policy developments in Washington affecting the physics and astronomy community. Summaries are issued two or more times every week. Follow FYI: Email | RSS | Twitter Latest FYIs
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Australian Economic ReviewVol 46 (4 Issues in 2013)
Edited by: Ross Williams (Managing Editor), Paul H. Jensen and Ian McDonald
Print ISSN: 0004-9018 Online ISSN: 1467-8462
Impact Factor: 0.3
The Australian Economic Review is an applied economics journal with a strong policy orientation. Produced by the Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research at the University of Melbourne, it is the leading journal of its kind in Australia and the Asia-Pacific region.
The Review aims to publish high quality articles applying economic analysis to a wide range of macroeconomic and microeconomic topics relevant to both economic and social policy issues. It is of special interest to Australian academics, students, policy makers, and others interested in the Australian economy. It also deals with matters of international interest.
There are several regular sections of the Review: the 'Contributed Articles' section contains refereed articles; the 'Policy Forum' section deals with major issues of economic policy; the 'Data Survey' section outlines the main features of databases available to researchers in a given area; and the 'For the Student' section contains articles written specially for tertiary students.


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Short story about an Indian-American college student meeting his stepmother and stepsisters who have moved to the United States from India.
Jhumpa Lahiri, Fiction, "Year's End," The New Yorker, December 24, 2007, p. 112
Newyorker.com has a complete archive of The New Yorker, back to 1925. The complete archive is available to subscribers in the digital edition. If you subscribe to the magazine, register now to get access. If you don't, subscribe now.
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To search for New Yorker cartoons and covers, visit the Cartoon Bank.


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£425,000Guide Price
Guide Price £425,000
5 bedroom detached house for sale North Street, Crowland, Peterborough, PE6
An imposing double fronted 5 bedroom detached period family home with outbuilding outbuildings suitable as an annexe. More details ›
- Photos: 20
- Floorplans: 0
2 bedroom property for sale White Owl Farm, Hundreds Road, PE6 0LG
White Owl Farm Provides Purchasers With The Opportunity Of Acquiring A Very Accessible Property With Excellent Equestrian Facilities For Private Or Commercial Use. The Property Has In The Past Been Utilised As A Small Riding School And Livery Yard Which Could Easily Be Reinstated And For Those W More details ›
- Photos: 14
- Floorplans: 0
4 bedroom detached house for sale Dowsdale Bank, Crowland, Peterborough
*Rural Location*Dates from 1916*1/2 Acre Plot (STS)*Four Bedrooms*Re-Fitted Bathroom*Re-Fitted Kitchen*Two Receptions*En Suite to Master More details ›
4 bedroom detached house for sale Chapel Street, Crowland, PETERBOROUGH, Lincolnshire
Situated down a small private road behind wrought iron electric gates, this impressive individual detached high quality home is offered for sale in excellent decorative order and with no chain. Entered via a large reception hallway, this home has a good sized living room leading through to a 13 ... More details ›
- Photos: 13
- Floorplans: 0
3 bedroom character property for sale East Street, Crowland, Peterborough
This spacious two/three bedroom detached cottage is located right outside the Crowland Abbey. With its presentation and open plan layout downstairs it gives this property a fantantic feel of old and new. A viewing is highly reccommended. More details ›
- Photos: 3
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5 bedroom detached house for sale Burghley Close, Crowland, nr Peterborough, PE6
This Allison built executive style detached family house comprises entrance hall, cloakroom, 21ft lounge, kitchen/breakfast room, utility room, dining room, study, 5 bedrooms, ensuite and dressing area to master, en suite to bedroom 2 and family bathroom. The property benefits from an integral d... More details ›
5 bedroom detached house for sale Foreman Way, Crowland, Peterborough
SPACIOUS AND IMMACULATE FIVE BEDROOM DETACHED HOUSE WITH DOUBLE GARAGE situated in Crowland. Offering entrance hall, kitchen, three reception rooms, study, downstairs cloakroom, two ensuites, family bathroom, landscaped rear garden and ample off road parking. Benefiting from UPVC double glazing More details ›
- Photos: 12
- Floorplans: 0
£300,000Offers in Excess of
Offers in Excess of £300,000
5 bedroom detached house for sale Burghley Close, Crowland, Peterborough
*Detached five bedroom house *Two bedrooms with en-suites *Study *Utility room and cloakroom *Situated on a corner plot *Situated in the town of Crowland *Overlooks the green *Detached double garage More details ›
5 bedroom detached house for sale Normanton Road, Crowland, PETERBOROUGH, Lincolnshire
PART EXCHANGED CONSIDERED VIEWING is A MUST of this SHOWHOUSE STANDARD EXECUTIVE HOME which OVERLOOKS FIELDS to the FRONT & SIDE ASPECTS. Situated on a PRIVATE CORNER PLOT with DOUBLE GARAGE plus AMPLE PARKING and space for a CARAVAN. CAREFULLY LOOKED AFTER by its current owners this house is NOT... More details ›
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5 bedroom detached house for sale Normanton Road, Crowland, PE6
Well positioned on this popular estate, this modern home offers generous accommodation over two floors to give the family space & flexibility in living arrangements, with three reception rooms, kitchen/breakfast room, five bedrooms and three bathrooms. Generous parking and double garage also offered More details ›


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Blood Orange
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Publication: The Day
Mashantucket - About 20 table-games supervisors at Foxwoods Resort Casino accepted severance packages this month amid management's ongoing effort to restructure the casino's work force, according to casino sources.
Those who accepted the packages left the casino in the last week or two, the sources said.
Foxwoods management did not respond to questions about the downsizing or whether it would be coupled at some point with a reduction in the number of table games the casino operates.
The sources, who provided information on the condition they not be named, said the employees who left were "full floors" who typically supervise table games and never serve as dealers. Their job is to ensure that proper procedures are followed, the sources said.
"Basically, they maintain the integrity of the game," one source said.
Full floors are not members of the UAW, the union that represents some 2,200 table-games dealers at Foxwoods and which is negotiating its second contract with Foxwoods management.
The first contract expired Dec. 31.
Foxwoods management confirmed last month that 19 employees were laid off in a restructuring of the casino's engineering department. Fourteen other members of the department were promoted to supervisory positions, the casino said.
In addition, according to employees who asked to remain anonymous, another 33 members of the department accepted severance packages.
The 14 employees who were promoted to supervisory positions had to relinquish their union affiliation, the employees said.
Local 30 of the International Union of Operating Engineers represents the department's non-management employees.
Department members include plumbers, carpenters, electricians, HVAC technicians, landscapers, millwrights, painters, locksmiths and power plant workers.
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Before Using
In deciding to use a medicine, the risks of taking the medicine must be weighed against the good it will do. This is a decision you and your doctor will make. For this medicine, the following should be considered:
Tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction to this medicine or any other medicines. Also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals. For non-prescription products, read the label or package ingredients carefully.
Appropriate studies have not been performed on the relationship of age to the effects of fosaprepitant in the pediatric population. Safety and efficacy have not been established.
Appropriate studies performed to date have not demonstrated geriatric-specific problems that would limit the usefulness of fosaprepitant in the elderly.
Pregnancy Category | Explanation | |
All Trimesters | B | Animal studies have revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus, however, there are no adequate studies in pregnant women OR animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate studies in pregnant women have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus. |
There are no adequate studies in women for determining infant risk when using this medication during breastfeeding. Weigh the potential benefits against the potential risks before taking this medication while breastfeeding.
Drug Interactions
Although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. When you are receiving this medicine, it is especially important that your healthcare professional know if you are taking any of the medicines listed below. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.
Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is not recommended. Your doctor may decide not to treat you with this medication or change some of the other medicines you take.
- Astemizole
- Cisapride
- Pimozide
- Terfenadine
Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is usually not recommended, but may be required in some cases. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.
- Etoposide
- Ifosfamide
- Imatinib
- Irinotecan
- Paclitaxel
- Vinblastine
- Vincristine
Using this medicine with any of the following medicines may cause an increased risk of certain side effects, but using both drugs may be the best treatment for you. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.
- Alprazolam
- Desogestrel
- Dexamethasone
- Dienogest
- Diltiazem
- Drospirenone
- Estradiol Cypionate
- Estradiol Valerate
- Ethinyl Estradiol
- Ethynodiol Diacetate
- Etonogestrel
- Ketoconazole
- Levonorgestrel
- Medroxyprogesterone Acetate
- Mestranol
- Midazolam
- Norelgestromin
- Norethindrone
- Norgestimate
- Norgestrel
- Rifampin
- Tolbutamide
- Triazolam
Other Interactions
Certain medicines should not be used at or around the time of eating food or eating certain types of food since interactions may occur. Using alcohol or tobacco with certain medicines may also cause interactions to occur. Discuss with your healthcare professional the use of your medicine with food, alcohol, or tobacco.