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Students of the Game
When the Aztec and Maya played it 500 to 1,000 years ago, the losers sometimes lost their headsliterally. Today scholars are visiting remote Mexican villages to study the oldest sport in the Americas, ulama, now on the verge of extinction
- By John Fox
- Photographs by Janet Jarman
- Smithsonian magazine, April 2006, Subscribe
(Page 3 of 3)
The game begins when a team of three to five players throws the ball high (male por arriba) or rolls it low (male por abajo) across a chalk-marked centerline. Play continues back and forth, with contestants using only their hips to strike the ball, until a point (raya) is scored when a team fails to return the ball, as in tennis, or when the ball is driven past the opponent's end zone, as in football. The first team to total eight rayas wins, though due to a complex scoring system that not only awards points but also takes them away, games can go on for hours or even, when halted by nightfall, days.
For Brady and his colleagues, what began as a purely academic study has turned into an all-out effort to save one of the Americas' oldest traditions. The pair recently petitioned the Mexican Ministry of Tourism, without success, to nominate ulama for UNESCO recognition, to attract more interest and support. But in the end, ulama's survival may hinge on something far more pedestrian: the availability of rubber balls.
At one time, during the Aztec Empire, the southern Gulf Coast of Mexico was the heartland of rubber production. But since then, the rubber trees that once grew there have been wiped out by development, and the people of Los Llanitos and nearby communities have to travel hundreds of miles into Durango, a region increasingly under the control of Mexican drug lords, to find rubber trees to milk. As a result, the price of a single ulama ball has reached a staggering $1,000, or about $250 more than the annual income of the average Los Llanitos player. The town has only one playable ball—and regular use is shrinking it.
Mazatlán businessman Jesús Gómez, a longtime supporter of the game, has taken the lead in the search for an artificial substitute, and the Ulama Project's scholars have teamed up with members of the Mazatlán Historical Society to experiment with commercial latex from as far away as New York City. "If we can't get natural rubber," says Gómez, "we need to find another way. Otherwise, ulama will not survive. It's that simple."
So far, artifical rubber has failed to replicate the look, feel and, most important, remarkable bouncing properties of traditional balls. "Look at this," says Páez after the game at Los Llanitos. He drops a lumpy white blob of low-grade latex rubber, the result of Jesús Gómez's latest experiments, and watches it bounce erratically off his patio. "This doesn't work," he says with visible disgust. "It's not natural rubber." But the researchers have not given up. In La Savila, a neighboring village, Aguilar says players are field-testing a ball made of another artifical compound, and he remains optimistic that a substitute may soon be found.
After rubber balls, what ulama may need more than anything is followers. Although players have been invited to resorts in the Yucatán to perform for tourists in faux-Maya extravaganzas—complete with drums, feather headdresses and face paint—most decline, regarding the displays as exploitative and culturally inaccurate. For Páez and his teammates, ulama is a living sport that tourists should appreciate on its own terms, not a curiosity. Aguilar and his colleagues are working to convince Spanish-language television networks to sponsor a tour that would bring ulama to the streets of Los Angeles and other Latino population centers in the United States. Perhaps here, in a nation increasingly proud of its Latino roots, the oldest sport in the Americas will find the fans sufficient to carry it through another millennium or two.
Subscribe now for more of Smithsonian's coverage on history, science and nature.
Related topics: Sports Anthropology Ancient Cultures: Mesoamerican Mexico
Comments (58) |
I'm a weightlifter so a 9 pound ball wouldn't be that heavy to me, anyone wanna play?
Posted by Stan Johnson on September 18,2010 | 10:21 AM
I love this article but am unable to access any of the photographs that accompanied it. Is there a way to do this?
Posted by Debra Casado on March 2,2010 | 09:52 AM
There are ruins of an ancient court in La Chole, Guerro - interesting history!
Posted by Gao Go on January 23,2010 | 09:15 PM
This sport is really interesting. I liked how informative this article was. It gave me a great picture of how intense the game is and i think that it is crazy how long ago people played it! It would be really neat to see a game of this played today and it is cool how there are some people oput there who keep it going!
Posted by Mariluz on February 4,2009 | 10:10 PM
I think it is great kids my age are striving so hard to keep a sport that is part of their heritage alive.
Posted by Paco from Sra. Beckers class on February 3,2009 | 08:38 AM
It amazing how the roots for this game extended back to at least the 2nd millennium BC and evidence of which has been found in nearly all Mesoamerican cultures in an area extending from modern-day Mexico to El Salvador, and possibly in modern-day Arizona and New Mexico. I find it interesting how the word ulama comes from the Nahuatl word ullamaliztli a combination of ullama (playing of a game with a ball) and ulli (rubber). The game must have been very difficult as the ball was very heavy and they were not allowed to use their hands!
Posted by Regina from Sra.Becker's class on February 2,2009 | 06:30 PM
I found this article amazing. I don't understand how people can handle hitting a nine pound ball with there body parts (especially there heads). This sport is way to intense for someone like me. I have a lot of respect for the people who could play this ancient game.
Posted by Julio from Sra. Becker's class on February 1,2009 | 09:04 PM
It must be a very popular sport. If the village elders are playing it and they have museums dedicated to it i think that there on to a very historic discovery.
Posted by Ramon from Sra. Beckers class on February 1,2009 | 07:19 PM
This is a very interesting article. Ullamalitzi is unlike any other game because it is a combination of all different sports. I like how a game can go for days and there is no set time limit. I also find it interesting that people still remember this sport by reenacting games.
Posted by Baltasar from Sra. Becker's class on February 1,2009 | 01:47 PM
This article helped me understand the sport of Ullamaliztli. I think Ullamaliztli should be saved because it a important part of America's culture. I think Ullamaliztli should be preserved because no element of history should be forgotten.
Posted by Patricio from Sra. Becker's class on February 1,2009 | 01:02 PM
Very interesting sport. You would think most people would get arthritis from playing this though. Sad that such a great tradition may be lost eventually.
Posted by "Germán" from Sra. Becker's Class on February 1,2009 | 12:46 PM
it's amazing to hear that a sport that was played 3,500 years ago is still being played today although in a different version. i believe that Ullamaliztli must've been a very dangerous sport with such a heavy ball. it must've also been pretty exhilarating and adrenaline pumping for ulama players to know they were bascially playing for their lives. i was surprised to find out that some games could go on for hours or sometimes days with the awarding and subtracting of points. i hope this sport can be saved from extinction.
Posted by "Natalia" from Sra. Becker's class on February 1,2009 | 03:13 AM
It's cool that this game is still being preserved and played. It's nice that people today are getting the chance to see something that really happened so long ago. It's educational, and fun to watch!
Posted by David on January 31,2009 | 06:43 PM
I find it amazing that people still play this ancient sport! I was intrigued by how much description was given by the author and by how exciting the game sounds. After reading this article I understood how many of the games we play today were formed. I did not think that there could have a game that sounded as fun as rugby but after reading this article I found out how legendary the game of ulama would be.
Posted by "Oscar" from Sra. Becker's class on January 31,2009 | 04:05 PM
it's amazing to hear that a sport that was played 3,500 years ago is still being played today although in a different version. i believe that Ullamaliztli must've been a very dangerous sport with such a heavy ball. it must've also been pretty exhilarating and adrenaline pumping for ulama players to know they were bascially playing for their lives. i was surprised to find out that some games could go on for hours or sometimes days with the awarding and subtracting of points. i hope this sport can be saved from extinction and shared around the world.
Posted by "Natalia" from Sra. Becker's class on January 31,2009 | 10:50 AM
I thought it was really interesting that the name for the current playing field for this sport has kept a very similar name to the Aztec word for ball court. I also did not realize how rare rubber was, or how important it was to this game. I really hope they find a substitute for it, in order for this ancient game to continue.
Posted by "Nachita" from Sra. Becker's class on January 30,2009 | 11:34 PM
It is amazing that the roots for this game extended back to at least the 2nd millennium BC and evidence of which has been found in nearly all Mesoamerican cultures in an area extending from modern-day Mexico to El Salvador, and possibly in modern-day Arizona and New Mexico... And even more astonishing that losers were sometimes given up for human sacrifice! The article was very thought-provoking in the sense of how different games were played long ago. I think it's important that students learn about cultural diversity.
Posted by Regina From Sra. Becker's class on January 30,2009 | 09:42 PM
It's astonishing to see kids bring back such an old game! I would surely play this if it came to my home town. Overall, this article was very informative and interesting.
Posted by Tomas from Sra. Becker's class on January 30,2009 | 07:24 PM
I think it is good that they are preserving their people's heritage and I also found it interesting and a bit frightening that it said the players would sell their wives, children, homes, property, and even themselves just to bet on their winning. That doesn't seem much like a religious game to our culture with all the betting but three thousand years ago it was probably common.
Posted by Antonio from Sra. Becker's class on January 30,2009 | 07:02 PM
I really found this article about the game ulama very interesting. The game to me seems like a combination of football and soccer, two sports that I like to play. I would have loved to play this game simply because I love to try new things and I love to play sports. I do realize that it would be difficult to play, and that the losing players were usually sacrificed, but that would mean that I would just have to play the hardest I could to stay alive.
Posted by "Tomas" from Sra. Beckers class on January 30,2009 | 06:04 PM
Gee, that sport must have been really important in ancient society of Gomez wants to keep the tradition alive! I don't know anyone around today though that would want to be bouncing nine pounds of rubber on their heads...
Posted by Cristina from Sra. Becker's 5th period on January 30,2009 | 05:06 PM
It seems like this sport would be painful to play, with the ball being hit away using your hip. But it's really cool that the game has lasted this long, since way back from the beginning of the history of the Mexican culture. I kind of want to see it played to understand it better.
Posted by Lola from Sra. Becker's class on January 30,2009 | 04:46 PM
This article was very interesting and informative. Ulama seems like a very difficult, challenging, and exciting sport. ...But also somewhat painful. But no pain, no gain, right? It would be tragic for America to lose such an ancient piece of history.
Posted by Carlos on January 30,2009 | 04:32 PM
Ulama seems extremely interesting! The most interesting part about it is how expensive the balls are. This shows how seriously everyone took it. This is also shown by the fact that some games went on for days. It is astounding how a sport such as this can have such an impact on the culture of an ancient group. I am glad I could learn about such an influential sport!
Posted by Diego from Sra. Becker's class on January 30,2009 | 03:54 PM
Wow, this is truly unique sport, yet not entirely different from how our culture treats sports
Posted by Don Zorro on January 30,2009 | 03:12 PM
This is a great article. I think it is important to keep this ancient sport alive. People should be aware of how ancient people spent their free time.
Posted by Lazaro from Sra. Becker's class on January 30,2009 | 09:00 AM
I think it is very interesting that Hernando Cortés brought a team over form spain just to play this game. I also think that if given a chance in the USA this game might take off like wildfire. The uniforms used by the Native Americans seem very necessary with all of the pads and protection.
Posted by "Carlos" from Sra. Becker's class on January 30,2009 | 08:44 AM
I have never heard of the game ulma, but it does indeed sound very exciting and fun. It is weird to think for the past 3,000 years this game has survived. It will probably be passed on from generation to generation! I think they went a liiiitle too extreme when the losers used to die. There are so many body parts used in this. Your hand eye coordination must be absolutely spectacular for this!
Posted by Estela from Sra. Becker's class on January 29,2009 | 11:02 PM
It think it is very interesting to read about all the different facts about the game of Ullamaliztli. I have also seen the movie road to El Dorado which is a good visual of the game. You get a good idea of what it was like. I like the game because it was a game of aggression, hard fighting and it was intense. It is amazing that it has survived so long. People should make an effort to try to save it.
Posted by Mario from Sra. Becker's class on January 29,2009 | 10:48 PM
Ulamulitzi seems like an exciting and dangerous game. I know that I would not enjoy hitting a nine pound ball around with my hips and head. Although these children have been very brave in playing and preserving this ancient sport, some rules have been changed or altered over the centuries which seem to make it a little bit easier. In this article, it seemed that they were allowed to have the ball hit the ground, as opposed to ancient times where the ball must always remain airborn. The way to score has also changed. In ancient times, a sideways hoop was used to score through. Now, it seems as if they hit the ball into the fence. Lastly, the rule for the losing team has changed hopefully. In ancient times, the losing team was put to death as a sacrifice to the gods. I sure hope that these preservers of the game don't have to pay with their lives also. Maybe this is the reason why so few people play the sport these days. So many of the players of ulamalitzi were killed off until almost nobody was left to preserve it.
Posted by Hipolito on January 29,2009 | 10:39 PM
I think to play this sport you would have to have a lot of strenght, especially to hit a nine pound ball. I think this sport is interesting. We can learn a lot about our past.
Posted by Marisa from Sra. Becker's class on January 29,2009 | 10:29 PM
I think that it's great that people today still play this game. I think that the game should be preserved so that others in the future will be able to play it. Its intersting how they played the game and that even people lost their life playig it. I know that I would not like to play it but I would like for the game to still be conserved.
Posted by "Raquel" from Sra. Beckler's class on January 29,2009 | 10:23 PM
I think this is a very interesting game to play! It has a mix of our modern day basketball and soccer. It makes me wonder, maybe we got the games of basketball and soccer from this game? I also think we should try and bring this game back and make it more popular in the United States. It seems like a challenging and difficult game and I'm sure it would become popular very quickly. I think it is a little scary how the losers used to die. This had to take much bravery to play this game. If games were like that now, I'm sure not many people would like to play. If it was for fun though, I would definatly try to get all my friends in on a game.
Posted by Maria from Sra. Becker's class on January 29,2009 | 09:35 PM
WOW!!! This is such an intense sport. I wish I could play it. I find it fascintaing that the players are able to use multiple body parts to move the ball excluding their hands. I really like the article and hopefuly Sra. Becker will let us play this game in class!
Posted by Raimundo from Sra. Becker's class on January 29,2009 | 09:21 PM
I am a football player at my high school. I know the hard work and dedication it takes to stick to a sport. Being able to keep this going for over 3,000 years a huge accomplishment. I really enjoyed the fact that they resembled the ancient way by continuing to play with a 9 lb. ball that is made with natural rubber. I also liked the way that they still use deer skin "body armor" to protect themselves. This sport sounds fun but I would never play it.
Posted by Miguel from Sra. Becker's class on January 29,2009 | 09:09 PM
wow. This game is the ultimate test of strength. I can't even imagine a ball of that size and weight coming at me at 30 miles an hour. I would actually love to watch this game sometime. It sounds like a mix between basketball, fottball, and soccer.
Posted by Sabrina from Sra. Becker's class on January 29,2009 | 09:03 PM
I found this article very helpful and informative. I have heard of this sport in recent years from my grade school teachers but never truly grasped the true brutality of the sport. It amazes me how these people hurled a nine-pound around just by their hips and took blows to their bodies like how this article describes. I like the fact that people today even after hundreds of years and after many pollutions from the outside world have tried to take away the true meaning of this game, it has still survived. If this game did ever reach the United States, I think a lot of children and all kinds of people would enjoy it.
Posted by Alberto from Senora Becker's class on January 29,2009 | 08:16 PM
Wow! This is a very revealing article about Mexican heritage. I have heard about this game (ulma) due to some previous history classes, but I was not aware of the technicalities. Without using your feet or hands you have to throw around a nine pound rubber ball. I can not imagine how exhausting this would get. Another thing that was astonishing to me was the price of the ball itself. One thousand dollars is a little ridiculous if you ask me. You can get a bouncy ball at your local grocery store for 25 cents. Not only are they willing to pay this astounding amount, but they even travel up to a couple hundred miles just to pick up materials to make the ball! Now it seems all who play ulma are pretty darn dedicated. In closing, I hope this sport sticks around for centuries to come, and they find some cheaper composites to make the ulma ball.
Posted by Pepito Morrical from Sra. Becker's class on January 29,2009 | 08:10 PM
I think that preserving this ancient American sport is a great idea. Future generations can look back at us and know how the game was played based on how scientist in our times interpreted it. We may not be one hundred percent correct on the rules, but we have a very limited amount of sources to look at. Now that people are recording these games, Ullamalitzi will be remembered for multiple generations to come. Also from what our class has been taught, the games described in the article does not seem to include an "anillo" (hoop), and it mentioned the ball bouncing through the dirt. I learned that the ball had to stay airborne at all times. These are a few ways in which the rules of Ullamalitzi may have been interpreted differently.
Posted by "Nicolas" from Sra. Becker's class on January 29,2009 | 08:08 PM
I think this article is very interesting. I like how the age varies among the players. Even though it seems rough. It seems like it would be pretty tough to move a nine pound ball without your hands.
Posted by Baltasar on January 29,2009 | 08:04 PM
I liked this article. It was very descriptive, but it really didnt make it clear weather the the ball must still remain airborne. I just wish the game came back in the normal times so I can actually play it and see how fun it really was!!
Posted by Gangito " Beast " Ganga from Sra.Beckers class on January 29,2009 | 08:04 PM
It is amazing that people would play this and know if they lost they would lose their lives. Its nice to know that it is now just played for fun. It would be an exciting game to learn how to play.
Posted by Elena from Sra. Becker's class on January 29,2009 | 08:02 PM
I thought that this article was very fascinating. I could not believe that for 3,500 years people have been playing it from the jungles of Honduras to the deserts in Mexico. I think that this sport sounds really exciting, and I would love to give it a try.
Posted by Ignacio from Sra. Becker's class on January 29,2009 | 07:37 PM
This game seems very fun and interesting to me. The players must have incredible strength and endurance to be able to play with a nine pound ball. It is also great that this sport has lasted so long.
Posted by Cleopatra from Sra. Becker's class on January 29,2009 | 07:10 PM
Ullamalitzi seems like a very intriguing game to me. I like how they incorporate their religion into their game like how the ball is the cosmic journey of the sun into and out of the underworld. Maybe if this sport was around, I would watch it but never play it.
Posted by Raul from Sra. Becker's class on January 29,2009 | 06:27 PM
I don't understand how this is possible. Using your head with a nine pound ball seems to be suicide to me. Its just like "heading" a bowling ball like you would a soccer ball. I think that the people must have been very strong if they were able to use their hips or knees to make this ball fly across the field at such speeds. I would really be facinated to watching such a game!
Posted by "Claudia" from Sra. Becker's class on January 29,2009 | 06:16 PM
I find it amazing that ulama players are able to make a nine-pound ball move at 30 miles per hour! Also, in ancient times, the ball was not allowed to touch the ground. The article did not make it clear whether or not the ball must still remain airborne. This was a very informative and interesting article, and I hope that ulama can be preserved.
Posted by Manuel from Sra. Becker's class on January 29,2009 | 06:01 PM
I can't imagine how anyone could play a game with a nine-pound ball without using their hands. I hope it comes back into the modern day of sports so we can see what the ancients did for games thousands of years ago.
Posted by Mercedes on January 29,2009 | 02:55 PM
I've never seen this sport played but I want to. Any sport that has survived over centuries should become known and popular. People like this who strive for history to come back into everyday knowledge can change the world for anyone. One would never know, they could be great at this but they don't have the chance to find out. I think what these people are doing is great.
Posted by Alfonso from Senora Becker's class on January 28,2009 | 10:58 PM
This game seems dangerous to me. I enjoyed reading abot it, but I doubt I would ever play it. I am glad I got to read it though, because I enjoy learning about other cultures.
Posted by Graciela from Sra. Becker's Class on January 28,2009 | 09:51 PM
I am very glad I was introduced to this article because it sounds very interesting. I play a lot of sports, so it is interesting to hear about different sports from other cultures. I think this game sounds fun and I would like to try it myself.
Posted by Armandito from Sra. Beckers class on January 28,2009 | 09:47 PM
I am surprised that this sport has survived for the past 3,000 years. The game seems very hard to actually play if the players are only allowed to use their hips to strike a heavy rubber ball. I was also suprised to find out that the rubber ball is so expensive and limited.
Posted by "Gladis" from Senora Becker's class on January 27,2009 | 09:49 PM
I thought that this article was very informative and descriptive. I am glad that the tradition of this game is still carried on. Now that I understand how to play, I can picture how they played it in Ancient Mesoamerica.
Posted by "Carmen" from Sra. BEcker's class on January 27,2009 | 07:32 PM
This article is very interesting. I enjoyed reading it because i like learning about other cultures. This game seems very dangerous, but yet fun. The only part that I would choose to disclude is the part where the losers give their lives. I think it was be challening to play this game, and you must have a lot of skill to do so. This article was very fasinating.
Posted by "Margarita" from Sra. Becker's class on January 27,2009 | 04:39 PM
I think what these children are doing is really great. We can learn a lot of important things we can learn from the past. Bringing back traditions helps us preserve our world.
Posted by "Lilia" from Sra. Becker's class on January 27,2009 | 04:17 PM
I thought this article was very informative. I think it's a great idea to keep the tradition of this sport going throught the years. I would give it a try if the game was in the United States. Sounds really fun.
Posted by Adolfo on January 27,2009 | 04:02 PM
This sport seems really interesting because the ball is so heavy, and you can't use your hands either. It seems like it would be really hard to play and you would have to be tough to do it. The player's from ancient times must have had lots of guts to risk their lives for a game but now that you can just play for fun, it might be cool to learn.
Posted by Natalia on January 27,2009 | 02:46 PM
I teach Spanish III in Indiana and we're talking about this ancient sport. I'll refer this article to my students and I'll look forward to listening to their opinions.
Posted by Señora Becker on January 25,2009 | 09:06 PM
Thank you for the article on "Students of the Game". How can I find the Bio of Author, John Fox..... and, I am curious as to why there is no mention of the Olmec in the article. I thought the Aztec and the Maya got it from the Olmec. ?????? Gracias...........
Posted by J. T. Coleman on March 2,2008 | 10:43 PM


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And answers -- -- -- senator and songs program.
-- -- congratulations my estimation of thank you thanks for -- good sport of migrant idiotic question but -- I'm Melissa France's 5 PM eastern time on the Fox Business Network prominence not to --
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Albert Flynn DeSilver
Albert Flynn DeSilver is an internationally published poet, author, teacher, speaker, and writing coach. He served as Marin County California's very first Poet Laureate from 2008-2010. His latest book is Beamish Boy (I Am Not My Story): A Memoir of Recovery & Awakening. He presents at conferences and workshops nationally, has taught in the Teen and Family Program at Spirit Rock Meditation Center since 2005, and has practiced Vipassana and other forms of meditation for more than eighteen years. Please visit his website at


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Recent Posts
Monthly Archives: June 2012
Films to make you see the world in a different way….
It can be quite dull just reading about so many things, so many issues, and problems, and then working out what you can do about it, and wanting to feel excited about it, not just tired, scared, confused. That's why … Continue reading
Posted in About, Climate change, Democracy, Education, Energy efficiency, Food, Positive solutions
Tagged crisis of civilization, films, story of stuff, transition towns, video
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Tucson Food Truck Roundup Calendar (March to July)
by Carolyn Classen on Mar. 04, 2012, under Health, LifeOne of our readers asked about a Food Truck calendar for 2012.
Here's information on the next scheduled food truck roundups for those of you wanting to plan ahead (at least for half a year):
Tucson Food Truck Roundup Calendar from www.tucsonfoodtruckroundup.com:
March 5th, 2012: At Tower Theatres at the Cortaro/IH-10 Exit, 4:30-8:30pm.
See mytowertheatres.com for more detailed directions.http://www.facebook.com/events/296358167092166/
March 16-18th: Roundup at Tucson Museum of Art, 10am-6pm, 140 N. Main, Tucson. Six food trucks per day. http://www.facebook.com/events/125666494222767/
April 1st: Benjamin Plumbing Supply Parking Lot, 76 E. Sixth St
-April 15, Bookman's Event Center for Tucson Roller Derby Championships, 11am-3pm. Full out Tucson Food Truck Roundup.
-April 20: Pennington Street Block Party.
-May 6th: U of A West Gate Tucson Food Truck Roundup.
-July 28: Garlic Festival Food Truck Roundup at the Triangle T Ranch at the Dragoon/IH-10 Exit.
Tucson Food Truck Roundup supports Dinnerware Artspace
Read more about the upcoming March 5 roundup in Marana by blogger Karyn Zoldan "To Market to Food Market" (click here).
For more info contact:
David Aguirre
Tucson Food Truck Roundup
4/9/12 Update:
`April 10th: 4-8pm: Tucson Food Truck Roundup at Lazydays RV, 3200 E. Irvington.
`April 11th: Neighborhood Chef with Jones St. Bistro, Street Delights, and Cyclopsicle, at Ralph's Service Station at S. 4th Ave/19th St.
`April 15th: Tucson Food Truck Roundup at Bookman's Event Center, 5120 S. Julian, 11am-3pm, Dust Devil Roller Derby Tournament.
`April 15th: Crossroads Festival, 4811 E. Grant, next to the Grand Cinema Theatres, 4:30-8pm, Arizona International Film Festival Kickoff.


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Training Tomorrow's Workforce Today!
UA - Developing, Training and Sustaining Alaska's Workforce
Preparing a qualified workforce is one of the most important missions of the University. The UA Statewide Workforce Programs' role is to help facilitate developing industry-driven training and degree programs focused on providing skilled Alaskan workers for Alaskan jobs.
"UA offers programs from developmental preparatory classes, continuing education, career and technical training, professional development training, and degree programs from associate's to post-doctoral. From drillers to doctors, certified nurses to certified engineers, and culinary arts to climate change, all these programs are relevant to the UA workforce development effort," says Fred Villa, associate vice president for UA Workforce Programs.
In addition to baccalaureate and master's degree programs such as nursing, engineering and accounting that involve internships and lead directly to employment, UA campuses provide hundreds of short-term training programs that get people out of the classroom and into a job in 1-2 years or less.
Each campus offers unique programs as well as collaborates across the system to meet education and training needs. Two initiatives currently underway include the Fisheries, Seafood and Maritime Initiative and the Consolidated Alaska Mining Initiative.
University of Alaska
Fred Villa
Associate VP of Workforce Programs
Phone: 907.450.8008
- Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development (DOLWD)
- Alaska Process Industry Career Consortium (APICC)
- Alaska's Workforce Investment Board (AWIB)
- Alaska Occupational Forecast 2010-2020
- Alaska Career and Technical Education Plan (CTE)
- Alaska Career and Technical Education (CTE) Plan (pdf)
- Alaska Department of Education & Early Development (EED)
- Governor's Council on Disabilities and Special Education


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Once again violence has struck in Colorado. This time in a movie theater. No one knows why, but again a young man described as "a loner" has committed mass murder.
There appears to be no reason. He dressed up in bullet proof gear, took several guns, and sprayed the audience of a theater showing the new Batman movie. He was known to refer to himself as The Joker, Batman's ultra-violent arch rival.
Across the nation people are spouting retoric about gun violence. They say we need tougher laws to keep guns out of the hands of such people. Well, I'm open to suggestions. This guy was squeeky clean. He had never even had a traffic ticket. He bought the guns legally, from area gunshops. He passed the federally mandated background check. He jumped through all the hoops the government has devised. Then he did something that to most of us is unthinkable. Now we ponder the evil of it and wonder why. And we wonder how to keep it from happening again. Some of us believe the evil stems from the guns. If we could just get rid of all the guns these things wouldn't happen.
Let me share a few thoughts with you.
First, guns are not evil. They are merely tools used by evil people. They have no morals at all. They are no more evil than a crayon or a cell phone.
Second, it is not guns that are the problem, it is people and the moral decadence that has swept this nation. The movie where this nutcase did his evil deed was showing the latest installment of the Batman series. It was only one of many extremely violent movies of that genre. People were killed in busloads. Blood was spread in barrels and bucketsful, and we take our children to watch these things, and we allow them to be shown on TV, during Prime Time. Our children, by the time they are grown, have seen, literally, thousands of people violently killed. They have been raised on bloody violence until they are absolutely immune to the sickness that should accompany such horror.
One of the things that the military discovered would allow their recruits to kill was to show them movies — movies exactly like those that our children are weened on.
Guns are not the problem, we are. We are the problem because we have allowed the people in our society with the least moral fiber to become those who have the greatest impact.
In my day the cowboys never drew blood. If they shot someone they "just grazed him." They shot the gun out of his hand. They didn't walk up and coldbloodedly put a gun to his forehead and turn it into a canoe, which was duly recorded on film and shown to the movie audience.
Our society has become more and more voilent. The police are helpless to prevent it, but the masses scream for protection. They don't realize that the only protection you have is what you carry with you.
In this case the guy was encased in Kevlar, so it would have taken a really good or really lucky shot to put him down, but if there had been a half-dozen trained gun-toters in that theater, that evil little insect would have had more than a quivering, pleading mass of helpless humanity in front of him. A few shots at his face would probably have sent him scurrying for less dangerous environs. People like him almost always pick places where they are safe from harm to do their dastardly deeds. The only guns in that theater were in the hands of the murderer. What would have been the result if there had been guns in the hands of several of the intended victims? I expect there would have been far fewer fatalities.
The cure here is to change our society into one that does not allow such violence to be fed to our children. We do not need gun control, we need movie and TV control. We need to return to the morals that made this nation the greatest in the world and turn from the path that is tearing it down. We do not need gun control, we need criminal control. We need to identify such people when they are still young and either track them. cure them, or control them. If you disarm society, all that you have done is make it a place where the strongest will rule. You people who are not big, strong, fast, and athletic, how do you feel about that? How do you feel about a big brute walking up and slitting your throat with a knife, of bashing you head with a hammer?
Get it together people. The problems are obvious, and they do not include guns. If you don't want to be a victim, get a gun, learn to use it very well, get a license, and then carry it everywhere, even to the movies.


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Textos e pretextos
Textos e pretextos is a literary journal published by the Camões Institute, Lisbon, with the aim of providing an outlet for academic criticism on the most important characters of Lusophone authors. First launched in 2002, it has brought out bi-annual volumes focusing upon either individual authors or important theoretical concepts. Issue number 2 (2003) focuses on the concept of the mirror, while number 7 (2005) discusses the work of Chico Buarque. Each issue assists study by a detaile
Index of Marfleets, pre-1500
This is a Web page detailing the context, range and availability of the 'Index of Marfleets, Pre-1500' dataset hosted by the History Data Service (HDS), based at the UK Data Archive University of Essex (formerly part of the Arts and Humanities Data Service - AHDS). The data is available to order from the UK Data Archive in RTF and PDF formats. From this Web page you may download a PDF of the study documentation. To make use of this dataset you must first register with the UK Data Archive, and fu
SCRIBE : spoken corpus of British English
The online resource SCRIBE - Spoken Corpus of British English provides information on a pilot project that 'investigated the construction of a corpus of spoken British English'. The project ran in the academic year 1989/90 and was funded by the UK Department of Trade and Industry and the UK Science and Engineering Research Council. Research was facilitated by the partnership between the University College London, Cambridge University, Edinburgh University, the Speech Research Unit, and the Natio
COMIC : commercial Italian corpus
The project consists of designing and creating a corpus of business Italian. The corpus is intended to be used as a resource for descriptive and applied studies of Italian for specific purposes such as corpus linguistics, terminology, lexicography, and foreign language teaching. The resource is available via the Oxford Text Archive (OTA) website and can be downloaded as a zipped plain text and SGML file. It is necessary to obtain approval from the Oxford Text Archive before download, and a li
ALFAL (Asociación de Lingüística y Filología de América Latina)
ALFAL (Asociación de Lingüística y Filología de América Latina) is an academic association for the study of the literatures of Latin America and linguistics, covering the theory and practice of all the languages in the area: Spanish; Portuguese; and indigenous languages. In addition to up-to-date news, and information about memberships and the association, the website provides bibliographical details about its publications: the journal 'Lingüística'; bulletins; and 'Cuadernos de Lingüís
[ROYAL: Illuminated manuscripts of the Kings and Queens of England]
This Web page reports on an AHRC-funded project centred around research into the British Library's collection of 1,950 manuscripts donated by King George II in 1757. Maintained as a collection (labelled 'ROYAL') since this time, they represent the largest surviving collection of medieval illumination and painting owned by English monarchs. The grant will enable the first ever major research project into the collection, resulting in an exhibition in 2011, as well as being added to the Library's o
Faces of power and piety : medieval portraiture
Part of the J. Paul Getty Museum website, this online resource was produced to complement their exhibition, which ran from 12 August to 26 October 2008, entitled 'Faces of Power and Piety: Medieval Portraiture', and which featured portraits from illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages (circa 500-1500). Medieval portraiture does not present us with a precise likeness of the subject, but instead depicts clothing, heraldry or other objects relating to them. As the website states "the goal of med
European neighbourhood journalism network
The European Neighbourhood Journalism Network is an organisation that aims to train... "journalists of southern Mediterranean, Eastern European and southern Caucasus countries" with the intention of... "developing the professional skills necessary" for reporting on European affairs. The project is funded by the European Union and supported by the European Journalism Centre in Germany, among others. The website has extensive details about the project and its aims, partners, staff, and training el
Krisis : tijdschrift voor actuele filosofie
Krisis is a Dutch open access peer-reviewed journal for contemporary philosophy. It provides an arena for the discussion of issues in social and political philosophy, cultural theory, the philosophy of science and technology, and empirical philosophy. Titles of recent articles include: 'Seeds of the Future. "Presence" of the Past in Relation to Ethnic Violence'; 'Sociology and Science. A Short Controversy Study About Rembrandt's Painting'; and 'Power and Powerlessness of Human Rights'. Krisis ha
ArtCultura : revista do Instituto de história, cultura e arte da Universidade Federal de Uberlândi
The online journal 'Revista de história, cultura e arte' is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Institute of History and Postgraduate Studies of the Federal University of Uberlândia twice a year, carrying articles and book reviews in the field of history, literary and cultural history of Brazil and Europe. Topics are varied in range, including essays on 19th century French symbolist poetry and Brazilian photography. One major section in each issue is devoted to 'History, art an
Ivar Aasen-tunet
Ivar Aasen-tunet is a centre for documentation and information about Nynorsk (New Norwegian) and Ivar Andreas Aasen. The centre is sponsored by Nynorsk kultursentrum (New Norwegian Culture Centre). It keeps a great collection of texts and artefacts concerning Aasen and Nynorsk. Ivar Andreas Aasen (1813 - 1896) was a Norwegian philologist, lexicographer, playwright and poet and it is his work in reforming the language that led to the creation of Nynorsk which is one of the two official languages
Landsbokasafn Islands - haskolabokasafn The website of the National and University Library of Iceland contains information about the library and links to useful online resources in a number of subjects. The copyright deposit library receives copies of all printed material and (since 1977) sound recordings published in Iceland. It also collects previously published material and Icelandic material or material about Iceland published abroad, which makes its holdings the most comprehensive collection of Icelandic printed mater
Catholic Church in Lithuania : sanctuaries and pilgrimage sites
The Sanctuaries and Pilgrimage Sites website from the Lithuanian Catholic Internet Service provides information about churches, sanctuaries, monasteries and shrines in Lithuania, a country rich in catholic monuments. There is a page for each of seven pilgrimage sites: Sanctuaries of Siluva; the Hill of Crosses; the Gate of Dawn; Zelmaiciu Kalvarija; the Marian shrines in Pivasiunai and Krekenava; and the relics of Matulaitis. Each page contains an explanation of the site's religious meaning, as
Slavianskie rukopisi
Slavianskie rukopisi is a superb collection of over 2000 digitised manuscripts from the Trinity-St Sergius Monastery library, prepared in collaboration with the Russian State Library where the manuscripts are now housed. The quality of the images is excellent, and each folio can be enlarged to facilitate close reading. The manuscripts are collated by fond, including: main library (RGB fond 304.I); supplementary library, seventeenth century to 1907 (RGB f.304.II); unique editions (an illuminated
Outer Planets Assessment Group (OPAG)
The Outer Planets Assessment Group (OPAG) was established by NASA in late 2004 to identify scientific priorities and pathways for exploration in the outer Solar system. The OPAG website provides details of its committee and activities including full text reports, discussion documents, links to websites for past and future missions, and links to resources relating to the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune).
eChemPortal : the global portal to information on chemical substances
eChemPortal is a service from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) which offers free public access to information on physical chemical properties, environmental fate and behaviour, ecotoxicity, toxicity and GHS (Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals) classifications. Users can cross-search multiple databases and access data submitted to government chemical review programmes at national, regional and international levels.
Social Panorama of Latin America 2005
The 2005 edition of the Social Panorama of Latin America report by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). This report '... analyses recent poverty trends and the increase in migrant remittances, together with their impact on the well-being of the region's population. Short- and long-term trends in social spending, the distribution of such expenditures among the various socio-economic strata and their effects in terms of income deconcentration and increased well-bein
Rev. Claude L. Pickens, Jr. Collection on Muslims in China
The Rev. Claude L. Pickens, Jr. Collection on Muslims in China forms part of Harvard-Yenching Library at Harvard College. It comprises a rare collection of over 1000 photographs Christian missionaries working amongst the Muslim population in Western China in the 1920s and 1930s. It is important for historical studies of religion in China; Chinese Muslims and contact between East and West, An increasing number of the photographs can be searched and viewed online from the website. Also provided is
EERQI (European Educational Research Quality Indicators)
EERQI (European Educational Research Quality Indicators) is a research project in the EU 7th Framework Programme for Research in the Socio-economic Sciences and Humanities Theme (SSH). It aims to "reinforce and enhance the worldwide visibility and competitiveness of European educational research". By developing new indicators and methodologies to determine quality of educational research publications, proposing a prototype framework for establishing such indicators and methodologies, producing a
European Parliament Elections in the Netherlands 2009
This site provides free access to the full text of European Parliament election briefing no.28 by Stijn van Kessel which was published by EPERN (European Parties Elections and Referendums Network) in June 2009. The 11 page paper provides an overview of the 2009 European elections in the Netherlands. It includes coverage of the context, the campaigns and analyses the Dutch results and voter turnout figures.


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Department of Sociology & Criminology
Welcome to Sociology and Criminology!
Students in Sociology and Criminology can expect to develop the insights of the sociological perspective as they become familiar with continuing research and theoretical analysis of the social world. They learn how to better understand the structures and patterns upon which everyday life rests, to understand the interplay between individual choices and social constraint, to interpret events from multiple perspectives, and to examine social arrangements critically. They learn how to make a difference in their lives and in the lives of others.
Work with Leading Faculty
We are a small, active faculty who publish award-winning monographs as well as articles in the top journals of our field. We are committed to the public good and our scholarship is used to inform national and local policy debate.
Get Personal Attention
Our classes are small. Faculty-student partnerships are key to our successful program.
Recent Events: 2013 Undergraduate Research Symposium
The 2013 Undergraduate Research Symposium was held in May. Sociology/Criminology students who presented their research were Jennifer Hayward, Monica Heilman, and Julia Richardson, seen here with some of our faculty. More information is available on our "News and Events" page.


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We're glad that you would like to learn more about Rollins' evening programs. Founded with the nontraditional student in mind, the Hamilton Holt School at Rollins College offers 10 majors leading to the bachelor's degree as well as master's programs in education, human resources, liberal studies, mental health counseling, and planning in civic urbanism.
Devoted to excellence in every aspect of higher learning, Rollins' evening programs feature roundtable classes where academically distinguished professors know your name, your potential, and your dream. Take the first step in achieving your educational goal by completing the online form below so a member of our admission team can contact you.


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Finders Keepers
One More Try Dress
Designed by Julia Ritorto, Finders Keepers has created the ultimate young fashion forward womenswear label aimed at designer conscious consumers at affordable prices and has quickly become a favorite for Hollywood celebrities.
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Holden has made the decision to pull out of Australia as early as 2016, according to senior government ministers.
Australia and Indonesia agree to keep communication open to avoid any future diplomatic disputes.
East Timor's disclosure it would call upon whistleblowers at The Hague may have prompted ASIO raids this week.
Traditional Japanese cuisine and Korean kimchi are among the additions to the UNESCO 'intangible cultural heritage' list.
The Coalition's boarder protection policy is under scrutiny after an asylum seeker boats arrives undetected.
Thai king appeals for stability as protesters call truce to celebrate his birthday.
By Girish Sawlani
International sporting icons have shared their experiences of managing diabetes at a major conference in Melbourne.
Thai king appeals for stability as protesters call truce to celebrate his birthday.
Former NBA player Dennis Rodman will make a third visit to North Korea this month to train its basketball team.
Traditional Japanese cuisine and Korean kimchi are among the additions to the UNESCO 'intangible cultural heritage' list.
Australian exchange students say their Chinese peers face immense pressure to success at school.
Clive Palmer got it wrong when he claimed the Chinese government executes 500,000 people a year.
The latest survey on global corruption has found over 70 per cent of the world is corrupt.
It is notoriously a batsman's paradise, but the Adelaide Oval has thrown up plenty of drama throughout Ashes history.
The Indonesian president goes too far when he says spying is illegal under Indonesian, Australian and international law.
Bill Gates casts doubt over Amazon's plans to have drones deliver packages within 30 minutes of ordering.
Researchers have discovered a 120m long WWII Japanese "mega-submarine", missing since 1946.
Mural Krishnan in New Delhi
Indian students are increasingly heading overseas to obtain medical degrees.
By Erin Parke and Natalie Jones
Footage reveals an eagle was behind the theft of a motion-sensor camera set up to capture vision of crocodiles in the Kimberley.
Australia invites Singapore and New Zealand to attend next year's G20 after assuming the presidency.
James Oaten, Sen Lam, Richard Ewart
The UN says the "end of AIDS" in the Asia-Pacific is achievable within the next 15 years.
By Sen Lam for Radio Australia
The HIV-AIDS response in the Asia-Pacific region must keep up with the times, or risk sliding backwards.


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Pope Benedict - poor ethics lead to HIV and AIDS
Posted on Tuesday, November 22, 2011 at 08:38 AM
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Pope Benedict XVI |
It was a bold stance to adopt in a continent that accounts for around 70 percent of the world's HIV cases. But for Benedict, AIDS is not so much a health problem as an ethical one.
'Above all, (AIDS) is an ethical problem,' he said, raising eyebrows in a continent devastated by the HIV virus. 'The change of behavior that it requires – for example, sexual abstinence, rejection of sexual promiscuity, fidelity within marriage – ultimately involves the question of integral development, which demands a global approach and a global response from the Church…'
The pope's central point is that the ethical challenges AIDS poses to his Church teachings are ultimately more important than, you know, actually helping to prevent people from becoming infected in the first place.
More news stories on the Vatican from IrishCentral
Fairies destroyed Ireland's richest man say neighbors
Top ten Irish turkeys for this Thanksgiving - PHOTOS
It's the general lack of ethics, Benedict implies, that results in the continuation of this deadly disease. In other words a lack of ethics leads to deadly diseases.
But you know, if that were really true, then most of the world's major religions, and indeed its political and financial systems, would have been wiped out centuries ago - wouldn't they?
In May 2005 Pope Benedict made his first public pronouncement on Aids, insisting that condoms never be used to fight it. At the time he was addressing the bishops of South Africa, where somebody dies of Aids every two minutes.
You have to admire his chutzpah. It's the kind of flying-in-the-face-of-reality pronouncement that social conservatives used to make back in the early 1980's, before they were shamed into adopting a more compassionate stance. So Pope Benedict takes us back 30 years in his theological time machine. Condoms are part of the problem, not part of the solution, he is still saying, although settled medicine contradicts him.
To be clear, condoms can not immunize someone against HIV infection, but they do effectively stop the virus from being transmitted during sex.
But with two million people dying every year from a preventable disease, Benedict's irresponsibility to look reality square in the face even once, rather than retreat behind life-denying theological hairsplitting, makes him part of the problem, not the solution.
32 comments
Page 1 of 3 pages
eiriamach | Nov 25, 2011, 09:48 AM EST
A "condoms-only approach"? No one I know of promotes just "throwing condoms at the problem." No one knows why Uganda's HIV-infection rate dropped. Some MDs suggest increased condom use and the deaths of many infected people. Dr. Green was sure that a decrease in the number of sex partners was most important, but he still included condoms: "condom use has now become quite high among those people who need them most, namely those still having multiple partners: in the 2000 DHS, 59% of men and 38% of women who reported having a non-regular partner said they had used a condom during last sex with such partners.... Condom use had reportedly risen to nearly 100% among commercial sex workers in Kampala by the late 1990s." Fear played a role also. (Didn't the Ugandan government try to pass a law making homosexual relations punishable by death?) With help from Christian groups, the gov't frightened people out of having sex: "In short, the strategy was to instill fear of the consequences of AIDS, engendering a perception of personal vulnerability to HIV infection...." Quotes above are from "Uganda's HIV Prevention Success: The Role of Sexual Behavior Change and the National Response," Edward C. Green, Halperin, Hogle, July 06. The authors write, "Yet the debate over 'what happened in Uganda' continues, often involving divisive abstinence-versus-condoms rhetoric, which appears more related to the culture wars in the USA than to African social reality." And the pope is a major player in the culture wars.
Report abuse
SingleDonald | Nov 24, 2011, 09:01 PM EST
T will repeat, in general terms, what was apparently deleted. Reports, which were carefully researched, should not be revised, because certain groups may be offended!
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hollabackgurl | Nov 24, 2011, 06:45 PM EST
Beware of social conservatives quoting unattributed studies. No such figures exist except in your easily led mind, Geroid4.
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Gearoid4 | Nov 24, 2011, 04:26 PM EST
The condoms only approach that Western agencies promulgate have failed to make any serious indent on the horrific statistics concerning the spread of sub-Saharan Africa over the last couple of decades. No less than an authority, Dr Edward Green, a respected global authority on AIDS and former head of the Harvard University program dealing with this condition, has backed up the pope's words. He stated "if somebody is using a certain technology to reduce risk, a phenomenon actually occurs where people are willing to take on greater risk". African countries which have recorded the greatest progress against this epidemic have used the ABC approach with a lesser emphasis on condoms as a solution. The acronym stands for Abstinence,Be Faith and then Condoms. Uganda which adopted his approach since the early 90's experienced as a consequence a dramatic fall in numbers effected from a a very high 18% to 4% of the population by 2004. Those who persist in throwing condoms at the problem without referring to any programs which emphasize abstinence and faithfulness to one's wife/partner will continue to fail to appreciate the widespread, immoral behavior which continues to exacerbate this problem. Condoms can work in individual situations but do not on their own form a creditable solution to this health crisis.
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eiriamach | Nov 24, 2011, 01:51 PM EST
And, Toronthab, the Green and Hearst studies have not been suppressed but are well known and still debated. Just put their names and publication titles in any search engine: you can find hundreds of studies that cite these two doctors. You need to face the fact that the medical establishment is not going to abandon condoms, which they know are highly effective, in favor of the abstinence-only approaches that Green preferred and that the Christian right keeps pushing in his name. Ain't gonna happen.
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eiriamach | Nov 24, 2011, 01:46 PM EST
No, Toronthab, I did not portray Green and Hearst as "fans of condoms." I pointed out that nothing they have researched or written indicates that condoms are any less than 90% effective in reducing the spread of the virus. That is settled science. The rumors that Christian health workers spread in Africa about the virus creeping through microscopic holes in condom latex are ridiculous! And such rumors lead to neglect of condoms, and in turn not using condoms during sex spreads the virus. Green and Hearst pointed out an important fact: health workers must take local culture into account when they work to reduce the number of AIDS cases. Having multiple sex partners is a common cultural practice, and among Africans who have multiple partners, neglect of condoms or incorrect use of condoms, as well as exposure to other sources of infection besides sex, happens most often. That-- not any ineffectiveness of condoms-- is a problem that health workers in Africa need to deal with. Green and Hearst were right about that but wrong about downplaying condoms in favor of abstinence.
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Toronthab | Nov 24, 2011, 01:06 PM EST
Funny how Hearst and Green who led the Harvard study and who came out plainly agreeing with the pope are now portrayed as being big fans of condoms. The naive belief as evidenced repeatedly in the homosexually attracted community, that these men who have sex with men and who in the US comprise over 60% of AIDs sufferers while less than 2% of the population, is really just a desperate ploy to maintain a heartless and inhuman indifference to others if an orgasm is involved. Are we to believe that he worldwide news stories were because Hearst and Green's honest work supported condoms? Ridiculous.
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Toronthab | Nov 24, 2011, 12:55 PM EST
Far from misconstruing the Hearst UNAids study Hearst, the study was suppressed due to its results which showed that condom reliance was perpetuating and causing death on a massive scale. Hearst is on record clearly on this matter.
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eiriamach | Nov 24, 2011, 11:31 AM EST
Why would the Ugandan government not want condoms readily available to the population? Homosexual relationships are illegal in Uganda, and condom use save lives of same-sex partners. It's worrisome that Christian organizations oppose medical interventions such as condom distribution and education in African countries-- with one exception: they favor medical treatment to prevent the spread of HIV from an infected mother to the developing fetus. Without treatment, both parents will die of AIDS, but with treatment their child might survive. That looks to me like a form of genocide. In the name of Christian "ethics"?
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eiriamach | Nov 24, 2011, 11:15 AM EST
Dr. Green (Harvard study) argued for culture change to reduce HIV spread in Africa. His focus was Uganda, where the government claimed to reduce HIV infections through a program that emphasized abstinence or having only one sexual partner, with condoms for those who did not follow A or B (Abstain or Be faithful). In The Lancet journal 9 May 09 Green and Hearst wrote, "evidence from generalised epidemics points to partner reduction as the primary behavioural factor explaining declines in HIV prevalence.... Increased condom availability or use has not shown a similar pattern...." Conservative religious organizations immediately seized on their conclusions because they foolishly push abstinence as an *alternative* to condoms: "Could condom promotion exacerbate epidemics? The phenomenon of risk compensation ... could account for higher infection rates,... 'gains in condom use seem to have been offset by increases in the number of sex partners.'" They conclude, "The root of the problem is that people do not use condoms consistently, no matter how they are promoted. A little bit of condom use might be like a little bit of antibiotic use— not ultimately helpful." We need no expensive study to tell us that: common sense dictates that a "little bit of condom use" is not effective, but consistent, correct condom use is 90% effective. Even abstinence is not 100% effective because, again, there are other routes to infection besides sex.
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eiriamach | Nov 24, 2011, 10:27 AM EST
Toronthab is simply wrong that "reliance on condoms was furthering the AIDS epidemic." No study has shown this. UN studies have shown that OTHER factors besides unprotected sex contribute to new infections among high-risk populations. This fact does NOT mean that condoms do not prevent new infections. The 2007 update published by the UN programme on HIV/ AIDS, UNICEF, and World Health Organization again emphasized "access to services and commodities including condoms" (p 35), along with behavioral changes to reduce the number of new infections among young people. NO reputable health care organization has called for an end to distribution of condoms or education in how to use them. EVERY competent medical practitioner knows that condoms are essential to slowing the spread of this still-deadly virus. For Toronthab or the pope to suggest condoms make no difference is unconscionable. They prevent new infections 90% of the time! Anyone who turned down a 90%-effective drug against a deadly disease because he or she might engage in high-risk behaviors that would lead to infection by other routes would be downright crazy. Education is also necessary-- the images on the condom package that the government official described as "pronogarphic" were likely drawings for those who cannot read to illustrate how to use condoms properly! But hey, there's no cure for stupidity, and people who try to convince others that condoms do not prevent HIV infection are either stupid or inclined toward genocide. I prefer to think they are the former, but who knows....
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Toronthab | Nov 24, 2011, 09:46 AM EST
I most certainly did NOT misrepresent the Hearst UNAIDS study that was actually SUPPRESSED because it showed that reliance on condoms was furthering the AIDS epidemic, and Hearst was interviewed SUPPORTING the church's common sense view that human sexuality is about more than plastics.
The initial report, titled: Condoms for Aids prevention in the developing world: A review of the scientific literature, concluded that although condoms were about 80 per cent to 90 per cent effective as a public health strategy in halting the spread of Aids in some concentrated epidemics (epidemics affecting men who have sex with men, injecting drug users and commercial sex workers) in places like Thailand and Cambodia, condoms were seen as ineffective in preventing the spread of HIV/Aids in generalised epidemics like those taking place in Eastern and Southern Africa.I suggest that YOU are clearly misrepresenting the test and you failed to mention Green's Harvard study on AIDS transmission that ALSO blamed condom emphasis for the continuing epidemic. Also... read the stats on people who actually use condoms properly and constantly. Lots of lives hang in the balance here.
"These findings surprised us and were not what UNAids wanted to hear at all," recalls Dr. Hearst who says that his report provoked serious debate within UNAids.
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eiriamach | Nov 23, 2011, 09:18 AM EST
Toronthab misrepresents the 2004 UNAIDS study. The abstract is on line: "Condom Promotion for AIDS Prevention in the Developing World: Is It Working?" by Norman Hearst and Sanny Chen. This study alerted health workers to the problem of long-term multiple sex partners, which helps spread HIV even among condom users. The authors conclude, however, that condoms are highly effective in preventing HIV infection among people who use them regularly and correctly and do not have long-term multiple sex partners who expose them to other sources of infection, such as intravenous drugs. Hearst and Chen write, "Condoms are about 90 percent effective for preventing HIV transmission.... Recommendations include increased condom promotion for groups at high risk, ... and more research on how best to integrate condom promotion with other prevention strategies." Other studies have found low levels of condom use among married couples in Africa in cultures that view condoms negatively. In Malawi, for instance, one government official commented, "The fight can never be fought with a condom, which has 'prono garphic' pictures on its covers. Take it from me such a weapon defeats the honour, rather than the enemy ("Condom and sexual abstinence talk in the Malawi National Assembly," Adamson Muula, 06). Toronthab is helping the pope to spread misinformation that kills by the millions each year.
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Alistair | Nov 23, 2011, 05:24 AM EST
I am highly amused that the Head of the Catholic Church, a man personally mired in the biggest global cover-up of child rape by his religious acolytes, deigns to lecture us on ethics!
Motes and beams, Ratzi........
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skylover | Nov 23, 2011, 03:36 AM EST
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here is the teaser, http://kotaku.com/5157628/your-first-brief-look-at-mass-effect-2 . if u want it in hd, is in gametrailers. I CANT BELIEVE WHAT SHOWS THE TEASER, ITS COMPLETLY UNCREDIBLE, U LOVE MASS EFFECT, SEE IT FOR THE GOD OF CRIST IT WILL MAKE U CRY
believe, u guys are not the one WAITING FOR EA AND BIOWARE TO RELEASE THE GODDAMIT GAME (OR AT LEAST MOST INFO) IMO that how the game ends, if not, my perfect character would be for nothing
Looks like no Character migration! haha! I always thought shepard was a pussy.. Needed a tougher hero..
i couldve been the though guy took a hard line stance but i didnt i took the intelligent and decent way in mass effect and it paid off i ended up saving wrex doing a lot of things the nice way (refuse to say the morally correct way coz people have different morals but yeah like that) thats jsut the way i played it i think its all about your choices and how you influence your crew although shepards body wasnt customisable probably so that all armours fitted the same character model, anyway you could change the head and the choices you made where up to you i think my character was bad ass looking the game was fine everything was almost perfect some side missions got sameish but for a huge chunk of them they had good background and thought out storylines and that was enuf to make you play them even if it was kill a base of biotics or kill a criminal ring or rachni or some geth side mission mass effect 2 looks GODLY, i dunno this could be my new favourite game i was really into mass effect currently on a new run through it should be on par with new games like resident evil 5, street fighter 4 and empires total war i mean like on par with how great those games are so far
i swear if hes dead ill go and crush EAs headquarters with a bulldozer, oh sure you where good back in the 90s but now 2000s you suck EA and are ruining decent developers i feel cheated coz in mass effect you crush the geth with an iron fist so i doubt 1 could kill shepard, if it was something horrible and one of those yeah well i can see how that killed him things i might forgive but if a single geth killed him thats bollocks
there is no way Shepard is dead! they are just trying to get you all hiped up for the game! DAMN YOU EA!!!!!
sheppard was hardcore...wrex was even more hardcore i called him my lil rocket sheild!! he takes em like a champ hahahahahah
yeah okay... i mean i like wrex as much as the next person but... come on wrex i like how he goes on about his home planet and how he tried to unite it to save the krogans and ended up killing his father then the side mission find his ancient family battle armour
Meh, I just hope there is more variety and more openness in Mass Effect 2. Mass Effect was too much on rails. The Witcher was a slight improvement to Mass Effect's openness but I would still like to see it even more open than The Witcher. I expect I'll like it like the first but I doubt I'll love it.
It's just a different type of RPG, more traditional actually, more linear and story-driven. Imo the main problem wasn't openness it was depth of side-ventures. The side-ventures were very repetitive, but they really weren't the main attraction here. You want open pick up a Bethesda game. Bioware generally keeps things straightforward with a well-planned experience and an involving story. A different type but equally rewarding game.
By openness, I mean eliminate all the map transitions that plague both The Witcher and Mass Effect. That would require an enormous overhaul of the engine though so it is very unlikely to happen. And yes, the other weak point is the repetitiveness of everything that wasn't the main quest. Driving around on planets got boring rather quick and they recycled the same basic maps over and over. I know that Mass Effect was about planet hopping so I wouldn't be hurt if they kept all the level transitions but the non-story aspects of the game need a whole lot of work. I'd bet that they finished the main campaign and then went back and started adding planets/missions later. They were probably expecting to touch them up but EA probably forced it out the door before they could.
imo, there is going to be character migration and that is the game is going to end and the 3º part you are going to play with a son that you had with liara or ashley or yourself if u were a women
Shoulda left it alone. There was no need for a sequel. Rather they could have just made a new story altogether, similar gamestyle, similar theme, but basically be what Mass Effect should have been, which is as people say, more open, more coherent, etc and of course come under a different badge.
thats not true cause since the day that mass effect came out, every knew that IT IS GOING TO BE A TRILOGY !
I doubt Shepherd is dead. You would then be demoted to a commander and no longer the first human Spectre. I think the clip was point out that the support characters (Wrex, Liara, etc.) are dead. They were about the only thing to add replay value to the game so I think it is important that they change it up.


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Big Star 1974 Alex Skinny Stretch Jean
SALE $59.97 was $89.00 Item #17016QWALXTD- Mid-rise zip fly stretch jean
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- Embroidered Big Star label on back
Big Star 1974 Alex Skinny Stretch Jean 1 1
Awesome Fit Great jeans. Fit was slim without being skin tight. Cute with the leg rolled up as well. April 27, 2012
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Biography (Cyclopedia of World Authors, Fourth Revised Edition)
Rasipuram Krishnaswami Narayan (nuh-RI-yuhn) was born into a prosperous middle-class family on October 10, 1906, in Madras, India. There he spent his early years with his grandmother and uncle. Later he joined his parents, brothers, and sisters in the family home in Mysore. Mysore is probably the basis of his fictional city Malgudi, an Indian city as complex and as real as William Faulkner's Yoknapatawpha County. Although according to his memoirs he was never particularly enthusiastic about academic work, Narayan attended a Lutheran mission school and Christian College High School (both in Madras) and in 1930 received his B.A. from Maharaja's College (later the University of Mysore). He married in 1933; his wife, Rajam, gave birth to their only child, a daughter named Hema, in 1938. Rajam died of typhoid in 1939. Narayan never remarried.
Narayan began reporting for the Madras newspaper The Justice in 1933. After brief stints in teaching and journalism, he decided that he would be a fiction writer. His first novel, Swami and Friends, the comic story of two young Indian boys, was set in the fictional city that would make him famous. Yet the friend in England to whom Narayan had entrusted his manuscript could not find a publisher for it. In despair Narayan told his friend to destroy it. Instead, the friend took the manuscript to the...
(The entire section is 1112 words.)
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Biography (Critical Survey of Short Fiction, Second Revised Edition)
Rasipuram Krishnaswami Narayan was born in Madras, South India, on October 10, 1906. Until the family moved to Mysore, he remained in Madras with his grandmother, who supervised his school and college education. In his autobiography, My Days (1974), Narayan admits his dislike of education: he "instinctively rejected both education and examinations with their unwarranted seriousness and esoteric suggestions." Nevertheless, in 1930, he was graduated from Maharaja's College (now the University of Mysore).
In 1933, he met a woman by the name of Rajam and immediately fell in love with her. In 1935, after overcoming almost insurmountable difficulties (to begin with, their horoscopes did not match), Narayan and Rajam were married. She was a great help in his creative work, but she lived to see publication of only three novels. She died of typhoid in 1939. Narayan's fourth novel, Grateful to Life and Death (1953), dedicated to his dead wife, centers on the trauma of this loss and on a hard-won sense of reconciliation. Rajam is portrayed in some detail as Sushila in that novel and, later, as Srinivas's wife in The Printer of Malgudi (1957).
Narayan had not begun his career as a writer without some false starts. Indeed, only after having worked at a number of jobs without satisfaction and success—he worked for a time in the civil service in Mysore, taught for a while, and served as a correspondent for Madras...
(The entire section is 412 words.)
Biography (Critical Survey of Long Fiction, Fourth Edition)
Rasipuram Krishnaswami Narayan was born in Madras on October 10, 1906. During his early years he was reared by his grandmother in Madras. Very early in his autobiography, My Days, he records his dislike of education, of the mission schools, of the British colleges, and of his short-lived adventure as a schoolteacher. All these experiences permeate his writing and serve as the subject matter of his fiction. His literary education was predominantly Victorian in flavor. Francis Turner Palgrave's The Golden Treasury of the Best Songs and Lyrical Poems in the English Language (1861), Sir Walter Scottthe works of, and reading William Shakespeare's plays aloud were its staples.
In 1933, Narayan fell in love with a woman named Rajam, whom he married only after great difficulties because their horoscopes showed theirs was not an auspicious match; she died of typhoid in 1939. The trauma of this loss, his inability to come to terms with his fate, and his effort to defy his destiny led to Narayan's interest in purported psychic communication with the dead and provided the inspiration for The English Teacher. A feeling of helplessness in the face of destiny takes sometimes comic and sometimes tragic turns throughout Narayan's work.
Narayan was commissioned to write a travel book on Mysore, and after several years of writing for The Hindu and other journalistic experiences, he began publishing Indian...
(The entire section is 307 words.)
Biography (Magill's Survey of World Literature, Revised Edition)
A teacher's son, Rasipuram Krishnaswami Narayan (nah-RAH-yan) was born in Madras, a major South Indian city, where he attended Lutheran Mission School and Christian College High School. In the early 1920's, the family moved to another South Indian city, Mysore, where Narayan's father served as headmaster at Maharajah's College High School. Taking advantage of the library privileges granted by his father, the young Narayan read voraciously, mainly in the English classics.
In 1926, Narayan entered Maharajah's College in Mysore. After graduating in 1930, he took a teaching position but soon gave that up. He started to write, determined to become an English-language novelist. Marrying in 1933, he then worked as a reporter in Mysore for The Justice, a Madras newspaper. Narayan recalled in his autobiography, My Days (1974), how this experience brought him into "close contact with a variety of men and their activities" and gave him material that he was to use in his future fiction.
His first novel, Swami and Friends, appeared in 1935. Rejected by several English publishers, the manuscript eventually came to the attention of Graham Greene, the British novelist, who was immensely impressed by Narayan's narrative technique and the way he had recorded South Indian life. Greene lent his prestige to finding a...
(The entire section is 531 words.)
Biography (Magill's Survey of World Literature, Revised Edition)
In more than sixty years of writing fiction, R. K. Narayan created a memorable world whose center was the fictional South Indian town of Malgudi. From that insignificant center, life radiated in all its drabness and fullness, its richness and poverty, its daily tedium, and its rare moments of spiritual discovery. While Narayan consistently revealed men and women in their absurdity, he never condemned them. Instead he probed beneath the layers of human foolishness in search of the admirable spirit that lies within all creatures. He always discovered that spirit and made it evident.
(The entire section is 94 words.)
Biography (Short Stories for Students)
Rasipuram Krishnaswami Ayyar Naranayanaswami was born in Madras, a large industrial coastal city in India, on October 10, 1906. His family was Brahmin, the highest caste of Hindu society. When he was still young, the rest of his family moved to Mysore, a smaller city in the heart of the country. Narayan stayed in Madras with his grandmother, who read him classic Indian tales and myths from an early age and encouraged his imagination. He was not a serious student; he believed that the educational system was too regimented and that it discouraged students from thinking creatively, so he decided not to work hard and ended up failing several subjects and his college entrance exams.
After graduation, Narayan went to work in a government office in Mysore, but he was no more suited for mundane office work than for formal education. He tried teaching for a while, but did not last long as a teacher, either. What he wanted to be was a writer. At first, most of his stories were rejected. For three or four years he lived at home and earned less than five dollars a year, worrying and embarrassing his family.
In 1933 he married a woman named Rajam, who encouraged him in his writing. To help support his wife and daughter, he tried journalism, starting out as a correspondent for the Madras Justice and working his way up to junior editor. Rajam lived only five years as his wife, dying of typhoid in 1939. By that time Narayan had published three novels,...
(The entire section is 442 words.)
Biography (Literature of Developing Nations for Students)
Rasipuram Krishnaswami Narayan was born in Madras (now known as Chennai), South India, on October 10, 1907. Although his family moved to Mysore when he was a child, he continued to live in Madras under the care of his grandmother, who ensured that he led a very disciplined life. A Brahmin (one who belongs to the priestly caste) by birth, he learned Sankrit as part of his training in Hinduism. His mother tongue was Tamil, a language spoken by some sixty million people in India. His knowledge of English came from his education. A voracious reader, he learned a great deal of English literature during his school years, and this knowledge was crucial to his own development as a writer. Until he passed his university entrance examination he remained in Madras, and then joined Maharaja's College, Mysore. After considerable effort, he obtained his B.A. in 1930 and decided that he would pursue no further formal education.
After having tried teaching as a profession, Narayan gave it up in exasperation and decided to pursue what he really liked: writing. Financial difficulties forced him to take up journalism for a period of time, but his main objective was to become a full-time writer. In 1933 he married Rajam, a devoted wife who died in 1939. His first novel, Swami and Friends, was published in 1935, and since then Narayan's life has been devoted to writing novels, short stories, and essays; during the last sixty years he has produced some fifteen novels,...
(The entire section is 395 words.)
Source: Literature of Developing Nations for Students, ©2013 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Short Stories for Students, ©2013 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Critical Survey of Short Fiction, Second Revised Edition, ©2001 Salem Press, Inc.. All Rights Reserved.
Source: Cyclopedia of World Authors, Fourth Revised Edition, ©1997 Salem Press, Inc.. All Rights Reserved.
Source: Critical Survey of Long Fiction, Fourth Edition, ©2010 Salem Press, Inc.. All Rights Reserved.
Source: Magill's Survey of World Literature, Revised Edition, ©2009 Salem Press, Inc.. All Rights Reserved.


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The 11-Under Navarre Hurricanes baseball team finished in second place at the USSSA AA World Series in Panama City last week.
In 10 games at the series, the Hurricanes lost only twice to the champions Jacksonville Blueclaws.
Will Sawarynski, catcher for the Hurricanes, was named the "Defensive Player of the Tournament."
Pictured in the front row, from left, are Johnny McDonald, Josh Tilton, Owen Camilli, Chrystian Westfall, Will Sawarynski. Middle row, from left, are Noah Peterson, Kyle Spivey, Sage Chambers, Jacob Tisdale, Devin Young. Back row, from left, are coaches Kevin Peterson and Tim Young.