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Adyghe people
It has been suggested that Kabarday be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since July 2013. |
The Circassian Flag |
Total population | |
4 million,1 5-8 million2 | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Russia | 900,0003 |
Turkey | 140,0004 - 3,000,00056 |
Jordan | 60,0007 |
Syria | 120,0008 |
8 | |
Germany | 40,0009 |
10 | |
United States | 25,0001 |
Israel | 4,00011 |
Ukraine | 1,0109 |
12 | |
Bulgaria | 50013 |
Netherlands | 5009 |
Languages | |
Circassian also Turkish, Arabic, Russian, Ukrainian, Hebrew |
Religion | |
Sunni Muslim minority Habze, Orthodox Christian, Catholic |
Related ethnic groups | |
Abkhaz, Abaza, Kabarday, Ubykh |
The Circassians (Circassian: Адыгэ, Adyge; Arabic: شركس, Sharkas; Turkish: Çerkez, Çerkes, Cherkes), or Adyghe people,14 are a North Caucasian ethnic group15 native to Circassia who were displaced in the course of the Russian conquest of the Caucasus in the 19th century, especially after the Russian–Circassian War of 1862.
Circassians mainly speak the Circassian language, a Northwest Caucasian language with numerous dialects, the primary ones being Adyghe (West Circassian) and Kabardian (East Circassian). Circassians also speak Turkish and Arabic in large numbers, having been exiled by Russia to lands of the Ottoman Empire, where the majority of them today live. The predominant religion amongst Circassians is Sunni Islam.
There remain about 700,000 Circassians in historical Circassia (the republics of Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, and the southern half of Krasnodar Krai), as well as a number in the Russian Federation outside these republics. The 2010 Russian Census recorded 718,727 Circassians, of which 516,826 are Kabardins, 124,835 are Adyghe proper, 73,184 are Cherkess, and 3,882 Shapsugs.3
The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization estimates that there are as many as 3.7 million "ethnic Circassians" in the diaspora outside the Circassian republics (meaning that only one in seven "ethnic Circassians" lives in the homeland), of whom about 2 million live in Turkey, 700,000 in the Russian Federation, about 150,000 in the Levant and Mesopotamia, and about 50,000 in Europe and the United States.
In their own language the Circassians refer to themselves as Adiga (also transliterated as Adyga, Adyge, Adygei, Adyghe, Attéghéi). The name is believed to derive from atté "height" to signify a mountaineer or a highlander, and ghéi "sea", signifying "a people dwelling and inhabiting a mountainous country near the sea coast", or "between two seas".1617
A common name for the Adyghe is Circassians (ser-KASS-ee-uhnz), a name which is occasionally applied to Adyghe and Abaza from the North Caucasus.18 The name Circassian is a Latinisation of Cherkess, the Turkic name for the Adyghe, and originated in the 15th century with medieval Genoese merchants and travellers to Circassia.1819 But the first mentioning about the word "Cherkess" believed to be from the Mongols who invaded the North Caucasus in medieval times, and called the Adyghe as "Serkesut", that term appears in Mongol scriptures from the 12th century.
The name Cherkess is applied to the Adyghe by the Turkic peoples (principally Tatar20 and Turkish21) and the Russians. The name Cherkess was usually explained to mean "warrior cutter" or "soldier cutter" from the Turkic words cheri (soldier) and kesmek (to cut), so that Cherkess would be synonym for soldier cutter.
The Adyghe people originate in the North Caucasus region, an area they are believed to have occupied as early as the Stone Age period, with traces of them dating back as far as 8000 BC.citation needed In about 4000 BC, the Maykop culture flourished in the North Caucasus region, which influenced all subsequent cultures in the North Caucasus region as well as other parts of the region that is now southern Russia. Archaeological findings, mainly of dolmens in North-West Caucasus region, indicate a megalithic culture in the region.22
The Adyghe kingdom was established in about 400 BC.22 After 460 AD, reports of "Utige" begins to feature in connection to a state established around Phanagoria, which grew into Old Great Bulgaria. After the collapse of this state under pressure from the Khazars, the Adyghe people did not seem to unite politically. This reduced their influence in the area and their ability to withstand periodic invasions from groups like the Mongols, Avars, Pechenegs, Huns, and Khazars.
Genetically, the Adyghe population has shared ancestry mainly with neighboring peoples of the Caucasus, with some influence from other regions.23
Medieval period
Christianity reached and spread throughout the Caucasus between the 4th century24 and the 6th century25 under Greek Byzantine influence and later through the Georgians between the 10th century and the 13th century. During that period, the Circassians (referred to in the medieval period as Kassogs) began to accept Christianity as their national religion, but did not fully adopt Christianity as elements of their ancient indigenous religious beliefs still survived. In the 15th century, under the influence of Crimean Tatars and Ottoman clerics, the Circassians adopted Islam.
Most of the Mamluks were originally Georgian, Adyghe and Turkish slaves who were gathered by the Arab sultans to serve their kingdoms as a military force.citation needed Others, however, say that the Mamluks were mostly Cumans and Kipchaks.citation needed During the 13th century, the Mamluks seized power in Cairo, and as a result the Mamluk kingdom became the most influential kingdom in the Muslim world. The majority of the leaders of the Mamluk kingdom were of Adyghe origin. Even after Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Turks, the Adyghes continued to rule in Egypt until the 18th century.
With the rise of Muhammad Ali Pasha, almost all the senior Mamluks were killed and the remaining Mamluks fled to Sudan.
Today, several thousand Adyghes reside in Egypt and they are the descendants of these Mamlukscitation needed. Until the rise of Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt, the Adyghes were an elite group in the country. The single remaining exception is the Egyptian Abaza family that holds to this day an elite place in Egyptian society. It constitutes Egypt's largest family and largest Abazin minority. (See Abaza family.)
Russian conquest of Circassia
Circassia was a small independent nation on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea. For no reason other than ethnic hatred, over the course of hundreds of raids the Russians drove the Circassians from their homeland and deported them to the Ottoman Empire. At least 600,000 people lost their lives to massacre, starvation, and the elements while hundreds of thousands more were forced to leave their homeland. By 1864, three-fourths of the population was annihilated, and the Circassians had become one of the first stateless peoples in modern history.
— Walter Richmond, The Circassian Genocide 26
Between the late 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries, the Adyghe people lost their independence as they were slowly conquered by Russia in a series of wars and campaigns. During this period, the Adyghe plight achieved a certain celebrity status in the West, but pledges of assistance were never fulfilled. After the Crimean War, Russia turned her attention to the Caucasus in earnest, starting with the peoples of Chechnya and Dagestan. In 1859, the Russians had finished defeating Imam Shamil in the eastern Caucasus, and turned their attention westward. Eventually, the long lasting Russian–Circassian War ended with the defeat of the Adyghe forces. Adyghe leaders signed loyalty oaths on 2 June 1864 (21 May, O.S.).
The Conquest of the Caucasus by the Russian Empire in the 19th century during the Russian-Circassian War, led to the destruction and killing of many Adyghe—towards the end of the conflict, the Russian General Yevdokimov was tasked with driving the remaining Circassian inhabitants out of the region, primarily into the Ottoman Empire. This policy was enforced by mobile columns of Russian riflemen and Cossack cavalry.272829 "In a series of sweeping military campaigns lasting from 1860 to 1864... the northwest Caucasus and the Black Sea coast were virtually emptied of Muslim villagers. Columns of the displaced were marched either to the Kuban [River] plains or toward the coast for transport to the Ottoman Empire... One after another, entire Circassian tribal groups were dispersed, resettled, or killed en masse"29 This expulsion, along with the actions of the Russian military in acquiring Circassian land,30 has given rise to a movement among descendants of the expelled ethnicities for international recognition that genocide was perpetrated.31 In 1840, Karl Friedrich Neumann estimated the Circassian casualties to be around one and a half million.32 Some sources state that hundreds of thousands of others died during the exodus.33 Several historians use the phrase "Circassian massacres"34 for the consequences of Russian actions in the region.35
On 20 May 2011, the Georgian parliament voted in a 95 to 0 declaration that Russia had committed genocide when it engaged in massacres against Circassians in the 19th century.36
Like other ethnic minorities under Russian rule, the Adyghe who remained in the Russian Empire borders were subjected to policies of mass resettlement.
The Ottoman Empire, which ruled most of the area south of Russia, considered the Adyghe warriors to be courageous and well-experienced. It encouraged them to settle in various near-border settlements of the Ottoman empire in order to strengthen the empire's borders.
An Adyghe strike on a Russian Military Fort built over a Shapsugian village that aimed to free the Circassian Coast from the occupiers during the Russian-Circassian War, 22 March 1840
Kazbech Tuguzhoko, Circassian resistance leader
The mountaineers leave the aul, P. N. Gruzinsky, 1872
Post-exile period
The Adyghes who were settled by the Ottomans in various near-border settlements across the empire, ended up living across many different territories in the Middle East. At the time these belonged to the Ottoman Empire and are now located in the following countries:
- Turkey, which has the largest Adyghe population in the world. The Adyghe settled in three main regions in Turkey: Samsun, along the shores of the Black Sea; the region near the city of Ankara, the region near the city of Kayseri, and in the western part of the country near the region of Istanbul. This latter region experienced a severe earthquake in 1999. Many Adyghe played key roles in the Ottoman army and also participated in the Turkish War of Independence.
- Syria. Most of the Adyghe who immigrated to Syria settled in the Golan Heights. Prior to the Six Day War, the Adyghe people were the majority group in the Golan Heights region — their number at that time is estimated at 30,000. The most prominent settlement in the Golan was the town of Quneitra. The total number of Circassians in Syria is estimated to be between 50,000 and 100,000.37 In 2013, the Syrian Circassians said they were exploring returning to Circassia, as tensions between the Bashar al-Assad regime and opposition forces escalates. Circassians from different parts of Syria, such as Damascus, have moved back to the Golan Heights, believed to be safer. Some refugees have been reportedly killed by shelling. Circassians have been lobbying the Russian and Israeli governments to help evacuate refugees from Syria. Some visas were issued by Russia.38
- Jordan. The Adyghe had a major role in the history of the Kingdom of Jordan.3940 They make up around 1% to 2% of the total population. Over the years, various Adyghe have served in distinguished roles in the kingdom of Jordan. An Adyghe has served as a prime minister (Sa`id al-Mufti), ministers (commonly at least one minister should represent the Circassians in each cabinet), high rank officers, etc., and due to their important role in the history of Jordan, Adyghe form the Hashemites honour guard at the royal palaces. They represented Jordan in the Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo in 2010, joining other honour guards such as the Airborne Ceremonial Unit.4142
- Iraq. The Adyghe came to Iraq in two waves: directly from Circassia, and later from the Balkans. They settled in all parts of Iraq — from north to south — but most of all in Iraq's capital Baghdad. A reported 30,000 Adyghe families live in Baghdad. Many Adyghe also settled in Kerkuk, Diyala, Fallujah, and other places. Circassians played a major role in different periods throughout Iraq's history, and made great contributions to political and military institutions in the country, to the Iraqi Army in particular. Several Iraqi prime ministers have been of Circassian descent.
- Israel. The Adyghe initially settled in three places — in Kfar Kama, Rehaniya, and in the region of Hadera. Due to a malaria epidemic, the Adyghe settlement near Hadera was eventually abandoned. Though Sunni Muslim, Adyghe are seen as a loyal minority within Israel, who serve in the armed forces.4344
Adyghe society prior to the Russian invasion was highly stratified. While a few tribes in the mountainous regions of Adygeya were fairly egalitarian, most were broken into strict castes. The highest was the caste of the "princes", followed by a caste of lesser nobility, and then commoners, serfs, and slaves. In the decades before Russian rule, two tribes overthrew their traditional rulers and set up democratic processes, but this social experiment was cut short by the end of Adyghe independence.
Circassians mainly speak the Circassian language, a Northwest Caucasian language with numerous dialects, the primary ones being Adyghe (West Circassian) and Kabardian (East Circassian). Circassians also speak Turkish and Arabic in large numbers, having being exiled by Russia to lands of the Ottoman Empire, where the majority of them today live.
Lesser numbers of Circassians speak Russian, English, and German.
The native language is spoken among all the Circassian communities around the world, with about 125,000 speakers who live in the Russian Federation, some of whom live in the Republic of Adygea where the Adyghe language is defined as the official language. The world's largest Adyghe-speaking community is the Circassian community in Turkey — it has about 150,000 Adyghe speakers.
The ethnic religion of Circassians (Adyghes) was Habze — a philosophical and religious system of personal values and the relationship between an individual to others, to the world around him, and to the Higher Mind. In essence, it represents monotheism with a much-defined system of worshipping One God — the Mighty Tha (Tha, Thashxue). During the time of the settlement of Greek cities / colonies on the coast of the Black Sea there was an intermingling of cultures. Circassian mythology has noticeable aspects from Greek mythology. In return, there is evidence that Greek mythology also borrowed from Circassian legends. In the 6th century, under Byzantine influence, many Adyghes became Christian, but under the growing influence of the Ottomans, many of them became Muslims. Throughout Circassian history the ethnic religion of Circassians has interacted with Christianity and Islam.
Christianity reached and spread throughout the Caucasus and was first introduced between the 4th century24 and the 6th century25 under Greek Byzantine influence and later through the Georgians between the 10th century and the 13th century. During that period, Circassians began to accept Christianity as their national religion, but did not fully adopt Christianity as elements of their ancient indigenous religious beliefs still survived.
Islam reached the northeastern region of the Caucasus, principally Dagestan, as early as the 7th century, but was first introduced to the Circassians between the 16th century and in the middle of the 19th century under the influence of the Crimean Tatars and the Ottoman Turks. It was only after the Russian conquest of the Caucasus when Circassians as well as other peoples of the Caucasus were forced out of their ancestral homeland and settled in different regions of the Ottoman Empire did they begin to fully accept and adopt Islam as their national religion.
The Naqshbandi tariqa of Sufi Islam was also introduced to the Circassians in the late 18th century under the influence of Sheikh Mansur who was the first to preach the Naqshbandi tariqa in the northeastern region of the Caucasus and later through Imam Shamil in the middle of the 19th century.
In the modern days, it has been reported that some Circassians practice their traditional religious faith Habzism, whose adherents constitute 12% of the population of Karachay-Cherkessia and 3% of the population of Kabardino-Balkaria.4546 There have also been reports of violence against those practising the older religion. Aslan Tsipinov, an advocate of Habzism in Kabardino-Balkaria, was murdered by radical Islamists in 2010, who had warned him months earlier to stop publicizing the rituals of the original Circassian faith.4748
Today, the majority of Circassians are predominantly Sunni Muslim and adhere to the Hanafi school of thought, or law, the largest and oldest school of Islamic law in jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. There is also a small number of Catholics, the faith having been introduced to the area during the Middle Ages by Venetian and Genoese traders, who now account for just under 1% of Russia's Circassians.49
Adyghe Khabze
Adyghe Khabze (Adyghe: Адыгэ Хабзэ) is the native Circassian religion, philosophy and worldview, it is the epitome of Circassian culture and tradition having deeply shaped the ethical values of the Adyghe. It is their code of honour and is based on mutual respect and above all requires responsibility, discipline and self-control. Adyghe Xabze functions as the Circassian unwritten law yet was highly regulated and adhered to in the past. The Code requires that all Circassians are taught courage, reliability and generosity. Greed, desire for possessions, wealth and ostentation are considered disgraceful ("Yemiku") by the Xabze code. In accordance with Xabze, hospitality was and is particularly pronounced among the Circassians. A guest is not only a guest of the host family, but equally a guest of the whole village and clan. Even enemies are regarded as guests if they enter the home and being hospitable to them as one would with any other guest is a sacred duty.
Circassians consider the host to be like a slave to the guest in that the host is expected to tend to the guest's every need and want. A guest must never be permitted to labour in any way, this is considered a major disgrace on the host.
Every Circassian arises when someone enters the room, providing a place for the person entering and allowing the newcomer to speak before everyone else during the conversation. In the presence of elders and women respectful conversation and conduct are essential. Disputes are stopped in the presence of women and domestic disputes are never continued in the presence of guests. A woman can request disputing families to reconcile and they must comply with her request. A key figure in Circassian culture is the person known as the "T'hamade" (Adyghe: Тхьэмадэ - Тхьэматэ), who is often an elder but also the person who carries the responsibility for functions like weddings or circumcision parties. This person must always comply with all the rules of Xabze in all areas of his life.
Traditional clothing
The Adyghe traditional clothing (Adyghe: Адыгэ Щыгъыныхэр [aːdəɣa ɕəʁənəxar]) refers to the historical clothing worn by the Adyghe people.
The traditional female clothing (Adyghe: Бзылъфыгъэ Шъуашэр [bzəɬfəʁa ʂʷaːʃar]) was very diverse and highly decorated and mainly depends on the region, class of family, occasions, and tribes. The traditional female costume is composed of a dress (Adyghe: Джанэр [d͡ʒaːnar]), coat (Adyghe: Сае [saːja]), shirt, pant (Adyghe: ДжэнэкӀакор [d͡ʒanat͡ʃ'aːkʷar]), vest (Adyghe: КӀэкӀ [t͡ʃ'at͡ʃ']), lamb leather bra (Adyghe: Шъохътан [ʂʷaχtaːn]), a variety of hats (Adyghe: ПэӀохэр [paʔʷaxar]), shoes, and belts (Adyghe: Бгырыпхыхэр [bɣərəpxəxar]). Holiday dresses are made of expensive fabrics such as silk and velvet. The traditional colors of women's clothing rarely includes blue, green or bright-colored tones, instead mostly white, red, black and brown shades are worn.
The traditional male costume (Adyghe: Адыгэ хъулъфыгъэ шъуашэр [aːdəɣa χʷəɬfəʁa ʂʷaːʃar] ) includes a coat with wide sleeves, shirt, pants, a dagger, sword, and a variety of hats and shoes. Traditionally, young men in the warriors times wore coat with short sleeves—in order to feel more comfortable in combat. Different colors of clothing for males were strictly used to distinguish between different social classes, for example white is usually worn by princes, red by nobles, gray, brown, and black by peasants (blue, green and the other colors were rarely worn). A compulsory item in the traditional male costume is a dagger and a sword. The traditional Adyghean sword is called Shashka. It is a special kind of sabre; a very sharp, single-edged, single-handed, and guardless sword. Although the sword is used by most of Russian and Ukrainian Cossacks, the typically Adyghean form of the sabre is longer than the Cossack type, and in fact the word Shashka came from the Adyghe word "Sashkhwa" (Adyghe: Сашьхъуэ) which means "long knife".
Traditional cuisine
The Adyghe cuisine is rich with different dishes.5152 In the summer, the traditional dishes consumed by the Adyghe people are mainly dairy products and vegetable dishes. In the winter and spring the traditional dishes are mainly flour and meat dishes. An example of the latter is known as ficcin.
Circassian cheese is considered one of the more famous type of cheeses in the North Caucasus.
A popular traditional dish is chicken or turkey with sauce, seasoned with crushed garlic and red pepper. Mutton and beef are served boiled, usually with a seasoning of sour milk with crushed garlic and salt.
Variants of pasta are found. A type of ravioli may be encountered, which is filled with potato or beef.
On holidays the Adyghe people traditionally make Haliva (Adyghe: хьэлжъо) (fried triangular pasties with mainly Circassian cheese or potato), from toasted millet or wheat flour in syrup, baked cakes and pies. In the Levant there is a famous Circassian dish which is called Tajen Alsharkaseiah.53
Traditional crafts
The Adyghes have been famous for making carpets (Adyghe: пӏуаблэхэр [pʷ'aːblaxar]) or mats worldwide for thousands of years.citation needed
Making carpets was very hard work in which collecting raw materials is restricted to a specific period of time within the year. The raw materials were dried, and based on the intended colours, different methods of drying were applied. For example, when dried in the shade, its colour changed to a beautiful light gold colour. If it were dried in direct sun light then it would have a silver colour, and if they wanted to have a dark colour for the carpets, the raw materials were put in a pool of water and covered by poplar leaves (Adyghe: екӏэпцӏэ [jat͡ʃ'apt͡s'a]).
The carpets were adorned with images of birds, beloved animals (horses), and plants, and the image of the Sun was widely used.
The carpets were used for different reasons due to their characteristic resistance to humidity and cold, and in retaining heat. Also, there was a tradition in Circassian homes to have two carpets hanging in the guest room, one used to hang over rifles (Adyghe: шхончымрэ [ʃxʷant͡ʃəmra]) and pistols (Adyghe: къэлаеымрэ), and the other used to hang over musical instruments.
The carpets were used to pray upon, and it was necessary for every Circassian girl to make three carpets before marriage; a big carpet, a small carpet, and the last for praying as a prayer rug. These carpets would give the grooms an impression as to the success of their brides in their homes after marriage.54
Circassian tribes
The main Adyghe tribes are:
- Abdzakh (Adyghe: Абдзах [aːbd͡zaːx])
- Baslaney (Adyghe: Бэслъыный [basɬənəj])
- Bzhedug (Adyghe: Бжъэдыгъу [bʐadəʁʷ])
- Yegeruqay (Adyghe: Еджэркъуай [jad͡ʒarqʷaːj])
- Zhaney (Adyghe: Жанэ [ʒaːna])
- Kabardai (Adyghe: Къэбэрдэй, Къэбэртай [qabardaj, qabartaːj])
- Mamkhegh (Adyghe: Мамхыгъ [maːmxəʁ])
- Natukhai (Adyghe: Нэтыхъуай, Нэтыхъуадж [natəχʷaːj, natəχʷaːd͡ʒ])
- Temirgoy (Adyghe: Кlэмгуй [t͡ʃ'amgʷəj])
- Ubykh (Adyghe: Убых [wəbəx])
- Shapsogh (Adyghe: Шапсыгъ [ʃaːpsəʁ])
- Hatukai (Adyghe: Хьатыкхъуай [ħaːtəq͡χʷaːj])
Other Adyghe tribes:
- Adamiy (Adyghe: Адэмый [aːdaməj])
- Mequash (Adyghe: Мыхъош [məχʷaʃ])
- Hakuts (Adyghe: ХьакӀуцу [ħaːkʷ'ət͡sʷ])
Most Adyghe living in Circassia are Bzhedugh, Kabarday and Kemirgoy, while the majority in diaspora are Abzekh and Shapsugh. Standard Adyghe language is based on Kemirgoy dialect.
Circassian diaspora
Adyghe have lived outside the Caucasus region since the Middle Ages. They were particularly well represented in the Mamluks of Turkey and Egypt. In fact, the Burji dynasty which ruled Egypt from 1382 to 1517 was founded by Adyghe Mamluks.
Much of Adyghe culture was disrupted after the conquest of their homeland by Russia in 1864. The Circassian people were subjected to ethnic cleansing and mass exile to the Ottoman Empire.
The total number of Circassians worldwide is estimated at 6 million.
Western Asia
Around half of all Circassians live in Turkey, mainly in the provinces of Samsun and Ordu (in Northern Turkey), Kahramanmaraş (in Southern Turkey), Kayseri (in Central Turkey), Bandırma and Düzce (in Northwest Turkey).
Significant communities live in Jordan,55 Syria (see Circassians in Syria),55 and smaller communities live in Israel (in the villages of Kfar Kama and Rehaniya — see Circassians in Israel),55
Egypt and Libya
Circassian communities existed in Egypt and Libya and assimilated the local population.56
There are Circassians in Germany and a small number in the Netherlands.
Out of 1,010 Circassians living in Ukraine (473 Kabardins, 338 Adygeis and 199 Cherkesses — after the existing Soviet division of Circassians into three groups), only 181 (17.9%) declared fluency in the native language; 96 (9.5%) declared Ukrainian as native language and 697 (69%) marked "other language" as their native and most likely the latter is Russian, though none openly declared it.12 The major Adyghe community in Ukraine is in Odessa.
There may be a small community of Circassians in Serbia and Macedonia. A number of Adyghe also settled in Bulgaria in 1864-1865 but most fled after it became separate from the Ottoman Empire in 1878. The small community that settled in Kosovo (the Kosovo Adyghes) repatriated to the Republic of Adygea in 1998.
North America
A large number of Circassians have also immigrated to the United States and settled in Upstate New York, California, and New Jersey. There is also a small Circassian community in Canada.
Sochi Olympics controversy
The 2014 Winter Olympics facilities in Sochi (once the Circassian capital)2 are being built in areas that are claimed to contain mass graves of Circassians who were killed during ethnic cleansing by Russia in military campaigns lasting from 1860 to 1864.citation needed
Adyghe organizations in Russia and the Adyghe diaspora around the world have requested that the construction at the site would stop and that the Olympic games would not be held at the site of the Adyghe genocide to prevent the desecration of the Adyghe graves.citation needed According to Iyad Youghar, who heads the lobby group International Circassian Council: "We want the athletes to know that if they compete here they will be skiing on the bones of our relatives."2
Depictions in popular culture
Over the years, Adyghes have been featured in various popular books and films:
- The 1962 Academy Award winning British film Lawrence of Arabia included a scene in which the British title character (Peter O'Toole) is captured by Turkish officers at the city of Daraa. His blue eyes and fair skin are remarked, leading to the question "Are you Circassian?", to which he replies "Yes, effendi".57
- In the 1840 Russian novel A Hero of Our Time the narrator tells the story of a beautiful Adyghe princess named "Bela", whom a character abducts from her family.
- In Memoirs of an Arabian Princess from Zanzibar the author — who was the Princess of Zanzibar and was half Circassian and half Arab — narrates about the many Circassian Secondary Wives of the Sultan of Zanzibar.
- In a 2005 episode of the BBC drama Spooks lead character Adam Carter pretends to be a Circassian from Aleppo in order to infiltrate a people-smuggling route.
- The 2010 Jordanian film Cherkess, which takes place in 1900, depicts a unique encounter between the local Bedouin tribes and the Adyghe immigrants, in the region known today as Jordan, during the period in which this region was under Ottoman rule.58
- Sarema is the Circassian heroine and title character in the 1897 opera of that name by the Austrian composer Alexander Zemlinsky (1871–1942).
A Circassian sipahi in the Ottoman Army.
Adyghes in the French mandate legion in Syria.
A painting from 1843 of an Adyghe warrior by Sir William Allan.
The fall of Damascus to the Allies, late June 1941. A car carrying the Free French commanders, General Georges Catroux and Major-General Paul Louis Le Gentilhomme, enters the city. They are escorted by Vichy French Circassian cavalry (Gardes Tcherkess).
See also
- ^ a b Circassia, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
- ^ a b c "Circassians: Home thoughts from abroad: Circassians mourn the past—and organise for the future", The Economist, dated 26 May 2012.
- ^ a b Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity (Russian)
- ^ KONDA Research and Consultancy: Identity Groups Used in the Survey: Circassian 0.19%. The same calculation reveals that ... the number of those of Caucassian origin may be (Circassian 0.19%, Georgian 0.08% and Chechnian 0.004%) 210,000.
- ^ Circassian World: History of the Circassians
- ^ Circassian_diaspora
- ^ "Ethnic People Groups of Jordan". Joshua Project. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
- ^ a b Lopes, Tiago Ferreira. "The Offspring Of The Arab Spring". Strategic Outlook. Observatory for Human Security (OSH). Retrieved 16 June 2013.
- ^ a b c Zhemukhov, Sufian, Circassian World: Responses to the New Challenges
- ^ "single | The Jamestown Foundation". Jamestown.org. 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
- ^ "Ethnic People Groups of Israel". Joshua Project. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
- ^ a b "&n_page=1 All Ukrainian Census 2001". 2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
- ^ Prepared by Antoniy Galabov National Report Bulgaria p. 20. Council of Europe.
- ^ Gammer, Mos%u030Ce (2004), The Caspian Region: a Re-emerging Region, London: Routledge, p. 67
- ^ One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups, Questia Online Library, 25 August 2010, p. 12
- ^ Spencer, Edmund, Travels in the Western Caucasus, including a Tour through Imeritia, Mingrelia, Turkey, Moldavia, Galicia, Silesia, and Moravia in 1836. London, H. Colburn, 1838. P. 6.
- ^ Loewe, Louis. A Dictionary of the Circassian Language: in Two Parts: English-Circassian-Turkish, and Circassian-English-Turkish. London, Bell, 1854 P. 5.
- ^ a b Latham, R. G. Elements of Comparative Philology. London, Walton and Maberly, 1862. P. 279.
- ^ Latham, R. G. Descriptive Ethnology. London, J. Van Voorst, 1859. P. 50.
- ^ Taitbout, De Marigny. Three Voyages in the Black Sea to the Coast of Circassia. London, 1837. Pp. 5-6.
- ^ Guthrie, William, James Ferguson, and John Knox. A New Geographical, Historical and Commercial Grammar and Present State of the Several Kingdoms of the World ... Philadelphia, Johnson & Warner, 1815. P. 549.
- ^ a b "המרכז למורשת הצ'רקסית בכפר קמא". www.circassianmuseum.co.il.
- ^ Li, Jun; Devin M. Absher, Hua Tang, Audrey M. Southwick, Amanda M. Casto, Sohini Ramachandran, Howard M. Cann, Gregory S. Barsh, Marcus Feldman, Luigi L. Cavalli-Sforza, Richard M. Myers (2008), "Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome-Wide Patterns of Variation", Science 319 (5866): 1100–1104, Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1100L, doi:10.1126/science.1153717, PMID 18292342.
- ^ a b The Penny Magazine. London, Charles Knight, 1838. P. 138.
- ^ a b Minahan, James. One Europe, Many Nations: a Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. Westport, USA, Greenwood, 2000. P. 354.
- ^ Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. back cover. ISBN 9780813560694.
- ^ Levene 2005:297
- ^ Richmond, "4", clarification needed
- ^ a b King 2008: 94–6.
- ^ Shenfield, Stephen D., 1999. The Circassians: a forgotten genocide?. In Levene, Mark and Penny Roberts, eds.clarification needed, The Massacre in History. Oxford and New York, Berghahn Books. Series: War and Genocide; 1. 149–62.
- ^ Neumann 1840
- ^ Shenfield 1999
- ^ Levene 2005:299
- ^ Levene 2005 : 302
- ^ Ellen Barry, "Georgia Says Russia Committed Genocide in 19th Century", New York Times, 20 May 2011 • http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/21/world/europe/21georgia.html?scp=1&sq=circassians&st=cse
- ^ Peleschuk, Dan (2012-03-27). "Long Lost Brethren". Russiaprofile.org. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
- ^ "single | The Jamestown Foundation". Jamestown.org. 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
- ^ "His Majesty King Abdullah II and the Circassian Elders Council 2011(Translated)". YouTube. 2011-08-05. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
- ^ "Jordan News Agency". Petra. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
- ^ "Jordan at the Tattoo | Edinburgh Military Tattoo". www.edintattoo.co.uk. 2010-08-05. Retrieved 2012-08-14.
- ^ Echoes from Jordandead link
- ^ "Caucasus Foundation". www.kafkas.org.tr.
- ^ "Israel's Ethnic Communities". archive.constantcontact.com.
- ^ Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia • sreda.org
- ^ 2012 Survey Maps. "Ogonek". № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 24-09-2012.
- ^ North Caucasus Insurgency Admits Killing Circassian Ethnographer. Caucasus Report, 2010. Retrieved 24-09-2012.
- ^ Valery Dzutsev. High-profile Murders in Kabardino-Balkaria Underscore the Government's Inability to Control Situation in the Republic. Eurasia Daily Monitor, volume 8, issue 1, 2011. Retrieved 24-09-2012.
- ^ "Главная страница проекта "Арена" : Некоммерческая Исследовательская Служба СРЕДА". Sreda.org. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
- ^ "Хабзэ. Т-дамыгъэ / Т-символ". Habze.info. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
- ^ "Jordanian Cuisine(Bedouins, Circassians, & Palestinians)(مترجم للعربية)". YouTube. 2012-01-14. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
- ^ "AdygheCuisine". Circassianworld.com. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
- ^ "تركى شركسية تقديم الشيف الشربينى". YouTube. 2009-11-17. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
- ^ "Адыгэ 1оры1уатэм ухэзгъэгъозэн тхылъ", Ехъул1э Ат1ыф, Нахэхэр (129-132), гощын (1), Адыгэ ш1уш1э Хасэ, Йордания, 2009.
- ^ a b c "Significant numbers of Adyghe speakers reside in Turkey, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, and Israel". Languageserver.uni-graz.at. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
- ^ "Al-Gaddafi speech about the Circassians". Youtube.com. 2011-07-30. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
- ^ "Circassians in the Western Movies (Lawrence of Arabia1962)". YouTube. 2011-09-09. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1635429/
Further reading
- Jaimoukha, Amjad, The Circassians: A Handbook; New York, Palgrave, 2001; London, Routledge Curzon, 2001. ISBN 978-0-312-23994-7.
- Jaimoukha, Amjad, Circassian Culture and Folklore: Hospitality Traditions, Cuisine, Festivals & Music (Kabardian, Cherkess, Adigean, Shapsugh & Diaspora), Bennett and Bloom, 2010.
- Bell, James Stanislaus, Journal of a residence in Circassia during the years 1837, 1838, and 1839 .
- Richmond, Walter. The Circassian Genocide, Rutgers University Press, 2013. ISBN 9780813560694
External links
- Circassian World.
- Circassians.
- The Cherkess Fund Organization.
- Justice for North Caucasus.
- Circassian Cultural Institute.
- Circassian Education Foundation, USA.
- EUROXASE (Federation of European Circassians), EU.
- NART TV (National Adiga Radio & Television), Jordan.
- KAFSAM (Kafkasya Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi), Turkey.
- Map of the diaspora.
- Uniting all Adyghe, Adyghe network www.adigafriends.com.
- Jordanians and their culture in Jordan, New York Times.
HPTS - Area Progetti - Edu-Soft - JavaEdu - N.Saperi - Ass.Scuola.. - TS BCTV - TS VideoRes - TSODP - TRTWE | ||


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Study Guide and Laboratory Exercises for Technology for Diagnostic Sonography
By- Wayne Hedrick, PhD, Professor, Medical Radiation Biophysics, College of Medicine, Northeastern Ohio University, Rootstown, OH, USA; Certified Diagnostic Radiological and Medical Nuclear Physicist, Aultman Hospital, Canton, OH, USA
- Paul Wagner, BS, RDMS, RDCS, RVT, Program Director, Diagnostic Medical Sonography South Hills School of Business and Technology State College, Pennsylvania
Gain a firm foundation for sonography practice! Corresponding to the chapters in Hedrick's Technology for Diagnostic Sonography, this study guide focuses on basic concepts to help you master sonography physics and instrumentation. It includes laboratory exercises designed to teach you how to operate a scanner, and comprehensive review questions allow you to assess your knowledge. Not only will you learn the theoretical knowledge that is the basis for ultrasound scanning, but also the practical skills necessary for clinical practice.
Paperback, 204 Pages
Published: May 2012
Imprint: Mosby
Section I: Fundamental Concepts
1. Properties of Sound Waves
2. Interactions of Ultrasound with Tissue
3. Intensity4. Single Element Transducers: Properties
5. Single Element Transducers: Transmission and Echo Reception6. Static Imaging
7. Image Formation in Real-Time Ultrasound8. Real-Time Ultrasound Transducers
9. Real-Time Ultrasound Instrumentation10. Digital Signal and Image Processing
11. Image Quality in Real-Time Ultrasound12. Real-Time Image Artifacts
13. Doppler Physics and Instrumentation14. Pulsed-Wave Doppler Spectral Analysis
15. Doppler Imaging16. M-Mode
17. Clinical Safety18. Performance Testing
Appendix A: ComputerAppendix B: Hemodynamics
Appendix C: Contrast AgentsSection II: Laboratory Exercises
Lab 1 Display Depth, Frame Rate, Freeze Frame, Cine LoopLab 2 Overall Gain and Output Power
Lab 3 Time Gain CompensationLab 4 Frequency and Penetration
Lab 5 Transmit FocusLab 6 Magnification (Write Zoom)
Lab 7 Dynamic RangeLab 8 Persistence
Lab 9 Gray-Scale MappingLab 10 Distance and Area Measurements
Lab 11 Doppler Controls ILab 12 Doppler Controls II
Lab 13 Doppler Angle to FlowLab 14 Nyquist Limit and Aliasing
Lab 15 Color Controls ILab 16 Color Controls II
Lab 17 Application PresetsLab 18 Tissue-Mimicking Pphantom
Section III: Review TestsReview Questions
Answers to Review Questions with ExplanationsGlossary of Key Terms


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Great visuals and a happy birthday wish.
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Deepali Dewan
Curator (South Asian Arts & Culture)
Area: World Cultures, Contemporary Culture, World Art & Culture
B.A. (Honours), Art History, McGill University, 1993
M.A., Art History, University of Minnesota, 1995
Ph.D., Art History, University of Minnesota, 2001
Dr. Deepali Dewan is an art historian with a special interest in the visual cultures of South Asia. She is a Curator at the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, teaches in the Department of Art at the University of Toronto and is affiliated with the Centre for South Asian Studies. She is also part of the Toronto Photography Seminar, a group of scholars from Ontario institutions who read, produce, and edit collaborative research concerning the history and theory of photography.
Dr. Dewan's research interests encompass nineteenth and twentieth-century visual culture of South Asia and the South Asian Diaspora. Her work on colonial South Asia has examined the links between early art education, the circulation of objects, and the production of knowledge in the discipline of art history. Her research on 20th-century art has focused on the work of specific artists as a way to begin to map the larger picture of post-colonial visual practice. Most recently, her research focuses on different aspects of the history and theory of photography in India as a way to explore how the photographic image played a productive role in the trajectories of colonialism, nationalism, and modernity, with a view toward understanding how photography has shaped contemporary ways of viewing and being in the world.
Dr. Dewan joined the Royal Ontario Museum in January 2002 as Associate Curator of South Asian Civilizations. Prior to joining the ROM, she worked at the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis and The Asia Society in New York. She also served as visiting instructor at the Minneapolis College of Art and Design and at Carleton College, Minnesota, where she taught courses on the history of South Asian and contemporary arts. She has received fellowships from the Social Science Research Council, the American Institute of Indian Studies, the College Art Association, the MacArthur Program/Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Global Change, the Alkazi Foundation for the Arts, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.
Research Projects
Inspired by an album of 168 cartes-de-visite of courtesans from various North Indian locations, mostly Lucknow, currently in the Royal Ontario Museum collection, this project examines the history o
This project examines an important genre of South Asian photography that is distinct in the history of the medium and that has not yet been adequately studied.
This project is an attempt to write a history of photography in India in a condensed format that can be used as a class text book.
This project analyses the photographic work of Raja Deen Dayal (1844-1905), arguably one of the most well-known and prolific photographers in 19th-century India, and his studios in Indore, Hyderaba


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System Preferences
[ Introduction | State | Documentation | Download System Preferences | Maintainer | Related links ]
System Preferences is an application which allows to manage the settings of many aspects of the gnustep environment and its applications.
System Preferences are made of Modules, each one a bundle representing a single control panel, and is thus extensible and modular.
Technically, it is a clone of the Apple OS X System Preferences and offers a compatible framework.
The main windowThe Color schemes module
Currently System Preferences comes with seven preference modules:
Themes, Date & Time, File System, Modifier Keys, Fonts, Defaults and Volumes.
The Color Schemes module is still supplied but not installed by default anymore since its functionality is superseded by the Themes panel.
However if Themes are not desired then it can still be installed and used.
The PreferencePanes framework Reference is here.
For installation help, please refer to the INSTALL file included in the System Preferences package.
Download System Preferences
The latest version of System Preferences can be downloaded here: 1.1.0.
Access to SVN repository by:
svn co http://svn.gna.org/svn/gnustep/apps/systempreferences/trunk
The original of System Preferences and of the PreferencePanes framework isThe application is now maintained by the GNUstep community, among them Riccardo Mottola who added the Themes module.
Related links
Objective-C: general information and lots of links.
GNUstep Tutorials on Makefiles, base and gui programming and more.
GNUstep Library Suite: Reference about the different GNUstep libraries.


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Categories of plugins
In relation to PhpStorm, plugins may be attributed to one of the following categories:
- Plugins bundled with the IDE. These plugins are installed and enabled by default. You can disable unnecessary bundled plugins, but you cannot uninstall them. See Enabling and Disabling Plugins.
- Repository plugins, that is, plugins stored in plugin repositories (e.g., the JetBrains Plugin Repository). To be able to use the repository plugins, you should download and install them. See Installing, Updating and Uninstalling Repository Plugins.
Plugin repositories
PhpStorm provides access to the JetBrains Plugin Repository at http://plugins.jetbrains.com and to the dedicated PhpStorm Plugin Repository. The PhpStorm Plugin Repository resides at http://plugins.jetbrains.com/phpStorm and stores numerous plugins created by the PhpStorm community members.
You can set up your own, enterprise plugin repositories, for example, to store plugins that you want to reserve for your company's internal use only. (A plugin repository corresponds to one or more Web servers.)
You can register such repositories in PhpStorm and then work with them the same way as with the JetBrains Plugin Repository. See Managing Enterprise Plugin Repositories and Adding Plugins to Enterprise Repositories.


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Sold new at Yoder Ford Lincoln Mercury in Garrett, Indiana, this two owner car remained in Garrett its entire life. Just purchased from Owner #2,... More
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text:
Green Mountain Power fined more over Lowell WindThe Associated Press | February 07,2013LOWELL — Vermont utility regulators have fined Green Mountain Power $30,000 stemming from five violations in its permit to ship turbine parts to an industrial wind-power project last year.
The utility had reached a settlement that included a $7,500 fine over the violations with the state Department of Public Service. Regulators on the Vermont Public Service Board accepted the settlement, but disagreed with the amount.
Board members said a higher penalty is warranted for violating the transportation plan, the Caledonian-Record reports.
The investigation into alleged violations began during Green Mountain Power's shipments across Vermont of parts to the Lowell wind project.
The board said the utility acknowledges that the proceeding reiterated the importance of flawless compliance.MORE IN This Just InKILLINGTON — Slick roads caused numerous crashes Tuesday afternoon. Full StoryFERRISBURGH — A two-vehicle crash forced the closure of Route 7 Tuesday evening. Full StoryADDISON — A head-on crash left one person dead and sent another to the hospital Tuesday night. Full Story -
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text:
It would be interesting to watch if this could really happen, especially to see how it would affect Dallas employment news.
Just after a meeting with Metro officials, Howard Katz, a vice president for Casden Properties, sits in Grand Park downtown explaining why people shouldn't be fiercely fighting a massive apartment building and Target shopping center he wants to build at Pico and Sepulveda boulevards.
"Casden West L.A." would be a 17-story monument to high-density, "transit-oriented living," rising from the rubble of a concrete plant northeast of the 405 and 10 freeway interchange, replete with a "transit concierge" help desk to aid residents and travelers in navigating nearby Metro Expo Line and bus stops.
The 638 households containing some 1,800 renters are to be a new breed of Westsider. They will pay extra to be awarded a spot in the 2,000-space garage, and if they don't pony up to billionaire developer Alan Casden, they'll have to pay a garage fee or scour the surrounding streets for parking.
In this grand social experiment plopped in the center of L.A.'s Bermuda Triangle of traffic — if you enter, you may not escape — some residents will get free Metro passes to nudge them to use buses or light rail.
But the project's many critics say it's just too big and would turn Sepulveda Boulevard — used by thousands as an alternative to the 405 — into a transit-oriented tragedy.
Casden's claim of being "transit-oriented" gives political cover to the developer-tied Los Angeles City Council if it approves Casden West L.A. and helps convince residents to accept the plan — that's what some passionate transit-oriented development advocates say.
"This is such a farce," says Ken Alpern, president of the Transit Coalition, which advocates mass transit and transit-oriented development. "This is simply overdevelopment, and they're using the line that 'this is affordable housing and transit-oriented' so that this passes muster."
In fact, Alpern says, Casden's luxury development "gives mass transit a black eye. ... And you're talking to someone who worked his ass off over a decade to make [mass-transit expansion] happen."
Katz, a bearded 60-year-old, is the public face of Casden West L.A. His boss, the combative, brawling developer who has spread 90,000 apartment units across the land since the 1980s, is widely known for not playing well with others. But Katz, wearing a button-up shirt with rolled-up sleeves, has the laid-back swagger of a Hollywood executive.
"Yes, we're going to add cars," he says. "Are they going to make the intersections not work? No."
As Katz emphasizes Casden's dedication to mass transit, he pauses midsentence, holds a hand skyward and jolts in his seat as though something inspiring has fallen from above. "The more dynamic public transit is, the hotter the site gets," he explains.
He talks of mutuality: The neighborhood needs to be successful for Casden to be successful, and vice versa. To show how plugged in to public-transit culture he is, Katz tells stories about his rides on Metro buses and trains.
It's Katz's job to "flush out" concerns. He's made presentations to neighborhood councils, politicians, city planning employees and Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa's political appointees to the Planning Commission. This, while trying to soothe residents who seem fed up with Villaraigosa's mantra of remaking L.A. by adding lots of large apartment complexes near fixed rail and bus lines.
Few people seem excited about Casden West L.A., aside from Katz and Casden. To make the massive project fit better in the tight space, Casden wants giant transit agency Metro, whose core mission is supposed to be cutting congestion, to lend Casden some nearby public land that Metro owns. That controversial idea, vilified by several Westside activists, has not been approved.
To begin construction, Casden West L.A. needs approval from the Los Angeles City Council, which rarely says no to projects bearing the "transit-oriented" label.
But even there, it faces some opposition. District 5 City Councilman Paul Koretz, who represents the area, pans Casden West L.A. in an email to L.A. Weekly, saying, "We owe it to our communities to design a better project than this one." Councilman Bill Rosendahl, whose 11th District to the west of the 405 could see more congestion from the project, also opposes it.
Planning Commission president Bill Roschen, appointed by Villaraigosa, is an avidly pro-density architect who lives in leafy Mount Washington, far from density or transit. Roschen designed Millennium Hollywood, the controversial proposed twin skyscrapers approved by the Planning Commission, which, if built, would dwarf the iconic Capitol Records building and open the way to a radical remake of the Hollywood skyline.
Critics say Roschen presided over a rush-job approval of Casden West L.A.
In February, the Planning Commission brushed off a load of unsolvable problems detailed in an Environmental Impact Report. The EIR says Casden West L.A. will create much more traffic, which would spill onto side streets and freeways and further lower air quality.
Roschen insists the plan is appropriate for a "transit-oriented development" and says he pushed through some compromises, reducing the square footage and moving the apartments more than 500 feet from the 405 freeway. As a result, its residents would live just outside the residential danger zone next to freeways, a 500-foot-wide strip in which, UCLA researchers have repeatedly warned the Villaraigosa administration, children suffer lifelong lung damage.
Planning staff says "overriding considerations" trump these problems.
Over 15 years, Casden West L.A. would generate perhaps $35.2 million in fees and taxes for city coffers and add 59 or more apartments for low-income seniors. But key aspects of City Hall's vision about how the project's residents will behave are purely speculation, particularly the claim that if enough residents take light rail or buses to work, it could "lower annual household driving rates from 20 to 40 percent, reduce air pollution and energy use, increase public safety, revitalize neighborhoods and decrease local infrastructure costs."
Underlying the arguments, a philosophical question nags: How badly does L.A. want to be a mass transit–oriented city?
James Kunstler, author of The Geography of Nowhere: The Rise and Decline of America's Man-Made Landscape, rejects suburbia as a failed idea and says L.A. residents and workers must learn to do without cars. "My guess is that the culture as a whole will have to be dragged, kicking and screaming, into the pedestrian-friendly future," he says.
Kunstler predicts a dark time, when fossil fuels run dry and cars become prohibitively expensive, after which suburbs such as the San Fernando Valley and its halo of cities will have less access to the rest of L.A.
Beth Steckler, deputy director of public transportation advocacy group Move L.A., thinks the region is past the kicking-and-screaming point, noting that voters countywide overwhelmingly approved Measure R in 2008, raising the sales tax by half a cent to funnel $40 billion into mass transit and freeway improvements.
"Are we late to the game? Yeah, but we're making great progress," Steckler says. "I think we're really at a turning point. I think a lot of people are feeling like we've reached the limits of a suburban, car-oriented model. ... There's a lot of people pushing us toward transit."
L.A. might be inching toward a mass-transit heyday, but Barbara Broide of the Westside Neighborhood Council says the Casden project isn't what her community's future should look like. She sees Casden West L.A. as a clear indicator that city leaders and planners are rushing thoughtlessly into a transportation revolution with unknown consequences, rather than embracing a deliberate evolution.Says Broide, "That's what I really resent, instead of our city doing this in a thoughtful way, that a developer can buy a chunk of land and take advantage of this new philosophy. We seem to be abandoning all common sense."
Katz argues that great developments come with problems but that this project lands on the plus side. "Not everyone can live in a perfect environment," says Katz, who lives in an idyllic, expensive hillside neighborhood of L.A. "Most of us don't."
Reach the writer at firstname.lastname@example.com.
It would be interesting to watch if this could really happen, especially to see how it would affect Dallas employment news.
If they really want a transit-oriented development they would build car-free housing (where residents would be prohibied from owning a car as a condition of living there) as exists in a few other countries. Then we'll see if enough people would want to live there to justify building 17 stories.
Hey Dennis Romero, do you see how it's done? What a well written, well researched article! Take some notes from your colleague Mr. Lowery on what journalism is.
Of all the places in the world to live, who would actually choose to live at Pico/Sepulveda, 500 feet from the 405?!?!?
I skip that whole side of town. I don't 405 unless it is passed 9 pm or before 6 am... that shit id for the birds and the working class stiffs...
So we'll get the 405 upgrade and then cancel it out with this project.
The problem with the forcing people into mass transit idea is that the mass transit is quite weak.
If there were a subway to the sea and a subway or rail to the valley then there sure force them to us it - but real mass transit now sucks and will continue to suck so its hard not to see this project as a win only for the developer.
Gridlock in this area is already so intractable that the developer's own EIR says, "Regarding traffic impacts of the Development Project, as disclosed in Section IV.N (Transportation/Traffic), the Development Project would result in significant and unavoidable impacts at 22 of the study intersections.
That's all? Unavoidable impacts at 22 intersections? Nothing to look at here, folks, move along (if you can). With a simple wave of Planning Commission President Bill Roschen's magic "overriding considerations" wand over the EIR, the traffic problems disappear in a puff of exhaust, and a gridlock-producing project is miraculously transformed into "smart growth."
The Casden Sepulveda Project will make current gridlock at this juncture even worse than it is now. Trying to fit 1800 more people and cars in this small area, as well as retail shoppers anchored by a Target, just off the 405 Freeway is sheer insanity. The developer wishes to up-end the current zoning laws for this piece of land which is mixed-use with light industrial. The Planning Department and City Council want the revenue, but it will create a massive traffic disaster on the Westside. It will affect more than a million people from Beverly Hills to the beach and from the San Fernando Valley to west Los Angeles. This project must be stopped!
And here's another bit of propaganda:
"Beth Steckler, deputy director of public transportation advocacy group Move L.A., thinks the region is past the kicking-and-screaming point, noting that voters countywide overwhelmingly approved Measure R in 2008, raising the sales tax by half a cent to funnel $40 billion into mass transit and freeway improvements."
People voted for Measure R because they were deceived into believing that the subway would relief traffic congestion for them on the streets and freeways. By its own admission, the Subway to the Sea would reduce traffic congestion by less than 1%. Tell the voters they should tax themselves for $40 BILLION bond that will reduce traffic congestion by 1% and see how many people vote Yes. Whoever said that "Cheaters do not Prosper" had never seen LA's politicos in action.
Yes, people are kicking and screaming, and political stooges for the developers like Garcetti don't care. Garcetti will destroy every inch of LA in order to satisfy his Manhattanization Mania and the public be damned. Give Garcetti a chance and he and Casden will make LA look like Biff Tanen's casino in Back to the Future II http://bit.ly/17Y0F9c
Here's a dumb idea for which people continually fall:
"Kunstler predicts a dark time, when fossil fuels run dry and cars become prohibitively expensive, after which suburbs such as the San Fernando Valley and its halo of cities will have less access to the rest of L.A."
Every hour there are more and more electric cars on L.A.'s road. Cars are not dependent on fossil fuels. TOD's cause much of the congestion. They attract hordes are people to a very few locations and when hundreds of thousands of people try to get into the same place at the same time, that TRAFFIC DENSITY causes the problems. If they had never build Bunker Hill and had never built Century City and if Garcetti had left Hollywood alone, we would not have this traffic congestion.
All the transit oriented talk is propaganda, and by propaganda, I mean lies. People are easily deceived and Ken Alpert had his ears tightly shut and his mouth widely open as he scurried around going to meetings and writing articles doing the ground work for the Casden project. Now, Mr. Alpert sees for himself what he had steadfastly denied -- subways are shills for mega-density which destroys the city.
The fact that Transit Oriented Development is horrible for the City has been known for a century. In fact, 100 years ago, when civil engineers rather than political hacks like Garcetti, wrote community plans, they warned LA that TOD's -- dense developments along main arteries -- were a scam. http://bit.ly/cJh5BP 1915 Traffic Study p 38
At the same time, the City did the math for subways and showed why subways would soak the tax payers without providing a benefit. The subway covers about 5% of LA, and if you live on top of a subway station, you cannot reach 95% of LA. Thus, the idea that people who live on top of subways can use them is simply false. Also, the subways are slow, dirty, and dangerous. They are designed with a third world population in mind. The Hollywood Western station has not a single parking space -- why? Because the subway is not designed for wealthy people who live in Los Feliz, The Oaks, Hollywoodland, Beachwood Canyon. People can get downtown, which is one of the few places the subway goes, in 1/3 the time if they drive in air conditioned comfort chatting on their cell phones.
Many people promote subways not realizing that the sole purpose of subways is to justify extreme density which makes traffic congestion much worse. Then, the city hall can men say that their developer buddies need to be paid hundreds of billions of dollars to expanded the subways to relieve the traffic. Then they say that the subways cannot pay for themselves unless Casden or CIM Group or Hal Katersky or Juri Ripinski is paid hundreds of millions of dollars to construct mega-dense projects. Yes, subways bring not only mega-density but also felons like one of Garcetti's best buds, Juri Ripinski http://lat.ms/Y2P86s
@markw I wish we could do this - that would end about 90% of the complaints about putting housing in the most environmentally friendly spots, like this one. Unfortunately, I don't think it's possible for a housing developer to prevent car owners from living somewhere. The best they can do is have a fixed number of street parking permits in the district which are sold at auction, and build the housing with no off-street parking. I'm not sure what prevents the permit conversion of street parking.
@Jipali Mass transit doesn't actually suck - Los Angeles actually has one of the best bus systems in the country, and the Expo Line (which will have a stop right here) can take people straight into the heart of downtown and Santa Monica. Also, this area will have major bike lane connections both north-south (on Sepulveda) and east-west (with the Expo Line), if the neighbors don't block the Sepulveda bike lane.
The problem is if people choose to live in this location and then insist on driving to the Valley.
If you think that the Planning Commission is bad, wait until they get to court and the judge rules that "bad" means "good," and OK's the project. As they say, "You cannot have a corrupt city hall without a corrupt judiciary."
You don't have enough money to buy the courts. Just like the NFL Stadium, or Millennium or anything else the corrupt developers want. The public has no say.
But the public will then vote a tax increase so that Garcetti can give the tax dollars to the developers.
@scottzwartz If you insist on driving despite all the mass transit improvements, then of course you won't see a difference in congestion. When you have big streets like we do, and lots of people, nothing can possibly reduce congestion. The point of the transit infrastructure is that millions of people can get around without sitting in traffic, even though people who insist on continuing to use their cars still have to deal with it.
The Casden Sepulveda Project will make current gridlock at this juncture even worse than it is now. Trying to fit 1800 more residents with their cars in this small area just off the 405 Freeway is sheer insanity, not to mention shoppers at a huge retail center with a Target as its anchor. The developer wishes to up-end the current zoning laws for this piece of land which is mixed-use with light industrial. The Planning Department and City Council want the revenue, but it will create a massive traffic disaster on the Westside. It will affect more than a million people from Beverly Hills to the beach and from the San Fernando Valley to west Los Angeles. This project must be stopped!
L. Laskin
Mar Vista
@easwaran @scottzwartz I fear you are not correct. There really have been no "improvements." Today, for example, I had to go to the vets in Washington Park - no mass transit between Los Feliz and there. I had to get some stuff from Romage Hardware so I could walk as usual. Then I had to shop at Smart and Final. I suppose I could take a bus down Western, but there is no way I could have brought home all the stuff I bought - it filled the trunk of my car.
Mass transit lowers the standard of living - it is slow, dirty, and expensive. If I had tried to use mass transit, I could have made two trips to Smart and Final and that would have been it for the day. Then, I'd have to carry everything up the Hill. Because I drove, I had time to not only rest but also to take the dogs on three walks in the hills.
Rapid mass transit is an oxymoron. Subways work for narrow cities like Manhattan (2.5 x 11 mi) and for some smaller cities but mathematically they do not work in a large circular urban area. Unless, you wish to become an Urban Serf tied to the little plot of land where you live or work. I prefer to roam about the entire city.
@lillianlaskin@scottzwartz You might find some solace and extra motivation in this LA weekly article. http://bit.ly/cRH37r
In the article, Goldberg describes the inherent corruption that runs the LA City Council. The developers tell the council members like Garcetti what zoning they want and in return the zoning laws are changed.
While they cannot repeal the laws of economics and these projects go BK, there are always elected crooks to bail them out with tax dollars. That is why LA is functionally bankrupt. It is the same in LA as it is in Washington. In this new capitalist system, crooks make more money by having massive failures than building decent projects what will enhance the over all community.
Sad to say, you do not have the money to fight them. They use our tax dollars against us and the developers who call the shots not only hob nob with the judges, they are also billionaires. The last time a billionaire lost in a LA court, the judge was canned.
It is futile, but if you like paying Don Quixote, then add tons of urban planning research papers to the file and make certain that you have all the data from SCAG. They tend to lie about their data coming from the SCAG, but it turns out the data often does not exist or they cherry pick data from the wrong years. Thus, we have to add all the SCAG data, which is also absurdly pro-developer, and the US Census data. If you rely on the City you are screwed as it simplies lies about population and every thing else, and the judges believe every word of the BS -- of course, that's their job-- to make certain the 1% gets wealthier every day while everyone else gets poorer.
@easwaran @scottzwartz Take the time to read the 1915 Traffic Study for Los Angeles. It is impossible for the to be rapid mass transit in Los Angeles due to our large circular nature.
If we were to construct subways, it would cost about $6 Trillion. The moment they propose to construct a subway, the developers immediately propose more high-rises saying that we need to crowd that many more people into the areas 1/2 mile from the subway stations. The subway to the sea was to add the equivalent of about 125 linear miles of homes -- if the homes were side by side, they'd reach from Santa Monica to Las Vegas.
However, these homes would be cramped into massively dense mixed-use projects between Santa Monica and downtown LA.
As the demographic studies have shown for close to a century, Americans hate cramped apartments and a minimum of 80% want R-1 homes with yards. By building the CRA projects in the TOD's in Hollywood, Garcetti did not merely slow down Hollywood's growth but he accelerated the exodus by 400%. Almost every CRA project in Hollywood went BK. Hollywood-Highland which is on top of a subway lost $424 Million.
If you want to be an Urban Serf and have your life limited to 1/2 mile of subway stations, then you should live in a city where subways function, like Manhattan.
But for the massive corruption where Garcetti and other gave away about $1.5 BILLION, none of the CRA projects would have been built. If we had that $1.5 Billion, then we would not have to cut paramedics and we would not have the worst roads in the nation. In a nation of Crony Capitalism, business has become enthralled with looting the public treasury and not producing goods and services by the laws of supply and demand. Hollywood is a perfect example of this corrupt. Endless tax dollars flow into the developers' pocket while over 26,000 people flee Hollywood between 2005 and 2010 (HCP FEIR p3.1)
Please take the time to rad the 1915 Traffic Study and the demographic material and why California in general and Hollywood in particular are loosing people -- here's a hint. The mast majority of people hate density and move away as soon as they can afford to move.
@scottzwartz @easwaran Driving is clearly useful for some tasks, especially ones that involve carrying heavy objects. But by improving transit (which they definitely have), it means that we have options for all those other trips that don't require us to deal with congestion.
One problem is that up in the hills, it's almost impossible to get workable transit (or, indeed, workable roads) - everything has to wind around the hills, which adds a lot of distance and slows everything down, and cuts down on the amount of space available for cars, parking, and buses. I live probably a mile or two from you, near the Vermont and Sunset station, so I only have to deal with traffic on grocery shopping days and trips to the airport.
Everyone who will live in those new tall buildings Garcetti is approving in Hollywood will have the option of leading this kind of lifestyle (and they may even be able to avoid driving for groceries if they're close to Trader Joe's, or one of the others). Eventually, traffic congestion will only be a problem for the hill-dwellers - for everyone else it will be a choice.


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RBS To Pay $612M to Resolve Libor Case
FBN's Sandra Smith breaks down mid-afternoon market news.
Feb 6, 2013
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Good afternoon I'm Sandra Smith with your Fox Business -- -- the Royal Bank of Scotland has reached a settlement with US and British.
Authorities and we'll pay 615.
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At least 15 people were killed when a passenger plane went down shortly after taking off from an airport in Lagos, Nigeria.
Akintunde Akinleye / Reuters
Rescue workers stand near the tail of a crashed plane near the Lagos international airport on Thursday.
The death toll has climbed to 16 following a passenger plane crash near Nigeria's largest city Lagos, authorities said.
The Nigeria National Emergency Management Agency said that the aircraft crashed Thursday after taking off from the city's airport.
The Nigeria's Associated Airlines plane had been bound for the city of Akure, about 170 miles away.
There were four survivors, according to officials.
"The plane couldn't lift properly so it just came down," Aviation Ministry spokesman Joe Obi said.
Witness Henrie Eduozor told NBC News he was on his way to the airport in Lagos when he saw smoke rising from a nearby field. He said people ran toward the scene screaming "There's been a crash!"
Eduozo saw three bodies being removed from the wreckage.
Airports Authority general manager Yakubu Dati told a news conference the Embraer 120 plane with 20 passengers on board, inclusive of crew, came down 9.32 a.m. local time (4:32 a.m. ET).
The plane's flight recorder has been found and officials have started investigating what caused the crash.
Several local radio stations and Channels TV reported that it was carrying a family and the body of former governor of Ondo state Olusegun Agagu to his funeral.
Air crashes are relatively common in Nigeria, which despite having Africa's second-biggest economy has a poor safety record.
Murtala Muhammed International Airport was the scene of a June 2012 crash that killed 163 people when a Dana Air plane crashed into a Lagos apartment block. It was the country's worst airline disaster in two decades.
Reuters contributed to this report.
Henrie Eduozor
Bystanders at the scene of a plane crash in Lagos on Thursday.
This story was originally published on Thu Oct 3, 2013 5:47 AM EDT


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A band I like, the infamous stringdusters, recently and their wonderful mandolin player Jesse Cobb leave the band. After experimenting with a few other mandolin players, they have decided to proceed sans mandolin.
On another board I frequent a discussion broke out as to whether or not a band can really be considered "bluegrass" if there is no mandolin involved. For what little it's worth I say YES but am interested to hear other people opinions... especially those who know a lot more about music than me. Thought this would be an interesting place to ask.


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5 What a fantastic Cushtie!!!chu66ycheeks | 15/05/2007 | See all chu66ycheeks's reviews (11)I got one of these for my last birthday from my brother and it is the best cushion I have ever, ever, ever encountered. So soft and smooshy!!! You have to buy it...NOW! You won't regret it!
5 Cool and relaxing =)peachiepagan | 20/08/2007 | See all peachiepagan's reviews (1)this cool pink pillow is an ideal pillow for a long jouney it can be squashed up small for storage and comes in its own lil bag. great buy for the value of money compared 2 stupid price u pay 4 them in an airport
5 the best pillow evernumber1guy | 31/12/2007 | See all number1guy's reviews (16)i bought one of these because after the good reviews about it being a really soft pillow, i wanted to see how nice it was. and (not surprisingly) it was extemely soft but it was also a really comfortable pillow to lie on and a great buy. for the money you pay, you get one hell of a pillow.
5 Sooo Comfortable!!!!Ozzie31 | 13/12/2009 | See all Ozzie31's reviews (6)This is one of my best buys of the year and only a fiver. I have problems with my back, cushions or pillows help a bit, but the cushtie cushion changes shape when leaning on it and supports my back so much better. To save it getting dirty I popped it in a pillow case.
5 Excellent Gift Idea!steel9207 | 31/12/2007 | See all steel9207's reviews (5)I bought one of these for my mum for christmas and she absolutely loved it. It so soft and squishy now shes glad shes got it for when she returns back to work.


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December 11, 2013
MIAMI (AP) -- Sometimes, the buildup to a game can overwhelm what actually happens on the field.
Certainly, No. 1 Notre Dame and No. 2 Alabama have a tough time living up to the hype for Monday night's BCS championship.
Before either team steps on the field in balmy South Florida, this is shaping up as one of the most anticipated games in years, a throwback to the era when Keith Jackson & Co. broadcast one game a week, when it was a big deal for teams from different parts of the country to meet in a bowl game.
The coaches met with the media Sunday morning for the last time before kickoff, with each saying their teams were ready to play.
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Austin, Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston and San Antonio - five of the 20 largest cities in the U.S. - compose a rapidly growing mega-region named the Texas Triangle. Connected by a triangle of interstate freeways: I-45, I-10 and I-35, at least 10 percent of the U.S. transportation sector travels through the Texas Triangle each year.
On July 15, 2011, Texas Governor Rick Perry signed into law Senate Bill 20, a first-of-its-kind legislation created to help create a sustainable network of natural gas-refueling stations along the Texas Triangle. The bill lays a foundation for wider-scale deployment of heavy-duty, mid- and light-duty natural gas vehicles (NGVs) in the Texas market, making the transition to a lower cost, domestically produced, and cleaner fuel a more viable option for Texas businesses, cities and consumers.
An unprecedented consortium of more than 200 stakeholders was engaged in the strategic plan, including fleet operators such as United Parcel Service and business groups such as the Houston NGV Alliance and the Metroplex NGV Consortium. They were joined by utilities, fuel suppliers such as Clean Energy Fuels Corp., natural gas producers, and universities.
The TCTT will provide an important economic stimulus for Texas and Texas businesses:
Heavy-duty diesel trucks are one of the most significant contributors to urban air-quality problems, including smog. Replacing diesel trucks with clean burning low-emission natural gas trucks offers one of the best potential strategies for Texas communities to improve air quality and meet air quality standards.
The emission benefits that will result from the implementation of the TCTT is the equivalent of taking more than 175,000 cars off of Texas highways in the state's most populated areas.


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philosipical question
Many of your questions may have already been answered in earlier discussions or in the FAQ. The search results page will indicate current discussions as well as past list serves, articles, and papers.
Walter B. Ligon III walt at parl.ces.clemson.eduMon Jul 17 08:10:20 PDT 2000
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-------- A Beowulf system has the following characteristics: 1) designed for parallel (high-performance) computing 2) dedicated nodes - private network 3) COTS hardware 4) open-source system software It seems the question is this: is Myrinet or SCI considered COTS? Depends on what COTS mean. I've heard it as "Commercial Off-The-Shelf" and as "Commodity-Off-The-Shelf". These products would fit the first definition and not the second. The original spirit of Beowulf was based on the second definition. The idea was to get the best price/performance possible from mass-produced parts. At the same time I don't think anyone intended to exclude innovation in new hardware, especially in the network. I don't think most people today would exclude Myrinet or SCI as a Beowulf - but as has already been pointed out, this treads on the grounds of philosophical argument - I'd rather not get into THAT fray! Walt -- Dr. Walter B. Ligon III Associate Professor ECE Department Clemson University
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Published on 14 - August - 2012
Denby site to add garden centre and retail complex
The Derbyshire site of tableware manufacturer Denby is poised for a dramatic new development that will see the addition of a garden centre, hotel, pub and retail complex.The plan was approved yesterday by Amber Valley Borough Council but must now go to the Secretary of State for sign-off.
Denby has its factory, visitor centre and large cookshop on the site, which it leases from its landlord. However, Denby's public relations manager, Linda Salt, told diyweek.net that Denby is fully involved in the new plans.
"We've got quite a thriving visitor centre," she said. "It's a tourist destination, with 200,000 visitors a year, and if we've got a little more variety for them that number will grow. We have a very tiny garden emporium at the moment and a little village of shops, but we want to expand the offer we have."
She said it was too early to say who would run the garden centre but that it was unlikely to be competition for Denby's existing retail offer at the site. "Not really: it's in the best interests for us to reach an agreement," she said.
The visitor centre already employs 95 people, but the development is likely to create 600 new jobs.
Denby, which is owned by Valco Capital Partners, increased sales 5% to £38m last year. It acquired Burleigh in 2010 and Poole Pottery Retail and Hartley Greens Pottery in 2011.
DIYWeek.net does not edit comments which are submitted directly by our users to express their own views. Please report abuse of our comment system here.
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I wore one of the dresses on the very next day that the package arrived.. Couldn't wait! But I wore the dress a little differently. I wore it as a tunic with a belt along with a pink bag and the outcome(according to me) was amazing!
Dress - A-J-Store, Tights - Local store in Bandra, Belt - Singapore, Shoes - Delhi, Pink Bag - Bangkok |
You guys can check out the store at the Facebook page here and blog shop here!
I am eagerly waiting for the next collection cause I am certain that this is one store I am surely going back to shop at :D
Find Ri(t)ch Styles on Facebook and Bloglovin


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eLearning Papers 28 on Cyber Security and Education published!
Addressing Cyber Security in schools should foster critical digital literacy, such that children can become empowered to make informed decisions about how they choose to use and share information online. eLearning Papers Nº 28 gives answers to questions such as: What constitutes risk when working with digital media? Or where does the potential reside to engage young people in safe Internet use?
The rapidity with which children and young people are gaining access to online, convergent, mobile and networked media is unprecedented in the history of technological innovation. There are two main foci for e–security research that associated with protecting information both strategic and economic and that protecting people particularly the young. While these are overlapping concerns it is the latter that this special issue addresses.
eLearning Papers 28 presents 8 articles arranged in the two sections, In-depth and From the field. The four In-depth articles give a view of the present discussions surrounding how students can be encouraged to engage in safe Internet use. The fourth From the field articles present examples of best practice scenarios.
Click here to read the whole editorial and the 8 articles.