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Cadillac ATS-V Series Forum Discussion, 2014 CTS - 420hp TT V6 in Cadillac ATS Discussion Forums; With ATS sales so strong right now, this wouldn't be the time for GM to announce a faster ATS. Let ...
- 03-24-13 10:40 AM #31Cadillac Owners Enthusiast
- Automobile(s): '13 ATS 2.0T manual Thunder Gray
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- Aug 2010
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Re: 2014 CTS - 420hp TT V6
With ATS sales so strong right now, this wouldn't be the time for GM to announce a faster ATS. Let sales start to drop off naturally, then rekindle interest with a "V" model. I like the V6TT, but wish for a V8.
That article than JD03Cobra tagged mentions the ATS weight at 3700#, where did they get that inflated number?
- 03-24-13 12:10 PM #32Originally Posted by mikesul
I want to increase my "carbon footprint," whatever that hippy doper term means, so if I can pay for what is proper in a "V," I would like the opportunity. BTW, real world mpg ratings are probably really, really optimistic for a TTV6 driven like a performance option.
- 03-25-13 01:17 AM #33Cadillac Owners Fanatic
- Automobile(s): DeVille DHS, 2004 Mercedes C200 Kompressor, V Coupe
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Re: 2014 CTS - 420hp TT V6
i don't think they fit TT V6 to ATS-V..because...
1st : it will make competition between V and regular CTS
2nd : it doesn't make point..
i guess GM will fit all V Series with V8... it can be LT1..or special version of LT1...
Re: 2014 CTS - 420hp TT V6
And there's precedent for this. Look at the 2.0T in the ATS (272 hp) vs in the Verano (250 hp).
EDIT: If the ATS-V does indeed limit itself to the 3.6TT and 420 hp, that means a longer, lower, and leaner CTS-V at ~600 hp becomes the more attractive choice IMHO. Don't get me wrong, the 3.6TT is a fabulous motor, but those who crave big performance will opt for a slightly larger and only slightly heavier but much more powerful CTS-V if it comes with >> 500 hp.
I don't think it makes sense to put the TTV6 in 2 different model types, standard and "V." It would look like the ATS-V is not all that special and take away from the "V" heritage that has developed. A normally aspirated LT1 would be a good choice for the ATS-V, leaving a supercharged version for the CTS-V. Don't get me wrong about the TTV6, I think it will be a success and really add to the image of the new CTS. However, the "V's" should be reserved for the enthusiasts because Cadillac needs these buyers to build excitement and talk up the brand.
- 03-29-13 06:14 PM #39Cadillac Owners Member
- Automobile(s): Cadillac CTS-V Sedan
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Oh, I forgot to add, the Z06/ZR1 2-stage exhaust should be an option for enthusiasts.
- 03-30-13 02:55 PM #41Cadillac Owners Member
- Join Date
- Mar 2013
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Re: 2014 CTS - 420hp TT V6
Love the new CTS and looking forward to the reviews of the engine.
- 04-09-13 09:43 AM #42Cadillac Owners Member
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Re: 2014 CTS - 420hp TT V6
One ATS-V please and hope it's a V-8. And listen up Cadillac - 350 - 400hp won't cut it with today's competition. Why would anybody pay a $10k premium for 30 - 80 horsepower increase? This car needs to make a statement just like the original CTS-V did. A mediocre warmed over TT V-6 won't do the job.
- 04-09-13 10:00 AM #43Cadillac Owners Fanatic
- Automobile(s): 09 SRX V8 AWD Sport, 06 STS V8, 05 SRX V8 AWD, 97 STS
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Re: 2014 CTS - 420hp TT V6
I cannot imagine Cadillac would produce a "real" ATS-V (i.e.: not a V sport) either V6 or V8 equipped, with less than 420 HP so I doubt you will be disappointed.
As a rule of thumb, if you keep in your head the BMW equivalent of every Caddillac and then rememember that Cadillac wants to outperform the equivalent BMW you can predict where they will end up.
In this case the ATS-V is targeting M3 which, a few years in now, already has 414 HP. You can be sure the ATS-V will have no less than that, and may well have significantly more.
Well if it has to blown, I hope that it sounds like a ZR1 at the track. Music to my ears.
Re: 2014 CTS - 420hp TT V6
Guys. 6 cylinder turbos have been making mega power for decades supras,skylines,Mitsubishi 3000gts.
I had an IS300 turbo with GTE BLOCK 3.0T making 620rwhp. This beast would run with sport bikes on highway pulls.


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Pele smashes records and goals at the '58 World Cup.
Oleg Salenko nets five goals against Cameroon at USA '94.
Bobby Charlton kick-starts England's '66 campaign with a thunderbolt.
England beat Columbia to progress at France '98 on this day.
England took on Chile in their first World Cup game in 1950.

subset: commoncrawl


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Is coal technology the key to climate regulations?
LAGUNA, NIGUEL, Calif.--What do you get when you put the CEO of a coal-dependent utility on stage with two environmental advocates to discuss whether coal can be clean? A surprisingly civil discussion with more than just straight "pro" and "con" positions.
The CEO of American Electric Power, Michael Morris, spoke on the same panel with Michael Brune, the executive director of the Rainforest Action Network, and David Hawkins, the director of climate programs at the Environmental Defense Council on Tuesday at the Fortune Brainstorm Green conference here.
AEP is the second-largest electricity generator in the … Read more


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I Monelli Trattoria Pizzeria
Online Reservations
My boyfriend saw this place while driving down Western Avenue a few years ago when I moved into West Ridge and we went for lunch. We loved the place so much, that for the next two years we went at least once a month. We're now living in Hyde Park so there are fewer trips but we really miss I Monelli. The food is fresh and the staff is amazing. I wish that I could eat here every day!
There were five of us so we sampled a good number of menu items. By far the favorite was the all cheese pizza, and especially the thin, crispy pizza crust. An appetizer of stuffed portabella was impressive in size and flavor as were the two salads - one with beets, candied walnuts and gorgonzola, and the other the house. Both were large enough to share. A linguini dish with shrimp in a cream sauce was good, but not as good as the pizza, nor was the spaghetti and meatballs. The orecchette con spinaci was a hit. Servings were generous enough that we brought home leftovers, and that without having to empty our wallets. I should add that our waiter added a great deal to our visit. He - and the pizza - are worth a return visit.
Heard about this place on Check Please and have never been disappointed. Great, homemade food, wonderful service and management that truly appreciate your visit. The pizzas are the among the best thin-crust pizza in the city.
Homemade dishes, fresh ingredients, simply delicious.
While technically, this trattoria is in Lincoln Square - it's off the grid of LS charm but has it's own small-scale charm- despite being right on busy Western Ave. The pizza was especially delicious, the service was attentive, and the food is lovingly made by a Neapolitan family. The european lemon icecream is delightful and the pasta is homemade. This is BYOB and accommodates large groups.
Been here many times (almost weekly). This is a really enjoyable family operated place with daily specials that are always fresh and creative. Vittorio, the owner /Chef, takes great pride in all of his offerings. My wife and daughter love his Carbonara. I love his Chicken Saltimbaca (not always on the specials list, but well worth a try when he has it.) Even his Pizza is incredible, especially if you like a thin, crunchy crust. We haven't found this kind of crust anywhere else. The whole place is run by family. (Mom,Dad, Sister, brother, nephews and a great serving staff. Absolutely worth a visit !
We're never disappointed with food here. Fresh ingredients used in all dishes. Delicious
We sat outdoors on a warm fall evening. Our waitress was attentive and sweet. Shared a bottle of wine with a $2/person cork fee - reasonable. We had the margherita pizza and gnocchi, both very tasty. Loud with Western Avenue traffic, but the partition blocks most of the noise.
This place is Fantastic! I've lived in the neighborhood for years and this place is so inconspicuous so it's easy to drive/walk right by it. But once you go in, you will keep going back. The people are lovely, the food is amazing, the ambiance is delightful. The menu is so reasonably priced and with BYO you can't go wrong. I almost didn't want to write a review for fear that it will start to get too crowded once tons of people check it out - but it's too good not to share. Enjoy!
We enjoyed a very nice evening celebrating a family birthday. I Moneli set a big table and served up a hearty fare of traditional, Italian specialties. The BYOB policy meant that we had the wine we liked at an affordable price. I think the server could have been a bit more attentive but this is a place where I'm sure we will return.


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Ghostbear wrote:Why? Whether or not you follow the news doesn't seem like a particularly significant predictor of someone's ability to reason through a trial fairly and in a logical fashion.
Actually, yes, yes it does. This isn't some obscure story buried on page C5 in The Bumfuck Nowhere Chronicle, this is a story that has been dominating all news radio and tv stations as well as the internet and "word on the streetz" for well over a month.
I hope you don't expect a citation for my claim that "pays attention to news at least once a month" is strongly correlated with "not stupid/crazy".


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I was taken a back by the condition of the rooms and the high price we paid for this hotel. Very outdated and in need of a face lift as well as an interior redesign. Mattresses appeared to have not been changed for a while. Mine had a large digit in it and spongy. Not enough electrical outlets and tv... More
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Jessica Banov
Rascal Flatts and Hayden Panettiere host a special that recognizes the top country acts of the year. This is the third such special, and there's a first to take note of: The honorees won't be revealed until the actual show. There will be performances and appearances by major heavy-hitters, including Jason Aldean, Luke Bryan, Kenny Chesney, Toby Keith, Miranda Lambert and Carrie Underwood. One of the acts will walk away with the Entertainer of the Year Award, which so far seems to be dominated by Aldean. Saturday, 10 p.m. CMT
In this awards show that celebrates helping others, philanthropists and local heroes will be recognized by Chase bank, and community organizations will receive significant grant money. Funny guy Joel McHale will be the host and will presumably tone down a bit of his usual snark. Scheduled performers include Colbie Caillat, Lifehouse with Natasha Bedingfield and Darius Rucker. Other celebrities are set to present awards, including Jenna Elfman, Jenna Fischer, Jamie-Lynn Sigler and Gary Sinise. Glenn Close will receive the AGA Leadership Award, a lifetime achievement award of sorts, for her work with mental illness. She formed a nonprofit organization to stop the stigma about mental illness. Saturday, 8 p.m. NBC
The awards show, billed as "VGA Ten," will be hosted by uber hip Samuel L. Jackson. There will be musical performances by Linkin Park and Tenacious D. "Borderlands 2," "Halo 4" and "Journey" each have the most nominations with seven apiece. Friday, 9 p.m. Spike
Yogi Bear is the grand marshal, and Santa Claus is the guest of honor. If you can't make it downtown Saturday for the parade at 11 a.m., it will air live on News Channel 14 and will be available Monday on Time Warner Cable's Carolina on Demand.
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The Challenge of Cosmology
The idea that the story we know is only the very beginning raises a new question in place of Feynman's objection that Christianity is provincial. Is it presumptuous to claim that in such a grand universe, possibly with intelligent life arising in many places, the redemption and transformation of the entire cosmos starts here, on our pale blue dot?
Stress and God's Built-in Neuro-sabbath
"For a few moments, it felt like our little church community was surrounded by glory. The wisdom of Christ in the hypothalamus was illumining the wisdom of Christ in the prophets and gospels."
Walking the Walk: Thoreau and the art of seeing nature
What can a practicing scientist in the 21st century—even a "bench scientist" like me whose scientific forays are confined to a laboratory—glean from a 19th century wanderer like Thoreau?
Evolution and Faith in Latin America, Part 2
As I read The Voyage, I often thought about Darwin's other famous work, The Origin of Species, and the delight that Darwin clearly took in the natural world. Writing about a tropical forest in Brazil, he found himself at a loss for words, "…it is not possible to give an adequate idea of the higher feelings of wonder, astonishment, and devotion, which fill and elevate the mind."
Francis Collins by the Book
Considering my own stance on the satisfying harmony of science and faith, you might be surprised to find on my shelves nearly everything written by Richard Dawkins (including "The God Delusion") and my late friend Christopher Hitchens (including "God Is Not Great"). One must dig deeply into opposing points of view in order to know whether your own position remains defensible. Iron sharpens iron.
Faith, Science and Metaphors
How do metaphors impact the dialogue between faith and science? We might start by asking: what are the framing metaphors at work in the current debates? Even using the word "dialogue" here suggests an implicit metaphor that frames my approach to the relationship between faith and science. Imagine substituting "dialogue" with "war;" that would conjure a completely different metaphorical framework.
Series: Searching for Motivated Belief (12 entries)
Over the next few months, with permission from Yale University Press, BioLogos will offer edited versions of chapters from John Polkinghorne's best books, Belief in God in an Age of Science and Theology in the Context of Science, in order to help readers delve more deeply into some of his most important ideas.
Engaging Science in the Life of Your Congregation
With so many issues to discuss, Christians can easily get the feeling that science is always attacking the faith. It is essential to balance such conversations with positive responses to God's creation. After all, the primary response to the natural world in the Bible is to praise the God who made it.
Does Resurrection Contradict Science?
So what then does Resurrection mean? For Benedict it represents a new dimension of reality breaking through into human experience. It is not a violation of the old; it is the manifestation of something new.
Psalm for the January Thaw
God shows himself not just in the orderliness of nature, but powerfully, joyously and always surprisingly in its beautiful "non-order" as well.
Creator of the Stars at Night
The God who created the cosmos is the God who came to us as a child in Bethlehem.
Looking at the Collapsing Universe in the Bible
The language of a collapsing universe is related to the end of the old covenant and the coming of the new covenant as God's "new world order."
Series: Science and the Bible (22 entries)
This ongoing series written by historian Ted Davis begins with a brief synopsis of his personal background, and then goes on to reveal his passion for debunking "the now-common view that the history of science and Christianity is one of ongoing, inevitable conflict."
Surveying George Murphy's Theology of the Cross
If God himself is willing to die, particularly in such a gruesome way, then perhaps we should at least consider the possibility of God allowing the death of other creatures, too. But would this really be compatible with what we know of God through Scripture?
Frenetic Sequence
We tend to think of creativity in terms of flashes of insight and brilliance, of novelty, and especially of unexpected things bursting upon the scene. But creativity is no less creative and no less remarkable when it proceeds step by step, according to discipline, according to rule.
Jesus the Artist
Speaking in parables is indeed similar to an artist's craft. They create impressions, whole new worlds of meaning intended to turn old worlds on their heads.
"Come and See": A Christ-centered Invitation for Science
Classical Christian orthodoxy as expressed in the Creeds begins at the beginning: nature owes its existence to and is sustained by Jesus Christ. One implication is that the best way of finding out about nature is to look at nature.
Stumble On
The song is built around the image of a river flowing through a canyon it has sculpted—an image that can easily be played out as a picture of the way that the Lord has been at work preparing a path for us in the material world, complete with signposts to his former and present activity.
Series: Asa Gray and Charles Darwin Discuss Evolution and Design (5 entries)
Many Christians believe that they face a painful choice-- either life was designed by God or it is an evolutionary product of natural selection. Charles Darwin himself believed in this dichotomy, and people ever since have felt the need to "choose sides". However, looking back at history, we find that one of Darwin's chief scientific colleagues, Asa Gray, did not share this perspective. In this three-part essay, part 1 charts the relationship of Asa Gray and Charles Darwin. Part 2 describes Darwin's struggle with the problem of natural evil and design in nature, and part 3 explores how Asa Gray was able to embrace evolution without rejecting the idea of design.


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The Achanaree is basically the Ma Saep Nang Wicha in the gariang Kor Ma tradition of Luang Por Bpan's Lineage of Masters, and is known to be as powerful as his Wicha Paetch Payatorn (Khun Phaen Tewada Hlong Hong). With three Takrut Na Hlong Hlai enchantment spells, and two Takrut Ma Saep Nang (Horse and Lady Symbiotic Yab-Yum Deity) Inserted.
Made using a subtle mixture of Maha Sanaeh powders gathered and empowered by Luang Phu Bpan. The powders are empowered to attract great business and for Kama Sutra magic. Also good for Tantra practitioners to intensify the practice.
The front face features the Ma Saep Nang Deity , Takrut Hua Jai Na Hlong Hlai, with some Na Hlong Hlai spells and the Kata 'Aehi Bpiyang Jijeruni'
the rear face has a further set of Incantations inscibed, and two Ma Saep nang Takrut spells inserted
Kata for chanting to amulets which use Wicha Gariang Kor Ma, by Luang Phu Bpan
Kata Ma Saep Nang
Gu Gu Dto Muni Aehi Samma Maa Maa Sammaa Ma Ma
Continue reading Lady – Horse Lovers amulet rare LP Bpan 2553 BE


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WCU's 'Rooted in the Mountains' features regional music and speakers
Written by Admin- WCU will digitize historic Smokies photos
- At WCU, an app to keep students out of the rain
- There's an app for that: If not, a growing number of students are learning to create one
- Campus visits 'vital' to Western Carolina recruiting efforts
- Cullowhee planning initiative out of the gate at last
- Rising star redefines country music
- WCU makes big strides in freshmen retention rate
- From the great outdoors to musical theater, WCU's drawing cards are all over the map
A concert and free symposium to raise awareness of the intersection of environmental, health and indigenous issues related to mountain destruction will be held Thursday and Friday, Oct. 21-22, in the theater of the A.K. Hinds University Center at Western Carolina University.
WCU's Division of Educational Outreach and Cherokee Studies Program are sponsoring the first "Rooted in the Mountains: Valuing Our Common Ground" with the Center for Native Health, which initiated the project.
The concert will begin at 6 p.m. on Thursday and will feature entertainment by Sheila Kay Adams, Tawodi Brown, John John Grant, Kate Larken, Sue Massek, Paula Nelson and the WCU Porch Music Club. Tickets are $5 in advance and $7.50 at the door, with proceeds benefiting iLoveMountains.org.
The symposium, free and open to the public, will be held from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. on Friday. Keynote speaker, Silas House, an acclaimed writer and National Endowment for the Humanities Chair in Appalachian Studies at Berea College, and other presenters, including Clara Sue Kidwell (enrolled member of the White Earth Chippewa tribe), director, American Indian Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Evelyn Conley (Keetoowah), chair, Indigenous Education Institute; Tom Belt (Cherokee), WCU Cherokee language instructor; Heidi Altman, associate professor of anthropology, Georgia Southern University; Marilou Awiakta (Cherokee), author; ethnobotanist David Cozzo, a WCU faculty member and director of the Revitalization of Traditional Cherokee Artisan Resources; and Brian Byrd, WCU assistant professor of environmental health will be present.
Other sponsors include WCU's Mountain Heritage Center, Watershed Association of the Tuckasegee River, the Canary Coalition and the Tuckasegee Community Alliance.
Preregister online at www.wcu.edu/27734.asp; for information, contact Pamela Duncan, symposium co-chair, at 828.227.3926.


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We spent 3 nights in the "Ocre Room", very spacious and decorated with an excellent taste, with even a small kitchen. Marie-Ange (the owner) welcomed us warmly, the breakfast was a feast, the place is ideal surounded by meadows and the property is very well maintained and calm. We had a wonderfull time. They even have a nice smimming pool... More
France >
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Free Breakfast
Free High-Speed Internet
Free Parking
Pets Allowed
Swimming Pool
Ranked #1 of 1 B&Bs / Inns in Saint-Remy
Price Range (Based on Average Rates):
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Between Bergerac and Saint Emilion, between forest and vineyards, Marie Ange is inviting you to a peaceful holiday in the lovely countryside of the Perigord Pourpre ... more less


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Welcome to Daisy Chain Cake Company where we have over 20 years experience in making very special wedding and celebration cakes, supplying many wedding venues and hotels in London, Surrey, Kent and Sussex.
We aim to provide a personal and professional service from your initial consultation to delivery and set-up.
Customer care is very important to us and we are committed to excellence.
We like to work closely with our customers to create a truly individual cake which will complement the theme of your celebration.
Our elegant cake designs are created with great attention to detail ensuring that they will make a stunning feature on your special day.
Please call or email us to arrange a consultation and tasting, we look forward to hearing from you.
Melanie Chivers - Creative Director
Come and visit us at the Miss Vintage Wedding Affair in Surbiton on 19th February.
Thank you to all those who visited us at the National Wedding Show at Earl's Court.
Our Wedding Show Offer still applies and we also have a special Winter Wedding Offer.
Please contact us for more details.


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The Chilterns 100km LIttle Dipper & 100 mile BIG Dipper Cycle Sportive
Event Description
Event Description
The course will head out over the Chiltern Hills with amazing scenery, ascents and descents.
This will be the third year this sportive has been organised from the Henley & Thames Valley Area.
The event takes in some of the most picturesque areas of the Thames Valley and Chilterns with a good injection of up and downs.
The event has been designed around the time of year, with the early season classics in full swing.
If you are looking for a challenging, testing and lung busting early season event with lots of coffee and cakes at the end, then check out CycloSport online website to view more information and enter online.
Event HQ/Start Facilities
- Adequate Car Parking
- Changing Rooms
- Showers
- Food & Drink
- Sign On Desk
About Entering the Event
- Maximum Number of Participants : 400 (Riders Entered in 2011 circa 360)
- Entries can only be placed online.
- Start Sheet or Entry Shown On Website - From March onwards
- Electronic Timing
- Event Photographers
- Medals to all finishers
Support for the Participants
- Route Card on F3 Events Website
- FULL gpx, tcx & crx route downloads - For anyone that does not want to look at arrows!!!
- Printable maps of the course to give a bird's eye view of where you are on the ride
- Emergency Details
- Sag Wagon Sweep Up Of Riders. This will leave the Event HQ at least 90 minutes after the last rider.
What Reading CC had to say:
On Sunday Nick Davies rode the inaugural 100 mile Chiltern Big Dipper Sportive, starting at Shiplake College and winding its way through the Chilterns. Davies reports: "I decided to ride the sportive as an early season fitness test and started the ride alone but was joined by fellow Reading rider Nick Crocker at around the 30 mile mark. We rode together for another 40 miles, when my lack of fitness began to tell and I again saw the familiar sight of Nick disappearing up the road. Luckily it was a dry day, otherwise the course would have been treacherous due to gravel, flints and potholes. It was a good, well sign posted event giving riders a challenging route through the area, although provisions at the feed stops and the finish could have been better."
The Big Dipper Route:
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Map and Address
Map and Address
Events Listing Advice
The details above are correct to the best of our knowledge, for the most up to date details always refer to the organisers website or contact the event organiser.


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History of psychiatric institutions
The rise of the lunatic asylum and its gradual transformation into, and eventual replacement by, the modern psychiatric hospital, explains the rise of organized, institutional psychiatry. While there were earlier institutions that housed the 'insane,' the arrival at the answer of institutionalisation as the correct solution to the problem of madness was very much an event of the nineteenth century. To illustrate this with one regional example, in England at the beginning of the nineteenth century there were, perhaps, a few thousand "lunatics" housed in a variety of disparate institutions but by 1900 that figure had grown to about 100,000. That this growth should coincide with the growth of alienism, now known as psychiatry, as a medical specialism is not coincidental.[1]:14
Medieval era[edit]
In the Islamic world, the Bimaristans were described by European travelers, who wrote on their wonder at the care and kindness shown to lunatics. In 872, Ahmad ibn Tulun built a hospital in Cairo that provided care to the insane which included music therapy.[2] Nonetheless, medical historian Roy Porter cautions against idealising the role of hospitals generally in medieval Islam stating that "They were a drop in the ocean for the vast population that they had to serve, and their true function lay in highlighting ideals of compassion and bringing together the activities of the medical profession."[3]:105
In Europe during the medieval era, a variety of settings were employed to house the small subsection of the population of the mad who were housed in institutional settings. Porter gives examples of such locales where some of the insane were cared for, such as in monasteries. A few towns had towers where madmen were kept (called Narrentürme in German, or "fools' towers"). The ancient Parisian hospital Hôtel-Dieu also had a small number of cells set aside for lunatics, whilst the town of Elbing boasted a madhouse, Tollhaus, attached to the Teutonic Knights' hospital.[4]Dave Sheppard's Development of Mental Health Law and Practice begins in 1285 with a case that linked "the instigation of the devil" and being "frantic and mad".[5]
Other such institutions for the insane were established after the Christian Reconquista, including hospitals in Valencia (1407), Zaragoza (1425), Seville (1436), Barcelona (1481), and Toledo (1483).[3]:127 The Priory of Saint Mary of Bethlehem, which later became known more notoriously as Bedlam, was founded in 1247. At the start of the fifteenth century it housed just six insane men.[3]:127 The former lunatic asylum Het Dolhuys from the 16th century in Haarlem, the Netherlands is now a museum of psychiatry with an overview of treatments from the origins of the building up to the 1990s.
17th century[edit]
In France, the governments under Ancien Régime,[6][7] created the Hôpital général de Paris, that the beginning of "le Grand Renfermement".
In 1632 it was recorded that the old house of Bethlem had "below stairs a parlor, a kitchen, two larders, a long entry throughout the house, and 21 rooms wherein the poor distracted people lie, and above the stairs eight rooms more for servants and the poor to lie in".[8]Inmates who were deemed dangerous or disturbing were chained-up or shut-up but Bethlem was an otherwise open building for its inhabitants to roam around its confines and possibly throughout the general neighborhood in which the hospital was situated.[9]
18th century[edit]
Domestic care[edit]
In England at the beginning of the eighteenth-century the level of specialist institutional provision for the care and control of the insane was extremely limited. Rather, madness was still seen principally as a domestic problem, with families and parish authorities central to regimens of care.[1]:154[10]:439 Various forms of outdoor relief were extended by the parish authorities to families in these circumstances including financial support, the provision of parish nurses and, where family care was not possible, lunatics might be 'boarded out' to other members of the local community or committed to private madhouses.[10]:452–56[11]:299 Exceptionally, if those deemed mad were judged to be particularly disturbing or violent, parish authorities might meet the not inconsiderable costs of their confinement in charitable asylums such as Bethlem, in Houses of Correction or in workhouses.[12]:30, 31–35, 39–43
Public asylums[edit]
At the start of the eighteenth century London's historical Bethlem, which had been reopened in new buildings at Moorfields in 1676 with a capacity for 100 inmates,[1]:155 was the only public asylum then operating in England.[13]:27 A second public charitable institution was opened in 1713, the Bethel in Norwich. It was a small facility which generally housed between twenty and thirty inmates.[1]:166 In 1728 at Guy's Hospital, London, wards were established for chronic lunatics.[14]:11 From the mid-eighteenth century the number of public charitably funded asylums expanded moderately with the opening of St Luke's Hospital in 1751 in Upper Moorfields, London, the establishment in 1765 of the Hospital for Lunatics at Newcastle upon Tyne, the Manchester Lunatic Hospital, which opened in 1766, the York Asylum in 1777 (not to be confused with the York Retreat), the Leicester Lunatic Asylum (1794), and the Liverpool Lunatic Asylum (1797).[13]:27
The trade in lunacy[edit]
Due, perhaps, to the absence of a centralised state response to the social problem of madness until the nineteenth-century, private madhouses proliferated in eighteenth-century England on a scale unseen elsewhere.[1]:174 References to such institutions are limited for the seventeenth-century but it is evident that by the start of the eighteenth-century the so-called 'trade in lunacy' was well established.[14]:8–9 Daniel Defoe, an ardent critic of private madhouses,[15]:118 estimated in 1724 that there were fifteen then operating in the London area.[16]:9 Defoe may have exaggerated but exact figures for private metropolitan madhouses are only available from 1774 when licensing legislation was introduced and sixteen institutions were recorded.[16]:9–10 At least two of these, Hoxton House and Wood's Close, Clerkenwell, had been in operation since the seventeenth-century.[16]:10 By 1807, the number had only increased to seventeen.[16]:9 It is conjectured that this limited growth in the number of London madhouses is likely to reflect the fact that vested interests, especially the College of Physicians, exercised considerable control in preventing new entrants to the market.[16]:10–11 Thus, rather than a proliferation of private madhouses in London, existing institutions tended to expand considerably in size.[16]:10 The establishments which increased most during the eighteenth-century, such as Hoxton House, did so by accepting pauper patients rather than private, middle-class, fee-paying patients.[16]:11 Significantly, pauper patients, unlike their private counterparts, were not subject to inspection under the 1774 legislation.[16]:11
Fragmentary evidence indicates that some provincial madhouses were in existence in England from at least the seventeenth-century and possibly earlier.[1]:175[14]:8 A madhouse at Box, Wiltshire was opened during the seventeenth-century.[1]:176[16]:11 Further locales of early businesses include one at Guildford in Surrey which was accepting patients by 1700, one at Fonthill Gifford in Wiltshire from 1718, another at Hook Norton in Oxfordshire from about 1725, one at St Albans dating from around 1740 and a madhouse at Fishponds in Bristol from 1766.[1]:176[16]:11 It is likely that many of these provincial madhouses, as was the case with the exclusive Ticehurst House, may have evolved from householders who were boarding lunatics on behalf of parochial authorities and later formalised this practice into a business venture.[1]:176 The vast majority were small in scale with only seven asylums outside of London with in excess of thirty patients by 1800 and somewhere between ten and twenty institutions had fewer patients than this.[1]:178
United States[edit]
In the United States, the Pennsylvania Hospital was founded in 1751 as a result of work begun in 1709 by the Religious Society of Friends. A portion of this hospital was set apart for the mentally ill, and the first patients were admitted in 1752.[17] Virginia is recognized as the first state to establish an institution for the mentally ill.[18] Eastern State Hospital, located in Williamsburg, was incorporated in 1768 under the name of the "Public Hospital for Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds" and its first patients were admitted in 1773.[17][19] Along with the first institution in America, Virginia also founded the first Colored Asylum in 1870.[20] Their land was given to them by the House of Burgesses in 1769.[18]
Humanitarian Reform[edit]
"In all public asylums as well as in prisons and hospitals, the surest, and, perhaps, the only method of securing health, good order, and good manners, is to carry into decided and habitual execution the natural law of bodily labour, so contributive and essential to human happiness." - A Treatise on Insanity, Section 1. Translated by D. D. Davis.
Philippe Pinel
Philippe Pinel was a French physician who was responsible for a widespread reform in French asylums and is credited as being one of the founders of psychiatry.[21] Also an author, Pinel's book A Treatise on Insanity gave an improved and simple classification system for mental disorders.
Pinel arrived to the hospital of Bicêtre in 1792. Before his arrival, inmates were chained in cramped cell like rooms where there was poor ventilation and filth. Pinel requested that the French government allow him to implement a new treatment plan for the inmates. Pinel's new treatment consisted of allowing the inmates to have more freedom,physical exercise, and teaching them to make logical choices that were followed up with reasonable punishment if needed.[22]
Due to more humane treatment, patients began to reform their behavior and Pinel was able to slowly liberate fifty patients. Pinel was also able to petition the Revolutionary Committee to discontinue bloodletting and purging as customary medical treatments. [23]
He advocated against the idea that mental illness was cause of demoniacal possession but instead the result of excessive exposure to social and psychological stresses of heredity and physiological damage.[24]
Jean-Marc Itard
Jean-Marc Itard was a French teacher of the deaf who made an accidental discovery in the area of mental deficiency. Itard's work started when a young boy was found by hunters. The boy was unable to talk and was diagnosed by Pinel as an "incurable idiot". While Itard worked with the boy for two years, he was not able to speak but made progress and became affectionate. Itard work suggests what could happen on a bigger stage with children and mental retardation.[25]
Edouard Seguin
Edouard Seguin was a Frenchmen who developed a systematic approach for training individuals with mental deficiencies.[26] In 1839,Séguin opened the first school for the severely retarded and developed a method of treatment based on that the mentally deficient did not have a disease or an abnormal brain. Seguin later on moved to the United States and created schools for retarded children as well as opening up his own practice. He also became the founding president of the Association of Medical Officers of American Institutions for Idiotic and Feebleminded Persons in 1876.[27]
United States[edit]
Benjamin Rush of Philadelphia also promoted humane treatment of the insane outside dungeons and without iron restraints, as well as sought their reintegration into society. In 1792 Rush successfully campaigned for a separate ward for the insane at the Pennsylvania Hospital. His talk-based approach led to modern occupational therapy and addiction medicine, although most of his physical approaches have long been discredited, such as bleeding and purging (unlike Pinel), hot and cold baths, mercury pills, a "tranquilizing chair" and gyroscope. In Italy, Vincenzo Chiarugi may also have banned chains before this time. Johann Jakob Guggenbühl in 1840 started in Interlaken the first retreat for mentally disabled children.[citation needed]
Around the same time as Pussin and Pinel, British Quakers, particularly William Tuke, pioneered an enlightened approach (moral treatment) at the York Retreat which opened in 1796. The Retreat was not a psychiatric hospital, and in fact abandoned medical approaches of the day in favor of understanding, hope, moral responsibility and occupational therapy.[28] The Brattleboro Retreat and the former Hartford Retreat were named after it.
19th century[edit]
United States[edit]
In 1806 an authorization to a hospital in New York City was granted to erect additions and provide suitable apartments adapted to the various forms and degrees of mental illness. Other important dates in the early part of the 19th century were: the opening of the first institution of its kind, Friends Hospital in Frankfort, Pennsylvania, by the Society of Friends in 1817, the founding of the Hartford Retreat, in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1824, the opening of the South Carolina State Hospital for the Insane in 1824, of the Eastern State Hospital at Lexington, Kentucky, in 1824, of the Western State Hospital at Staunton, Virginia, in 1828, of one of the buildings of the Blockley Almshouse for the dependent insane in Philadelphia from 1830 to 1834, the Maryland Hospital for the Insane in 1832, and the New Hampshire State Hospital for the Insane at Concord in 1842.[17]
From this period on, the erection of state hospitals went rapidly forward in the different states. The first law for the creation of a state hospital in New York was passed in 1842. The Utica State Hospital was opened approximately in 1850. The creation of this hospital, as of many others, was largely the work of Dorothea Lynde Dix, whose philanthropic efforts extended over many states, and in Europe as far as Constantinople. Dix made the techniques of Pinel available on a larger scale. Before her changes, only the upper class citizen were able to afford the best treatment and the poor were given either not given treatment at all or experienced inhumane treatment. It was through her efforts that institutions were erected in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Rhode Island, North Carolina and the District of Columbia. According to her biographers, some 30 institutions in the United States owe their existence, in whole or in part, to her efforts.[29]
Reformers such as Dix began to advocate a more humane and progressive attitude towards the mentally ill. Some were motivated by a Christian duty to mentally ill citizens. In the United States, for example, the numerous state mental health systems established were paid for by taxpayer money, and often money from the relatives of those institutionalized inside them. These centralized institutions were often linked with loose governmental bodies, though oversight and quality consequently varied. They were generally geographically isolated as well, located away from urban areas because the land was cheap and there was less political opposition.
Many state hospitals in the United States were built in the 1850s and 1860s on the Kirkbride Plan, an architectural style meant to have curative effect.[30] States made large outlays on architecture that often resembled the palaces of Europe, although operating funding for ongoing programs was more scarce. Many patients objected to transfers from private hospitals to state facilities. Some Brattleboro Retreat patients tried to hide when state officials arrived to transfer them to the new Waterbury State Hospital. This decline in patient census led to the collapse of many private institutions, which still accepted indigent patients even when state reimbursement for private hospitals dropped in the face of rising state hospital costs.[citation needed]
In the 1800s middle-class facilities became more common, replacing private care for wealthier persons. However, facilities in this period were largely oversubscribed. Individuals were referred to facilities either by the community or by the criminal justice system. Dangerous or violent cases were usually given precedence for admission. A survey taken in 1891 in Cape Town, South Africa shows the distribution between different facilities. Out of 2046 persons surveryed, 1,281 were in private dwellings, 120 in jails, and 645 in asylua, with men representing nearly two thirds of the number surveyed. In situations of scarcity of accommodation, preference was given to white men and black men (who's insanity threatened white society by disrupting employment relations and the tabooed sexual contact with white women).[31]
Defining someone as insane was a necessary prerequisite for being admitted to a facility. A doctor was only called after someone was labelled insane on social terms and had become socially or economically problematic. Until the 1890s, little distinction existed between the lunatic and criminal lunatic. The term was often used to police vagrancy as well as paupers and the insane. In the 1858–59, the Lunacy Panic occurred in Victorian England that medical doctors were declaring people "insane" that were actually sane. These people were perhaps awkward or embarrassing to families, thus meriting convenient disposal into asylums. This sensationalism was pronounced in novels such as The Woman in White.[31][32]
Non-restraint movement[edit]
In Lincoln (Lincolnshire, England) Robert Gardiner Hill, with the support of Edward Parker Charlesworth, developed a mode of treatment that suited 'all types' of patients, whereby the reliance on mechanical restraints and coercion could be made obsolete altogether – a situation he finally achieved in 1838. By the following year of 1839 Sergeant John Adams and Dr. John Conolly were so impressed by the work of Hill, that they immediately introduced the method into their Hanwell Asylum, which was by then the largest in the kingdom. The greater size required Hill's system to be developed and refined. This was necessary as it was beyond Conolly to be able to supervise each attendant as closely as Hill had done. By September 1839, mechanical restraint was no longer required for any patient.[33][34]
20th century[edit]
Radical politics[edit]
In February 1919, the first soviet in the British Isles was established at Monaghan Lunatic Asylum, in Monaghan, Ireland. This led to the claim by Joseph Devlin in the House of Commons that "that the only successfully conducted institutions in Ireland are the lunatic asylums"[35]
Physical therapies[edit]
A series of radical physical therapies were developed in central and continental Europe in the late 1910s, the 1920s and, most particularly, the 1930s. Among these we may note the Austrian psychiatrist Julius Wagner-Jauregg's malarial therapy for general paresis of the insane (or neurosyphilis) first used in 1917, and for which he won a Nobel Prize in 1927.[36] This treatment heralded the beginning of a radical and experimental era in psychiatric medicine that increasingly broke with an asylum based culture of therapeutic nihilism in the treatment of chronic psychiatric disorders,[37] most particularly dementia praecox (increasingly known as schizophrenia from the 1910s, although the two terms were used more or less interchangeably until at least the end of the 1930s), which were typically regarded as hereditary degenerative disorders and therefore unamenable to any therapeutic intervention.[38] Malarial therapy was followed in 1920 by barbiturate induced deep sleep therapy to treat dementia praecox, which was popularized by the Swiss psychiatrist Jakob Klaesi. In 1933 the Viennese based psychiatrist Manfred Sakel introduced insulin shock therapy and in August 1934 Ladislas J. Meduna, a Hungarian neuropathologist and psychiatrist working in Budapest, introduced cardiazol shock therapy (cardiazol is the tradename of the chemical compound pentylenetetrazol, known by the tradename metrazol in the United States), which was the first convulsive or seizure therapy for a psychiatric disorder. Again, both of these therapies were initially targeted at curing dementia praecox. Cardiazol shock therapy, founded on the theoretical notion that there existed a biological antagonism between schizophrenia and epilepsy and that therefore inducing epiletiform fits in schizophrenic patients might effect a cure, was superseded by electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), invented by the Italian neurologist Ugo Cerletti in 1938.[39]
The use of psychosurgery was narrowed to a very small number of people for specific indications. Egas Moniz preformed the first leucotomy, or lobotomy in Portugal on 12/11/1935, which targets the brain's frontal lobes.[40] This was shortly thereafter adapted by Walter Freeman and James W. Watts in what is known as Freeman-Watts procedure or the standard prefrontal lobotomy. From 1946, Freeman developed the transorbital lobotomy, using a device akin to an ice-pick. This was an "office" procedure which did not have to be performed in a surgical theatre and took as little as fifteen minutes to complete. Freeman is credited with the popularisation of the technique in the United States. In 1949, 5074 lobotomies were carried out in the United States and by 1951, 18,608 people had undergone the controversial procedure in that country.[41] One of the most famous people to have a lobotomy was the sister of John F. Kennedy, Rosemary Kennedy.
In modern times, insulin shock therapy and lobotomies are viewed as being almost as barbaric as the Bedlam "treatments", although the insulin shock therapy was still seen as the only option which produced any noticeable effect on patients. ECT is still used in the West, but it is seen as a last resort for treatment of mood disorders, and is administered much more safely than in the past.[42] Elsewhere, particularly in India, use of ECT is reportedly increasing, as a cost-effective alternative to drug treatment. The effect of a shock on an overly excitable patient often allowed these patients to be discharged to their homes, which was seen by administrators (and often guardians) as a preferable solution to institutionalization. Lobotomies were performed in the hundreds from the 1930s to the 1950s, and were ultimately replaced with modern psychotropic drugs.
Eugenics movement[edit]
Compulsory sterilization of the "feeble-minded"[edit]
This section requires expansion. (January 2010) |
The eugenics movement of the early 20th century led to a number of countries enacting laws for the compulsory sterilization of the "feeble minded", which resulted in the forced sterilization of numerous psychiatric inmates.[citation needed] As late as the 1950s, laws in Japan allowed the forcible sterilization of patients with psychiatric illnesses.[citation needed]
Germany and occupied Europe: Nazi euthanasia program[edit]
This section requires expansion. (November 2009) |
Under Nazi Germany, the Aktion T4 euthanasia program resulted in the killings of thousands of the mentally ill housed in state institutions. In 1939, the Nazis secretly began to exterminate the mentally ill in a euthanasia campaign. Around 6,000 disabled babies, children and teenagers were murdered by starvation or lethal injection.[43]
The twentieth century saw the development of the first effective psychiatric drugs.
The first antipsychotic drug, chlorpromazine (known under the trade name Largactil in Europe and Thorazine in the United States), was first synthesised in France in 1950. Pierre Deniker, a psychiatrist of the Saint-Anne Psychiatric Centre in Paris, is credited with first recognising the specificity of action of the drug in psychosis in 1952. Deniker travelled with a colleague to the United States and Canada promoting the drug at medical conferences in 1954. The first publication regarding its use in North America was made in the same year by the Canadian psychiatrist Heinz Lehmann, who was based in Montreal. Also in 1954 another antipsychotic, reserpine, was first used by an American psychiatrist based in New York, Nathan S. Kline. At a Paris based colloquium on neuroleptics (antipsychotics) in 1955 a series of psychiatric studies were presented by, among others, Hans Hoff (Vienna), Aksel[who?] (Istanbul), Felix Labarth (Basle), Linford Rees (London), Sarro (Barcelona), Manfred Bleuler (Zurich), William Mayer-Gross (Birmingham), Winford (Washington) and Denber (New York) attesting to the effective and concordant action of the new drugs in the treatment of psychosis.[citation needed]
The new antipsychotics had an immense impact on the lives of psychiatrists and patients. For instance, Henry Ey, a French psychiatrist at Bonneval, related that between 1921 and 1937 only 6 per cent of patients suffering from schizophrenia and chronic delirium were discharged from his institution. The comparable figure for the period from 1955 to 1967, after the introduction of chlorpromazine, was 67 per cent. Between 1955 and 1968 the residential psychiatric population in the United States dropped by 30 per cent.[44] Newly developed antidepressants were used to treat cases of depression, and the introduction of muscle relaxants allowed ECT to be used in a modified form for the treatment of severe depression and a few other disorders.[45]
Fluoxetine hydrochloride (fluoxetine) was developed in 1973 by Bryan Molly, David Wong and Roy Fuller of the Eli Lilly corporation and is today sold under the brand name Prozac.[46] In addition to the effects of alleviating depression and other conditions classified as psychiatric disorders, there have been reports of fluoxetine performing beyond the relief of symptoms of these disorders. These reports are what transformed the media image of fluoxetine from a new type of anti-depressant into a designer drug with spectacular effects including a general improvement in mood and patients reporting feeling "better than well".[47]
The discovery of the mood stabilizing effect of lithium carbonate by John Cade in 1948 would eventually revolutionize the treatment of bipolar disorder, although its use was banned in the United States until the 1970s.[citation needed]
Country-specific/regional events[edit]
United States: Reform in the 1940s[edit]
From 1942 to 1947, conscientious objectors in the US assigned to psychiatric hospitals under Civilian Public Service exposed abuses throughout the psychiatric care system and were instrumental in reforms of the 1940s and 1950s. The CPS reformers were especially active at the Philadelphia State Hospital where four Quakers initiated The Attendant magazine as a way to communicate ideas and promote reform. This periodical later became The Psychiatric Aide, a professional journal for mental health workers. On 6 May 1946, Life magazine printed an exposé of the psychiatric system by Albert Q. Maisel based on the reports of COs.[48] Another effort of CPS, namely the Mental Hygiene Project, became the National Mental Health Foundation. Initially skeptical about the value of Civilian Public Service, Eleanor Roosevelt, impressed by the changes introduced by COs in the mental health system, became a sponsor of the National Mental Health Foundation and actively inspired other prominent citizens including Owen J. Roberts, Pearl Buck and Harry Emerson Fosdick to join her in advancing the organization's objectives of reform and humane treatment of patients.[citation needed]
Psychiatric internment as a political device[edit]
Psychiatrists around the world have been involved in the suppression of individual rights by states wherein the definitions of mental disease had been expanded to include political disobedience.[49]:6 Nowadays, in many countries, political prisoners are sometimes confined to mental institutions and abused therein.[50]:3 Psychiatry possesses a built-in capacity for abuse which is greater than in other areas of medicine.[51]:65 The diagnosis of mental disease can serve as proxy for the designation of social dissidents, allowing the state to hold persons against their will and to insist upon therapies that work in favour of ideological conformity and in the broader interests of society.[51]:65 In a monolithic state, psychiatry can be used to bypass standard legal procedures for establishing guilt or innocence and allow political incarceration without the ordinary odium attaching to such political trials.[51]:65 In Nazi Germany in the 1940s, the 'duty to care' was violated on an enormous scale: A reported 300,000 individuals were sterilized and 100,000 killed in Germany alone, as were many thousands further afield, mainly in eastern Europe.[52] From the 1960s up to 1986, political abuse of psychiatry was reported to be systematic in the Soviet Union, and to surface on occasion in other Eastern European countries such as Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.[51]:66 A "mental health genocide" reminiscent of the Nazi aberrations has been located in the history of South African oppression during the apartheid era.[53] A continued misappropriation of the discipline was subsequently attributed to the People's Republic of China.[54]
By the beginning of the 20th century, ever-increasing admissions had resulted in serious overcrowding. Funding was often cut, especially during periods of economic decline, and during wartime in particular many patients starved to death. Asylums became notorious for poor living conditions, lack of hygiene, overcrowding, and ill-treatment and abuse of patients.[55]
The first community-based alternatives were suggested and tentatively implemented in the 1920s and 1930s, although asylum numbers continued to increase up to the 1950s. The movement for deinstitutionalization came to the fore in various countries in the 1950s and 1960s.
The prevailing public arguments, time of onset, and pace of reforms varied by country.[55] Class action lawsuits in the United States, and the scrutiny of institutions through disability activism and antipsychiatry, helped expose the poor conditions and treatment. Sociologists and others argued that such institutions maintained or created dependency, passivity, exclusion and disability, causing people to be institutionalized.
There was an argument that community services would be cheaper. It was suggested that new psychiatric medications made it more feasible to release people into the community.[56]
There were differing views on deinstitutionalization, however, in groups such as mental health professionals, public officials, families, advocacy groups, public citizens, and unions.[57]
21st century[edit]
In Japan, the number of hospital beds has risen steadily over the last few decades.[55]
In Hong Kong, a number of residential care services such as half-way houses, long-stay care homes, and supported hostels are provided for the discharged patients. In addition, a number of community support services such as Community Rehabilitation Day Services, Community Mental Health Link, Community Mental Health Care, etc. have been launched to facilitate the re-integration of patients into the community.
New Zealand[edit]
New Zealand established a reconciliation initiative in 2005 in the context of ongoing compensation payouts to ex-patients of state-run mental institutions in the 1970s to 1990s. The forum heard of poor reasons for admissions; unsanitary and overcrowded conditions; lack of communication to patients and family members; physical violence and sexual misconduct and abuse; inadequate complaints mechanisms; pressures and difficulties for staff, within an authoritarian psychiatric hierarchy based on containment; fear and humiliation in the misuse of seclusion; over-use and abuse of ECT, psychiatric medication and other treatments/punishments, including group therapy, with continued adverse effects; lack of support on discharge; interrupted lives and lost potential; and continued stigma, prejudice and emotional distress and trauma.
There were some references to instances of helpful aspects or kindnesses despite the system. Participants were offered counseling to help them deal with their experiences, and advice on their rights, including access to records and legal redress.[58]
- Uganda has one psychiatric hospital.[55]
- South Africa has several psychiatric hospitals. These hospitals are spread throughout the country. Some of the most well-known institutions are: Weskoppies Psychiatric Hospital, colloquially known as Groendakkies ("Little Green Roofs") and Denmar Psychiatric Hospital in Pretoria, TARA [2] in Johannesburg, and Valkenberg Hospital in Cape Town.
Countries where deinstitutionalization has happened may be experiencing a process of "re-institutionalization" or relocation to different institutions, as evidenced by increases in the number of supported housing facilities, forensic psychiatric beds and rising numbers in the prison population.[59]
Some developing European countries still rely on asylums.
United States[edit]
The United States has experienced two waves of deinstitutionalization. Wave one began in the 1950s and targeted people with mental illness.[60] The second wave began roughly fifteen years after and focused on individuals who had been diagnosed with a developmental disability (e.g. mentally impaired).[60] Although these waves began over fifty years ago, deinstitutionalization continues today; however, these waves are growing smaller as fewer people are sent to institutions.
A process of indirect cost-shifting may have led to a form of "re-institutionalization" through the increased use of jail detention for those with mental disorders deemed unmanageable and noncompliant.[61] In Summer 2009, author and columnist Heather Mac Donald stated in City Journal, "jails have become society's primary mental institutions, though few have the funding or expertise to carry out that role properly... at Rikers, 28 percent of the inmates require mental health services, a number that rises each year."[62]
South America[edit]
In several South American countries, the total number of beds in asylum-type institutions has decreased, replaced by psychiatric inpatient units in general hospitals and other local settings.[55]
See also[edit]
- History of mental disorders
- Deinstitutionalization
- Psychiatric hospital
- Kirkbride Plan
- Timeline of psychiatry
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Porter, Roy (2006). Madmen: A Social History of Madhouses, Mad-Doctors & Lunatics (Ill. ed. [originally published 1987] ed.). Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 9780752437309.
- ^ Koenig, Harold George (2005). Faith and mental health: religious resources for healing. Templeton Foundation Press. ISBN 1-932031-91-X.
- ^ a b c Porter, Roy (1997). The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present. London: Fontana Press. ISBN 0006374549.
- ^ Gary D. Albrecht, Katherine D.Seelman, Michael Bury: Handbook of disability studies,p.20 [1]
- ^ http://studymore.org.uk/mhhtim.htm
- ^ Michel Foucault, Madness and Civilization
- ^ * (French) Claude Quétel, Histoire de la folie : De l'Antiquité à nos jours, 2009, Editions Tallandier, Texto, 618 pages. ISBN 978-2847349276
- ^ Allderidge 1979a, p. 145
- ^ Andrews et al. 1997, p. 51
- ^ a b Suzuki, Akihito (1991). "Lunacy, in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century England: Analysis of Quarter Sessions Records Part I". History of Psychiatry 2 (8): 437–56.
- ^ Andrews, Jonathan (2004). "The Rise of the Asylum". In Deborah Brunton. Medicine Transformed: Health, Disease & Society in Europe, 1800–1930. Manchester: The Open University. pp. 298–330. ISBN 0719067359.
- ^ Suzuki, Akihito (1992). "Lunacy, in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century England: Analysis of Quarter Sessions Records Part II". History of Psychiatry 3 (8): 29–44.
- ^ a b Winston, Mark (1994). "The Bethel at Norwich: An Eighteenth-Century Hospital for Lunatics". Medical History 38 (1): 27–51.
- ^ a b c Parry-Jones, William Ll. (1972). The Trade in Lunacy: A Study of Private Madhouses in England in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. London: Routledge.
- ^ Noll, Richard (2007). The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders (3rd ed.). New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0816064059.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j MacKenzie, Charlotte (1992). Psychiatry for the Rich: A History of Ticehurst Private Asylum. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415099917 Check
value (help). - ^ a b c William A. White (1920). "Insane, Institutional Care of the, in the United States". In Rines, George Edwin. Encyclopedia Americana.
- ^ a b "THE FIRST INSANE ASYLUM.; To Virginia Belongs the Credit in This Country.". New York Times. 16 July 1900. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
- ^ James J. Walsh (1913). "Asylums and Care for the Insane". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ "Eastern State Hospital". Eastern State Hospital. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
- ^ http://www.pinelschool.org/pp.htm
- ^ King.A History of Psychology.p.202.ISBN-13: 9780205512133
- ^ <a href="http://psychology.jrank.org/pages/494/Philippe-Pinel.html">Philippe Pinel</a>
- ^ <a href="http://psychology.jrank.org/pages/494/Philippe-Pinel.html">Philippe Pinel</a>
- ^ King.A History of Psychology.p.214.ISBN-13: 9780205512133
- ^ King.A History of Psychology.p.214.ISBN-13: 9780205512133
- ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/532753/Edouard-Seguin
- ^ Digby, Anne (1985). Madness, morality, and medicine: a study of the York Retreat, 1796–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-26067-1.
- ^ http://www.uniteforsight.org/mental-health/module2
- ^ Yanni, Carla (2007). The Architecture of Madness: Insane Asylums in the United States. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4939-6.
- ^ a b Roy Porter; David Wright (7 August 2003). The Confinement of the Insane: International Perspectives, 1800–1965. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80206-2. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
- ^ http://bythebrooke.blogspot.com/2008/11/lunacy-panic.html
- ^ Suzuki, Akihto (January 1995). "The politics and ideology of non-restraint: the case of the Hanwell Asylum.". Medical History (183 Euston Road, London NWI 2BE.: Wellcome Institute) 39 (1): 1–17. PMC 1036935. PMID 7877402.
- ^ Edited by:Bynum,W.F;Porter,Roy;Shepherd,Michael (1988) The Anatomy of Madness: Essays in the history of psychiatry. Vol.3.The Asylum and its psychiatry. Routledge. London EC4
- ^ Hansard, 20 February 1919, accessed 18 July 2010
- ^ Brown Edward M (2000). "Why Wagner-Jauregg won the Nobel Prize for discovering malaria therapy for General Paresis of the Insane". History of Psychiatry 11 (44): 371–382. doi:10.1177/0957154X0001104403.
- ^ Ugo Cerletti, for instance, described psychiatry during the interwar period as a "funereal science". Quoted in Shorter, Edward (1997). A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. Wiley: p. 218
- ^ Hoenig J (1995). "Schizophrenia. In Berrios, German and Porter, Roy (Eds.), A History of Clinical Psychiatry. Athlone: p. 337; Meduna, L.J. (1985). Autobiography of L.J. Meduna". Convulsive Therapy 1 (1): 53.
- ^ Shorter, Edward (1997). A History of Psychiatry. Wiley: pp. 190–225.
- ^ http://studymore.org.uk/mhhtim.htm
- ^ Shorter, Edward (1997).A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. Wiley: pp. 226–229.
- ^ Yanni, Carla. (12 April 2007). The Architecture of Madness: Insane Asylums in the United States (Architecture, Landscape and Amer Culture) (1 ed.). University of Minnesota Press. pp. 53–62. ISBN 978-0-8166-4940-2.
- ^ Torrey E.F., Yolken R.H. (16 September 2009). "Psychiatric Genocide: Nazi Attempts to Eradicate Schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin 36 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp097. PMC 2800142. PMID 19759092.
- ^ Thuillier, Jean (1999). Ten Years that Changed the Face of Mental Illness. Trans. Gordon Hickish. Martin Dunitz: pp. 110,114, 121–123, 130. ISBN 1-85317-886-1
- ^ http://studymore.org.uk/mhhtim.htm
- ^ http://www-personal.umich.edu/~kruger/hon7.html
- ^ http://www-personal.umich.edu/~kruger/hon8.html
- ^ Albert Q. Maisel (6 May 1946). Bedlam 1946. LIFE magazine. p. 102.
- ^ Semple, David; Smyth, Roger; Burns, Jonathan (2005). Oxford handbook of psychiatry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 6. ISBN 0-19-852783-7.
- ^ Noll, Richard (2007). The encyclopedia of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Infobase Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 0-8160-6405-9.
- ^ a b c d Medicine betrayed: the participation of doctors in human rights abuses. Zed Books. 1992. p. 65. ISBN 1-85649-104-8.
- ^ Birley, J. L. T. (January 2000). "Political abuse of psychiatry". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 101 (399): 13–15. doi:10.1111/j.0902-4441.2000.007s020[dash]3.x. PMID 10794019.
- ^ "Press conference exposes mental health genocide during apartheid, 14 June 1997". South African Government Information. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
- ^ van Voren, Robert (January 2010). "Political Abuse of Psychiatry—An Historical Overview". Schizophrenia Bulletin 36 (1): 33–35. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp119. PMC 2800147. PMID 19892821.
- ^ a b c d e Fakhourya W, Priebea S (August 2007). "Deinstitutionalization and reinstitutionalization: major changes in the provision of mental healthcare". Psychiatry 6 (8): 313–316. doi:10.1016/j.mppsy.2007.05.008.
- ^ Rochefort DA (Spring 1984). "Origins of the "Third psychiatric revolution": the Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963". J Health Polit Policy Law 9 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1215/03616878-9-1-1. PMID 6736594.
- ^ Scherl DJ, Macht LB (September 1979). "Deinstitutionalization in the absence of consensus". Hosp Community Psychiatry 30 (9): 599–604. PMID 223959.
- ^ Dept of Internal Affairs, New Zealand Government. Te Āiotanga: Report of the Confidential Forum for Former In-Patients of Psychiatric Hospitals June 2007
- ^ Priebe S, Badesconyi A, Fioritti A et al. (January 2005). "Reinstitutionalisation in mental health care: comparison of data on service provision from six European countries". BMJ 330 (7483): 123–6. doi:10.1136/bmj.38296.611215.AE. PMC 544427. PMID 15567803.
- ^ a b Stroman, Duane. 2003. "The Disability Rights Movement: From Deinstitutionalization to Self-determination. University Press of America.
- ^ Domino ME, Norton EC, Morrissey JP, Thakur N (October 2004). "Cost shifting to jails after a change to managed mental health care". Health Serv Res 39 (5): 1379–401. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2004.00295.x. PMC 1361075. PMID 15333114.
- ^ Mac Donald, Heather. "The Jail Inferno". City Journal. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
Further reading[edit]
- Yanni, Carla (2007). The architecture of madness: insane asylums in the United States. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-4939-1.
- (French) Michel Foucault, Histoire de la folie à l'âge classique, 1961, Gallimard, Tel, 688 p. ISBN 978-2070295821
- (French) Claude Quétel, Histoire de la folie : De l'Antiquité à nos jours, 2009, Editions Tallandier, Texto, 618 pages. ISBN 978-2847349276


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The weekly, updated drought monitor came out this morning -- as it normally does each Thursday morning at 7am. Even with some scattered downpours (over 3" to 4" in certain locations from Snook to South College Station), there is little to no change in the drought conditions across the Brazos Valley. In fact, I'd say we actually gained a little more landscape now officially under drought conditions. While a small percentage of our counties remains just "Abnormally Dry" (the precursor to drought), many remain in a "Moderate" Drought while a strip from Lee to Grimes County is in a "Severe" Drought.
Find your Umbrella
No, this isn't a cruel joke. I'm not going to pop up, yell "Surprise! You're on Candid Camera!" and then start pointing out where all the cameras are hidden. There is an honest to goodness, decent chance for scattered rain heading into the weekend. But the key words here are "scattered" and "chance." Those that do see rain, it isn't promised that it will be a drought denting rain, either.
We have a sharp, upper-level trough digging down the West Coast that is set to fling across the Desert Southwest and into the Plains States. In response to this approaching system, winds are turning out of the southeast today and will turn a bit breezy by tomorrow. That southeast wind is a warmer and more moist wind that will eventually act as the fuel to the fire in trying to see some of the much needed wet stuff here in our backyard for a second weekend in a row.
So You're Telling Me There's a Chance
Cloud cover will increase by late this afternoon and into the overnight hours (Thursday night into Friday morning). For those wanting to get out and see the Geminids Meteor Shower -- which peaks tonight and tomorrow -- you probably won't have much hope seeing anything pass our sky.
By Friday afternoon, as a warm front approaches from the south and a small disturbance ripples in from the west, we'll open those scattered showers chances -- possibly even stretched to an isolated thunderstorm.
Saturday: Our next Pacific cold front starts to knock on the door by daybreak. We'll open the best chance for rain from the early morning hours through noon. It looks like most of the rain will follow the cold front to the coast by the afternoon hours.
Sunday: That same cold front lingers in the area until it gets another push from the north later in the day. With that front sitting on top of us -- more of less -- we'll add in another decent chance of scattered rain and thunderstorms to the forecast.
We'll be watching the latest computer models and tweaking a bit here and there -- and again, NOT everyone is GUARANTEED rain this upcoming weekend. It wouldn't be a bad idea to plan for it, though, as we gear up for our Friday, Saturday, and Sunday activities.
Latest can always be found here at KBTX.com, on twitter, facebook and, of course, on Google+.


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I'd like to say that I want to be a KOFY host (which I do), but the truth is: THEY want ME! Help them out a bit, will ya?
Charles Lewis III - KOFY Host submission
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A former Cumberland County teacher and youth counselor faces more charges after a third juvenile accused him of sex crimes, Fayetteville police said Wednesday.
Bradley Norman Dent, 46, of the 7000 block of Lamure Drive, was charged with five counts each of statutory sex offense with a child and taking indecent liberties with a child, police said.
The alleged crimes involving a 15-year-old occurred between February and June 2010, police said. Investigators said Dent met the child while working for a local counseling service.
Dent is a former fourth-grade teacher at Long Hill Elementary School who was accused in September of sex crimes involving two other teens, ages 15 and 17. He was charged with statutory rape, first-degree kidnapping, second-degree forcible sex offense and taking indecent liberties.
His bail after Wednesday's arrest was set at $500,000, a police spokesman said.
- Nancy McCleary
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A boy comes home one day and runs up to his mom.
"Well," Mom says, "a bitch is a female dog and a pussy is a cat." The boy thinks to himself that this doesn't sound right since the other kids were calling each other that. So he goes to Dad.
"What's a bitch and a pussy?" Dad pulls out his Playboy and opens it to the centerfold. He draws a circle around the woman's pussy.
"Now that's a pussy, son! And everything else is the bitch!"
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Michael Kors and 4 other luxury brand stores to join Briarwood Mall in 2013
Briarwood Mall is negotiating with five new tenants for upscale retail spaces in the shopping mall, with stores set to open in the spring and summer of 2013.
photo via Briarwood Facebook account.
The 2,991 square-foot space was previously Vanity, and will be opening as Vera Bradley in the spring.
The Vera Bradley brand has become a staple for gift shops and an abundant selection can already be found at stores like Von Maur and Hallmark. The brand's website describes its focus as stylish quilted cotton luggage, handbags and accessories that combine smart product designs with distinctive and colorful fabrics and trims.
Michael Kors will also be opening business in Ann Arbor this spring.
The luxury lifestyle brand has three other Michigan locations: in Twelve Oaks, The Somerset Collection and the Great Lakes Crossing Outlets.
The Briarwood store will be 2,147 square feet, and will open in the spring. The Michael Kors brand is a favorite amongst celebrities and stylists, including first lady Michelle Obama.
Meanwhile, Soma Intimates, a boutique that offers an exclusive collection of women's lingerie, will open its first Ann Arbor location in spring 2013. The Briarwood Mall retail shop will be 1,967 square feet.
Soma Intimates offers a range of boutique lingerie, from luxury to comfortable styles. The brand has over 190 stores, and this will be its third in Michigan.
The U.K.-based brand Lush Fresh Handmade Cosmetics will be coming to Ann Arbor in June of 2013.
Lush offers an array of "bath bombs" and other scented cosmetics for skin, hair, bath and body. All products in the line are made of fresh organic fruits, vegetables and essential oils. The store in Briarwood will be 765 square feet. Other local Lush stores are in Somerset Collection, Twelve Oaks and Partridge Creek Mall in Clinton Township.
Finally, Yankee Candle will open in July 2013.
With over 150 unique scents, Yankee Candle claims to be the largest American manufacturer of scented candles. The Briarwood store will occupy 981 square feet. The Yankee Candle website lists eight other authorized retailers in the Ann Arbor area.
Denise Murray, the mall's director of marketing and business development, called the upscale new shops exciting additions for the first part of 2013.
"(It) is going to be a very exciting year for Briarwood Mall," she said. "Many of the visions that we have been developing for years are coming together, and the retail mix that will be unfolding will certainly add to the shopping experience that is available in Ann Arbor."
Briarwood is Ann Arbor's largest shopping center at 1.1 million square feet, and also Ann Arbor's largest taxpayer, with a taxable value reported at $38.7 million in 2012's first quarter.


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- HOOPSWORLD | Basketball News & NBA Rumors - http://www.hoopsworld.com -
NBA@2: Why Steve Nash Isn't Seeking A Trade
Posted By Bill Ingram On January 27, 2012 @ 2:00 pm In All,Main Page,NBA | No Comments
Up Close: Steve Nash
Phoenix Suns guard Steve Nash talks with HOOPSWORLD about not being able to retire, why he's not asking the Suns to trade him to a contender, the state of the Suns and more in this exclusive interview!
Houston's Driving Force
Internally, the Houston Rockets suspected they were going to get off to a slow start. They certainly didn't communicate that to the players, but they saw it coming. Given that they played the Oklahoma City Thunder and San Antonio Spurs twice, paid visits to Orlando, Memphis and both Los Angeles teams, there was a strong feeling that the team might struggle to win three of their first 10 games, and that's exactly how many they won.
Since then, the team has had much better success. They won seven in a row after that rough start through a stretch of games that only presented two playoff teams – Portland and San Antonio – and Tim Duncan sat out the Spurs game. New addition Samuel Dalembert was gradually getting into game shape, which helped, but the real driving force behind the run was none other than point guard Kyle Lowry.
Lowry earned the starting spot last season while Aaron Brooks was out nursing a severe ankle injury, and he never looked back. This season he has been a triple-double waiting to happen, and is averaging 15.9 points, 8.8 assists and even 6.9 rebounds per contest. He is showing that he can absolutely take over games with crucial late scores or clutch assists, playing the best basketball of his career.
"Yeah. I mean, I believe so," agreed Lowry in a recent interview with KILT in Houston. "Numbers don't lie. Just given the opportunity that Coach McHale has given me and the trust that my teammates have given me and the organization, you don't want to let anyone down. I have to do what I have to do to prove everyone right for believing in me and just have an opportunity to play a game I love."
Like so many teams, especially those that made significant changes over the offseason, the Rockets struggled early on because of the rushed training camp and preseason schedule.
"It takes a while," says Lowry. "New coaching staff, shortened season, shortened camp, having Sam coming in late with his contract situation, it definitely took a while for us to get it going, but we had the number one ranked schedule coming into the season, first ten games of the season so that definitely set us back a little bit. Once we had a chance to hit our stride and everyone got on the same page, Sam got into shape and Coach Mac implemented what he wanted to implement, things started to pick up and turn around."
McHale's approach, says Lowry, is less formal than that of former Rockets head coach Rick Adelman, now of the Minnesota Timberwolves.
"Oh, you know, with coach McHale, he's really hands-on and wants to be there all day and talk to you all night. He loves basketball. Rick loves basketball, but he's a professional coach. 'You have your time to get better. When I come on the floor we're ready to go. I'm coaching you, we're going to do this, we're going to do that when we get on the floor.' Coach Mac wants to talk to you, he wants to get a feel for you, he wants to really get to know you as a player and talk about basketball all the time. They're both great, incredible head coaches and I'm lucky to be able to play for both of those guys."
Samuel Dalembert wasn't Houston's first choice to replace retired center Yao Ming, but he did end up being the only starting center they could land in free agency. Some are surprised by his production of late, but Lowry is not among those.
"No, I'm not surprised at all. The guy has been in the league ten years now. He's been shooting that jump-shot a long time. Many people don't notice that but he's an NBA player. He works at his game just like everyone else does so he must work on that shot. It goes in and sometimes you saw 'whoa please don't. Oh good job (laughing).' You always have to have confidence in your teammates. He's a fun-loving guy, he's out there helping us, you see what he's doing defensively, shot blocking and he had 15 rebounds. That's what he's doing."
At the heart of Houston success this season, has been Lowry, the team's leader on and off the court. His play hasn't gone unnoticed, either, with teams like the Los Angeles Lakers starting to wonder if they might pry Lowry away from the Rockets. Sources close to the situation in Houston, however, believe Lowry is only scratching the surface of his potential, and they have yet to see the offer that would convince with their prize floor leader.
Don't Blame D'Antoni?
It's an established fact that the easiest thing to do when a sports team isn't performing as well as expected is to fire the head coach. He doesn't have to be traded or negotiated with, he can simply be fired and the team moves on. It buys the team at last half a season with the media and it stems the tide of fan uproar, at least briefly.
It is for this reason and this reason alone that New York Knicks head coach Mike D'Antoni's name comes up regularly as someone who is likely to lose his job in the near future. It's not that he isn't a good coach, it's that his team is sitting at 7-11 on the season after being hyped up as a probable contender.
The favorite subject of those who are critical of D'Antoni is that his team doesn't play any defense. That may be true, but that's not really D'Antoni's issue. After all, he has a well-earned reputation as a coach who focuses primarily on the offensive end of the floor and pays little or no attention to the defensive end. He also has two All-Star players in Carmelo Anthony and A'mare Stoudemire who aren't completely aware that there even is a defensive aspect to the game.
No, the real problem in New York is similar to a problem being faced by a large number of teams league-wide, which is that his shooters can't hit the broad side of a barn. Shooting is down across the NBA, with the league as a whole hovering near historic lows.
"It's got to be a willing thing from everybody," Stoudemire said after the Knicks lost to Cleveland. "We all have to be willing to space the court, willing to move the ball. It has to be something that we all have to buy into. It works, and it's been proven that it works."
Stoudemire should know; he's had great success in D'Antoni's run-and-gun offense for years, even without defense being much of an issue. The Knicks have lost seven of their last eight games, breaking 100 points in just two of those, and are near the bottom of the league in shooting at just 41.9%. Compare that to last season, when they shot 46.7% from the field and it's easy to see where the issue lies.
As CBS Sportsline's Ken Berger points out in his latest piece, the Knicks are not quite ready to give up on D'Antoni. They are hopeful that a healthy Baron Davis can serve as electro-shock therapy for their offense, and that Carmelo Anthony can get past whatever it is that is throwing his game out of alignment. If those two things happen the Knicks could begin to quickly make up ground in the Eastern Conference. Even with their rough start they are only a half-game out of the playoff picture.
To say the least, however, the clock is ticking. If the Knicks don't turn it around soon, D'Antoni is sure to take a bullet for the team, justified or not.
That's just how it works in professional sports.
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Amazing Quality and Price Point!
By SunnyBunny
from Saskatoon
Samuel B is my Hero! I LOVE the attention to detail and style of every piece he makes. This ring is amazing..............what a deal, exquisite and I loved the rich blue color. Unfortunately, I couldn't keep it because my hands are small and this is a lot of ring. It broke my heart to send it back, however it won't take me long to find some other treasure to purchase from him.
Great price for a quality item!
By Grease
from Ottawa, ON
I paid regular price. I was pleasantly surprised when I opened the box. It was so pretty, I bought two!
( 1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
Great purchase
By Pel
from Gatineau (Quebec)
Beautiful ring with great presence on the finger. Received great compliments for it.


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King Features concluded a deal with fashion designers Dolce & Gabbana for a Popeye apparel collection for Spring/Summer 2012 under the D&G brand. T-shirts, sweatshirt and tank tops for adults and kids will be available in boutiques and high-end department stores worldwide from March 2012. D&G joins a high-profile list of fashion licensees and retailers who have carried Popeye including Benetton, Bloomingdale's, Gap, H & M, Miss Sixty and Zara.
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