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International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
" I. INTRODUCTORY1. The Phrase "His Name"2. Classification.II. PERSONAL NAMES OF GOD IN THE OLD TESTAMENT1. 'Elohim2. 'El3. 'Eloah4. 'Adhon, 'Adhonay5. Yahweh (Yahweh)6. Tsur (Rock)7. Ka`dhosh8. ShaddayIII. DESCRIPTIVE NAMES OF GOD IN THE OLD TESTAMENT1. 'Abhir2. 'El-'Elohe-Yisra'el3. `Elyon4. Gibbor5. 'El-ro'i6. Tsaddiq7. Qanna'8. Yahweh Tsebha'oth9. "I Am That I Am"IV. New Testament NAMES OF GOD1. God2. Lord3. Descriptive and Figurative NamesLITERATUREI. Introduction:To an extent beyond the appreciation of modern and western minds the people of Biblical times and lands valued the name of the person. They always gave to it symbolical or character meaning.While our modern names are almost exclusively designatory, and intended merely for identification, the Biblical names were also descriptive, and often prophetic. Religious significance nearly always inhered in the name, a parent relating his child to the Deity, or declaring its consecration to the Deity, by joining the name of the Deity with the service which the child should render, or perhaps commemorating in a name the favor of God in the gracious gift of the child, e.g. Nathaniel ("gift of God"); Samuel ("heard of God"); Adonijah ("Yahweh is my Lord"), etc. It seems to us strange that at its birth, the life and character of a child should be forecast by its parents in a name; and this unique custom has been regarded by an unsympathetic criticism as evidence of the origin of such names and their attendant narratives long subsequent to the completed life itself; such names, for example, as Abraham, Sarah, etc. But that this was actually done, and that it was regarded as a matter of course, is proved by the name given to Our Lord at His birth: "Thou shalt call his name Jesus; for it is he that shall save his people" (Matthew 1:21). It is not unlikely that the giving of a character name represented the parents' purpose and fidelity in the child's training, resulting necessarily in giving to the child's life that very direction, which the name indicated. A child's name, therefore, became both a prayer and a consecration, and its realization in character became often a necessary psychological effect. Great honor or dishonor was attached to a name. The Old Testament writings contain many and varied instances of this. Sometimes contempt for certain reprobate men would be most expressively indicated by a change of name, e.g. the change of Esh-baal, "man of Baal," to Ish-bosheth, "man of shame" (2 Samuel 2:8), and the omission of Yahweh from the name of the apostate king, Ahaz (2 Kings 15:38, etc.). The name of the last king of Judah was most expressively changed by Nebuchadnezzar from Mattaniah to Zedekiah, to assure his fidelity to his overlord who made him king (2 Kings 24:17).See NAMES, PROPER.1. The Phrase "His Name":Since the Scriptures of the Old Testament and New Testament are essentially for purposes of revelation, and since the Hebrews laid such store by names, we should confidently expect them to make the Divine name a medium of revelation of the first importance. People accustomed by long usage to significant character indications in their own names, necessarily would regard the names of the Deity as expressive of His nature. The very phrase "name of Yahweh," or "His name," as applied to the Deity in Biblical usage, is most interesting and suggestive, sometimes expressing comprehensively His revelation in Nature (Psalm 8:1; compare 138:2); or marking the place of His worship, where men will call upon His name (Deuteronomy 12:5); or used as a synonym of His various attributes, e.g. faithfulness (Isaiah 48:9), grace (Psalm 23:3), His honor (Psalm 79:9), etc. "Accordingly, since the name of God denotes this God Himself as He is revealed, and as He desires to be known by His creatures, when it is said that God will make a name for Himself by His mighty deeds, or that the new world of the future shall be unto Him for a name, we can easily understand that the name of God is often synonymous with the glory of God, and that the expressions for both are combined in the utmost variety of ways, or used alternately" (Schultz, Old Testament Theology, English translation, I, 124-25; compare Psalm 72:19 Isaiah 63:14; also Davidson, Old Testament Theol., 37-38).2. Classification:From the important place which the Divine name occupies in revelation, we would expect frequency of occurrence and diversity of form; and this is just that which we find to be true. The many forms or varieties of the name will be considered under the following heads:(1) Absolute or Personal Names,(2) Attributive, or Qualifying Names, and(3) Names of God in the New Testament. Naturally and in course of time attributive names tend to crystallize through frequent use and devotional regard into personal names; e.g. the attributive adjective qadhosh, "holy," becomes the personal, transcendental name for Deity in Job and Isaiah. For fuller details of each name reference may be made to separate articles.II. Absolute or Personal Names of God in the Old Testament:1. 'Elohim:The first form of the Divine name in the Bible is 'Elohim, ordinarily translated "God" (Genesis 1:1). This is the most frequently used name in the Old Testament, as its equivalent theos, is in the New Testament, occurring in Genesis alone approximately 200 t. It is one of a group of kindred words, to which belong also 'El and 'Eloah. (1) Its form is plural, but the construction is uniformly singular, i.e. it governs a singular verb or adjective, unless used of heathen divinities (Psalm 96:5; Psalm 97:7). It is characteristic of Hebrew that extension, magnitude and dignity, as well as actual multiplicity, are expressed by the plural. It is not reasonable, therefore, to assume that plurality of form indicates primitive Semitic polytheism. On the contrary, historic Hebrew is unquestionably and uniformly monotheistic.(2) The derivation is quite uncertain. Gesenius, Ewald and others find its origin in 'ul, "to be strong," from which also are derived 'ayil, "ram," and 'elah, "terebinth"; it is then an expanded plural form of 'el; others trace it to 'alah, "to terrify," and the singular form is found in the infrequent 'eloah, which occurs chiefly in poetical books; BDB inclines to the derivation from 'alah, "to be strong," as the root of the three forms, 'El, `Eloah and 'Elohim, although admitting that the whole question is involved in uncertainty (for full statement see BDB, under the word.); a somewhat fanciful suggestion is the Arabic root 'ul, "to be in front," from which comes the meaning "leader"; and still more fanciful is the suggested connection with the preposition 'el, signifying God as the "goal" of man's life and aspiration. The origin must always lie in doubt, since the derivation is prehistoric, and the name, with its kindred words 'El and 'Eloah, is common to Semitic languages and religions and beyond the range of Hebrew records.(3) It is the reasonable conclusion that the meaning is "might" or "power"; that it is common to Semitic language; that the form is plural to express majesty or "all-mightiness," and that it is a generic, rather than a specific personal, name for Deity, as is indicated by its application to those who represent the Deity (Judges 5:8 Psalm 82:1) or who are in His presence (1 Samuel 28:13).2. 'Eloah:The singular form of the preceding name, 'Eloah, is confined in its use almost exclusively to poetry, or to poetic expression, being characteristic of the Book of Job, occurring oftener in that book than in all other parts of the Old Testament. It is, in fact, found in Job oftener than the elsewhere more ordinary plural 'Elohim. For derivation and meaning see above under 1 (2). Compare also the Aramaic form, 'elah, found frequently in Ezra and Daniel.3. 'El:In the group of Semitic languages, the most common word for Deity is El ('el), represented by the Babylonian ilu and the Arabic 'Allah. It is found throughout the Old Testament, but oftener in Job and Psalms than in all the other books. It occurs seldom in the historical books, and not at all in Lev. The same variety of derivations is attributed to it as to ELOHIM (which see), most probable of which is 'ul, "to be strong." BDB interprets 'ul as meaning "to be in front," from which came 'ayil, "ram" the one in front of the flock, and 'elah, the prominent "terebinth," deriving ['El] from 'alah, "to be strong." It occurs in many of the more ancient names; and, like ['Elohim], it is used of pagan gods. It is frequently combined with nouns or adjectives to express the Divine name with reference to particular attributes or phases of His being, as 'El `Elyon, 'El-Ro'i, etc. (see below under III, "Attributive Names").4. 'Adhon, 'Adhonay:An attributive name, which in prehistoric Hebrew had already passed over into a generic name of God, is 'Adhon, 'Adhonay, the latter formed from the former, being the construct plural, 'adhone, with the 1st person ending -ay, which has been lengthened to ay and so retained as characteristic of the proper name and distinguishing it from the possessive "my Lord." the King James Version does not distinguish, but renders both as possessive, "my Lord" (Judges 6:15; Judges 13:8), and as personal name (Psalm 2:4); the Revised Version (British and American) also, in Psalm 16:2, is in doubt, giving "my Lord," possessive, in text and "the Lord" in the margin. 'Adhonay, as a name of Deity, emphasizes His sovereignty (Psalm 2:4 Isaiah 7:7), and corresponds closely to Kurios of the New Testament. It is frequently combined with Yahweh (Genesis 15:8 Isaiah 7:7, etc.) and with 'Elohim (Psalm 86:12). Its most significant service in Massoretic Text is the use of its vowels to point the unpronounceable tetragrammaton YHWH, indicating that the word " 'Adhonay" should be spoken aloud instead of "Yah-weh." This combination of vowels and consonants gives the transliteration "Yahweh," adopted by the American Standard Revised Version, while the other English Versions of the Bible, since Coverdale, represents the combination by the capitals LORD. Septuagint represents it by Kurios.5. Yahweh (Yahweh):The name most distinctive of God as the God of Israel is (Yahweh, a combination of the tetragrammaton (YHWH) with the vowels of 'Adhonay, transliterated as Yehowah, but read aloud by the Hebrews 'adhonay). While both derivation and meaning are lost to us in the uncertainties of its ante-Biblical origin, the following inferences seem to be justified by the facts:(1) This name was common to religions other than Israel's, according to Friedr. Delitzsch, Hommel, Winckler, and Guthe (EB, under the word), having been found in Babylonian inscriptions. Ammonite, Arabic and Egyptian names appear also to contain it (compare Davidson, Old Testament Theol., 52); but while, like 'Elohim, it was common to primitive Semitic religion, it became Israel's distinctive name for the Deity.(2) It was, therefore, not first made known at the call of Moses (Exodus 3:13-16; Exodus 6:2-8), but, being already known, was at that time given a larger revelation and interpretation: God, to be known to Israel henceforth under the name "Yahweh" and in its fuller significance, was the One sending Moses to deliver Israel; "when I shall say unto them, The God of your fathers hath sent me unto you; and they shall say to me, What is his name? what shall I say unto them? And God said. I WILL BE THAT I WILL BE. say. I WILL BE hath sent me" (Exodus 3:13, 14 margin). The name is assumed as known in the narrative of Genesis; it also occurs in pre-Mosaic names (Exodus 6:20 1 Chronicles 2:25; 1 Chronicles 7:8).(3) The derivation is from the archaic chawah, "to be," better "to become," in Biblical Hebrew hayah; this archaic use of w for y appears also in derivatives of the similar chayah, "to live," e.g. chawwah in Genesis 3:20.(4) It is evident from the interpretative passages (Exodus 3; Exodus 6) that the form is the fut. of the simple stem (Qal) and not future of the causative (Hiph`il) stem in the sense "giver of life"-an idea not borne out by any of the occurrences of the word. The fanciful theory that the word is a combination of the future, present and perfect tenses of the verb, signifying "the One who will be, is, and was," is not to be taken seriously (Stier, etc., in Oehler's Old Testament Theology, in the place cited.).(5) The meaning may with some confidence be inferred from Origen's transliteration, Iao, the form in Samaritan, Iabe, the form as combined in Old Testament names, and the evident signification in Exodus 3 and other passages, to be that of the simple future, yahweh, "he will be." It does not express causation, nor existence in a metaphysical sense, but the covenant promise of the Divine presence, both at the immediate time and in the Messianic age of the future. And thus it became bound up with the Messianic hope, as in the phrase, "the Day of Yahweh," and consequently both it and the Septuagint translation Kurios were applied by the New Testament as titles of Christ.(6) It is the personal name of God, as distinguished from such generic or essential names as 'El, 'Elohim, Shadday, etc. Characteristic of the Old Testament is its insistence on the possible knowledge of God as a person; and Yahweh is His name as a person. It is illogical, certainly, that the later Hebrews should have shrunk from its pronunciation, in view of the appropriateness of the name and of the Old Testament insistence on the personality of God, who as a person has this name. the American Standard Revised Version quite correctly adopts the transliteration "Yahweh" to emphasize its significance and purpose as a personal name of God revealed.6. Tsur (Rock):Five times in the "Song" of Moses (Deuteronomy 32:4, 15, 18, 30, 31) the word tsur, "Rock," is used as a title of God. It occurs also in the Psalms, Isaiah and poetical passages of other books, and also in proper names, Elizur, Zuriel, etc. Once in the King James Version (Isaiah 44:8) it is translated "God," but "Rock" in the American Standard Revised Version and the American Revised Version, margin. The effort to interpret this title as indicating the animistic origin of Old Testament religion is unnecessary and a pure product of the imagination. It is customary for both Old Testament and New Testament writers to use descriptive names of God: "rock," "fortress," "shield," "light," "bread," etc., and is in harmony with all the rich figurativeness of the Scriptures; the use of the article in many of the cases cited further corroborates the view that the word is intended to be a descriptive title, not the name of a Nature-deity. It presents the idea of God as steadfast: "The appellation of God as tsur, `rock,' `safe retreat,' in Deuteronomy refers to this" (Oehler, Old Testament Theology). It often occurs, in a most striking figure, with the pers. suffix as "my rock," "their rock," to express confidence (Psalm 28:1).7. Kadhosh:The name (qadhosh, "holy") is found frequently in Isaiah and Psalms, and occasionally in the other prophets. It is characteristic of Isaiah, being found 32 times in that book. It occurs often in the phrase qedhosh yisra'el, "Holy One of Israel." The derivation and meaning remain in doubt, but the customary and most probable derivation is from qadhash, "to be separate," which best explains its use both of man and of the Deity. When used of God it signifies: (1) His transcendence, His separateness above all other beings, His aloneness as compared to other gods; (2) His peculiar relation to His people Israel unto whom He separated Himself, as He did not unto other nations. In the former sense Isaiah used it of His sole deity (40:25), in the latter of His peculiar and unchanging covenant-relation to Israel (43:3; 48:17), strikingly, expressed in the phrase "Holy One of Israel." Qadhosh was rather attributive than personal, but became personal in the use of such absolute theists as Job and Isaiah. It expresses essential Deity, rather than personal revelation.8. Shadday:In the patriarchal literature, and in Job particularly, where it is put into the mouths of the patriarchs, this name appears sometimes in the compound 'el shadday, sometimes alone. While its root meaning also is uncertain, the suggested derivation from shadhadh, "to destroy," "to terrify," seems most probable, signifying the God who is manifested by the terribleness of His mighty acts. "The Storm God," from shadha', "to pour out," has been suggested, but is improbable; and even more so the fanciful she, and day, meaning "who is sufficient." Its use in patriarchal days marks an advance over looser Semitic conceptions to the stricter monotheistic idea of almightiness, and is in accord with the early consciousness of Deity in race or individual as a God of awe, or even terror. Its monotheistic character is in harmony with its use in the Abrahamic times, and is further corroborated by its parallel in Septuagint and New Testament, pantokrator, "all-powerful."III. Descriptive Names of God in the Old Testament:It is often difficult to distinguish between the personal and the attributive names of God, the two divisions necessarily shading into each other. Some of the preceding are really attributive, made personal by usage. The following are the most prominent descriptive or attributive names.1. 'Abhir:This name ('abhir), translated in English Versions of the Bible "Mighty One," is always combined with Israel or Jacob; its root is 'abhar, "to be strong" from which is derived the word 'ebher, "pinion," used of the strong wing of the eagle (Isaiah 40:31), figuratively of God in Deuteronomy 32:11. It occurs in Jacob's blessing (Genesis 49:24), in a prayer for the sanctuary (Psalm 132:2, 5), and in Isaiah (1:24; 49:26:00; 60:16), to express the assurance of the Divine strength in behalf of the oppressed in Israel (Isaiah 1:24), or in behalf of Israel against his oppressors; it is interesting to note that this name was first used by Jacob himself.2. 'El-'Elohe-Israel:The name 'El is combined with a number of descriptive adjectives to represent God in His various attributes; and these by usage have become names or titles of God. For the remarkable phrase 'EL-'ELOHE-ISRAEL (Genesis 33:20), see separate article3. `Elyon:This name (`elyon, "highest") is a derivative of `alah, "to go up." It is used of persons or things to indicate their elevation or exaltation: of Israel, favored above other nations (Deuteronomy 26:19), of the aqueduct of "the upper pool" (Isaiah 7:3), etc. This indicates that its meaning when applied to God is the "Exalted One," who is lifted far above all gods and men. It occurs alone (Deuteronomy 32:8 Psalm 18:13), or in combination with other names of God, most frequently with El (Genesis 14:18 Psalm 78:35), but also with Yahweh (Psalm 7:17; Psalm 97:9), or with Elohim (Psalm 56:2 the King James Version; Psalm 78:56). Its early use (Genesis 14:18 f) points to a high conception of Deity, an unquestioned monotheism in the beginnings of Hebrew history.4. Gibbor:The ancient Hebrews were in constant struggle for their land and their liberties, a struggle most intense and patriotic in the heroic days of Saul and David, and in which there was developed a band of men whose great deeds entitled them to the honorable title "mighty men" of valor (gibborim). These were the knights of David's "Round Table." In like manner the Hebrew thought of his God as fighting for him, and easily then this title was applied to God as the Mighty Man of war, occurring in David's psalm of the Ark's Triumphant Entry (Psalm 24:8), in the allegory of the Messiah-King (Psalm 45:3), either alone or combined with El (Isaiah 9:6 Jeremiah 32:18), and sometimes with Yahweh (Isaiah 42:13).5. 'El-Ro'i:When Hagar was fleeing from Sarah's persecutions, Yahweh spoke to her in the wilderness of Shur, words of promise and cheer. Whereupon "she called the name of Yahweh that spake unto her, Thou art El roi" (Genesis 16:13 margin). In the text the word ro'i, deriv. of ra'ah, "to see," is translated "that seeth," literally, "of sight." This is the only occurrence of this title in the Old Testament.6. Tsaddiq:One of the covenant attributes of God, His righteousness, is spoken of so often that it passes from adjective to substantive, from attribute to name, and He is called "Righteous" (tsaddiq), or "the Righteous One." The word is never transliterated but always translated in English Versions of the Bible, although it might just as properly be considered a Divine name as `Elyon or Qadhosh. The root tsadhaq, "to be straight" or "right," signifies fidelity to a standard, and is used of God's fidelity to His own nature and to His covenant-promise (Isaiah 41:10; Isaiah 42:6; compare Hosea 2:19); it occurs alone (Psalm 34:17), with El (Deuteronomy 32:4), with Elohim (Ezra 9:15 Psalm 7:9; Psalm 116:5), but most frequently with Yahweh (Psalm 129:4, etc.). In Exodus 9:27 Pharaoh, in acknowledging his sin against Yahweh, calls Him `Yahweh the Righteous,' using the article. The suggestive combination, "Yahweh our Righteousness," is the name given to David's "righteous Branch" (Jeremiah 23:6) and properly should be taken as a proper noun-the name of the Messiah-King.7. Kanna:Frequently in the Pentateuch, most often in the 3 versions of the Commandments (Exodus 20:5; Exodus 34:14 Deuteronomy 5:9), God is given the title "Jealous" (qanna'), most specifically in the phrase "Yahweh, whose name is Jealous" (Exodus 34:14). This word, however, did not bear the evil meaning now associated with it in our usage, but rather signified "righteous zeal," Yahweh's zeal for His own name or glory (compare Isaiah 9:7, "the zeal of Yahweh," qin'ah; also Zechariah 1:14; Zechariah 8:2).8. Yahweh Tsebha'-oth:Connected with the personal and covenant name Yahweh, there is found frequently the word Sabaoth (tsebha'oth, "hosts"). Invariably in the Old Testament it is translated "hosts" (Isaiah 1:9 Psalm 46:7, 11, etc.), but in the New Testament it is transliterated twice, both in the Greek and English (Romans 9:29 James 5:4). The passage in Roman is a quotation from Isaiah 1:9 through Septuagint, which does not translate, but transliterates the Hebrew. Origin and meaning are uncertain. It is used of heavenly bodies and earthly forces (Genesis 2:1); of the army of Israel (2 Samuel 8:16); of the Heavenly beings (Psalm 103:21; Psalm 148:2 Daniel 4:35). It is probable that the title is intended to include all created agencies and beings, of which Yahweh is maker and leader.9. "I Am That I Am":When God appeared to Moses at Sinai, commissioning him to deliver Israel; Moses, being well aware of the difficulty of impressing the people, asked by what name of God he should speak to them: "They shall say to me, What is his name?" Then "God said unto Moses, I AM THAT I AM. say. I AM hath sent me unto you" (Exodus 3:14). The name of the Deity given here is similar to Yahweh except that the form is not 3rd person future, as in the usual form, but the 1st person ('ehyeh), since God is here speaking of Himself. The optional reading in the American Revised Version, margin is much to be preferred: "I WILL BE THAT I WILL BE," indicating His covenant pledge to be with and for Israel in all the ages to follow. For further explanation see above, II, 5.IV. New Testament Names of God.The variety of names which characterizes the Old Testament is lacking in the New Testament, where we are all but limited to two names, each of which corresponds to several in the Old Testament. The most frequent is the name "God" (Theos) occurring over 1,000 t, and corresponding to El, Elohim, etc., of the Old Testament.1. God:It may, as ['Elohim], be used by accommodation of heathen gods; but in its true sense it expresses essential Deity, and as expressive of such it is applied to Christ as to the Father (John 20:28 Romans 9:5).2. Lord:Five times "Lord" is a translation of despotes (Luke 2:29 Acts 4:24 2 Peter 2:1 the King James Version; Jude 1:4 Revelation 6:10 the King James Version). In each case there is evident emphasis on sovereignty and correspondence to the 'Adhon of the Old Testament. The most common Greek word for Lord is Kurios, representing both Yahweh and 'Adhonai of the Old Testament, and occurring upwards of 600 times. Its use for Yahweh was in the spirit of both the Hebrew scribes, who pointed the consonants of the covenant name with the vowels of Adhonay, the title of dominion, and of the Septuagint, which rendered this combination as Kurios. Consequently quotations from the Old Testament in which Yahweh occurs are rendered by Kurios. It is applied to Christ equally with the Father and the Spirit, showing that the Messianic hopes conveyed by the name Yahweh were for New Testament writers fulfilled in Jesus Christ; and that in Him the long hoped for appearance of Yahweh was realized.3. Descriptive and Figurative Names:As in the Old Testament, so in the New Testament various attributive, descriptive or figurative names are found, often corresponding to those in the Old Testament. Some of these are: The "Highest" or "Most High" hupsistos), found in this sense only in Luke (1:32, 35, 76; 2:14, etc.), and Equivalent to 'Elyon (see III, 3, above); "Almighty," Pantokrator (2 Corinthians 6:18 Revelation 1:8, etc.), corresponding to Shadday (see II, 8 above; see also ALMIGHTY); "Father," as in the Lord's Prayer, and elsewhere (Matthew 6:9; Matthew 11:25 John 17:25 2 Corinthians 6:18); "King" (1 Timothy 1:17); "King of kings" (1 Timothy 6:15); "King of kings," "Lord of lords" (Revelation 17:14; Revelation 19:16); "Potentate" (1 Timothy 6:15); "Master" (Kurios, Ephesians 6:9 2 Peter 2:1; Revelation 6:10); "Shepherd," "Bishop" (1 Peter 2:25).LITERATURE.Theology of Old Testament by various authors: Oehler, Schultz, Davidson; Delitzsch, Psychology of the Old Testament; H.P. Smith, "Theophorous Names of OT" in Old Testament and Semitic Studies; Gray, HPN; "God" in HDB and EB.Edward Mack
I. THE FORM OF HEBREW NAMES1. Various Types2. Vocalization3. Transposition of Parts4. Methods of AbbreviationII. THE RANGE OF PROPER NAMES1. Personal Names(1) Not Exclusively Descriptive(2) Drawn from a Wide Field(3) Influences Leading to Choice(4) Popularity of Names: Hard to Determine2. Geographical NamesIII. CHARACTERISTICS OF BIBLICAL REFERENCES1. Derivation of Names Manifest2. The Narrator's Only Concern3. Allusions Linked with NamesI. The Form of Hebrew Names.1. Various Types:The Hebrew proper name consists of a single word, a phrase, or a sentence.(1) Where the name is a single word, other than a verb, it may be(a) a common noun, concrete, as Barak, "lightning," Tola, "crimson worm," Elon, "oak," Achsah, "anklet," Deborah, "bee" or abstract, as Uzzah, "strength," Manoah, "rest," Hannah, "grace"; or either abstract or concrete, as Zebul, "habitation";(b) a participle, as Saul, "asked," Zeruiah, "cleft";(c) an adjective, as Ikkesh, "perverse," Maharai, "impetuous," Shimei, "famous"; or(d) a word that may be either an adjective or an abstract noun according to circumstances. Such are formations after the norm of qaTTul, as shammua`, which are generally adjectives; and formations by means of the ending -am or -on, as Adullam, Zalmon, Gideon, or, with the rejection of the final -n, Shilo(h) and Solomo(n).(2) The name may be a phrase, consisting of(a) two nouns, as Penuel, "face of God," Samuel, "name of God," Ish-bosheth, "man of shame"; or(b) an adjective and a noun, as Jedidiah, "beloved of Yahweh"; or(c) a preposition and one or more nouns, as Besodeiah, "in the intimacy of Yahweh" (Nehemiah 3:6).When the name is a sentence, the predicate may be(a) a noun, the copula being implied, as Abijah, "Yah is a father," Eliab, "God is a father," Elimelech, "God is king"; or(b) an adjective, as Tobijah, "Yah is good" (Zechariah 6:10); or(c) a participle, as Obed-edom, "Edom is serving"; or(d) a finite verb. This last type exhibits five or six varieties: the subject stands before a perfect, as Jonathan, "Yahweh hath given," Jehoshaphat, "Yahweh hath judged," Eleazar, "God hath helped," Elkanah, "God hath formed"; or before an imperfect, as Eliahba, "God hideth Himself"; or the subject comes after a perfect, as Benaiah, "Yahweh hath built," Shephatiah, "Yahweh hath judged," Asahel, "God hath made; or after an imperfect, as Jezreel, "God doth sow." Very often the subject is the pronoun included or implied in the verbal form, as Nathan, "he hath given," Hillel, "he hath praised," Jair, "he enlighteneth," Jephthah, "he openeth." Occasionally the predicate contains an object of the verb, as Shealtiel, "I have asked God" (Ezra 3:2), or a prepositional phrase, as Hephzibah, "my delight is in her" (2 Kings 21:1). The sentence-name is usually a declaration, but it may be an exhortation or a prayer, as Jerub-baal, "let Baal strive," and Hoshea, "save!" (Numbers 13:16), or it may be a question, as Micaiah, "who is like Yahweh?" All of the foregoing illustrations have been taken from the Books of Judges and Samuel, unless otherwise noted.2. Vocalization:The proper name is treated as one word, whether on analysis it consists of a single word, a phrase, or a sentence; and as such it is subject to the laws of accent and quantity which govern the Hebrew word.(1) A common noun used as a name undergoes the variations of pronunciation due to the custom of lengthening a short vowel in pause and to the laws which control the aspiration of certain labials, linguals, and palatals. Thus, the name Perez, "breach," which appears also as Pharez in the King James Version of the Old Testament, occurs in the Hebrew text in the four forms perets, parets, pherets and pharets (Ruth 4:18 Nehemiah 11:4, 6).(2) In a name consisting of a phrase the normal advance of the accent as usual causes the loss of a pretonic vowel, as is indicated by the suspended letter in Jedidiah, "beloved of Yahweh"; requires a short vowel in a closed unaccented syllable, as in Mahalal'el, "praise of God"; allows contraction, as in Beth-el, "house of God"; and occasions the return of a segholate noun to its primitive form, as in Abdiel, "servant of God," where the vowel i is an archaism which has lingered in compound names, but has generally disappeared elsewhere in speech.(3) Names which consist of a sentence are also accented as one word, and the pronunciation is modified accordingly. The synonyms Eliam and Ammiel, "God is a kinsman," not only exhibit the common archaism in the retention of the vowel i, but the name Eliam also shows the characteristic lengthening of the vowel in the final accented syllable, so common in nouns. The four forms Eliphelet, Eliphalet, Elpelet and Elpalet, meaning "God is deliverance," represent the variations of the Hebrew due to the causes already mentioned (1 Chronicles 3:8; 1 Chronicles 14:5, 7; see the King James Version and the Revised Version (British and American)). The requirements regarding the ellsion and the quantity and quality of vowels, on the shifting of the accent, are also regularly met by the various types of sentence-names in which the predicate is a verb Thus, the personal names 'elishama` and 'elnathan (subject followed by verb in the perfect); 'elyaqim, 'elyahba', and yehoyakhin (subject and imperfect); gedhalyah, yekholyahu, barakh'el, in which the first vowel is protected by the implied reduplication of the Piel species, benayah, `asah'el, and `asah-'el, `asi'el, chazah'el and chaza'-el and pedhah'el (perfect and subject); yigdalyahu, yibhneyah, ya`asi'el, yachdi'el, yehallel'el, yesimi'el (imperfect and subject); yerubba`al and yashobh`am (jussive and subject; u in sharpened, and o in closed, syllable; in Jashobeam the first long vowel is retained by a secondary accent, marked by metheg); nathan and yiphtach, i.e. Jephthah. Ibneiah shows the customary apocopation of the imperfect of Lamedh-he verbs; and the names Benaiah to Pedahel show the methods of combining the perfect of such verbs with a following element. The short vowel of the final closed syllable of the imperfect is elided, if the final consonant is permitted to begin the syllable of the next element of the name, as in Jezreel, Jekabzeel, Jerahmeel, Ezekiel, Jehizkiah (see the Hebrew form of these names); but it is not elided in Ishmael, although the consonant is attached to the following syllable; and elision is avoided, as in Jiphthah-el, by keeping the ultimate and penultimate syllables distinct. Jehucal, a Hophal imperfect, is peculiar in not lengthening the vowel in the accented final syllable, when the verb is used as a personal name.3. Transposition of Parts:When the name was a sentence in Hebrew, its constituent parts could be transposed without changing the meaning. Thus the father of Bathsheba was called Ammiel, "a kinsman is God," and Eliam, "God is a kinsman" (2 Samuel 11:3 1 Chronicles 3:5); and similarly, in letters written from Palestine to the king of Egypt in the 14th century B.C., Ilimilki is also called Milkili, the name in either form signifying "God is king." Ahaziah, king of Judah, is called Jehoahaz (compare 2 Chronicles 21:17 with 22:1), a legitimate transposition of the verb and subject, and meaning in each case, "Yahweh hath laid hold."Not only did transposition take place, but the substitution of a cognate root and even the use of a different part of the verb also occurred. Thus King Jehoiachin (2 Kings 24:6 Jeremiah 52:31) was known also as Jeconiah (Jeremiah 24:1; Jeremiah 28:4) and Coniah (Jeremiah 22:24, 28; Jeremiah 37:1). The two names Jehoiachin and Jeconiah have exactly the same meaning, "Yahweh doth establish"; and Coniah is a synonym, "the establishing of Yahweh." The Divine name which begins Jehoiachin is transferred to the end in Jeconiah and Coniah; and the Hiphil imperfect of the verb kun, which is seen in Jehoiachin, has been replaced by the Qal imperfect of the verb kanan in Jeconiah, and by the construct infinitive of the same species in Coniah. Parallel cases occur in Assyrian and Babylonian literature, among which the two forms of the king's name, Zamama-shum-iddina and Zamama-nadin-shum, exhibit both the transposition of constituent parts and an interchange of preterite and participle.4. Methods of Abbreviation:Twin forms like Abiner and Abner, Abishalom and Absalom, Elizaphan and Elzaphan, are not the full name and its abbreviation by syncopation, but are merely two variant, equally legitimate, modes of combining the constituent parts. The common methods of shortening were:(1) contraction by the rejection of a weak consonant or the apocopation of a final unaccented vowel, notably illustrated by the divine name yeho- at the beginning and -yahu at the end of proper names: hence, Jehoash became Joash (2 Kings 12:1, 19), and Amaziahu became Amaziah (2 Kings 14:1, 8 Hebrew text, and 8);(2) abbreviation of composite geographical names by the omission of the generic noun or its equivalent: Jerusalem, which to the Hebrews meant "foundation of peace," was shortened to Salem, "peace" (Psalm 76:2); Kiriath-baal, "city of Baal" (Joshua 15:60), to Baal or Baalah (Joshua 15:9, 10; compare 2 Samuel 6:2); Beeshterah, "house or temple of Astarte," to Ashtaroth; Beth-lebaoth, "house of lionesses," to Lebaoth; Beth-azmaveth to Azmaveth; Beth-rehob to Rehob; Beth-bamoth to Bamoth (M S, l. 27, with Numbers 21:19); Beth-baal-meon to Baal-meon (Numbers 32:38 Joshua 13:17); the same custom existed among the Moabites who spoke of this town indifferently as Beth-baal-meon and Baal-meon (M S, ll.9, 30);(3) abbreviation by the omission of the divine name: thus the name of the idolater Micaiah, which means, "who is like Yahweh?" (Judges 17:1, 4 (Hebrew)), was shortened to Micah, "who is like?" (Judges 17:5, 8); and similarly in the case of three other men, namely the prophet (Micaiah, Jeremiah 26:18 the English Revised Version, and Micah, Micah 1:1), the Levite musician (Nehemiah 12:35 with Nehemiah 11:17, 22), and the father of Abdon (2 Kings 22:12 with 2 Chronicles 34:20).The king of Judah, Yauhazi, as he was known to the Assyrians, i.e. Jehoahaz, "Yahweh hath laid hold," is called simply Ahaz, "he hath laid hold," in the Hebrew records. The town of Jabneel, "God doth cause to be built," was shortened to Jabneh, "he doth cause to be built" (Joshua 15:11 2 Chronicles 26:6; compare 1Ma 4:15); Paltiel, "deliverance of God," was curtailed to Palti, "deliverance" (1 Samuel 25:44 2 Samuel 3:15); Abijah, "Yahweh is father," to Abi (2 Chronicles 29:1 with 2 Kings 18:2); and Bamoth-baal, "high places of Baal," to Bamoth (Joshua 13:17 with Numbers 21:19). Abdi, Othni, Uzzi, and not a few other similar names, probably represent curtailment of this sort. The omission of the Divine title has parallels in Assyrian and Babylonian literature: thus Nabu-nadin-ziri and Nabu-shum-ukin were called Nadinu and Shum-ukin respectively (Dynastic Tablet number 2, col. iv, 4, 5, with Babylonian Chron., col. i, 13, 16).(4) Abbreviation by the elision of the initial consonant, yet so that the remainder is a synonymous name of complete grammatical form. The name of King Hezekiah was written by the Hebrews both yechizchiyah, "Yahweh doth strengthen," and chizchiyah, "Yahweh is strength." The two forms interchange many times in 2 Chronicles 29, 30, 31, 32, 33. Similarly, Jeconiah was shortened to Coniah, as has already been noticed; the name of the town Jekabzeel, "God bringeth together," to Kabzeel, "God's bringing together" (Nehemiah 11:25 with Joshua 15:21 2 Samuel 23:20); Meshelemiah, "Yahweh is recompensing," to Shelemiah, "Yahweh's recompensing" (1 Chronicles 26:1, 2 with 1 Chronicles 26:14); Meshullam, "recompensed," to Shallum, "recompensed" (1 Chronicles 9:11 Nehemiah 11:11 with 1 Chronicles 6:12 Ezra 7:2).II. The Range of Proper Names.1. Personal Names:(1) Not Exclusively Descriptive.Simonis in his Onomasticum, published in 1741, and Gesenius in his Thesaurus, issued during the years from 1835 to 1853, endeavored to interpret the proper names as though they were ordinarily intended to characterize the person who bore them. Embarrassed by theory, Gesenius translated Malchiel by "rex Dei, h. e. a Deo constitutus"; and Simonis translated Malchi-shua by "regis auxilium, i.e. auxilium s. salus regi patri praestita"; Ammizabad was rendered by Gesenius "famulus largitoris, h.e. Jehovae," and by Simonis "populum (i.e. copiosissimam liberorum turbam) donavit"; Gesenius translated Gedaliah "quem Jehova educavit vel roboravit," Zerahiah "cui Jehova ortum dedit," Jehozadak "quem Jehova justum fecit," and Joel "cui Jehova est deus, i.e. cultor Jehovae"; but Simonis rendered Joel by "Jehoua (eat) Deus.... vel (cui) Jehoua Deus (eat)." Now Malchiel means "God is king," Malchi-shua "the king, i.e. God, is salvation" (compare Joshua), Ammizabad "the Kinsman hath endowed," Gedaliah "Yah is great," Zerahiah "Yahweh hath risen in splendor," Jehozadak "Yahweh is righteous," and Joel, if a compound name, "Yah is God." A moment's reflection makes clear that these names do not describe the persons who bear them, but in every case speak of God. They emphasize the important facts that personal names might be, and often were, memorial and doctrinal, and that personal names were a part of the ordinary speech of the people, full of meaning and intelligible to all, subject to the phonetic laws of the Hebrews, and obedient to the rules of grammar.(2) Drawn from a Wide Field.Parents named their children, and contemporaries dubbed people, from physical and spiritual traits, whether a beauty or a blemish; thus Hophni, "pertaining to the fist," Japhia, "gleaming," Ikkesh, "perverse," Ira, "watchful," Gareb, "rough-skinned," and Hiddai, "joyful." Children were called by the names of natural objects, as Peninnah, "coral," Rimmon, "pomegranate," Tamar, "palm tree," Nahash, "serpent," Eglah, "heifer," Aiah, "bird of prey," and Laish, "lion"; or after kinsfolk or remoter members of the clan, as Absalom's daughter Tamar bore the name of her father's beautiful sister, and as the priest Phinehas took his strange name from the noted Phinehas, who belonged to the same father's house in earlier days. Or the name given to the child furnished a memorial of events in the national history, like Ichabod, "the glory is not" (1 Samuel 4:21), and probably Obed-edom, "Edom is serving" (compare 1 Samuel 14:47; 1 Samuel 21:7); or it told of circumstances attending the child's birth, as Saul, "asked," and Elishama, "God hath heard"; or it embodied an article of the parent's creed, as Joab and Abijah, "Yah is a father," Joel, "Yah is God"; or it expressed a hope concerning the child or bore witness to a prophecy, as Jedidiah, "beloved of Yahweh," and Solomon, "peaceable" (2 Samuel 12:25 1 Chronicles 22:9). Sometimes the name of the tribe or race to which a man belonged became his popular designation, as Cushi, "Cushite." All of these examples have been cited from the records of one period of Israel's history, the times of Samuel and David.(3) Influences Leading to Choice.The people in general gathered names for their children freely from all parts of this wide field, but in certain circles influences were at work which tended to restrict the choice to a smaller area. These influences were religious:(a) In homes of piety conscious nearness to God on the part of the parents naturally prompted them to bestow religious names upon their children. The name may be without distinct religious mark in its form and meaning, as Ephraim, "double fruitfulness," Manasseh, "making to forget," and yet have been given in acknowledgment of God's grace and be a constant reminder of His goodness (Genesis 41:51, 52); or the name may be religious in form, as Shemaiah, "Yah hath heard," and publicly testify to the parents' gratitude to God.(b) The covenant relation, which Yahweh entered into with Israel, made the name Yahweh, and that aspect of God's character which is denoted by this name, peculiarly precious to the people of God, and thenceforth the word Yahweh became a favorite element in the personal names of the Israelites, though not, of course, to the exclusion of the great name El, "God."(c) Among the kings in the line of David, the consciousness of their formal adoption by Yahweh to be His vicegerents on the throne of Israel (2 Samuel 7 Psalm 2) found expression in the royal names. Yahweh, the God of Israel, was acknowledged in the personal name Abijah, borne by the son and successor of Rehoboam. But his was an isolated case, unless the name Asa is an abbreviated form. But with Jehoshaphat, Abijah's grandson, early in the 9th century, the custom became established. Henceforth it was conventional for the king of Judah to have for his name a sentence with Yahweh as its subject. The only exceptions among the 16 successors of Asa on the throne were Manasseh and his son Amon, both of whom were notoriously apostate from Yahweh. The full name of Ahaz was Jehoahaz. Josiah's son Shallum as king was known as Jehoahaz; and his brother Eliakim, when placed on the throne by Pharaoh-necoh, was given the name Jehoiakim.(d) Akin to the influence exerted by the relation of the kings to the God of Israel, and manifesting almost equal power contemporaneously with it, was the influence of official connection with the sanctuary, either as priests or as subordinate ministers, and it frequently led to the choice of an ecclesiastical name containing the word God or Yahweh. During the five centuries and a half, beginning near the close of Solomon's reign and extending to the end of Nehemiah's administration, 22 high priests held office, so far as their names have been preserved in the records. Of these pontiffs 17 bear names which are sentences with Yahweh as subject, and another is a sentence with El as subject. The materials for investigation along this line are not complete, as they are in the case of the kings, and ratios derived from them are apt to be erroneous; but evidently the priests of Yahweh's temple at Jerusalem not only recognized the appropriateness for themselves and their families of names possessing a general religious character, but came to favor such as expressly mentioned God, especially those which mentioned God by His name of Yahweh.(4) Popularity of Names: Hard to Determine.Until abundant data come to light for all periods of the history, it is precarious to attempt to determine the relative popularity of the various kinds and types of names in any one generation, or to compare period with period with respect to the use or neglect of a particular class of names. For, first, in no period are the names which have been transmitted by the Hebrew records many as compared with the thousands in use at the time; and, secondly, the records deal with the historical event which was conspicuous at the moment, and rarely mention persons other than the actors in this event.At one time men and women from the middle class of society are asserting themselves in the national life, and the personal names current in the families of farmers, shopkeepers and soldiers obtain place in the annals; at another time, when the activities of the court are of paramount importance, it is mainly names that were current in official circles which are chronicled; at yet another period, when matters of the national worship engaged the attention of the state, ecclesiastics and laymen from pious families, whose names were quite likely to have a religious meaning, receive mention. Very few names outside of the particular circle concerned are preserved in the records. It is unwarranted, therefore, to draw inferences regarding the relative use of particular names, secular names, for instance, at different periods of the history of Israel, by comparing the number of these names found in a record of political uprisings in the army with the number of similar names in the narrative of an episode which occurred at a later date and in which only priests took part. It is comparing things that differ. It is comparing the number of certain names current in military circles with the number of the same names among ecclesiastics, in order to learn whether these names were more common among the people as a whole in the one period than in the other.2. Geographical Names:The brine of its waters led the ancient Hebrews to call the Dead Sea the Salt Sea. Bethesda, "house of mercy," received its name from the belief in the healing virtue of its waters; Lebanon, "white," from the snows that cover its crest; Sidon on the Mediterranean Sea and Bethsaida on the Sea of Galilee, from their fisheries; Tyre, from the great rock in the sea on which it was built; the valley of Elah, from the terebinth tree; Luz, from the almond tree; Shittim, from the acacia groves on the eastern terrace of the Jordan valley; and Jericho, from the fragrance of its palms and balsams. The "crags of the wild goats" and En-gedi, "kid spring" (1 Samuel 24:1, 2), were in a desolate, rocky region where the wild goats had their home; Aijalon signifies "place of harts," and Etam denotes a "place of beasts and birds of prey." The hopes of a people and pride in their town were expressed in names like Joppa, "beauty," Tirzah, "pleasantness," Janoah, "rest," Shiloh, "tranquillity," and Salem, "peace." The resemblance of the Sea of Galilee in shape to a harp secured for it its ancient name of Chinnereth. Poetic imagination saw in majestic Mt. Hermon likeness to a soldier's breastplate, and forthwith the mountain was called Serion and Senir. The sanctuary of a deity might give name to a town, hence, Beth-dagon, Beth-anath, and Ashtaroth. Sometimes the name of a place commemorated a victory, as rock Oreb, rock Zeeb, and Eben-ezer (Judges 7:25 1 Samuel 7:12); or enshrined a religious transaction or experience, Beth-el and Beracah (Genesis 28:17-19 2 Chronicles 20:26); or told of a migration, as when colonists gave the name of their native town to their new settlement (Judges 1:23-26). Often the name of the founder or other famous inhabitant became attached to a town, and that for various reasons. It was often necessary to distinguish places of the same name from each other by this method; thus certain of the towns called Gibeah became Gibeath-saul and Gibeath-phinehas. The Jebusite stronghold captured by David was named by him the city of David, and was known by this name, as a quarter of Jerusalem, for many generations (2 Samuel 5:9 2 Kings 16:20). The practice was common among the Semitic contemporaries of Israel, as is illustrated by Dur-sharruken, "Sargonsburg," and Kar-shalmanasharidu, "Shalmaneser's fortress." A town might also be named after the tribe which inhabited it or after the ancestor of the tribe, as Dan (Judges 18:29), and possibly under not a few geographical designations a tribal name is hidden, even when the fact has escaped record and is not revealed by the form of the name. In an inquiry after the origin of a geographical designation the first consideration is due to the causes known to be ordinarily at work in giving rise to names of the same aspect as the one under scrutiny; and only when they fail to yield a suitable explanation are less obvious causes worthy of serious attention.III. Characteristics of Biblical References.1. Derivation of Names Manifest:As a rule, Semitic words clearly reveal their origin and structure. The Semite might, indeed, err with respect to the particular meaning intended, where a word was current in several significations. Thus, the vale of bakha', mentioned in Psalm 84:7 (Eng. 6), is open to two interpretations: namely, "valley of Baca," so called from the balsam trees in it, and "valley of weeping," as the versions render the unusual form, regarding it as equivalent to a similar word meaning "weeping." The plural bekha'im, "mulberry or balsam trees" (2 Samuel 5:23, 14), was understood by Josephus to denote a grove known by the name Weepers (Ant., VII, iv, 1; compare Septuagint). In those rare cases where several derivations were possible, the Israelite may not always have known which thought was intended to be embodied in the name which he heard. But he discerned the alternative possibilities; and a parent, in bestowing a name ambiguous in its derivation, might be deliberately taking advantage of its power to be the vehicle for the suggestion and expression of two thoughts (Genesis 30:23, 24; Joseph being derivable from both yacaph and 'acaph).2. The Narrator's Only Concern:That the object of the Biblical writer was not to make known the derivation of the proper names is clear from cases like Esek, Rehoboth and Ishmael (Genesis 16:11; Genesis 26:20, 22): Isaac called the name of the well, Contention, because the herdsmen of Gerar "contended" with him; another well he called Broad Places (roomy places), because Yahweh had "made room" for him; and Hagar was directed to name the son that she was about to bear "God doth hear," because Yahweh had "heard" her affliction. The narrator's purpose was not to declare that the Hebrew word for contention, 'eceq, is derived from the Hebrew verb for "contend," 'acaq, and that the name "God doth hear," yishma`'el, signifies God doth hear, yishma` 'el. These derivations and meanings were plain. The purpose was to state the circumstances which led to the choice of the name. There are instances also where no part of the name reappears in the words that state the reason for the use of the name. For example, the name Maher-shalal-hash-baz is not explained by citing the words which compose it. One noun of the composite name appears, indeed, in the exposition of the meaning, but accidentally as it were, and without prominence or significance of position (Isaiah 8:3, 4). Samuel is a notable example of this method. Hannah called his name Samuel, saying, `Because of Yahweh, I asked him' (1 Samuel 1:20). Simonis, Ewald and Nestle derive the name from shemua`'el, "heard of God." This etymology would fully satisfy the reason given for the mother's choice of the name; but the suggested derivation is far-fetched, for it is not customary for a Hebrew word to lose the strong guttural `ayin (`). The guttural was not lost, but was distinctly heard, in Ishmael, where there is the same concurrence of sounds as in shemua`'el. Qimchi, on the other hand, suggested that Samuel is a contraction of sha'ul me'el, "asked of God"; and Ewald asserts that this origin is theory of the narrator (Lehrbuch der hebraischen Sprache, 275, note 3). This is incredible. Such a contraction is "alien to the genius of the Hebrew language'' (Driver, Text of Samuel, 13), and the absence of the two Hebrew consonants 'aleph (') and lamedh (l) before the letter "m" in the midst of the name Samuel would of itself prevent the Semite from imagining such an etymology. The derivation and meaning of Samuel were not obscure. The type was common, and was especially familiar by reason of the name Peniel, "face of God" (Genesis 32:30 f). Samuel means "name of God" (Gesenius). As Jacob, upon his return from Paddan-aram, in fulfillment of his vow erected an altar at Beth-el as a memorial of God's bestowal of the promised blessings and named the place thus consecrated "The God of Beth-el" (Genesis 35:1, 3, 7), so Hannah having by vow dedicated to Yahweh the son for whose birth she was praying, now that her prayer has been answered and the son given, calls him "The name of God" in commemoration of the Giver. The Biblical narrator states the motive which led the mother to choose the name Samuel for her child. In this explanation no part of the name is used. Moreover, the slight assonance between shemu'el and she'iltiw in 1 Samuel 1:20 was unsought, for these words are separated in the Hebrew text, and the emphasis is placed on the gift's being "from Yahweh." The history of the discussion concerning this name shows how far astray criticism has been led by the false theory that the purpose of the narrator was to analyze the name and declare its derivation.Reuben affords evidence to the same effect. The name was known to the early Hebrews in this form exclusively.
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Single Article Purchase: Outline of Physiology JAMA. 1949;139(11):752-752. Published online March 12, 1949
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subset: commoncrawl


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Quilt show set for Saturday and Sunday
PRINCETON — The Covered Bridge Quilters Guild will sponsor its quilt show Saturday and Sunday at the Bureau County Fairgrounds in Princeton. Show times will be 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Saturday and 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. Sunday.
Mary Serafini, American Quilters's Society certified appraiser, will be taking appointments by calling 815-339-2171. Walk-ins are always welcome. For more information, call Mary at 815-339-2171.
Mark Fitzgerald from Classic Metal Co. will also be at the show. He makes one-foot and two-foot metal quilt squares. He has been at the big show like Paducah and Des Monies and this is the first quilt guild show he is going to be a vendor at.
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Teak Shower Caddy
Shower caddies aren't just for college students who need a way to tote their things back and forth to their dorm rooms, This Teak Shower Caddy is an elegant bathroom accessory that is sure to be useful in the bathroom. Measuring 13"W x 25"H x 5"D, the caddy can hold all of your shower supplies with ease and won't rust, discolor or warp with time. The teak is mildew resistant and is sealed with a natural oil, which enhances the color of the wood. No assembly is required and you don't need any hooks or other special attachments, as the caddy simply loops over the showerhead. Price: $90.
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Jimmy Kimmel
Celebrities, they're just like us! Well, not really. Outside the money and fame they do have to deal with the scathing opinions of the general public. Especially on Twitter, where haters can directly spew venom with the ease of the @ symbol, many times anonymously. (We can't even imagine the heat Kristen Stewart is getting from Twihards in light of her sordid affair!)
Thanks to Jimmy Kimmel and a few self-deprecating celebs, a laugh out loud skit has come to form. Without further adieu, here is "Celebrities Read Mean Tweets."


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Tuesday, December 10, 2013
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It's a sign of the tough financial times for a popular Cortland County tourist destination. Greek Peak Mountain Resort announced Thursday that they've filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Our Katie Gibas spoke with the president of Peak Resorts Inc. and tells us what this means for operations.
CORTLAND COUNTY, N.Y. -- To say this past winter's ski season was tough for resorts would be a gross understatement. "We had one of the worst ski seasons that we've had in 50 years," said Al Kryger, the Peak Resorts Inc. President.
Because of the warm weather and lack of snow, Greek Peak Mountain Resort wasn't going to be able to make it through to the next ski season. Normally they would have gone to their bank for a line of credit. But in January, the FDIC closed the Tennessee Commerce Bank and took over all the loans. That means Greek Peak had to negotiate with the FDIC. The result was announced Thursday. Greek Peak has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
"Well, certainly it's disappointing. You work hard to create something and due to certain circumstances pretty much beyond your control, you're left to deal with a situation," said Kryger.
Even though they've filed chapter 11, Greek Peak officials say operations will continue as normal and they will be able to honor all ski and board season passes. But they say had the FDIC not closed the bank, they don't think the resort would have had to declare Chapter 11.
"Assuming that they would have given us a line of credit, and they had in the past, so there's no reason to think they wouldn't," said Kryger.
Now that Greek Peak has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, basically everything is frozen, so creditors can't come after Greek Peak. So in the meantime, they'll be speaking with the FDIC and trying to come up with some sort of reorganization plan.
"When you have those downturns, you've got to figure out a way to deal with them. That's what we're doing, basically. We're figuring out a way to deal with it," said Kryger.
Kryger says in his 50 years at the resort, he's never seen two bad seasons back to back, so he's optimistic this ski season will be profitable.
Greek Peak officials plan to be out of reorganization by ski season.


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OU Torah Insights Project
Parashat BoPharaohs behavior during the ten plagues seems incomprehensible. During several plagues, Pharaoh capitulates and agrees to let the Jewish people leave Egypt. Yet as soon as each plague ends Pharaoh recantseven though he knows that his stubbornness will result in further punishment for Egypt.
Equally unfathomable is the indifference of the Egyptian population toward the exhortations of Moshe. After accurately predicting six plagues of doom, Moshe forewarns the people of the upcoming hail and tells them not to leave their slaves and animals out in the fields, lest they be killed.
Nonetheless, the Torah reports, many Egyptians did just that and their slaves and livestock perished. What accounted for their stubbornness?
The Kotzker Rebbe makes a striking observation. "Pharaoh rose in the night," the Torah reports, and Rashi comments that he rose from his bed.
Imagine: after enduring nine terrible plagues, Moshe warns Pharaoh that at midnight every firstborn in the country would die. Pharaoh completely ignores this prophecy and goes to sleep! How could he be so relaxed in face of such compelling danger?
Seven days after this plague, another remarkable incident occurs. In perhaps the greatest miracle of human history, G-d splits the waters of the Red Sea, and the Jewish people pass through. The Egyptian army follows and, to nobodys surprise, G-d brings the waters crashing down on them.
Why did the Egyptians think that G-d, who had been defending the Jewish people all along, would suspend the waters onslaught for the benefit of the Jews enemies?
The Torah explains the mentality of Pharaoh and the Egyptian people simply: They "did not take to heart the word of G-d." Human beings are given the capacity to ignore even the most obvious truths, something psychologists call "denial."
With powerful symbolism, the ninth plague of darkness reflects this irrational behavior in the Egyptians.
The Rabbis tell us that when a Jew visited an Egyptian home, there was light for the Jew and darkness for the Egyptian. The very same spot was both light and dark, depending on the viewers perception. The Jew saw the hand of G-d clearly revealed, but the Egyptian remained in the dark, seeing nothing at all.
Thus, the plague of darkness preceded the final blow, providing the key psychological insight into the mental blindness that prevailed in Egypt.
There is an important lesson to be learned from these events: We all have traces of Pharaohs personality lingering within us. We, too, sometimes deny self-evident truths and close our eyes to blatant realities.
Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzatto, in his classic work of Jewish ethics, Mesilas Yesharim, instructs every human being to ask himself the question, "Mah chovosi baolami?" What is my obligation in life? Why did G-d create me with unique talents and abilities? What is the purpose of my existence?
This inquiry is fundamental, yet many people live out their lives never once having pondered this question and its implications.
If the behavior of Pharaoh and the Egyptian people strikes us as absurd, perhaps we should look at ourselves and become inspired to open our souls, to see the light of the Almighty which illuminates the entire world.
Rabbi Yaakov Luban
Rabbi Luban is rabbi of Ohr Torah Congregation in Edison, New Jersey.
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9 photos Featured
$1780 - $2955
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El Cajon, CA 92021
Cedarwood Apartments is a small, quiet community centrally located in the heart of Santa Rosa. This beautiful community is just minutes from enticing re…
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Anza Oaks is a perfect place for you to call home.
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Gated Community, pool, garden style, backyardsNo Pets Allowed.Reasonable accommodations are made for service and companion animals in connection with di…
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Welcome home to Shady Lane and Park First Apartment Homes! Perfectly situated in the heart of El Cajon, you'll be proud to call Shady Lane and Park Firs…
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Southwinds Apartments is apartment living at its best. Let our responsive management team do all they can to make you feel at home.
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La Jolla, CA 92037 (Northern San Diego)
Regents La Jolla, the most prestigious address for luxury. Experience a lifestyle like no other and live the way you deserve. Home to the Club - a 9,000…
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Imperial Beach, CA 91932
Mariner's Point is located within walking distance to the beautiful Pacific Ocean and the Imperial Beach Pier. The community is bordered by a scenic wi…
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ENJOY COOL BREEZES AND COASTAL TOWNHOME LIVING! Come and discover the difference at Imperial Beach Gardens. Our rare 2 and 3 bedroom, two-story townhome…
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Tailored to fit your lifestyle...A unique collection of spacious 2 and 3 BDR, single-story, apartment homes and distinctive 2 BDR Townhomes. The Arbors …
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Spring Valley, CA 91977
Kenora Terrace in Spring Valley is San Diego's hidden gem. Located in the scenic rolling hills of Mt. Helix and Casa de Oro, Kenora Terrace Apartment ho…
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la mesa, CA 91942
Curb appeal, sparkling clean pool, 24-hr laundry facility. Manager and Maintenance on-site.
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Alpine, CA 91901
Enchanting and peaceful, you will love these Alpine Village Apartments.
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Home to 70 miles of beautiful California beaches, one of the most spectacular zoos in the world, friendly and welcoming locals, a perfect Mediterranean climate and the second-largest city population in the state, there is more than one reason to give San Diego apartments for rent a second look. It's also one of those rare places on earth where you can be hiking in the mountains in the morning, sipping vino in a winery in the afternoon and then watching the sunset from the beach in the evening. With everything this spectacular city has to offer, who wouldn't want to settle down in San Diego apartments?
Mission Beach may be one of the best places for tourists, but some of the most popular neighborhoods for San Diego apartments for rent are located in Hillcrest, University Heights and Ocean Beach (known as "OB" to locals). You can find everything from oceanfront property, townhomes, split level houses, decadent postmodern apartments and of course, "Mission Style" homes - a type of Spanish-style architecture that is native to Southern California.
Affordable housing is one of the growing priorities of the city, according to the city's official website. There are several low-income housing options for renters in the city looking for apartments in San Diego, including a housing choice voucher program. Overall, the housing commission here owns and operates approximately 1,800 San Diego apartments for rent within the city. Like many other communities in California, the cost of living is high, but there are many walkable neighborhoods for San Diego residents here. According to Area Vibes, the commute time here is 10 percent lower than the rest of state, and the cost of a gallon of gas hovers around $3.81. The median rental rate is only 4 percent higher than the rest of the state.
Students and residents alike can find the perfect home in San Diego apartments. San Diego offers work and study in virtually any career field, since it is one of the biggest metropolitan hubs on the West Coast. Some of the most popular institutions for students include San Diego State University, the University of San Diego and the University of California, San Diego. Although San Diego has a history of military and defense efforts, this field is now the second-biggest industry in the city behind manufacturing. The city boasts development in everything from shipbuilding to computers to toys. San Diego is also one of the country's largest port cities, making it an essential hub for international trade, naval bases and cargo, as well.
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Marc Frank dispenses free street knowledge.
Dr. Marco graduated from the Schoola' Hard Knocks with honors in Pimpology. He's a player well versed at shutting down haters and setting homeys straight on all types of shit … forildo!
Yo MFM, I think you're an overrated rider, with an image much larger than your bag of tricks. I'm not saying you're not an excellent rider, because your tricks had to get you noticed at one point-but you probably didn't sound like a dorky white kid trying to fit into a crowd of wannabe thugs back then. In my local snowboard series (CMS), I've noticed that the better riders aren't always the ones with the sponsors. It's the more marketable kids like you-and myself. The more skill a kid has, the more marketable he should be-so why isn't this true?
Ryan From Dirty Jersey
Ha ha! Listen to the jealous little hater punk bitch who pr'y doesn't have any sponsors, and wonders why, 'cause he does all the tricks and they all look like shit! I love when you little fools hate on me-it cracks me up!
It sounds to me like your CMS actually has some good judging over there. They recognize style and fluidity, not just the double-backflip crowd-pleaser wack tricks. I didn't start snowboarding so I could be the best-I was never really that much of a jock. I'm on all the dope companies that recognize originality and flavor and genuinely love snowboarding for its uniqueness. If I wanted to be the jock-type dude who does every ugly trick in the book to win, I'd ride for K2 or Rossignol, or another ski company.
Your definition of skill is different than mine. I ride how I wanna ride and do the tricks that I wanna do on film-hopefully they look a li'l different from the rest. I'm just here to make snowboarding look like a good time! Yo, and for the record, I can do all those wack tricks-they're easy. But I wouldn't do any of them on film 'cause they look straight-up goofy!-MFM
What up, Marco? First thing first, those nurses you do the photo shoots with are damn fine, homey-much props. The question I have for you, man, is, G-Unit or Murder Inc.? (G-Unit for life).
Curt Quady
Yo, thanks, homey. I'm lucky, huh! Yeah, they're ahhhight. He heh! I don't know, I might like G-Unit a little better … I ain't pickin' sides, though, 'cause as soon as I do, the other one is gonna come up and make some doper shit. They both can come up with some bangin' shit, but sometimes Murder Inc. songs get a little sappy. For me, whoever got the harder beats wins.-MFM
I have a big problem: I'm really scared of snowboarding, but I really want to do it because all my friends do it and it's really cool. I mean, what should I do? I want to fit in and all, but I'm scared. I think this one needs some advice from a pro.
Oliver From Arkansas
What, foo? Ay, foo, there ain't nothin' to be scared of, man. It's just snow. It ain't like you're bustin' a 100-foot air on your first day or anything. You should just go try that shit-you'll love it. Unless you wanna sit in Mom's house the rest of your life and be scared of everything! It's easy, doot, just have somebody give you some pointers at first. Ain't nothin' gonna happen to you, man-quit bein' a puss.-MFM
Yo Marco, what's crackin'? It's your main man, Danny Peez. This isn't a question, just wanna let you know that my girlie-girl's pregnant, and if we have a boy, I'ma name him after you. You's a muthaf-kin' inspiration to me, and I appreciate you reppin' Latinos to the fullest.
Danny Peezy
Holy shit, homey, that's crazy dog! Are you sure you wanna do that? I ain't sure I'm that special! But I'm honored like a mothaf-ker if you do homey! Whoa yo, I'm trippin'.-MFM
Hey Marc Frank, can you do switch backside spins? If so, please explain how, 'cause I can't do 'em. Do you listen to music while you're shredding? What music? And what size rims are on your car? I got some double dubs on mine …
Chris Winig
Yeah dog, you just start out doin' switch everything real small-then work your way up. Start with switch backside 180s and 360s on all the little jumps. You just gotta get used to the awkwardness, so ride switch all the time and do switch tricks on every little bump you see. After a while, it'll come natural without you even having to think about it. If I'm just ridin' around the resorts, playin' around, I mos def got some headphones on. I love ridin' with music-and it's all hip-hop. This whole mp3 era is off the hook! Check out Napster, foo! Yo, right now I got black and chrome 24s on the silver Range Rover dun. It's stooopid!-MFM
Hey Marco, your style's a big influence on me. Here's my question: I snowboard in Illinois at the single towrope snowboard park of Raging Buffalo. We have a small group of around 25 good boarders, and it's cool, but all I ever hear is, "You'll never make it" and "It's not like we'll get anywhere with it," from kids I know and others I don't. We don't have much to work with, but we can try. I'm stuck here until high school's over, so what's the call? I've been to contests out west, and I make videos-what else can I do? Do sponsors help that much? And what's the Marco way to deal with all this disrespect? Midwest represent-shout back if you're backin' us up.
Yo, the guys who say that really aren't gonna get anywhere. But guys like you who try and prove them wrong will make it places. I heard that all the time, too, man, and it messed with my confidence-but I just didn't listen to any of that negative shit. I stayed positive. You just gotta keep goin' after what you love. Even if you don't make it, you'll have way more fun experiences just even tryin'! What are you gonna do, just sit there and kick rocks for the rest of your life? Wondering if you coulda made it? Sponsors do help a little, too. I mean, first, you get free shit, but also, if you do get some free product, you get way more stoked to go out and get even better. It's a good-ass feeling to have companies just give you shit 'cause you're good! And about that disrespect thing and what I would do … well, you know what I would do-buss 'em in their head. Don't let anybody ever disrespect you.-MFM
Hey Marc, I was wondering if you liked G-Unit, 50 Cent, Tony Yayo, and the whole crew? And if so, why?
Yeah, I like dat shit. They have some good-ass beats and all that … I don't like how mainstream it is, but what can you do? Sometimes it makes me laugh how they're all still talkin' about thuggin', even though they don't have to do that shit no more. But that's jus' gangsta shit, that's why it's good. It's that "f-k the world" shit, heard!-MFM


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There's a new survival horror game on the block, and as a result, Earth is facing yet another zombie apocalypse. Ubisoft released the stirring Dead Island-esque trailer for ZombiU at its press conference yesterday, in the process promising blood, gore, and good old zombie-killing fun. The game has been designed specifically for use with Nintendo's Wii U, but despite the name, the game has more to it than simply helping the device meet its Wii U horror game quota. From our first hands-on play with the game, Ubisoft has gone to quite a lot of trouble to prove it's more than just another clone.
While the majority of the story is still a mystery to us, the gameplay is smart and uses the Wii U to great effect. You take control of a standard apocalypse survivor, but Ubisoft has stressed that they want the characters (yes, there are multiple playable people) to be representative of archetypes that would be perfectly at home in a horror movie. Our first survivor (or inevitable victim, depending on the playing ability) was a young man. The first level of our demo introduced us to the weapon systems, and players will primarily use the Wii U GamePad to explore the environment. There is a scanner that is accessible by holding the L button and allows you to survey the environment. You can dig into crates to find useful items once you spot the crates.
Essentially, the survival horror genre allows the Wii U GamePad to be your lifeline. Throughout the game it is the main source of navigation and hosts the map, the inventory, and the ability to analyze scanned items. Ubisoft stressed to us that you are encouraged from the get-go to make the most of your GamePad as it represents life or death for you. This became horribly apparent as we entered a new area, and all of a sudden the GamePad was reduced to static (an intended feature). Panic set in as we desperately longed for the red dots indicating zombies on our trusty scanner.
In ZombiU, your character is incredibly vulnerable. So much so that if you are bitten even once, you will die. However, instead of reloading, you become an entirely new character. You will need to return to the location of defeat to continue your progress.
ZombiU is genuinely scary. The game is designed to be realistic; you can't switch out weapons with superhuman speed like you can in many modern shooters. Instead you have to painstakingly dig through your backpack praying you have enough ammo that you won't need to resort to your cumbersome cricket bat. The game's unique implementation of the Wii U hardware puts this title ahead of many of the other survival horror games released in the past few years. Don't expect this to be the next Amnesia: The Dark Descent, but if you like your survival intense, from what we've played so far, you're sure to find plenty of fun and clever gameplay in ZombiU. No release date information has been announced, but ZombiU will be released exclusively for the Nintendo Wii U. Keep it locked to GameSpot for more details.


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Health and Counseling Services Garrison-Foster Building 207-859-4460 Emergencies: 207-859-5911 www.colby.edu/administration_cs/healthservices/index.cfm Colby's Garrison-Foster Health Center, the only accredited college health center in Maine, is staffed around the clock while school is in session. Its staff of medical professionals is qualified to care for students in the event of most illnesses or accidents. Sports medicine, alcohol and drug counseling, and psychological counseling are also available by appointment. Students are encouraged to take advantage of the health center's services, most of which are offered at no additional charge. Materials delineating the services are distributed to new students during Orientation, are available in the health center, and are included on the Health Services Web site. Health center practitioners and nurses do not routinely write notes or make phone calls to excuse students from class. |
Health and Counseling Services |


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Bring It On, New York City, New York"Eos is not just viable, but good. It doesn't just handle a show, it goes above and beyond. It can take anything we throw at it. This time, we threw a huge show at Eos and it performed flawlessly." – Jason Lyons, lighting designer for Bring It On
x7 color for permanent installations – indoors or out The Desire D40XTI provides the most flexible color mixing for permanently-installed architectural lighting designs. With the smoothest dimming capability, the D40XTI is rated for interior or all-weather exterior use. read more
LED lighting the way you want it. The Desire D40 LED luminaire offers brilliant, stunning light, and gives you color arrays, settings and features for specific lighting tasks. read more
The D40XT luminaire brings all of the powerful features and energy-savings of the Selador Desire family outdoors. This durable, rugged fixture performs flawlessly in extreme weather – wherever you need beautiful light. read more
Designers no longer have to compromise when it comes to white LED lighting! read more
The D60 luminaire is the brightest fixture in the Desire family. With 60 energy-saving Luxeon emitters, it produces powerful, high-intensity light. Complete with operating modes and settings, the Desire D60 fixture is a multipurpose tool for a variety of applications. read more


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Marc by Marc Jacobs
Standard Supply Mid Rise Stick Jean
Fashion legend Marc Jacobs introduced his diffusion line, Marc by Marc Jacobs, with a spring 2001 runway show. He has gone on to win seven CFDA awards including Womenswear Designer of the Year, Accessories Designer of the Year and Menswear designer of the year.
- Wash - Kombu Green
- 31.5" Inseam
- 8" Rise
- 72% lyocell 13% viscose 13% poly 2% elastane
- 11" in the knee narrows to 10" at the leg opening
- Styled with Dolce Vita Bella Pump in Black Suede.
- Modeled in size 27. See fit guide for model's dimensions.
- Revolve Style No. MARC-WJ18
- Manufacturer Style No. M1123917


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Eight ways to play in social media without corporate channelsBy Petra Neiger, Director of Communications, Siemens Medical SolutionsRead more postsSPECIAL REPORTB2B marketers take on new demands with mix of anxiety, excitementPEOPLESegal reflects on how B2B marketing has changedAWARDSEmerson's Button Bell, BBDO, GE win top BtoB's Best honorsADVERTISINGReal-time bidding pushes display advertising to double-digit growthMEDIA BUSINESSABM forum focuses on changing workplacePrevious issues can be found in the BtoB archiveFEATURESGUIDESRESOURCESMEDIA BUSINESSABOUT US |
Menlo Park, Calif.—Facebook Inc. has officially launched a real-time ad-bidding process, enabling advertisers to enter an ongoing auction for targeting ad space to Facebook users based on their browsing history outside the social site.
The new Facebook Exchange, previously tested in beta, allows advertisers to retarget Facebook users with messages, such as product offers, based on the websites they've previously visited. Marketers can bid in real time for these ads, which would appear on Facebook almost immediately after users' off-Facebook Web-browsing experiences.
Facebook Exchange offers bidding only on the social site's Marketplace Ads, displayed on the right-hand side of Facebook.com. The ads don't appear on mobile devices and are now offered only in the U.S.


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A 10mW Wearable Positioning System
Henk Muller, Cliff Randell, Andrew Moss, A 10mW Wearable Positioning System. CSTR-06-015, University of Bristol. April 2006. PDF, 143 Kbytes.Abstract
In this paper we present a wearable positioning system that requires less than 10~mW to operate. The system consists of an infrastructure of ultrasonic transmitting devices, and a receiver device on the wearable. The receiver comprises an ultrasonic pick-up, an op-amp, and a PIC. The PIC implements a particle filter for estimating X and Y positions. The transmitter layout has been chosen to simplify the maths in the PIC so that the particle filter reduces to just two multiplication operations per particle. We have modified the traditional particle filter in order to operate on a micro-controller with severely limited memory capabilities. The advantage of using a particle filter over other filtering techniques is that a particle filter is robust in environments with limited precision; all our data is stored as 8-bit. The number of particles is only limited by the amount of memory on the PIC; we only use 5% of the PIC's computational power.


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$942 - $2734
Lisle, IL 60532 (Beau Bien)
Spacious, pet friendly apartments in Lisle, Illinois, 20 minutes from Chicago. All apartments have remodeled kitchens and bathrooms, balcony or patio an…
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1-3 bed 1-2 bath Cats allowed Dogs allowed
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$1455 - $2920
Lisle, IL 60532 (Saint Joseph Creek)
The Western Suburbs' newest and finest luxury apartment community! Avant at the Arboretum offers stylish, contemporary, and resort style living.
Apartment 310 units
1-2 bed 1-2 bath Cats allowed Dogs allowed
Skip results filters
$890 - $1080
LISLE, IL 60532 (Beau Bien)
Beautiful landscaping! Convenient to train and expressways! Private patios/balconies!
Apartment 88 units
1-2 bed 1-1.5 bath
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Your drawings are AMAZING!!! You ever do contract work... like where people bring you pictures and you make them into sketches and stuff?
Wow, those are so good. Is the last one Marilyn Monroe?


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LinkedIn gets into the business of photo sharing
The professional status update is assuming a new look as LinkedIn has decided to embrace photo and rich media sharing, meaning members can finally share more than text and links in their status updates.
LinkedIn said Thursday that members can now use the share box on the home page to upload images, documents, and presentations as part of their updates. In addition, members can attach videos and rich media content hosted elsewhere by pasting a link into the box. The service's 2.9 million company page administrators also get image and file uploads with the release.
The update expands … Read more


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South Island Ballistic Duffel Bag (# TH2420C03)
We wish we'd made more, but this product is SOLD OUT.
You'll reach for this handsome duffel every time you travel. Use it for a weekend away or as a versatile carry-on. A separate drop-bottom compartment offers storage for shoes or wet items. Adjustable shoulder strap with sliding pad; dual carry handles with snap wrap closure. Interior and exterior zip pockets.
- 1680 Ballistic fabric with pebble grain trim
- 21" x 14" x 10"
- Fully lined
South Island Ballistic Duffel Bag
Great bag for getaway weekends. Plenty of room for everything.
July 28, 2013
Perfect For Use As An Airline Carry-On
Going to be travelling some later this year and next and everything I have been using is pretty well dated and well worn. This duffel perfectly fills what I need as a carry-on for my Rx, a few extra casual clothes, my passport, etc. Definitely a good choice.
June 29, 2013
Beautiful bag, sub-par quality
I am very familiar with Tommy Bahama's clothing and its outstanding craftsmanship and sewing. You have a very high standard, and it is almost all that I wear when traveling. If you wish to branch out to other areas, it appears that the quality of the sewing needs to be improved. While I enjoy this bag, its craftsmanship is not up to the usual Tommy Bahama standard. Possibly I received a second. I am planning to buy a roller bag, and once I receive that piece I can provide a complete review of your luggage line.
June 26, 2013
Exactly what I wanted!
I recently travelled to Mexico and took only this bag. It held all that I needed, was easy to carry and store. I will be travelling to Ireland later this year and expect it will suffice.
March 20, 2013
Very pleased with the look and quality of the bag.
Service from the company was also excellent.
Bottom compartment is a little small for shoes that fit a large man's feet.
February 16, 2013
I purchased this as an underseat carry on piece and was very happy with it's quality and weight. If filled to capacity it may not quite fit under a seat, but anything less than full will allow an average person to still have room for their legs to fit under the seat also.
December 28, 2012
poor quality
I purchased this bag to use for the gym, but returned it because of its poor quality and construction, well over priced for what you get.
December 28, 2012
I purchased this bag for a short weekend trip. it was the perfect size. 1 pair of jeans. 4 shirts and everything else. A shaving kit. great bag for 3 day trip.
December 22, 2012


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Using HAProxy for load-balancing SQL Server 2008
Is it possible/feasible/reasonable to use HAProxy to load-balance three SQL Server 2008 database servers?
Here is our situation: we have two web servers that are load-balanced on Amazon EC2. We are currently using one production SQL Server 2008 DB server. That server is starting to get overloaded, so we would like to add two more DB servers, and implement a load-balancing solution.
In Amazon EC2, we are unable to use a Virtual IP address, which prevents us from being able to use Windows Network Load Balancing (NLB) or any other load-balancing method that requires a VIP.
Our application is read-heavy, but we are unable to separate reads from writes, so the load-balancing solution needs to account for this.
We are planning on using SQL Server's built-in replication feature to keep all three DB's current (we understand that there will be some lag time, but that is acceptable).
Any thoughts or suggestions are welcome, and thanks in advance for your help.
- Перемещено Sethu SrinivasanMicrosoft employee, Moderator 14 августа 2012 г. 21:40 HA (From:SQL Server Application and Multi-Server Management)
7 февраля 2011 г. 15:19
Все ответы
if you contact me on my private email I can help you on this issue. deepak.patel@ citrix.com
-Deepak Patel
9 февраля 2011 г. 3:45 -
Care to share the solution to this issue with the forum?
Otherwise, please delete this thread so that it doesn't frustrate anyone else...
23 декабря 2011 г. 9:49


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By Greg Smith
Publication: theday.com
Westerly - A 22-year-old Chicago man was arrested for trespassing early Wednesday on a private road near the new $17.7 million home of country superstar Taylor Swift.
Westerly police said the man was arrested for trespassing at 2:15 a.m. after he was spotted on the private Lighthouse Road by a patrol officer conducting a security check of the Watch Hill Lighthouse.
When asked what he was doing, police said Lucas H. Vorsteveld said he was out for a walk. Police said he was taken to police headquarters where he processed and later released on a summons to appear May 24 in Fourth Division District Court.
Westerly Police Capt. Shawn Lacey said the arrest caused a media storm spurred by a report of the arrest on TMZ and some media reports about a fanatic fan swimming to the area. The police station was inundated with media calls.
Lacey said there was no indication the man was on Swift's Bluff Road property, which is protected by private security, but it remains unclear what he was doing in the area.
Gov. Malloy is 2 1/2 years into his first term. So, how do you think he's doing?
This holiday season, The Day and theday.com will print a list of the many ways to support local nonprofit agencies in their efforts to makes the lives of the residents of southeastern Connecticut a little better. Visit www.theday.com/waystogive to learn more.


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Telecoms firm hails 'significant victory' as judge blocks FBI's data demands. The Guardian reports: The Californian telecoms company thought to be behind a stunning court victory that has blown a hole in the FBI's highly secretive system for collecting US citizens' private data has hailed the "significant" legal breakthrough.
Credo, based in San Francisco, spoke out after a federal judge ordered the US government to stop issuing what are called "national security letters" – demands for data that contain in-built gagging clauses that prevent the recipients disclosing even the existence of the orders or their own identity.
In a carefully worded release, the firm fell short of revealing itself as the instigator of the legal action that resulted in Friday's development. But it is understood by the Guardian that the telecommunications firm was indeed the unnamed litigant behind the action.The Californian telecoms company thought to be behind a stunning court victory that has blown a hole in the FBI's highly secretive system for collecting US citizens' private data has hailed the "significant" legal breakthrough.
Click the link to read the whole thing. The judge gave the government 90 days to appeal, and given the Obama administration's laser like focus on punishing whistleblowers and continuing W's destruction of the 4th amendment by treating citizens as criminals (see FISA, Sen. Obama's vote in favor thereof), I have no doubt that the administration will throw everything they can at the appeal. I mean, you can't have an effective police state unless you can get whatever you want whenever you want without restraint, right?
I must say that before reading this article, I assumed CREDO was like Move On, a seemingly good idea that either was co-opted by political consultant whores or was the means by which closeted political consultant whores made themselves useful to the democratic party by convincing progressives that clicking a link or signing an online petition was the same thing as actually protesting bad policy or actually engaging in the political process. But if Credo was behind this case--and it looks like they are--I'm going to choose them as my cell phone provider. I mean, they actually did something spectacular. Kudos Credo.