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Related Topics
Bacteria (Forensic Science)
The tiny unicellular organisms known as bacteria define the biosphere on Earth—that is, if bacteria do not inhabit a particular environment, no living things reside there. Bacteria are extremely adaptable and have managed to exploit a wide variety of habitats successfully. One niche exploited by bacteria is the human body. Humans support a population of more than two hundred species of bacteria in numbers greater than the cells that make up an individual human host. These members of the normal flora are found on the skin and in the digestive, urinary, reproductive, and upper respiratory tracts of humans.
Although some species of bacteria can cause disease in humans, other animals, and plants, the majority of bacterial species are not pathogenic (disease-causing). Bacteria are key players in the ecology of the Earth, functioning in important roles in global chemical cycles. Perhaps most important, bacteria are the only organisms on Earth that possess the ability to fix nitrogen—that is, to convert the nitrogen gas in the atmosphere to a form that is usable by other organisms.
Disease-causing bacteria have attracted the most interest and study since the confirmation of the germ theory of disease by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch in the 1870's. It is interesting to note that Koch's proof that germs cause disease involved the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, which causes anthrax, an organism that has been used as a...
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Classification and Taxonomy (Forensic Science)
Bacteria are classified as prokaryotic cells—that is, the genetic material of a bacterium is not enclosed in a nucleus. This lack of a nucleus distinguishes bacterial cells from the cells that make up plants and animals, which are classified as eukaryotic. Additional differences between bacterial cells and eukaryotic cells include the types of molecules found in the cell walls, organization and expression of genes, and sensitivity to certain antibiotics.
Bacteria themselves have been classified in several ways. In 1923, the first edition of Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology offered descriptions of all the species of bacteria then identified, an outline of the taxonomic relationships among bacteria, and keys for diagnosis of diseases caused by bacteria. The ninth edition of Bergey's Manual, published in 1994, focuses primarily on identification of bacteria and uses taxonomic divisions that do not necessarily reflect evolutionary relationships.
During the 1980's, Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology was published in an attempt to organize bacterial species into the type of hierarchical classification schemes that have been applied to eukaryotic organisms. This manual later underwent revision to include new species and to cover the progress that had been made in molecular classification methods.
The International Committee on Systematics of...
(The entire section is 313 words.)
Cell and Population Growth (Forensic Science)
In discussing the growth of living organisms, one can focus on the growth of an individual or the growth of a population. Because bacteria are single-celled organisms, growth of an individual bacterium does not include development of organs or other body parts, but rather just enlargement of the cell itself.
Discussion of the growth of bacterial species is usually concerned with the growth of a population of cells. Because almost all bacteria reproduce through the division of one cell into two, the growth of a population of bacterial cells is geometric—that is, the population doubles in size with each round of cell division. The length of time required for a population of bacterial cells to double varies depending on the species and strain of bacteria as well as on the environmental conditions, including temperature, pH, nutrient availability, and waste accumulation.
Some bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, have a maximum doubling rate of less than thirty minutes. At this rate, a single cell could generate a population of one million cells in less than ten hours. In fact, if the environmental conditions remained optimal, with ready nutrients and regular waste removal, a culture of maximally reproducing E. coli bacteria would equal the mass of the planet Earth within one week. Other bacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, divide much more slowly, taking twelve to eighteen...
(The entire section is 319 words.)
Reproduction (Forensic Science)
Most bacteria reproduce by binary fission. One cell grows by manufacturing more cellular components. The genome is replicated, and the single cell divides into two essentially identical cells. This type of reproduction is termed asexual because it does not involve the recombination of genetic material from two parents. Because the cells that result from binary fission are virtually identical genetically, the individual cells in a group or colony of bacteria all descended from a single ancestral cell could well be clones of the original cell.
The cellular machinery involved in replicating the genetic material does not perform this replication with perfect fidelity. At each round of replication, there is a finite probability of errors occurring. These errors lead to changes in the genetic material known as mutations. These mutations may result in cells with characteristics that are different from those of the other cells in the population. These altered characteristics may lead to cells that are better adapted to a particular environment—perhaps the ability to metabolize a new nutrient or survive in the presence of an antibiotic. Because bacterial cells reproduce by simple cell division, altered characteristics are transmitted to all offspring of the altered cell (barring further mutation).
Although bacteria do not reproduce sexually by recombination of genetic material from two parents, many bacteria are capable of...
(The entire section is 282 words.)
Further Reading (Forensic Science)
Betsy, Tom, and James Keogh. Microbiology Demystified. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. This alternative to hefty textbooks is intended as a review for allied health students having difficulty understanding concepts in microbiology. Clearly written.
Madigan, Michael T., John M. Martinko, Paul V. Dunlap, and David P. Clark. Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 12th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008. The industry standard for introductory microbiology textbooks. Contains extensive information on bacterial classification and diversity.
Nester, Eugene W., Denise G. Anderson, Jr., C. Evans Roberts, and Martha T. Nester. Microbiology: A Human Perspective. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007. Introductory textbook intended for nonscience majors and allied health students includes frequent discussion of real-world applications of concepts.
Pommerville, Jeffrey C. Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology. 8th ed. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones & Bartlett, 2007. Accessible textbook is designed for introductory college students, particularly those in the health sciences. Includes numerous sidebars and case studies.
Willey, Joanne, Linda Sherwood, and Chris Woolverton. Prescott, Harley, and Klein's Microbiology. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007. Comprehensive textbook has sections on bacterial growth (including techniques) and diversity (several chapters...
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Bacteria (Encyclopedia of Science)
Bacteria are very small organisms, usually consisting of one cell, that lack chlorophyll (a green pigment found in plants that allows for the production of food). Except for viruses, they are the smallest living things on Earth. Many bacteria are so small that a million of them, laid end-to-end, would measure no more than about five centimeters (two inches). The term bacteria is the plural form of the word bacterium, which represents a single organism.
Bacteria are found everywhere, in the air, soil, water, and inside your body and on your skin. They tend to multiply very rapidly under favorable conditions, forming colonies of millions or even billions of organisms within a space as small as a drop of water.
The Dutch merchant and amateur scientist Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632723) was the first person to observe bacteria and other microorganisms. Using single-lens microscopes of his own design, he described bacteria and other microorganisms (calling them "animalcules") in a series of letters to the Royal Society of London between 1674 and 1723.
Today, bacteria are classified in the kingdom Procaryotae. This term refers to the fact that bacteria consist of prokaryotic cells, cells that do not contain a nucleus. (A nucleus is a structure that controls a cell's functions and contains genes. Genes carry the deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] that determines the...
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Bacteria (Science Experiments)
What they look like
Building up resistance
Experiment 2
Bacterial Resistance: Can bacteria gain resistance to a substance after exposure?
You cannot see them with the naked eye, but the world is teeming with bacteriaSingle-celled microorganisms found in soil, water, plants, and animals that play a key role in the decay of organic matter and the cycling of nutrients. Some are agents of disease. (Singular: bacterium.. They live around you, inside of you, and are found in environments that would kill most every other life form. Bacteria are microbes, organisms that are so small they can only been seen with a microscope. They are the simplest, most abundant, and oldest life form on Earth, having evolved roughly 3.5 billion years ago. That beats other life forms by a long shot including dinosaurs, which only arrived on the scene 250 million years ago, and humans, who appeared a mere 2 million years ago. Scoop up a teaspoon of soil and, if you could see them, you would count about a billion bacteria.
While bacteria often make headline news as the cause of disease, the vast majority are either harmless or helpful to humans. Many bacteria live in the soil and...
(The entire section is 6013 words.)
Bacteria (Encyclopedia of Nursing & Allied Health)
Bacteria are prokaryotes (unicellular organisms with no membrane-enclosed nucleus) with simple structures that typically range in size from about 0.5 to 20 micrometers.
Bacteria are named according to the binomial (two-name) system of nomenclature first used by Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus in the eighteenth century. The first name, or generic name, indicates the genus of the bacteria (a group of closely related species). The second name, or specific name, indicates the species (a group of bacteria that share a number of characteristics). Examples of generic names include Staphylococcus and Esherichia; aureus and coli are examples of specific names.
The genus and species names of bacteria often reflect their shape; for example, the Bacillus family of bacteria are bacillior rod-shaped. Others are named for their founders (e.g. Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of bubonic plague, is named for Alexandre Yersin) or for their preferred habitat (e.g., Thermoplasma prefer temperatures up to 149°F, or 65°C).
Under a microscope, different families of bacteria have different shapes. Typical cell shapes are straight rods (bacilli), spheres (cocci), bent or curved rods (vibrios), spirals (spirochetes), or thin filaments. Some bacteria exist as single cells, while others form clusters of
various shape and complexity. Acetobacter aceti, for example, excretes a substance called cellulose that surrounds the cells to form a skinlike layer. Staphylococcus aureus forms grapelike clusters of cells.
Many groups of bacteria have a cell wall, a structure surrounding the cell. Peptidoglycan (a chemical composed of carbohydrates and proteins) is a major component of the cell wall, although the exact composition of peptidoglycan varies according to bacteria group. Gram-positive organisms have a relatively thick layer of peptidoglycan and stain violet when applied with certain dyes; gram-negative organisms have a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane and stain red under the same application of dyes. Gram staining is therefore an important method for identifying bacteria.
Bacteria may be classified by their biochemical composition, and analysis of the protein and lipid content of an organism is often a means of identification. Growth requirements are often used as a means of classification: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, for example, is an obligate aerobe and therefore requires oxygen for growth, while the presence of oxygen is toxic to the anaerobe Clostridium tetani.
The most precise method of classification, however, is genetic analysis. Each species of bacteria has a unique genetic makeup, and therefore a unique sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) bases. Some sequences remain constant by genus or species, while others vary considerably. These distinguishing factors are used to trace genetic relatedness and are often used for identification of unknown organisms.
Bacterial structure
Although prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria are considered to be "simple" in structure, each cell is equipped with all of the structures and macromolecules necessary for growth and survival. Complex functions such as energy production, synthesis of biomolecules, and assembly of new structures take place in a highly organized manner.
The genetic material of bacteria is carried on double-stranded molecules of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which is arranged into a circular structure called the chromosome. The region of the cytoplasm where the chromosome is located is called the nucleoid and is not enclosed by a membrane, as in eukaryotic cells. Many bacteria carry additional genetic information (often required for survival in specific environments) on structures called plasmids, smaller circular strands of DNA that are independent of the chromosome. Also found in the cytoplasm are ribosomes, small cellular components important in the process of translating genetic information into proteins. The total collection of genes is called the bacterial genome.
Directly bordering the cytoplasm of the bacteria is the cytoplasmic membrane, which is important for various functions such as energy production and transport of materials in and out of the cell. The cell wall surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane of most bacteria. In gram-negative organisms, the cell wall is composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan enclosed by an outer membrane. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS; also called endotoxin) is a major constituent of the outer membrane. The cell wall of gram-positive bacteria is distinctly different. Multiple peptidoglycan layers envelop the cytoplasmic membrane, and no outer membrane is present. The peptidoglycan layers form a meshlike shell around the cell that is important for maintaining structure, for replication, and for protection in extreme or toxic conditions. Proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides may also be found in the cell wall.
Many bacteria have additional means of protection in hostile conditions. Some have the ability to form a capsule, layers of polysaccharides and proteins attached to the cell wall, that provides protection against toxic substances and helps inhibit host immune response. Spores are made by some gram-positive bacteria. Under favorable conditions, the cells exist in a vegetative state; but when introduced to a hostile environment, the cells convert to a spore state and become dormant, awaiting conditions in which they may once again prosper.
The flagellum is a filamentous structure attached to many prokaryotes that provides motility. With flagella, bacteria may move toward food and away from toxins, a process called chemotaxis. Pili are hairlike structures shorter than flagella found on many bacteria; they are used for adherence to other bacteria and surfaces such as host cells.
Energy requirements for growth
All living organisms must find in their environment a source of energy to fuel cellular processes. Bacteria are no different. Phototrophs are organisms that use light as an energy source; those that require organic carbon are called heterotrophs. Autotrophs use carbon dioxide. Lithotrophs oxidize inorganic compounds such as hydrogen or ammonia for energy.
Many bacteria have structures and processes that allow them to adapt to hostile environments, and they can exist under an enormous range of conditions. Those that require oxygen for growth are called obligate aerobes. In contrast, obligate anaerobes will not grow in the presence of oxygen. Acidophiles are bacteria that grow optimally under acidic conditions (pH of less than 7.0), while alkaphiles prefer alkaline or basic conditions (pH of greater than 7.0). Organisms that require a temperature near 99°F (37°C) (the body temperature of warm-blooded animals) for growth are called mesophiles; those that grow at temperatures above 113°F (45°C) are called thermophiles; and psychrophiles are able to grow at temperatures near 32°F (0°C). Halophiles require sodium chloride (salt) for growth; osmophiles are able to grow in environments high in sugar; and xerophiles grow under dry conditions.
Binary fission and the growth curve
Bacteria grow and replicate in a process known as binary fission. In this process, one parent cell divides to produce two daughter cells. The process begins with the growth of the parent cell; the chromosome unwinds and replicates, each copy moving to opposite ends of the cell. The cell is then partitioned in half by the production of a dividing wall (called the septum). The cell is cleaved at the septum, and the two daughter cells are freed. The daughter cells then go on to reproduce as parent cells(i.e., if necessary nutrients and energy sources are present).
The dynamics of a population of bacteria change during binary fission. The doubling time, or time required for one parent cell to produce two daughter cells, varies by bacteria species and strain and also by the environmental conditions. All bacteria exhibit a characteristic pattern of growth when introduced to a new medium; this is known as the growth curve. There are four phases of the growth curve:
- During the lag phase, bacteria are adapting to the medium and begin to produce the cellular components necessary for cell division. There is no increase in cell population during the lag phase.
- Cell division occurs at a maximal rate during the log or exponential phase. The doubling time remains constant, so the number of cells increases exponentially.
- Cells stop growing exponentially and therefore remain constant during the stationary phase. This occurs when the medium begins to run out of the nutrients necessary for growth or when toxic products accumulate.
- The number of cells begins to decrease during the death phase as cells begin to die, usually due to toxic conditions or lack of nutrients.
Role in human health
Normal flora
Only a small percentage of the vast population of bacteria is pathogenic (disease-causing) to humans. Many species of bacteria colonize the human body and are called the normal flora. Organisms of the normal flora are normally found on surface tissues (i.e., the skin, mucous membranes, and the gastrointestinal system). It is when bacteria enter normally sterile areas of the body (e.g., the brain, blood, muscle, etc.) that disease may result.
Some organisms of the normal flora neither harm nor provide benefit to the human body; this relationship is called commensalism. Normal commensals are bacteria that can always be found on or in healthy individuals and rarely cause disease. Bacteria that occasionally colonize the human body without causing disease are called occasional commensals. Although a human fetus is sterile in utero, colonization with normal flora bacteria begins with birth when the baby comes into contact with the mother's vaginal bacteria; this continues with breast-feeding and subsequent contact with the environment.
Many other types of bacteria interact with the human body in a relationship called mutualism, from which both organisms benefit. There are a number of ways that bacteria benefit the human host:
- Normal flora bacteria on the skin such as Staphylococcus epidermidis protect against colonization by path ogenic bacteria, through a process called microbial competition.
- Bacteria in the vagina (e.g., Lactobacillus acidophilus) help to establish an acidic environment that inhibits colonization of pathogenic bacteria and yeast.
- The normal flora in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (e.g., Escherichia coli) secrete vitamins such as K and B12 that are essential for humans. The development of some GI tissues is stimulated by normal flora bacteria.
- Ruminants (animals with a four-chambered stomach) rely on enzymes secreted by bacteria such as Ruminococcus albus to digest cellulose (a major component of plant cell walls).
Pathogenic bacteria
Although normal flora bacteria are not normally pathogenic, disease may result from invasion of normal flora into normally sterile areas or if the host immune system is deficient. When bacteria that normally reside in the GI tract (such as E. coli) are introduced to the urinary tract, for example, a urinary-tract infection may result. This is considered an endogenous infection.
Exogenous infections result from invasion of noncommensal organisms (i.e., those not normally found on the human body). Transmission of exogenous bacteria may occur by various routes, including inhalation of aerosolized organisms, ingestion (e.g., contaminated food or utensils), or direct contact of a wound or mucous membrane with organisms.
When bacteria first enter the body, local inflammation may be the first sign of infection. Physical symptoms such as pain, erythema (redness), edema (swelling), or pus formation result from the response of the immune system against the invading bacteria. If the bacteria spread to the bloodstream (bacteremia), they may disseminate to and colonize at various sites in the body.
VIRULENCE FACTORS. Bacteria have developed numerous mechanisms that allow them to invade a host and colonize an otherwise inhospitable site to cause disease. Many of these mechanisms enhance their ability to cause disease in humans; such traits are called virulence factors. Some common virulence factors include:/p>
- Bacterial growth. The byproducts of normal bacterial growth may cause tissue destruction if colonization has occurred in a normally sterile site. For example, Clostridium perfringens is a normal flora bacteria of the GI tract but may cause gas gangrene if it infects a wound or trauma site.
- Release of toxins. Some pathogenic bacteria produce proteins (toxins) that are inevitably toxic to the host. An endotoxin is composed of lipopolysaccharides found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. Exotoxins are proteins produced intracellularly and secreted by either gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria.
- Capsule formation. The polysaccharide layers of a capsule form a protective shield around a bacteria and help the cell to evade immune response.
- Internalization. Some bacteria are able to escape intra-cellular killing when internalized by phagosomes and go on to survive in the cytoplasm (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis). In this way they are protected from anti-body-mediated immune responses.
- Granuloma formation. A granuloma is a lesion formed in response to infection by some intracellular pathogens. Viable bacteria are walled off in the granuloma and thus prevented from further colonization.
- Antigenic mimicry. A bacterial cell may be able to trick the immune system by presenting antigens (molecules recognized by antibodies) that are similar to host antigens. Immunological cells therefore have difficulty distinguishing between the bacterium and a host cell.
Antibiotic resistance
The emergence of bacterial strains that are resistant to treatment by current antibiotics is an important public-health concern. Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit bacterial growth or kill bacterial cells. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics target only a limited variety of bacteria, while broad-spectrum antibiotics have the ability to inhibit or kill a wide variety of bacteria.
Bacteria can resist the action of antibiotics using one or more of four basic mechanisms:
- inactivation or modification of the drug
- modifying the drug's target binding site
- decreasing uptake of the drug into the cell
- altering the biochemical pathway that the drug is targeting
In many developing countries, antibiotics are freely distributed as over-the-counter drugs, leading to their widespread use for viral or noninfectious illnesses. This practice, coupled with the overuse of antibiotics in veterinary medicine, farming, and plant culture, has contributed to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Common diseases and disorders
The following list describes some of the most common bacteria that are pathogenic to humans.
- Staphylococcus. Staphylococci are gram-positive bacteria found as part of the normal flora of most individuals. S. aureus is the causative agent of many infections, including toxic shock syndrome (TSS), staphylococcal food poisoning, impetigo, and furuncles (boils). S. saprophyticus causes urinary-tract infections in sexually active women. S. epidermidis may infect damaged or artificial heart valves and cause a condition called endocarditis.
- Streptococcus. Streptococci are gram-positive bacteria that commonly colonize the oropharynx (the area of the throat at the back of the mouth). Example syndromes include pharyngitis (sore throat), scarlet fever, necrotizing fasciitis (streptococci are popularly known as the "flesh-eating bacteria"), and rheumatic fever. S. pneumoniae is a common cause of bacterial pneumonia and meningitis.
- Neisseria. N. gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of gonorrhea, a leading sexually transmitted disease (STD). N. meningitidis is a leading cause of adult meningitis.
- Escherichia. E. coli is the most commonly encountered species of this genus. The bacteria is a common cause of gastroenteritis (inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines) but also causes urinary-tract infections and neonatal meningitis.
- Salmonella. Most Salmonella infections result from ingestion of contaminated food and lead to enteritis. The febrile (fever-inducing) illness typhoid fever is caused by S. typhi.
- Vibrio. The most commonly known Vibrio infection is cholera, caused by V. cholerae. Spread by ingestion of contaminated food or water, cholera infection is an important cause of diarrheal disease in developing countries.
- Clostridium. C. perfringens causes a variety of human diseases, including myonecrosis (gas gangrene), clostridial food poisoning, and soft-tissue infections (cellulitis and fasciitis). Tetanus (also known as lockjaw) is caused by C. tetani; C. botulinum causes food-borne botulism.
- Mycobacterium. Tuberculosis, caused by infection with M. tuberculosis, is a highly prevalent pulmonary disease. Hansen's disease (also known as leprosy) is caused by M. leprae.
- Chlamydia. Chlamydiae, once thought to be viruses because of their small size, cause numerous human diseases. C. trachomatis is the causative agent of conjunctivitis (inflammation of the outer surface of the eye), infant pneumonia, and urogenital chlamydia. Bronchitis, pneumonia, and sinusitis are often caused by C. pneumoniae.
Antibioticshemicals produced by microorganisms that inhibit bacterial growth or kill bacterial cells.
Binary fissionhe process by which a single parent cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.
Flagellum filamentous structure attached to some bacteria that provides motility.
Gram-negative class of bacteria that have a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane made of polysaccharides and proteins.
Gram-positive class of bacteria that have a cell wall composed of a thick layer of peptidoglycan.
Growth curve characteristic growth pattern of bacteria when introduced into a new medium; it includes four phases (lag, log, stationary, and death).
Normal florapecies of bacteria that colonize the human body and do not normally cause disease.
Nucleoidytosolic region of a bacterial cell in which the chromosome is located.
Pathogen disease-causing microbe.
Peptidoglycan chemical composed of carbohydrates and proteins that is a major component of the bacterial cell wall.
Prokaryote unicellular organism lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus.
Ribosome cytosolic structure important in the translating of genetic information into proteins.
Toxinsroteins produced by bacteria that are toxic to host cells. Endotoxin is a component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria; exotoxin is secreted by both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.
Bergquist, L. M., and B. Pogosian. Microbiology Principles and Health Science Applications. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 2000.
Lengeler, J. W., G. Drews, and H. G. Schlegel, editors. Biology of the Prokaryotes. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, 1999.
Murray, P. R., K. S. Rosenthal, G. S. Kobayashi, and M. A. Pfaller. Medical Microbiology. St. Louis: Mosby, 1998.
Williams, P., J. Ketley, and G. Salmond, editors. Bacterial Pathogenesis. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998.
Hawkey, P. M. "The Origins and Molecular Basis of Antibiotic Resistance." British Medical Journal (September 5, 1998): 657-660.
Mitchell, T. J. "Molecular Basis of Virulence." Archives of Diseases in Childhood (March 1998): 197-199.
American Society for Microbiology. 1752 N Street NW, Washington, DC 20036. (202) 737-3600. <<a href="http://www.asmusa.org">http://www.asmusa.org>.
Stéphanie Islane Dionne
Source: Encyclopedia of Science, ©2005 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Science Experiments, ©2005 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Encyclopedia of Nursing & Allied Health, ©2002 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Forensic Science, ©2009 Salem Press, Inc.. All Rights Reserved.


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Tap O'Noth is located on the top of Hill of Noth, and is the second highest hillfort in Scotland.
Stunning views of rural Aberdeenshire can be enjoyed at Tap O'Noth, and a car park can be found nearby.
For Accommodation and information, please call:
0845 859 1006
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subset: commoncrawl


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SYRACUSE -- Syracuse has been named one of the 'top drinking towns' by The Huffington Post.
According to the Huffington Post, which compiled data from the 2012 U.S. Census, Syracuse has the sixth highest bars per household ratio with 7 bars per every 10,000 households.
Buffalo comes in a close seventh with a 6.8 bar to 10,000 households ratio.
The top 10 drinking towns are: (1) New Orleans, LA; (2) Milwaukee, WI; (3) Omaha, NE-IA; (4) Pittsburgh, PA; (5) Toledo, OH; (6) Syracuse, NY; (7) Buffalo, NY; (8) San Francisco, CA; (9) Las Vegas, NV; and (10) Honolulu, HI.
What's your favorite bar in Central New York?


text: Thomas Doerfler (nt) wrote: > -----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- > Hash: SHA1 > > Till, > > Till Straumann schrieb: > >> So what do you suggest - two separate headers, one >> for the public interface, a second one for BSP-internal >> interfaces? >> > > I think this would be better than writing internals and externals into > one header, making it visible but not available to the user. > > Having two headers e.g. is implemented for termios: sys/termios.h for > the interface, rtems/termiostypes.h for the internal types. > > I am in the process of trying to simplify the initialization process from the BSP's perspective and currently in the middle of removing the CPU Table and merging it as appropriate into the main Configuration Table. As part of this, I have looked at a fair number of bsp.h files in the past week or so. I must say that I agree with the internal .h file. It looks like there is a lot of private information in them that is not part of the public API of the BSP. > >> The technique of hiding internal interfaces by such a symbol >> is already employed widely by the RTEMS kernel and >> by the networking code. >> > > Yes, but things could be made better? > The networking code is BSD so that's that. We take what we get. The POSIX API is much better at hiding its internals than the Classic API. The Classic API has the "inside the kernel part" to keep users from seeing the inline files. It would take a lot of work but I would love to see a split between the public Classic API functionality and the internals. But it would be a large undertaking with little payback. --joel > wkr, > Thomas. > > - -- > - -------------------------------------------- > IMD Ingenieurbuero fuer Microcomputertechnik > Thomas Doerfler Herbststrasse 8 > D-82178 Puchheim Germany > email: Thomas.Doerfler at imd-systems.de > PGP public key available at: > http://www.imd-systems.de/pgpkey_en.html > -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- > Version: GnuPG v1.2.5 (MingW32) > Comment: Using GnuPG with Mozilla - http://enigmail.mozdev.org > > iD8DBQFHU6tjwHyg4bDtfjQRAmysAKCJkYfCClAdN29XTb1sMd7ve9iZmwCcCBE6 > iG1Kvd99QK6md+O22WKDTgM= > =p1KX > -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- > _______________________________________________ > rtems-users mailing list > rtems-users at rtems.com > http://rtems.rtems.org/mailman/listinfo/rtems-users >


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DHK Maximus GP 1/8th RTR Nitro 4WD TruckRegular Price: $399.99 Special Price: $349.99 |
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Tamiya R/C Bush Devil II Kit
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bigjoe wrote:main point was not to skip meals.
italian foodie wrote:Donal I love Gino's green bean & goat's cheese salad with lemon and mint dressing, I often have it when I'm low carbing! I can post recipe if you like?
DonalH wrote:6) I'm not going to give my starting weight - I need to keep some shred of dignity - but in the first week, with a small amount of effort I lost 4.5kg. That's nearly 10lbs !!


text: The funeral of Bernie Mac, born Bernard Jeffrey McCullough, took place at The House of Hope Church in his native Chicago Illinois. There were many famous faces, but the most striking were those of his wife Rhonda McCullough; mourning her husband's death. Amongst those in attendance were The Reverend Jesse Jackson, Samuel L. Jackson, Chris Rock, Juwan Howard and fellow King of Comedy, Cedric The Entertainer.


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The 2013 Minority Educational Institution Student Partnership Program offers talented undergraduate and graduate students summer internship positions with the U.S. Department of Energy and its national laboratories. Positions involve scientific research or a focus on policy, business, and government relations. All internships include paid lodging, round trip airfare, and monetary compensation.
As Program participants, students receive an intensive 10-week assignment to "jump-start" their careers and develop their potential for future opportunities within the federal government. Students work side-by-side with leading scientists, engineers, and other top professionals to develop professional skills and enhance leadership capabilities.
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Note to Applicants:
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U.S. Department of Energy
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A Patient's Guide to Clinical Trials
En Español | En Français
NIH Clinical Research Trials and You
Guidance regarding HIV anti-retroviral treatment in developing countries
Policy on Research Involving Human Subjects
Healthy volunteers are people with no known significant health problems. They often are given the same tests, procedures, or drugs as patient volunteers so that researchers can compare results and make new discoveries. Healthy volunteers may be compensated for their time and travel.
The following are selected studies being conducted at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center in Bethesda, Maryland. The links lead to full study titles and descriptions.
Apheresis and Specimen Collection Procedures to Obtain Plasma, Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) and Other Specimens for Research Studies (NCT00067054) This study collects different types of specimens from healthy volunteers ages 18 and older for use in studies by NIAID's Vaccine Research Center. The samples are used for medical research, including the study of HIV, hepatitis, and other diseases; immune system responses, such as responses to vaccinations or infections; and for research on vaccine development.
Evaluation of Tissue-Specific Immune Responses (NCT01132859) This study is enrolling healthy volunteers at least 18 years of age who agree to donate specimens for research purposes. The objective of this study is to evaluate blood and other tissue samples for immune responses to vaccines and natural infections.
Intranasal AD4-H5-VTN as an Adenovirus Vaccine (NCT01806909) This study examines the immune response of the AD4-H5-VTN vaccine in healthy volunteers ages 18 to 49. Another objective of this study is to see if the adenovirus in the AD4-H5-VTN vaccine is contagious or spreads to others, therefore intimate contacts of healthy volunteers between 18 and 65 years of age may also be eligible to participate in the study.
Normal Blood, Bone Marrow and Buccal Mucosa Protocol (NCT00806364) The purpose of this study is to improve our understanding of allergies and the immune system. The study will include a brief history, physical, and allergy screen. Healthy volunteers at least 18 years old and will be asked to provide a blood sample, swab sample from inside the cheek, and/or a skin biopsy or bone marrow biopsy.
Screening Healthy Volunteers for Influenza Challenge Studies (NCT01386424) This study is enrolling healthy volunteers ages 18 to 50 who are non-smokers or non-habitual smokers to determine eligibility for future studies on the development and course of the flu virus.
Screening of Volunteers for Vaccine Clinical Trials (NCT01375530) This study is enrolling healthy volunteers ages 18 to 70 to screen for clinical trials that will allow researchers to study vaccines and injection devices.
Study of AD4-H5-VTN Vaccine in Healthy Volunteers (NCT01443936) This study is enrolling healthy volunteers ages 18 to 45 to see if an adenovirus vaccine called AD4-H5-VTN produces a strong enough immune response to be used as part of vaccines to prevent diseases such as malaria or HIV. Because the vaccine may cause cold symptoms, members of the volunteer's household must take part in the study.
Testing the AVI-7100 Flu Drug in Healthy Volunteers (NCT01747148) This study is looking for healthy volunteers of normal weight between 18 and 60 years of age. The objective of this study is to see how healthy adult volunteers tolerate the AVI-7100 anti-influenza drug.
Patient Recruitment and Public Liaison Office Toll Free: 1-800-411-1222 TTY: 1-866-411-1010 Se habla español. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Don't live in the Washington, DC, area? See NIAID-supported clinical research studies enrolling healthy volunteers being conducted across the United States and around the world.
Last Updated May 02, 2013
Last Reviewed May 02, 2013


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Tune In: Paralympic Games Start Today
If you're still mourning the end of the Olympics, you're in luck. The Paralympic Games kick off today, and promise to offer a whole new array of athletic feats and tales of triumph. You can stream all of the events live at Paralympic.org.
We're excited to see what Oscar Pistorius--the South African double amputee who competed in the able-bodied games--can do in the 100, 200, and 400 races. We've also got our eye on U.S. sprinter April Holmes. Holmes lost one of her legs in a train accident in 2001, and since then has become one of the most formidable paralympic runners around. Check out her story below!
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'Locker Man' Saves Day For Cash-Strapped Tourists
February 21, 2009 Already reeling from the housing crisis, Florida's economy is now struggling with a drop in tourism. But in Orlando, home of Disney World, one small business thrives by helping repeat visitors cut their costs — by leaving their stuff behind in storage.
The Real World: 'We're Not Looking Forward To It'
February 13, 2009 Many young Americans are experiencing their first recession as adults. At a local cafe in Atlanta's hip Cabbagetown neighborhood, some patrons and workers expressed uncertainty about finding jobs after college and saving for retirement. Others see an upside: less pressure to grow up.
Kentucky Houseboat Maker Struggles To Stay Afloat
February 9, 2009 A year ago, Majestic Yachts Inc. in Kentucky had plenty of orders to fill. This year, it's feeling a ripple effect from boaters who can't find buyers for their old boats and aren't buying new ones. The company hasn't gotten one order for a new boat and just laid off all 27 employees.
Atlanta Eatery Serves Up Pancakes And A 'Plan B'
February 8, 2009 At the Stone Soup Kitchen in Atlanta, flapjacks are cheap and sales are strong — and people are lining up to work. The owner, who posted a job listing recently and got more than seven times the usual number of responses, says a lot of people in Atlanta are looking to him as a potential "Plan B."
Ohio Scoreboard Company Down But Not Out
February 2, 2009 A business in Ohio that produces scoreboards for high schools now finds itself in the cross hairs of the recession. The owner says schools are putting off purchases that aren't essential, and the advertisers that help pay for the scoreboards are also short on cash. But in Ohio and elsewhere, people haven't given up hope.
In Paradise, A Prayer For More Snowmobilers
January 28, 2009 In winter, snowmobiling is like a religion in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Devotees flock to the area, where restaurants advertise "Snowmobilers Welcome," and gas stations serve more snowmobiles than cars. But residents in the town of Paradise say the sinking economy is keeping many tourists home this year.
'100 Days' Tour Kicks Off With Tales From Michigan
January 25, 2009 As President Obama spends his first 100 days in office, NPR is launching a project called "100 Days: On the Road in Troubled Times." NPR's David Greene will spend most of the next hundred days roaming the U.S. and, with help from listeners, relaying stories about the recession. Greene kicks off the tour in frigid northern Michigan.
Series Overview: Coping With Recession Around The U.S.
January 25, 2009 The first 100 days of a presidency are considered a yardstick for what can be accomplished in a first term. President Obama faces a global financial crisis and the need to restore Americans' confidence. To mark this crucial period, NPR launches its own "100 Days" road trip around the U.S., and we'd like your help.


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By Ali Rockett Staff writer
CHARLOTTE - The Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina successfully moved a lawsuit brought by a former employee and Miss Lumbee alleging sexual harassment to Robeson County.
Josh Van Kampen, a Charlotte lawyer representing Ashley Haywood of Lumberton filed the lawsuit in October in Mecklenburg County Superior Court. Van Kampen said at the time that the suit was filed outside Robeson County because he wanted to "find a jury pool that won't have any interest in the matter."
But Wednesday, Van Kampen said he filed a consent order agreeing to have the complaint heard in Robeson County Superior Court.
Van Kampen said he still reserved the right to file a motion to transfer the suit out of the county where one-third of the population is Lumbee.
Van Kampen said he and Haywood were weighing their options, but it would ultimately be up to a Robeson County judge whether the case would be heard there or not.
Lumbee Tribe Enterprises, Jimmy Hunt and Tribal Chairman Paul Brooks are listed as defendants in the lawsuit which alleges wrongful termination, battery, infliction of emotional distress and false imprisonment.
In the lawsuit Haywood alleges that she was verbally and physically harassed by Hunt, who was her supervisor, between October 2009 and January 2010. Haywood was hired in October 2009 as a housing specialist. She was fired June 2012.
Haywood was the 2008 Miss Lumbee.
On Nov. 3, 2009, Hunt allegedly shoved Haywood into a corner in her office, grabbed her waist, pressed himself against her, groped her and forcibly kissed her.
The next day, Haywood reported the incident to tribal officials who allegedly told her she would be fired if she pursued the complaint.
Hunt continued his abuse, threatening Haywood's job, the lawsuit alleged, until January 2010 when Haywood was told by tribal officials that Hunt was gone and would "never be hired back."
Hunt was rehired in 2012 by Brooks.
Haywood filed a grievance June 8, 2012 with Brooks and the tribe's human resources department about Hunt's rehiring, the lawsuit said. On June 15, 2012, Haywood was suspended. She was fired four days later.
Hunt has called the allegations "bogus.''
Tribal officials have declined to comment on pending litigation.
Haywood also filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission last year. Van Kampen said if they requested a "right-to-sue" letter, the tribe could also be facing federal charges.
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GOLD RIVER, Calif. - The UC San Diego men's crew team registered a solid performance at day one of the Western Intercollegiate Rowing Association (WIRA) Championships on Saturday. UCSD's JV eight and novice eight boats did well enough in their heats to advance to Sunday's grand finals, while the varsity eight and second novice eight boats will also receive automatic bids.
"Overall, we raced pretty well today," said UCSD head coach Zach Johnson.
The Triton JV eight boat captured the only victory of the day, beating second-finisher UCSB by nearly ten seconds to secure its spot in the grand final race. UCSD clocked a time of 6:08.5, while the Gauchos came in at 6:17.3. In their impressive performance, the Tritons finished with the fastest time overall on the day in the JV eight field by more than eight seconds.
UCSD's novice eight shell came in behind first place UC Irvine with a time of 6:17.2. UCI finished less than three seconds ahead of the Tritons, at 6:14.7, for the win.
"Our novice eight was a little disappointing, even though they got the third overall fastest time," Johnson said. "We're hoping they rebound and have a great performance in tomorrow's grand final."
The Tritons' third boat to compete on Saturday was the pair, which finished fourth in its heat and ended up taking first in its petite final race. For its heat time, UCSD finished at 8:06, while first place Humboldt State came in at 7:39.7. The pair boat went on to capture a first place finish in its petite contest, edging second-finisher Pacific by more than three seconds.
UCSD will continue competition on Sunday, when the varsity eight, JV eight, second varsity eight and novice eight boats will compete in their grand final races.
Western Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championships - Day One April 28, 2012 Gold River, Calif.
JV Eight 1. UCSD 6:08.5 2. UCSB 6:17.3 3. UCI 6:19.1 4. WSU 6:24.9 5. OCC 6:28.6
Novice Eight 1. UCI 6:14.7 2. UCSD 6:17.2 3. LBS 6:35.0 4. HSU 6:37.5 5. SDSU 6:38.4
Pair 1. HSU 7:39.7 2. Chap 7:42.0 3. SDSU 7:54.5 4. UCSD 8:06.0 5. PLU 8:12.4 6. SCU 8:25.1
Pair 1. UCSD 8:02.1 2. PAC 8:05.7 3. PLU 8:16.4 4. LBS 8:24.0
Triton Talk Triton InsiderAsk the Athletics Director Live StatsUCSD Hall of Fame


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- November 9, 2012
- 3:28 p.m.
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Para_Rescue_38th writes:
Klaus, please answer my question; are you even a citizen of the United States of America? The country that I fought for? I am simply trying to ascertain if you have any stake in this election or if you are just another arrogant European. It's obvious your type of politics don't work...Europe is sinking and Obama wants the US to become part of the European Union; a one world government. Is that what you want?
And please don't skirt the issue; are you a citizen of our great nation? If not, please keep your Facist ideologies to yourself! I fought for the freedom of Americans to speak freely, not self righteous blowhard foriegners.
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- Hong Kong Hong Kong scrambles for milk formula Jan 11, 2013|2:16
Search results
Comment - Insight & Opinion - MEDIA
SCMP defends report on trans-fat levels in baby milk formula
Posted Jul 09th 2013, 10:33pm by Wang Xiangwei
... of infant milk formula contain trans-fat. In one of the articles, it said that a Hong Kong newspaper "used the mainland public's high concern and sensitivity towards baby formula, as well ... , mainland mothers told reporters they would still prefer to buy infant milk formula in Hong Kong. The tests showed there were no significant differences in the nutrient content of the foreign brands ...
http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1279042/scmps-statement-its-july-8-milk-formula-report -
News - Hong Kong - SOCIETY
New measures to ensure milk supply for Hong Kong mothers
Posted Apr 27th 2013, 12:00am by Emily Tsang
... Emily Tsang firstname.lastname@example.com Manufacturers unveil a system to guarantee local parents six tins of baby formula a month New measures to ensure milk supply Manufacturers and pharmacies have announced joint measures to guarantee local mothers six tins of infant milk formula a month, a move they hope will prompt the government to drop its export curbs. Under the scheme, up ...
http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1224100/new-measures-ensure-milk-supply-hong-kong-mothers -
News - Hong Kong - RETAIL
There was never a shortage of milk powder, says Friso producer
Posted Mar 27th 2013, 12:00am by Emily Tsang
... It was a mistake to limit exports and ban should be lifted in long term, company head says The government's restrictions on taking infant milk formula across the border was "based on a mistake" and should be scrapped in the long term, a milk powder producer said. "There was never a stock shortage," said Arnoud van den Berg, general manager ...
http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1200496/never-shortage-milk-powder-says-producer -
News - China - ECONOMY
Chinese entrepreneurs milk Germany's supply
Posted Aug 19th 2013, 06:25pm by Patrick Boehler
... is already Germany's largest costumer of milk products outside Europe. "Chinese demand is driven by pasteurised milk and infant formula", said Frank Feuerriegel, from the North Rhine-Westphalia dairy ... such as Berlin, Frankfurt and Cologne had run out of infant formula. "We neither sell nor export to the Chinese," Stefan Stohl, a spokesperson of Milupa, a German producer of infant formula told ...
http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1297807/germanys-milk-exports-china-are-booming -
Comment - Insight & Opinion
Hong Kong needs new formula for milk formula
Posted Mar 29th 2013, 12:00am by Jimmy Cheung
... SCMP Editorial New formula for milk formula Last week, the city's health chief was forced to apologise to 12 mainlanders who had been wrongly prosecuted under a new law restricting the parallel trade in infant milk formula. What they carried out of the city was actually rice-based baby cereal, which officials confirm is not their target. The prosecution blunder has further ...
http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1202192/hong-kong-needs-new-formula-milk-formula -
Comment - Insight & Opinion
Opportunities in parallel trade
Posted Mar 12th 2013, 12:00am by STAFF
... SCMP Editorial Opportunities in parallel trade A backlash against Hong Kong's restrictions on infant milk formula is, unsurprisingly, escalating as more mainlanders have been fined ... melamine-tainted milk on the mainland, authorities and suppliers with foresight should have geared up to rising demand spurred by mistrust of mainland brands across the border. Parallel traders' ...
http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1188719/opportunities-parallel-trade -
News - China
Guangzhou woman's 148 cans of milk formula beats Hong Kong curb
Posted Mar 15th 2013, 12:26pm by Peony Lui
... Photos of haul appear on Weibo Strong opinions were exchanged on Sina Weibo after a Guangzhou woman bought 148 cans of baby milk formula from Hong Kong supermarkets and then uploaded photos of them. The post read: "We [the woman's family of three] finally got 148 cans of infant formula after going back and forth between Guangzhou and Hong Kong for a whole week! Now we ...
http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1191388/guangzhou-womans-148-cans-milk-formula-beats-hong-kong-curb -
Comment - Letters
Milk powder quota is wrong
Posted Mar 12th 2013, 12:00am by LETTERS
... Restricting milk powder sales is bad for businesses Putting hard administrative restrictions on cross-border trade of milk powder is a policy which brings a very high cost to all parties. ... as much milk powder as they want and bring it to wherever they wish, the arrangement that existed before the new restriction was imposed. Second, have a special tax be charged on milk trading. ...
http://www.scmp.com/comment/letters/article/1188723/milk-powder-quota-wrong -
News - Hong Kong - CONSUMER AFFAIRS
Government set to crackdown on infant formula trading
Posted Feb 01st 2013, 12:00am by Emily Tsang, Thomas Chan, Tony Cheung
... Emily Tsang, Thomas Chan and Tony Cheung Milk powder will be a 'reserved commodity' to stop cross-border traders buying up supplies Infant formula traders set to face crackdown The government is likely to announce measures to crack down on the cross-border trading of infant formula today, the South China Morning Post has learnt. Making infant milk formula a "reserved ...
http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1140585/government-set-crackdown-infant-formula-trading -
Comment - Insight & Opinion
Officials must secure supplies of milk formula for local mothers
Posted Feb 01st 2013, 12:00am
... SCMP Editorial Local mothers' needs come first The government is expected to announce as early as today measures to combat shortages of imported infant milk formula caused ... ill-afford for long. The government has no alternative but to secure supplies of infant milk formula for local mothers. ...
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Schloss Leopoldskron was predestined to become a place of intellectual inspiration. The peace and quiet and the stunning location of the palace offer an excellent framework for reflection and knowledge transfer. Like an oasis, it lies far from the hectic everyday life of the city, creates space for visions and provides a framework for finding solutions to problems. |
After the Second World War, the "intellectual Marshall plan for Europe" was created at Schloss Leopoldskron. Since then, it has become tradition to hold exclusive conferences, meetings of state officials, workshops and leadership seminars at the palace and in the adjacent Meierhof, thus perfectly combining an historic ambience, magnificent scenery and modern technology... |


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Located 20 miles southwest of Salt Lake City, Herriman City is one of the fastest growing master planned communities in Utah featuring an emerging business environment, abundant community amenities and high quality of life.
As a young, affluent and family-oriented community of more than 21,000 residents, with a build-out of 100,000, we offer untapped business opportunities for companies looking to relocate or expand.
Those looking for their piece of the American Dream will appreciate our dedication to open space and parks, miles of connected trails and variety of housing options—all conveniently located between both Salt Lake and Utah Counties.
Whether choosing Herriman for its business potential or to quietly raise your family, we are planning for the future with a 90 acre community college, improved accessibility with a new freeway and a vibrant towne center.


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Featured Companies
Soyad™ adhesive technology is a patented, formaldehyde-free adhesive system from Ashland Inc. (NYSE: ASH) that is used to manufacture interior wood products such as hardwood plywood, particleboard, medium-density fiberboard, and engineered wood flooring.
Moisture forgiveness is a building science concept generated by the demand for increased energy efficiency in the built environment. As buildings become increasingly tighter, they also can become more susceptible to moisture damage which can compromise the performance and durability of the building. Building owners, architects, and contractors must employ an integrated project delivery strategy to manage moisture effectively. Georgia-Pacific fiberglass mat gypsum products provide the moisture forgiveness that protects the performance of the structure and the inhabitants within.
Lamboo is an engineered, high performance bamboo product that is used within architectural, structural and design applications, and is structurally superior to its wood counterparts. Lamboo products can be manufactured in both interior and exterior grade and have multiple grain patterns for a variety of aesthetically pleasing options.
Our formula for success is based on customer service and National Gypsums quest to provide products meeting its customers highest standards. To do this, the company has created the most advanced customer service organization in the industry, updated plants and built modern manufacturing facilities, applied advanced technology to improve product quality, and put increased emphasis on innovation.
Allied Metrics Seals & Fasteners, Inc.
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Book Swag
- Standard Definition: plunder, booty; money, valuables.
- Recent Definition: confidence, style, carriage; related to swagger.
There's a saying going around the internet that "swag doesn't pay the bills." In Children's Marketing, that is patently not true. Swag totally pays the bills—or, at least it helps sell books, which is what keeps the lights (and air conditioning) on in this funky-shaped building. [Note: Much of Macmillan is housed in New York City's Flatiron Building, an angular architectural wonder that is on the National Register of Historic Places and has a perfect five-star rating on Yelp. Swag.]
Kids book swag is kind of like a party favor—if your book had a birthday bash or a wedding, it would thank you for coming and hand you a little gift on your way out that looked like one of the following:
Bookmarks: Classic swag! A bookmark doesn't stray too far from the world of ink and paper. Almost anything can be a bookmark, including smaller books—but do this too much and you get a Matryoshka doll effect with a couple of broken bindings. Better to pick up the real deal!
Poster: When you're not reading your book, it can still beautify your world. A children's book poster usually consists of a spread from the book with a tagline that is funny, telling or inspiring. Since they are often displayed in libraries and bookstores, these posters may have messages which encourage you to read. Consider yourself warned.
Class Activities: Sometimes class activities are on the back of a poster; sometimes they're on their own. You can check out book pages on the Macmillan website to see if there are bonus activities! Is this type of swag a little like the carrot sticks that one of your neighbors gives out on Halloween instead of candy? Maybe. Did that person know what was best for you? Definitely. Some of these activities were created by interns, specifically this intern, and they are FUN—and good for you.
Buttons, Tote Bags, Pencils: This genre of swag is my favorite, as it's a killer combination of practical and expressive. Plus, sometimes tote bags contain… more swag. And books.
Alternative Swag: Here's where things get really creative. Did you know that Shadow and Bone has its own nail polish? And that the upcoming Crewel has its own swanky purple wristband? 52 Reasons to Hate My Father had a giveaway that included heiress sunglasses like the one in the book. Step aside, Duane Reade, because Mackids has this covered. These novelty items are a ton of fun to come up with in marketing meetings—it's an interesting challenge to design a small object that both conveys something about a whole book and is useful or cool on its own.
Now you might be asking yourself: Where can I get my hands on some swag? Easy! To get a party favor, go to a party. Check out author signings and book festivals. Buddy up with your local librarian. Consider working in publishing! The whole floor may or may not have sampled custom Macmillan Children's Publishing Group cookies to make sure they were OK for ALA. (They were, but it's always good to check.) Turn your swag on, and happy reading!


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I'm not a huge label person. That said, I recognize quality when I see it. And when my kids were born, I fell in love with Hanna Andersson clothing for kids.
Made in Sweden of high quality knits and fabrics, Hannas are known for their durability. They are also known for unique patterns and mix and match ease.
Every Hanna I've ever owned has survived long after the girls have outgrown them. Shannon's Hannas were given to Leela, who wore them until she grew out of them. And then I passed them down to friend's kids who could use them. I bet they have been passed on even since. Quality lasts.
As wonderful as Hannas are, they are not inexpensive. But I daresay that you get so much more use out of them than other lines of children's clothing.
Over the years I found Hannas on eBay and also at the outlet mall in Kittery Maine. It's a hell of a hike for me, but I would do it once a year to stock up on tights, sweaters, and other items that I had lusted over in the catalog the previous season.
But recently a Hanna outlet opened close to my home. Oh, what a happy day that was. Now I'm able to scoop up bargains left and right. Actually, the prices are even cheaper than Walmart.
Yesterday I was able to stock up on Hanna swimsuits for $6 per piece. I'm not one who's big on two piece suits for kids, but these are more like tankinis. This summer my girls developed terrible rashes due to the seams on their one piece suits, and I've found that the tankinis alleviate that problem.
Hanna swim suits are around $44 for two pieces, but I was able to stock up on suits for $12 per pair. That is a mighty fine price for a well made article of clothing.
Not only did I stock up on swim suits, but I also bought sundresses for next summer. Normally this type of dress runs around $42, but I paid $10. If you could only feel how butter soft the cotton is, you'd totally understand why this is so darn exciting.
This sale only runs through tomorrow, July 30th, but sales like this happen frequently at their outlet stores.
There are only six Hanna outlets in the country, but fret not. I've also found amazing deals at the regular Hanna stores and also online during their twice a year Hanna sales. Certainly something to watch for.
Do check to see if you have a Hanna store near you. And even if you have to drive a bit, it's totally worth it!
How about you? Are you a Hanna Andersson fan? Do you have a Hanna outlet close to you?
This is not a sponsored post. Hanna Andersson doesn't even know I exist. I paid for all of my Hannas. And I'd do it again.


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This story is developing...
But I was wondering if anyone wanted to test out the story with me.
So far it's about shamans and spirits, and good and evil energy.
Here is a picture I drew it's not the best but it helped me conceptualize the story:
Please note me if you're interested! Thanks


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Summary and Book Reviews
On Beauty: Summary and book reviews of On Beauty by Zadie Smith
What a wise and wonderful novel On Beauty is. On opening it I wondered what possible interest I could find in reading a novel of middle-class angst set in a liberal arts college, but how wrong I was. Smith deliciously skewers the insularities and hypocrisies of academia while exploring family, race and morality... (Reviewed by BookBrowse Review Team). Full Review (1236 words). Media Reviews
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ReadalikesIf you liked On Beauty, try these:
by Diana Evans A hauntingly beautiful, wickedly funny and devastatingly moving novel of innocence and dreams.
A Secret Kept
by Tatiana de Rosnay From Tatiana de Rosnay, author of the New York Times bestseller Sarah's Key, A Secret Kept plumbs the depths of complex family relationships and the power of a past secret to change everything in the present. These are 2 of the 9 readalike suggestions for On Beauty. Members have full access to all readalikes. If you are a member, please login. To find out more about membership, click here.


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Honolulu Print Skirt
Launched in 1996, Australian fashion power house Bardot creates thousands of the hottest fashion styles for women every year. Practical yet playful, Bardot continues to make a mark not only on the Australian fashion scene, but is quickly making inroads on the international fashion market as well
- 97% cotton 3% elastane
- Skirt measures approx 15" in length
- Unlined
- Hand wash warm
- Contrast color trim
- Back zip closure
- Styled with Tibi Edita Heels in Black.
- Modeled in size S. See fit guide for model's dimensions.
- Revolve Style No. BARD-WQ1
- Manufacturer Style No. 27264SB
- Can't find your size? Place a special order inquiry for this item.


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Jessica Fairley is a reporter with FOX 31 News
DOUGHERTY COUNTY, GA -- Dougherty County Police need your help finding a woman accused of bilking an elderly patient out of $7500. Investigators say that 46-year-old Patricia Glenn has been taking money from the accounts of 86-year-old Viola Prather via debit card use. Prather had allowed Glenn to use the debit card, but only in her presence. Officials believe that Glenn began taking money unsupervised starting back in March, making multiple withdrawals often totaling $200 to $400 a day. Glenn is being sought on 32 charges of Financial Transaction Card Fraud and 4 counts of Exploitation of the Elderly.
"We had contact with her a couple of weeks ago and there was an interview set up and she did not show up at her schedule time and since then has moved from that location. So right now she's unable to be located," said Sgt. Chad Kirkpatrick, with Dougherty County Police.
If you know the whereabouts of Glenn, you are encourage to contact the Dougherty County Police Department.


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I can't stand rap....people who can't sing do rap....you can sing rebellion as well as talk it....Hitler would have been in a rap band. -- John Entwistle MTV Week In Rock 1989
Superbowl is over
Well....at least halftime - the only thing that matters to some of us!! Check out our new site!!!!! http://beta.thewho.net
Happy Who Day
Tonight The Who will be performing, and to kickoff the event, we'd like to debut the new thewho.net that we are working on. Before we give the url, we want to make it clear that it's a "work in progress" and that's why we haven't simply replaced this site with the new one. We still have a lot of work to do, but we're happy with the new look and want to share it with you. The new site, in addition to a new look, also has some new content. Particularly in the "bibliography" section! Thanks to Peter, Brian and Dave we've vastly expanded the books and articles sections and we hope you will enjoy the new additions. We hope you enjoy the new site and will participate with us in making it even better than this site!!! Please, use the forums, add comments where appropriate, and let us know what you think of the new look and the new content. In the coming days we'll have more new additions, and over the coming weeks we'll be finishing the new site and migrating it here to www.thewho.net in the mean time, visit our new site at http://beta.thewho.net
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We've currently suspended new membership to this site, and in the coming days you'll understand why. Please check back often for updated information!! Thanks! Scott host of www.thewho.net
After weeks of rumors...It is now confirmed!
The Who will play the halftime show of the Superbowl on February 7, 2010
The Kids are Alright
One day like today...1963 The Detours perform at the Oldfield Hotel in Greenford 1968 The Who play the University at Reading with Jess Roden coming onstage to sing "Magic Bus. "", 1969 The Who play in Liverpool 1971 The Who play in San Francisco 1977 Keith drags Pete to his new hangout, the punk-rock club The Vortex to see Wayne County and the Electric Chairs, Backlash and the Skunks. Pete is particularly impressed with the latter band and signs them to his Eel Pie record label. 1979 The initial report of the Cincinnati inquiry is released. It blames the late opening of too few doors, inadequate security and the festival seating format. 1985 Roger Daltrey continues his solo tour at the Palace Theater in Albany, New York 1988 Pete, Roger and John appear via videotape from London on the U.S. television show Todaypromoting the new Who's Better Who's Best compilation. MTV and MCA Records hold a "Who Day " on MTV airing The Kids Are Alright, videos and interviews with Pete, Roger and John taped in London. 1997 Sheryl Crow sings "Squeeze Box " on TFI Friday on Britain's Channel 4. I Can See For Miles
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Saturday, April 21, 2012
Henry Smith Shively And Wife, Emily E. Scamehorn, In Jefferson County, Ohio
2 comments:
In your May 2012 Newsletter, you say that Richard Shively's parents were John Shively and Nancy Hall. Where did you get this information? I have someone who is looking for this family line.
ReplyDeleteRepliesMarilyn, I found my files on Richard Shively. In 1995 the researcher who worked on the Richard Shively line had someone search the original Belmont and Jefferson County, Ohio records. It was reported that "Jefferson County has retired the original death records because they are very brittle. They did transcribe them into typewritten books though. In Book One I found your Richard Shively in the death records. He died 27 Aug 1887 of Brights disease. He was a blacksmith, age 80 years 4 months and 7 days, died in Warrenton, and his parents were John Shively and Nancy Hall. It is very unusual for a death record for an adult in this time period to list the parents."


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Denise Stapley, Michael Skupin, Lisa Whelchel, Malcolm Freberg and Carter Williams during the eleventh episode of Survivor: Philippines.


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The Tuscany - A St Giles Luxury Hotel ensures to complement its large selection of rooms with a high level of service. This 4-star hotel offers high quality accommodation at great rates. Times Square is within easy walking distance, as are Radio City Music Hall and Grammercy Park. A good photo opportunity, Chrysler Building, Murray Hill and Empire State Building are nearby. Victorian Gardens is a popular place to visit from this location. For events or conference visits in Madison Square Garden, it's good to know it's close by.
There are extra common areas in The Tuscany - A St Giles Luxury Hotel; for example, a coffee shop/café. If you're the slightly more demanding type of guest, you may be relieved to learn of the inclusion of a limousine service, a bell boy service and an express check-in/out service in the list of services. Especially convenient for business guests is the presence of a conference space and a business center in addition to an audio-visual equipment set. This hotel offers 124 rooms. Transportation services available here include a paid airport shuttle bus as well as a paid area shuttle bus. If you prefer to drive here, rest assured that you will be able to utilise a paid valet parking service.
The entire property of The Tuscany - A St Giles Luxury Hotel is equipped with air conditioning. A wake-up service and a daily housekeeping service are but two of the services offered. Beware that you may never want to leave your room: wireless high-speed Internet access (complimentary) is included for your convenience. The rooms are equipped with electronics such as a CD player. To make your nights here more relaxed, a hypo-allergenic bedding set (upon request), a Premium bedding set and a pillowtop mattress are provided.
Show reviews
Check-in: | From 15:00 Check-out: Until 12:00 |
Internet: | Wireless high-speed Internet access (complimentary) |
Parking: | Parking Nearby, Parking Nearby (surcharge), Paid Valet Parking |
Airport shuttle: | Airport Transportation (surcharge), Paid Area Shuttle Service |
Rooms: | 124 |
Services: |
General facilities: |
Extra common areas: |
Business facilities: |
Activities: |
Please provide this reference number to our customer service center representative on request, so we can help you better


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Nintendo, West Coast Customs unveil life-size Mario Kart racers
LOS ANGELES--This may be the strangest unveiling of the LA Auto Show's history...
In celebration of the first title in the Mario Kart franchise to feature 3D graphics, Nintendo commissioned West Coast Customs to truly bring the game into the third dimension by building working examples of two of the cars from Mario Kart 7.
Mario's personal race car and Luigi's Bumble V car were constructed and can be driven under their own power. However, the hang glider and underwater propeller on Mario and Luigi's rides, respectively, are not functional. Visitors will be able to view … Read more


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Customers who bought this item also bought:
Thrill Your Honey Pot With Smooth, Orgasmic Glass!
The Icicles No. 11 Glass Honey Dipper is like two glass wands in one –– thanks to a pair of uniquely textured ends!
The honey dipper end is perfect for thrusting, turning in and around your hot spots.
Use the nubby end to tease in and all around, including the clitoris –– or even some anal fun!
Alternate between both ends for long sessions of stimulation –– the honey dipper end is also perfect for holding onto your favorite sex lube.
Your Icicles No. 11 Glass Honey Dipper should last a long time with the minimum of care.
• Smooth Glass Material
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• Dual Heads For Twice The Fun
• Retains Temperature For Hot And Cold Thrills
• Fun For Beginners, as well as Intermediate And Advanced Sex Toy Users
• Icicles No. 11 Glass Honey Dipper Measures 6" Long and 1" Wide
Glass is compatible with both silicone, water and oil-based lubricants, and the intuitive shape of this toy ensures it is easy to hold, even with lubricated fingertips.
Glass is a safe and pleasurable material that can be enjoyed without worry, and will not break or chip, even with frequent intimate use. As with all glass sex toys, care must be taken not to drop the toy onto a hard surface, and the Icicles No. 11 Glass Honey Dipper should not be used if there are any visible or tangible damages on the toy if it is accidentally dropped.
To keep your glass dildo in great condition, be sure to wash it after each use with mild soap and water or a toy cleaner so it is fresh and ready for your next pleasure session.
Colors |
Clear | |
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Waterproof, Hypoallergenic | |
Length |
6.0 inches | |
Material |
Glass | |
Brand |
Pipedream | |
Width |
1.00 inches | |
Gender |
Female |


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Originally posted 10/08/2012 01:05PM
Reunited and it feels so good!
The Real Housewives of New York City are at it again – this time rehashing all of season five's drama in part one of the show's reunion.
Airing Monday at 9 p.m. ET on Bravo, Aviva Drescher, Carole Radziwill, Heather Thomson, LuAnn de Lesseps, Ramona Singer and Sonja Morgan trade insults as they revisit everything from ex-husbands to their feud-ridden trip to St. Barth's.
The Real Housewives of New York City
Originally posted 09/25/2012 11:15AM
How about a side of venom with that tea?
After non-stop feuding on their St. Barts trip, Aviva Drescher was "furious" with Ramona Singer on Monday's Real Housewives of N.Y.C., and wasted no time going in for the attack during a cringe-inducing nine-minute showdown over tea.
"I'm hoping to get a somewhat of a sober person in front of me," Drescher snapped, explaining to the camera why she arranged to meet Ramona during the day. (The purported reason for their meeting, by the way, was Aviva's anger over Ramona phoning her ex-husband to ask about her phobias.)
Sensing she was walking into a tense situation, Singer told her adversary,"You tend to raise your voice when you lose it. Let's not lose it today."
But indeed the ladies got into it – quickly, in fact – as Aviva reiterated her contempt for Ramona and sidekick Sonja Morgan's behavior during their island getaway, alleging they slept naked in bed together and calling it "disgusting behavior."
The Real Housewives of New York City
Originally posted 09/04/2012 10:45AM
After an eventful start to their St. Barts vacation – which found Countess LuAnn De Lesseps the subject of morning-after infidelity rumors – the drama boiled over on Monday's episode of The Real Housewives of New York City. And, naturally, there was a man involved.
Aviva Drescher has been open with the ladies about her anxiety, especially when it comes to travel. Initially, she declined to join them on their island getaway, citing her crippling fears of flying. But after some persuasion, and help from her husband Reid, who accompanied her on the journey, Aviva flew down to join the ladies. Only, some of them weren't necessarily thrilled by her impending arrival.
Worrying in advance that Reid's presence would ruin the Girls Gone Wild vibe that Ramona Singer and Sonja Morgan (a.k.a. Ramonja) had cultivated thanks to their wine-swilling and topless swimming adventures, the ladies plotted. Should they rent another house for themselves? (They did go looking!) Or would Reid stay at a hotel?
The Real Housewives of New York City
Originally posted 08/28/2012 10:20AM
On Monday's The Real Housewives of New York City, the cast heads to St. Barts to cut loose. But Countess LuAnn de Lesseps found herself the subject of salacious morning-after rumors after reportedly spending time alone with Tomas, a French-speaking Johnny Depp lookalike whom the ladies meet at a club during an alcohol-fueled night out.
The next morning, after telling the ladies she brought home a group Italian friends, de Lesseps is heard on the phone, and she's speaking in French.
"Can you do a favor for me, a big favor? I went out with Tom last night. You know, the one that looks a bit like Johnny Depp? And the girls, they know I brought someone here," she says on the call, which Bravo subtitles. "He can't say that he was here last night with me. I don't want the girls to know he was here with me," she says.
The Real Housewives of New York City
Originally posted 07/17/2012 11:30AM
Here's some feud for thought: Are you on Team Heather or Team Ramona?
On Monday's The Real Housewives of New York City, original cast member Ramona Singer came face to face with newbie Heather Thomson at their costar Aviva Drescher's five-year anniversary party.
It was the first time the two women, who did not start off on the right foot, were in each other's company since Heather organized a trip to London and invited everyone but Ramona.
So when Heather tried to play nice at the party, Ramona was not interested.
The Real Housewives of New York City
Originally posted 06/25/2012 10:30AM
After a big casting shake-up this season on The Real Housewives of New York City, Jill Zarin seems to think Bravo needs her back.
But that's not going to happen.
"We wish Jill the best, but there is no consideration of her returning to the series," a network spokesperson tells PEOPLE.
The former Housewife, who was fired after the fourth season along with Alex McCord and Kelly Bensimon, has publicly criticized the newly rebooted series and recently told the New York Daily News, "You don't change what works."
The Real Housewives of New York City
Originally posted 06/12/2012 12:30PM
The Real Housewives of New York City
Originally posted 06/05/2012 11:10AM
The Real Housewives of New York City are back! Well, some of them are back and some of them are gone.
On Monday's season 5 premiere, viewers reunited with Ramona Singer, LuAnn de Lesseps and Sonja Morgan – and got to meet newbies Heather Thomson, Carole Radziwill and Aviva Drescher, and it didn't take long for the fireworks to begin – or to reignite in one case.
At Sonja's mixer to introduce the new women, LuAnn and Ramona picked up right where they left off on season 4, bickering about comments Ramona made about LuAnn's parenting style. The encounter made Ramona's heart race.
Later, during an awkward meeting at Heather's office, Ramona and the new Housewife attempt to find common ground but end up one-upping each other over business hours and recent and not-so-recent tragedies.
The Real Housewives of New York City
UpdatePosted 06/04/2012 12:50PMOriginally posted 06/04/2012 10:45AM
Let the trash talking begin!
The fifth season of The Real Housewives of New York City premieres Monday night on Bravo. But the show's three surviving cast members – Ramona Singer, LuAnn DeLesseps and Sonja Morgan – already have some choice words for newcomers Heather Thomson, Carole Radziwill and Aviva Drescher in this interview with PEOPLE.
Singer offers the most pointed critiques, revealing that after spending time with one of the new ladies in particular, she just wants to "smack her face." Another, Singer says, seemed normal at first but then "all of a sudden she got possessed."
Originally posted 05/23/2012 08:45AM
Let the games – er, shows – begin!
Bravo's summer programing slate is heating up, and the network has recruited a fleet of its "Bravolebrities" – more than 30 in total – for a fun, fast-paced new promo, and PEOPLE.com has a first look. (The commercial will make its TV debut during Wednesday's Watch What Happens Live.)
The Olympics-themed clip finds various Housewives – NeNe Leakes, Kyle Richards and Ramona Singer – facing off for race ... in heels! And with drinks in hand.
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Bathroom Glass Shelves, Not handiest are glass shelves compact and a super organizational software, they are also particularly to hand. For example glass cabinets will offer elegant look at the same time as on the other hand it picket cabinets are durable. Proceed with the stairs as defined above and your glass shelves will appear as high quality as new. You can organize all important issues in these cabinets and your toilet doesn't appear over crowded.
Bathroom Shelves delivers a lot of benefits to household owners. Advantages of Bathroom Shelves : Bathroom Storage is very important factor in any house. You will have to be exceptionally careful when selecting rest room shelve for your toilet. You should opt for the one that is suitable for your bathroom. This will assist to keep your rest room totally free of muddle.
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You can purchase the four-Tier Glass Bathroom Shelving set from SpaceSavers. My next selection is a lovely 4-tier glass shelving unit which could be very appealing and dainty. Glass is the preferred choice among shoppers and it is rather effortless to scrub and care for. Use the cleanser of one's selection after which squeegee the shelf for a good clean look. You will have a streak totally free glowing blank shelf. This is assured to depart your cabinets streak-free. The 4 glass cabinets offer a variety of room for you to placed toiletries or decorative items on.
o The huge benefit provide by them is availability of far more space to shop essential items utilized in wash room. You can store shampoo and cleaning soap bottles. Other factor that you want to believe is the place exactly where you are going to set up it. You don't wish to run for such products and you'll enjoy enjoyable bathtub. They at the same time provides convenient cleaning of washroom.
o They are to be had in assortment of different materials such as Glass, wooden and metal. These cabinets may also be purchased in numerous supplies such as glass, plastic and chrome. Spray it on your glass cabinets and wipe with your cleaning cloth. Windex is any other superb cleaner for glass cabinets. The stepped forward Windex is far better at cleansing without having leaving streaks. However, you'll be able to use newspaper with Windex the same as you probably did using the vinegar.
Using a sprig bottle that you can obtain at your neighborhood store, mix vinegar and water part and part. Or even use the vinegar full energy to eliminate constructed-up grime. You can make a choice any certainly one of them as a way to most closely fits to your bathroom. It's wall mounted shelving and it's going to toughen the look of one's rest room significantly. It's terrific for storing towels and it too has hooks below the shelving to hold your bathrobes on.
This handy machine is remarkable for small toilets where you think there is no room to put up picket shelving. My very first notion is an Over the Door shelving rack by Organize It All. This is a bathroom shelving unit that is tall and skinny so it won't24 expend your valuable ground area. But it has a sleek fashion designer appear that might offer you a style carry to any bathroom decor. First of all, determine what it's that needs to be stored in the toilet for comfort.


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Cheryl Love, Postmaster here in Des Moines, was our special guest at 6:30 this morning. If your kids wish to send letters to Santa with a reply from Santa, the deadline is tomorrow! Be sure to include a readable return address. You can address the letter to "Santa, North Pole". They can be dropped in any Post Office blue box, Hy-Vee outlets or drop by the Post Office. If you have Military gifts to send, those are due by December 10th as well.
Hy-Vee joined us in the studio after the 7:30 news to talk about the Crabulous Sale December 9th thru January 4th! Alaska King Crab Legs, Alaska Snow Crab Clusters, Alaska Copper River Sockeye Salmon Fillets, Whole Cooked American Lobster and Wild Peeled & Deveined USA Gulf Shrimp is all on sale right now at all Hy-Vee Stores! Thank you to Hy-Vee for providing us with a crabulous breakfast, along with a breakfast casserole, a huuge bowl of fruit, pastries and more!
Angela Van Ginkel of New Leaf Centers joined us after the 8:30 news. New Leaf Centers features the migraine treatments I talk about as well as the natural hormone therapy and the Dr. Emma HCG Weight Loss Program. All of their programs help both men and women! For more information, go to www.NewLeafCenters.com or call 515-650-1115! Let them help you get your life back!
The Mega Millions jackpot from Friday is rolling over into Tuesday night's drawing....it's now at $344,000,000.00! The Iowa Lottery will be in our front drive at 2141 Grand tomorrow morning between 6 and 8AM, giving out FREE Mega Millions plays while they last! All you have to do is drive thru...you don't even have to get out of your car!
We'll also have a pair of tickets to the huge New Year's Eve Des Moines Symphony Celebration to give away....tune in to win!
Try to stay warm today!


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Synopsis: The title of this documentary on Rainer Maria Fassbinder is just slightly changed from the title of a film that director made in 1976, entitled Ich Will Doch Nur, Dass Ihr Mich Liebt (I Only Want You to Love Me). The wunderkind of postwar German filmmaking died at age 36 in 1982 after making over 50 films in his short fifteen year career. He tended... Continue Reading
Starring: Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Hanna Schygulla, Karl Heinz Böhm, Ingrid Caven