text:
A model of Fobos-Grunt presented during CeBIT 2011
Mission type | Phobos lander Sample return |
Operator | Roskosmos |
Mission duration | Planned: 3 years; Mission failed |
Spacecraft properties | |
Manufacturer | NPO Lavochkin, Russian Space Research Institute |
Launch mass | 13,200 kg (29,000 lb) with fuel[1] |
Start of mission | |
Launch date | 8 November 2011, 20:16 | UTC
Launch vehicle | Zenit-2SB |
Launch site | Baikonur 45/1 |
End of mission | |
Decay date | 15 January 2012 |
Orbital parameters | |
Reference system | Geocentric |
Regime | Low Earth |
Fobos-Grunt or Phobos-Grunt (Russian: Фобос-Грунт, literally Phobos-Ground) was an attempted Russian sample return mission to Phobos, one of the moons of Mars. Fobos-Grunt also carried the Chinese Mars orbiter Yinghuo-1 and the tiny Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment funded by the Planetary Society.[2]
It was launched on 9 November 2011 at 02:16 local time (8 November 2011, 20:16 UTC) from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, but subsequent rocket burns intended to set the craft on a course for Mars failed, leaving it stranded in low Earth orbit.[3][4] Efforts to reactivate the craft were unsuccessful, and it fell back to Earth in an uncontrolled re-entry on 15 January 2012, reportedly over the Pacific Ocean west of Chile.[5][6][7][8][9] The return vehicle was to have returned to Earth in August 2014, carrying up to 200 g of soil from Phobos.
Funded by the Russian space agency Roscosmos and developed by NPO Lavochkin and the Russian Space Research Institute, Fobos-Grunt was the first Russian-led interplanetary mission since the failed Mars 96. The last successful interplanetary missions were the Soviet Vega 2 in 1985–1986, and the partially successful Fobos 2 in 1988–1989.[10] Fobos-Grunt was designed to become the first spacecraft to return a macroscopic sample from an extraterrestrial body since Luna 24 in 1976.[11] (Hayabusa returned microscopic grains of asteroid material in 2010, and Stardust returned cometary dust in 2006.[12])
Project history[edit]
The cost of the project was 1.5 billion rubles (64.4 million USD).[13] Project funding for the timeframe 2009–2012, including post-launch operations, was about 2.4 billion rubles.[14] The total cost of the mission was to have been 5 billion rubles (163 million USD).
According to lead scientist Alexander Zakharov, the entire spacecraft and most of the instruments were new, though the designs draw upon the nation's legacy of three successful Luna missions, which in the 1970s retrieved a few hundred grams of Moon rocks.[15] Zakharov had described the Phobos sample return project as "possibly the most difficult interplanetary one to date."[16]
The Fobos-Grunt project began in 1999, when the Russian Space Research Institute and NPO Lavochkin, the main developer of Soviet and Russian interplanetary probes, initiated a 9 million rouble feasibility study into a Phobos sample-return mission. The initial spacecraft design was to be similar to the probes of the Fobos program launched in the late 1980s.[17] Development of the spacecraft started in 2001 and the preliminary design was completed in 2004.[13] For years, the project stalled as a result of low levels of financing of the Russian space program. This changed in the summer of 2005, when the new government plan for space activities in 2006–2015 was published. Fobos-Grunt was now made one of the program's flagship missions. With substantially improved funding, the launch date was set for October 2009. The 2004 design was revised a couple of times and international partners were invited to join the project.[17] In June 2006, NPO Lavochkin announced that it had begun manufacturing and testing the development version of the spacecraft's onboard equipment.[18]
On 26 March 2007, Russia and China signed a cooperative agreement on the joint exploration of Mars, which included sending China's first interplanetary probe, Yinghuo-1, to Mars together with the Fobos-Grunt spacecraft.[19] Yinghuo-1 weighed 115 kg (250 pounds) and would have been released by the main spacecraft into a Mars orbit.[20]
NPO Lavochkin was the project's main contractor developing its components. The Chief Designer of Fobos-Grunt was Maksim Martynov.[21] Phobos soil sampling and downloading were developed by the GEOHI RAN Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Vernadski Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical chemistry) and the integrated scientific studies of Phobos and Mars by remote and contact methods were the responsibility of the Russian Space Research Institute,[22] where Alexander Zakharov served as lead scientist of the mission[16]
The Chinese Yinghuo-1 orbiter was launched together with Fobos-Grunt.[23] In late 2012, after a 10–11.5-month cruise, Yinghuo-1 would have separated and entered a 800×80,000 km equatorial orbit (5° inclination) with a period of three days. The spacecraft was expected to remain on Martian orbit for one year. Yinghuo-1 would have focused mainly on the study of the external environment of Mars. Space center researchers expected to use photographs and data to study the magnetic field of Mars and the interaction between ionospheres, escape particles and solar wind.[24]
A second Chinese payload, the Soil Offloading and Preparation System (SOPSYS), was integrated in the lander. SOPSYS was a microgravity grinding tool developed by the Hong Kong Polytechnic University.[25][26]
Another payload on Fobos-Grunt was an experiment from the Planetary Society called Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment; its goal was to test whether selected organisms can survive a few years in deep space by flying them through interplanetary space. The experiment would have tested one aspect of transpermia, the hypothesis that life could survive space travel, if protected inside rocks blasted by impact off one planet to land on another.[27][28][29][30][31]
The Bulgarian Academy of Sciences contributed with a radiation measurement experiment on Fobos-Grunt.[32] Two MetNet Mars landers developed by the Finnish Meteorological Institute, were planned to be included as payload of the Fobos-Grunt mission,[33][34] but weight constraints on the spacecraft required dropping the MetNet landers from the mission.[14]
Postponed 2009 launch[edit]
The October 2009 launch date could not be achieved due to delays in the spacecraft development. During 2009, officials admitted that the schedule was very tight, but still hoped until the last moment that a launch could be made.[30] On 21 September 2009 the mission was officially announced to be delayed until the next launch window in 2011.[14][35][36][37] A main reason for the delay was difficulties encountered during development of the spacecraft's onboard computers. While the Moscow-based company Tehkhom provided the computer hardware on time, the internal NPO Lavochkin team responsible for integration and software development fell behind schedule.[38] The retirement of NPO Lavochkin's head Valeriy N. Poletskiy in January 2010 was widely seen as linked to the delay of Fobos-Grunt. Viktor Khartov was appointed the new head of the company. During the extra development time resulting from the delay, a Polish-built drill was added to the Phobos lander as a back-up soil extraction device.[39]
2011 launch[edit]
The spacecraft arrived at Baikonur on 17 October 2011 and was transported to Site 31 for pre-launch processing.[40] The Zenit-2SB41 rocket carrying Fobos-Grunt successfully lifted off from Baikonur Cosmodrome at 20:16 UTC on 8 November 2011.[41] The Zenit booster inserted the spacecraft into an initial 207 km × 347 km (129 mi × 216 mi) elliptical low Earth orbit with an inclination of 51.4 degrees.[42]
Two firings of the main propulsion unit in Earth orbit were required to send the spacecraft onto the interplanetary trajectory. Since both engine ignitions would have taken place outside the range of Russian ground stations, the project participants asked volunteers around the world to take optical observations of the burns, e.g. with telescopes, and report the results to enable more accurate prediction of the mission flight path upon entry into the range of Russian ground stations.[43]
It was expected that after 2.5 hours and 1.7 revolutions in the initial orbit, the autonomous main propulsion unit (MDU), derived from the Fregat upper stage, would conduct its firing to insert the spacecraft into the elliptical orbit (250 km x 4,150–4,170 km) with a period of about 2.2 hours. After the completion of the first burn, the external fuel tank of the propulsion unit was expected to be jettisoned, with ignition for a second burn to depart Earth orbit scheduled for one orbit, or 2.1 hours, after the end of the first burn.[42][44][45] The propulsion module constitutes the cruise-stage bus of Fobos-Grunt. According to original plans, Mars orbit arrival had been expected during September 2012 and the return vehicle was scheduled to reach Earth in August 2014.[22][46]
Following what would have been the planned end of the first burn, the spacecraft could not be located in the target orbit. The spacecraft was subsequently discovered to still be in its initial parking orbit and it was determined that the burn had not taken place.[3] Initially, engineers had about three days from launch to rescue the spacecraft before its batteries ran out.[20] It was then established that the craft's solar panels had deployed, giving engineers more time to restore control. It was soon discovered the spacecraft was adjusting its orbit, changing its expected re-entry from late November or December to as late as early 2012.[47] Even though it had not been contacted, the spacecraft seemed to be actively adjusting its perigee (the point it is closest to Earth in its orbit).[47][48]
On 22 November 2011, a signal from the probe was picked up by the European Space Agency's tracking station in Perth, Australia, after it had sent the probe the command to turn on one of its transmitters. The European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) in Darmstadt reported that the contact was made at 20:25 UTC on 22 November 2011 after some modifications had been made to the 15 m dish facility in Perth to improve its chances of getting a signal.[49] No telemetry was received in this communication.[50] It remained unclear whether the communications link would have been sufficient to command the spacecraft to switch on its engines to take it on its intended trajectory toward Mars.[51] Roscosmos officials said that the window of opportunity to salvage Fobos-Grunt would close in early December.[51]
The next day, on 23 November, the Perth station again made contact with the spacecraft and during 6 minutes, about 400 telemetry "frames" and Doppler information were received.[50][52][53] The amount of information received during this communication was not sufficient, and therefore it was not possible to identify the problem with the probe.[53][54] Further communication attempts made by ESA were unsuccessful and contact was not reestablished.[55] The space vehicle did not respond to the commands sent by the European Space Agency to raise its orbit. Roscosmos provided these commands to ESA.[50]
From Baikonour, Kazakhstan, Roscosmos was able to receive telemetry from Fobos-Grunt on 24 November[56] but attempts to contact it failed. This telemetry demonstrated that the probe's radio equipment was working and that it was communicating with the spacecraft's flight control systems.[56] Moreover, Roscosmos's top officials believed Fobos-Grunt to be functional, stably oriented and charging batteries through its solar panels.[50]
In a late November 2011 interview, the service manager of the European Space Agency for Fobos-Grunt, Wolfgang Hell, stated that Roscosmos had a better understanding of the problem with the spacecraft, saying they reached the conclusion that they have some kind of power problem on board.[57]
ESA failed to communicate with the space probe in all of the five opportunities the agency had between 28 and 29 November. During those occasions the spacecraft did not comply with orders to fire the engines and raise its orbit. The Russian space agency then requested that ESA repeat the orders.[58] The European Space Agency decided to end the efforts to contact the probe on 2 December 2011, with one analyst saying Fobos-Grunt appeared "dead in the water".[59] However, ESA made teams available to assist the Fobos-Grunt mission if there was a change in situation.[54] In spite of that Roscosmos stated their intention to continue to try to contact the space vehicle until it entered the atmosphere.[60]
The US Strategic Command's Joint Space Operations Center (JSpOC) tracked the probe and identified at the start of December that Fobos-Grunt had an elliptical orbit at an altitude of between 130 miles (209 km) and 190 miles (305 km), but falling a few miles each day.[61][62]
Before reentry, the spacecraft still carried about 7.51 metric tonnes of highly toxic hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide on board.[4][20] This was mostly fuel for the spacecraft's upper stage. These compounds, with melting points of 2 °C and −11.2 °C, are normally kept in liquid form and were expected to burn out during re-entry.[20] NASA veteran James Oberg said the hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide "could freeze before ultimately entering", thus contaminating the impact area.[4] He also stated that if Fobos-Grunt is not salvaged, it may be the most dangerous object to fall from orbit.[4] Meanwhile, the head of Roscomos said the probability of parts reaching the Earth surface was "highly unlikely", and that the spacecraft, including the LIFE module and the Yinghuo-1 orbiter, would be destroyed during re-entry.[20]
Russian military sources claimed that Fobos-Grunt was somewhere over the Pacific Ocean between New Zealand and South America when it re-entered the atmosphere at about 17:45 UTC.[63] Although it was initially feared its remains would reach land as close as 145 km west of Santa Fe, Argentina, the Russian military Air and Space Defense Forces reported that it ultimately fell into the Pacific Ocean, 775 miles (1,247 km) west of Wellington Island, Chile.[6] The Defence Ministry spokesman subsequently revealed that such estimate was based on calculations, without witness reports. In contrast, Russian civilian ballistic experts said that the fragments had fallen over a broader patch of Earth's surface, and that the midpoint of the crash zone was located in the Goiás state of Brazil.[64][65][66]
Initially, the head of Roscosmos Vladimir Popovkin, suggested that the Fobos-Grunt failure might have been the result of sabotage by a foreign nation.[67][68] He also stated that risky technical decisions had been made because of limited funding. On 17 January 2012, an unidentified Russian official speculated that a U.S. radar stationed on the Marshall Islands may have inadvertently disabled the probe, but cited no evidence.[69] Popovkin suggested the microchips may have been counterfeit,[70][71] then he announced on 1 February that a burst of cosmic radiation may have caused computers to reboot and go into a standby mode.[72][73] Industry experts cast doubt on the claim citing how unlikely the effects of such a burst are in low Earth orbit, inside the protection of Earth's magnetic field.[74]
On 6 February 2012, the commission investigating the mishap concluded that Fobos-Grunt mission failed because of "a programming error which led to a simultaneous reboot of two working channels of an onboard computer." The craft's rocket pack never fired due to the computer reboot, leaving the craft stranded in Earth orbit.[75][76] Although the specific failure was identified, experts suggest it was the culmination of poor quality control,[77][78] lack of testing,[79] and corruption.[80] Russian president Dmitry Medvedev suggested that those responsible should be punished and perhaps criminally prosecuted.[70][81][82]
Repeat mission[edit]
In January 2012, scientists and engineers at the Russian Space Research Institute and NPO Lavochkin called for a repeat sample return mission called Fobos-Grunt-2[83] for launch in 2020[84][85][86][87][88][89] Popovkin declared that they would soon attempt to repeat the Fobos-Grunt mission, if an agreement was not reached for Russian co-operation in the European Space Agency's ExoMars program.[90] However, since an agreement was reached for the inclusion of Russia as a full project partner,[91][92][93][94] some instruments originally developed for Fobos-Grunt would be flown in ExoMars.[95] Russia's financing of ExoMars could be partially covered by insurance payments of 1.2 billion rubles ($40.7 million USD) for the loss of Fobos-Grunt,[94][96] and reassigning funds for a possible coordination between Mars-NET and ExoMars project.[97][98]
In October 2013, the Russian Academy of Sciences announced plans to land a probe on Phobos in 2022.[99] Roscosmos is also currently studying a proposal for a Mars sample return mission called Mars-Grunt,[98][100] to take place by 2026.[101]
Fobos-Grunt was an intended interplanetary probe that included a lander to study Phobos and a sample return vehicle to return a sample of about 200 g (7.1 oz) of soil to Earth.[1] It was also to study Mars from orbit, including its atmosphere and dust storms, plasma and radiation.
- Science goals
- Delivery of samples of Phobos soil to Earth for scientific research of Phobos, Mars and Martian vicinity;
- In situ and remote studies of Phobos (to include analysis of soil samples);
- Monitoring the atmospheric behavior of Mars, including the dynamics of dust storms;
- Studies of the vicinity of Mars, including its radiation environment, plasma and dust;[22]
- Study of the origin of the Martian moons and their relation to Mars;
- Study of the role played by asteroid impacts in the formation of terrestrial planets;
- Search for possible past or present life (biosignatures);[102]
- Study of the impact of a three-year interplanetary round-trip journey on extremophile microorganisms in a small sealed capsule (LIFE experiment).[103]
- TV system for navigation and guidance[104]
- Gas-Chromatograph package:[105]
- Thermal Differential Analyzer
- Gas-Chromatograph
- Mass-Spectrometer
- Gamma ray spectrometer[106]
- Neutron spectrometer[106]
- Alpha X spectrometer[106]
- Seismometer[106]
- Long-wave radar[106]
- Visual and near-infrared spectrometer[106]
- Dust counter[106]
- Ion spectrometer[106]
- Optical solar sensor[107]
Mission plan[edit]
The spacecraft's journey to Mars would take about ten months. After arriving in Mars orbit, the main propulsion unit and the transfer truss would separate and the Chinese Mars orbiter would be released. Fobos-Grunt would then spend several months studying the planet and its moons from orbit, before landing on Phobos. It was imperative to prevent the introduction to Mars of contaminants from Earth; according to Fobos-Grunt Chief Designer Maksim Martynov, the probability of the probe accidentally reaching the surface of Mars was much lower than the maximum specified for Category III missions, the type assigned to Fobos-Grunt and defined in COSPAR's planetary protection policy (in accordance with Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty).[108][109]
On Phobos[edit]
The planned landing site at Phobos was a region from 5°S to 5°N, 230° to 235°E.[110] Soil sample collection would begin immediately after the lander touched down on Phobos, with collection lasting 2–7 days. An emergency mode existed for the case of communications breakdown, which enabled the lander to automatically launch the return rocket to deliver the samples to Earth.[111]
A robotic arm would have collected samples up to 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) in diameter. At the end of the arm was a pipe-shaped tool which split to form a claw. The tool contained a piston which would have pushed the sample into a cylindrical container. A light-sensitive photo-diode would have confirmed whether material collection was successful and also allowed visual inspection of the digging area. The sample extraction device would have performed 15 to 20 scoops yielding a total of 3 to 5.5 ounces (85 to 160 g) of soil.[111] The samples would be loaded into a capsule which would then be moved inside a special pipeline into the descent module by inflating an elastic bag within the pipe with gas.[13][108] Because the characteristics of Phobos soil are uncertain, the lander included another soil-extraction device, a Polish-built drill, which would have been used in case the soil turned out to be too rocky for the main scooping device.[11][39]
After the departure of the return stage, the lander's experiments would have continued in situ on Phobos' surface for a year. To conserve power, mission control would have turned these on and off in a precise sequence. The robotic arm would have placed more samples in a chamber that would heat it and analyze its Emission spectra. This analysis might have been able to determine the presence of volatile compounds, such as water.[111]
Sample return to Earth[edit]
The return stage was mounted on top of the lander. It would have needed to accelerate to 35 km/h (22 mph) to escape Phobos' gravity. In order to avoid harming the experiments remaining at the lander, the return stage would have ignited its engine once the vehicle had been vaulted to a safe height by springs. It would then have begun maneuvers for the eventual trip to Earth, where it would have arrived in August 2014.[111] An 11-kg descent vehicle containing the capsule with soil samples (up to 0.2 kg (0.44 lb)) would have been released on direct approach to Earth at 12 km/s (7.5 mi/s).[105] Following the aerodynamic braking to 30 m/s (98 ft/s) the conical-shaped descent vehicle would perform a hard landing without a parachute within the Sary Shagan test range in Kazakhstan.[108] The vehicle did not have any radio equipment.[11] Ground-based radar and optical observations would have been used to track the vehicle's return.[112]
Ground control[edit]
The mission control center was located at the Center for Deep Space Communications (Национальный центр управления и испытаний космических средств (Russian), Євпаторійський центр дальнього космічного зв'язку (Ukrainian)) equipped with RT-70 radio telescope near Yevpatoria in Crimea, Ukraine.[113] Russia and Ukraine agreed in late October 2010 that the European Space Operations Centre in Darmstadt, Germany, would have controlled the probe.[114]
Communications with the spacecraft on the initial parking orbit are described in a two-volume publication.[115]
Scientific critiques[edit]
Barry E. DiGregorio, Director of the International Committee Against Mars Sample Return (ICAMSR), criticised the LIFE experiment carried by Fobos-Grunt as a violation of the Outer Space Treaty due to the possibility of contamination of Phobos or Mars with the microbial spores and live bacteria it contains should it have lost control and crash-landed on either body.[116] It is speculated that the heat-resistant extremophile bacteria could survive such a crash, on the basis that Microbispora bacteria survived the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.[117]
According to Fobos-Grunt Chief Designer Maksim Martynov, the probability of the probe accidentally reaching the surface of Mars was much lower than the maximum specified for Category III missions, the type assigned to Fobos-Grunt and defined in COSPAR's planetary protection policy (in accordance with Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty).[108][109]
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- ^ "Medvedev: Punishment awaits those behind Russian Mars failure". Nature. 28 November 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
- ^ "Medvedev suggests prosecution for Russia space failure". Reuters. 26 November 2011.
- ^ Olga, Zakutnyaya (2 February 2012). "Russia's Ambitious space projects: Phobos-Grunt-2?". Russian and India Report. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ ""Phobos-Grunt-2" can be launched in 2020, says the head of IKI". RIA Novosti. 25 April 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
- ^ "Federal Space Agency accepted the offer to renew the RAS Project "Phobos-Grunt"" (in Russian). Interfax.ru. 10 April 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
- ^ "Roscosmos Ready to Give Phobos-Grunt Second Try". RIA Novosti. 18 April 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2012. ""The new project will not be a simple repeat of Phobos-Grunt 1", Popovkin said."
- ^ Bogdanov, Konstantin (11 April 2012). "Russia to Go Back to the Moon Before Reaching for Mars". RIA Novosti. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ "Phobos-Grunt design". Russian Space Web. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ^ "Russia's Second Shot at Phobos May Return Bits of Mars As Well". Universe Today. 11 November 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-12.
- ^ "Russia May Run Repeat Mission to Phobos". RIA Novosti. 31 January 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
- ^ "Europe still keen on Mars missions". BBC News. 15 March 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
- ^ "Europe Joins Russia on Robotic ExoMars". Aviation Week. 16 March 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
- ^ "ESA Ruling Council OKs ExoMars Funding". Space News. 15 March 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
- ^ a b "Roscosmos, ESA Agree Joint Mars Research". RIA Novosti. 6 April 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
- ^ "Federal Space Agency is going to repeat the project "Phobos-Grunt"". RBC. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ "Insurance from "Phobos-Grunt" to fly to Mars". Gazeta (in Russian). 30 March 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
- ^ "The Mars-NET project". Retrieved 18 April 2012. "Possible coordination between Mars-NET and European ExoMars project."
- ^ a b "Russia takes a two-pronged approach to space exploration". Russia & India Report. 18 April 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ^ "Russia to send new mission to Mars' moon Phobos in 2022". The Voice of Russia. 15 October 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
- ^ "Red Planet blues". The Space Review. 28 November 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ^ "Russia joins EU-led ExoMars expedition to Red Planet". Russia Today. 14 March 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
- ^ Korablev, O. "Russian programme for deep space exploration" (PDF). Space Research Institute (IKI). p. 14.
- ^ "Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment (LIFE)". The Planetary Society.
- ^ "Optico-electronic Instruments for the Phobos-Grunt Mission". Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
- ^ a b Phobos Soil – Spacecraft European Space Agency
- ^ a b c d e f g h Harvey, Brian (2007). "Resurgent – the new projects". The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program (1st ed.). Germany: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-71354-0.
- ^ "Optical Solar Sensor". Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
- ^ a b c d "Russia resumes missions to outer space: what is after Phobos?".(Russian)
- ^ a b "COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy".
- ^ "Phobos Flyby Images: Proposed Landing Sites for the Forthcoming Phobos-Grunt Mission". Science Daily. 15 March 2010. Archived from the original on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- ^ a b c d Zak. "Mission Possible".
- ^ The mission scenario of the Phobos-Grunt project Anatoly Zak
- ^ Russian spacecraft for Fobos-Grunt program to be controlled from Yevpatoria, Kyiv Post (25 June 2010)
- ^ "Russia's Phobos Grunt to head for Mars on November 9". Itar Tass. 25 October 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ Fobos-Grunt sample return mission.(Russian)
- ^ DiGregorio, Barry E. (28 December 2010). "Don't send bugs to Mars". New Scientist. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
- ^ McLean, R; Welsh, A; Casasanto, V (2006). "Microbial survival in space shuttle crash". Icarus 181 (1): 323–325. Bibcode:2006Icar..181..323M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.12.002. PMC 3144675. PMID 21804644.
Further reading[edit]
- M. Ya. Marov, V. S. Avduevsky, E. L. Akim, T. M. Eneev, R. S. Kremnev, S. D. Kulikov, K. M. Pichkhadze, G. A. Popov, G. N. Rogovsky (2004). "Phobos-Grunt: Russian sample return mission". Advances in Space Research 33 (12): 2276–2280. Bibcode:2004AdSpR..33.2276M. doi:10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00515-5.
- Galimov, E. M. (2010). "Phobos sample return mission: Scientific substantiation". Solar System Research 44: 5. Bibcode:2010SoSyR..44....5G. doi:10.1134/S0038094610010028.
- Zelenyi, L. M.; Zakharov, A. V. (2010). "Phobos-Grunt project: Devices for scientific studies". Solar System Research 44 (5): 359. Bibcode:2010SoSyR..44..359Z. doi:10.1134/S0038094610050011.
- Rodionov, D. S.; Klingelhoefer, G.; Evlanov, E. N.; Blumers, M.; Bernhardt, B.; Gironés, J.; Maul, J.; Fleischer, I. et al. (2010). "The miniaturized Möessbauer spectrometer MIMOS II for the Phobos-Grunt mission". Solar System Research 44 (5): 362. Bibcode:2010SoSyR..44..362R. doi:10.1134/S0038094610050023.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phobos-Grunt mission. |


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Perino: What it means to be a good sport
It's time to get up, dust ourselves off and get back to work
Dec 3, 2012
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It's time to get up, dust ourselves off and get back to work
Dec 3, 2012
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And I want to thank Governor Huckabee for inviting me to guest host this week while he's out on to -- -- -- almost a month since the presidential election about half the country remains elated vindicated triumphant.
They voted for President Obama and are walking on cloud nine.
-- -- half well not so much they are confused despondent even sleepless.
They wonder at the whole nation has gone quite mad.
And then want to return to common sense not another four years on Fantasy Island.
Now we're taught -- kids to be good sportsman not to gloat after winning to give the other side a high five and say good game.
Have we seen much of that from the winner since November 6 -- But no matter -- -- a good sports means not just being -- gracious winner and means going being a good spirited loser.
Even when it's hard to feel that way.
After an election the losing party must ask what went wrong why didn't people come out to vote.
But enough self flagellation.
It's time to get up dust ourselves off -- -- midfield given the high fives that they deserve.
And get to work.
For what is the alternative.
Anger sadness depression.
That's no way to live and it's certainly no way to win an argument let alone future elections.
So what now.
It's not time to change principles the values of individual liberty.
Personal responsibility and the ability to move up the latter if you work hard and take a risk.
Those are timeless values.
What's holding people back.
And -- down Americans of every race creed and religion.
Is an insatiable government spending machine whose leaders -- tackling and the leaders aren't tackling -- hard truths that we heard so much about in the campaign.
I believe that political revenge is a terrible way to lead the country.
Good policy is made by dealing in fact setting goals and taking bold actions.
Anyone elected to office has a responsibility to weighty evidence than explain their votes and we must hold them to the standards worthy of their offices.
Every member in 2004 it was that Democrats who are wringing their hands.
George W.
Bush had won reelection with a higher popular vote total -- in 2000 and he would increase the Republican majorities in the house and the senate.
The first time a president had done that since FDR.
Hit the Democrats came back to when the house in 2006.
The presidency the house and the senate in 2008.
There have been wild swings from one election to the next and there will be again.
So don't go wobbly now instead go boldly forward to explain why you are right because I believe you are.
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The Pentagon's decision to allow women in combat is a huge mistake. I served two exciting tours as an infantry officer in Vietnam from 1967-69.
The decision-makers today cannot have a clue about life in an infantry rifle platoon/company in the jungle as when I served. I blame the current crop of generals who never served as junior officers under fire, and who likely agreed to this policy just to keep their jobs. I don't see how any of them can appreciate the constant real and immediate dangers - or the sustained hot, filthy, insect and leech-infested living conditions. What could Secretary of Defense Panetta possibly know about it?
Evidently, the important qualities to these decision-makers centered on individual strengths, not on the much larger issue of social impacts of mixing of genders in full-time combat units. Infantry soldiers, more so than others, aren't like cops and firefighters who only work shifts together. There will always be a few amazons who can match or beat the men physically, but that's barely relevant. A lot of stuff can happen during night guard duty. This kind of thing will never stay secret long, and then everyone will focus on the cheap physical stuff, along with all the drama and rape claims, and not the mission. This will wreck unit cohesion and will cost lives. Don't do it.
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I got PS3 Slim CECH 2504a 160GB, but I 'fuc*ed' it up with the upgrades.. so my system version is now 3.73.. I've read that on these ps3 is not possible to downgrade.. is it true?
btw.. I've found 3.73 JB version and I have it now.. pls tell me how to install and what else do I need if there is something out for 3.73 like multiman etc.
otherwise in many videos on youtube I saw the ''Install Package Files'' folder located in Games but I don't still get it how to enable.. pls tell me anyone..
so if you have any time left answer me and i'll be very grateful. pls answer step by step and simple, because I'm a noob xD
the last question.. if there's any possible downgrader tell me..


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Disaster Scenarios..What if all the Reds players died on a plane crash? Or what if...
So I'm curious about some of the regarding Disaster Scenarios.
What if during a travel day, the Reds jet crashes and everyone on board dies. 1. Does the season end for all of MLB? Or just for the Reds? 2. Does everyone in AAA get promoted to the Major League Level? Than what happens with A, AA? 3. Do the reds get compensated in any way in terms of draft picks? 4. Do the Reds as an organization even compete the following year? Second disaster situation... The Reds just acquired Josh Hamilton (or any BIG time player in a trade)...But he drug overdosed and passed away. The Reds gave a HUGE package to Texas, of there top 5 elite prospects they had in there minor league system. 1. Do the reds get compensated in any way? Extra draft picks? Compensation picks? How would this work 2. Or perhaps, would the traded minor leagues be returned back to the Reds? |
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Small vessel disease
Risk factors
- Heart disease in women: Understand symptoms and risk factors All women face the threat of heart disease. Discover how to protect your heart.
- Heart disease risk calculator Heart disease risk: Use this tool to calculate your risk of having a heart attack.
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Treatments and drugs
- Daily aspirin therapy: Understand the benefits and risks Daily aspirin therapy can be lifesaving or life-threatening. Discover if you're a good candidate.
Lifestyle and home remedies
- Heart-healthy diet: 8 steps to prevent heart disease Ready to start your heart-healthy diet? Here are eight tips to get you started.
- Menus for heart-healthy eating: Cut the fat and salt Use these menus to jump-start your heart-healthy diet.
- Nuts and your heart: Eating nuts for heart health Discover how walnuts, almonds and other nuts help lower cholesterol and im-prove heart health.
- Omega-3 in fish: How eating fish helps your heart Omega-3 fatty acids in fish are good for your heart. Find out more.
- Red wine and resveratrol: Good for your heart? Red wine and something in it called resveratrol may be good for your heart.
- 5 medication-free strategies to help prevent heart disease Heart disease prevention — five strategies you can adopt now to protect your heart.
- Omega-3 in fish: How eating fish helps your heart Omega-3 fatty acids in fish are good for your heart. Find out more.


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Woodridge 5-Piece Counter Height Dining Set:
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Set Includes:
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Reference - Sku: HDH-4942CTBS - Hillsdale Woodridge 5-Piece Counter Height Dining Set Walnut by Hillsdale Furniture


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Cliff Lightman's computer whiz son, Sky, has disappeared after hacking into a police database to research an old unsolved murder case. Avery Kord, Sky's mentor and multi-billionaire boss, was implicated in the murder. Avery Kord wanted Sky to complete a top secret computer program that could derail a Congressional investigation into his company, and at the same time monopolize global software platforms for decades. Already carrying the guilt of his wife's suspicious death, Cliff searches from the Pacific Northwest to the Florida Gulf Coast for his son. The increasingly dark trail leads through the technology world with several murdered programmers along the way. Ensnared in a tangled web of high-tech deceit, Cliff finds help from an unexpected source, a digital version of his wife that Sky planted deep in his computer's operating system. Click here to hear a sample of this audiobook CD ISBN: 1-58116-689-3
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JAZZ ASPEN SNOWMASS PRESENTS LABOR DAY FESTIVAL HELP | Close [X] |
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The Science Of The Next 150 Years
Extinction Countdown: The End For Many Species
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Computing In 2165
The Science Of The Next 150 Years: 50 Years in the Future
As we look back from the perspective of NDDD—Nuclear Disarmament Decision Day on August 8, 2063—it is still not clear how the first "small" nuclear war started in 2024. Yet it is clear that once it happened, things changed. The survivors saw that nuclear war was no longer a fantasy; nuclear extinction the next time was no longer an impossibility. The reality sunk in that deterrence could fail, accidents could happen, terrorists could steal warheads. A nuclear bomb with no return address could be detonated and start a conflagration. A billion people could die.
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Nervous? Excited? He felt a little bit of both. The 29-year-old had spent the last three months in rehearsals – which lasted 20 to 30 hours a week in the final stretch – preparing for the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, in which he played a worker in the 17th-century Industrial Revolution. But this was different.
"This was the time the world was watching," the London-based broadcast systems coordinator, who has no prior theater background, told PEOPLE after he took the stage Friday night for the highly anticipated ode to British history, pop culture – and Harry Potter.
Hegan was one of the 2,500 volunteer performers who sported high-waisted trousers (and grime-like face makeup) for one of the early segments of the $42 million-Olympic Stadium spectacle, watched live by a reported 60,000 spectators in London for the Games. (Among the audience members: Kate Middleton, Prince William, Michelle Obama and David Beckham.)
"We pretty much looked like we had just crawled out of the ground," he recalled of the performance, in which the "Green and Pleasant Land" was transformed into an industrial landscape with props that included shovels, hammers and chisels.
Now that the heavy lifting is over, Hegan will never forget his moment in the global spotlight – especially around October.
He gets to keep his costume, so "Halloween is sorted for the next 20 years," he said.
Making His Country Proud
Some time before Christmas, Hegan received an email: Show organizers were looking for volunteers, and anybody, actor or office employee, could audition."It took over my life," said Hegan, who landed a part that would begin rehearsing in May. "It's sort of a mixture of pressure to do your country proud and put on a show because the entire world is watching."
Aside from a steep time commitment, participation in the Danny Boyle-directed show required a dedication to secrecy or, how he describes it, a "save-the-surprise mentality" (a phrase that trended on Twitter earlier this week).
Courtesy Peter Hegan
"Everyone's on a high right now," he said. "What we were doing wasn't easy. I think everyone's just ready to celebrate."
Added Hegan: "We're really just sort of hoping that we have represented the country well."


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SMF Support > SMF 2.0.x Support
Please help me on some critical matter
Hello.. I am sukanta.. I have installed this SMF forum on my site..It is very nice..But i am facing some problem.. I have installed this 1 month ago.. I have 2500 members..thats a good thing..But i think they all are spammer.. They are just posting topics with their sites advertisement. But i need fresh members.. So Should i Ban those users or allow them to do this????.. I don't like spammer.. So i want to remove them.. What should i do? Please please help me..My site is www. infotilla. com and forum installed on forum .infotilla .com .. please visit my forum and give me some suggestion....
Whether to leave that spamming there or not is your choice, certainly I would remove it.
You will have quite a bit of work given you have 2500 users most of whom will be spammers.
It is probably easier just to remove that installation and put back a fresh new one.
Genuine users will be put off by all that spamming and I suspect that there will be some very unsuitable posts in there.
You should at least chose EMail activation in the Members Settings area and Admin Approval if you want more control.
You should also activate the verification questions in the anti-spam area as this prevents most robots registering, a few will get through but you will just have to keep a lookout for them. There are other anti-spam add ins if things get bad.
The issue now is that these robots know where your forum is, if you decide to reinstall a new version then put it in a different sub directory, they will find it eventually but no reason to make things easy for them.
If you did not want to do a reninstall, then you can delete the current users in batches making sure you get thier posts removed at the same time, or you will have to go through all the posts and delete them one by one. You must still improve your anti spam on the forum though as detailed above. There is not much point in banning them as the registrations tend to come from different places every time. Personally I look for IP ranges that are generating the most registration attempts and then block those IP ranges in the control panel of the server rather than in SMF.
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High Waisted Tap Short
FIDM alum Maria Stanley launched L.A. clothing label Harlyn, while focusing on frocks being sweet and feminine while at the same time being quirky and nerdy. Think fit and flare dresses, collared jumpsuits and cap sleeved peplum blouses.
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Lining: 100% poly - Shorts measure approx 12.5" in length
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- Styled with Tibi Edita Heels in Black.
- Modeled in size S. See fit guide for model's dimensions.
- Revolve Style No. HLYN-WF1
- Manufacturer Style No. HN-457-G


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Twisted Dangle Earrings in Sterling Silver & 18KTwisted dangle earrings with brushed diamond cut texturing, in sterling silver with 18K yellow gold finish. Part of the Constellation collection. Item Number: 11131711
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Hang tight!
Recipe by Pillsbury® Grands!®
"Refrigerated biscuits make a grand holder for taco filling and all its trimmings!"
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1 1/2 pounds lean (at least 80%) ground beef
1 (15 ounce) can spicy chili beans, undrained
1 (1.25 ounce) package Old El Paso® 40% less-sodium taco seasoning mix
1/2 cup water
1 (16.3 ounce) can Pillsbury® Grands!® refrigerated buttermilk biscuits
1 cup shredded Cheddar cheese
1/2 cup shredded lettuce (optional)
1/2 cup tomato, chopped (optional)
1/2 cup sour cream (optional)
1/2 cup Old El Paso® Salsa (optional)
My family thought this was the best idea EVER. When seasoning up my taco meat, I used a homemade taco seasoning and tomato juice instead of packaged taco seasoning and water. This was so unbelieveably easy. HUGE hit with all of us. Winner winner, taco dinner!
Well, it is a biscuit bowl, and not a tortilla. I can see how this might fill the bill for a desperation dinner, if you have no tortillas to make a taco bowl or shell. It's kind of a cute idea, though. For us taco "purists", we might have to fill this with another type of filling like creamed chicken, or something you would expect to eat on or with a biscuit. I used the outside of a muffin tin to shape the bowl, and I used the reduced fat whole wheat biscuits.
18 Ratings
My boyfriend thought these were "awesome" and he does not use that word lightly when it comes to new recipes. I was surprised how filling they were. Looking forward to making again.
I made chili today, so I mixed some taco seasoning into part of it to fill the bowls. I must admit that I was a little "WOW'd" by how well these biscuits turn into a bread bowl. Once you fill it up, you'd never know you were eating a biscuit. I was surprised at how large they are, they make a really impressive little presentation and, most importantly, they taste good. Gave mine a healthy dose of Trader Joe's Chili Pepper Sauce, and I was in heaven. Definitely a keeper in this house!
These were really easy to make! I would do these for other things like mini salad cups or fill them with meatballs and tomato sauce!
It was really easy to make the taco bowls - a nice quick substitute for fry bread or navajo tacos. I added onion. Quick and easy. Loved it. And for those that are carb conscious it's easy enough to eat out of the bowl without eating the bowl. Although who doesn't love the flaky biscuits?
I made a few changes based on what i had on hand. It was good, my husband thought that i was a genius for making little cup. I did not have canned biscuits on hand so i quickly made some cheddar bis, after i cooked them i filled with refried beans, and shredded chicken taco meat, my husband and i both agree that they were good, but needed sou cream (for me), green onion, lettuce and tomatoe, i would toss and avocado on too, but then again i love avocados! I will make again. Both to kiddos loved them too.
This was difficult to make. The sauce softened the crescents and made cooking time longer. Shaping them was not as easy as the picture shows. For more flavor I would have liked to add other ingredients but due to space in the crescent this isn't an option. I won't make this again.
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Grands!(R) Biscuit Taco Cups
Serving Size: 1/8 of a recipe Servings Per Recipe: 8 Amount Per Serving Calories: 492 Calories from Fat: 238
Holiday cookies, cakes, pies, and breads. Get recipes and inspiration.
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Tastes just like a popular restaurant's seasoning mix for beef tacos.
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This cheesy, family favorite is the perfect weeknight casserole.


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CeBIT : Enermax eSATA Case & Detachable Fan Blades
Enermax has a new case with e-SATA ports along side with the usual USB ports. Certainly the popularity of eSATA has picked up pretty much that motherboard makers are making provision for more eSATA ports on their back multi-IO panel. In the future, we will start seeing cases with more eSATA ports. Enermax also has
CeBIT : OCZ Demo Uses Brain Waves To Play Games
OCZ has a pretty interesting technology product showcase called Neural Impulse Actuator (NIA) where they described it as an input device that uses brain waves signals and convert into some commands to control the PC. NIA can be used in solutions that address PC productivity and gaming applications. OCZ said they will release an affordable
CeBIT : OCZ Rally 2 Firewire Flash Drives
OCZ has two new flash drives based on Firewire interface. The top one is the dual Firewire 400 interface flash drive where one side is Firewire 6pin and the other side is Firewire 4pin. The bottom one is the Firewire-800 counterpart and it should be really fast. Even for Firewire-400, it will perform slightly faster
CeBIT : EVGA Displays nForce 680i LT SLI Board
EVGA has displayed their nForce 680i LT SLI board at CeBIT. You may check out our earlier article for more information on this chipset.
CeBIT : MSI 8600 GT & 8500 GT Cards w/ HDMI
MSI has displayed some DX10 G84 and G86 mainstream cards with HDMI from NVIDIA over at their booth. Although G84 and G86 has no native HDMI support yet but MSI added a Silicon Image chip to their cards to provide HDMI feature. MSI chose to design the cards themselves instead of using the NVIDIA reference
CeBIT : ASUS Makes Sound Cards Now Using ADI Chips
It seems that ASUS has decided to enter into the audio segment with their latest Xonar D2 and D2K sound cards. The difference between Xonar D2 and D2K is the interface where D2 is on PCI and D2K is on PCI Express x1. We aren't sure what sound chips are on those cards at this
ASUS Upcoming Notebooks For Singapore
W5Fe is a compact 12″ wide notebook with cutting-edge SideShow, external auxiliary display on the LCD cover, offers high mobility with quick and easy data access convenience. Known for its strong engineering strength, ASUS once again takes the lead into the new Vista era. RSP: S$ 3,298 (GST Included) and availability: End April. S6Fm is
ASUS Upcoming P735 3G & P526 GPS PDA Phones
ASUS revealed two upcoming PDA phones; P735 3G and P526 GPS for the Singapore market. The P735 allows users to make full use of its 3G capabilities and integrates network connectivity, video conferencing, multimedia applications and many other business functions. Its RSP is at S$ 1,298 (GST Included) and availability in April. P526 Windows Mobile
ASUS Releases M2A-VM HDMI Board
To offer users the best video and audio performance from their original media sources, ASUS has released the new range of HDMI Interfaced motherboards with HDCP compliancy – the ASUS M2A-VM HDMI motherboard. The ASUS M2A-VM HDMI motherboard also supports High-Bandwidth Digital-Content Protection (HDCP). The ASUS M2A-VM HDMI motherboard also provides support for with multiple
CeBIT : ASUS Sauternes P965 Board Spotted
The LN2 demo rig is actually a prototype board called Sauternes which the ASUS R.O.G team has developed based on Intel 965P chipset. It is an improved version of Commando P965 board with an additional thermal module for better cooling. However, it won't be going into mass production as it is just an experimental project
CeBIT : Bearlake Live Demos Spotted
So far, we saw 2 live demos of the P35 boards today; one is from Foxconn and the other is from Gigabyte. Foxconn is running a P357AA-8EKRS2H board using OXCCO DDR-II 667 memories while Gigabyte is running a GA-P35T-DS3 board using Infineon DDR3 memories. Intel allows motherboard makers to display Bearlake boards during CeBIT but
CeBIT : Lamborghini Spotted @ ASUS Booth
Some interesting sightings over at ASUS booth where they literally drive a Lamborghini in to show the prestige of their Lamborghini notebooks. Check out our Pre-CeBIT coverage for more photos and details.
Pre-CeBIT Coverage Part II
For the Part II of our Pre-CeBIT coverage, we bring you the memory makers, the cooler guys, the chassis/PSU guys, the graphics cards makers as well as some others. Watch out for our Day 1 CeBIT coverage tomorrow!
Pre-CeBIT Coverage Part I
VR-Zone brings you a pre-CeBIT coverage before it is even officially opened. Check out what's installed for you over at ASUS, ABIT, MSI, Gigabyte, Foxconn, ECS booths.
Phase Change RAMs – NO BS!
Intel is preparing to sample a 90-nm 128-Mbit phase change memory to customers in the first half of 2007. Mass production could begin before the end of 2007. The 128-Mbit had demonstrated … wait… that's not what we're talking about! Yes please, give me the REAL Phase Change RAMs!
GeForce 8600 GTS & GT; Plain Outside But Lethal Inside
NVIDIA DX10 offerings for the mainstream market are definitely not to be missed and we will be seeing them on display over at the CeBIT in 2 days time. NVIDIA is still right on schedule for G84 launch on April 17th thus beat ATi to deliver DX10 mainstream products. Now, the final core clock of
Possible AMD Stars CPU Models
Core Model Speed TDP Barcelona (Socket AM2+, Quad Core, 2MB L3 Shared, HT 3.0) Opteron 1270SE 2.5GHz 120W Opteron 1268SE 2.3GHz 120W Opteron 1266 2.1GHz 95W Agena FX (Socket 1207+, Quad Core, 2MB L3 Shared, HT 3.0) Athlon 64 FX 2500? 2.5GHz 120W Agena (Socket AM2+, Quad Core, 2MB L3 Shared, HT 3.0) Athlon 64
Fujitsu Introduces Rugged 2.5" Hard Disk Drive
Fujitsu announced the development of the MHW2040AC model 2.5" HDD for use in automotive and various equipment that must operate in harsh environments, ranging from cold climate regions to deserts. The new model will be available on global basis at the end of March, 2007. The new model features a top-class operable temperature range of
Intel To Build China Fab For Making Chipsets
Intel has won approval to build a $ 2.5 billion, 12-inch wafer plant in northern China for CPU chip sets. The plant would use 90nm technology and produce 52,000 wafers a month at full capacity. The plan calls for the fab to be in the city of Dalian. Intel building a fab in China would
SanDisk 32GB Flash Drive Available For Notebooks
SanDisk broadened its solid state drive (SSD) product line for the portable computer market with the introduction of a 32GB, 2.5-inch SATA interface model, compatible with most mainstream notebook designs. Coming just two months after SanDisk introduced a 1.8-inch SSD for ultraportable notebooks, the 2.5-inch SSD is now available to PC manufacturers as a drop-in


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- October 14, 2012
- 10:24 p.m.
- Suggest removal
- Reply to this post
feduptoeleven writes:
in response to Barney:
Warning,these Winston Churchill quotes may be offensive to some liberals:
We make a living by what we get, but we make a life by what we give.
There is no such thing as a good tax.
Some see private enterprise as a predatory target to be shot, others as a cow to be milked, but few are those who see it as a sturdy horse pulling the wagon.
The inherent vice of capitalism is the unequal sharing of blessings; the inherent virtue of socialism is the equal sharing of miseries.
We contend that for a nation to tax itself into prosperity is like a man standing in a bucket and trying to lift himself up by the handle.
This quote will probably be offensive to liberals that want to embrace or BOW to some of our notable muslim brothers:
An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile—hoping it will eat him last.
The whole history of the world is summed up in the fact that, when nations are strong, they are not always just, and when they wish to be just, they are no longer strong.
Great quotes from a great man. Some truths are timeless. We owe a lot to Churchill, and he owed a lot to us. Sadly, Churchill is gone and so is the great nation that we once were. If we are ever to regain our greatness, it will be by focusing on the truths that Churchill and other wise men left us in quotes.
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Featured Collector: Will Bonilla
Wednesday, December 4, 2013This week's Featured Collector is Will Bonilla from Hawaii whose love of Star Wars has inspired him to create custom displays to share with his family!
Series content, product specifications, release dates and pricing are subject to change.
Sideshow Collectibles is the registered trademark and copyright of Sideshow Inc.
All Rights Reserved.


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Government Operations:
Questions for the Record Related to DOD's Personnel Security Clearance Program
GAO-05-988R, Aug 19, 2005
Additional Materials:
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On June 28, 2005, GAO testified before Congress at a hearing on "Access Delayed: Fixing the Security Clearance Process." This letter responds to a Congressional request that GAO provide answers to Senator Frank R. Lautenberg's questions for the record.
GAO is unaware of any progress that DOD has made toward implementing our May 2004 recommendation to "develop and implement an integrated, comprehensive management plan to eliminate the backlog, reduce the delays in conducting investigations and determining eligibility for security clearances, and overcome the impediments that could allow such problems to recur." GAO does not have an up-to-date estimate of the costs resulting from delays in determining eligibility for a personnel security clearance. However, our February 2004 report documents some past estimates as well as cost-related considerations that apply today. For example, we noted that in our 1981 report, we estimated the DOD investigative backlog could cost nearly $1 billion per year in lost productivity. More than a decade later, the Joint Security Commission report noted that the costs directly attributable to investigative delays in fiscal year 1994 could be as high as several billion dollars because workers were unable to perform their jobs while awaiting a clearance. In addition to the costs associated with delays in employees being able to start classified work, our February 2004 report also documented other types of costs that have been cited by industry personnel. Representatives from one company with $1 billion per year in sales stated that their company offers a $10,000 bonus to employees for each person recruited who already has a security clearance. Such operating costs are then passed on to government customers in the form of higher bids for contracts. In turn, the recruit's former company may need to back-fill a position, as well as possibly settle for a lower level of contract performance while a new employee is found, obtains a clearance, and learns the former employee's job. Also, industry representatives discussed instances where their companies gave hiring preference to personnel who could do the job but were less qualified than others who did not possess a clearance. The chair of the interagency Personnel Security Working Group noted that a company might hire an employee and begin paying that individual, but not assign any work to the individual until a clearance is obtained. The head of the interagency group additionally noted that commands, agencies, and industry might incur lost-opportunity costs if the individual chooses to work somewhere else rather than wait to get the clearance before beginning work.
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GRIZZLY AND CUB: Since 1975 Montana grizzly bears have been listed as a threatened species by the U.S. government.
Image: iStockPhoto Paul Tessier
Frankenstein's Cat
One of Nature's Summer Book Picks One of Publishers Weekly's Top Ten Spring 2013 Science Books For centuries, we've toyed with our creature companions,...
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Republican presidential hopeful John McCain is a well-known critic of frivolous government spending otherwise known as pork: those pricey projects that legislators routinely—and surreptitiously—slip into appropriations packages to benefit their own districts and bring them coveted votes. But scientists charge that an important study of grizzly bear DNA has gotten caught in the crosshairs as the veteran Arizona lawmaker attempts to showcase his creds as a crusader against wasteful government spending.
It is unclear why McCain, who has taken a firm stand on some other environmental issues—he believes more needs to be done to curtail global warming—considers the research to be a waste of time and money, and his press office did not respond to repeated e-mails and phone calls for comment. Yet, he is apparently so "outraged" that he takes a dig at it in a campaign TV spot in which an announcer declares:
"233 million for a bridge to nowhere. Outrageous… Three million to study the DNA of bears in Montana. Unbelievable… A million dollars for a Woodstock Museum—in a bill sponsored by Hillary Clinton. Predictable… Who has the guts to stand up to wasteful government spending? One man. John McCain."
Currently the front-runner for the GOP nod, McCain also hits the research in speeches on the stump, cracking jokes about bear paternity tests and criminal investigations. "I don't know if it was a paternity issue or criminal, but it was a waste of money," McCain railed last month during a campaign stop in Clawson, Mich. Scientists, however, are not amused: They insist that the study is not only worth every penny but that the $3-million price tag cited in the ad is, in a word, wrong.
In fact, Congress over the past five years has forked over a total of $4.8 million to study the genetic material of Montana's grizzly bears, according to Katherine Kendall, a research biologist at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Kendall heads the Northern Divide Grizzly Bear Project, which is aimed at obtaining the first accurate population estimate of grizzlies living in the Northern Continental Divide Ecosystem—eight million acres of land in northwestern Montana that encompasses Glacier National Park and the Bob Marshall Wilderness Complex.
"This is not pork barrel at all," says Richard Mace, a research biologist with Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks (FWP). "We have a federal law called the Endangered Species Act and [under this law] the federal government is supposed to help identify and conserve threatened species."
The grizzly has been listed as a threatened species since 1975 and scientists say that it is essential to get a handle on the population to preserve it. But, according to Kendall, until the feds decided to invest in this grizzly bear DNA study, researchers lacked the funds to conduct research at the scale necessary to get a reliable measure.
In 2002 Kendall assembled a scientific panel with representatives from the USGS, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and FWP, along with other scientific and environmental organizations to determine the best way to measure the remaining grizzly population of the Northern Continental Divide Ecosystem. It recommended setting up barbed wire hair-snagging stations to painlessly pluck fur from passing bears that would be used for DNA fingerprinting, a technique employed to distinguish individuals of the same species by the differences in their genetic material. This is the only way to accurately estimate population in such heavily forested terrain, where bears are difficult to spot, says Chris Servheen, a grizzly expert with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
In response, the USGS set aside $250,000 to launch the Northern Divide Grizzly Bear Project; the next year, Congress stepped in to provide additional funding, and from 2003 to 2007 appropriated $4.8 million to the effort, Kendall says.


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Tuesday, March 12, 2013
Throughout the United States, violent crime has seen a marked reduction—reports of violent crime have decreased from 1.4 million in 2007 to 1.2 million in 2011. Even so, law enforcement must remain vigilant in its focus on increasing its ability to address juvenile victimization, delinquency, and crime from a holistic perspective. Police leaders must increase their focus on juvenile justice issues, encourage the development of innovative and effective prevention and intervention programs, educate law enforcement and others on pertinent juvenile justice issues, and improve law enforcement's effectiveness in promoting public safety.
Click here to view the online edition.
IACP 2013 Resolutions
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Automatic belt tensioners, standard in most cars now, make changing a serpentine belt a simple DIY repair. Follow the clear photos and step-by-step instructions and you'll be done in 15 minutes.
If you're old enough to remember the good old days when you changed your own fan belts, then you can also remember the bruised knuckles and cursing that went along with it. And to make matters worse, there were often two or three belts to change.
Now, instead of separate belts for each component, most cars today use a single wider, multigrooved "serpentine" belt, named for the way it snakes around multiple pulleys.
Serpentine belts are easy to change because today's automatic belt tensioners eliminate the need to loosen bolts or pry components into position for retensioning. Just rotate the tensioner, remove the old belt and install a new one. When the belt ribs are seated into the pulley grooves, release the tensioner and you're done.
The premium belt has an embedded fabric backing and higher-quality rubber compounds that resist oil, coolant and heat. The economy belt has no fabric and is made from lower-quality materials.
The premium belt has cogs molded into the ribs. The economy belt has none. Cogs increase belt flexibility, reduce heat buildup and dramatically increase belt life.
You can buy a very inexpensive, economy-grade serpentine belt — but you shouldn't. The serpentine belt drives your generator, power steering, air conditioning and water pump. In other words, a belt failure can leave you stranded, and the towing charges will cost far more than the typical price of a premium belt. Here's how you can tell the difference between premium and economy belts:
1. Cogs. The manufacturers of premium belts mold cogs into the ribs of their belts. The cogs allow the belt to flex more easily, reducing heat buildup.
2. Fabric backing. Fabric adds stability and durability to the belt, resulting in better performance and longer life. The economy belt has no fabric backing.
3. Compounding. Premium rubber compounding isn't something you can see, but higher-quality compounds are more resistant to oil and coolant leaks and heat. They're also quieter.
Most economy and original equipment belts have a life of 30,000 to 40,000 miles (follow the manufacturer's schedule for belt replacement). Premium belts have almost double that life. The longer life easily justifies the slight additional expense.
Examine the decal that shows the belt routing. If yours doesn't have one, draw one before you start the job.
Using the serpentine belt tool, rotate the tensioner to remove belt tension. Remove the old belt. Slowly release the tensioner.
The leverage of the serpentine belt tool makes it easy to move the tensioner.
Using the belt placement tool, route the new belt around the belt path. Rotate the tensioner again while you load the belt around it. Double-check to make sure the belt is aligned with all the pulleys and that it follows the correct path. Slowly release the tensioner.
Inexpensive specialty tools greatly simplify changing the serpentine belt.
You can replace a serpentine belt with ordinary hand tools. But we don't recommend it. The spaces are often tight and the belt-driven devices difficult to reach. Using a serpentine belt tool to loosen the tensioner and a belt placement tool to position the belt, we completed the entire job in less than 15 minutes, without breaking a sweat (or a knuckle). The serpentine belt tool comes with an assortment of sockets, making it the perfect choice for all the cars in your family. The two extension bars can be configured to reach the tensioner at the proper angle, and the extra-long handle provides maximum leverage so you can release the pressure easily. The belt placement tool allowed us to remove and properly place the new belt without reaching down into the pulley area.
Note: If your car requires the removal of an engine mount in order to remove the serpentine belt, or the belt's just nearly impossible to get at, we recommend you leave the job to a professional.
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La Monnaie lets you discover all of its opera productions for free on the internet. In the days following the last performance of each show, you can view and hear our operas for three weeks on this website. La Traviata can be seen from 5 (from 8pm) to 25 January 2013 included.
The live transmission on Arte Live Web, filmed during the performance of 15 December, is available from 22 December on the website of Arte Live Web.
+ La Traviata


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Want to learn more about using your Mac or having an issue? Choose a topic from the left to get started.
An Apple ID is the login that allows you to access all Apple services, such as iCloud, iTunes Store, or App Store.
iCloud stores your content and lets you access your music, photos, calendar, contacts, documents, and more.
Shop online, call 133 MAC (622), visit an Apple Retail Store or find an Apple Authorised Service Provider.
Copyright © 2013 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.
Australia (English)


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Articles by Alex Pasternack
The Chinese Internet Wants Obama to Solve a Decades-Old Poisoning Mystery
On May 3, a Chinese expat posted a petition on the White House website demanding justice for Zhu Ling's poisoning. In six days, the page, written in poorly translated English, has collected more than 140,000 signatures, well over the threshold of 100,000 signatures in 30 days tha…
A Meteor Exploded Above Russia This Morning
While the world waits for an asteroid to graze the orbits of our television satellites, citizens of central Russia were greeted this morning by a more mortality shaking kind of astronomical event: a giant meteorite exploded across the atmosphere.
Was Lance Armstrong Taking Jerk-Enhancing Drugs?
The interview that Lance Armstrong gave to Oprah Winfrey was a masterful slice of a never-ending sports-fabulism spectacle, and while it made for good TV at times, it was also nearly infuriating to watch.
Censorship Protests Are Erupting in China Because No One Likes to Drink Toxic Chemicals
Last week, nine tons of aniline, a toxic chemical, poisoned Changzhi's water supply. After citizens took to the web to demand an explanation for why they hadn't been informed of the leak, Beijing started to clamp down on free speech.
'Zero Dark Thirty': Interrogating Reality
The "problem" with "Zero Dark Thirty"'s portrayal of torture isn't the portrayal itself, but what it represents. Even though waterboarding is now prohibited, that hasn't diminished its value for some in government. To assume torture is a thing of the past—or to criticize "Zero Da…
Blowing Up Asteroids with Neil deGrasse Tyson
What are the chances of an asteroid colliding with earth and causing hundreds of millions of people to drown in tidal waves the size of skyscrapers? For this piece, we talked to science's No. 1 booster, Neil deGrasse Tyson, about what it would take to stop an asteroid from hittin…
A Death on the Frontier
The unprecedented hunt for the the Higgs boson or "God particle" may have culminated at Europe's largest particle accelerator, but it was the product of an effort that began thousands of miles away at another atom smasher beneath the Illinois prairie.
Spaced Out: Making Mars with Tom Sachs
Artist Tom Sachs has recreated an entire four-week mission to Mars with little more than wood, glue and household objects. Working with Nasa and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, his studio built go-kart rovers, a model rocket, and a giant lunar excursion module to turn the fabled P…
Ultra-Orthodox Internet
Citi Field was sold out recently, but not for the Mets. Motherboard TV's Alex Pasternack investigates an anti-internet rally.
I Went to the "Anti-Internet" Rally with a Hasid Named Sruly
Keeping the web kosher is serious business.


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flyburst asked Andrew Kozak, director of Sportrock in Sterling, to answer a few questions about climbing for kids. As you will read in the interview, climbing may be a great compliment (to team sports) or alternative for kids who are attracted to an indoor/outdoor sport with individual physical and mental challenges. Parents will be attracted to the sport because of the great fitness option it provides for kids and the time flexibility (no hours of weekends lost because of a far away travel games). Kids will like the sense of accomplishment and the social aspects of the sport.
FB: Can you give a brief overview of the sport of rock climbing?
Rock climbing is a sport in which participants climb up or across natural rock formations or artificial rock walls. The goal is to reach the top of a formation or the endpoint of a pre-defined route without falling.
FB: What are the types of climbing that Sportrock teaches?
Sportrock teaches everything from basic skills to lead climbing to setting up top rope anchors. Or if you just want to come in and give climbing a try, we have programs for that as well for both kids (age 6+) and adults.
FB: What's "cool" about the sport for kids? What types of kids might especially enjoy climbing?
Climbing is a great confidence builder and a great way to meet new people. It also gives kids a sense of accomplishment once they reach the top of each wall. We are firm believers that absolutely anyone would enjoy this sport!
FB: What will parents like about climbing?
Climbing is a great form of exercise that allows you to have fun while working out. Climbing motivates kids to put down the video games and climb a rock!
FB: What physical/mental development skills can kids learn through climbing?
Climbing gives kids a sense of accomplishment. One of our members put it best when he said "It's fun when you get to the top of a really hard climb because it's fun to look down and see what you just did."
FB: What equipment will kids need to climb (indoor and outdoor)?
All climbers wanting to climb the tall walls (both indoor and outdoor) will use a harness and a helmet. A lot of climbers will wear special shoes to help their feet stick to the wall, but these are not required. Other than the gear provided at the gym, kids are asked to wear athletic clothing (mesh shorts, t-shirts) and tennis shoes.
FB: What safety precautions do you take for indoor and outdoor climbing?
Anyone that wants to be able to belay (hold the ropes on the ground) will need to take a class to learn the basics - tying knots, proper belaying motions, catching someone who falls, and lowering them back to the ground. Both climber and belayer will always double check each other's gear and use certain commands to communicate what is going on.
FB: What's a good age to start climbing? What type of class should a beginner take?
In the gym, with an instructor, we start at age 6 & up. Parents are welcome to come in and take their younger children climbing themselves, but the parents would be required to know how to do all the rope work themselves. Anyone age 14+ can take our Basic Skills class and we will teach you everything you need to know to get started!
FB: What might be typical weekly or monthly schedule for a kid involved in climbing?
As with any sport, the more you practice the better you will get. There is no set schedule for kids climbing unless you are involved in our climbing team; then there are weekly practice sessions depending on your ability level.
FB: What approach do the climbing instructors take towards teaching climbing?
All instructors want to make climbing as fun as possible and are passionate about what they do. We encourage kids to push their limits and try something that might seem harder than they think they can do.
FB: Can you talk about the costs involved in climbing?
Costs are dependant upon the size and scope of the actual class or program. To get an idea of the cost involved with getting started, please visit our website: www.sportrock.com.
FB: Anything else you want to mention about Sportrock that parents might want to know?
If you're interested in getting your child started in climbing, here are a couple great options to consider-
- Open Climb is run every Saturday and Sunday between 12 and 5pm. This program is designed for anyone that wants to give climbing a try. Cost for Open Climb is $20. This price includes Harness and Helmet rental. Shoes are an additional $5.
- Kids Nite is run every Friday from 6:30-8pm. This program is for kids age 6-14. Parents are asked to go to www.sportrock.com and reserve a spot for each child wanting to climb. Price for Kids Nite is $20.
- Birthday Parties are another great program we run. Price is $25/climber with a minimum participant number of 8. We require a $10 deposit per estimated participant, refundable up to 14 days before the scheduled even. Parties are offered Friday, Saturday and Sunday. Climbing time is the first 1 ½ hours followed by the use of our party room for an additional 45 minutes. Party times vary by gym. Check our website for availability
Andrew Kozak can be reached at email@example.com