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Theoretical Building Blocks:
The Psychological Basis of Development and Revolution in the Third World
The theoretical work of psychologists after World War II, especially in the areas of Third World development and revolution, complemented the institutional factors that were strengthening psychological research within the military and helped bring psychological perspectives to the attention of policy-makers. The notion, for example, that the roots of war were to be found in the psychological particulars of national character and the universal truth of frustration and aggression did not evaporate at the end of World War II. During the period between 1945 and 1960, psychological experts pursued questions about how to derail the development of militaristic aggressiveness, and, more ambitiously, how to construct an alternative psychology, oriented toward peaceful economic development and political stability. The fundamentals of the national character approach, although they sometimes
came in for sharp methodological criticisms, gained wide currency among foreign and military policy-makers in the period following the war[42]
Formulated as an explicit alternative to the inadequate (because they were not primarily psychological) explanations of economists and other social scientists who stressed material factors and large-scale social forces transcending the individual person, some psychologists singled out personality as the ultimate key to manipulating economic and political developments in the newly emerging states of the Third World. As early as 1946, psychologist Carl Hovland offered the following general advice to the officers of the Rockefeller Foundation, who were exploring the possibility of funding projects on the "Psychological Principles Underlying Economic Behavior": "Now it is not anticipated that it will be possible within the near future to explain all economic phenomena on the basis of psychological laws now known. But it is the writer's opinion that it is high time that a start be made."[43] Between World War II and the mid-1960s, psychologists tackled this area of theory. and research. Many eventually concluded that there was little point in assisting abstractions like "developing societies" by pouring vast public sums into a process whose economic mechanisms were baffling.
Personalities, on the other hand, were concrete entities. Not only did they "develop," but they were assumed to be reachable through conscious intervention into the family's childrearing practices. Mothers, because they functioned as personality factories, became favorite subjects of expert attention and logical objects of public policy. The inner landscape, that familiar geography on which so much military conflict transpired, also turned out to be the key to unlocking peaceful economic change in far-flung corners of the world.
Leonard Doob, an important figure in World War II psychology and one of the authors of Frustration and Aggression, spent a number of the postwar years conducting psychological studies in African and Caribbean societies and developing a theoretical argument that posited "civilization" (by which he meant Western-style industrial and cultural development) as an outgrowth of personality change.[44] Civilization's presence or absence, in other words, had more to do with the conditions of psychological development and with the state of affairs "within people" than with such external, material realities as economic infrastructure, raw materials, population growth, or the character and extent of political institutions. "People acquire the central goal of seeking to be-
come more civilized," Doob argued, "when their traditional values no longer bring them satisfaction and/or when some experience gives them a favorable view of civilization."[45]
Although Doob held tightly to the vision of an objective and non-judgmental behavioral science, insisting, for example, that "the process of becoming more civilized is neither praised nor condemned," his conclusions told a different story.[46] His data characterized the people of "uncivilized" societies as rigid and lacking in empathy, whereas the psychological profile of civilized people included tolerance, reason, self-reflection, and a refreshing absence of dogma.[47] Doob still endorsed the psychoanalytic premise that civilization required repression, but the resulting misery seemed to fall squarely on the shoulders of those individuals who were in the process of acculturation, striving for an urbanized, industrialized society. The psychological conflicts involved in "becoming more civilized" could, according to this way of thinking, function as the basis for nationalist or revolutionary ideologies since these ideologies offered psychologically necessary safety valves for the accumulation of hostile emotions by directing those emotions toward outsiders, frequently Westerners. If residents of the Third World could be systematically aided in navigating this treacherous route toward civilized personalities, Doob suggested, they would likely find that state psychologically satisfying when they finally arrived.
His research methods, which relied heavily on projective tests like the Rorschach, were indicative of general trends in the direction of postwar social scientific research.[48] Personality measures were more and more frequently used by anthropologists, sociologists, and political scientists engaged in fieldwork in the Third World because getting illiterate or semiliterate people to draw or respond to ink blots was a practical possibility. For the many who were influenced by varieties of psychoanalytic theory, of course, exploring the levels below consciousness was also a theoretical necessity. A whole generation of postwar social scientists was routinely schooled in the use of tests like the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), F Scale, Rorschach, and the Goodenough Drawing Test, in addition to more conventional intelligence-measuring techniques like the Stanford-Binet scale. One survey of cross-cultural research in the early 1960s concluded that "students of culture have looked to the psychologist—or at least to psychological concepts and methods—for the key to their revised scientific interest."[49]
Probably the best-known example of postwar psychological theory pushed to the limits of its explanatory power in relation to international
economic development was the work of David McClelland. A personality psychologist originally interested in theories of motivation, McClelland's The Achieving Society (1961) aimed to illustrate that psychological determinism could be empirically sound and quantitatively rigorous when it came to explaining and predicting patterns of national economic development. McClelland, committed to methodological advance in psychology, also had in mind the practical translation of psychological theory into public policy. "The shortest way to achieve economic objectives," he wrote, "might turn out to be through changing people first. . . . The precise problem of most underdeveloped countries is that they do not have the character structure, especially the motivational structure, which would lead them to act in the ways required. The model is like a combustion engine without the gas to make it go."[50]
Individual psychology, as it turned out, was "the gas," the precious fuel of economic progress. Much as Doob had focused on the individual personality as the entity that either moved or failed to move toward a state of civilization, McClelland theorized that the personal psychological resources of a given country largely determined whether or not it would be an "achieving society." Economic development was a product of a competitive, achievement-oriented type of personality whose main sources were internal and psychological. This achieving personality (or any other kind, for that matter) was manufactured within the family. Relationships between mothers and children (in the case of McClelland's research, it was exclusively mothers and sons ) were therefore directly implicated as likely obstacles to national economic growth and reforming motherhood emerged as possibly the clearest solution to national economic failure.
McClelland's grand theory began modestly in the early 1950s with an effort to quantitatively isolate and measure individual motives, including the one that became a central factor in his later work on economic development: the need for achievement, or what he called "n Achievement." Firmly committed to the most exacting experimental methods as well as to the pursuit of psychoanalytic insights, McClelland developed ingenious techniques for taking "psychic X-rays" of a given society's unconscious inclinations. These included methodical content analyses of folk stories and children's stories from around the world (in order to discern patterns of cultural fantasy and aspiration—a kind of projective test for the entire society), direct tests for n Achievement (via studies of mothers and sons in Germany, Japan, India, and Brazil), and
observation of the actual behavior of business entrepreneurs—who were assumed to embody the achieving ideal—in the United States, Turkey, Italy, and Poland.
McClelland assumed a straightforward cause-and-effect relationship between mothers' early expectations of sons, the development of a (male) entrepreneurial class, and levels of national economic development. Although he claimed that his model was not bound to any particular economic philosophy, and would predict growth rates equally well in capitalist and socialist economies, his concept of achievement certainly assumed a fundamentally competitive and acquisitive economic drive.
His assumptions about gender merited no such self-conscious commentary. Basically, if mothers' inculcated enough n Achievement, the country would prosper; if they did not, it would remain impoverished or even slip backwards into underdevelopment. The fact that girls and women were central economic actors, especially in subsistence-based, agrarian societies, was entirely invisible in this model of development. Women were considered important, but for the values they instilled, as mothers, in their young sons. According to McClelland, the childrearing style that produced the highest levels of n Achievement balanced warmth against high expectations and exhibited just the right amount of pressure to achieve: not too much and not too little. To the extent that political or economic forces were relevant in producing national achievement levels, they operated largely on mothers and their child-rearing practices. "The family as the nucleus of the social structure is a little like the nucleus of the atom; it is harder to influence by external events than one might expect."[51]
After comparing various national economic growth rates with measures of n Achievement in 1925 and 1950, as well as examining historical cases as divergent as Spain in the Middle Ages, the Protestant Reformation, pre-Inca Peru, and the nineteenth-century United States, McClelland found that surges in n Achievement levels were consistently followed by spurts of productive economic activity, confirming his theory that psychological change was the motor of economic history. "What people want," he concluded, "they somehow manage to get. . . . These results serve to direct our attention as social scientists away from an exclusive concern with the external events in history to the 'internal' psychological concerns that in the long run determine what happens in history."[52] At last, patterns of economic development could
be reliably predicted on the basis of measurable psychological factors: "The psychologist has now developed tools for finding out what a generation wants, better than it knows itself, and before it has had a chance of showing by its actions what it is after."[53]
The policy implications of such awesome knowledge were very clear to Doob and McClelland. First, U.S. foreign aid geared to economic development really ought to target psychological development since the latter was both a fundamental and a measurable cause of economic growth. This simplified the policy-making process by turning it away from such elusive factors as agricultural efficiency and turning it toward those indicators with a demonstrable, empirical relationship to n Achievement. Second, the goal of aid should be to nurture and produce emotionally mature entrepreneurial elites who would then lead their countries toward economic growth and success. In this translation of psychology into public policy, old-fashioned development programs could still be useful, if considered in the new light of their psychological consequences. Birth control programs were, for McClelland, just one example. "One must obviously reduce the number of some kinds of people more than others, yet practically all birth-control policies ignore this problem entirely. No matter how few, the 'wrong' kind of people will not produce rapid economic development, nor will the 'right' people, no matter how many, block economic development. 'Right' and 'wrong' mean here, of course, more or less suited in motives and values to the task of economic development."[54] McClelland was more than willing to testify before Congress about the deficiencies of the country's development assistance policies, many of which, in his view, suffered from reliance on the erroneous motivational assumptions of economists. "Behavioral science knowledge about human motivation," in contrast, "could have very concrete practical implications for U.S. aid policy. . . ."[55] He recommended that all government programs of foreign assistance be carefully scrutinized for evidence of their "psychological multiplier effect" and U.S. investments restructured in favor of those which had demonstrated the biggest payoff in developing the "right" kinds of personalities and discouraging the "wrong" ones.[56]
For its part, Congress seriously explored the psychological aspects of international relationships on several occasions in the mid- and late 1960s, facilitated by J. William Fulbright (D-Ark.), chair of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations.[57] Fulbright, who had been one of the youngest university presidents in the country (appointed to head
the University of Arkansas at age thirty-four) before his entrance into electoral politics, was known for founding the program of international scholarly exchange that bears his name and also for sponsoring high-profile hearings on Vietnam, beginning in 1966, which were considered instrumental in turning public opinion against the war. He opened a 1969 hearing on "Psychological Aspects of Foreign Policy" by stating, "It is believed by many that wars begin in the minds of men. As a politician, I am inclined to view it that the mysteries of political behavior have their origin in the mysteries of the human mind, and yet an examination of the human mind in order to understand our own political behavior has not heretofore appealed to either the public or to political leaders. It may be we are frightened by the possibilities that might be revealed by some self-examination."[58] Fulbright's hearings delved into topics ranging from communism's psychological appeal to the role of unconscious projection and need for love in U.S. foreign policy; they were designed to air "unorthodox approaches."[59] Expert testimony was offered by Jerome Frank, Margaret Mead, Karl Menninger, and Charles Osgood, among others, who took advantage of the opportunities Fulbright offered to champion the usefulness of their insights but did not hesitate to scold Congress for its inadequate appreciation of mental and behavioral expertise. "Perhaps what psychiatrists have learned about establishing communication with a frightened, angry, and suspicious person may have some relevance," pointed out Jerome Frank about "Psychological Difficulties in Giving and Receiving Aid."[60] Other testimony and written reports addressed "The Effect of Natural Drives on Communism and the Changes in Communism," the "Effect of 'Face' on Rigidity of Chinese Communism," and "Is the United States Acting Rationally?"
Social psychological perspectives also pervaded the study of political upheaval in the Third World in the period after World War II, in large part because the striking pattern of interdisciplinary teamwork during World War II had left as much of a mark on many sociologists, anthropologists, political scientists, and economists as it had on those with formal psychological training. The tendency toward the study of "total societies," for example, required a patchwork of methods and theories drawn from throughout the social sciences. The new
prominence of psychological research in fields conventionally associated with political science or sociology helped to push the center of gravity in research done by nonpsychologists toward the consideration of psychological variables.[61] As early as 1939, Robert Lynd had offered the following comment and advice in his critical discussion of the direction of U.S. social science: "With its field thus fortunately concentrated on the central powerhouse of culture, individuals, [psychology] is in the strategic position of having the other social sciences turn increasingly to it for the solution to realistic problems—mental health, education and child development, labor problems, advertising and market research, public opinion and propaganda. It is a safe prescription to almost any young social-scientist-in-training to 'get more psychological underpinning.'"[62]
By the early 1960s much of mainstream social science was committed to a behavioral science approach to the analysis of Third World revolution, an orientation that would significantly shape policy, as well as research, during the Vietnam era. Influential books like Walt Rostow's The Stages of Economic Growth (1960) made it obvious not only that societies needed to be jolted into modernization (typically by revolution), but that an appropriate psychological outlook—characterized by rationality, risk taking, and desire for growth and consumption—was a prerequisite to national "take-off."[63] A Massachusetts Institute of Technology economist during the 1950s, Rostow became a Vietnam War policy-maker and controversial advocate of counterinsurgency in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations as chairman of the Department of State Policy Planning Council and deputy to National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy, another academic-turned-policy-maker. He testified before Congress about the advantages behavioral experts brought to "winning the Cold War" and singled out the psychologist for special mention as "a valued collaborator in penetrating the operation of the Communist mind and the attractions which communism offers certain kinds of people."[64]
By the early 1960s the analytical concept of "political culture" had also injected a new appreciation for psychology into the study of comparative politics. The very use of the term, according to its originator, Gabriel Almond, a Stanford University political scientist, indicated a "psychological orientation toward social objects."[65] Directly descended from World War II analyses of national character, political culture illustrated just how central a psychological orientation had become for so-
cial scientists not formally identified with psychological training, in this case political scientists interested in Third World revolution and development.[66] According to Lucian Pye,
The concept of political culture assumes that each individual must, in his own historical context, learn and incorporate into his own personality the knowledge and feelings about the politics of his people and his community. This means in turn that the political culture of a society is limited but given firm structure by the factors basic to dynamic psychology. . . . [Political culture combines] the revolutionary findings of modern depth psychology and recent advances in the sociological techniques for measuring attitudes in mass societies.[67]
While they depended heavily on World War II—era national character studies, political culture advocates were also likely to criticize them for being biased toward the unconscious and insufficiently attentive to rational, adult motivation. They prided themselves on the theoretical flexibility with which political culture could encompass both conscious and unconscious psychological factors. This balanced emphasis, however, did not so much depart from the direction of psychological theory, as conform to it. In the years after World War II, interest in conscious motivation and ego development revived, including among psychoanalytic theorists such as Heinz Hartmann.[68]
The definition of development—political and economic—that paralleled political culture made it clear too that the point was to delineate a national personality profile, but through more exhaustive and systematic comparisons than had been possible for World War II-era social psychologists. Political culture advocates included in their notion of political development precisely the kinds of findings just detailed in the work of psychologists Leonard Doob and David McClelland. They also harked back to the World War II discovery that individual subjectivity, could be the key to untangling social and political processes. "Political culture does not refer to the formal or informal structures of political interaction," one key advocate remarked. "Nor does it refer to the pattern of interaction among political actors. . . . It refers not to what is happening in the world of politics, but what people believe about those happenings."[69]
The popularity of the political culture concept was fueled as much by policy-makers' immediate concerns as by the theoretical momentum of social science. Its multidisciplinary approach to the problem of nation building certainly seemed appropriate to the complicated analysis of whole political systems, a kind of bridge between the microanalysis
of life histories and the macroanalysis more typical of political sociologists and historians.[70] But the concept also promised to "yield more understanding about the possibilities and limitations for consciously changing a political culture in order to facilitate national development."[71] It was partly because of the blueprint it offered for engineering political change in the Third World—a prime concern of much U.S. foreign and military policy during the Cold War years—that the political culture perspective became a dominant one by the mid-1960s.
Its advocates were concentrated in the Social Science Research Council's Committee on Comparative Politics.[72] That committee's chairman was Lucian Pye, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology political scientist and one of the DOD's many advisors on behavioral research. Pye argued that the main challenges Third World societies faced in becoming modem nation-states were psychological. "Fears of failure in the adventure of nation building create deep anxieties, which tend to inhibit effective action. . . . The dynamics of such psychological inhibitions to effective action, particularly in relation to the politics of modernization, can permeate and restrain the entire process of nation building."[73]
Like McClelland on economic development, Pye pointed out that political development would go nowhere if Third World personalities were not emotionally suited to the requirements of such a national "adventure." Referring frequently to the writing of psychoanalyst Erik Erikson, who had published the widely read Childhood and Society and Young Man Luther since his wartime studies of Hitler's psychology and Nazi mentality, Pye suggested that modernizing the political structures of Third World states would require the inculcation of new forms of identity through a revamped socialization process. Also like McClelland, personalities stood, for Pye, at a critical juncture between individual psychology and a country's political institutions. They were the critical variable and, further, they were reformable. By supporting the development of a modernizing identity among emotional elites in the Third World, the United States could promote peaceful movement toward Western models of political organization and minimize the chances of bloody, Communist-inspired revolutions.
Pye and others considered the question of national identity—whether and to what extent people developed a self-confident psychological affiliation with and sense of belonging to a nation-state—especially delicate. Instilling a clear national identity was understood to be the source of legitimacy for political institutions and elites. Patriotic
service to the state during war had, after all, been the origin of their own power, and they assumed it was equally essential to stabilizing shaky Third World political systems. Analysts suggested that providing new states with assistance in building national self-identity was a task of political socialization equivalent to the family's manufacture of personal self-identity.[74] True, it occurred on the level of international relations rather than interpersonal relations, but the difference was more one of location than of kind.
Even with these new and important intellectual developments, many of the old themes of crowd psychology, which had informed psychologists' policy-oriented work during World War II and before, remained sturdy and largely unchanged, appearing at the center of behavioral schemes to understand and manipulate Third World revolution, including Camelot. In fact, Rex Hopper, the Brooklyn College sociologist who was eventually chosen to direct Project Camelot, took the crowd psychology tradition so seriously that he summarized its contributions to the literature on revolution in a 1950 article rifled "The Revolutionary Process: A Frame of Reference for the Study of Revolutionary Movements."[75]
Working squarely in the tradition of Le Bon and McDougall, as well as the more recent World War II-era analysts of race rioting, Hopper laid out a series of stages through which revolutionary movements passed: "the Preliminary Stage of Mass (Individual) Excitement, the Popular Stage of Crowd (Collective) Excitement and Unrest, the Formal Stage of Formulation of Issues and Formulation of Publics, and the Institutional Stage of Legalization and Societal Organization."[76] Each stage corresponded to a particular psychological mood, to which revolutionary elements (leaders, organizations, and ideologies) had to conform. As individuals were transformed into a "psychological crowd," and as that crowd eventually became a revolutionary public and the basis for a new society, people experienced the typically painful consequences of dramatic psychological change: wish repression, oppression psychoses, motivation disturbances, and general psychological exhaustion.
Although he was a Latin America specialist himself, Hopper's summary of the literature was purely theoretical and did not single out any particular national case, or even region of the world, for examination. Nor did Hopper give any indication that the effort to predict, guide, or prevent revolution might raise ethical questions for behavioral scientists. In all likelihood, his straightforward endorsement of the notion
that "a generalized description is a necessary prerequisite to any attempt to control" indicated that "the revolutionary process" he was describing was located safely on territory outside the industrialized west.[77] Years later, when he directed his attention toward dramatic shifts in the domestic social structure of the United States, his attitudes were far less neutral. With waves of cultural alienation and technologically induced unemployment becoming more frequent, "the probabilities are great that revolutionary changes will occur," he noted in dismay. "My own guess is that we shall move toward a militarized and cybernatized totalitarianism of the right."[78]
In the early 1960s, mainstream social and behavioral scientists were fully engaged with developing the kind of predictive indices that grew organically out of theoretical chronologies like Hopper's. Systematically identifying the constellation of factors that caused "internal war" was, at the time, a major effort. For example, the Princeton Symposium on Internal War, hosted in September 1961 by the Princeton Center for International Studies and funded by the Carnegie Corporation, brought together a small group of prominent social and behavioral scientists, including Gabriel Almond, Daniel Bell, Kenneth Boulding, Harold Lasswell, Seymour Martin Lipset, Talcott Parsons, Lucian Pye, and Sidney Verba.[79] For several days, they discussed the general pre-conditions of internal war and topics such as "The Commencement of Rebellions and the Art of Controlling Rebels." Although a purely theoretical effort on its face, the organizer of the symposium, Harry Eckstein of Princeton, presented his paper (titled "Introduction to the Study of Internal Wars: The Problem of Anticipation") to the Smithsonian Institution's Research Group in Psychology and the Social Sciences, charged with advising the DOD on the direction of military behavioral science, just a few months later.[80] Eventually, Eckstein became one of Camelot's consultants.
Edward Tiryakian, a sociologist from Duke University and another one of the participants in the Princeton symposium, later contributed his work on the prediction of Third World upheaval to a conference directly associated with the Camelot effort.[81] Tiryakian's predictive model assumed that revolutionary upheaval was necessarily destructive and endorsed political stability as the ideal state. (His hypothetical society, distinguished primarily by the absence of conflict, was called "utopia.") His "Model of Societal Change and Its Lead Indicators" developed an "index of revolutionary potential" complete with "advance warning signals" that measured increases in social pathology and insta-
bility via such indicators as the spread of sexual promiscuity and cults. Because these factors were located in the social unconscious (he called it the "social underground"), far removed from the superficial political and economic targets of revolutionary movements, they were, according to Tiryakian, by far the most reliable predictors of war's psychological preconditions.


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WHAT ARE ANTIMICROBIALS? Microbes are tiny, single-celled organisms that can live in almost any environment. They include bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae and protozoa. Some microbes are useful, or even good for your health: foods like yogurt, sauerkraut and cheese are all made using bacteria. But a small percentage -- less than 1 percent -- can cause diseases in humans. Antimicrobials are substances that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and molds. They can occur naturally or be manmade synthetic compounds. Organic acids and their salts are the most common antimicrobial materials.
ABOUT BIOADHESIVES: Bioadhesives are sticky substances derived from, or based on, molecules produced by living organisms. Often, scientists study them because they seek to mimic the adhesives made by animals like gecko lizards, mussels, and insects. Developing an adhesive able to work underwater or that can be attached and pulled apart repeatedly, without losing stickiness, are features that many scientists seek to imitate. From coverings that attach to a wound and encourage healing to applications that join pieces of wood for carpenters, bioadhesives are being used in many fields of research.

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Wheels Cycling Centre, Invertrossachs Road, Callander, Perthshire FK17 8HW
Whats On! Latest news Spring Bike Sale from 1st February - 30th April 2013 TheWheels Cycling Centre will hold its Summer sale of new and used machines. call for latest prices on 01877 331100 Also available on special offer will be many items from our spares and accessories stock. Due to high demand there are only limited quanties of bikes on offer call 01877 331100 now for more info So hurry out here before you miss it!. ...More
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Brag Book Exchange-AmyLeigh's Totally Awesome & Andrea's Text Path Templates
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Brag Book Exchange-AmyLeigh's Totally Awesome & Andrea's Text Path Templates
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..you'll get these created by Andrea and AmyLeigh that are not available to be purchased :). They are Tag Albums which are small sized layouts that you can print and stick in ID TAG Albums you can get in office supply stores
NEW GUIDELINE: to guard against folks being able to take previews uploaded to the gallery and turn them into quickpages without participating in this exchange, please save all of your submitted pages onto one blank canvas and save that as a preview jpg.
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Ham and Cheese Sandwich is probably the most common type of sandwich around. In fact, being common made this sandwich the top selling sandwich of all time. Each of us might have prepared … [Read more...]
Panlasang Pinoy provides information on the best Filipino recipes, cooking, culinary schools, becoming a chef, and health benefits of food.


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MARQUETTE - A Gwinn man was arraigned this morning on two felony counts related to his alleged leaving the scene of a July 4 vehicle-pedestrian accident along South Front Street in Marquette, which resulted in the death of a Marquette woman and serious injury of her husband.
Luke Eugene Huotari, 30, was arraigned before Marquette County District Court Judge Roger Kangas on two counts of knowingly leaving the scene of an accident, which caused serious impairment of a bodily function or death. The charge is punishable by up to five years in prison and a $5,000 fine.
A preliminary hearing has been scheduled for 4 p.m. July 23. Huotari, who was arrested Saturday after being interviewed by detectives from the Marquette City Police Department, has hired Marquette attorney Karl Numinen to represent him.
Article Photos
Luke Eugene Huotari, 30, of Gwinn was arraigned before Marquette County District Court Judge Roger Kangas today on two counts of knowingly leaving the scene of an accident, which caused serious impairment of a bodily function or death. The charge is punishable by up to five years in prison and a $5,000 fine. (Journal photo by John Pepin)
Bryan LaChapell, 39, and his wife Karin, 42, were struck near the intersection of South Front Street and Genesee Street as they walked to watch Marquette's Fourth of July fireworks display. Police said Karin LaChapell suffered serious injuries in the incident and she was pronounced dead at Marquette General Hospital. Hospital officials said Bryan LaChapell, who had been seriously hurt in the crash and was later listed in stable condition, was discharged to his home Friday.
Court records indicated Huotari was allegedly driving a white 2000 Honda CRV involved in the crash.
During the video link court hearing, Huotari sat with a Marquette County Sheriff's deputy in front of a camera at the jail. The link allowed the defendant to see the judge and the courtroom and conversation could be heard on both ends of the link.
Kangas read Huotari his Miranda right to remain silent. He then reiterated the terms of a bond, which was set previously. Huotari is being held on a $500,000 cash or surety bond on each of the counts. He asked Kangas if a bond reduction hearing could be scheduled.
Numinen, who was in the courtroom, said he would file a motion to request such a hearing later today.
A celebration of Karin LaChapell's life was scheduled to be held at 1 p.m. today at the Eastwood Apostolic Lutheran Church, located along Maas Street in Negaunee. Pastor Dale Niskanen will be officiating. Visitation will precede the service.
The Swanson-Lundquist Funeral Home of Marquette is assisting the family.
John Pepin can be reached at 906-228-2500, ext. 206. His email address is firstname.lastname@example.com.


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This post is inspired by my client John M., a financial analyst in his mid 40s from New York.
John just started dating again, but suffered initial setbacks when some of his dates mentioned to him flat out that they didn't find his attire very attractive. Discouraged but optimistic, he asked me if I can help him put together some casual yet sharp looks for dinner or drink dates that would bolster his confidence and make an appealing first impression.
His biggest conundrum involved jeans. See, the only pair of jeans he owned were "Seinfeld" era mid-tone stone-washed relaxed-fit dad jeans, with a waist that rode all the way up to his ribcage. Tasteless comments from his past dates aside, no wonder they ran the other way!
John's top goal was to find a new pair of jeans that he could incorporate into his date looks as well as for his one-Friday-a-month "Jeans Day" at his conservative workplace. After a lifetime of high-rise jeans, it wasn't easy persuading him to a lower rise – not too low, but just low enough to make him look current and more proportionate. I even found a great pair that actually gave him a nice perky butt on his tall skinny frame, as his current pair only helped to flatten his already-nonexistent backside.
After somewhat of a fight, John finally succumbed to giving the jeans a try, which then gave me the green light to put together the rest of the look. All his shirts were on the neutral-drab side, so I challenged him to a soft pop of color, added a sweater, and topped him off with a textured tweed jacket. With everything coordinated and fitting him properly (like most guys, he was wearing his clothes at least a size too big), not only was he well-presented, he looked at least 10 years younger!
As John saw a new vision of himself in the mirror that he never dreamed possible, I had the pleasure of witnessing the moment I always look forward to with all my clients – what I call "The Shift." This is when the light suddenly switches on inside a man, most notably by a twinkle in his eye, and his energy escalates to a palpable excitement as he looks in the mirror and approves of what he sees staring back at him, often for the first time in his life. That's the part I love the most about what I do.
Thought I'd switch things up a bit today and tell you this story instead of my usual how-to content. The items here aren't what I recommended to John (his was specific to his personality, lifestyle, work environment, comfort level and budget), but the essence is shared.
And the overarching tip here is this: Layers make you interesting. More layers with colors, textures and patterns make you intriguing. Add a few unique accessories, and you're alluring. Finish with a complex, deeply masculine scent and you're irresistible.
[Hover over image to see product details. Click on image to enlarge.]


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Sean Baxter, Jerome Noetinger & Faust
Another recording from the Overground festival - this time a unique collaboration between krautrock and experimental band Faust, French experimental musician Jerome Noetinger and local Melbourne percussionist Sean Baxter.
Recorded at the Overground 2011 festival, 12 June 2011 Melbourne Town Hall. Jerome Noetinger on tape loops, Sean Baxter on percussion, Werner Franz Diermaier on drums and percussion, Geraldine Brigid Swayne on vocals and piano, James Fraser Johnston on guitar, Jean-Herve Frederic Peron on trumpet, vocals and percussion. The photo was taken by Leah Robertson. I hold no copyright in this material.
Tags: Faust Jerome Noetinger Sean Baxter Overground melbourne international jazz festival experimental krautrock
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Tuesday, June 19, 2012 10:45am by London Newsdesk
One Direction reveal their love of home food when on tourOne Direction have admitted they've been requesting some home comforts whilst on tour in the US. Speaking to The Sun, Niall Horan revealed that he's been asking for Irish sausages for their backstage rider, whilst the newspaper also reports that bandmate Liam Payne has been supping on some Yorkshire tea. Horan added that he also downs some English tea before their shows - with three sugars. He said: "I want Irish sausages if I can get hold of them as they are the best in the world. I love an English breakfast tea with three sugars before a show, too." As previously reported, Zayn Malik and Harry Styles recently indulged in some tattoos, with Malik catching most of the attention. The singer got a large microphone inked onto his forearm, complete with cable and added graphics. Watch Niall Horan being interviewed below: Latest 10 One Direction News Stories


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It's good to be back. Hope you all had a great Holiday season; I know I did. I got married to an amazing woman, moved, and celebrated Christmas and New Years all within the span of a couple of months. But now it's time to hit the ground running and I've been working on scripting menu's and UI scenes with Scaleform and Flash.
I must admit that when UDK first switched from UI scenes to Scaleform using Actionscript 2.0 I was kind of peeved. Because I had just gotten a really good grasp on UI scenes and the game level I was working on at the time utilized UI scenes. On top of that I hadn't touched flash in a while and didn't feel totally comfortable using it to script out a menu or UI Scene. If there's one lesson I've learned the hard way it's not to let the big changes psyche you out. Hit it hard as soon as possible and 99% of the time you'll find that with a little leg-work you'll like the new feature even better. At the very least learn it even if you don't end up using it.
It pays off big in the end. And if you're serious about being a game developer you've gotta keep on top of the updates or you'll soon find yourself behind everyone else. It's fun though to keep up on the latest features and most of the time it helps your workflow anyways once you jump the hurdle. All that being said there's a few tutorial videos that helped me get the initial steps down with making a menu (and alternatively with the same concepts a UI scene). I've embedded the videos below for anyone looking to learn more about it. I'll be posting some progress of mine as I get further along. A big thanks to Vox House Studios!


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Art, Beauty, Interpretation
and History and Method
Jaroslav Pelikan (Yale University Press: Nov 10, 1999), 304 pages.
Ask anyone to name the most influential person in history, and chances are the reply will be, simply, "Jesus." Here, Yale historian Pelikan ably explores the universe of power and influence embedded in that revered five-letter name, as he surveys the role of the carpenter from Galilee in "the general history of culture." Pelikan proceeds from the premise that the "image" of Jesus - his identity as perceived by successive epochs - is a mirror reflecting the course of Western civilization, and that tracing that image through time will reveal the "continuities and discontinuities" of the past two millennia. His project uncovers mostly discontinuities; Western culture's christological imagery changes dramatically from age to age. Pelikan begins by looking at the early concept of Jesus as prophet and and rabbi, prevalent in the first century. Subsequent chapters cover in chronological order 17 other major representations of Jesus. These include Jesus as Logos, as "bridegroom of the soul," as "Universal Man," and so on. Behind these wildly divergent images, however, a rainbowlike pattern emerges: Jesus's prestige arches steeply upwards from his humble origins as a crucified wonder-worker, reaches its apogee in his medieval elevation to alpha and omega of the cosmos, declines in modern times to his quasi-mundane role as prototypical social liberator. This man, it seems, can be all things to all people; like the Beauty he embodied for the Romantics, Jesus lies in the eyes of the beholder.


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My wife and I saved for a year to book this vacation... When we arrived I was in shock and she literally broke down and cried. It ruined our trip. Ruined isnt the word. The place is run down, its dirty.. We were honestly scared that we were going to get killed in this place. There was mold in the... More
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text: New Zealand Eye Doctors and Eye Care ProfessionalsOther Countries: Australia Canada More Countries UK United States These eye care practitioners, including both eye doctors and optical stores, link their websites to AllAboutVision.com. Please click on a location to find one near you. (Please note we do not endorse or recommend specific eye care practices.) Read our guides: choosing an eye care professional, choosing a LASIK surgeon or choosing a cataract surgeon. If your practice is not listed but should be, please let us know. To find additional eye care practitioners by product, specialty or zip code, visit our Find an Eye Doctor main page. |


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Welcome to Town of Gilbert's Parks and Recreation department. This site has a cohesion of parks, recreation, cultural arts and riparian programs available at your fingertips. We hope you will find valuable information on this site and that answers to your questions are readily available.
We value your feedback!
Please take a minute to complete our Parks and Recreation Registration Survey or Parks and Recreation Events Survey
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The Rev. Sally Bingham speaks at the dedication of a new addition at Pullen Memorial Baptist Church in North Carolina.
Image: Flickr/twbuckner
When it comes to linking power politics, religion and climate change, the Rev. Sally Bingham does not hold back.
Hanging prominently in the office of her organization, Interfaith Power and Light (IPL), in San Francisco, is a photo of her being arrested at a 2001 protest against drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Kneeling in prayer, she and 21 other demonstrators blocked the doorway to the Department of Energy. In the photo, Bingham stares straight at the camera as a police officer handcuffs her. She later described the moment as a "religious experience."
Bingham, an Episcopal priest, is using IPL to evangelize churchgoers to take action on climate change.
She started with 60 Episcopal churches in California in 2001. Since then, IPL has grown to 14,000 religious communities in 40 states, connected on ways to save energy and reduce emissions. Her ongoing work at particular churches is also getting people in the pews more involved in pushing state and national climate legislation.
Along the way, Bingham, 71, has picked up some powerful friends, including Mary Nichols, head of the California Air Resources Board. "She shows up at events wearing her clerical garb, as she's entitled to do," Nichols said. "It has a way of disarming people."
"Her connection to the interfaith community helps create a message that reaches out to more people than just an environmental message would," added California state Sen. Fran Pavley (D), who enlisted Bingham's aid in passing her Assembly Bill 1493, the first U.S. legislation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in vehicles.
Pavley, whose seminal work has led to much of California's pioneering climate change legislation, found herself being converted by Bingham's message: "You always come away sort of inspired -- like you're not working hard enough -- after you talk to her."
A midlife reinvention
Although her growing flock sees the priest as a faith leader and an environmental organizer, Bingham was neither of these things for much of her life. Until the late 1980s, her primary role was as a wife and mother of three. Bingham lacked a college degree, enjoyed an affluent lifestyle, and has described herself during that period as "rather frivolous" and "a taker."
Her own conversion began 25 years ago with an itch to get involved in bigger issues. She was invited to join the board of a New York-based environmental group, the Environmental Defense Fund.
"That's where I started to get a really serious education about climate, about overfishing, about deforestation -- all of the issues that are threatening the planet," Bingham said. "It was in this process that I realized religious leaders should be embracing this issue -- that we can't sit in a pew and profess a love of God and profess love for our neighbors and then trash the Earth."
Bingham, a lifelong Episcopalian, wasn't aware of any environmentalist faith leaders at the time, so she decided to fill the niche. At age 45, she began the 10-year process of becoming a priest, ending with her graduation from seminary in 1994.
The transition wasn't always easy -- Bingham was no longer married when she became a priest. But when asked about her midlife reinvention, she showed no signs of regret: "I truly believe that this was an invitation from God for me to start making people aware that environmental stewardship is a matter of faith."
Pushing past a rocky start
After her ordination, Bingham immediately began her work as an organizer. She founded Episcopal Power and Light in 1998, the same year California deregulated its energy industry, and negotiated a deal with Green Mountain Energy Co. to help churches switch to the renewable energy provider.


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Image by pabojon via Flickr
Virtual Private Networks, or VPNs, can equip your business with the technology it needs to get ahead. VPNs provide long-distance, secured network connections for your organization and allow your business to provide secured networks for your client base. For businesses, Virtual Private Networks help out by creating savings on cost and network scalability. Clients also benefit, as VPNs are easy to use.
Savings on Cost
Implementing this new technology reduces cost in a few ways. First, VPNs reduce long-distance telephone charges. They replace long-distance dialup networks and remote access servers used by business travelers to access their company on the road by intranet. VPNs also eliminate the need for expensive leased lines. Before this technology, businesses had to rent network capacity. Now, VPNs use public infrastructure like the internet to make connections and access virtual networks by using less expensive local leased lines or broadband connections. Finally, using VPN technology lowers support costs as your business can outsource needed support from third-party service providers.
Network Scalability
Without using Virtual Private Networks, the cost of building private networks for an organization increases exponentially as the business expands. VPNs solve this problem. Internet-based VPNs use public lines and network capability that is already out there. This can be especially beneficial for use with remote or international locations.
VPNs also work well with WiFi local area networking. Of course, you must have the appropriate networking hardware or software support to make VPNs work with your business. It's a step you'll want to take, though, as the benefits of Virtual Private Networks certainly make your business stronger.


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Accused in soldier murder case to give no evidence
Sylvia Hui, Associated Press |
posted 11 minutes ago
The trial of two men charged with the brutal slaying of a British soldier in a London street is drawing to a close after the second defendant chose not to offer any evidence in his defense.
Ukraine president proposes protester amnesty
Jim Heintz and Yuras Karmanau, Associated Press |
posted 12 minutes ago
Ukraine's president proposed an amnesty Friday for all those facing criminal charges in the country's wave of anti-government demonstrations, but the gesture did little to mollify opposition leaders driving the protests.
Russia to help transport Syria's chemical weapons
Associated Press |
posted 16 minutes ago
A senior Russian diplomat says Moscow will help transport Syrian chemical weapons to a port in the country where they can be removed aboard ships.
Bomb found under car at Albanian PM's office
Associated Press |
posted Dec 13th - 7:36am
Police in Albania said they have found a bomb under the car of a senior official as it entered the compound of the office of Prime Minister Edi Rama.
Suspected mass grave discovered in Serbia
Associated Press |
posted Dec 13th - 7:31am
Officials say a suspected mass grave has been discovered in Serbia believed to contain bodies of ethnic Albanians who were killed during the 1998-99 war between Serbia and Kosovo.
Ireland faces more austerity after end of bailout
Associated Press |
posted Dec 13th - 7:00am
Ireland's finance chief says the country's exit from its international bailout this week should be celebrated as a eurozone triumph, but won't mean an end to austerity for the debt-battered Irish.
Berlin prosecutors investigate Nazi guard suspect
David Rising, Associated Press |
posted Dec 13th - 5:09am
A former Nazi concentration camp guard living in the Berlin area is being investigated on suspicion of murder after authorities received a tip from the Simon Wiesenthal Center, prosecutors said Friday.
Iran's fears of being a target cloud nuke talks
George Jahn, Associated Press |
posted Dec 13th - 1:40am
Assassinations, cyber-attacks and possible military strikes: As nuclear negotiations with Iran enter a crucial stage, Tehran is voicing fears that tougher oversight of its activities will increase the risks of an attack on its atomic facilities and the scientists working on them.
Top Russian court orders review of Pussy Riot case
Associated Press |
posted Dec 13th - 1:35am
Russia's Supreme Court has ordered a review of the case against two jailed members of the Pussy Riot punk band saying that a lower court did not fully prove their guilt.
Wallis Simpson's jewels sell at London auction
Associated Press |
posted Dec 12th - 3:11pm
Sotheby's says jewels and precious possessions once belonging to the Duke and Duchess of Windsor have fetched 620,125 pounds ($1.01 million) in a London auction.
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Green Connections will increase access to parks, open space and the waterfront, by re-envisioning City streets and paths as 'green connectors'. This project builds on current efforts to create sustainable corridors that enhance mobility, green neighborhood streets, and improve pedestrian and bicycle access to community amenities and recreational opportunities.
Green Connections will result in a Citywide network of green streets that can be built over time, improving pedestrian and bicycle access to parks, open space and the waterfront.
At the end of the project, four products will be developed:
Green Connections is a two year project, funded by planning grant from the State of California Strategic Growth Council. In the first year, the focus will be Citywide to map a network of Green Connections. The second year will build on this framework to design green connections for specific neighborhoods, including Bayview-Hunters Point, Chinatown, Potrero Hill, Tenderloin, Visitacion Valley, and Western Addition. For more information on the conceptual designs in these six neighborhoods, click here.
Click on the project timeline below for more info:
Click on the map below for more info about the conceptual designs in the six focus neighborhoods:
Click here to participate in upcoming events, and download materials from past events.
Network Survey Results The Green Connections Network Survey was conducted from October 2012 - March 2013. Over 400 responses were received.
Click here to view the document.
Green Connections: Fact Sheet
Green Connections: Best Practices Report
Maps of Existing Conditions:
The Green Connections project builds on a number of existing plans and projects.
Better Streets Plan A set of standards, guidelines, and implementation strategies to govern how the City designs, builds, and maintains its pedestrian environment.
Click here to go to the Better Streets Project web page
San Francisco Bike Plan, SFMTA A plan establishing the Citywide Bicycle network, including near-term improvements to specific routes.
Click here to go to the SFMTA's Bike Plan web page
DRAFT Recreation and Open Space Element An Element of the City's General Plan that provides a 20 year vision and plan for open space in the City.
Click here to download the Draft Recreation and Open Space Element
Stormwater Design Guidelines, SFPUC The Guidelines outlining ways to incorporate on-site stormwater management using low impact design (LID) strategies, also known as green infrastructure.
Click here to read more about the SPUC's Stormwater Design Guidelines
WalkFirst Final Report A framework to prioritize pedestrian improvements.
Click here to download the WalkFirst Final Report
Green Connections is a collaborative effort of the San Francisco Planning Department, San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency, San Francisco Department of Public Health and the Mayor's Office of Housing. This project was funded through a grant awarded by the Strategic Growth Council.
Community Based Organizations will help shape the Green Connections project and bring the conversation to community members throughout the City. The city has contracted with three Community Based Organizations:
Other Partners:
For questions, comments and more info on this project, please contact:
Kearstin Dischinger, Project Manager Planning Department (415) 558-6284
Lily Langlois, Lead Planner Planning Department (415) 575-9083
Make sure to tell other people about Green Connections!


text:
Unmanned stealth jet could transform naval aviation
Construction of the X-47B unmanned, tailless, stealth jet is ahead of schedule, with the first flight scheduled for November 2009, reports defense contractor Northrop Grumman.(pdf)
The X-47B is expected to be the first tailless UAV jet to operate off an aircraft carrier, which includes catapult launches and arrested landings; to do that it will also need to be capable of maneuvering precisely and autonomous around the flight deck. But none of that is expected to happen until sea trials in 2011.
The plane, developed under the Unmanned Combat Air System Carrier Demonstration (UCAS-D) program, has the "potential to … Read more


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Arizona Home Planning Associates
Tempe AZ – Service area: 200 miles
LEED Green Associate status pending
Arkin Tilt Architects
Berkeley CA – Service area: 100 miles
Arkin Tilt Architects is an award-winning firm specializing in energy and resource efficient design. We have extensive experience with alternative construction systems, including straw-bale and rammed earth, renewable energy systems, greywater, and non-toxic and recycled materials. Our projects include residential and commercial, park buildings, religious facilities, and Eco-Resort planning and design. We have won the Acterra Business Award for the Sustainable Built Environment, an AIA/COTE Top Ten
ARQ Architects
Kittery ME – Service area: 200 miles
All firm staff are LEED AP's. Have been awarded four LEED awards to date, two Gold and two Silver. Residential works aim to become netzero beyond LEED platinum. Particularly expert in touching lightly on the earth, utilizing natural passive systems first, active second. Work primarily with clients willing to consider smaller scale living.
Architects on staff have professional degrees from Harvard, RISD, UC Berkeley and U of Illinois. Members of AIA COTE, USGBC, ASPSR, Green Roundtable.
Arvelo Architecture + Design, Pllc
New York NY – Service area: 200 miles
ARVELO is a full service, multi-disciplined architecture and interior design studio with a wide range of corporate, commercial and residential experience.
Astrid Design Studio
Santa Monica CA – Service area: 50 miles
Sustainability is a focus that I have been involved in for a few years and now have the opportunity to share my knowledge with others; in order to live better lives. I have completed a certification program at Sonoma State University for green building. Educating people on how to live and work in more sustainable ways has been a critical factor in inspiring others to live in a more organic style.
I am a LEED Accredited Professional hoping to merge the realm of green living and living well.
At-Six Architecture
San Francisco CA – Service area: 50 miles
At-Six Architecture strives to work with clients who appreciate the potency of design, consider the project context, and enjoy the process of building. At-Six works with homeowners, proprietors and developers on residential and commercial projects throughout California and in Beijing, China. Principals Jason Langkammerer and John C. Barone's commitment to design integrity has been lauded in various forms, most recently being named to California Home + Design's 2008 Ten to Watch, profiling
BEIJING, CHINA MO – Service area: 100 miles
We are a Beijing, China based international firm with a network office in St. Louis, Mo.
atelier a+d llc
Seattle WA – Service area: 200 miles
Michelle Linden founded atelier a+d with the belief that good design truly can improve our lives. This philosophy manifests itself in a design ideology that celebrates simple yet significant solutions. Rooted in modern design, atelier a+d aims to work collaboratively with clients in an effort to provide an affordable solution catered to the owners' unique desires and needs. Each design, whether remodel or new construction, residential or commercial, or even a simple piece of furniture is specifically
Atelier Akari Architecture
Miami Beach FL – Service area: 15 miles
Minimalist, Simple and Sustainable architecture firm. Specializing in custom homes/townhouses/apartments/condos that include:
Natural ventilation to create better indoor air quality
Natural lighting rather than electrical lighting dependency
Natural cooling rather than large Mechanical Unit dependency
Multi-zone HVAC systems
Solar water heaters
Low flow fixtures
Rainwater collection from roof
Axis Design Lab
Portland OR – Service area: 200 miles
We provide innovative, high quality and sustainable residential design services for the creative and discriminating client. We can design your dream house, a home individually built for you, and guide you through the process; answering questions and providing expertise every step of the way, from preliminary site design, to building team selection, to permitting, we can help.
We believe that Architecture has the capability to enthrall and inspire, to lift it's inhabitants higher than


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April 4, 2012
How Many Women Does It Take to Change Wikipedia?
Sarah Stierch, the Smithsonian Archives' new Wikipedian-in-Residence, freely admits there are some drawbacks to crowd-sourcing an encyclopedia.
"When you have the world writing the world's history, you're going to have: Abraham Lincoln, George Washington, General Custer, John F. Kennedy, maybe Jackie O," she says. "And then you're going to have 'Seinfeld,' Justin Bieber, The Hunger Games, and Lady Gaga. The end. That's the history of the world."
Since Wikipedia's birth in 2001, the non-profit website has ballooned to almost 4 million articles in English and has versions in 283 languages. Readers write the articles, correct mistakes, and police the database for "vandalism" (by nominating frivolous or unreliable articles for deletion). But not all Wikipedia articles are created equal.
"Seinfeld episodes are some of the best, well-sourced articles out there," Stierch says in exasperation. "Don't get me wrong; it's a classic American television show, I love it. But then you have a stub [a short, unlinked article] for some of the most important female scientists or artists on Earth? What's going on here?"
Stierch, in conjunction with the Smithsonian Archives, is working to change that. On March 30, shortly after Stierch started her residency, the Archives hosted "She Blinded Me With Science: Smithsonian Women in Science Edit-a-Thon." Ten Wikipedians showed up, armed with laptops and ready to tackle the significant dearth of articles on notable female scientists. Smithsonian archivists stood by to help the Wikipedians sort through the Archives' and Libraries' resources, both online and offline. Each editor chose a name or two from a list compiled by the archivists and started digging through the records. Many articles had to be started from scratch. Stierch has made it her mission to get more women on Wikipedia, both as editors and as subjects.
"This is the most women I have ever seen at an edit-a-thon," Stierch declared at the beginning of the four hour session, surveying the seven women in the room.
According to the last Wikimedia Foundation editors survey, only nine percent of Wikipedia editors are women, down from 13 percent in 2010.
"The majority of the editors are white males around 30 years old with higher education, a bachelors or masters degree," Stierch says. "So, we've got a group of smart people, but just like history, it's being written by middle-aged white guys."
Before starting the residency with the Archives, Stierch had started coordinating edit-a-thons all over the world for Women's History Month, both to encourage more women to get involved in Wikipedia and to improve the website's coverage of women. At the same time, the Archives staff had been writing blog posts on women in the collections and updating their Women in Science Flickr set. When Stierch joined, they put their heads together and came up with the Women in Science Edit-a-Thon.
"One of the biggest complaints we get is that women who are involved in science don't always have a great chance of having their articles saved on Wikipedia, because people don't think they're notable enough," Stierch says. "But if you're in the Smithsonian Archives, you're notable. And I'm so happy that the Archives wants to work with us to document that."
Among the edit-a-thon's targeted scientists were Mary Agnes Chase, a botanist who funded her own research in South America at the turn of the 20th century because it was considered inappropriate for women to do field work, and Mary J. Rathburn, a Smithsonian zoologist from the same time period who described over a thousand new species and subspecies of crustaceans.
Midway through the edit-a-thon, Stierch tweeted, "We've already had numerous articles nominated for deletion. But we've saved them."
This isn't Stierch's first stint at the Smithsonian; last year, she was a Wikipedian-in-Residence at the Archives of American Art, which contributed 285 images to Wikimedia Commons, the free image bank of Wikipedia. Now a Museum Studies graduate student at the George Washington University, Stierch sees a lot of overlap between Wikipedia and the Smithsonian's mission: the increase and diffusion of knowledge. In spite of the need for more demographical diversity, this mission has already connected very different people with many varied interests.
"I have met everyone from people who have their PhDs, who are lawyers, who have books on the New York Times bestseller list, who are jazz musicians, and punk rockers with mohawks," Stierch says of the Wikipedian community. As Wikipedian-in-Residence, Stierch connects these tech-savvy Wikipedians, who need more resources, with Smithsonian archivists, who are eager to disseminate their vast stores of information to a wider audience (Wikipedia has an estimated readership of 365 million people).
"So many people who aren't involved in the museum feel distant from the curators and the archivists," she says, waving toward the Edit-a-Thon "war room." "Knowing they're all hanging out in the same room over there makes me very happy."
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6 Comments »
Great article, Yes there are fewer women editing Wikipedia, but want to assure you that some of us are out here willing to train and are very vocal. I'm a member of the skeptic movement that focuses on editing more critical thinking into Wikipedia articles. We call this Guerrilla Skepticism on Wikipedia. One of our sub-projects is We Got Your Wiki Back! project where we re-write stubs or create sparkling new pages for our skeptical spokespeople. Many of which are women.
This blog I wrote for "She Thought" might explain better about this project and how you can get involved. http://shethought.com/2012/01/30/wikipedia-and-skeptic-women/
This was an interesting piece. A 70% female incidence at an Edit-a-Thon is a wild anomaly, given that female participation on Wikipedia is in the severe minority.
In November 2008, women accounted for only 13% of the editors on Wikipedia.
After Wikimedia Foundation executive director Sue Gardner made it a priority to increase that ratio, you'd think that the percentage would be going up over time. However, an April 2011 study showed that the percentage who are women had actually *dropped* to only 9%.
This evidence doesn't seem to bother most Wikipedians, they predominantly being boys and men who much prefer their Seinfeld and Pokemon articles without the interference of women.
I applaud this effort to decrease this asymmetry. How about involving the women's colleges to do a few in course work?
I was reading on wikipedia when I stumbled on the article about the mysterious author of Death Note. She/He is unknown but the nickname is female and the main hypothesis is that it's the work of a collective of women… The article state the female name – aknowledge that it is female – and carry on calling the author a male !
I changed it, along with many grammar mistakes but my correction wasn't taken in account. I was surprised by the gender assumption. -
Fascinating that the internet has its own sexual politics. I mean, duh, but it wasn't obvious.
So men do much more unpaid work online than women, and they create accurate and useful content to improve the sum of human knowledge?
Feminists usually do flawed "studies" about men not doing enough unpaid work. Even ignoring their flawed methodology, if they were to add Wikipedia contributions by both genders to their figures I expect that would more than fix the "problem".
How about we praise men for the great things they do instead of pretending they're evil sexists all the time?
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TULSA ŌĆö Six members of the Poteau Youth Wrestling Club competed at the Blue T Tournament last weekend. Luke Brooks came home with a first-place trophy, while Landon Thornburg and Sam Shore were runners-up. Zane Hendrix was third, while Jarrett Lilley was fourth. Rae Hendrix competed, but did not place.
Last Saturday and Sunday, I went to the new Dick's Sporting Goods store's grand opening in Fort Smith, Ark. It's big! The whole right side of the store is nothing by golf stuff. All you golf nuts will be happy. I met professional fishermen Zell Rolland and Bobby Murray. The fishing tackle section was small, but they did have ŌĆ£flying squirrelsŌĆØ and ŌĆ£electric chickensŌĆØ ŌĆö two baits that I love to fish with during the winter.
Due to an error on The Poteau Daily News Website, their was an error in the listing of both tonight's and Friday night's high school basketball games. The correct schedule is listed below. The Poteau Daily News regrets the error. Tonight Red Oak at Leflore, 6:30 and 8 p.m. Friday Cameron at McCurtain, 6:30 and 8 p.m. Howe at Smithville, 6:30 and 8 p.m. Wister vs. Preston, at Preston Festival, 6:30 and 8 p.m.
LEFLORE ŌĆö The 2011-12 high school basketball season got under way not only for the Leflore teams but for LeFlore County in general Tuesday night. The Savages handled the Wister Wildcats junior varsity 60-41 in their season opener at the Leflore Gym, but the Lady Savages suffered a 59-39 loss to the Lady ŌĆÖCats JV. Wister played its JV teams because it had one too many games scheduled. So, Wister Coach Mark Warren decided to make Tuesday night's scheduled season openers be JV openers.
WHITESBORO ŌĆö The Whitesboro High School basketball teams split their season openers Tuesday night at home against Battiest. Coach Bryan Cartwright won his first game as girls coach with a 52-18 rout of the Lady Panthers, but the Panthers spoiled the debut of new boys Coach Wayne Tucker as they beat the Bulldogs 50-47.
One of goals for first-year Panama Razorbacks Coach Brandon Ellis was to have his new team surpass its win total of last season (0-10). That was accomplished when the Hogs beat archrival Pocola Oct. 20 to end a 17-game losing streak.
Last season when the Vian Wolverines visited Doc Robinson Stadium to take on the Talihina Golden Tigers, it was one of the biggest games in the state, let alone LeFlore County. The match-up determined the 2010 District 2A-6 champion. This year when the Golden Tigers (5-4, 1-4 in district play) visit Class 2A's fourth-ranked Wolverines (9-0, 5-0) at 7:30 p.m. Friday, it will just be pride on the line as the game will be the last for Talihina this season since the playoffs are out of reach. But an upset of Vian would do wonders for the team.
Carl Albert State College Vikings Coach Mike St. John went young with his 2011-12 signing class.
The long awaited deer gun season is fast approaching. If you havenŌĆÖt taken your hunter safety course, you donŌĆÖt need to waste any more time getting it done! I checked the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife ConservationŌĆÖs Website and found these dates and locations: Wister School Cafeteria, Saturday; Broken Bow Middle School Cafeteria, Nov. 12; Sallisaw High School Cafeteria, Nov. 12. For contact names and numbers, go to www.wildlifedepartment.com/education/courses.htm.


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Once again a proposed law from a senator in an urban area is targeting the lifestyle of we'uns that live in rural California. State Sen. Ted Lieu, of Redondo Beach, has authored a law (Senate Bill 1221) that will ban use of dogs in hunting bear and bobcat. While Lieu is the front man in this battle the real sponsor is the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS).
This organization is not to be confused with those that protect family pets; it is an organization whose end goal is to ban hunting in America and control the way food animals are raised and treated. These are the same people who advocated the law that requires elbowroom for chickens, forcing chicken producers to move their industry out of state.
In 2003 HSUS sponsored a bill (SB 342) that would have banned all hound hunting. That effort failed even after a last ditch effort to amend the bill to specify bear hunting only. Many hunters see this bill as a prelude to laws that would ban sport hunting altogether.
There are a couple of issues I see here: Why, with California mired in record debt, are we seeing these kinds of laws? How about spending the time and money it takes to tackle special interest wants and use it to address solutions for getting us out of the money hole? And why, once again, are we being saddled with legislation from people who have no clue as to what it's like to live in the mountains?
If there is any doubt as to the mission of HSUS, this quote from Nathan Wingrad's website (http://www.nathanwinograd.com/?p=6510) of HSUS President Wayne Pacelle should clear up that question: "We are going to use the ballot box and the democratic process to stop all hunting in the United States. … We will take it species by species until all hunting is stopped in California. Then we will take it state by state."
The only way to halt the passage of SB 1221 in the California Senate is to contact your representative, Ted Gaines, at (916) 783-8232 or any other California senator and voice your opinion. This bill is currently on the Senate floor and will be brought up for a vote any time now. The timing for making a call is now, before the vote is taken.
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Your no hunter just a cold blooded killer!!
Have you ever been to a slaughterhouse?
If your answer's are 'yes' and 'no' then you are a big, BIG hypocrite.
I would also like to say that hound hunting is the only form of catch and release hunting that there is, and most hound hunters do just that.
this is a fine article even though it doesn't not outline the sport and its uses.
educate yourself before speaking about articles which you do not have valid information about.
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RCKZ MVMT {Rockers Movement} a non-profit (501c3) organization, is a grassroots collective designed to enable change and create solutions. We empower the community by informing, inspiring and engaging through the universal language of music, as well as the arts and cultural media. Our goal is to improve the quality of life for underprivileged, under-served and vulnerable children, in addition to promoting innovation, and philanthropy, leadership, cross-cultural understanding and volunteerism.

We are an infinite movement of people thru music, arts, culture & technology. Our events are designed as family fun filled days of community empowerment, environmental awareness and social justice with an urgent humanitarian effort to end hunger. This is a call to action! Music, movements and social change go hand-in-hand, giving us an outlet to express that which we care about. Joining the RCKZ MVMT {Rockers Movement} network keeps you informed of events, activities and seminars that foster and nurture social, cultural, intellectual, creative and intellectual exchange. Connect today and if you're already in the know, enlighten another by forwarding this message. Knowledge is power, but much more so when it's shared.


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The next time you step foot on a golf course, beware the legal minefield that can await you - whether you're a top pro, a weekend hacker or a billionaire developer. FULL STORY
Zach Johnson denied Tiger Woods a sixth tournament victory in 2013 in a dramatic climax to the World Golf Challenge at the Sherwood Country Club in California on Sunday. FULL STORY
Tiger Woods produces "incredible golf" to equal his own course record of 62 at Sherwood Country Club and take the halfway lead at the PGA sanctioned World Golf Challenge in California. FULL STORY
Tiger Woods said he had been inspired by Nelson Mandela as he paid his own tribute to the former South African president. FULL STORY
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Garmin LakeVu HD Ultra Maps
Key Features
Enables Auto Guidance
Displays true 3D views
Adjustable maps based on water levels
Pinpoints the best fishing spots
- Please note: This item can only be shipped to U.S. addresses.
- Additional discounts do not apply.
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back to topFeatures:
• Enables Auto Guidance, which automatically generates the safest path to any part of the lake
• Displays true 3D views above and below the waterline (FishEye and MarinerEye) while satellite photos provide enhanced situational awareness
• Allows you to adjust the maps based on current water levels using the Dynamic Lake Level setting
• Pinpoints the best fishing spots with high-resolution Depth Range Shading, which allows you to view your target depth at a glance
Compatible Units:
echoMAP 50s, echoMAP 70s, GPSMAP 547, GPSMAP 547xs, GPSMAP 741, GPSMAP 741xs, GPSMAP 8008 MFD, GPSMAP 8012 MFD, GPSMAP 8015 MFD, GPSMAP 8208 MFD, GPSMAP 8212 MFD, GPSMAP 8215 MFD, GPSMAP 8500 Black Box, GPSMAP 8530 Black Box