text:
Nitrogen concentrations for monitoring points located at the mouths of the two largest Polish rivers (Vistula and Odra) have remained stable over the last three years and much lower than at the end of the 1990s when there was a simultaneous drop in average flows.
Polish lakes are mostly eutrophic reservoirs. Around half of them are characterised by adverse morphometric and hydrographic features and geomorphological conditions favouring the natural process of lake ageing. This means that a eutrophic state is the natural state for many Polish lakes. In total, 98 of the 208 lakes monitored in 2007-2008 were assessed as good or very good.
Analysis of the data for the nine reference lakes examined in 1999-2008 indicates that the essential parameters for eutrophication (concentration of phosphorus and total nitrogen, concentration of chlorophyl "a" and water transparency) remained stable, although they varied from year to year.
Eutrophication in flowing waters was assessed based on data from 2004-2007. It shows that eutrophication affects about 62 % of watercourses (eutrophication was found in 2 016 out of 3 268 monitoring points used for the assessment). In lakes, this phenomenon occurs in 268 of the 432 lakes examined.
An examination of groundwater quality made at monitoring stations of the national groundwater quality monitoring network in 2007 shows that the chemical status of groundwater (classes I, II, III) was good at around 80 % of the stations examined, while 20 % had poor chemical status (classes IV and V).
Results of groundwater quality examination at monitoring stations of the national groundwater quality monitoring network as part of operational and surveillance monitoring in 2007 |
Groundwater |
Σ Monitoring stations |
Groundwater chemical status (% of stations ) |
Quality class I |
Quality class II |
Quality class III |
Quality class IV |
Quality class V |
Unconfined |
441 |
10.20 % |
42.63 % |
25.62 % |
18.14 % |
3.40 % |
Confined |
566 |
7.77 % |
53.71 % |
21.38 % |
13.96 % |
3.18 % |
Total |
1007 |
8.84 % |
48.86 % |
23.24 % |
15.79 % |
3.28 % |
The chemical status of groundwater bodies was assessed based on examinations carried out at monitoring points. These indicated that, of the 161 ground water bodies selected across the country, only 11 ground water bodies (9.5% of the total area) had a poor chemical status.
Fig. 5: Assessment of the chemical status of groundwater bodies (Source: GIOŚ/PMŚ)
At the majority of the monitoring points of the national groundwater monitoring network nitrate concentrations did not exceed the threshold value of 50 mg/dm3. Moreover, nitrate concentrations were low (below 25 mg/dm3) at about 95 % of the stations.
River monitoring: http://www.gios.gov.pl/artykuly/151/Badania-i-ocena-stanu-rzek
Lake monitoring: http://www.gios.gov.pl/artykuly/150/Badania-i-ocena-stanu-jezior
Groundwater monitoring: http://www.pgi.gov.pl/test2/monbada2006/index.php
In 1999, the Government of Luxembourg opted for a comprehensive water management policy, designed to consolidate the various aspects of the water economy and create a tool for integrated water management. The Water Management Administration, which reports to the Minister for the Interior, was created in 2004, amalgamating the various units responsible for water protection and management that had previously operated within other administrations.
A new Water Act has been implemented to consolidate water legislation and transpose the EU Water Framework Directive and Floods Directive into national law. As of 1 January 2010, the law seeks to harmonise the structure of water pricing and introduces the principle of full cost recovery for drinking water supply and urban sewage treatment. In addition to water supply and sanitation service charges, which are levied by the service providers, the law introduces an abstraction tax and a pollution tax, income from which goes to the Water Management Fund.
The abstraction tax is levied on anyone who draws surface water or groundwater and is based on the volume of water drawn (measured by a metering device installed by the user). In addition to the public utilities, which provide 43 million m3 of water annually (70 % for the public network and 30 % for industry), the agri-food industry extracts an additional 4 million m3 of ground water, but not all these extraction sources are equipped with metering devices.
The discharge of waste water into surface or underground water sources is subject to a pollution tax. The tax is proportionate to the units of pollutant load in the water discharged. It must be paid when any of the following thresholds is exceeded: 250 kg/year for chemical oxygen demand (COD); 125 kg/year for nitrogen (N); 15 kg/year for phosphorus (P); or 5.2 kg/year for suspended particulate matter (SPM). The volume of water discharged is equal to the volume of water drawn from the public distribution network. A 10-20 % reduction in the tax is offered to municipalities that have installed rainwater treatment and management facilities in their network. For industry, the number of units of pollutant load taken as a basis for calculating the tax is the authorised pollutant load. However, if that load is exceeded, the tax may be increased. It can also be reduced if the pollutant load is at least 20 % less than what would result from the discharge authorisation.
The Water Management Fund was created in 1999 to subsidise sewage treatment and is financed by budgetary allocations. The Fund is also considering resorting to loans from the European Investment Bank, so as not to hinder the development of sanitation and waste water treatment infrastructure in the coming years. The Fund can cover up to 90 % of the municipality's capital costs for sewerage and sewage treatment. The Water Act expands the scope of the Fund. It authorises coverage of: (i) up to 50 % for measures to protect water resources intended for human consumption (with the exception of agricultural activity); (ii) up to 80 % of the cost of flood risk abatement and (iii) up to 100 % of watercourse rehabilitation costs. The law also allows the Fund to cover up to 100 % of expenditure on projects of national interest to safeguard the quality of surface and groundwater or protect available water resources in the long term. The Water Management Fund must distribute its revenues on the basis of a cost-benefit analysis for the projects selected. The Fund itself is administered by a management committee, including representatives of the ministries responsible for water management, the budget, agriculture, health and the environment.
The Water Act also called for management plans to be prepared for Luxembourg's two river basins (the Moselle and the Chiers) and these were made public at the end of 2009. Furthermore, it requires the establishment of a "general municipal plan for the urban water cycle" in each municipality. This plan must contain an inventory of underground waters, water supply and sanitation infrastructure; areas listed in the protected zones registry and details of flood-prone districts. These municipal plans will provide the basis for preparing a national urban water cycle plan.
According to the Water Act, the Water Management Administration is to work with the municipalities and administrations concerned to establish a master plan for flood risk management, reflecting the objectives of the European Floods Directive (2007/60/EC). Between 1998 and 2002, the Spatial Planning Department established a partial management plan for flood zones and retention zones for various communities affected by high water along the Moselle and its tributaries. During the period 2002-09, the project was upgraded to a Flood Vulnerability Atlas and the investigated area has been raised to 15 Luxembourg's watercourses. The results of the TIMIS flood project (Transnational Internet Map Information System on Flooding) were posted on the internet – site 1 and site 2. In application of article 13 of the Floods Directive, the flood hazard maps and flood risk maps are being accomplished by the end of 2010 and will be send out to the municipalities for validation. The mapping of flood zones and flood risks is to be superimposed onto the municipalities' general land use plans. In particular, new urban development must be prohibited in flood zones, unless the retention volume lost can be offset and the development does not increase risks upstream and downstream.
Beyond conventional dike-building measures, the flood risk management plans will focus on improving the eco-morphological structure of riverbeds and restoring natural water retention areas. The costs are borne by the municipalities; however they may receive government subsidies of up to 50 % (or 80 % for inter-municipal works). Agricultural restrictions can also be imposed with a view to limiting the leaching of pollutants. For example, surface water management seeks to keep watercourses flowing freely and to maintain their banks in good condition. Maintenance focuses on riverbeds and the vegetation of river banks, riparian zones and floodplains. Up to 50 % of the costs incurred are borne by the Government. Another example is the rehabilitation of watercourses and associated wetlands to enhance their flood control function. A number of "watercourse partnerships" - rehabilitation projects involving local communities and citizens at the watershed level - are now underway. The cost of rehabilitation is borne by the municipalities, although they may receive state subsidies of up to 100 %. Achieving sound hydro-morphological status for watercourses, as required under the Water Act, will largely depend on cooperation with riparian owners to maintain vegetation along river banks and/or state purchase of the river banks. Several "flood partnerships" (national and transnational) are founded in order to maintain a certain level of flood risk awareness among the population and to involve the public into the implementation of the Floods Directive. Concerted action with neighbouring countries has led to the implementation of the Flood Action Plan Moselle since 1998 (with Germany, Belgium and France), under the aegis of the International Commissions for the Protection of the Moselle and the Sarre, and to closer cooperation on flood risk information (with France and Germany). The Flood Action Plan Moselle provides a basis to establish the flood risk management plan in conformity with the Floods Directive.
The quality of all drinking water resources (250 catchment sources, 50 drilling holes and the Esch-sur-Sûre reservoir) is regularly monitored. Suppliers are responsible for monitoring the quality of the water they deliver for human consumption. The Grand Ducal Regulation of 7 October 2002, which transposes into law Directive 98/83/EC on the quality of water intended for human consumption, requires drinking water suppliers to audit their infrastructure and assess the state of water resources. A total of 97 of the 116 municipalities and the seven inter-municipal syndicates had finished their audit by the end of March 2010.
Delimitations of ground water protection zones according to Art. 44 of the Water Act are about to be established. By October 2010 technical studies started at 28 % of the catchment areas. The first official delimitations are expected during the first term of 2011.
Financial assistance to the municipalities from the Water Management Fund has been doubled to help them to cover 90 % of investments in sewerage and sewage treatment. However, although the proportion of the population connected to a waste water treatment plant is very high (95 %), only 22 % is connected to a tertiary treatment station, even though the entire country is classified as a sensitive area under the EU Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC). A dual-channel system to separate rainwater (which can re-infiltrate the water table naturally) and sewage (which requires purification) is still not in place, with the exception of the cities of Luxembourg and Esch-sur-Alzette and in new housing developments.
The Water Administration web site: click here (in French and German).
2009 Activity Report of the Ministry of Home Affairs and the Greater Region – p. 57-58 and Annex 4, p. 62-119: click here (in French).
]]>The population of Luxembourg looks set to continue increasing. It is estimated that by 2024 it could reach 560 000 to 605 000 inhabitants, giving rise to an overall increase in the demand for drinking water (estimated at between 47 and 51 million m3). To ensure an adequate supply of drinking water, new sources (underground and surface) will have to be developed.
The usage intensity of available resources in households, industry and agriculture is relatively low compared to other developed countries, reflecting the low level of abstractions for agriculture. Daily household consumption is 140 litres per capita. There is little loss through leakage and many of the water supply systems have been upgraded over the last 10 years.
Ground water provides 57 % of the 47 million m3 of drinking water used annually in Luxembourg. In the southern industrial region, industries and utilities must draw from the water table of the Luxembourg sandstone aquifer, located in the centre of the country, and from the Esch-sur-Sûre reservoir in the north to cover their water needs. Under the Water Act, there must be a balance between depletion and renewal of underground water sources so that they will be in good condition no later than 2015. The preference given to surface tapping over groundwater pumping eliminates the risk of over-exploitation of the sandstone aquifer, which supplies more than half of the country's drinking water. On the other hand, the Esch-sur-Sûre reservoir, which provides 43 % of the water supply to public utilities in Luxembourg, is in a critical state of eutrophication.
While the demand for water from industry has decreased with the improvement of industrial processes, notably in the metallurgy sector, household consumption has increased by 1.35 % per year over the last 15 years, reflecting the country's strong demographic growth and the steady increase in cross-border workers.
According to the Water Act, all surface water bodies must be protected, improved or restored to meet the definition of "good status" by the end of 2015. However, it is estimated that at least 72 % of surface water bodies (watercourses and reservoirs) will not meet the 2015 chemical and biological quality targets under the EU Water Framework Directive. While the pollution level in watercourses has decreased slightly in recent years, 39 % of watercourses are still heavily polluted and 54 % moderately polluted.
With regard to new contaminants, the watercourses of the Alzette and the Mess, located in industrialised and heavily populated environments, have been found to contain xenobiotic pollution from antibiotics, analgesics and hormones. There are several xenobiotic pollutants coming from diffuse pollution that are found in all major watercourses. These pollutants can not be eliminated by the existing purification plants.
Under the terms of the Water Act, all bodies of groundwater must be protected, improved and restored to "good status" by the end of 2015. The main groundwater pollutants are nitrates and pesticides. The nitrogen content at the national level has decreased considerably since the early 1990s, dropping from 200 kg N/hectare to 111 kg N/hectare in 2004 (last available year). However, a recent study showed that 40 % of the surface area that drains into drinking water sources discharges water containing 25-50 mg/l of nitrates. Moreover, some of the sources show a clear trend towards deterioration. At the national level, half of the nitrogen input comes from the use of chemical fertilisers, and a third from livestock effluents; the rest is atmospherically deposited. In up to 90 % of the monitored ground water sampling sites pesticides are detected, sometimes at concentrations that exceed the threshold value of 100 ng/litre. This indicates that not only is the Luxembourg sandstone aquifer more vulnerable to pollution than the aquifers of neighbouring regions, but also that there is a lack of protection for the abstraction areas.
Flooding is the most serious natural hazard in Luxembourg, both because of the damage it causes and because of the number of municipalities affected. In recent decades, Luxembourg has suffered numerous bouts of flooding, in 1983 along the Moselle and in 1993, 1995 and 2003 in the Sûre basin. Since 1995, the Government has been covering 50 % of the cost of flood control measures.
]]>In Luxembourg, at least 70 % of surface water is likely to fall short of the EU's 2015 targets for chemical and biological quality as determined under the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). With regard to drinking water, sources have not yet been protected, despite a legal obligation to do so dating back more than 15 years. According to the application of the Ground Water Directive 2 of 5 ground water bodies are considered to be in poor qualitative status regarding nitrates and pesticides. Moreover, rural development policies have focused more on farm modernisation and the continued use of agricultural land than on the targeted protection of water resources.
]]>Monitoring carried out by the German Working Group on Water Issues (LAWA, Länderarbeitsgemeinschaft Wasser) show that water pollution by substances such as organic environmental chemicals, heavy metals and nutrients has fallen by varying degrees in recent decades.
Adsorbable organically-bound halogens (AOX) and total nitrogen are seen as representative of the chemical pollution of Germany's watercourses. These summary indicators are used mainly to record industrial pollution from point sources (AOX) and diffuse pollution from agriculture (total nitrogen). Total nitrogen is also a significant indicator of pollution of the oceans via rivers. However, it should be made clear that while both groups of substances are important for characterising water quality, they by no means cover all aspects of the state of the water. They also do not reflect the considerable negative impact on ecological water quality caused by man-made changes to the structure of water-bodies.
Between 1996 and 2007 there was a slight improvement in water quality as regards AOX, though with considerable fluctuations: the proportion of monitored watercourses meeting the Class II chemical water quality target of 25 µg/l rose from an average of 39 % for 1996-1998 to an average of 47 % for 2005-2007.
For total nitrogen the pollution levels were higher: an average of only 13 % of monitoring stations met the Class II water quality requirement for total nitrogen of 3 mg/l between 1996 and 2007. Since 1996 the annual achievement has ranged from 11 % of monitoring stations (1999, 2004, and 2006) to 16 % (1997), while the most recent figure (2007) was 14 %. This shows that in future water pollution controls will be particularly needed in areas with diffuse pollutant discharges, particularly from agriculture. Intensive fertilisation and excessive concentrations of livestock produce an average annual nitrogen surplus of some 105 kg per hectare. The distribution of water quality classes for total nitrogen at the same 133 monitoring stations for 1996-2007 has seen a slight reduction in monitoring stations with high levels of pollution (Class III and worse), thanks mainly to improvements in wastewater treatment by municipal treatment plants and industry.
Only 21 % of Germany's rivers and streams – most of them in less populated areas – are still in a near-natural condition, meaning that they have undergone little or only moderate levels of man-made change. A total of 33 000 km of watercourses were surveyed and classified into seven grades – from Class I = unchanged to Class 7 = completely changed – according to the system used by the LAWA. The major rivers have generally been fitted with defences and locks for shipping and hydroelectric power generation. Large areas of their floodplains have also been cut off from the rivers and narrowed by flood embankments. This explains their considerable structural problems and why the vast majority were classified as substantially to completely changed. The Ems, Danube, Oder and Weser are graded as Class 6 or 7 for 50 % of their length while the intensive use of the Rhine and its surrounding area means that as much as 80 % of its length from Lake Constance to the Netherlands also falls into these classes.
In contrast, between the Central Uplands (Mittelgebirge) and the Geesthacht weir, the Elbe has sections that are clearly still structure-rich (Classes 3 and 4). Only the Tidal Elbe and the more densely populated stretches along the Upper Elbe are structure-poor and thus graded in Classes 6 and 7. This underlines the fact that near-natural sections of the major rivers, such as the free-flowing section of the Danube below the confluence with the Isar and the middle section of the Elbe, are rare and worth protecting.
Most of the smaller rivers and streams in the Central Uplands, the hill country and the North German Plain have also been altered for hydroelectric power generation, to protect areas of settlement and transport routes or for agricultural use including land improvement. They are regularly maintained, which tends to prevent morpho-dynamic processes, in other words natural development. These water bodies are mostly classified as distinctly changed – Class 4 – to completely changed – Class 7.
The Länder have set up theirs own individual monitoring networks to monitor groundwater quality. Nitrate levels are regularly tested at almost all the sites in the networks. For their regular reports to the European Environment Agency (EEA), the Länder chose representative sites and combined them to form what is known as the EEA groundwater monitoring network. The following chart gives an overview of nitrate pollution in the groundwater in 2007 based on the 683 sampling sites in this network where the groundwater nitrate content was determined.
Nitrate pollution depends to a large extent on land use in the catchment area of a station. Regional hydro-geological conditions such as depth to the water table and flow speed, as well as the underground hydro-chemical conditions, play an important role.
Concentrations are < 25 mg/l at 67.3 % of the stations. At 14.1%, however, the 50 mg/l limit for nitrate laid down in the EU- Drinking Water Directive is exceeded, sometimes considerably. In many cases this results from intensive agriculture in the catchment area in question. Under the terms of the EU's Water Framework Directive the groundwater here is of poor quality and measures must be taken to improve it.
Bathing water quality in Germany is monitored under Länder-level regulations that apply the values for excellent, good and sufficient bathing water quality as laid down in the EU Directive 2006/7/EC. This Directive replaces the 1975 Directive 76/160/ EEC. Since the 2008 bathing season, bathing waters are monitored under the new Directive. Classification requires data from four bathing seasons, and will only be available after the 2011 bathing season. Transitional rules apply until then.
In 2008 a total of 2 263 bathing waters in Germany were monitored under the new Directive, 373 of which were on the coast.
From 1992 to 2001 there was a steady reduction in non-compliance with the guide and imperative values. Since 2001 bathing water quality has been consistently high – on average 94 % of freshwater bathing places met the microbiological requirements, and 78 % the stricter guide values for good water quality. For coastal bathing waters the figures were 98 % and 87 % respectively.
With the new monitoring parameters in the 2008 bathing season an improvement in the quality of the freshwater bathing waters was observed. Considerably fewer of the coastal waters, however, were classified as good. This was partly because of a new classification for the estuary areas of the major coastal rivers such as the Elbe which usually do not have very good water quality. In line with the Water Framework Directive these have been classified as coastal waters instead of freshwater since the 2008 bathing season.
Only around 1 % of the 2 263 bathing waters had poor water quality in the 2008 bathing season.
]]>Protecting groundwater from pollution has always been especially important in Germany because around 65.5 % of the country's drinking water is taken directly from groundwater supplies. The main causes of chemical pollution in groundwater are high discharges of nitrogen and pesticides, often from agriculture, as well as point-source pollution from residual contamination and landfill sites.
One traditional problem is the high level of pollution of lakes and rivers with nutrients and other substances, and use-related hydro-morphological changes which threaten the natural functions of water-bodies. Nutrients encourage algal growth, which in turn has a number of negative effects on water-bodies. Heavy algal growth results in oxygen shortages that can kill fish. It also makes it more difficult to purify drinking water and can cause allergic reactions for bathers.
To assess the condition of the groundwater, surface and coastal waters, they are monitored regularly as part of national and international programmes. The monitoring programmes carried out by the Länder and the river-basin commissions record not only biological parameters but also chemical properties such as nutrients, heavy metals and organic micro-pollutants, as well as hydro-morphological characteristics following changes to the structure of water-bodies, for example because of shipping, hydroelectric power or flood protection.
]]>Finland is rich in surface waters, with a total of 187 888 lakes and ponds larger than 500 square metres, and rivers totalling 25 000 kilometres in length. Almost a tenth of the country's land area is covered by water. Finland's lakes contain only 235 cubic kilometers of water (Main characteristics of the surface waters in Finland). Finland's shallow lakes are easily contaminated by pollution. Even relatively low concentrations of excess nutrients, acidic deposition or other harmful contaminants can easily disrupt their sensitive aquatic ecosystems.
Discharges of harmful substances into Finland's inland and coastal waters have fallen considerably during the last few decades.
The monitoring is composed of both administrative monitoring and compulsory inspections by industrial operators and other businesses. The frequency of water quality observations and the factors under analysis vary according to local needs. Biological monitoring has been expanded, and the process will continue over the coming years.
Most of Finland's classified water bodies[4] are in a high or good ecological state. Waters with lower ecological status than 'good' include almost a third of the classified lakes, half of the classified stretches of rivers, and more than half of the total extent of coastal waters. With a few exceptions, the chemical state of the water is good.
The classification in 2008 was carried out to meet the obligations under the EU Water Framework Directive and related national legislation. A target has been set that all surface waters should have a good or excellent ecological status by 2015, and conditions in waters already classed as good or excellent should not deteriorate.
The amount of work needed to achieve the goal of a good ecological status is greatest for rivers and coastal waters. Particularly in southern, western and southwestern Finland, many rivers are still only in a poor or passable state. Problems include diffuse loads of nutrients from farmland, and constructions such as dams along watercourses. In northern Finland, most rivers are in an excellent or good state.
Currently, the ecological quality status of most of Finland's inland waters is either good or high. However, the quality of over 40% of total river length and 60% of the coastal water areas included in the plans is moderate, poor or bad. The water quality of Finland's lakes is generally better. Only 2% of the groundwater resources important to and suitable for water supply purposes are classified as bad, even though approximately 500 groundwater areas are at significant risk from human activity.
The status of lakes is worst for small and medium-sized lakes in agricultural areas, where problems associated with eutrophication, such as algal blooms, are widespread.
Table 1: Ecological status of surface waters by proportion of total length (rivers) or surface area
Ecological status |
Rivers |
Lakes |
Coastal waters |
High or good |
52% |
87% |
36% |
Moderate, poor or bad |
48% |
13% |
64% |
Figure 1: Ecological status of surface waters by proportion of total length (rivers) or surface area
Link to a more detailed figure:
Ecological status of surface waters assessed by river length and surface area of lakes and coastal waters
A provisional map of the ecological state of Finland's surface waters has been completed. Water bodies are classified largely according to monitoring data mainly compiled over the period 2000–2007.
Map 1: the ecological status of the surface waters
Link to a more detailed map:
Ecological state of surface waters
See also:
The chemical state of surface waters is classified on the basis of environmental quality norms defined for 42 harmful or hazardous substance and substance groups. The norms, which refer to annual average concentrations of the substances in aquatic environments, were included in Government Decree 1022/2006 on Substances Dangerous and Harmful to the Aquatic Environment. Some of the norms applied in evaluating the chemical state of water bodies have not yet been fully enacted in official legislation, but they still serve as useful guidelines in the classification procedure.
The concentrations of harmful and hazardous substances measured in Finland's surface waters have generally been below the provisionally defined norms (environmental quality standards), and in many cases the substances have not been detected at all. Chemical statuses worse than "good" have been assigned to several rivers in Ostrobothnia which flow through regions with acidic, sulphate-rich soils, and contain high concentrations of substances including cadmium. Some of the metals that affect the chemical state of water bodies also occur naturally, and this factor must be considered in classifications to ensure that statuses are not misleadingly lowered by naturally high concentrations of metals.
Map 2:
Finnish lakes classified by total phosphorus levels (median in 2005-2010).
Total P levels were compared to status class boundaries of total p in different
lake types.
Figure 2: Annual medians of total phosphorus and total nitrogen in 1970-2008 calculated for a group of 33 Finnish rivers. Linear trend line is shown.
The general usability classification of water bodies gives an idea about the average suitability of the water bodies for water supply, fishing and recreation in Finland. The quality class is determined based on the natural quality of the water and human impacts. The water bodies have been classified as: excellent, good, satisfactory, passable and poor (Criteria for the general water quality classification in Finland).
The latest classification was based on data from the period 2000–2003. It covered 82 % of the total area of lakes larger than one square kilometre, 16 % of the total length of rivers more than two metres wide as well as the sea area inside the Finnish territorial waters.
The quality of water was excellent or good in 80 % of the classified lake area. In general, the water quality in rivers was worse than in lakes, because human activities, such as agriculture and development, are concentrated along rivers. Moreover, many rivers are sensitive to the effects of nutrient loading because of their low flow rates. The quality in 43 % of rivers is classified as excellent or good. These rivers are mostly located in northern Finland (Map of water quality of lakes, rivers, and sea areas in 2000-2003), (Comparison of classifications in 1984-2003).
In the vicinity of towns and industrial plants, water quality had improved considerably already at the beginning of the 1990s, because of long-term measures for water protection. These measures were further improved during the 1990s. However, a similar improvement in the state of water bodies has not been observed in areas with heavy diffuse loads.
See also: Large lakes in good condition; problems in rivers and coastal waters
Acidification problems first became evident in the 1960s. It took some time for action to be taken, and ultimately international agreements were signed to curb harmful emissions. The concentrations of sulphur compounds declined and buffering capacity increased in all types of lakes in Finland during the 1990s. Some 5 000 smaller lakes in Finland are now considered to be recovering well from serious acidification problems.
Declining atmospheric deposition has also reduced acidification problems in Finland's groundwater reserves, although it may take decades for groundwater to recover completely.
In water bodies, eutrophication particularly boosts the growth of planktonic algae. Its effects can be seen in reduced water clarity and the increased growth of filamentous algae and aquatic plants. In the worst cases, eutrophication may result in the increased occurrence of massive blue-green algal blooms, oxygen depletion in winter, and in dramatic changes in fish stocks.
Eutrophication is basically a natural phenomenon. Certain lakes or habitats are naturally poorer in nutrients than others are, but over time they may become richer in nutrients through natural processes. Where nutrient pollution is widespread, however, eutrophication often becomes a problem.
Badly affected lakes can be restored to some extent by removing nutrients from the ecosystem through selective fishing or the removal of excess plant growth. The nutrient-rich silt on lake-beds may also be dredged or covered over. During the winter, air may also be pumped into lakes to improve the oxygen content of their deeper waters and slow the release of nutrients from bottom sediments.
See also:
Information on concentrations of toxic substances is mainly limited to major point sources of emissions, such as large industrial plants. Municipal wastewater treatment plants, for instance, routinely measure only variables linked to eutrophication and heavy metal concentrations in their treated effluent and sludge. Calculations and extrapolation are also used to estimate the point loads and diffuse loads.
EU legislation and Finland's other international commitments mean that in future, environmental loads of hazardous substances must be monitored much more widely than they have been so far.
Finland's groundwater reserves are replenished in the spring when the winter snow and ice melts, and often again in the autumn – typically the rainiest season.
Although Finland has plenty of aquifers – a bit over 6 000 – these resources are not distributed evenly across the country. Water is typically clean, well oxygenated, and often also easily extractable. Especially the Salpausselkä deposits in southern Finland hold important aquifers.
Groundwater can be found in almost every part of Finland, but is particularly widespread in areas with extensive deposits of permeable sands and gravels formed during the last ice age. The depth of the water table may vary from less than a metre to more than thirty metres, but is typically about two to five metres below ground level.
Groundwater reserves can be significantly reduced, and the water table lowered, due to the excessive use of groundwater, or after major groundwork or excavation, as well as following droughts.
In Finland, groundwater is widely used by local residents and by waterworks, since it is often much purer and better protected from contamination than the water in lakes and rivers. Groundwater can usually be consumed safely without any treatment.
Approximately 60 % of the total water supply distributed by Finland's waterworks consists of groundwater. This figure also includes water from artificially maintained reservoirs of groundwater fed from lakes and rivers.
The aquifers in Finland's glacial deposits rank in quality among the best reserves of groundwater in the world. Groundwater in Finland is generally soft, with low concentrations of dissolved substances and low pH (6-7).
Most of Finland's groundwater is of good quality, since it is better protected against contamination than surface water. Harmful concentrations of arsenic, fluorine and radon as well as iron and manganese occur in certain areas due to local geological features. Groundwater reserves in Finland do not normally suffer from contamination on a wider scale, since individual bodies of groundwater tend to be small. Considerable contamination may be caused locally where salts are used to de-ice slippery roads, on over-fertilised farmland, at garages and service stations where oils may accidentally enter the soil, and following accidents involving chemicals.
See also:
During the period 1961-1990, the Finnish territory received a mean precipitation of 660 mm. Of this amount, 341 mm evaporated, while 318 mm flowed into the seas or passed over the national borders. The water storage was increased by 1 mm during this period. The mentioned value 318 mm corresponds to a mean discharge of 3400 m3/s.
The study of some main hydro-meteorological variables (precipitation, snow cover, river discharge) since early 1980s show decreasing snow volumes in southern and central Finland. Consequently, some decrease in spring high flows have been observed in these areas. Precipitation does not reveal statistically significant trends or changes in general. The study of longer time series – starting from 1910s or 1960s – highlights some increasing wintertime river discharges.
The water plants deliver over 1.1 million m3 water daily, and the households consume 3/5 of the water. About 60 % or 0.7 million m3/day of the water is groundwater or artificial groundwater. Supply networks of water plants cover about 90 % and sewage networks about 80 % of Finnish households.
The Water exploitation index[14] (WEI) is one of EEA's core set indicators. The WEI is the ratio between the annual total water abstraction and the available long-term freshwater expressed as a percentage. The WEI for Finland is about 2 % that is one of the best WEI values in Europe, and far below the value 20 % that is seen as the critical value of WEI.
The notification of food or water-borne epidemics came into effect in February 1997. The municipal health authorities are responsible for the reporting. It is clear that the identification of a water-borne epidemic is not always straightforward.
A total of 56 epidemics were reported in 1998–2006 with about 16 800 persons fallen ill. In more than 90 % of the cases, the municipal waterworks had delivered the water. Private water supply was used in the rest of cases, for example in different holiday or camping centres or rehabilitation centres. Of the waterworks, most were small units with less than 500 customers. Almost always, the reason for the epidemic is some harmful microbe infecting the drinking water. Even if the groundwater in general is cleaner than the surface waters, the water-borne epidemics are more often caused by the groundwater. WHO publishes regularly fact sheets of outbreaks of water-borne diseases. However, the level of monitoring and the quality of reporting varies greatly between countries.
Finland has been placed near the top or at the top in several recent international comparisons of the water and environmental sectors. Water policies in Finland are described in more detail in the report to the UN: Country Profile: Freshwater and Sanitation, Finland, 2004.
United Nations/UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) monitors freshwater issues in order to provide recommendations, develop case studies, enhance assessment capacity at a national level and inform the decision-making process. In the first World Water Development Report in 2003 water quality indicator values were assessed in 122 countries and Finland was ranked number one in this assessment. WWAP has published three reports, the most recent one in 2009.
In the international Water Poverty Index published by the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology in 2003, Finland was ranked the best in the world. A total of 147 countries were included in the comparison. The study assessed the extent of water resources, the comprehensiveness of water supply, and water use, as well as environmental impacts and general readiness for addressing water-related concerns.
[1] Source: Surface waters. Finnish Environment Institute
[2] Source: The state of Finland's surface waters. Finnish Environmental Administration
[3] Source: Ecological and chemical state of surface waters. Finnish Environmental Administration
[4] Surface water bodies include distinct and significant sections of river systems, i.e. lakes; reservoirs; streams, rivers or canals in their entirety or parts thereof; as well as specific areas of Finland's coastal waters.
[5] Source: Map of the ecological state of Finland's surface waters. Finnish Environmental Administration
[6] Source: Chemical state. Finnish Environmental Administration
[7] Source: The general usability classification of surface waters. Finnish Environmental Administration
[8] Source: Acidification. Finnish Environment Institute
[9] Source: Eutrophication. Finnish Environment Institute
[10] Source: Toxic substances. Finnish Environment Institute
[11] Source: Groundwater. Finnish Environment Institute
[12] Source: Groundwater resources, Finnish Environment Institute
[13] Source: Water resources in Finland. Finnish Environmental Administration
[14] Source: Water exploitation index. European Environment Agency
[15] Source Drinking water (in English) and Vesiepidemiat (in Finnish). National Institute for Health and Welfare
[16] Source: International evaluations of water policies in Finland. Finnish Environmental Administration
Water policies have been based on long-term-strategies. Three national water protection programmes identifying targets, measures and instruments have been prepared since the beginning of the 1970s. In November 2006, the Government adopted a new set of national Water Protection Policy Outlines to 2015.
The EU Water Framework Directive, enacted in 2000, gives guidelines for water management policy for many years to come. In Finland an act on organising river basin management planning was adopted in 2004. The objective of the river basin management plans is to achieve a good state of surface waters and groundwater by the end of 2015. The first river basin management plans are due to be completed by 2009.
Groundwater is protected through legislation prohibiting the pollution and altering of aquifers. Where activities potentially harmful to groundwater are placed in areas important or suitable for water supply, special attention is paid to their not affecting the groundwater, and the environmental permit decision will lay down the relevant conditions. As a rule, such activities are preferentially placed outside groundwater areas. Groundwater protection is also taken into account in other permit decisions, such as for land extraction or other industrial activities, and it is a common element in environmental impact assessments of projects. The environmental permit authorities may also establish a buffer zone around a groundwater extraction site.
In addition, it has recently become customary for local authorities and waterworks to voluntarily draw up protection plans to ensure good quality and quantity of groundwater.
Land use planning may also considerably improve the protection of groundwater; therefore, groundwater areas are taken into account in the placing of various activities and in the pertinent plan regulations. According to the Water Act, land use planning should be taken into account when a permit is granted for water management projects.
The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) (60/2000) sets the framework and objectives for water protection in Finland. The Act on the Organisation of River Basin Management forms part of Finland's ongoing implementation of this Directive. (This act is available only in Finnish and Swedish.)
The two main laws in Finland for the protection of groundwater are the Water Act and the Environmental Protection Act. A good chemical state of groundwater is safeguarded by means of the prohibition against groundwater pollution laid down in Section 8 of the Environmental Protection Act. In accordance with this regulation, no substance shall be deposited in or energy conducted to a place or handled in a way that:
· groundwater may become hazardous to health or its quality otherwise materially deteriorate in areas important for water supply or otherwise suitable for such use;
· groundwater on the property of another may become hazardous to health or otherwise unsuitable for usage; or
· the said action may otherwise violate the public or private good by affecting the quality of groundwater.
The prohibition of groundwater pollution means that a permit may not be granted for an activity that does not conform to this regulation. There is also a legal obligation to remediate polluted groundwater and the polluter is held responsible. The prohibition on altering groundwater in the Water Act refers to maintaining a good quantitative state of groundwater.
The Water Act contains provisions on groundwater extraction. A permit is required if the extraction causes effects contrary to the prohibition on altering groundwater or surface water, or if the extraction amounts to at least 250 cubic metres a day. The extraction of groundwater, or other activities affecting groundwater, must not essentially harm the natural state of springs, brooks, and ponds and lakes of at most one hectare.
The environmental permit authorities may order in a permit decision that a water supply buffer zone be set up around a groundwater extraction site if this is found to be necessary for health reasons or to preserve the purity of the groundwater for other important public reasons.
In addition, the Water Services Act contains provisions on the organisation of water supply and on water supply plants and rates.
Of the thousands of lakes in Finland, 310 are regulated. This usually serves several objectives such as hydropower production, flood protection, water acquisition and recreational use.
So far, Finland has sustained no major flood damages[5]. However, extreme weather events, e.g. storms and floods, are expected to become increasingly common in the future. Communities have to be protected against, for example, exceptionally large floods. The best way of preventing the creation of new risk sites in areas that may be flooded is through steering of land use and building.
In the future, flood risk management is controlled by the Directive on the assessment and management at flood risks. It requires identifying areas where significant flood risks exist. For these flood risk areas, flood maps and flood risk management will be prepared.
The guidelines for the tasks relating to the use and management of water resources are set down in the Water Resources Strategy of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. The Strategy was adopted in 1999 and it extends until 2010. A set of indicators has been developed to measure and evaluate the functional efficiency and social impacts of water resources management. (See also: Water Resources Strategy, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (in Finnish)).
The organisation of river basin management in Finland is covered by the Act on Water Resources Management (1299/2004), the Decree on Water Resources Management (1040/2006) and the related Decree on Water Resources Management Regions (1303/2004). This legislation forms part of Finland's ongoing implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive.
· Act on Water Resources Management (1299/2004) - Unofficial translation of the original Act, PDF format in Finlex, the Data Bank of Finnish Legislation)
Legislation designed to prevent pollution of water bodies is included in broader environmental protection statutes that came into force in the year 2000.
· Environmental Protection Act (86/2000) - Unofficial translation of the original Act, PDF format in Finlex, the Data Bank of Finnish Legislation
· Environmental Protection Decree (168/200) - Unofficial translation, PDF format in Finlex, the Data Bank of Finnish Legislation
· Decree on Substances Dangerous and Harmful to the Aquatic Environment (1022/2006) - Unofficial translation, PDF format in Finlex, the Data Bank of Finnish Legislation. The newest amendments of the Degree in 2009 are not included in this translation. The prohibition against discharges of dangerous substances is expanded to cover also groundwater when earlier this prohibition was elsewhere in the legislation.
Hydrological engineering work is controlled by the Water Act (264/1961), which comes within the administrative sphere of the Ministry of Justice.
The treatment of wastewater from households not connected to main sewerage networks is controlled through a Government decree that sets minimum standards both for wastewater treatment, and for the design, construction, use and maintenance of treatment facilities.
· Government Decree on Treating Domestic Wastewater in Areas Outside Sewer Networks (542/2003) - Unofficial translation, PDF format in Finlex, the Data Bank of Finnish Legislation
The treatment of wastewater from industrial facilities and municipal wastewater collection systems is covered by a Government decision.
Finland's Nitrates Decree is based on the EU Nitrates Directive, and controls the use of nitrate fertilisers in all farms across the country.
· Government Decree on the restriction of discharge of nitrates from agriculture into waters (931/2000) - Unofficial translation, PDF format in Finlex, the Data Bank of Finnish Legislation
· Act on Water Services (119/2001) - Unofficial translation of the original Act, PDF format in Finlex, the Data Bank of Finnish Legislation
[1] Source: Water protection. Finnish Environmental Administration
[2] Source: Groundwater protection. Finnish Environmental Administration
[3] Source: Legislation on water protection. Finnish Environmental Administration
[4] Source: Regulation of waters serves multiple objectives. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
[5] Source: Focus on protecting settlements. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
Finland is situated in the Fennoscandian region in northern Europe roughly between 60° and 70° N and 20° and 30° E. Finland comprises the northernmost point in EU and also the easternmost until Cyprus joined the EU. About a fourth of the area is to the north of the Arctic Circle.
Biogeographically, a vast majority of Finland belongs to the boreal region with the northernmost parts belonging to the Alpine region[1]. Sometimes the southernmost parts are seen as hemiboreal.
The location in the north affects the climate and the natural conditions in general. During the period 1971–2000, the coldest month in the south was February (-4.9 °C) and in the north January (-14.1 °C). In the south, the monthly mean temperature in January-March is above zero only occasionally. The highest monthly mean temperatures occur in July. During 1971–2009, it was 17.2 °C in the south and 14.3 °C in the north[2].
The south-north length of the country (1 157 km) also affects the conditions between the regions in Finland. The differences in temperature may be large between south and north, and onsets of the seasons[3], length of the growing season, and other climate related phenomena vary from south to north considerably.
The climate of Finland has maritime and continental features. The location of Finland allows for flow of air masses from the Atlantic Ocean, from the continental area in the east, and from the Arctic. An essential feature is the warming effect of the Gulf Stream extending over Norway and Sweden to Finland, making the climate exceptionally warm compared to other countries on the same latitude.
At Finland's northernmost point, the sun does not set for 73 days in the summer, which is compensated during winter when the sun does not rise for 51 days.
Finland is rich in surface waters, with a total of 187 888 lakes and ponds larger than 500 square metres, and rivers totalling 25 000 kilometres in length. Almost a tenth of the country's land area is covered by water. Finland's lakes are shallow and thus contain only 235 cubic kilometres of water (Main characteristics of the surface waters in Finland). The shallowness makes the lakes apt to contamination by pollution.
Finland has plenty of aquifers – a bit over 6 000 – and they are not distributed evenly across the country. Particularly widespread aquifers are in areas with extensive deposits of permeable sands and gravels formed during the last ice age like the Salpausselkä deposits in Southern Finland. In general, the aquifers are rather small and depth of the water table varies but is typically about two to five metres below ground level.
Approximately 60 % of the total water supply distributed by Finland's waterworks consists of groundwater including water from artificially maintained reservoirs of groundwater fed from lakes and rivers.
Forests cover a major part of Finland. Depending on the definition, forest land covers around 70 % and the total forestry area about 78 % of Finland's land area. Scots pine is the most common tree species, about 50 % of the volume, the share of Norway spruce is about 30 %, and the rest is mainly birch and other deciduous species.
The population is 5 351 427 (31 December 2009), and the land area is 303 907 km2, inland waters cover 34 534 km2, and the sea area is 52 479 km2 and thus the total area of Finland is 390 920 km2. The area of Finland increases by 7 km2 annually due to the post-glacial rebound since the last ice age.
Figure 1. The approximate location of the geographical centre[4] (blue) and population centre[5] (green) of Finland
Population density in Finland is 17.4 persons/km2 (excluding the sea area). The density is the lowest in EU; Sweden is quite close (22.3), and the third country in this respect is Estonia (30.9). Norway has an even lower population density of 15.5 persons/km2. The population density is higher in the south (see Figure 1).
The share of built-up land is now roughly 4 % of the land area. Agricultural area comprises about 9 %, forests 77 %, and other land 10 %.
Finland is a democracy and has been independent since 1917. The President of Finland[7] is selected by direct vote for a term of six years; two consecutive terms are allowed. The unicameral Parliament[8] consists of 200 members with a term of four years.
In 1906, Finland's national assembly became the first parliament in the world to adopt full gender equality by granting equally to men and women the right not only to vote but also to run for public office.
The Ministry of the Environment was established in 1983. The Greens of Finland won its first parliament seats in 1983 and 1995 the Greens gained a minister seat, making it the first European green party to be part of a state-level Cabinet.
A reform of state regional administration took place on 1 January 2010. The provinces and state province offices were discarded and the other regional units, including the Regional Environmental Centres, reorganised and merged. In the new system, the 15 Centres for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment are responsible for
The six Regional State Administrative Agencies are responsible for
Finland's municipalities are self-governing entities. Municipalities are responsible for providing their residents with statutory basic services. The most important of these are social welfare and health, education and culture, the environment, and technical infrastructure[9].
The age structure of the population and the anticipated changes in the structure are also a specific feature of Finland[10]. The old-age dependency ratio (defined as the projected number of persons aged 65 and over expressed as a percentage of the projected number of persons aged between 15 and 64) is expected to be the highest in EU around 2020–2030. After that, the increase in the ratio will slow down considerably, and after around 2035 the dependency ratio will be below the EU average[11].
See also: suomi.fi, This is Finland
[1] Biogeographical regions of Europe (European Environment Agency)
[2] Finland's climate (Finnish Meteorological Institute)
[3] Thermal seasons (Finnish Meteorological Institute)
[4] midpoint of Finland without sea areas and islands
[5] the point where the combined distance between the point and the inhabitants is smallest
[6] Administration (suomi.fi Public services)
[9] Local government and cooperation between municipalities, Suomi.fi and State Treasury
[10] Population projection 2009–2060, Statistics Finland
[11] See the table "Projected old-age dependency" at http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/statistics/search_database#
The 2000/60/EC directive requires integrated management of water by river basin district, and sets strict qualitative and quantitative objectives so that surface and groundwater can maintain or achieve a good status by 2015 (a good ecological and chemical status for surface water and a good quantitative and chemical status for groundwater). The Belgian territory is concerned by 4 international river basin districts (Scheldt, Meuse, Rhine and in a very small extent Seine).
At the current stage of the analysis, 62 % of the Belgian surface water bodies (348/559) run the risk of not achieving a good qualitative status by 2015. The problems are mainly in the district of the Scheldt and in certain sub-catchments in the Meuse district (e.g. Sambre and Vesdre for example). Regarding ground waters, the situation is quite similar in the sense that approximately 58 % of water bodies run the risk of not achieving a good chemical and quantitative status by 2015.
Generally, the highest levels of contamination (more than 50 mg NO3-/l) are observed in the northern part of Belgium (Flemish Region), especially in the less deep phreatic groundwater bodies (e.g. Quaternary sands, Tertiary Brusselian and Yperian sands, Quaternary Meuse-Rhine deposits and Terrace sediments…), in areas where agricultural activity and/or the density of population is particularly high.
Due to a change of monitoring system and monitoring practices between 2003 and 2004, no long-term trends can be determined in the three Belgian regions. For the Flemish Region, a complete new groundwater monitoring network consisting of 2.100 multi-level wells (located in agricultural areas) has been operational since 2004. For the Walloon Region, the application of the WFD required a restructuring and a redeployment of the existing groundwater monitoring network in 2006, in order to improve its representativeness by taking into account the less characterised water bodies and the non-exploited resources. The Walloon WFD network includes +/- 600 sites of control.
The nitrate concentrations in groundwater throughout Belgium have increased in recent years: the proportion of monitoring points with average nitrate concentrations higher than 25 mg/l went from 46,4 % (in 2004) to 49,8 % (over the period 2007-2008). This trend is not necessarily linked to the current development of agricultural practices, which goes towards a reduction in the application of (organic and mineral) nitrogen fertilisers. Next to the availability of external N-sources the degree of contamination of the groundwater bodies depends also on other factors such as rainfall, transfer time to aquifers, local manure, and the vulnerability of the shallow aquifers or the quantity of nitrogen still present in the soils. Groundwater bodies are 'slow-response' systems in general so that, due to the travel times of nitrate bearing infiltration water, effects of measures in shallow groundwater are visible earliest after several months, usually after years and locally after decennia.
Flemish Region Walloon Region Brussels Capital Region Monitoring points 20041 20071 2004 2008 2004 2007-2008 Points sampled 1728 2031 439 615 17 24 % > 25 mg NO3/l2 45,4 48,1 50,6 55,9 41,2 37,5 % > 50 mg NO3/l3 35,7 38,2 11,1 13,8 29,4 25 1: Nitrate concentration measured in autumn 2 : Target value for (European Nitrate Directive) 3 : The European Nitrate Directive stipulates that the concentration anywhere in groundwater must not be higher than 50mg nitrate/l (norm for drinkability) Sources : VMM (MAP- groundwater monitoring network), MIRA, IBGE-BIM, SPW-DGARNE (Survey nitrate )


text: Sorry for messing up on the pricing on this deal yesterday. With this DishPronto promotion, you get 4 rooms of Dish Network Service with up to 7 channels of FREE HDTV, FREE DVR that record or playback 100 hours with monthly fee waived! On top of that, you will also get FREE activation, FREE installation and you don`t have to buy any equipment either. The standard subscription is $31.99 that gives you 2 receivers and includes 60 channels plus locals. You can also get another 2 receivers (4 total) or 2 DVRs for only $5 more per month, or get both of those options for $10! These guys are also giving you a FREE DVD player after 3 months of subscription too! DISH NETWORK PROMO

subset: commoncrawl


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April 11th, 2006: Remember when I announced a new, published Dinosaur Comics book last winter? It is done and is almost in print and it's now up for pre-orders. Woo! The book is called "The Best of Dinosaur Comics: 2003-2005 AD" and is subtitled "Your Whole Family Is Made Out Of Meat". It's got my favourite comics from 2003-2005 and is about 250 pages long! That's a lot of comics because we print on BOTH sides of the paper. I hope you love the book! It's going to be available in real life bookstores as well as online, which is actually really exciting. To make sure the best gifts ever in time get to you when you want them, here are the HOLIDAY SHIPPING DEADLINES. Orders placed before these dates will get to you in time for Christmas! One year ago today: the world revolves around me / probably – Ryan
December 5th: All shipping methods except U.S.P.S. First-Class Package International Service� are safe.
December 6th: International orders made not selecting U.S.P.S. Priority Mail Express International� shipping will likely arrive in January.
December 11th: USPS FIRST CLASS and STANDARD may not make it in time and neither will USPS EXPRESS MAIL INTERNATIONAL.
December 16th: ALMOST NOTHING IS SAFE. USPS EXPRESS is the only safe USPS option.
December 19th: A CHRISTMAS MIRACLE (IF THINGS PLACED ON OR AFTER THIS DATE ARRIVE BY THE 24TH, THAT IS)


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Theft on 1600 BLOCK OF S UNIVERSITY DR, FORT WORTH, TX |
Theft - 16XX S UNIVERSITY DR, FORT WORTH, TX
Email to a friend Submit a Crime Tip |
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Google Streetview Disclaimer: This is a Google Maps Street View of the approximate area where the crime occurred. It is not necessarily the exact address view of the crime.
WFAA Channel 8 WFAA.com
The Spirit of Texas, Start Here: Your trusted source for breaking news, weather and sports in Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas. Read More...
Local news for Fort Worth provided by
Navy yard gunman 'heard voices,' passed 2 security checks (by KSLA-TV Shreveport)
Aaron Alexis, 34, has been identified as the deceased shooter at the Washington Navy Yard.
Navy yard gunman 'heard voices,' used buckshot in shooting (by CBS 3 Springfield)
Aaron Alexis, 34, has been identified as the deceased shooter at the Washington Navy Yard.
Aaron Alexisa characteristics mirrored those of mass shooters (by The Wichita Eagle)
Washington Navy Yard shooting suspect Aaron Alexis had several characteristics common among mass killers, experts say: aggression, difficulties on the job, paranoia and anger problems.
Mass shootings still full of unknowns (by Star-Telegram.com)
Again we are visited by the horror and frustration of a mass shooting. We try to make sense of it, to see signs that someone should have seen before it happened, even to link the terrible event to the availability of the weapons used to carry it out.
D.C. Navy Yard Shooting - Latest Updates, Names of Victims, More (by WFNT-AM Burton)
Details about Monday's mass shooting at the Navy Yard in Washington, D.C., are still emerging, but we have learned quite a bit more about exactly what happened, who the shooter is and who the victims are.


text: Food shows Charles OakleyBy Sean Newell PO Edit18L Charles Oakley's Friends Want You To Let Him Cook In Your House Charles Oakley has had an interesting career. From down and dirty hustle man for the New York Knicks, to personal valet and muscle man to His Airness, Michael Jordan, Oak's services have always seemed so brutish. Read… 1/28/12 2:30pm 1/28/12 2:30pm


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School Address: 202 S Clay St Independence, CA 93526
Welcome to our Owens Valley Class of 1950 page. Our website was created for Owens Valley Alumni and School Faculty. Register here to reunite with classmates, plan class reunions or to share school information.
• Paul Miller '70
• Barry Brown '72
• Will Walquist '75
• Alan Bell '69
• Jose Gonzales '76
• greg perez '75
• Steve Comontofski '76
• Robert Jones '64
If you are planning your class reunion or looking for reunion information please use the below link to visit our Owens Valley Alumni Site. You can search for information from all class years:
posted Dec 10, 2013:
I hope all the class of 1950 Cubs are healthy, happy and doing well. I look forward to seeing everyone at our next class reunion.
Complete one of the surveys which have been created, or create your own survey for your class!


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Phoenix 4 Star Hotels + Swimming Pool + Boutique Hotels
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Note: The nightly rates shown above do not yet include Tax Recovery Charge & Service Fees or (if applicable) Extra Person Fees, Child Fees, Additional Mandatory Hotel Charges or optional incidentals, such as parking, room service or movies.


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At PexSupply.com, our goal is to bring you the highest quality plumbing, heating and HVAC supplies at competitive prices. Our product catalog includes PEX Plumbing Supplies, Radiant Heat Supplies, VisionPro Honeywell Thermostats, Taco pumps and mini-split air conditioners. If there are items you are looking for but can't find on our website, please contact our Customer Service Representatives & we will do our best to find what you need.
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Define: Geo Targeting
Geo Targeting: With the ever growing emphasis on the personalization of search engine results and ad delivery, geo-targeting parameters allow one to take this into account in a campaign. One can specify an assortment of methods to personalize or localize results in a given campaign. These include the ability to locate targeting (country, state / province, city etc.) and to specify individual languages.
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Arizona Geological History 7: The Cenozoic Era
Tuesday, October 20th, 2009The Cenozoic era represents the most recent 65 million years. (See the geologic time chart for the subdivisions.) Arizona was squeezed, then stretched; steamed and frozen.
Construction of the Rocky Mountains, volcanism, and emplacement of our major copper deposits, all of which began in Cretaceous time, continued in the Cenozoic until about 40 million years ago. During this time, the oceanic crust of the Pacific Ocean was being subducted beneath the westward-moving North American continental plate. The resulting compression caused southern and western Arizona to be topographically higher than the Colorado Plateau, the opposite of current topography.
By about 20 million years ago (mya) Arizona was covered with thousands of feet of volcanic rocks, locally punctured by calderas. Sometime between 30- and 20 million years ago the north American tectonic plate overrode a spreading center called the East Pacific Rise. This area is similar to the spreading center of the Mid-Atlantic ridge that gradually separated Africa from South American, and Europe from North America. Today, this western spreading center runs up the Gulf of California and separates Baja from mainland Mexico. It is also the driver of the San Andreas fault in California. By over-riding the spreading center, the tectonic regime changed from compression to extension. Arizona began to be pulled apart to form the Basin and Range physiography of today.
Arizona is divided into three physiographic provinces: the Colorado Plateau in the northeast, a transition zone extending from northwest to southeast Arizona (the Mogollon Rim), and the Basin and Range province in the south and west. Currently the Basin and Range extends from the Snake River plain in Idaho, through Nevada and Arizona, into Mexico.
Initially, crustal extension along a northeast-southwest axis was characterized by widespread normal faulting and fault-block rotation. Movement occurred along high-angle normal faults which at depth flattened into low-angle detachment faults (see figure below from Spencer and Reynolds). Displacement along these faults is several tens of kilometers. The present location of the Tucson Mountains is a direct result of this extension. (See Tucson Mountain Chaos) Later extension resulted in high-angle faults which bound our valleys and make some of the valleys as much as 15,000 feet deep to bedrock.
This extension sometimes made the life of geologists very interesting when exploring for porphyry copper deposits, because some of those deposits were cut and fanned out like a deck of cards. Finding all the pieces took some geologic detective work. For instance, the Twin Buttes mine, the Mission-Pima mine, and the San Xavier mine south of Tucson, together with buried mineralization between them, represent slices of a once-intact mineral deposit. The Sierrita mine, located on the opposite side of a major fault from the others is still intact.
Middle Cenozoic veins host gold, silver, and base-metal deposits. Copper-gold mineralization is associated with the detachment faults. Manganese and uranium deposits occur in the basins resulting from the extension.
Volcanic activity resumed 2- to 3 million years ago with eruption of basalt which produced flows and cinder cones. The rocks of the San Francisco volcanic field near Flagstaff, the Springerville-Show Low field, the San Bernardino field east of Douglas, and the Pinacate field in Mexico are examples of this episode.
The Grand Canyon was formed during the late Cenozoic. The Colorado River existed as long ago as 20 million years, but it flowed to the northeast across the Colorado Plateau. Crustal extension disrupted this flow pattern and caused the formation of several lakes similar to the Great Salt Lake (i.e., the lakes filled by interior flow from rivers that did not flow to the sea). As the Gulf of California opened, drainage into the Gulf gradually worked its way north and eventually "captured" the interior drainage of the Colorado River system. The lower river began its development about 5.5 mya; by 1.2 mya it was at its present grade in the western Grand Canyon.
Climate in the early Cenozoic continued to be hot and steamy, about 18 F warmer than today, even though atmospheric carbon dioxide had been decreasing for 80 million years due to coal formation in the Cretaceous. Around 55 mya, there was a sudden temperature spike that lasted for about 100,000 years. (That's geologically sudden, i.e., 10,000 years to form.) The spike is known as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). Data, derived from drill cores brought up from the deep seabed in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, show that the surface temperature of the planet rose by as much as 15 F over the already warm temperatures. The cause is controversial.
Carbon dioxide levels rose from 1000 ppm to 1700 ppm–more than four times higher than today's level of 385 ppm, but that rise began after the start of the temperature spike.
Isotopic analysis of carbon suggests that the culprit was methane, which is 65 times more powerful as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. There are two hypothesis as to the source of methane: microbially generated methane buried in sediments along the slopes of the continental shelves; and methane clathrates. Methane clathrates are crystalline structures of methane bound to water. They form at near freezing temperatures under high pressure. They are stable up to 64 F under high enough pressure. This form of methane exists along our coasts today, frozen in the sediment at low temperatures and high pressures. They are being investigated as a source of energy.
It is speculated that volcanism and tectonic disturbance released pressure that was holding the methane in clathrates or in sediments themselves. This "sudden" release of methane caused the temperature spike. (There is nothing to prevent this from happening again.)
After that temperature spike subsided, temperatures remained warm until about 34 mya. At that point the Antarctic ice sheet began to form. Temperatures continued to drop. About 2.6 mya, continental ice formed at lower latitudes and initiated the glacial epochs and interglacial periods of our current ice age. (I will write in detail about our ice age and its cosmic connection in a future blog.)
See other chapters in this series:
Precambrian, Early Paleozoic, Late Paleozoic, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous.
Throughout this series I have been using paleomap reconstructions of where continents have been. The continents are still moving. Here's where the continents might be 50 million years from now.
Shellito, Cindy, 2006, Catastrophe and Opportunity in an Ancient Hot-House Climate, Geotimes, October 2006.
In Arizona Geological Society Digest 17:
Lucchitta, Ivo, 1989 History of the Grand Canyon and of the Colorado River in Arizona.
Lynch, D.J., 1989, Neogene volcanism in Arizona.
Menges, C. M., 1989, Late Cenozoic Tectonism in Arizona and its impact on regional landscape evolution.
Scarborough, R., 1989, Cenozoic erosion and sedimentation in Arizona.
Spencer, J.E. and Reynolds, S.J., 1989, Middle Tertiary tectonics of Arizona and adjacent areas.
Spencer, J.E., and Welty, J.W., 1989, Mid-Tertiary ore deposits in Arizona.


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Garden of Athena is a planet of adventures among the ancient Greeks... but in the far future, with energy spears and Pulse shields. Experience science fiction with epic politics in the style of Frank Herbert's masterpiece, Dune, and epic battles to make all the Greek poets proud.
Nearby barbarian planets are subdued, mostly, and the city states are at the height of their power. Yet all ... [click here for more]


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First Shift: Redwoods, American Pie and Independence Day Lacrosse
What's up everybody? I hope everyone enjoyed the holiday weekend and celebrating the 4th. Surely it is one of the finest holidays to celebrate and always brings out the red, white, and blue in everyone. My holiday weekend was great. I spent some time in both Denver and LA; both cities get better each time I visit.
I left off last week's blog in San Francisco on a family vacation. My parents, my brother, and I did the tourist thing around the city because it was the first time there for each of us. (Side note: The Dragons play in San Jose, which is about 45 minutes south of San Fran; so I had never been to San Fran until last week.) Of course we saw the Golden Gate Bridge, Alcatraz, Fisherman's Wharf, a Giants-Cubs game right on the Bay and the Redwoods (picture below).


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Home >> Posts >> Amazine Amie, Bubbles, and Cubana Lust in Miami
Other than Another Bad Creation…I really can't think of a better ABC combination thant Amazin Amie, Bubbles, and Cubana Lust. Check out the flix from their party last week in Miami @ Sobe Live. There are alot of pix, so take your time.
Tags: Amie, Bubbles, Cubana Lust
This entry was posted on Sunday, August 9th, 2009 at 11:36 pm and is filed under Exclusive, Features, Updates. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
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OK, so you were tempted to look at this post because you thought you might see a topless typewriter writer. All right then, here you are:
Sunday, 10 June 2012
OK, so you were tempted to look at this post because you thought you might see a topless typewriter writer. All right then, here you are:
12 comments:
- Scott Kernaghan said...
Robert, I've decorated my house in a lot of Deco era stuff. This was as a result of previously living in a very, very Art deco apartment complex that it all beautifully matched.
I keep a very close eye on ebay - and a variety of other sites, and seeing this typewriter described as 'Art Deco', is hardly a surprise. Somehow a plate with floral decoration, often seems to be 'Art Deco'.
Needless to say I spotted that same Remington. Needless to say, I didn't hit the 'watch item' button.
They could try and justify it by claiming it as '80's deco revival', which means just about as much as describing something else as 'Eames era'. I.e. Not much.
God these are funny though. I too have seen some interesting listings on Trademe. That Hermes has been going for sometime now. Maybe I should get some NZ mates to rescue it for me. - 10 June 2012 15:25
- Rob Bowker said...
The Watchman has spoken! Such a shame there's no commentary box on eBay listings - it would then be as much fun as YouTube. The bit about not wanting to waste the ribbon is a cracker!
- 10 June 2012 22:12
- Bill M said...
Sometimes when I do not know what to do I entertain myself by reading Ebay typewriter postings and the silly things the sellers write.
A typewriter without a top? Well unless it is one I really need for a parts machine and it is dirt cheap, it would never get my bid.
I like the last one the best. - 11 June 2012 00:00
- Miguel Ángel Chávez Silva said...
And this also happens across the pond; Seen yesterday on MercadoLibre, an e-marketplace site equivalent to eBay: "For sale. Remington typewriter. Wooden case in good condition." Said Remington, a Quiet Riter by the looks of it, was completely naked - no outer frame, no side covers, no ribbon spool covers... but the case was made of wood! (like most cases back then... only they used to be covered in cloth or leather). Asking price: $1,200 mexican pesos, about 85 USD. And, to follow the trend, it's being sold as "antique, vintage typewriter."
- 11 June 2012 01:48
- Richard P said...
One doesn't know whether to laugh or weep.
- 11 June 2012 02:05
- shordzi said...
Would you be so kind to remove the ribbon spool cover on the last picture? This typewriter doesn't need one.
- 12 June 2012 04:55
I have an imperial 66 typewriter that has all the covers etc. Anyways, I grabbed it up off the side and the road and i'm hoping it will work. Any ideas where I would find ribbon for it?
Thanks very much
Narelle - 5 December 2012 15:40
- Robert Messenger said...
Are you in Australia? If so, Office Essentials stores are the best place to find Fullmark ribbons.
- 5 December 2012 16:32
- Amanda Butler said...
I myself have recently come across a typewriter. I have done a bit of web searching, and although I know nothing what so ever of typewtiters have come to this conclusion. The PINNOCK 200 made the peoples republic of china. Is a tippa???(what does this mean) from the late 70's - 80's. Just wondering what you know about this model. I was considering the options of keeping vs selling. I,m located in NSW. Do you think its worth anything or could be in the future?
- 31 December 2012 22:31
- Robert Messenger said...
I'm a bit intrigued here. Are you sure your Pinnock 200 was made in China? Pinnock is an Australian rebranding (by CFM in Victoria) usually of Japanese machines. It wouldn't be a Tippa. Tippas were originally made by an independent German company but were later made by Adler in Germany and then for Litton in Japan.
- 1 January 2013 22:36
After reading your reply I had another look at the machine. It does say made, in the peoples republic of china. Although its just a sticker?? So possibly not, I'm not sure why it would of been stuck on though?
Thanks for your reply and I must say that since researsching typewriter I have found some interesting infomation, especailly your blogs they are great! - 2 January 2013 21:07
- Robert Messenger said...
Amanda, your reply to my reply doesn't show up here for some reason. Anyway, yes, the Pinnock 200 is a Kofa, so China is doubtless the country of origin. There is plenty on the Kofa on Will Davis's website.
- 6 January 2013 18:37


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Strips of Stripes!
Traditional meets contemporary in these beautifully handwoven kente cushion covers.
Kente cloth is a traditional ceremonial cloth from Ghana (West Africa) - narrow strips of cloth are woven and then sewn together to form a large piece of cloth.
These multi-coloured kente cushions are a great example of how the traditional African colours of red, green, yellow have been incorporated into a modern design.


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Master of Science in Integrated Marketing Communications
A graduate program designed to prepare students for versatile careers in marketing communications, providing in-depth exposure to a variety of communications media.
ProGRAM Highlights
Leading organizations today are creating and managing their marketing communications in an integrated fashion, with coordination in terms of messages, positioning, and timing, all developed in support of overall organizational objectives. There is strong growth among agencies that deliver integrated solutions and among their client firms using those approaches. Our program will help the student prepare for a key role in such organizations.
A strong emphasis is placed on practical content in our courses. We make extensive use of real-world cases and utilize class discussion. Classes are highly participative and will help students develop their skills for working in a team-based, problem solving setting. Because classes are small, students get to know their classmates well, which enhances students' networks of colleagues. The team-based cooperative learning is emphasized equally in online courses as it is in on-campus classes. The public relations concentration can be completed only in person, in San Francisco. The general concentration can be completed in person and online.
Upon completion of the MS in Integrated Marketing Communications (general concentration), successful students will be able to:
- Obtain and apply insights into consumer behavior
- Develop a professional quality integrated marketing communications plan
- Write a comprehensive public relations plan
- Create a direct marketing plan using traditional and new direct marketing techniques
- Compile cost-effective marketing communications budgets
- Work effectively in teams
And be knowledgeable about:
- Marketing communications strategy and its implementation
- Identifying specific target markets for marketing communications
- Creating meaningful and credible messages for selected targets
- Effective use of sales promotions and sponsorships
- The role of personal selling and sales management
- Identifying and selecting cost-effective media and methods to reach selected targets including advertising, public relations, direct marketing, sales promotion, event marketing, cause sponsorship, personal selling, and new media.
The master of science degree in integrated marketing communications requires completion of 45 semester units in the foundation and advanced programs. Nine of those units are in the foundation program and can be satisfied at Golden Gate University, or through transfer credit from undergraduate or graduate courses completed at other accredited institutions. Students may be admitted to advanced program courses before completion of the entire foundation program, but must complete the foundation program by the time that 12 units have been earned in the advanced program. With the approval of the program director, students with sufficient backgrounds in the subjects covered by required courses may substitute other courses.
Graduate Writing Proficiency Requirement
Students admitted to the master of science in integrated marketing communications degree program must meet the graduate writing proficiency requirement within the first nine units of the program by successfully passing the Graduate Writing Proficiency Exam or by completing ENGL 201 (formerly ENGL 301) Graduate Writing with a grade of B or better.
Math Proficiency Requirement
Students admitted to this program are expected to possess a level of mathematical skill at least equivalent to Intermediate Algebra (MATH 20).
Ageno School of Business Courses: $2,610 per 3-unit course
Tuition varies for other courses. See Tuition & Fees for details.
This program is offered at the following locations: San Francisco , Online .
Student Success rates
Graduate Rate After 3 Years |
Graduate Rate After 5 Years |
Continuing After 5 Years |
Stopped Taking Classes |
75% | 75% | 0% | 25% |
*Fall 2005 starters to illustrate their success over a 5 year period.
Foundation Program — 9 units
Advanced Program — 36 units
Core Courses — 21 units
- Marketing Management (to be taken as part of the first six units of the advanced program)
- Managerial Analysis and Team Dynamics
- Integrated Marketing Communications
- Integrated Marketing Communications Strategy & Implementation (to be taken as part of the final nine units of the degree)
- Consumer Behavior
- Advertising Strategy
- Contemporary Public Relations
CONCENTRATION -- 15 units
Students choose either a General concentration or a Public Relations concentration.
General Integrated Marketing Communications Concentration — 15 units
A graduate degree concentration designed to give marketing students a wide exposure to the business of communication in marketing.
The field of integrated marketing communications is based largely on people-based marketing skills, including public relations. Our concentration teaches students the skills they need to pursue careers as account reps in Marketing/PR agencies; program/project managers in MarCom department; a publicist; a spokesperson; a social media strategist.
Required Courses — 15 units
Plus any two 300-level courses with MKT or PR prefix.Public Relations Concentration — 15 units
A dynamic graduate degree concentration designed to prime Marketing students for a career in public relations.
The public relations field is grounded in the ability to produce attention-grabbing collateral, according to a client's specifications, in a speedy manner. Our public relations concentration teaches students the skills they need to either produce or oversee the production of PR materials that are as impressive to businesses as they are to consumers. The concentration equips students with tools in a variety of marketing and PR strategies to plan, design, and execute their ideas for business success.
Required Courses — 15 units
- Writing for Public Relations and Marketing Communications
- Media Relations and the Professional Spokesperson
- Managing Public Issues Consumer Affairs and Government Relations
Plus any two 300-level courses with MKT or PR prefix.
Golden Gate University's instructors are what sets us apart from similar institutions. Most of our faculty are professionals working in their fields of expertise. They bring their firsthand experiences and knowledge to the classroom, incorporating cutting-edge practices from the business and legal communities.


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My subscription-based application is going to be written in Ruby on Rails; I have two routes I can go as far as billing is concerned:
I can use a hosted service that takes care of managing the subscriptions for me, such as Spreedly, Recurly, or Chargify. My understanding is that these services will handle all of the customer signup details, handle the month-to-month billing and make sure the money goes into my account.
I can purchase the SaaS RailsKit which seems to do the same thing except I'm responsible for setting it up myself; it provides the framework to talk to the payment gateway but nothing else.
Since this is my first ever startup and I'm fairly new to the idea, would I be better off "outsourcing" this capabilty to a company that knows what they're doing instead of trying to do it myself? The downside of course is that there is a monthly fee involved with using a hosted service, and this reduces my profit, but the additional features they provide may be worth the cost.
Any suggestions?


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Skip to content, or skip to search.
Skip to content, or skip to search.
His trademarking attempt has received a "preliminary no."
A growing coalition of restaurant workers renew a call for increased wages.
"The best ones are really gross."
Strips are now nuggets. And there's a fast-food version of a flourless chocolate cake.
Choose your adventure: gingerbread latte or Blue Moon?
More Subways, 7-Elevens, and a record number of Dunkin' Donuts shops. Awesome!
Fast-food workers are back at work, but the struggle is not over.
Workers are demanding, on average, a $7 increase in hourly pay, from $8 to $15.
The week ends with a sleazy story from down South.
The West Coast burger chain is setting up shop on Sixth Avenue this March.
Meeting Mitt is just like meeting Nicki Minaj.
Will we have to put the New York bodega on the endangered species list soon?


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Transform Terra-Cotta Flowerpots
Give inexpensive terra-cotta pots a total makeover with colorful house paint, gorgeous plants, and tips from the experts.
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12 Easy and Unique Christmas Wreaths
Set the stage for the holidays with a dozen pretty, festive wreaths you can make yourself. - 25 Ways to Deck Out Your Mantel
- Easy, Elegant Holiday Decorations
- 20 Festive Ideas for Front Entry Decorations
- Create a Winter Wonderland with Outdoor Lighting


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Feral Nature
Feral Nature : A place where those who identify as Otherkin, Therian, or any assortment of non-human beings can come together.
otherkin, feral, nature, therian, dragon, therianthropy, furry, nonhumanShadow of the Fallen Forum
Forum for all Shadow, Grigori, Fallen, and Otherkin
grigori, angel, shadow, otherkin, watchers, dragon, starseed, vampires, vampyres, weres, therian, shemyaza, azazel, fallen, angels, nephilim, chat, 2012
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A New Therian Threat....
Captain Newton looked out across the battlefield from her Firetoad to see the bunker they neeeded to capture only meters away. From behind her, her troops were ready to be deployed. She sends her Light Prince squad to recon with the Cobra M8 to feel out


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ViewSonic ViewPad 7 review
The ViewSonic ViewPad 7 delivers Android 2.2 on a swift 7-inch capacitive display. But it's not all it's cracked up to be. CNET's Donald Bell offers his full review.
One of the more intriguing underdogs of the tablet wars is ViewSonic--a company known more for computer monitors than portable computers.
But don't let the name put you off. The ViewPad 7, ViewSonic's $450 Android 2.2 premium tablet, is a legitimate contender among 7-inch tablets. Stocked with front and rear cameras and the full suite of Google mobile services (including Market), the ViewPad is … Read more


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Fastest Intel Processors
Many of your questions may have already been answered in earlier discussions or in the FAQ. The search results page will indicate current discussions as well as past list serves, articles, and papers.
. astroguy at bellsouth.netFri Jan 11 08:31:55 PST 2002
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-----Original Message----- From: . [mailto:astroguy at bellsouth.net] Sent: Friday, January 11, 2002 11:25 AM To: Rob Simac Subject: RE: Fastest Intel Processors Hi Rob, I really think this Ghz. goobly-gook is way over rated. I think, if you look more closley at the problem, the key to superior proformance is in the found in the actual construction or architecture of the processor. The Itanium, for example only runs at 733 Mghz but it has (on die) 2meg of cashe on the L-2... The Alpha, in its previous incarnation ran at only 233 but did 64 bit processing... Quite amazing actually. A friend wrote me that: "Red hat is working closely with Compaq to solidify its OS to the Alpha architecture"... I don't know for sure, first hand... But it is, of course, the next logical step, since FreeBSD, already provides a clean UNIX 64 bit processing code for the Alpha. -----Original Message----- From: beowulf-admin at beowulf.org [mailto:beowulf-admin at beowulf.org]On Behalf Of Rob Simac Sent: Friday, January 11, 2002 10:04 AM To: beowulf at beowulf.org Subject: Fastest Intel Processors What is the fastest Intel processors available to the public? Have the 2.0 Ghz been released? I have also heard rumors that the 2.0 Ghz has problems running with Red Hat 7.1. Has anyone else heard this? Ciao, Rob. ====================================================== Rob Simac -- Therma-Wave, Inc. -- rsimac at thermawave.com ====================================================== "Remember this, foolish mortals, when ye stare headlong into the mind-paralyzing void, the inky black nothingness of existence, the hellish yawning maw of the abyss -- it's pretty damn dark, so give it a few minutes for your eyes to adjust." Frank M. Carrano, Branford, Conn. (Bulwer-Lytton Writing Contest Runner-up) -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://www.scyld.com/pipermail/beowulf/attachments/20020111/f2c05f24/attachment.html
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text: As email becomes increasingly vital to business operations, companies must ensure that their hardware can support their ever-growing messaging workloads. This white paper explores the key requirements of Microsoft Exchange and tests the performance of various server configurations. Access the key findings from this comparative analysis and determine which platform is right for your enterprise.