text:
War of Currents
This article's introduction section may not adequately summarize its contents. (July 2013) |
In the War of Currents era (sometimes, War of the Currents or Battle of Currents) in the late 1880s, George Westinghouse and Thomas Edison became adversaries due to Edison's promotion of direct current (DC) for electric power distribution over alternating current (AC) advocated by several European companies [1] and Westinghouse Electric based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
During the initial years of electricity distribution, Edison's direct current was the standard for the United States, and Edison did not want to lose all his patent royalties.[2] Direct current worked well with incandescent lamps, which were the principal load of the day, and with motors. Direct-current systems could be directly used with storage batteries, providing valuable load-leveling and backup power during interruptions of generator operation. Direct-current generators could be easily paralleled, allowing economical operation by using smaller machines during periods of light load and improving reliability. At the introduction of Edison's system, no practical AC motor was available. Edison had invented a meter to allow customers to be billed for energy proportional to consumption, but this meter worked only with direct current. The transformation efficiency of the early open-core bipolar transformers was very low. Early AC systems used series-connected power distribution systems, with the inherent flaw that turning off a single lamp (or the disconnection of other electric device) affected the voltage supplied to all others on the same circuit.[3] The direct current system did not have these drawbacks as of 1882, giving it significant advantages.
Alternating current had first developed in Europe due to the work of Guillaume Duchenne (1850s), Ganz Works (1870s), Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti (1880s), Lucien Gaulard, and Galileo Ferraris.[citation needed]
The prototype of the high efficiency, closed core shunt connection transformer was made by the Hungarian "Z.B.D." team (composed of Károly Zipernowsky, Ottó Bláthy and Miksa Déri) at Ganz Works in the autumn of 1884.[4][5] The new Z.B.D. transformers were 3.4 times more efficient than the open core bipolar devices of Gaulard and Gibbs.[6] Transformers in use today are designed based on principles discovered by the three engineers.[7] Their patents included another major related innovation: the use of parallel connected (as opposed to series connected) power distribution.[8][9] Ottó Bláthy also invented the AC electricity meter to complete the competition of AC and DC technology.[10][11][12][13][14] The reliability of the AC technology received impetus after the Ganz Works electrified a large European metropolis: Rome in 1886.[15]
In North America one of the believers in the new technology was George Westinghouse. Westinghouse was willing to invest in the technology and hired William Stanley, Jr. to work on an AC distribution system using step up and step down transformers of a new design in 1886.[16] After Stanley left Westinghouse, Oliver Shallenberger took control of the AC project. In July 1888, George Westinghouse licensed Nikola Tesla's US patents for a polyphase AC induction motor and transformer designs and hired Tesla for one year to be a consultant at the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs.[17] Westinghouse purchased a US patent option on induction motors from Galileo Ferraris in an attempt to own a patent that would supersede Tesla's. But with Tesla's backers getting offers from another capitalist to license Tesla's US patents, Westinghouse concluded that he had to pay the rather substantial amount of money being asked to secure the Tesla license.[18] Westinghouse also acquired other patents for AC transformers from Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs.[19]
The "War of Currents" is often personified as Westinghouse vs. Edison.[citation needed] However, the "War of Currents" was much larger than that: It involved both American and European companies whose heavy investments in one current type or the other led them to hope that use of the other type would decline, such that their share of the market for "their" current type would represent greater absolute revenue once the decline of the other current type enabled them to expand their existing distribution networks.[20][not specific enough to verify][citation needed]
Electric power transmission[edit]
The competing systems[edit]
The DC distribution system consisted of generating plants feeding heavy distribution conductors, with customer loads (lighting and motors) tapped off them. The system operated at the same voltage level throughout; for example, 100 volt lamps at the customer's location would be connected to a generator supplying 110 volts, to allow for some voltage drop in the wires between the generator and load. The voltage level was chosen for convenience in lamp manufacture; high-resistance carbon filament lamps could be constructed to withstand 100 volts, and to provide lighting performance economically competitive with gas lighting. At the time it was felt that 100 volts was not likely to present a severe hazard of fatal electric shock.
To save on the cost of copper conductors, a three-wire distribution system was used. The three wires were at +110 volts, 0 volts and −110 volts relative potential. 100-volt lamps could be operated between either the +110 or −110 volt legs of the system and the 0-volt "neutral" conductor, which carried only the unbalanced current between the + and − sources. The resulting three-wire system used less copper wire for a given quantity of electric power transmitted, while still maintaining (relatively) low voltages. However, even with this innovation, the voltage drop due to the resistance of the system conductors was so high that generating plants had to be located within 1.6 km or so of the load. Higher voltages could not so easily be used with the DC system because there was no efficient low-cost technology that would allow reduction of a high transmission voltage to a low utilization voltage.
Since direct current could not easily be converted to higher or lower voltages, separate electrical lines had to be installed to supply power to appliances that used different voltages, for example, lighting and electric motors. This required more wires to lay and maintain, wasting money and introducing unnecessary hazards. These hazards, for example, proved fatal to a number of people in the Great Blizzard of 1888, with their deaths being attributed to collapsing overhead power lines in New York City.[21][22]
Edison considered the need for many local power plants in the direct current system more democratic. Each locale could build electrical plants to suit its need and would not have to rely on a large monopoly to supply electricity. The proponents of AC counter-argued that building a local plant would be too costly for rural areas, leaving them with no electrical supply at all.[23]
This section does not cite any references or sources. (December 2013) |
In the alternating current distribution system power could be transmitted more efficiently over long distances at high voltages, around ten times that of the loads, using lower current. For a given quantity of power transmitted via DC or AC, the wire cross-sectional area is inversely proportional to the voltage used. Alternatively, the allowable length of a circuit, given a wire size and allowable voltage drop, increases approximately with the square of the distribution voltage. With AC current, a transformer is used to down step the (relatively) high voltage to low voltages for use in homes and factories. This had—and still has—the practical significance that fewer, larger generating plants can serve the load in a given area. Large loads, such as industrial motors or converters for electric railway power, can be served by the same distribution network that fed lighting, by using a transformer with a suitable secondary voltage.
Transmission loss[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2013) |
The advantage of AC for distributing power over a distance is due to the ease of changing voltages using a transformer. Available electric power is the product of current × voltage at the load. For a given amount of power, a low voltage requires a higher current and a higher voltage requires a lower current. Since metal conducting wires have an almost fixed electrical resistance, some power will be wasted as heat in the wires. This power loss is given by Joule's first law and is proportional to the square of the current. Thus, if the overall transmitted power is the same, and given the constraints of practical conductor sizes, high-current, low-voltage transmissions will suffer a much greater power loss than low-current, high-voltage ones. This holds whether DC or AC is used.
Converting DC power from one voltage to another requires a large spinning rotary converter or motor-generator set, which was difficult, expensive, inefficient, and required maintenance, whereas with AC the voltage can be changed with simple and efficient transformers that have no moving parts and require very little maintenance. This was the key to the success of the AC system. Modern transmission grids regularly use AC voltages up to 765,000 volts.[24] Power electronic devices such as the mercury arc valve and thyristor made high-voltage direct current transmission practical by improving the reliability and efficiency of conversion between alternating and direct current, but such technology only became possible on an industrial scale starting in the 1960s.
Alternating-current transmission lines have losses that do not occur with direct current. Due to the skin effect, a conductor will have a higher resistance to alternating current than to direct current; the effect is measurable and of practical significance for large conductors carrying thousands of amperes. The increased resistance due to the skin effect can be offset by changing the shape of conductors from a solid core to a braid of many small (isolated) wires.[citation needed] However, total losses in systems using high-voltage transmission and transformers to reduce the voltage are very much lower than DC transmission at working voltage.
Current wars[edit]
Edison's publicity campaign[edit]
Edison carried out a campaign to discourage the use[25] of alternating current, including spreading disinformation on fatal AC accidents, publicly electrocuting animals, and lobbying against the use of AC in state legislatures. Edison directed his technicians, primarily Arthur Kennelly and Harold P. Brown,[26] to preside over several AC-driven killings of animals, primarily stray cats and dogs but also unwanted cattle and horses. [27] Acting on these directives, they were to demonstrate to the press that alternating current was more dangerous than Edison's system of direct current.[28] He also tried to popularize the term for being electrocuted as being "Westinghoused". Years after DC had lost the "war of the currents," in 1903, his film crew made a movie of the electrocution with high voltage AC, supervised by Edison employees, of Topsy, a Coney Island circus elephant which had recently killed three men.[29]
Edison opposed capital punishment, but his desire to disparage the use of alternating current led to the invention of the electric chair. Harold P. Brown, who was being secretly paid by Edison, built the first electric chair for the state of New York to promote the idea that alternating current was deadlier than DC.[30]
When the chair was first used, on August 6, 1890, the technicians on hand misjudged the voltage needed to kill the condemned prisoner, William Kemmler. The first jolt of electricity was not enough to kill Kemmler, and only left him badly injured. The procedure had to be repeated and a reporter on hand described it as "an awful spectacle, far worse than hanging." George Westinghouse commented: "They would have done better using an axe."[31]
Willamette Falls to Niagara Falls[edit]
In 1889, the first long distance transmission of DC electricity in the United States was switched on at Willamette Falls Station, in Oregon City, Oregon.[32] In 1890 a flood destroyed the Willamette Falls DC power station. This unfortunate event paved the way for the first long distance transmission of AC electricity in the world when Willamette Falls Electric company installed experimental AC generators from Westinghouse in 1890. That same year, the Niagara Falls Power Company (NFPC) and its subsidiary Cataract Company formed the International Niagara Commission composed of experts, to analyze proposals to harness Niagara Falls to generate electricity. The commission was led by Sir William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) and included Eleuthère Mascart from France, William Unwin from England, Coleman Sellers from the US, and Théodore Turrettini from Switzerland. It was backed by entrepreneurs such as J. P. Morgan, Lord Rothschild, and John Jacob Astor IV. Among 19 proposals, they even briefly considered compressed air as a power transmission medium, but preferred electricity. But they could not decide which method would be best overall.
International Electro-Technical Exhibition[edit]
The International Electro-Technical Exhibition of 1891 featured the long distance transmission of high-power, three-phase electric current. It was held between 16 May and 19 October on the disused site of the three former "Westbahnhöfe" (Western Railway Stations) in Frankfurt am Main. The exhibition featured the first long distance transmission of high-power, three-phase electric current, which was generated 175 km away at Lauffen am Neckar. It successfully operated motors and lights at the fair.
When the exhibition closed, the power station at Lauffen continued in operation, providing electricity for the administrative capital, Heilbronn, making it the first place to be equipped with three-phase AC power.
Many corporate technical representatives (including E.W. Rice of Thomson-Houston Electric Company, what became General Electric) attended.[33] The technical advisors and representatives were impressed.
AC deployment at Niagara[edit]
In 1893, NFPC was finally convinced by George Forbes to award the contract to Westinghouse, and to reject General Electric and Edison's proposal. Work began in 1893 on the Niagara Falls generation project: power was to be generated and transmitted as alternating current, at a frequency of 25 Hz to minimize impedance losses in transmission (changed to 60 Hz in the 1950s).
Some doubted that the system would generate enough electricity to power industry in Buffalo. Tesla was sure it would work, saying that Niagara Falls could power the entire eastern United States. When finished, the first Niagara River hydraulic tunnel would have a capacity to develop 75 MW.[34] None of the previous polyphase alternating current transmission demonstration projects were on that scale of power:
- The Lauffen-Neckar demonstration in 1891 had the capacity of 225 kW
- Westinghouse successfully used AC in the commercial Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant in 1891 at 75 kW (Single phase)
- The Chicago World's Fair in 1893 exhibited a complete 11,000 kW polyphase generation and distribution system with multiple generators, installed by Westinghouse [35]
- Almirian Decker designed a three-phase 250 kW AC system at Mill Creek California in 1893 [36]
On November 16, 1896, electrical power was transmitted to industries in Buffalo from the hydroelectric generators at the Edward Dean Adams Station at Niagara Falls. The generators were built by Westinghouse Electric Corporation using Tesla's AC system patent. The nameplates on the generators bore Tesla's name. To appease the interests of General Electric, they were awarded the contract to construct the transmission lines to Buffalo using the Tesla patents.[37]
Competition outcome[edit]
As a result of the successful field trial in the International Electro-Technical Exhibition of 1891, three-phase current, as far as Germany was concerned, became the most economical means of transmitting electrical energy.
In 1892, General Electric formed and immediately invested heavily in AC power (at this time Thomas Edison's opinions on company direction were muted by President Coffin and the GE board of directors). Westinghouse was already ahead in AC, but it only took a few years for General Electric to catch up, mainly thanks to Charles Proteus Steinmetz, a Prussian mathematician who was the first person to fully understand AC power from a solid mathematical standpoint. General Electric hired many talented new engineers to improve its design of transformers, generators, motors and other apparatus.[38]
In Europe, Siemens & Halske became the dominant force. Three phase 60 Hz at 120 volts became the dominant system in North America while 220-240 volts at 50 Hz became the standard in Europe.
Alternating current power transmission networks today provide redundant paths and lines for power routing from any power plant to any load center, based on the economics of the transmission path, the cost of power, and the importance of keeping a particular load center powered at all times. Generators (such as hydroelectric sites) can be located far from the loads.
Remnant and existent DC systems[edit]
Some cities continued to use DC well into the 20th century. In central Helsinki, there was a DC network in existence up until the late 1940s, and in the 1960s, Stockholm's dwindling DC network was eliminated.[39] A mercury arc valve rectifier station could convert AC to DC where networks were still used. In 1942, the Greenwich Village neighborhood in New York City used DC.[40] Parts of Boston, Massachusetts along Beacon Street and Commonwealth Avenue still used 110 volts DC in the 1960s, causing the destruction of many small appliances (typically hair dryers and phonographs) used by Boston University students, who ignored warnings about the electricity supply.[41] New York City's electric utility company, Consolidated Edison, continued to supply direct current to customers who had adopted it early in the twentieth century, mainly for elevators.[39] The New Yorker Hotel, constructed in 1929, had a large direct-current power plant and did not convert fully to alternating-current service until well into the 1960s.[42] This was the building in which AC pioneer Nikola Tesla spent his last years, and where he died in 1943. In January 1998, Consolidated Edison started to eliminate DC service.[39] At that time there were 4,600 DC customers. By 2006, there were only 60 customers using DC service, and on November 14, 2007, the last direct-current distribution by Con Edison was shut down.[39][43] Customers still using DC were provided with on-site AC-to-DC rectifiers. The city of San Francisco, California featured a DC power grid to supply power for pre-1940s winding-drum elevators.[44] Around the end of 2010, the DC grid was divided into 171 separate islands with each island supplying 7 to 10 customers.[44]
The Central Electricity Generating Board in the UK continued to maintain a 200 volt DC generating station at Bankside Power Station on the River Thames in London as late as 1981. It exclusively powered DC printing machinery in Fleet Street, then the heart of the UK's newspaper industry. It was decommissioned later in 1981 when the newspaper industry moved into the developing docklands area farther down the river (using modern AC-powered equipment). The building was converted into an art gallery, the Tate Modern.
Electric railways that use a third-rail system generally employ DC power between 500 and 750 volts; railways with overhead catenary lines use a number of power schemes including both high-voltage AC and high-current DC.
High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems are used for bulk transmission of energy from distant generating stations, or for interconnection of separate alternating current systems. These HVDC systems use electronic devices like mercury arc valves, thyristors, or IGBTs that were unavailable during the War of Currents era. Power is converted to and from alternating current at each side of the HVDC link. An HVDC system can transmit more power over a given right-of-way than an AC system, which is an advantage in overall cost. HVDC systems allow better control of power flows in transient and emergency conditions, which helps prevent blackouts. HVDC is an alternative to AC systems for long-distance, high-load transmission, see List of HVDC projects for example projects.
DC power is still common when distances are small, and especially when energy storage or conversion uses batteries or fuel cells. These applications include:
- Electronics, including integrated circuits, high-power transmitters and computers
- Vehicle starting, lighting, and ignition systems
- Hybrid and all-electric vehicle propulsion with internal power-supply
- Telecommunication plant power (wired and cellular mobile)
- Uninterruptible power for computer systems
- Utility-scale battery systems
- "Off-grid" isolated power installations using wind or solar power
In these applications, direct current may be used directly or converted to alternating current using power electronic devices. In the future, this may provide a way to supply energy to a grid from distributed sources. For example, hybrid vehicle owners may rent the capacity of their vehicle's batteries for load-levelling purposes by the local electrical utility company.
DC in data centers[edit]
A computer data center may have hundreds or thousands of processors in operation. Since such centers typically are vital to the operation of a business or institution, they require highly reliable power distribution. The energy consumed by a data center is a significant part of its operation cost, and heat dissipated by power supplies must be removed by air conditioning equipment, resulting in additional energy consumption. Studies by the Electric Power Research Instititute (EPRI) have suggested[citation needed] that the multiple levels of power distribution in a data center can be replaced by a 380 volt DC distribution system. Multiple levels of AC transformation and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) can instead be replaced by a building-wide 380 volt DC system connected directly to the processor power supplies. A minimum of 7 or 8% annual energy consumption can be saved by eliminating the multiple stages of conventional AC power distribution. A great increase in reliability can also result, since the inverter output stages of UPS are the source of many data center failures. The 380 V building DC network could be directly connected to batteries to provide uninterruptible power. A local DC microgrid could also offset utility energy purchase with local generation from solar panels, wind turbines, or other distributed generation sources.
The 380 volt level was selected because it greatly reduces the size of conductors compared with a 48 volt distribution system (the standard in the telecommunications industry.) The system would be operated with a split supply, at +190 V and -190V with respect to ground, to minimize the shock hazard to people. The 380 volt level is compatible with the typical ratings of components now used in computer power supplies. [45]
See also[edit]
- ^ AC Power History: http://www.edisontechcenter.org/AC-PowerHistory.html
- ^ McNichol, Tom (2006). AC/DC: the savage tale of the first standards war. John Wiley and Sons. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-7879-8267-6.
- ^ Friedrich Uppenborn: History of the transformer (1889)
- ^ Halacsy, A. A.; Von Fuchs, G. H. (April 1961). "Transformer Invented 75 Years Ago". IEEE Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers 80 (3): 121–125. doi:10.1109/AIEEPAS.1961.4500994. Retrieved Feb. 29, 2012.
- ^ http://www.omikk.bme.hu/archivum/angol/htm/blathy_o.htm
- ^ Jeszenszky, Sándor. "Electrostatics and Electrodynamics at Pest University in the Mid-19th Century". University of Pavia. Retrieved Mar.3, 2012.
- ^ Nagy, Árpád Zoltán (Oct. 11, 1996). "Lecture to Mark the 100th Anniversary of the Discovery of the Electron in 1897 (preliminary text)". Budapest. Retrieved July 9, 2009.
- ^ "Hungarian Inventors and Their Inventions". Institute for Developing Alternative Energy in Latin America. Retrieved Mar. 3, 2012.
- ^ "Bláthy, Ottó Titusz". Budapest University of Technology and Economics, National Technical Information Centre and Library. Retrieved Feb. 29, 2012.
- ^ Eugenii Katz. "Blathy". People.clarkson.edu. Archived from the original on June 25, 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
- ^ Ricks, G.W.D. This paper appears in: Electrical Engineers, Journal of the Institution of Issue Date: March 1896 Volume: 25 Issue: 120 On page(s): 57 - 77 Digital Object Identifier: 10.1049/jiee-1.1896.0005
- ^ The Electrical engineer, Volume 5. (February, 1890)
- ^ The Electrician, Volume 50. 1923
- ^ Official gazette of the United States Patent Office: Volume 50. (1890)
- ^ "Ottó Bláthy, Miksa Déri, Károly Zipernowsky". IEC Techline. Retrieved Apr. 16, 2010.
- ^ Great Barrington Historical Society, Great Barrington, Massachusetts
- ^ John W. Klooster, Icons of Invention: The Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to Gates, page 305
- ^ Jill Jonnes, Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to Electrify the World, Edison Declares War
- ^ Crane, Frank (2003). George Westinghouse: His Life and Achievements, 1925. Kessinger Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-7661-6705-6.
- ^ Deutsches Museum
- ^ Some companies had their DC lines in that city buried underground for safety, but many lines still ran overhead.
- ^ Untitled Document
- ^ H. W. Brands, Reckless Decade. Page 50.
- ^ Donald G. Fink and H. Wayne Beaty, Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, Eleventh Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1978, ISBN 0-07-020974-X, chapter 14, page 14-3 "Overhead power transmission"
- ^ Brandon, C. (1999). The electric chair: an unnatural American history. Page 72. (cf. "Edison and his captains embarked on a no-holds-barred smear campaign designed to discredit AC as too dangerous [...]"
- ^ Brown and Edison's letters, as well as Brown and Kennelly's letters, indicate Brown was taking weekly directions from Edison's company. For more see, Brandon, C. (1999). The electric chair: an unnatural American history. Page 70.
- ^ Brandon, C. (1999). The electric chair: an unnatural American history. Page 77
- ^ Brandon, C. (1999). The electric chair: an unnatural American history. Page 9 (cf. "When New York began testing its new electric chair on dogs, cats, cattle and horses in 1889 it invited reporters to witness the instant death that results".)
- ^ Electrocuting an Elephant
- ^ Death and Money - The History of the Electric Chair
- ^ Tom McNichol, AC/DC: the savage tale of the first standards war, John Wiley and Sons, 2006 ISBN 0-7879-8267-9, p. 125
- ^ [1]
- ^ The Schenectady Museum
- ^ Number 25: Water resources of the state of New York, part II. Water Supply Paper. Washington, USA: United States Geological Survey. 1899. pp. 139–142. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
- ^ Robert L. Bradley, Jr. Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political StrategiesJohn Wiley & Sons, 2011 ISBN 1-118-19251-6
- ^ http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Mill_Creek_No._1_Hydroelectric_Plant,_1893 Mill Creek No. 1 Hydroelectric Plant, retrieved 2012 Jan 4
- ^ Berton, P. (1997). Niagara: a history of the Falls. Page 163. (cf., As a form of compromise, General Electric was given the contract to build the transmission and distribution lines to Buffalo, using the Tesla patents.)
- ^ The General Electric Story by the Hall of History
- ^ a b c d "A/C BUT NO D/C: LAST CON EDISON DIRECT CURRENT CUSTOMER IS HISTORY". Con Edison. 2007-11-14. Retrieved 2013-01-20.
- ^ Claiborne, Robert (2001), Loose Cannons, Red Herrings, and Other Lost Metaphors, W.W. Norton & Company, p. 22
- ^ de Weck, Olivier L.; Roos, Daniel; Magee, Christopher L. (2011), Engineering Systems: Meeting Human Needs in a Complex Technological World, MIT Press, p. 78, retrieved 2013-05-23
- ^ Tom Blalock, Powering the New Yorker: A Hotel's Unique Direct Current System, in IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, Jan/Feb 2006
- ^ Lee, Jennifer (2007-11-14). "Off Goes the Power Current Started by Thomas Edison". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-01-20.
- ^ a b Fairley, Peter (2012). "San Francisco's Secret DC Grid". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
- ^ IEEE Power and Energy Magazine November/December 2012
Further reading[edit]
- Berton, Pierre (1997). Niagara: a history of the Falls. New York: Kodansha International.
- Beyer, Rick (2003). The greatest stories never told: 100 tales from history to astonish, bewilder, & stupefy. New York: HarperResource. Pages 122 - 123.
- Bordeau, Sanford P. (1982). Volts to Hertz—the rise of electricity: from the compass to the radio through the works of sixteen great men of science whose names are used in measuring electricity and magnetism. Minneapolis, Minn: Burgess Pub. Co.
- Brandon, Craig (1999). The Electric Chair: An Unnatural American History. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co.
- Brands, Henry William (1995). The reckless decade: America in the 1890s. New York: St. Martin's Press.
- Cheney, Margaret, Uth, Robert, & Glenn, Jim (1999). Tesla, master of lightning. New York: MetroBooks.
- Conot, Robert, A Streak of Luck: The Life and Legend of Thomas Alva Edison. New York: Seaview Books,
- Dobson, K., & Roberts, M. D. (2002). Physics: teacher resource pack. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes.
- Dommermuth-Costa, C. (1994). Nikola Tesla: a spark of genius. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Co.
- Edquist, Charles, Hommen, Leif, & Tsipouri, Lena J. (2000). Public technology procurement and innovation. Economics of science, technology, and innovation, v. 16. Boston: Kluwer Academic.
- The Electrical Engineer, "A new system of alternating current motors and transformers". (1884). London: Biggs & Co. Pages 568 - 572.
- The Electrical Engineer, "Practical electrical problems at Chicago". (1884). London: Biggs & Co. Pages 458 - 459, 484 - 485, and 489 - 490.
- Foster, Abram John (1979). The coming of the electrical age to the United States. New York: Arno Press.
- Mats Fridlund & Helmut Maier, The second battle of the currents: a comparative study of engineering nationalism in German and Swedish electric power, 1921-1961.
- Hughes, Thomas Parke (1983). Networks of power: electrification in Western society, 1880-1930. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Tom McNichol AC/DC: the savage tale of the first standards war,John Wiley and Sons, 2006 ISBN 0-7879-8267-9
- Munson, Richard (2005). From Edison to Enron: the business of power and what it means for the future of electricity. Westport, Conn: Praeger Publishers.
- Reynolds, Terry S., and Bernstein, Theodore. "Edison and the Chair," IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, March 1989, pp. 19–28.
- Seifer, Marc J. (1998). Wizard: the life and times of Nikola Tesla : biography of a genius. Secaucus, N.J.: Carol Pub.
- Silverberg, Robert, Light for the World, Edison and the Electric Power Industry. Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1967, pp. 229–243.
- Scholnick, Robert J. (1992). American literature and science. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. Pages 157 - 171.
- Schurr, Sam H., Burwell, Calvin C., Devine, Warren D., Sonenblum, Sidney (1990). Electricity in the American economy: agent of technological progress. Contributions in economics and economic history, no. 117. New York: Greenwood Press.
- Walker, James Blaine (1949). The epic of American industry. New York: Harper.
- Westinghouse Electric Corporation, "Electric power transmission patents; Tesla polyphase system. (Transmission of power; polyphase system; Tesla patents)
- Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company, Collection of Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company contracts, Pittsburgh, Pa.
External links[edit]
- Thomas Edison Hates Cats - AC vs DC an online video mini-history.
- War of the Currents. PBS.


text:
25 CFR 43.23 - Conduct of employees.
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§ 43.23
Conduct of employees.
Employees whose duties require handling of student records shall, at all times, take care to protect the integrity, security, and confidentiality of these records.
No employee of the educational institution may disclose student records unless disclosure is permitted under § 43.14 or made to the parent of the student or eligible student to whom the record pertains.
Alteration or destruction is properly undertaken in the course of the employee's regular duties, or
Title 25 published on 2011-04-01
no entries appear in the Federal Register after this date.
This is a list of United States Code sections, Statutes at Large, Public Laws, and Presidential Documents, which provide rulemaking authority for this CFR Part.
This list is taken from the Parallel Table of Authorities and Rules provided by GPO [Government Printing Office].
It is not guaranteed to be accurate or up-to-date, though we do refresh the database weekly. More limitations on accuracy are described at the GPO site.

subset: commoncrawl


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Paris Nord Villepinte nea
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Hotel restaurant
In addition to a restaurant, Campanile Villepinte features a garden. Other amenities include tour/ticket assistance and free parking.
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All guestrooms include complimentary TV Internet access.
Hotel Amenities
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- Area shuttle (surcharge)
- Internet
Available in all rooms: Free Wi-Fi
Available in some public areas: Free Wi-Fi
- Parking
Free parking
- Room Amenities
- Bathtub or shower
- Desk
- Premium bedding
- Window opens
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Direct-dial phone
- Cable TV service
- Flat-panel TV
- Free Wi-Fi
- Access via exterior corridors
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Makeup/shaving mirror
- Phone
- Private bathroom
- Complimentary toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Daily housekeeping
- Air conditioning
- Dining
Campanile Villepinte has a restaurant on site. br/ The Restaurant is open every day, the breakfast is served from 6:30 to 9:00, the lunch from 12:00 to 14:00 and the dinner from 19:00 to 22:00. br/ A breakfast buffet including fresh fruit and pastries is served each morning and the Restaurant serves regional cuisine with a starter and dessert buffet. Guests can also relax in the bar. br/
- Recreation
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Golfing nearby
- Tennis nearby
- Accessibility
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible bathroom
- Accessible parking
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
Policies & Fees
- Check-in
Check-in time starts at 1 PM
Check-in time ends at 11 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Reception is available until 11 PM. Guests who require after-hours check-in must make arrangement in advance using the telephone number provided on the confirmation notice.
- Check-out
Check-out time is noon
- Payment types
Accepted at this hotel: American Express, Diners Club, MasterCard, Visa
- Pets
Pets allowed, Pet maximum weight in kg is 10
- General
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- Fees
- Unless otherwise indicated, the charges below are not included in the overall room price. If not included in the overall room price, they will be charged by the property at check-in or check-out. Charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book. This property told us they will charge you for the following:
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 0.99 per person, per night
We have included all charges provided to us by the property. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.- Breakfast fee: EUR 9.50 for adults and EUR 4.75 for children (approximately)
- Pet fee: EUR 5 per pet, per night
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
National Rating
- Details
This hotel has received its official star rating from the French Tourism Development Agency, ATOUT France.


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You're watching...
Edwards mistress shares steamy affair details
Rielle Hunter's new memoir gives inside look at infamous affair, her thoughts on disgraced senator's late wife
Jun 20, 2012
You're watching...
Rielle Hunter's new memoir gives inside look at infamous affair, her thoughts on disgraced senator's late wife
Jun 20, 2012
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Ashley to bargain with today's box for one on dot com entertainment news around that.
Just two weeks after John Edwards campaign finance fraud case and -- in this trial.
His mistress is diving into -- tale with her own tell all book.
The book is called what really happened John Edwards our daughter and me as the New York Post reports real hunter describes her first friends.
With the former senator and calls it quote the most extraordinary night of her life.
She recaps what she says they spoke about on the phone.
And also goes on to blast Edwards late wife Elizabeth who was suffering from breast cancer at the time and their marriage we have more on line.
In other news we also have him card -- again.
-- everything episode of her.
She says that she's forty doesn't have kids and -- married she would have a baby artificially inseminated.
That's where she connects the dots though ironically episode aired after her sit down with Oprah where she talks about being on birth control since the age of fourteen.
And folks do you remember her -- small screen debut on tape fellow.
Moving on to our final story we explore the mashup that is Abraham Lincoln vampire hunter.
As box or -- sits down with the cast and crew of the three east side by far action flick.
Including its producer Tim Burton to see where this read -- piece of history came round.
Just heard it something in my brain kind of exploded it is just made me wanna see edit.
I think is probably because it was.
It reminded me of the movie I would accountancy when I was a kid he's just too weird triple features of weird monster movies -- -- get mixed up in your mind.
I -- more -- Burton and team as they hope to slay the box office this weekend you're up to speed with the -- our line line.
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Press Interview: Dadi Hriday Mohini During the Platinum Jubilee celebrations of the Brahma Kumaris in Chennai, India, Dadi Hridaya Mohini, Addl. Chief of the Brahma Kumaris, was interviewed by B Sivakumar of Times Of India for Speaking Tree, on how to make the mind our best friend. More.... Traffic Jam Of Thoughts With powers of purity, peace and love, we are able to fly above all obstacles and adverse situations. Relationship with "GOD" Meditation has been described as the process in which I listen to God. In contrast to that, prayer is sometimes described as the process when I speak to God. To speak to God is very important, but it is also important to let the mind become quiet, stable and open to receive whatever God wishes to say to me. More.... Understanding the Law of Karma Silence is the true retreat. Coping with Negativity Managing Thoughts Illness: Spiritual Causes, Spiritual Cures |


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JBS Australia is a division of JBS, Brazil's largest multinational in the food sector, and the world's largest meat company.
JBS, a family owned company, exports to more than 110 countries and attributes its success worldwide to ensuring that all its facilities and processes are fully compliant with the demanding international market.
In Australia, JBS Australia has an extensive presence along the eastern seaboard, with operations including 11 meat processing plants and 5 feedlots.
JBS Australia has a number of brands that have strong domestic and global recognition, including AMH, King Island Beef, Royal, Swift Premium and Tasmanian Premium Beef.


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Could taking a GH enhancer such as L-DOPA or GABA along with diphenhydramine possibly work against the GH blunting effects that it has? I found this study, but I'm not really smart enough to know what it is saying.
To elucidate further the role of histamine in pituitary regulation, TRH and L-DOPA stimulation tests were performed with and without diphenhydramine, cimetidine, or betazole pre-treatment. Betazole blunted the GH response to L-DOPA and slightly enhanced the T3 response to TRH without altering the TSH or PRL increments. Neither diphenhydramine nor cimetidine had any acute effect on the hormonal responses examined. Histamine appears to play only a limited role in these aspects of human pituitary regulation.


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Thanks to Ion and all the staff at Txoko Goxoa for making our stay so special. We were treated amazingly well during our stay in Hondarribia. The Location of the Hotel is fantastic in the heart of the old medieval town. The room was tidy and the bed was very comfortable. But it was the staff that made of so... More
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- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com and Priceline so you can book your Txoko Goxoa reservations with confidence. We help millions of travellers each month to find the perfect hotel for both holiday and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


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InteRACT News
Crossing the Border to a Place Called Hope: Dalhousie University speech program attracts brain injury patients from around globe
Article & Video: Chronicle Herald,
June 15, 2012
The Gray Beyond: A Family Copes After Tragedy
The Washington Post visits the School of Human Communication's Disorder's InteRACT Aphasia Clinic to document the experience of Thomas Maslin, who's working to regain his speech after a brutal assault on Capitol Hill last August.
July 27, 2013
Article with video:The Washington Post
- What to know more about aphasia?
Visit our Links page for more information about aphasia and stroke related research.
- Communication Strategies and Tips
View our helpful strategies and tips to assist when communicating with someone who has aphasia.
- How to Support us
Make a donation to help support the InteRACT program. Your financial support can help someone with aphasia say, "I love you" again.
- Like us on Facebook!
Visit the InteRACT facebook page


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Mens Leather Blazer
ITEM: 2007 It starts with our soft lambskin leather blazer featuring an antique weathered finish.Wear it alone, or with its removable quilted nylon insert with knit stand-up collar for a more casual look. Streamlined fit with a slightly tapered waist and narrower shoulders. Three-button styling. Two outside button flap pockets and leather trimmed pockets inside. Poly satin lining. Imported. Leather clean. COLOR: Brown. AVAILABLE SIZES:* SHORT (36-42) REGULAR (38-48) TALL (40-46)Learn MoreRegular Price: $299.99
Special Price: $149.99


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RIT holding town hall meetings for Center for Urban Entrepreneurship
Posted at: 01/30/2013 6:45 AM | Updated at: 01/30/2013 6:47 AM
RIT is asking for the community's help to develop a plan for its new downtown campus that will open this fall. It's called the Center for Urban Entrepreneurship.
RIT's E. Philip Saunders College of Business is hosting two town hall meetings to hear your feedback on what the Center needs and how it can provide a boost for area businesses.
The town hall meetings will be held at 5:30 p.m. Wednesday and 8 a.m. Thursday at the 40 Franklin Street facility.
Have a story you want our news team to investigate? Call us at 585-232-1010, click here to send us an e-mail or leave us a Facebook post or tweet.
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You're watching...
Cigna CEO: Premiums Will Indeed Go Up
Cigna Corporation CEO David Cordani on the impact of the health-care law on consumers' health-care costs.
Jun 28, 2012
You're watching...
Cigna Corporation CEO David Cordani on the impact of the health-care law on consumers' health-care costs.
Jun 28, 2012
Also in this playlist...
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Meanwhile this Fox Business alert here -- the financial fallout from there's a lot of help -- stocks were down after that ruling came down -- you know David -- -- -- what's really going up here.
This was a bit of a mystery to me David because.
One way out of premiums go up right I mean that the argument cynically was that if this didn't go through May be they could have gone up a lot more.
But there's still gonna go up aren't -- so why -- the stocks added to the degree they -- -- premiums will indeed go up there's a lot of forces causing that first off the aging of the population the health status and now there's some additional cost brought to this this system.
I think the the market was volatile today the market will shake itself out and companies like Cigna were focus on.
Improving health both here in the US sizzled outside the US will -- just fine in the marketplace -- People save money in the end though with this -- I mean I've heard arguments for and against.
That this is now -- a couple years baked into the cake from when this first came about -- the final vote.
And -- a lot of people see the roll out they see vivid the good part first about the kids covered about preexisting conditions covered.
They like it they don't really see the cost that are gonna hit them you know what demand below on their head beginning next year but by and large.
People are sanguine about it to -- -- that.
I don't buy that I think people are taking in all the change a lot of changes -- -- in the country.
And we have to step back and recognize that individuals employers and governments are confronting an affordability problem is you're talking about earlier in your show.
I think that's what's confronting individuals and they recognize that with health challenges and affordability problem things need to change so.
Individuals and employers are more open to new solutions that actually focus on keeping people healthy lowering health risks and making sure people get the best possible care.
That's the conversation that we need to shift over to now as we move forward after the Supreme Court outcome.
I think there's something more market on going on here did and I don't mean to sound like -- a card carrying member of that the black helicopter.
Drone crowd -- call it I think there is a concerted effort to eventually.
Phase out health insurance companies and a sort of a -- behind the scenes to -- is sort of it it -- you guys spend and and because there is a view among liberals that you guys make a bad situation worse.
We could -- penalize them enough would premium increases and what they cover that the government slowly takes over what they're doing.
Game over their over would be -- Well if you look -- systems around the world's typically systems around the world.
Even where there is a single Payer system there is a vibrant private system.
So there are no systems around the world that are able to suffice everybody's needs of the -- more at this point.
You out I think they are gonna -- you -- -- -- united they're gonna you're not a paranoid and it is young -- -- to those -- law.
And I think they are you're saying.
They're not gonna get there well.
Know from our point of view looking if you're -- his lines.
Our responsibility is to make sure we're delivering the best possible value service and care for our customers.
And so long as -- innovating along with our physician partners and delivering a strong value to our customers by helping to improve health.
Helping to elevate childhood immunizations.
-- -- cancer screenings and delivering the value we will have a place.
If we are already saying he should still company that is if you could still do that editors and -- -- absolutely Neill absolutely and there's enough room in the marketplace today for us to be able to do so.
But really what the pressure is is for private insurer to be able innovate.
Partner with physicians and be able to deliver good service and Cigna is demonstrating that we can do that we're growing we added seven per -- more customers in 2012.
By focusing on the health improvement message and actually delivering good services with our physicians.
David predominant in Miami thank you good seeing you again.
Thanks --
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The Division of Emergency Medical Operations, Office of Trauma certified on as of July 1st, 2010, Lawnwood's Treasure Coast Trauma Center Provisional Level II will begin operating as an official state-certified Level 2 Trauma Center. Since May 2009, The Treasure Coast Trauma Center was under a provisional status, pending state inspections and surveys.
"I want to thank the nurses, staff, physicians, and all involved from the ER to Outpatient-- all the personnel at Lawnwood that made this happen," said CEO Rodney Smith, "We know it was a 3-year journey from start to finish, and would not be possible without all of you at Lawnwood. I also wish to thank the State for their expertise and guidance in helping us to achieve this status. For the community, they can take comfort in the fact we know 89% of our patients are coming right here from the local community, instead of being transferred an hour away for care via trauma helicopter, serving them faster, within the golden hour to save lives."
"Passing the survey is an honor for this hospital. The big difference is the hospital is not just an emergency room, this is a trauma center. As a trauma center we have 24-hour availablility of a lot of specialists we did not have before," said Trauma Program Director Tom Ellison, "it increases the level of care for every patient that comes through our doors."
"It's elevated the quality for care for all patients because our nurses are so well-trained and are competent to manage anything that comes through the door from arrival to discharge," said Brenda Dupree, Chief Nursing Officer at Lawnwood Regional.
Lawnwood Regional Medical Center and Heart Institute's Treasure Coast Trauma Center receives traumatically injured patients from St.Lucie, Indian River, Okeechobee, and Martin counties. Patients are brought by air and by ground to Lawnwood's Treasure Coast Trauma Center for care by the specialized Trauma Team. This team includes Trauma / Critical Care Surgeons, Trauma Orthopedic Surgeons, Neurosurgeons, Plastic Surgeons, and 18-plus specialized physicians including more than 100 trauma-specialty trained nurses. On March 29, 2010, the Treasure Coast Trauma Center underwent an intensive Site Survey administered by the Florida Department of Health to demonstrate compliance with the strict regulations set forth for trauma centers. After successful completion of this Site Survey, The Treasure Coast Trauma Center will now be a permanent Verified Level II Trauma Center to serve all residents in the region beginning July 1st.
A Trauma Center differs from a typical emergency department in that it is equipped to provide specialized, comprehensive emergency medical services to patients suffering traumatic injuries. A key component is having a trauma surgeon at the patient's bedside within minutes after notification of the arrival of a patient judged to be in need of rapid assessment of injuries, which is a critical factor in successful treatment. The Trauma Surgeon is the captain of a Trauma Team that is rapidly assembled before the patient arrives. EMS triages patients according to the seriousness of their injuries, and transports the most seriously injured to Lawnwood's Treasure Coast Trauma Center. The specialized training, experience, and skills of the center's surgeons, physicians, nurses, and staff have been responsible for saving more than 900 lives and hastening patient recoveries at every stage of the process.
To contact the trauma department, call (772) 461-4000 and ask an operator to transfer you.
Additional Information
- Our Trauma Team
- Our Surgeons
- About the Department Director
- Trauma Prevention Tips
- Read the Trauma Center press release
- Lawnwood Regional Medical Center Trauma Care Fact Sheet
- USF Health & HCA Trauma Care Fact Sheet
- HCA & USF Health Working Together to Improve Trauma Care in Florida
- USF Health Hires Two Prominent Surgeons To Lead Trauma Initiative
Our Surgeons
- Dr. Victor DaSilva, Chief of Neurosurgery
- Dr. Christian Schuetz, Trauma Critical Care Surgeon
- Dr. Chris Cromwell, Plastic Reconstructive Surgeon
- Dr. Kenneth Bridges, General Surgery
- Dr. William Stanton, Orthopedic Trauma Surgeon
- Dr. Brad McCollom, Trauma Neurosurgeon
- Thomas Ellison, Director of Trauma Services
- Dr. F. True Lansden, Plastic Reconstructive Surgeon, Trauma Critical Care Surgeon
- Dr. Setu Dalal, Trauma Critical Care Surgeon
- Dr. Anjan Shah, Trauma Orthopedic Surgeon
- Dr. Jose Diaz, Trauma Critical Care Surgeon


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Our Sales Marketing Office in Miami has doubled in size and were looking to expand our horizons. W More info |
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New 2015 Audi A3 boasts 4G connected tech
LOS ANGELES -- Mansions, yachts, limousines: luxury often equates to large, but Audi has other things in mind with its new A3 model. The smallest car in its US lineup, the all-new 2015 A3 sedan gets features found on Audi's flagship sedan, the A8.
US buyers may be a little confused by the new A3, which has gone from a wagon body style to a sedan, and skipped a model year in the process. Audi intended to market a sedan here, a more popular body style, but development of the three- and five-door hatchbacks took precedence in other markets. … Read more


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I'm looking for something that could be used to hand-write Chinese characters. And using a stylus in art programs would be very cool, too. Is that possible?
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will it work with ibook
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Panthers power past Wildcats
Putnam County moved on in a big way in the Henry 1A Regional Tuesday, defeating Lowpoint-Washburn 86-31.
All 15 players in uniform for PC scored, headed by Cody Veronda (16 points), Evan Kreiser (9), Wes Allison (9) and Austin Biagini (8).
PC (22-7) will face Streator Woodland (16-10) in semifinal play at 7:30 p.m. Thursday. Their winner will face Ottawa Marquette (14-14), a 59-53 upset winner over top-seeded Henry Wednesday to earn a spot in Friday's finals.
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Overlook Community Campus
Lancaster, Pennsylvania 1 course · 18 holes Driving directions
Course reviews
+0 votes Michael Ruth › December 26, 2012
When OB is in play this course can be very difficult and fun. Throughout the winter the grass is short and therefore no OB. Be prepared to walk between some holes as the creator must of had issues while laying out course. ALL OPEN for the most part in winter, over summer still open everywhere but grass is allowed to grow thigh high for OB


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12V motor replaces early square-style models. Mercruiser I/Os and Mercury outboards with Oildyne pump; Mercury 17649A1, 87828, 17649, 17649A02, 17649-T. Ring terminal ends.
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Kay Hagan on AbortionDemocratic Jr Senator; previously member of State Senate | |
Proponent's argument to vote Yes:Sen. WICKER (R-MS): This amendment with one issue and one issue only--whether US taxpayer dollars will be provided to help fund coercive population control policies, such as China's one-child policy--a policy that relies on coerced abortion and forced sterilization. Specifically, this pro-child, pro-family, pro-woman amendment would restore the Kemp-Kasten antipopulation control provision, which has been a fundamental part of our foreign policy for almost a quarter century. As it has always done, Kemp-Kasten allows the President to certify that funds are not used for coercive family practices. My amendment is needed because the underlying bill reverses this longstanding provision.
Sen. COBURN (R-OK): I stand in the corner of pro-life. But I want to debate this issue as if I were pro-choice. If we believe that women have a right to choose, why in the world would we send money to UNFP that is going to take that right away from women in other countries? You can't be on both sides of this issue. Either you believe in a woman's right to choose or you do not. Or you only believe in a woman's right to choose in America, and because the Chinese have too many people, you don't think that same human right ought to be given to women in China. There is no question that UNFP will mix this money, and we will fund forced abortions in China. [Without this amendment] American taxpayer dollars are going to go to China to enforce coercive abortion against the will of women and force sterilization against the will of women in China.
Opponent's argument to vote No:None spoke against the amendment.
At-Risk Communities Teen Pregnancy Prevention Act: to award grants for teenage pregnancy prevention programs & prevention research.
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Other candidates on Abortion: | Kay Hagan on other issues: | ||
NC Gubernatorial: Pat McCrory NC Senatorial: Richard Burr Thom Tillis NC politicians NC Archives Retiring in 2014 election: GA:Chambliss(R) IA:Harkin(D) MI:Levin(D) MT:Baucus(D) NE:Johanns(R) SD:Johnson(D) WV:Rockefeller(D) Retired as of Jan. 2013: AZ:Kyl(R) CT:Lieberman(D) HI:Akaka(D) ME:Snowe(R) ND:Conrad(D) NE:Nelson(D) NM:Bingaman(D) TX:Hutchison(R) VA:Webb(D) WI:Kohl(D) |
Senate Vacancies 2013:
HI:Inouye(Deceased) HI:Schatz(Appointed) MA:Kerry(Resigned) MA:Cowan(Appointed) MA:Ed Markey(D,elected) MA:Gabriel Gomez(R,lost special election) NJ:Lautenberg(Deceased) NJ:Chiesa(Appointed) NJ:Booker(D,running) NJ:Frank Pallone(D,running) NJ:Rush Holt(D,running) NJ:Steve Lonegan(R,running) SC:DeMint(Resigned) SC:Scott(Appointed) Senate races Nov. 2014: AK:Sessions(R) vs.(none yet) AL:Begich(D) vs.Miller(R) AR:Pryor(D) vs.(none yet) CO:Udall(D) vs.(none yet) DE:Coons(D) vs.(none yet) GA:Gingrey(R) vs.Handel(R) vs.Broun(R) vs.Kingston(R) HI:Schatz(D) vs.Hanabusa(D) IA:Braley(D) vs.Whitaker(R) ID:Risch(R) vs.(none yet) IL:Durbin(D) vs.(none yet) |
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Contact info: Fax Number: 202-224-1100 Mailing Address: Senate Office SD-521, Washington, DC 20510 Phone number: (202) 224-6342 |


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Take the college student survey to share your opinions about your school and be entered into a $1,000 scholarship!
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A A+F Off-Campus Dining: Greenville has the most restaurants per square mile than any town in the country and it's great! They have every chain you could imagine and tons of unique and ethnic restaurants as well.
F A+F Off-Campus Dining: only fast food options within walking distance.
A A+F Off-Campus Dining: There are so many places surrounding ECU's campus. Greenville Blvd is full of different types of restaurants. They are fast food restaurants, nice dining restaurants, healthy options, etc. Most of the places are affordable for college students and for the most part have good quality food and service.
A A+F Off-Campus Dining: There are a lot of eating places around here. If you want to eat healthy, then there is place. If you want something to eat at 4 am there is a place that is open.
A A+F Off-Campus Dining: Sup Dogs, Thai food, Skullery Coffee Shop, Pita Pit, Michaelangelos Pizza, Starlight Cafe, A Tavola Italian, Omar's Greek Cuisine, Cubbie's Burgers, The Tipsy Teapot, Chico's Mexican, Hibachi Japan... I don't get to go out to eat a great deal, so I haven't even been to all the places we have yet and I've lived here for three years! I've never been disappointed.
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Written by Samantha Mandel
When students get tired of campus food, there are numerous restaurants with various dishes and price ranges near campus and scattered throughout town. Greenville has a lot of restaurant turnover, especially among chains. Driving through town at night and seeing full restaurant parking lots makes it look like no one in Greenville ever cooks. Here, however, new places are often fads, and it is the local, sometimes ethnic, places that have steady clientele and dependably good food. Even though students may want to go to chains they liked at home, they should remember that, at least in Greenville, local is better! Out-of-towners sometimes complain that the restaurants here close too early. Most restaurants do not usually stay open past 9 p.m. or 10 p.m., but restaurants with bars usually stay open later. The drive-thru window at Wendy's is open past midnight, Boli's is open until 4 a.m., BW3's is open until 3 a.m. on weekends, and places like IHOP, Krispy Kreme, and Denny's are open 24 hours. Some places in Greenville, like the hospital, have 24-hour staffing, but most of the town sleeps at some point, so the market for 24-hour food is not large.
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Debbie Wetlaufer
RE: David Crowell message
I am loading the files to a Google Drive so that you can have the larger versions. These photos are all taken at Cold Harbor National Cemetery. I took a photo of the grave register book available at the cemetery. David Crowell was not listed. The monument is for all those in the NY militias who died at Cold Harbor. The photo of the home and cemetery is across the street from the CH cemetery. The Garthright Home was used as a hospital during the Civil War. To the left in the woods there are earthworks. Battles took place in the fields. Many bodies were not recovered... or, when they were recovered, there was no identification. I included a headstone for a fallen Union soldier..... The battlefields for Cold Harbor are quiet expansive here in Hanover County VA. We had two brothers from PA who fought here --- they both became prisoners of war shortly afterwards. Strange that we are now living here!! Hanover County saw more action than almost any other county in the US..... we have tons of Civil War and Revolutionary sites and I encourage you to visit sometime. We are about 15 minutes from Richmond, VA.
Let me know if you can access this folder. It has multiple photos in it!
Added by
Debbie Wetlaufer
on Nov 30, 2013 9:10 AM
Debbie Wetlaufer
Cold Harbor Cemetery
This is within minutes from me. If the rain lets up, I'll get over there. We were there not too long ago. It's a beautiful place. If you're interested, I can send some photos of the cemetery.
Added by
Debbie Wetlaufer
on Nov 26, 2013 8:13 PM
Cathy Alton
RE: Proulx Memorial
You're very welcome
Added by
Cathy Alton
on Nov 02, 2013 10:53 AM
RE: C. E. Guelich
Your welcome.
Added by
on Sep 10, 2013 8:16 AM
Ida's memorial
I just noticed that you made a new memorial for Ida in San Luis Cemetery instead of moving the one with the photos from IOOF. It would be much better if you would move the one with photos. If I can help, just send me an edit message through any of my managed memorials.
Added by
on Sep 07, 2013 3:14 PM
Louise D
Will see if I can find out where Eva is located in Winooski cemetery.
Added by
Louise D
on May 02, 2013 8:06 AM
Cathy Alton
RE: William Acker Memorial
You're welcome. I emailed you the pictures of the section.
Added by
Cathy Alton
on Apr 10, 2013 2:37 PM
Ideal Soul
Photo Request
Leonard Mendez
b. 1975, d. 2001
Added by KT
Dec 14, 2012
I went to the cemetery last weekend in attempt to fulfill your request however, the office was extremely busy and I was unable to get in. If you call them and get the exact grave/plot number and location I will be able to easily fulfill your request. Please add the info. to the memorial, along with any other individuals within the same cemetery you'd like pics of and I'd be happy to go back. :)
Added by
Ideal Soul
on Mar 10, 2013 11:57 AM
Andrew L.
Rodney Taylor
PRATTS HOLLOW - Rodney Alesworth Taylor, 85, passed away peacefully on Wednesday, Jan. 23, 2013, at the Crouse Community Center of Morrisville, while his loving family was at his side.
Rodney was born on March 18, 1927, to parents, Ernest W. and Alice Coe Taylor. Rodney attended grade school in Wampsville and graduated in 1944 from Oneida High School. On June 5, 1949, Rodney married Melva "Betty" Marshall in Pratts Hollow. Their loving union lasted 52 years, until Betty's passing in 2001. Rodney was a farmer by heart. He worked as the manager for Mohawk Valley Oil for 37 years, until his retirement in 1993. Rodney also worked for Hermann Oil, Burroughs's Marshall Farms, Carmola and DiBello Construction and Pat Westcott Feed Mill. Rodney was a member of the Pratts Hollow United Methodist Church; the Madison County Historical Society; Stockbridge Valley Ruritans; Order of the Odd Fellows of Clockville, N.Y. and an honorary member of the Stockbridge Valley F.F.A. Rodney enjoyed reading and operating the small family farm. He also enjoyed local history and harness racing horses.
Rodney is survived by his beloved children, James (Brenda) Taylor of Bouckville, Robert (Yvonne) Taylor of Pratts Hollow and Mary Taylor of Pratts Hollow; his loving grandchildren, Elizabeth "Squirt" Taylor, Jason (Danielle) Taylor, Belinda Taylor, Michael Taylor, David (Katie) Chlad, Michael Buschor, Wes (Betsy) MacKay and Tabitha Kane. Rodney is also survived by his loving great-grandchildren, Steven MacKay, Heather MacKay, Natasha Kane, Philip Kane, Corey Kane and Noah Chlad and one beloved great-great-granddaughter, Claire. Rodney is also survived by one beloved brother, David (Connie) Taylor. He is also survived by several nieces, nephews and cousins.
Rodney was predeceased by his loving wife of 52 years, Betty; his sisters, Erna Major and Marjorie VanWie; his brothers, Wynan (Barney) Taylor, Velton Taylor, Milton Taylor, Ernest Taylor and Karl Taylor.
Funeral services for Rodney will be held on Sunday, Jan. 27, 2013, at 4 p.m. at the Paul Funeral Home, Madison, with the Rev. Gary M. Spraker, pastor of the Pratts Hollow United Methodist Church, officiating. Spring internment will be in the Walnut Grove Cemetery. Family and friends are invited to call on Sunday, from 1-4 p.m., prior to the funeral service, at the funeral home, 3592 South St., Madison.
In lieu of flowers, the family wishes you kindly consider donations to the Pratts Hollow United Methodist Church, 6102 Rocks Road, Munnsville, N.Y. 13409, or the Crouse Community Center, Inc., 101 South St., Morrisville, N.Y. 13408.
.Published in The Oneida Daily Dispatch on January 26, 2013
Added by
Andrew L.
on Jan 28, 2013 2:33 PM
Andrew L.
Rodney Taylor passed away
Added by
Andrew L.
on Jan 28, 2013 2:33 PM
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