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After reading reviews, we were so skeptical on staying here. Even driving up to the property my husband and I glanced at each other with doubt. We were assigned to unit 308, 3 bedroom/3 bath. In tow were our two teens, our 20 year old, his girlfriend and us two. I cannot stress enough that once we walked up to... More
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text:
Airport Scam
Re: Airport Scam
I must try the steering wheel trick the next time.
A bunch of mates and I used to go on a weekly run on our choppers, part way up a mountain side on a lovely steep twisting concrete road to a cafe at where I would call Base Camp and the concrete ended. From there you can go on various walking and hiking trails and book guest houses etc.. but that's always as far as we went because our purpose was just to have a nice ride and sit on the mountainside where it's much cooler and lovely and quite and have a couple of beers and a chat for an hour or so before heading back down while still mostly sober.
One day 2 or 3 years ago 5 of us rocked up and were told it was 200B each. Now 200B is nothing and even the combined 1,000 for 5 of us is not a lot of money but it is equivalent to a weeks wage for most Thai's in this area. It's come about from a decision high up in government that is so out of touch with reality that it makes me sick.
None of us have been back since nor have any of us taken visiting relatives etc.. up there like we used to. So not only has the cafe (belonging to the national park) lost out on what would have been B100,000+ in beer money over this period, it's also lost out on all the meals we used to go there for.
I suppose it still gets the odd Farrang who hired a motorbike in town to make the 30klm trip and won't turn back at that stage but they have to come past my house and I doubt I see one a week.
Silly and a shame.
BTW I've heard you can take your house registration book if your name in on them and pay Thai prices but I've not tried it yet on principal.
My silly little way of fighting back.
obroadie - Posts: 26
- Joined: Wed Jul 22, 2009 8:45 am
Re: Airport Scam
Stealing from peoples' luggage does not happen only in Thailand. This week 3 luggage handlers were arrested in San Francisco for stealing from peoples' luggage. These guys made the mistake of stealing a gun from a policeman's luggage which prompted the investigation.
GenetheMachine - Posts: 18
- Joined: Thu Jan 01, 1970 7:00 am
Re: Airport Scam
Most of the comments posted here regarding stealing from people's luggage are from people who just wanted to create a bad image for Thailand. They are mostly farangs. We know stealing is wrong, is thieving and those convicted should be punish. But it happens anywhere and western countries are said to be worst than Asia. Please read below and if you want to read the full story I've provided the links to each case. If you wants to read more of this stealing from people luggage stories , I can provide more mostly from western countries.[/color]
SFO baggage handlers convicted of stealing
Friday, July 31, 2009 | 11:52 PM
SAN FRANCISCO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (KGO) -- Three baggage handlers at SFO have now been convicted of stealing from passengers' luggage.
http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?sectio ... le-6943513
Newark Airport screener accused of stealing electronics from luggage
by Jeff Whelan/The Star-Ledger
Tuesday October 07, 2008, 6:17 PM
As a screener at Newark Liberty International Airport, Pythias Brown was supposed to keep deadly objects off airplanes. But for the past year, authorities allege, Brown has been swiping electronic equipment from luggage of the passengers he was supposed to protect.
A laptop here, a cell phone there. Within months, he had snatched more than 100 items, authorities say.
But this summer, Brown got too ambitious for his own good, allegedly stealing a $47,900 camera from an HBO crew and a camcorder from a CNN employee, authorities said.
http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2008/1 ... _with.html
Sting nabs sticky-fingered JFK airport workers going through luggage
A sting captured by security cameras nabbed two sticky-fingered airport workers who swiped electronics planted by authorities, officials said.
Brian Burton, 27, and Antwon Simmons, 26, stole a laptop and cell phone from the decoy luggage as it moved through Kennedy Airport, Port Authority officials said.
http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crim ... ggage.html
Newark Liberty Airport screener charged with stealing electronics from luggage
by Steve Surjaputra
Transportation Security Administration agents are supposed to be the first line of defense against terrorists. Not Pythias Brown. An airport screener at Newark's Liberty Airport, he has been accused of swiping electronic equipment from luggage.
He started out small, stealing a cellphone here, a laptop there. Then he expanded. In all, he's stolen more than 100 items, according to authorities.
This summer, he got a little too ambitious. He stole a $47,900 camera from an HBO crew and a camcorder from a CNN employee. It would have probably gone unnoticed if one of the victims didn't later recognize the item up for sale on eBay.
Federal investigators have charged Brown with theft. He faces up to 10 years in prison. Based on their own findings, the Transportation Security Administration will soon fire him. He has been a screener at Newark since 2002.
http://www.tripso.com/today/newark-libe ... -luggages/
Who's Stealing Your Luggage At The Airport?
It's a headache no one wants or needs when traveling by plane: discovering something stolen out from the luggage.
CBS 11 News uncovered about 2,000 reports of stolen and missing luggage at DFW and Dallas Love Field Airport.
But while DFW is the third busiest airport in the nation, it actually ranks 15th when it comes to claims of bags being stolen and lost.
"I don't really think about my stuff getting stolen," said traveler Lance Wagner. He felt that way until he flew on Sun County Airlines from DFW to Minneapolis last August.
http://cbs11tv.com/local/stealing.your. ... 63072.html
Airport screeners accused of stealing from luggage
KENNER, La. (AP) -- Louisiana officials say some airport screeners were doing more than just screening. Nine employees of the Transportation Security Administration have been arrested for allegedly stealing items from the luggage they were screening at the New Orleans airport.
Sheriff's officials say they started investigating when a TSA worker reported in May that she had seen some of the thefts and had seen baggage screeners dividing up the stolen items in a workers' parking lot.
A TSA spokeswoman says the screeners have been suspended pending the outcome of the criminal cases.
Congress created the agency less than two months after 9/11.
Queens, NY - Two Homeland Security airport personnel -- including a TSA officer -- were arrested after being caught in a sting riffling through a luggage bag and pilfering a laptop and an iPod at JFK Airport, sources told The Post.
The employees were identified as Brian Burton, 28, a seven-year veteran Transportation Safety Administration officer and Antwon Simmons, 26, a Aviation Safeguard Employee.
The duo came under suspicion after investigators at the Homeland Security Office of the Inspector General determined that they were working on days when items were reported missing from Delta Airline flight bags over the past six months.
During an "integrity test" yesterday morning, investigators sent a luggage bag down a conveyor belt where the two men were working and and watched as they lifted the laptop and iPod from the bag, and then ripped off the destination tag and sent it on its way.
The twosome were handcuffed and held for questioning by the Port Authority police, pending their transfer into the hands of the Queens DA, who is expected to arraign them on grand larceny charges.
http://www.vosizneias.com/35001/2009/07 ... ge-at-jfk/
Isaannative - Posts: 35
- Joined: Thu Jan 01, 1970 7:00 am
Re: Airport Scam
Airport scam & luggage handler theft happens anywhere in the world and not just Thailand. All these negative comments posted on this forum are mostly by farangs as I have mentioned in my earlier post. They intentionally just wanted to create a bad name/image for Thailand. Just like BBC making this such a big news.
If this happened in western countries let say in the US, Canada, Germany or UK, I believe there will still be news but not such a big news likes BBC has reported on the recent BKK case so aggressively.
The first reason behind I can say is bias. Secondly, if Thailand is a superpower country likes US that will be different. Third it is not a country with the majority of the population are farangs . We are Asian and a poor developing country. Another word for all the reasons is BIAS. And this is farang mentality.
I would like all readers and you farangs who have posted harmful comments here to read below article. One of the victim is well known celebrity Paris Hilton, and that happened in the world most power nation USA and one of the most popular city LA .
A group of luggage handlers at Los Angeles International Airport are to face misdemeanour theft charges for allegedly stealing personal items from celebrities including hotel heiress PARIS HILTON and singer KEYSHIA COLE. A spokesperson for City Attorney ROCKY DELGADILLO announced their decision to file the charges against 10 airport employees and one transient yesterday (22MAR07) for reportedly taking items like watches and jewellery from celebrities' baggage. Eight of the suspects worked in the airport luggage screening department and have been dismissed from their jobs. At the time WENN went to press, Hilton's spokesman ELLIOT MINTZ could not be reached for comment.
http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/ar ... ty_1025898
Isaannative - Posts: 35
- Joined: Thu Jan 01, 1970 7:00 am
Re: Airport Scam
You are quite right about airport baggage thefts they happen everywhere.
Many years ago; the supposedly best airport in UK was nicknamed Thief Row for obvious reasons.
All the links you have posted indeed show that it happens worldwide, however it also shows that the affected countries take this as a serious crime & all the cases you highlighted ended up with court cases or with court cases pending.
I am still waiting to read in the BP or the Nation about anybody prosecuted in Thailand for stealing from tourists.
We are not belittling the Thai nation, but highlighting a problem that needs to be resolved. If these were addressed or seem to be addressed them more tourists would end up coming back.
Over the past 10 years or so I have seen the airport scam, rouge taxis, gem scam, car hire scam, Ekkamie bus station scam, blank DVD scam on Sukhumvit, plus many more.
Similar scams operate in the UK, the difference been in the UK they are usually stopped and prosecuted.
Chang Noi - Posts: 4
- Joined: Mon Jul 27, 2009 12:35 pm
Re: Airport Scam
Good constructive reply
Alfonso - Posts: 2
- Joined: Wed Aug 05, 2009 10:38 am
Re: Airport Scam
Chang Noi wrote:Isaannative
You are quite right about airport baggage thefts they happen everywhere.
Many years ago; the supposedly best airport in UK was nicknamed Thief Row for obvious reasons.
All the links you have posted indeed show that it happens worldwide, however it also shows that the affected countries take this as a serious crime & all the cases you highlighted ended up with court cases or with court cases pending.
I am still waiting to read in the BP or the Nation about anybody prosecuted in Thailand for stealing from tourists.
We are not belittling the Thai nation, but highlighting a problem that needs to be resolved. If these were addressed or seem to be addressed them more tourists would end up coming back.
Over the past 10 years or so I have seen the airport scam, rouge taxis, gem scam, car hire scam, Ekkamie bus station scam, blank DVD scam on Sukhumvit, plus many more.
Similar scams operate in the UK, the difference been in the UK they are usually stopped and prosecuted.
Of course you are spot on Chang Noi in your summing up , here in Thailand the "boys in brown" it is strongly rumoured are taking "kickbacks" from every scam under the sun, hence very few successful prosecutions, and to be candid Issannative whilst I truly admire your patriotism you are trying to defend the indefensible!!.
villager - Posts: 1488
- Joined: Fri Oct 17, 2008 3:48 pm
Re: Airport Scam
Travellers alerted to Bangkok airport scam.
800,000 Singaporean are said to has visited Thailand last year.
Michael Bukit - Posts: 35
- Joined: Thu Jan 01, 1970 7:00 am
Re: Airport Scam
Michael Bukit wrote:On the front page of today Singapore Straits Times.
Travellers alerted to Bangkok airport scam.
800,000 Singaporean are said to has visited Thailand last year.
Thanks for the info MB, and having read the article , It just shows that this government has a real problem on its hand,s, however if past performances are anything to go by, little or nothing will be done to solve it, the Thai word of Mi Pen Ri springs readily to mind!!
villager - Posts: 1488
- Joined: Fri Oct 17, 2008 3:48 pm
Re: Airport Scam
I suppose that the management of ////// Power was caught between a stone and a hard rock when the scam was blown open. If they had apprehended one of the people behind the scam, and paraded the person before the cameras to show that they were sorry and that were trying to clean up their reputation, then they would have automatically validated the reports that there was a scam going on, and no doubt for a long time. Worse still, if the scam was organized, that now fired employee, might have revealed publicly that the scam was organized with the knowledge of ////// Power. They would also have discredited themselves because ////// Power had denied that there was a scam when it surfaced a month or so ago.
But by doing nothing, keeping quiet, and hoping that people will forget it, they are either showing that they do not care or admitting through their silence that there really is an organized scam going on at their shops. But by keeping quiet they risk a serious loss of revenue because people will distrust their shops and avoid them.
I don't think that people will forget, not just because the airport is so full of scams, which nobody wants to deal with, but also because Thailand's scams and corruption are so famous internationally. One almost expects scams. I expect that ////// Power's sales will plummet further, and of course, they will blame the foreign press and embassies for their plight rather than looking at themselves in the mirror.
If ////// Power had taken swift action and had someone arrested, people would have forgiven them quickly. People would have understood that ////// Power simply had a dishonest member of staff. This can happen. Their PR people could have said that they had been looking for "that rogue employee" for months, but that they had never been able to catch him/her until now. They could have paid the "rogue employee" to keep his/her mouth shut ... or else! Or, like sometimes happens, they could have put an employee in prison, in a VIP cell, paid him to keep quiet, and then released the person two months later when the dust had settled. Then they could have hired the person at their shop in central Bangkok. That would have been the end of it and everyone would have been happy.
I'm not condoning this solution. This is simply how things are done here.
Having chosen to keep quiet and to deny that there was a scam, they now have to take the financial consequences, which might be severe.
I wonder what has happened to Tony. I expect that the police have advised him how it would be in his interests to keep a low profile. He has probably been moved to a desk at the Ministry of Inactive Posts as a token of the police's gratitude for him keeping his mouth shut, and for helping the police to contribute to their favourite charities for so long.
Renaissance - Posts: 16
- Joined: Thu Jan 01, 1970 7:00 am
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Questions about Twitter's new blocking policy? No? Awesome, you don't care about Twitter. Yes? Here.
Questions about Twitter's new blocking policy? No? Awesome, you don't care about Twitter. Yes? Here.
Since March 2007, the CIA has insisted publicly that Robert Levinson was merely a private citizen when he disappeared in the Iranian resort getaway of Kish Island. Today, weeks after Levinson became the longest-held American hostage ever, that story was revealed by the AP as a lie.
It took Donald Trump until 4:32 p.m. ET today to suggest that Barack Obama miiiiiiiight have orchestrated the death of Loretta Fuddy, the Hawaiian health director who produced his birth certificate and who died earlier this week in a plane crash
A man who filmed himself having sex with a woman while she slept and then uploaded the footage to Facebook has been cleared of rapes charges by a jury of his peers.
After months of controversy bombarding Saturday Night Live and its blatant lack of diversity, executive producer Lorne Michaels has made a better attempt to address the lack of black females on the show than just having Kerry Washington absolve Michaels by playing Michelle Obama, Beyonce, and Oprah all in one sketch.
Megyn Kelly is on a roll. Earlier this week, the Fox News anchor sat down with Jay Leno, telling him that "Straight-news anchors like myself give a hard time to both sides." And today Dan Zak of The Washington Post, in a long profile of Kelly, claims that she "interrupts and challenges guests whenever they resort to…
If this story turns out to involve meth, it might be among the most Oklahoma things to ever happen. Cattle ranchers on Tuesday found a wet, nearly naked man hiding from extreme weather in a guitar case near the town of Muskogee, cold but alive.
Things HBO does well: hardcore drama, softcore porn, amazing holiday gifts. Things HBO does not do well: hashtags, roasts, trying to make things go viral. And so begins the first limp and pathetic HBO Twitter roast of Game of Thrones' King Joffrey.
Matt Taibbi's new street-level study on the crumbling of America is a shocking, important read. It focuses on Camden, New Jersey, which has all the crime problems of Detroit and none of the fancy expensive art to sell.
Bears! Sure, 2013 is technically the Year of the Deer
How many months does the average full-time McDonald's, Starbucks, Gap, Target or Best Buy worker need to work in order to match what the CEO makes in an hour? Place your bets, then hit the link for knowledge. Depressing, awful knowledge.
The price of Iowa farmland is $8,716 an acre, the most expensive it's ever been. What would you buy if you had $8,716?
An "unsanctioned fraternity pledging event" hosted by Baruch College students turned deadly after one of the pledges suffered brain trauma during a hazing ritual known as the "Glass Ceiling Game."
Hey, entitled "millennials," with your "organic" this and "artisanal" that and "farm to table" marijuana: you're not the bosses any more. Old folks have taken over American restaurants. Thank the lord.
Talking to director Abel Ferrara (Bad Lieutenant, King of New York) is about as close to having a conversation with a human embodiment of pre-Giuliani New York as you can get. It is trying and you have the feeling that you could get attacked at any second. Not that I would have wanted it any other way.
A Florida corrections officer found himself behind bars — albeit for only a few minutes — after getting caught on camera slamming a suspect's head into the wall, leaving him unconscious and bleeding.
Not only do you not need to make money to be deemed a worthy investment, you can be widely loathed: Bitstrips, an online "web comic" and Facebook annoyance so bad, BuzzFeed made a guide to blocking it.
io9 and the American Museum of Natural History hosted a special screening of Dark Universe last night. Neil deGrasse Tyson['s voice] lead us on a journey through the ever expanding universe of dark energy, dark matter, red shifts, and all things that make one feel incredibly inconsequential and scared that something…
In an absurd twist to everything you know and love, physicists tackling what sounds like a question for the chronically stoned—"What if the entire universe is just one big hologram?"—have come to a tenuous conclusion that, yeah, that might actually be the case.
By taking a selfie with the "voluptuously curvy" "blonde bimbo" "Danish cupcake" prime minister and her "gentle gams" "covered by nothing more substantial than sheer black stockings," Barack Obama acted like "a hormone-ravaged frat boy on a road trip to a strip bar." Andrea Peyser


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I do not think I will go back to using any other type of toothpaste. Classy, good taste, and great packaging. I noticed an improvement in two weeks on the shade of my teeth (which were white before). This toothpaste is not overpowering at all.
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After using this product a few times, I have only one complaint - the texture of the toothpaste in my mouth is a bit too chalky and grainy for my taste. I like how it leaves my mouth feeling clean and it seems as though it does hold some whitening power; but, the feel of the toothpaste is not too pleasant.
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Move over Crest! And Colgate! I really like this tooth paste, prob the best I've ever used, and will continue to use!


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1. Maulana Minhaj-ud-Din Abu'l-'Umar-i-'Usman, Ṭabaḳāt-i-Nāṣirī: A General History of the Muhammadan Dynasties of Asia, Including Hindustan (810–1260), trans. H. G. Raverty (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1881; reprint, New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint, 1970), 1: 557–58. This account by Minhaj is the earliest narrative we have of this important event. It is likely that some of the historian's informants had been eyewitnesses to the events they described; some may well have participated in them.
Nudiya is probably identifiable with Naudah, a village several miles northeast of Rohanpur railway station in w estern Rajshahi District. See Abul Kalam Muhammad Zakariah, "Muhammad Bakhtiyar's Conquest of Nudiah," Journal of the Varendra Research Museum 6 (1980–81): 57–72. [BACK]
2. Richard V. Weekes, ed., Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey, 2d ed. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1984), 1: 137. [BACK]


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One would think that suppressing a mass uprising that just won't seem to go away would keep Iran's theocrats awfully busy, but the ayatollahs have been more focused lately on skirt hems and hair-dos. Perhaps it's proscrastination, a make-work project to avoid having to get through all those tedious sham trials for the thousands of dissidents recently rounded up and imprisoned in these heady times. Whatever it is, there has been a steady output of late of new rules and updated regulations concerning personal attire in the Islamic Republic.
In June this year, the republic's "moral police" fanned out in a force of 70,000 to snuff out the fires of what the mullahs-on-high perceive to be a "western cultural invasion". New problems the police force have to deal with in this particular seasonal crackdown include men wearing necklaces, mullets and ponytails. The latter two are not found on the government's list of approved hairstyles (oh yes, there's a list). Long nails, tattoos, tooth gems (whatever those are), and body piercings are also now needing to be banned. This is on top of the perennial problem that Iranian women miraculously and persistently manage to make the shroud-look still come off sexily...More >>
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I seek feedback on 2 letters from drivers who dislike bicycle lanes. Do cyclists use these bicycle lanes?
One myopic driver thinks parking in a bicycle lane should equate to a parking offence and fine, rather than a cyclist safety issue.
You might consider another AC post at http://www.adelaidecyclists.com/forum/topics/increase-in-cyclist-cr...
http://www.indaily.com.au/?iid=64281&sr=0#folio=9. Letter published in Indaily of 18-Jun-2012 on page 9. Bike lanes boost coffers. Martin Bailey
Peter Davies (Letters, June 14) and Suzanne Adams (Letters, June 6) have a right to be perturbed. One can only conclude from the body of evidence that local authorities are using bike lane legislation to boost their coffers. Fines for parking in bike lanes are generally greater than those applicable to no-parking zones.
Often, bike lanes have no provable relevance, and in many cases do not serve the interests of the cycling community. A good example of this is Transport Avenue, running off Richmond Road. This road is behind the Department of Transport and Infrastructure complex at Netley. Richmond Road does not have a bike lane, yet Transport Avenue has a bike lane at all times. This avenue is a busy access to the Netley complex, with parking extremely limited. Recently, I carried out a survey over two consecutive week days between 8am and 5pm. No bikes! But council contractors, twice a day over the two days, were busy writing infringement notices for the hapless vehicle owners.
http://www.indaily.com.au/?iid=64188#folio=11. Letter published in Indaily of 14-Jun-2012 on page 11. Suburban parking nightmare. Peter Davies
I sympathise with Suzanne Adams (Letters, June 6) about parking in suburban streets. Recently, the state government and local government have installed bike lanes all over the city, which have achieved little apart from irritating local residents.
Running a small business – as we do, just off Tapleys Hill Road in Hendon – we now find our street is crammed with vehicles all day. These are vehicles that used to be parked on the main road, but we now have a you-beaut bicycle lane on both sides of Tapleys Hill Road.
This traffic congestion causes us a lot of inconvenience, as our delivery trucks can't find room to get into our street, let alone park so they can unload our goods.
Funny thing is, the council regularly patrols the bicycle lane on Tapleys Hill Road, and books anybody who happens to park their car on the road, yet there are virtually no cyclists who use the bike lane. And nobody in their right mind would cycle on Tapleys Hill Road during the day.
Even funnier – the occasional cyclist we do see on Tapleys Hill Road is cycling on the footpath, because they are not stupid. Says a lot about council and government stupidity!
Letter of 6-Jun-2012 is not about parking in bicycle lanes, rather about much car parking in a residential street.
I have to say they have a point. Particularly the writer of the second letter is correct that the bike lanes are seldom used. We all know why that is. The writer does too. As he says, nobody in their right mind would use them. I can understand why local residents would be annoyed at the disruption from a bike lane that is seldom used.
The answer of course is proper bike lanes that people want to use. Separated lanes on main roads that are part of a consistent network across the city that people actually feel safe using.
I applaud any efforts to recognise cycling as a legitimate form of transport but the painted lines we see squashed on the sides of so many busy roads are regrettably inadequate.
+1 Bikes lanes are a puncture paradise! I ride on the white line :p
Daniel, can be best to ride to one side of the white line, in case the painted surface is slippery when forced to brake sharply.
+1, exactly
I rarely ride during the times bike lanes are valid for. I find them strange, there seems to be no thought in them, they start and stop randomly. I don't just mean at intersections. There does not seem to be thought on, as an example, getting from the city to northern suburbs. This may be changing soon as more lanes are coming on Main north road.
I often ride on prospect road and coming home when the lane is not active and usually full of cars I usually take the whole car lane. Considering most people like parking their cars about 3 feet from the curb, add in space to stay away from doors and you are a fair way into the car lane. If you don't take the car lane then you will surely get some idiot try to squeeze you. And prospect council promotes itself as some sort of cycling friendly council so I am sure they don't mind me taking the car lane.
Perhaps the bike lanes in question are not used because they don't connect with anything else. Also, disagreeing with the creation of a bike lane in a particular location is no justification for breaking the law with respect to that lane.
Even so, I would like to see penalties for bike lane infringements increased to include compulsory loss of demerit points, whether the infringement is detected/prosecuted by local councils or the police. (As far as I am aware, bike lane infringements are not on the demerit points schedule.)
David, will let you check and post an answer. The following links are in the BUG News Jun-2012. Although an Adelaide BUG member, you have not sent me an email address to receive the newsletter.
The index to the rules http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_reg/arr210
Expiation fees for road rules http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_reg/rtr1999355/sch9.html
Demerit points for each road rule offence
I could not find any reference to bike lane infringements in Schedule 4 of the regulations. Schedule 4 lists demerit points for offences.
187—Stopping in a bicycle lane, bus lane, tram lane, tramway, transit lane, truck lane or on tram tracks
Expiation fee 187(2) Stopping in bicycle lane $225 + victims of crime levy
Have not looked for demerit points.
Isn't there always people who grizzle if a change inconveniences them?
I wonder if these are the same motorists that thought the introduction of random breath testing was an invasion of privacy?
Or that red light cameras are just about raising revenue after all expecting motorist to be so skilled at driving that they can stop at a red light is clearly unreasonable.
are these the same motorists that think slowing down near schools to give the kids crossing the road half a chance unreasonable.
Next thing it will be expected that motorists stop after an accident to make certain that people where not injured and to swap detains for insurance purposes.
After all if motorists were not in a hurry they would drive sensibly (and be less likely to have an accident) in the first place :-)
After all deaths on the roads is just a small price that has to be paid so they can go fast and arrive less late.
I wonder if these people think a falling road toll is an example of excessive government interference?
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Item 825002
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Displaying reviews 1-8
Best Uses
Comments about MSR Lightning Ascent 30 Snowshoes - Men's:
Havent got to use them just, winter finally came to alaska to day. All 1/4 inch of it. I did try them on to see how they fit. i like the bindings so far. they seam to really surround your entire foot and hold it firmly. To me they seem skinnier that any other pair i have ever used,but hopefully that will be to my advantage, and i will not trip over every thing and my self with them.
Best Uses
Comments about MSR Lightning Ascent 30 Snowshoes - Men's:
I'm a land surveyor in Anchorage, Alaska and just spent a month in the field with these. They are rock solid, have exceptional traction, but I don't care much for the bindings.
One of the straps pulled out from its fixed end the very first time I put them on. The grip tabs are not big enough to grab with heavy mittens on, and, the c-shaped open sided clasps are a pain. It takes an extra step of fumbling to make sure the strap is in the tab before snugging it up.
It seems like in trying to improve and update the bindings they have made them more complicated, complex, and prone to failure.
Lastly, these are very grippy shoes, to the point that I fell a few times when I misstepped and one shoe grabbed the other. They also readily snag on whatever brush you may encounter.
The plus is they were very secure on steep sunhardened crusty sideslopes. As a surveyor I go where I need to and don't have the luxury of picking an easy route. Once I got the bindings snugged up these shoes performed admirably.
Best Uses
Comments about MSR Lightning Ascent 30 Snowshoes - Men's:
We've recently entered the world of snowshoeing and all love it. These are the first snowshoes I've purchased, and I couldn't be more delighted with them. I feel stable and have great flotation in varying consistencies of snow. This style of design also has a huge advantage over tubular frames with it's added grip and traction. The entire frame is like a giant crampon, very nice on hills.
The bindings look confusing at first, but are very easy to tighten and setup in a way that is comfortable for your feet (size 11 boots). The elevation assist is also convenient, though I find myself forgetting it's there and not engaging it.
These are definitely not as quick as some of the other snowshoes, but I don't really have a problem with working a little harder. These snowshoes were purchased by me, my brother bought a pair and my sister in law bought the smaller 25 womens version.
The only con I could say is that they are heavier than the solid decked versions and competitors tube design. This is only a slight con because the added weight makes them feel so durable.
We've gone out twice this year, and are going out again this weekend, and I'm excited to get to use these some more!
Best Uses
Comments about MSR Lightning Ascent 30 Snowshoes - Men's:
I bought these to explore the backcountry near my home, and they've been an excellent backcountry travel tool. They're extremely sturdy, they float well in deep snow, and they climb extremely well. The crampons are extremely durable (and sharp!), so they grip well on ice or hard snow. The four straps on the bindings take a bit longer to buckle than other snowshoes, but they are so secure that much less time is spent re-tightening and re-attaching the bindings than with other designs. The climbing bale is very well thought out. It goes up and down very easily with a ski pole, and it makes an enormous difference in climbing performance. Not only does putting the bale up ease the strain on the calf muscles, it puts the crampon at a better angle to bite into steep snow, and presses the tail down into the snow for better traction.
These are expensive snowshoes, but they work extremely well and should give many years of good service. They are definitely overkill for a smaller person or someone traveling in flat terrain or on groomed trails, but for someone heavy enough to need this size snowshoe who wants an all-terrain tool, the MSR Lightning Ascent 30" snowshoe is an excellent investment.
Best Uses
Comments about MSR Lightning Ascent 30 Snowshoes - Men's:
First of all, size is a major factor in the Lightning ascents. I convinced 4 of my friends to buy a set of these so far! four heavier users (me being the lightest at 5' 11'' and 175 lbs.) and one light user (130lbs) on a pair of the Womens 22" snowshoe. The tail extensions offered are an amazing concept! add some weight? make your snowshoe longer!
My style of snowshoeing is best described as trailblazing. If I see a difficult route, I take it. I have ZERO fear of losing traction in these bad boys!! I used to snowshoe in a set of Tubbs 30" mountaineering snowshoes, with a traditional tube style frame, underfoot crampon, etc. The Lightning ascent is hands down the superior snowshoe in ALL conditions! No longer do I fear sidehilling, untouched acents, or questionable terrain, even on the steepest of slopes. My ankles often give up before I get to the snowshoe's limit. I went with the 30" shoe because I often carry a load. 40 lb winter pack is the norm for two nights out in the woods. Mine squeak when dry, but get them in the snow and they turn silent. I Bought my set last year when they had a stud retention system for the overlap of the tensioning belts. Now they come with a much more convenient clip. I recently gave a set of the ascents as a gift to a close family member, and was pleased to see that they have updated the strap retention system.
Some people will complain that the 4 strap binding system is cumbersome, or too complicated. I would never hold this as a negative. These things are darn near impossible to be ejected from. The 4 strap binding takes a little longer to get on, but the security it offers over a two strap system is needed for the technical proficiency attainable by this top notch snowshoe!
I would recommend the Lightning Ascent to backcountry specialists, Gnarly adventurers, and gear nuts! If you must have the best. Look no further.
Best Uses
Comments about MSR Lightning Ascent 30 Snowshoes - Men's:
If your going to buy this product I suggest using it mainly for mountain terrain. If your looking for a good trail snowshoe or for light snow I would go with a smaller set. These are great in the deep snow and off trail.
Best Uses
Comments about MSR Lightning Ascent 30 Snowshoes - Men's:
first time snowshoeing i took these into the cascades. 4000+ ft evevation gain and snowing like crazy on the 4th of july trail. over the 10+ miles i hiked that day they worked better then i had hoped for. i cant say enouch about how great having the extra traction is. they climb without slips and on the way back down no falling on my butt. i am about 225 lbs and they kept me afloat no prob with my 25lbs pack
Best Uses
Comments about MSR Lightning Ascent 30 Snowshoes - Men's:
I've only used these snowshoes a few times but so far I couldn't be happier. The bindings hold very securely and I find them quite easy to get in and out of with gloved hands. They do take a little longer than 2 or 3 strap systems, but the secure hold is well worth it. You can't beat the traction either. I haven't been on too severe of inclines but on a few icy descents I've had no issue while others in tube style shoes have been sliding all over the place. The flotation is very good as well. I weigh about 220 without gear and I haven't had any issues sinking, even in powder. I haven't found anything negative about these shoes yet.
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Best Men, Part 1-The Bachelor Party: Roman Heart & Nash Lawler FVP187_S3
Feeling happy and a bit soused, Roman Heart entices hunky valet Nash Lawler into the limo. They drink up and get comfy. After toasting each other, Roman undresses Nash. Once he's got him naked, he starts to fellate him. Roman knows how to drive Nash crazy, sucking him off like a madman. The action is so steamy, the windows are fogging up. Nash diddles with Roman's ass then starts to swallow his pole. Then Roman rims Nash's ass, kissing and licking his hole before tongue fucking the moist crack. He mounts the attendant's cock and rides, bouncing up and down. Then Roman sits back with his legs spread wide apart and Nash continues fucking him hard and fast. They jerk themselves off until Nash spritzes his partner with his jism and Roman responds in kind and excitedly shoots his wad.


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Related Topics
Nitrous Oxide
Definition (Encyclopedia of Global Warming)
A colorless gas with a sweet odor, nitrous oxide is one of the many oxides of nitrogen. Sometimes called laughing gas, funny gas, nitrogen suboxide, or dinitrogen monoxide, it was first manufactured by Joseph Priestley, an English chemist, in 1775. It can be used to render a person insensible to pain in short surgical procedures; if inhaled for too long a period, it will cause death. It is also used as a propellant in aerosals and as an oxidizer to increase a racing-car engine's power output.
(The entire section is 86 words.)
Significance for Climate Change (Encyclopedia of Global Warming)
Nitrous oxide is a trace gas produced by human industrial activity that affects the environment as do the other greenhouse gases (GHGs) and, as such, is limited by the Kyoto Protocol. (The other nitrogen oxides are not considered to be GHGs.) Another source of nitrous oxide is nitrogen fertilizers. Nitrous oxide also occurs naturally as a by-product of the bacteria in soil and water, particularly in tropical forest areas, and in animal waste products. Nitrous oxide may have slightly less effect than the halocarbons, as nitrous oxide reacts naturally with soil and water, so is less likely to make its way into the atmosphere. However, one molecule of N2O in the atmosphere has two to three hundred times the warming effect of one molecule of CO2.
As light from the Sun enters the atmosphere, some of that light gets scattered by molecules in the air or gets reflected from clouds back into space. Some of the light that reaches Earth is reflected back into space, such as light that bounces off snow or ice. Much of the light that reaches Earth is absorbed into the Earth and retained as heat. The Earth's surface warms and emits infrared photons, which make several passes between the Earth and the atmosphere, warming the atmosphere and the Earth as they go back and forth. Eventually, these infrared photons return to space.
The GHGs, including nitrous oxide, all have three or more atoms. They are able to absorb...
(The entire section is 552 words.)
Further Reading (Encyclopedia of Global Warming)
Cowie, J. Climate Change: Biological and Human Aspects. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Reviews past and projects future climate changes due to GHG release.
Emanuel, Kerry. What We Know About Climate Change. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2007. Discusses how GHGs, including nitrous oxide, have increased in the atmosphere and the climate changes they may cause.
Fagan, B. M. The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History, 1300-1850. New York: Basic Books, 2001. Reviews the history of climate change over time, discussing whether the current changes are part of a natural cycle.
Flannery, Tim. We Are the Weather Makers: The Story of Global Warming. Rev. ed. London: Penguin, 2007. Argues that global warming is real, providing definitions and models.
Hoffman, Jennifer, Tina Tin, and George Ochoa. Climate: The Force That Shapes Our World and the Future of Life on Earth. London: Rodale Books, 2005. Explains how human actions have caused a shift in the climate; includes photos, graphs, diagrams, and maps.
Marshall, John, and R. Alan Plumb. Atmosphere, Ocean, and Climate Dynamics. Boston: Elsevier Academic Press, 2008. Discusses changes in the atmosphere and how those changes affect the oceans.
(The entire section is 183 words.)
Nitrous Oxide (Encyclopedia of Nursing & Allied Health)
Nitrous oxide is a colorless, sweet-smelling gas used as an anesthetic, most commonly during dental procedures.
Nitrous oxide, also called laughing gas, is the weakest form of sedation to aid in the relaxation of the anxious dental patient. When inhaled, nitrous is absorbed by the body and has a quick-acting calming effect on the patient.
The nitrous gas used in dental offices is actually a blend of two gases: oxygen and nitrous oxide. Mixed together it has a sweet-smelling aroma that gives a sense of well-being and aids in relaxation of the entire body. It causes light, conscious sedation, while the patient still retains the ability to respond to verbal commands.
Nitrous oxide has three kinds of sedative characteristics, including:
- Conscious sedation: Being awake and able to interact vocally with the dental staff, but feeling completely relaxed.
- Inhalation sedation: Becoming sedated through inhalation with the nose or mouth with a sedative agent such as nitrous oxide.
- Psychosedation: Nitrous oxide acts on the psyche or the central nervous system in such a way that pain impulses are not relayed to the cerebral cortex or their interpretation is altered.
According to the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, nitrous oxide/oxygen is the safest sedative in dentistry. It is non-addictive, mild, and easily administered to the patient. It is a safe, effective technique for calming patient fears of the dental office and procedures to be performed.
The concentration of nitrous oxide in the oxygen mixture varies, allowing for a range from light to deep sedation, depending on the apprehension, anxiety, fear, and pain the patient is experiencing. Consideration of the patient risks due to health issues or age may determine the amount of gas used during the dental procedure. Commonly used first in the dental office as a calming agent before an injection of a local anesthetic, nitrous oxide is inhaled through a nosepiece attached to the patient's face. From two separate tanks, two tubes carry the oxygen and the nitrous oxide gases to the nosepiece, where they are combined into one gas. Each tank has separate controls that indicate how much oxygen and nitrous are being used at any given time. The minimum number of people involved in the administration of the gas should be two, the dentist or other licensed professional and an assistant trained to monitor the patient during the procedure to make certain the amount of gas flowing through both tubes is correct. The effectiveness of all procedures using nitrous oxide is greatly enhanced by a quiet environment. Near the end of the dental procedure the flow of nitrous oxide is shut off and the patient is allowed to inhale 100% oxygen. The body quickly dissipates the nitrous oxide, and the patient begins to come out of the conscious sedated state.
Pregnant women should not use or handle nitrous oxide, because studies of pregnant mice and rats exposed to nitrous oxide have linked the use of the gas with birth defects.
Monitoring the control panels from each tank of oxygen and nitrous oxide at the beginning of each day is essential for safe practice. Daily checking of the tubes and nosepiece is vital to make certain they are free of blockages and small tears.
The tanks of oxygen and nitrous oxide should have an oxygen fail-safe system that is calibrated weekly. All emergency equipment should be functional and within reach.
Health care team roles
The dental office staff, including the dentist, dental hygienist, and dental assistant working as team, help create a calm environment. To ensure an adequate supply, the supervising dental assistant should monitor the amount of gas in each tank of oxygen and nitrous oxide, and schedule tank replacements as necessary. At least one back-up tank of each gas should be on hand, in addition to the ones being actively used with patients.
The front office staff maintains a current health history on each patient seen in the office. This health history has all known allergies or medical problems kept up to date for the dentist to refer to when deciding if nitrous oxide is safe for a particular patient.
The dental assistant in charge of the patient during the conscious sedation needs to document the heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and responsiveness of the patient periodically during the procedure, including the few minutes of recovery period when the patient is inhaling 100% oxygen.
Many state laws require dental offices to have a license for housing a nitrous oxide unit and administering the gas. Dentists and dental hygienists receive training for using the gas in their degree courses. Continuing education courses on how to administer nitrous oxide are offered for the dental assistant. However, the dental assistant can only monitor the patient under the guidance of a licensed general dentist or licensed dental hygienist. A separate test is required to become fully licensed for use without supervision.
Anesthesia complete or partial loss of sensation.
Conscious sedationeing awake during a procedure, able to respond to questioning, but completely relaxed.
General sedationeing completely asleep during the procedure.
Inhaled sedationeaching a sedated state through inhalation of the nose or mouth with a sedating agent, such as nitrous oxide.
Sedativen agent having a calming, relaxing effect.
Nitrous Oxide. Brochure. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) Brochure. 2001. <http://aapd.org/publications/brochures/nitrous.html>.
Academy of General Dentistry (AGD). 211 East Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-4300. <http://www.agd.org>.
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. 211 East Chicago Avenue, Suite 700. Chicago, IL 60611-2663. <http://aapd.org>.
Anesthesia. Academy of General Dentistry. <http://www.agd.org/consumer/factsheets/anesthesia.html>.
Cindy F. Ovard, RDA
Nitrous Oxide (Encyclopedia of Drugs and Addictive Substances)
- Overview
- What Is It Made Of?
- Are There Any Medical Reasons for Taking This Substance?
- Usage Trends
- Effects on the Body
- Treatment for Habitual Users
- The Law
What Kind of Drug Is It?
Nitrous oxide is a type of anesthetic, a substance used to deaden pain. It can alleviate pain without causing a loss of consciousness. Best known by the nickname "laughing gas," nitrous oxide is used primarily by dentists to keep patients comfortable during painful procedures. It can also be used in combination with other drugs as a . When administered by trained medical professionals, the gas is considered a safe and effective form of anesthesia.
As a recreational drug drug used solely to get high, not to treat a medical conditionitrous oxide is classified as an inhalant. (An entry on inhalants is available in this encyclopedia.) Inhalants contain dangerous vapors, which are gases or fumes that can be irritating or physically harmful when breathed in. Vapors from inhalants produce psychoactive, or mind-altering, effects when breathed in through the mouth or nose.
More than 1,000 different household and industrial productsll readily accessible to consumers of any agere sniffed or huffedInhaling through the mouth, often from an inhalant-soaked cloth. for their intoxicating effects. Glues, paints, markers, nail polish, correction fluid, and shoe polish are among the most commonly abused inhalants.
Among young teens, nitrous oxide is typically obtained from canned whipped cream available at grocery stores. Nitrous oxide gas is used to propel, or to drive out, the whipped cream from the can. Sales of nitrous oxide to older teens and adults usually occur at dance clubs and all-night dance parties called or through Internet transactions.
In the 1700s and the 1800s, chemists, doctors, and dentists in Europe and the United States experimented with three different anesthetic gases: nitrous oxide, ether (EETH-uhr), and chloroform (KLOR-uh-form). These compounds revolutionized surgical and dental procedures. While under the influence of an anesthetic gas, a patient's perception of pain is altered. Nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform all dull or block painful sensations. They also produce a rather intense high.
The intoxicating side effects of the gases, however, led to their use and abuse as recreational drugs. A research report titled "Inhalant Abuse," prepared by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and updated in 2005, noted that "nitrous oxide is the most abused of these [three] gases."
Nitrous oxide is a gas with both anesthetic and analgesic (pain relieving) properties. It was first discovered in 1772 by British scientist, theologian, and philosopher Joseph Priestley (1733804). Earlier, Priestley had identified oxygen, which he termed "phlogisticated (floh-JISS-tih-kay-ted) air." The term "phlo-gis-tic" comes from a Greek word meaning "flammable."
Nitrous Demonstrations: An Unusual Form of Entertainment
Although Priestley is credited with discovering nitrous oxide, another scientist recognized the potential value of its numbing and intoxicating effects. This man was Sir Humphry Davy (1778829), a British chemist who experimented with the gas on himself and his friends. In a book Davy wrote on the subject in 1800, he suggested that nitrous oxide's ability to dull pain might make it a useful anesthetic in surgeries. But, as Julie M. Fenster noted in Ether Day: The Strange Tale of America's Greatest Medical Discovery and the Haunted Men Who Made It, "no one took his suggestion."
And so, despite Davy's writings on the subject, nitrous oxide was not put to use in the medical field for another four decades. Apparently, according to historical sources, pain was such an accepted part of medical intervention during the early nineteenth century that neither scientists nor doctors seriously considered trying to ease it. Instead, nitrous oxide, which had earned the nickname "laughing gas," enjoyed popularity as a way for the British upper classes to entertain themselves at social gatherings. "The gas was soon offered at dinner parties instead of wine," wrote Fenster. It was even demonstrated in theaters and at festivals. In 1824, crowds in London were amazed by a show called "M. Henry's Mechanical and Chemical Demonstrations." The highly successful performances showed the uninhibiting effects of nitrous oxide on audience volunteers eager to try the gas.
"A New Era in Tooth-Pulling!"
Meanwhile in the United States, laughing gas was featured in traveling medicine shows and carnivals. Gardner Q. Colton (1814898), a former medical student, made a good living by giving public demonstrations of nitrous oxide. In New York City in 1844, he organized the "Grand Exhibition of Nitrous Oxide" on Broadway, charging the then-outrageous price of twenty-five cents per ticket. Colton moved his act to Hartford, Connecticut, later that year. Dr. Horace Wells (1815848), a dentist in Hartford, attended the nitrous exhibition with his wife. The evening's entertainment changed Wells' life forever.
Both Wells and his wife were among the volunteers from the audience who tried the laughing gas. The couple apparently engaged in some silly antics after sampling the nitrous oxide, but Wells was actually more interested in the effects of the gas on another member of the audience. A local man named Sam Cooley had seriously gashed his legs on a piece of furniture while stumbling around the stage on his nitrous high. His knees were bleeding badly, but he felt no pain. In fact, he didn't even realize he had been hurt. Wells was stunned by the effect of the gas and concluded that nitrous oxide might be useful as a medical anesthetic. In Wells' own often-quoted words, it was the beginning of "a new era in tooth-pulling!"
In keeping with the tradition of scientific experimentation in the nineteenth century, Wells used himself as a test subject. He devised a test case involving his dental colleague and friend Dr. John Riggs, who agreed to extract a tooth from Wells' mouth. The experiment took place on December 11, 1844. Wells asked Colton to set up his nitrous oxide equipment at the office Wells shared with Riggs. Wells administered the gas himself and soon nodded off from its effects. Riggs immediately pulled a sore wisdom tooth from Wells' mouth. The nitrous oxide had worked. Wells woke up shortly after the procedure and reported feeling no pain.
Considering his test a success, Wells began using nitrous oxideuite successfullys an anesthetic in his dental practice. When people heard about the new dental procedure, Wells' business increased. He was confident that painful dentistry would soon become a thing of the past.
A Demonstration Gone Bad
In January of 1845, before an audience of experts from the Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Wells attempted to demonstrate the anesthetizing effects of nitrous oxide. He used a bag of the gas to sedate a patient before removing a tooth. However, the bag was withdrawn too soon, and the patient awoke before the procedure was complete. The experiment was considered a failure, and Wells was devastated. He never fully recovered from the disastrous demonstration and committed suicide in 1848. More than a decade later, in the early 1860s, the medical community came to understand and accept nitrous oxide as a valuable tool. It was finally being used not as a prop in a traveling sideshow, but as the anesthetic that Wells had suggested.
Modern Uses
By 1871, companies in both the United States and Great Britain were producing compressed nitrous oxide in cylinders. As of 2003, according to the Compressed Gas Association (CGA), nearly 90 percent of the nitrous oxide manufactured in the United States is intended for medical and dental applications. Another 5 to 8 percent is used in the food industry. Other legitimate uses for nitrous oxide include the manufacture of airbags, semiconductors, and fuels that boost horsepower in race car engines.
However, the laughing gas parties and public demonstrations of the early 1800s evolved into a serious problem of abuse that has persisted into the twenty-first century. The gas is often sold at dance clubs and raves in balloons. Whipped cream cartridges, nicknamed "whippets," also contain nitrous oxide. These cartridges are sold through restaurant supply companies but are frequently purchased for illegal use.
What Is It Made Of?
Nitrous oxide is a compound made from nitrogen and oxygen. Its chemical formula is N2o The gas itself is clear and colorless, with a slightly sweet odor and taste. Nitrous oxide should not be confused with the potentially toxic gas known as nitric oxide (NO). Nitric oxide is found in the atmosphere as an air pollutant. It is also found in very small amounts in the human body, where it helps to move oxygen to the tissues and transmit nerve impulses.
Nitrous oxide is best described as a liquefied gas. It is from a compound found in fertilizers and explosives. This compound, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), forms steam and nitrous oxide when heated. The nitrous oxide is then processed and turned into a liquid form for storage in tanks, cylinders, or cartridges.
Pure nitrous oxide is deadly. The gas must be mixed with oxygen to be used safely as an anesthetic.
How Is It Taken?
N2O is used as an propellant in cans of whipped cream and some other food and beverage products. These products are a primary source of nitrous oxide for some abusers.
Depending on its intended use, nitrous oxide can be purchased in varying "grades," or degrees of purity. A food-grade version of the gas is sold to restaurants and caterers in small, bullet-shaped, metal cartridges. These cartridges are perfectly legal for use in the food preparation industry. Nitrous abusers refer to them as "whippets." One whippet delivers enough nitrous oxide to produce a three- to five-minute high. To release the nitrous oxide from a whippet, the high-pressure seal on the canister is pierced with a device called a "cracker." The resulting hole then emits a stream of nitrous oxide gas, which users inhale directly or use to inflate a balloon. Mishandling the cracker or piercing the wrong part of the canister can result in explosions and serious injuries.
Dealers often sell nitrous oxide to users at concerts, clubs, and raves. Instead of using small food-grade canisters, however, they use huge medical-grade nitrous tanks to dispense the gas into balloons. (Medical grade nitrous oxide is considered a prescription drug. These tanks can only be purchased legally by qualified medical personnel.) Nitrous-filled balloons sell for $3 to $5 apiece. One large cylinder of nitrous oxide can fill enough balloons to generate $20,000 to $30,000 in sales.
Sometimes, users fill plastic bags with nitrous oxide gas and then place the bags over their mouths or heads. This method of use carries a particularly high risk for serious injury and possible death. The user can easily lose consciousness and suffocateUnable to breathe; death caused by a blockage of air to the lungs. on the bag. Suffocation can also occur when nitrous oxide is consumed in large quantities in poorly ventilated spaces, such as closed-up cars or closets.
Are There Any Medical Reasons for Taking This Substance?
As an anesthetic, nitrous oxide has many legitimate uses. Its ability to reduce anxiety, restlessness, and fear makes it especially useful in the field of dentistry. Adults and children over the age of six have been shown to experience less discomfort and mental distress when given nitrous oxide during short but painful medical or dental procedures.
American obstetricianshysicians specializing in the birthing processsed nitrous oxide as a common pain management tool for women in labor until the early 1970s. By the early twenty-first century, however, the anesthetic had been replaced by newer drugs in the United States. However, a half-and-half mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen was still being used in the United Kingdom to ease the pain of childbirth.
In a 2005 article for The Age, Julie Robotham reported on a group of Australian doctors who believed that nitrous oxide should no longer be used as a base for general anesthetics. According to an international study involving more than 2,000 patients, the use of nitrous oxide "doubles the rate of serious vomiting and after surgery," explained Robotham. Both of these side effects can result in a patient's death.
Usage Trends
Nitrous oxide is among the substances of abuse categorized as inhalants. It gained popularity on the dance club circuit because of its supposed effects. It is also preferred over other inhalants such as spray paints, shoe polish, markers, and glue because it does not leave stains on skin and clothes.
Food-grade nitrous oxide chargers, better known as "whippets," are available by the box or the case and are sold on the Internet. David Holthouse commented in a Phoenix New Times article, "The cardboard boxes [of whipped cream chargers] are decorated with images of fancy desserts and fresh berries, next to warnings not to directly inhale the contents." Whippets were blamed for the death of a twenty-year-old Virginia Polytechnic Institute student in 1999. The student suffocated after inhaling nitrous oxide from whipped cream cartridges he had purchased through an online merchant.
Patterns of Inhalant Abuse
The Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) Web site notes in its "Inhalants: Drug Facts" publication that "typically, first use of inhalants occurs between late childhood and early adolescence." According to the "2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)"he latest survey data available in 2005ore youths age twelve and thirteen used inhalants than marijuana between 2002 and 2003. (An entry on marijuana is available in this encyclopedia.)
But general statistics on the broad category of inhalant abuse do not necessarily reflect the rate of nitrous oxide abuse. The 2003 NSDUH reports that less than one third of 1 percent of U.S. twelve and thirteen year olds reported using nitrous oxide as a recreational drug in their lifetimes. However, the rate of glue and/or shoe polish inhalation among youths in the same age group was nearly fifteen times higher than that, at about 4.3 percent.
Heavy nitrous abusers tend to be eighteen years of age or older. This may be due to N2O's growing status as a club drug. According to NIDA, nitrous oxide use occurs frequently at raves, where it is often mixed with other club drugs such as ketamine, ecstasy (MDMA), GHB, and LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). (Separate entries on each of these drugs are available in this encyclopedia.) By the early 2000s, nitrous oxide had gained popularity as a drug that enhanced sexual pleasure. It was even featured in a 2004 episode of the television series CSI: Miami as the cause of death in an otherwise healthy young woman.
Abuse in the Medical and Dental Fields
There have also been cases of nitrous oxide abuse among healthcare professionals. Dentists and anesthesiologistsMedical doctors trained to use medications to sedate a surgery patient. with easy access to the drug seem to be at a higher risk than the general public of developing nitrous-related dependence problems. Dependence is the belief that a person needs to take a certain substance in order to function.
Substance abuse is also especially high among healthcare professionals who administer anesthesia in a hospital setting. According to the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists (AANA), about 15 percent of anesthesia providers are substance abusers. "Nurse anesthetists are dying from accidental overdose or from suicide," reported Carlos "Rusty" Ratliff in "Anesthetists in Recovery: Chemical Dependency in the Profession." Like dentists, certified registered nurse anesthetists have large supplies of nitrous oxide readily available to them. Consequently, nitrous oxide is one of the drugs these professionals may end up abusing.
"Chemical Dependence in Anesthesiologists," a document developed by the ASA TaskForce on Chemical Dependence, addresses the problem of drug abuse among anesthesiologists. Although addicted medical doctors typically become hooked on such as fentanyl, nitrous oxide was mentioned by the ASA as another potential drug of abuse. (An entry on fentanyl is available in this encyclopedia.)
Calling Attention to a Serious Problem
NIDA began an intensive campaign against inhalant abuse in 2005. This action was prompted by the results of the 2004 Monitoring the Future (MTF) study, an annual survey of drug use among young people in the United States. The MTF survey is conducted by the University of Michigan with funding from NIDA. Findings for 2002 through 2004 indicate that inhalant abuse among eighth-grade students was on the rise during that period. As of 2004, approximately 17.3 percent of eighth graders in the United States had abused an inhalant at some time in their lives. That represents an increase over the 2003 figure of 15.8 percent. This "upward trend in use," according to the MTF report, was accompanied by a "decline among eighth graders in the perceived risk of using inhalants."
Effects on the Body
Nitrous oxide acts as a on the human body. Once inhaled, the gas enters the bloodstream through the lungs. The blood then carries it throughout the rest of the body. It reaches the brain quickly, affecting vital functions such as breathing and heart rate. It also alters other mechanisms of the nervous system, such as the activity of neurotransmittersA substance that helps spread nerve impulses from one nerve cell to another. that regulate thought processes, behavior, and emotions.
A single balloon filled with nitrous oxide can bring on a shortlived but intense high. The overall effects of the gas depend largely on the user's frame of mind. It can further stimulate an already excited user, or it can sedate a more relaxed user. Symptoms of a nitrous oxide high include giddiness, a loss of balance, slurred speech, twitching, mental confusion, and an inability to feel pain. After the effects of the gas wear off, users may experience side effects such as nausea (upset stomach), restlessness, tiredness, difficulty concentrating, and the appearance of spots before their eyes.
How Nitrous Oxide Works
Nitrous oxide alters the user's perception of time. Because the effects of a single "hit" last only three minutes or so, some abusers inhale the gas many times over the course of a few hours. Such attempts to maintain a nitrous high can be fatal, since continued
breathing of the gas causes . In addition, the possibility of brain damage increases when the brain does not receive sufficient amounts of oxygen.
Abusers also run the risk of vomiting and losing consciousness while intoxicated by nitrous oxide. Unconscious individuals are not able to clear their own airways of vomit. This increases the possibility of death by choking. Even if vomiting does not occur, an individual who loses consciousness from an overdose of nitrous oxide is likely to stop breathing. In addition, pure nitrous oxide takes the place of oxygen in the lungs. This process could result in asphyxiationeath or unconsciousness caused by the inability to breathenless the unconscious person is quickly moved to an area with fresh air. According to the CGA, death frequently occurs when abusers of the gas "attempt to achieve a higher state of euphoria [happiness and well-being]" by breathing "pure N2O in a confined spacen a small room, inside an automobile or other vehicle cab, or by placing their head inside a plastic bag."
Death by overdose of nitrous oxide is very difficult to recognize. It leaves no telltale signs for a coroner or medical examiner to identify. Under normal circumstances, blood carries oxygen to the tissues and organs of the body. But nitrous oxide pushes oxygen out of the blood. Without a sufficient supply of oxygen in the bloodstream, the tissues and organs of the body cannot function properly. Damage to the brain and other organs may result. Long-term abuse of nitrous oxide can also interfere with the production of blood cells in the bone marrowSoft tissue in the center of bones where blood cell formation occurs..
Additional Dangers
As nitrous oxide takes the place of oxygen in the lungs, a deficiency in vitamin B12 may result. This sparks a series of negative effects within the body. The user's red blood cell count decreases, leading to anemia (uh-NEE-mee-uh), a condition in which the blood is lacking in oxygen-carrying red blood cells. Nerve damage may also occur, leading to difficulty walking as well as tingling, numbness, or pain in the arms and legs. These side effects are usually reversible if nitrous use is stopped.
People who have a genetic disorder called phenylketonuria (fenn-uhl-kee-tuh-NORR-ee-yuh) should be particularly careful about nitrous oxide use. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited disorder that interferes with the breakdown of a certain protein called phenylalanine (fenn-uhl-AL-uh-neen). The protein is found in milk, eggs, and other foods. Individuals with PKU require a special diet that can cause a vitamin B12 deficiency. Because nitrous oxide can remove even more B12 from the bloodstream, the possibility of nerve and brain damage is especially high under these circumstances.
Nitrous users who inhale the gas while standing risk falling down and possibly breaking a limb or suffering a head injury. In addition, injury to the face, mouth, throat, and hands may occur because of the extremely low temperature of nitrous oxide. In an article for the Phoenix New Times, David Holthouse warned, "When N20 is released from a whippit, it's cold enough to flash-freeze spittle." Sometimes, users who get hurt while high on nitrous oxide are completely unaware of their injuries because of the numbing effect of the gas.
Improper handling of any compressed gas tank or cylinder can also cause injuries. Attempting to inhale a gas like nitrous oxide directly from a large gas cylinder can damage the lungs beyond repair. The force of the gas entering the lungs is so powerful that the air sacs in the lungs actually burst. Victims die in a matter of seconds due to internal bleeding. Inhaling any compressed gas is especially risky for people with ear problems, as the pressure of the gas may damage the inner ear.
N2O Plus Pre-Existing Conditions Can Equal Death
Individuals with certain medical conditions may also suffer severe and potentially fatal side effects from the use of nitrous oxide. For example, anyone with a history of , asthma, airway obstruction, head injury, or chest infection should not take nitrous oxide under any circumstances.
Nitrous oxide should not be given to pregnant women in the early or middle stages of pregnancy. The gas can interfere with the baby's development and may cause the mother to lose the baby before it is born. Heavy, ongoing nitrous oxide exposure during pregnancy has been shown to cause birth defects in animals.
Reactions with Other Drugs or Substances
Nitrous oxide produces effects on the body similar to those of alcohol, which is a depressant. When used along with other depressants, nitrous oxide can slow the user's breathing rate to a dangerously lownd sometimes even deadlyevel.
The increasing use of nitrous oxide in combination with other club drugs poses serious risks to users. In the event of a multiple-drug overdose, emergency medical personnel may not be able to identify the mix of drugs the patient has consumed. This further complicates emergency treatment and could delay lifesaving measures.
Treatment for Habitual Users
Abuse of nitrous oxide alone has not been shown to cause withdrawal symptomshe physiological effects of terminating use of an addicting drug. Because of this, it is not considered an addictive or habit-forming substance. At the very least, however, the gas does appear to cause . "Supposedly, nitrous is nonaddictive," wrote Holthouse, but "habitual users have a [tendency] to sit around doing whippit after whippit until all the whippits are gone, then go buy more whippits."
Nitrous oxide is eliminated from the body rapidly. However, if the patient has been abusing other drugs as well, the detoxification period, in which one rids the body of the drugs' toxins, could take up to forty days, depending on the chemicals involved. After detox, the primary goal of treatment is avoiding future drug use.
Substance abusers need to identify the underlying causes of their drug use. To curb drug abuse, they may need to alter their lifestyles substantially. This may include not going to the same clubs or hanging out with the same circle of friends if they are continuing to use drugs illegally. It may mean finding a new supportive, drugfree network of friends. Nitrous oxide abusers, like other substance abusers, typically benefit from individual therapy that focuses on changing unhealthy patterns of behavior and developing better coping skills. Group therapy and self-help organizations can also assist in the recovery process. Discussing addiction in a group setting can help drug abusers gain insight into their own thoughts and behaviors through the eyes and experiences of others.
There are few studies that focus specifically on the illicit use of nitrous oxide. Rather, the abuse of this gas is usually lumped into the general category of inhalant use. According to the 2003 NSDUH report, young adolescents who use inhalants tend to have more academic, social, and behavioral problems than those who do not. High school dropout rates and involvement in serious fights, thefts, and illicit drug use were especially high among inhalant abusers. These statistics reflect patterns seen among users of all inhalants, not just nitrous oxide.
Specifically, nitrous oxide abuse may cause mood swings and personality changes in heavy users. Users report that the gas decreases their . People with lowered inhibitions tend to take more chances and engage in riskier behavior than they would if they were not high. Nitrous oxide is also viewed as an aphrodisiac (sex enhancer) in some social circles. Some users might engage in unsafe sex, thereby increasing their risk for contracting sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV (the human immunodeficiency virus), which can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).
The Law
Nitrous oxide is regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a food-grade propellant, medical-grade gas, and prescription drug. In 1971, the state of Maryland began controlling its sale and distribution. In the 1990s, in an attempt to curb the growing abuse of the gas, a number of other states followed suit. Connecticut, Arizona, Texas, Michigan, and Wisconsin were among the states that passed laws placing strong safeguards and stricter penalties on the illicit use of nitrous oxide.
Selling nitrous oxide for use as a drug carries stiff penalties. Distributors face up to 15 years in prison and fines of up to $1.5 million. In 2001, an Arizona man was sentenced to a 15-month jail term and fined $40,000 for a nitrous oxide sale that resulted in the death of a Virginia college student.
Until federal legislation is passed to prohibit the possession, inhalation, and distribution of nitrous oxide for purposes of intoxication, the CGA has proposed a list of recommendations regarding its use. The main goal of these recommendations is to keep the gas from falling into the wrong hands. Among the guidelines proposed by the CGA are:
- restricting the sale of nitrous oxide to those who can prove they have a "legitimate use" for it
- encouraging legitimate users to store containers of the gas and other equipment in a secured area
- requiring medical and restaurant personnel to keep a careful count of used and unused cylinders
- reporting any thefts to the police immediately.
For More Information
Brecher, Edward M., and others. The Consumers Union Report on Licit and Illicit Drugs. Boston: Little Brown & Co., 1972.
Fenster, Julie M. Ether Day: The Strange Tale of America's Greatest Medical Discovery and the Haunted Men Who Made It. New York: HarperCollins, 2001.
Lobo, Ingrid A. Inhalants. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2004.
Menhard, Francha Roffe. The Facts about Inhalants. Tarrytown, NY: Benchmark Books, 2005.
Holthouse, David. "Softly into That Good Nitrous." Phoenix New Times (September 29, 1999).
Robotham, Julie. "Laughing Gas Unsafe, Say Doctors." The Age (May 5, 2005).
White, Josh. "Virginia Student's Death Leads to Drug Conviction." Washington Post (October 21, 2000).
Web Sites
"2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/nhsda.htm (accessed July 31, 2005).
"About Inhalants." National Inhalant Prevention Coalition. http://www.inhalants.com/about.htm (accessed July 31, 2005).
ASA Taskforce on Chemical Dependence. "Chemical Dependence in Anesthesiologists." American Society of Anesthesiologists. 1999. http://www.asahq.org/publicationsAndServices/chemical.html (accessed July 31, 2005).
"CGA/NWSA Nitrous Oxide Fact Sheet" (November 3, 2003). Compressed Gas Association. (accessed July 31, 2005).
"Drugs of Abuse: 2005 Edition." U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration. http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/abuse/index.htm (accessed July 31, 2005).
"Drugs of Abuse: Uses and Effects Chart" (June, 2004). U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration. http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/abuse/chart.htm (accessed July 31, 2005).
Haynes, Thomas L. "Escaping Addiction: The Door to Freedom" (November, 2004). American Dental Association. (accessed July 31, 2005).
"Inhalant Abuse: NIDA Research Report Series" (2005). National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse. http://www.nida.nih.gov/researchreports/inhalants (accessed July 31, 2005).
"Inhalant Use Is Associated with Other Substance Use and Delinquency" (March 17, 2005). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. http://www.samhsa.gov/news/newsreleases/050317nr_inhalants.... (accessed July 31, 2005).
"Inhalants: Drug Facts" (February, 2003). Office of National Drug Control Policy. http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/factsht/inhalants/index.htm (accessed July 31, 2005).
"INHALANTS.DRUGABUSE.GOV." National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse. http://www.inhalants.drugabuse.gov/ (accessed July 31, 2005).
Johnston, Lloyd, et. al. "Overall Teen Drug Use Continues Gradual Decline, but Use of Inhalants Rises" (December 21, 2004). Monitoring the Future. http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/ and http://www.nida.nih.gov/Newsroom/04/2004MTFDrug.pdf (both accessed July 31, 2005).
"NIPC Inhalant Update Alert." National Inhalant Prevention Coalition. http://www.inhalants.com/alert_update.pdf (accessed July 31, 2005).
"Nitrous Oxide Issues and Incidence of Abuse" (November 3, 2003). Compressed Gas Association. (accessed July 31, 2005).
"Nitrous Oxide (Laughing Gas)." MedicineNet.com, December 13, 1998. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7793 (accessed July 31, 2005).
"The NSDUH Report: Inhalant Use and Delinquent Behaviors among Young Adolescents" (March 17, 2005). Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/2k5/inhale/inhale.htm (accessed July 31, 2005).
Poremba, Sue Marquette. "Sucking the Life from Your Child: The Danger of Inhalants." Preteenagers Today. http://preteenagerstoday.com/resources/articles/inhalents.h... (accessed July 31, 2005).
Ratliff, Carlos "Rusty." "Anesthetists in Recovery: Chemical Dependency in the Profession" (January, 1996). American Association of Nurse Anesthetists. (accessed July 31, 2005).
"Spring 2005 NIPC Inhalant Prevention Update." National Inhalant Prevention Coalition. http://www.inhalants.com/SPRING_UPDATEMAY_2005.pdf (accessed July 31, 2005).
"After the Fall." CSI: Miami (television series), CBS, November 29, 2004.
See also: Amyl Nitrite; Inhalants
Source: Encyclopedia of Nursing & Allied Health, ©2002 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Encyclopedia of Drugs and Addictive Substances, ©2006 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Encyclopedia of Global Warming, ©2009 Salem Press, Inc.. All Rights Reserved.


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