text:
Skype 1.4 beta: better sound quality, call forwarding, personalization
It's the day of the good news. We've just released Skype for Windows 1.4 beta as a [secondary download](http://www.skype.com/products/skype/windows). As usual, we recommend public betas only for advanced users and for testing — there are known issues but overall it should not break your computer or wreak havoc in some unknown way.
What's new? Most importantly, significally improved call quality. We continue to work to maintain Skype's leadership in defining how calls over the Internet should work and sound, and 1.4 is a major step forward on that path.
Featurewise there's the über-requested **call forwarding**. This means that you can forward your incoming Skype-to-Skype and SkypeIn calls to either another Skype Name or to any landline or mobile phone. Yes — no more missed Skype calls! For forwarding calls to landline or mobile you need to have sufficient Skype balance available, but otherwise call forwarding itself is free and open to everyone.
You can do tons of cool stuff with forwarding — such as let your grandpa call you on your SkypeIn number. If you're not around your computer, the call is automatically connected to your mobile, without the caller ever noticing the difference. Or, you can forward to multiple numbers and Skype Names, and the first one to pick up receives the call.
We've also spiced up Skype for those who'd like to see more personalized sounds, ringtones and pictures. You can get them from our webstore and the selection is certainly big. For now, this new service works only with Skype for Windows 1.4.
There are several improvements to search, adding contacts, Getting Started Wizard and finding contacts from your Outlook, Outlook Express and Opera address books. Following are some other changes you may find interesting in this version. Full list of changes is in the [change log](http://www.skype.com/products/skype/windows/changelog.html).
]]> ### New Skype buttons
Skype used the callto:// protocol for letting you call other Skype users. There wasn't much you could do to for example view someone's profile on the web, add him to your contact list or send him voicemail. Now you can! While nothing changes in callto:// support, Skype for Windows 1.4 introduces the more flexible skype:// schema. More details are upcoming Really Soon Now in our [Developer Blog](/sdp).
We also have new and cool Skype-Me button designs upcoming that you will naturally see first here on blogs.skype.com. Stay tuned.
### Accessibility
As [Phil from Skype Journal put it a while ago](http://www.skypejournal.com/blog/archives/2005/05/accessible_skyp.php), "We can leave no Skyper behind". We've made improvements in this version that make Skype more accessible to users with screen readers, by improving Skype's support of MSAA (Microsoft Active Accessibility) standard. That work is not yet finished, and we hereby invite users of such programs to try this version and provide us feedback on what more we need to do to make Skype conveniently accessible to screen readers and other similar programs.
### Disabling Skype API and File Transfer features
We've had many businesses come to us with a line like "we like Skype, but we don't want people to be able to send and receive documents using File Transfer because it can't be intercepted by our antivirus gateways. This is why we've had to make a policy to not allow Skype at all on our premises, as unfortunate as it may be."
Viruses are an acute and increasing risk these days. In order to make it easier for organizations to enforce their security and intellectual property protection policies, Skype for Windows 1.4 lets you disable the File Transfer feature and Skype API connections by having a special registry key. This is not only limited for businesses, of course — if you've got your grandma set up on Skype and are afraid someone may trick her into receiving a virus, you can disable these features for her too.
To disable Skype File Transfer, create a new key under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESoftwarePoliciesSkypePhone, key name "DisableFileTransfer", type DWORD, value 1. After this, outgoing file transfers will not be available and incoming file transfers will be silently rejected.
To disable Skype API, create a new key under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESoftwarePoliciesSkypePhone, key name "DisableAPI", type DWORD, value 1. After this, connection requests from all external Skype plugins and hardware will be ignored. (The location of the registry keys corresponds to Microsoft's [Registry-based Policy Guidelines](http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/policy/policy/implementing_registry_based_policy.asp).)
To enable either feature again, just remove the corresponding registry key and restart Skype. Disabling File Transfer or API does not affect any other Skype features in any way.
### Disabling animated emoticons
Many users said "we like your emoticons, but having them animate all the time is kind of annoying". So now you can disable emoticon animation.
### Autostart bugfix
In some cases, Skype refused to accept you disabling the "Start Skype when I start Windows" setting and switched to invincible-resurrecting-zombie mode, always starting even though you had told it not to. Fixed now — it humbly obeys.
48 thoughts on "Skype 1.4 beta: better sound quality, call forwarding, personalization"
tim10000 said 8 years ago
Congrats on the new edition. I know we are supposed to run it on W2000 or XP, but will it actually work on a Windows98 with 128Meg RAM like the current edition does? I don't want to upset my current setup, which works very well, but would love to try the new features…..Maybe I'll just have to wait to run it on my office machine!
vkondra said 8 years ago
Windows stuff is OK. But I feel Linux version lag significantly. This may create incompatibility problems that skype don't suffer from till now. Please, make sure you treat all users equal regardless of their platform.
sega1014 said 8 years ago
Why still not to support Video chat ???
Why Why Why ???
moldarin said 8 years ago
Will tha changed callto:// linkin be made available for Mac and Linux users soon?
chrastilos said 8 years ago
OFFTOPIC: I'VE SENT A SUPPORT REQUEST AND NOBODY ANSWERED, WHAT SHOULD I DO? SKYPE DOESN'T WORK PROPERLY, AND I'VE SPENT ALREADY LOT OF MONEY FOR NOTHING (I can't listen well, the destination person cannot listen). CAN ANYBODY HELP ME? I ALREADY DON'T KNOW WHERE TO POST MY HELP REQUEST. I'M SORRY FOR THIS OFFTOPIC!!
teller said 8 years ago
Tim – officially Skype only supports Windows 2000 and XP, if Skype works on older Windows version then cool. You can easily test our new version on your system just make sure that you also download and save latest 1.3 version so if new 1.4 beta does not work you can just uninstall it and switch back to 1.3. Hope this helps.
puijob said 8 years ago
I totaly agree with _vkondra_ . As a Linux user I feel very marginalised by the Skype team. You should just take a look at Opera, they have very short delays between the Windows, Linux and OS X versions.
bluedude said 8 years ago
Nice all the new features but in my perception we should also have dynamic call forwarding like in a business.
Someone calls me and i can forward the call to someone else.
adrianwidrich said 8 years ago
Please put more priority on updating the Mac OSX version.
I am a completely committed & paying user of Skype, regularly using SkypeOut for all my international calls, and also own a SkypeIn number. As a Mac user I have to say I feel left behind by Skype. For me, Skype is much more than great program; it's a communication tool … and much more useful than iChat.Thanks
sh_office said 8 years ago
I´m still missing the status to change to an "in-call" or "in -conference" when I´m on a call or conference.
This best happens automatically but can still be changed manually if necessessary, on the running "call" or "conference".
And improve on the Mac and Linux version.
Further, increase the number of people in a call conference. Just 4 + host may be not enough in some cases.
ddalledo said 8 years ago
Forwarding is COOL feature, but I would love to forward a phonecall while I am talking .. example, I receive (or make) a phonecall and I want to pass it over to my buddy on the desk in front of me ……
tim10000 said 8 years ago
Thanks Siim,
I'll try it on the W98 PC and reinstall the old version if necessary. Have downloaded at the office and had my first ever call with Australia (its a quiet day here!)
thenewme91 said 8 years ago
Windows version is doing great, but as everyone else has said, Linux and Mac OS X versions are lagging significantly. Updates would be very nice!!! [I understand things like skype:// urls are harder to integrate in Linux and OS X, but...]
waldpl said 8 years ago
why not to build some SIPSkype serwers to connect other communicators and to use Skype with Voip routers and gateways? In office we are using both Skype (on computers) and Sip communicator (gateway with normal analog phones connected) I'm bored with that!! Please Skype Team – do something about that…
clouda_strife said 8 years ago
It's everything nice but, what I'll apprecitiate are groups within Contact list. With groups I could catalogize contacts into Partners, Friends, Family, etc…
What do you think? -
rtctrading said 8 years ago
Windows 1.4 version. Although I installed just now and not yet used any quality control (not done calls at the moment) it seems this version is much stabler than the previous ones. Fast to open. One critic at the moment (without having checked the sound quality yet) is the database search where I miss the opportunity to make new contacts in specific fields (ex. field for businesses or sectors). Seems only Skype names react to specific search word(s)? Maybe I am wrong and some people here will correct? Hope to give a sound impression in the next coming days.
Bye now.
PS. Call forwarding looks great and usefull when on the road and I would miss calls.
chriswestbrook said 8 years ago
I am using Jaws and see no changes as far as accessibility, in fact it seems worse, which doesn't shock me as it looks like there are some ui changes. I know you have people on your beta team working on this… Will there have to be new scripts written? It seems like people using other screen readers are getting the same result.
spamster said 8 years ago
i love you guys, and i have loved skype from the beggining, thanks a ton
richard.bedford said 8 years ago
Where's the ability to alter the time an incoming call has to wait unanswered before it swicthes to voicemail gone? Please can we have this back?
westiepm said 8 years ago
I've just downloaded the beta version to try the forwarding fonction.
I work with a win2k pc,with a 700 mhz AMD proc.I live in france and I forwarded my calls on my cellphone.
About the forwarding I must say it works,but need more than 14 rings before call arrive on my telephone.Voice quality is ok.
So I give 3,1/2 to service but I will use it everyday.
My question : How much pay, peolple calling me ? On which basis?
Best greetings
Paolo(westiepm) -
logicalstack said 8 years ago
i agree with many earlier posts, as a patron of your service I would like timely Linux updates. I understand that the bulk of your users use Windows but the Linux guys and gals need love too. Update please!
longfei said 8 years ago
some suggestions for the BETA 1.4
1. About forwarding processing time spent:
It took ages (on average about 14-15 rings) for the mobile/landline to ring after forwarding. I think most people won't wait that long and hence hang it up before I pick up the phone (cos the mobile doesn't ring until the caller has ringed at least 14 rings! It really tests patience!) By the way, iskoot takes only a couple of secs to forward the calls, but the premise is that the user has to leave the skype on, offline forwading is impossible in iskoot.
2. about forwarding numbers setting
The BETA allows 3 sets of numbers be forwarded to simuntaneoulsy. But I think there should be forwarding priority order instead of having all numbers rang all at the same time, otherwise the receiver will have no idea which one to pick up among the two or three and it will be very noisy! So the best way is to prioritize the sets of numbers. For example, if the first number is not answered within 5 secs (can be set by the user),then the calls will be forwarded to the secend number, if still not available, then to the third number. Or even better, allows the user to choose whether to have the three sets of numbers being forwarded to simuntaneously, or prefer to prioritize the number one by one. Please allow the user to decide. Besiedes, if the user can set the landline as first forwarding preference,the mobile the secend, then if the landline is being answered first, the skypeout price would be much cheaper(in most countries). then the calls being answered by mobile
3. abou the VM timing setting
originally there is a device where the user can adjust the timing, but now it's gone. Hope we can still set the timing (like enter into VM after 10 sec or 15 sec unanswered).
4. about the personalised ringtone.
I think the ringtones should be heared by the incoming callers instead of the user( both would be even better.) but apparently the beta only allows the skype user to hear the ringtone. That really is a waste coz the incoming callers will still hear the traditional dull ringtones. I won't buy the ringtones if only me can hear it.I prefer we can personlise ringtone for differnt incoming callers to hear instead of only for myself.The user's personalised skype should be shown to the public (the contacts)!
longfei said 8 years ago
Further suggestions for the BETA 1.4
Desperate in need of Skype-SMS(SMS-IN and SMS-OUT).
I am looking forward to sms-in and sms-out service in skype cos in many countries (e.g China mobile, two way charge system) it is very expensive to receive incoming internet calls. Besiedes, there is no number displayed for calls from skypeout,so most people would hesitate nad may decide not to pick up the phone (cos it costs a lot and not worth to receive unknown phones!)
Therefore, if sms-in and sms-out are beinig integrated, then people will know who you are from your sms-out without cost a penny and then they can text me back directly to my sms-in.
Another reason is that, for many occasions, text messages are more preferrable cos people may not in the mood or in the proper time to talk but only want to exchange some short message or notify sb briefly or sometimes SMS is the only avaiable option for the caller! So Please do integrate sms into next build, please~~~~~~~~~~~
NB. For those who are interested in forwarding device. It's free for the on-line contacts to call the off-line user who has set the forwarding. It is the off-line user to pay the phone calls. So better set only your authorised contacts can call you then.
sdsgsk said 8 years ago
sega1014 said 8 years ago
这里明明是skype blog,
obamldl said 8 years ago
Congratulations! on doing what was long awaited…Call forwarding. I think this will be a great feature! however, let me put my 2 cents. In addition of what other users have already asked for, it would be really nice if we could select which users (or SkypeOut numbers) not to allow for call forwarding and send them directly to VM instead. Also, the 10-12 rings before the call gets recognized by the forward-to number is too much, most people would´ve hang-up by then.
bertrandguyot said 8 years ago
I am working with Skype 10 hours a day, and i must say this tool is fabulous.
Ma,y things have been said in this post and its comments : call forwarding is definitely a nice option, and hopefully yu will correct and upgrade this tool => possibilty to choose the number of seconds before the call forward is effective, possibility to choose the numbers on which we can forward them (at the same time or by priority).
I believ it is not gonna be that difficult for you to manage those stuff. The newt big step, the one that will bring you definitely as a big competitor to yahoo, msft and google will be videocam…I guess you will launch it on 1.5 version, this autumn…So impatient I am…
sonicguy756 said 8 years ago
First of all. I like the idea of the ringtones and pictures. But really… what's $1.20 a download going to do for you? It's stupid. It's alot easier to just make your own ringtones and pictures anyways. If you guys want people to download the pictures and ringtones, I'd suggest not charging them.
benni.mack said 8 years ago
Yeah, these new features sound pretty awesome, but I just have to emphasize that I'd really like to have these features as a linux user, too. I'm also excited about the new speech quality improvements. About 50% of my calls are not working as they should as they have delays or parts of the conversation are fragmented. Would be great if you could also work on these things.
But I really have to admit: I tried a lot of other VoIP-Software and Skype is still the greatest (not only for linux users . Thanks for this great piece of software. -
root60931 said 8 years ago
Since upgrading to Skype 1.4 Beta, people I'm talking to complain of a "knocking" noise which wasn't there before.
ilyzislin said 8 years ago
It would be greate if forwarding could be used when you are "away", and not only when you are offline.
galessandroni said 8 years ago
Hi, I have a problem with Skype. When I iconize it, Skype shut down. Why it? I use Win XP.
eiswolfx said 8 years ago
Awesome. But why are the Linux and Mac Versions so far behind?
vendplus said 8 years ago
I had so many problems with 1.3, so I 'ran home to Mum' and
continued using 1.1.
THEN, I thought I would give 1.4 Beta a chance………LOVE IT!The clarity is outstanding, however with a Bluetooth Headset sounds a 'little tinny'.
Well Done folks
Woody -
medaff said 8 years ago
kelmon said 8 years ago
Sounds great but I have to echo what a lot of other people are saying in that the OS X client needs to be upgraded as well as we're starting to feel a little left behind here. Show us the love…
krishmat said 8 years ago
Downloaded 1.4 and trying it now. I have both SkypeOut n SkypeIN. Seems that no matter what I do I cannot get call-forwarding to work. It always keep defaulting to my VM. Also to echo what some of the others have said, the previous feature of being able to select the number of rings before forward/vm seems like a no-brainer. Must have been an oversight. Look forward to using the stable relese of this Beta.
Any ideas why forwarding is not working? I am using Win2K Sp4…
gmtkt111 said 8 years ago
Does Skype work well with a slow connection such as dial up (less than 28kbps)? if i want to make a call, does the sound works well or terible?
i commit to use skype out but, now i'm using a very slow Internet connection (dial up less than 28kbps), so new version of skype can help this problem?please imform me all this imformation by my email: firstname.lastname@example.com, so i can decide if my Internet connection work well with skype out.
Sam -
yateeem said 8 years ago
Great .. I m now in sweden, ill tell u that Skype is the best calling program ..
no cuting no echo … i m calling to Usa, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Egypt, Iraq, Morroco … Thanks Skype ! -
cool_willem said 8 years ago
I Miss the old ringtone and I will like it when the put free ringtones on the site to download
charlottepattersons said 8 years ago
Questions here…does Skypeout work for Macs,,,Does Skype have a 800#…Does Skype tech support respond….so far I am still waiting to be awed…mdp
sdcolman said 8 years ago
When dialing a number with an automated answer system such as a business, how do you select the extension number you wish to reach? (the automated answer system works from the sound that is generated from a touch-tone phone).
Is there a way to generate the touch-tone sound from Skype or my computer?
Thanks for any help with this.
bigal_fishman said 8 years ago
vely intelesting
msalminen said 8 years ago
Congrats for 1.4. Pretty impressive.
You seem to have forgotten your promise to us of "No Ads" by displaying come-on ads for Ringtones on every Skype-out call. Lot of us fear that Skype is turning into eBay ad-delivery vehicle. Tell us it isn't so. Loose the ad.
"The world can call for free, except for ringtones" sounds a little weak as a marketing statement. Surely you can bury the cost of ringtones into the cost of Skype-out, Skype-in service charges?
If you want to take over the world, don't force your users to choose. Play nice with SIP phones, they are just using a standard protocol. You don't have to support all of their functions nor vice versa. Just let us call them.
Since 1.4 installation several of my calls have abruptly ended with an error message "Unable to connect to server." and several times the same error message prevents the use of Skype-out. First of all I find it peculiar in a P2P application?! Secondly it is also absolutely inexcusable and intolerable to drop a business call in a middle and ask user to wait for 15 minutes to try again. If Skype has indeed turned into a client-server application and is now dependent on a server to function, and you want it to be used for business calls, then your server failure and restart are not an option you have. You have to have enough horsepower to keep the server functioning no matter what. Getting dropped off once-in-a-lifetime conference or sales call is a serious set-back for Skype acceptance in business.
Good luck.
mimi_gentille said 8 years ago
sandra-denis-2000 said 8 years ago
Using Skype with an USB phone accessory, I have problem with API. With Skype 1.3 no problem.
robertkress said 8 years ago
Dear Friends,
Today I have bought E 25,00 and they do not apear in my Skype account.
I request you to help me to get my credits a.s.a.p..
To get in touch with me please use the following e-mail:
Awaiting your kind news.
Best Regards
Robert Kress
jacobplittleman said 8 years ago
I'm a new user of 1.4 and am using a pair of ipevo touch 1 usb phones. When I use the phone on either of the 2 win2k systems I tested on (thinkpad r31 and a generic desktop) with service pack 4 installed I get identical behavior. I can call out ONLY by using the skype popup window and not the buttons on the phone. none of the buttons on the phone are functional. When an incoming call is received, the only ringing sound is a very weak ring through the phone. In fact, ALL of my audio is now channeled to the phone instead of the speakers on the machine.
When I move the same phones to a winXP pro system, everything seems to work properly.
Is there a driver problem with win2k or something I need to tweak? I have to unplug the phone to hear the normal computer speakers.Thanks,


text:
- 26th-February-2007 #1
Evil female rulers - Evil women rulers
Evil female rulers - Evil women rulers
If we had female only rulers, we probably wouldn't be alive today! Sure most wars were caused by men, but thats only because 90+% of rulers were men. Most female rulers have caused wars, the fraction is a lot higher than amoung male rulers.
One thing about researching female rulers, is that it is quite difficult to get unbiased reports. This is because the people who collect information about women rulers, tend to have a pro-female ideology, and skip out the all bad things they have done, then exagerrate the good. So generally, the only way to do it, is find the list of names from the "female ruler collectors", then research each one independantly, on different websites. I've seen a website describing all of these women as all virtuous strong leaders, and the wars they lead, crimes they committed, were not mentioned. www.womenwholead.org/more.htm is a good example of this. Good for getting names for independant research, very bad because of it's pro-female bias and lies.
This brings us to an important point. Many people might say "well they did cause wars but look at the good it brought to their country?". Well thats just stupid, because EVERY male leader who caused a war thought exactly the same. So then all war is just and good, right? Or only when females cause it?
Of course all war is wrong. INCLUDING when females cause it.
Females in general are more aggressive than males, and far more evil than males. I've got a comment on a study on this fact in my "Whats Wrong with Female's Views" article.
The evil women
Margret Thatcher
Started the Falklands war over a country they didn't legally own, and also treated her own troops like cannon fodder. Contributed heavily to the Cold War (where each side was building up nuclear weapons and armies to kill each other out of fear, but no war happened). Contributed to the eventual destabilisation of the USSR. Ordered atrocities of murder in Northern Ireland. Supported many dictators who crushed human rights (like Pinochet's Chilean regime). Ordered civilians on a peaceful strike in Northern England to be killed by mounted police.
Her programs, known as "Thatcherism," also produced high unemployment (which nearly tripled in her first two terms), high interest rates and increased class differentiation, as well as growth of the underclass. She was a racist who disliked Blacks and Indians.
Squandered multi billions of pounds, from the North Sea oil, in military projects, instead of putting it back into the nation for development. Britain had a chance to have modern industries developed taking Britain to the forefront of technology, like Japan is, but she squandered it! Ruined the mining and steel industries (closed them down), and refused to redevelop the areas affected but instead let them rot into crime and poverty. Removed trade union rights.
Caused many public strikes over her authoritarion reforms and paycuts. Privatised many British services, making a few people very rich, and making the services suffer greatly and still become more expensive. Privitising can NEVER work in a monopoly, it always leads to greater prices and worse service, because the people running it profit out of this. Privitising can only work with strong competition, because people then have choice. (Quote: "Allowing private companies to run essential non-competitive public services is like putting dracula in charge of the bloodbank.")
Encouraged small businesses, and such businesses need loans. After encouraging them she raised interest rates so high many went out of business. Involved in corruption by giving her son hundreds of thousands of pounds, meant to be used by a government scheme.
Obsessed with money, having the "fat cat" mentality that is now plaguing the West. More of a business woman who just happened to find politics a good way to get rich. In an interview, she said the only song she liked was "How much is that doggy in the window", because she thought it had something to do with inflation! (Truely, it sounds bizarre but this was in an interview with a music magazine). Publicly said that any working man over the age of 25 that doesn't have a car to get to work could be considered a failure. So much for the environment, eh??
Caused a general revolt over the "poll tax", that lead to the Tory party being weakened and losing power. In fact they piloted the poll tax in Scotland and it was a dismal failiure, Scotland became totally anti-conversative. So she decided to bring the poll tax to England, too! The Poll Tax was the end of her career. Many people refused to pay, there were marches against it, at the election she lost power, all because of the Poll Tax.
One of Britains most unpopular Prime ministers. Liked by some only because she is a woman.
Indira Ghandi
As prime minster in 1971, Indira Gandhi led India in a war against neighbouring Pakistan which resulted in the creations of Bangladesh, formerly East Pakistan. Her role in the war was only one of her controversial actions. She is remembered most for her campaign against Sikh separatists.
In 1973, Delhi and north India were rocked by demonstrations angry at high inflation, the poor state of the economy, rampant corruption, and poor standards of living. And in 1975, she annexed the Himalayan kingdom of Sikkim. In June of that year, the High Court of Allahabad found her guilty of using illegal practices during the last election campaign, and ordered her to vacate her seat. There were demands for her resignation.
Mrs. Gandhi's response was to declare a state of emergency, under which her political foes were imprisoned, constitutional rights abrogated, and the press placed under strict censorship. Meanwhile, the eldest of her two sons, Sanjay Gandhi, started to run the country as though it were his personal fiefdom, and earned the fierce hatred of many whom his policies had victimized. He ordered the removal of slum dwellings, and in an attempt to curb India's growing population, initiated a highly resented program of forced sterilization.
In early 1977, confident that she had debilitated her opposition, Mrs. Gandhi called for fresh elections, and found herself trounced by a newly formed coalition of political parties. Her Congress party lost badly at the polls, but three years later, she was to return as Prime Minister of India a second time.
In the second, post-Emergency, period of her Prime Ministership, Indira Gandhi was preoccupied by efforts to resolve the political problems in the state of Punjab. She brought a general named "Jarnail Singh Bindranwale" to power, letting him occupy the holiest Sikh shrine in Amritsar, called the Golden Temple, with armed soldiers who shot many innocent people. However, her general rebelled against her and challenged her, she had created a monster. In her attempt to crush the secessionist movement of Sikh militants, led by Jarnail Singh Bindranwale, she ordered an assault upon the Golden Temple. It was here that Bindranwale and his armed supporters had holed up, and it was from the Golden Temple that they waged their campaign of terrorism not merely against the government, but against moderate Sikhs and Hindus. "Operation Bluestar", waged in June 1984, led to the death of Bindranwale, and the Golden Temple was stripped clean of Sikh terrorists; however, the Golden Temple was severely damaged, blood was spilt on the holy place for the first time in history, and Mrs. Gandhi earned the undying hatred of Sikhs who bitterly resented the desacralization of their sacred space. The attack killed an estimated 450 people, and left a legacy of bitterness.
Nuclear bombs were developed during her reign, and then exploded and tested.
Five months later, Indira Gandhi was shot dead by her Sikh bodyguards in revenge. That incident was followed by attacks on Sikh communities in Delhi and elsewhere in India, in which several thousand people are believed to have died.
Catherine the great
Waged two successful wars against the Ottoman Empire. Invaded Lithuania too. During this time, Catherine was able to expand the Russian borders. Catherine II's reign was notable for imperial expansion, which brought the empire huge new territories in the south and west, and for internal consolidation. Following a war that broke out with the Ottoman Empire in 1768, the parties agreed to the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji in 1774. By that treaty, Russia acquired an outlet to the Black Sea, and the Crimean Tatars were made independent of the Ottomans. In 1783 Catherine annexed Crimea, helping to spark the next war with the Ottoman Empire, which began in 1787. By the Treaty of Jassy in 1792, Russia expanded southward to the Dnestr River. The terms of the treaty fell far short of the goals of Catherine's reputed "Greek project"--the expulsion of the Ottomans from Europe and the renewal of a Byzantine Empire under Russian control. The Ottoman Empire no longer was a serious threat to Russia, however, and was forced to tolerate an increasing Russian influence over the Balkans.
This time Russia obtained most of Belorussia and Ukraine west of the Dnepr River. The 1793 partition led to an anti-Russian and anti-Prussian uprising in Poland, which ended with the third partition in 1795. The result was that Poland was wiped off the map, Russia had taken it's lands as it's own.
In 1788, Russia declares war on Sweden. This sharp little engagement lasts for 2 years.
The fate of the Ukrainians and Belorussians, who were primarily serfs, changed little at first under Russian rule. Roman Catholic Poles resented their loss of independence, however, and proved to be difficult to integrate. Russia had barred Jews from the empire in 1742 and viewed them as an alien population. A decree of January 3, 1792, formally initiated the Pale of Settlement, which permitted Jews to live only in the western part of the empire, thereby setting the stage for anti-Jewish discrimination in later periods (see Other Religions, ch. 4). At the same time, Russia abolished the autonomy of Ukraine east of the Dnepr, the Baltic republics, and various Cossack areas. With her emphasis on a uniformly administered empire, Catherine presaged the policy of Russification that later tsars and their successors would practice.
During the 1768-74 war with the Ottoman Empire, Russia experienced a major social upheaval, the Pugachev Uprising. In 1773 a Don Cossack, Emel'yan Pugachev, announced that he was Peter III. Other Cossacks, various Turkic tribes that felt the impingement of the Russian centralizing state, and industrial workers in the Ural Mountains, as well as peasants hoping to escape serfdom, all joined in the rebellion. Russia's preoccupation with the war enabled Pugachev to take control of a part of the Volga area, but the regular army crushed the rebellion in 1774.
Then, on the domestic front, although espousing liberal thinkers like Voltaire, she ignored the poor and increased the scale and depth of the autocracy. Under Catherine's rule, the government attitude towards serfs witnessed a major deterioration. The squires were given a free-hand to squeeze the peasantry as never before. In addition to this, inequality between the rich and poor increased. Catherine's era has been dubbed the 'golden age of the Russian nobility.' Never before had the Russian upper class been so privileged, so economically advantaged and so handsomely rewarded for doing so little. In exchange, they abdicated nearly all political pretensions (thus, strengthening Catherine's own power).
Bloody Mary
Queen Mary was the first woman to be crowned Queen of England in her own right. Her reign was brief and troubled. Her marriage to Prince Philip of Spain provoked Parliamentary dissent and armed rebellion; the Spanish alliance later drew England into a disastrous war with France, ending with the loss of Calais - England's last French territory. Her religious intolerance is legendary. In 37 years Henry VIII had killed 90 heretics, Catholic and Protestant, burned at the stake; in four years Mary burned nearly 300 Protestants. Victims included blind men, pregnant women and Thomas Cranmer, Henry's Archbishop of Canterbury, who recanted his Protestantism seven times but reaffirmed it before his execution. The repression created a Protestant resistance which grew more resolute as the burnings continued. Protestants increasingly looked forward to the accession of Princess Elizabeth.
She dealt equally harshly with the Irish. She confiscated lands belonging to the O'Moores and the O'Connors in counties Laois and Offaly, renaming them Queen's County and King's County in honour of herself and her husband. The dispossessed chieftains waged a guerrilla war against the English settlements. Under the pretext of holding a peace conference with them, the English invited the O'Moores and the O'Connors to Mullaghmast where they had them and their families treacherously murdered.
Several of England's leading Protestant bishops were tortured and burned at the stake as heretics, including John Hooper, Nicholas Ridley, and Hugh Latimer. Even Thomas Cranmer, who had been Archbishop of Canterbury under Henry and Edward, was burned at the stake as a heretic. Over three hundred Protestants died in the Marian persecutions, and eight hundred more fled to Germany and Switzerland.
Mary died, childless, in 1558; she was 42. She had caused civil war. She had long lost the popular support which monarchs now needed. Granted a longer reign and an heir, she might have succeeded in integrating England into the Catholic Church and a Catholic empire; more probably, she would have made the country ungovernable.
(also spelled Hsiao-Ch'in or Hsien Huang-Huo or Cixi, also known as the Dowager Princess)
Was a one of Hsien-feng (Xianfeng)'s whores. Had his only son. Her master died and she became a regent for the boy. She had her son killed the before he became of age, then violated the normal succession and had her three year old nephew named the new heir. Soon after that she was made the ruler of China, when her nephew's mother died.
Tzu-Hsi lived in extravagance; she squandered money on banquets, jewels, and other luxuries. She used funds earmarked for the navy to build herself a lavish summer palace. (The lack of military funds contributed to China's defeat in the 1894 Sino-Japanese war.) At the end of her life, her personal jewelry vault held 3,000 ebony boxes of jewels, and she was buried in diamonds.
She commanded the violently anti-foreign secret society "The Boxers" to attack foreign legations in Peking; this siege lasted eight weeks. In return, a mixed foreign force of 19,000 troops battered its way in and captured Peking. Peking was looted, many Chinese people were tortured, raped and killed. Tzu-Hsi fled to Sian. Before fleeing, Tzu-Hsi summoned the emperor's concubines and told them to stay behind. One of them begged to be allowed to accompany the emperor. "Throw this despicable minion down the well!" She ordered the guards. The order was carried-out.
Worked with the military and conservative forces to stage a coup and take power again as active regent, confining her own nephew to his palace. Later as she on her death bed, though old age, she had her nephew poisoned to death.
Golda Meir
Zionist. Contributed to the illegal settling and occupation of Palestiine. She saw no need to seek compromise with the Palestinians so long as Israel was secure. Her rigid nationalism and blinkered view of the Arabs led her to say once: "There are no Palestinians."
As Prime Minister, Meir took a hard line toward the Arab world, refusing to stop expansion of settlements in the occupied territories. She refused to give back the lands Israel had stolen though war. She also tried to occupy the Sinai and Golan Heights, but the moderates in her party prevented her.
Elizabeth I
Elizabeth gave Queen Mary of the Scots refuge, then immediately betrayed her and kept her prisoner for nearly 19 years, then murdered her (with no intervening freedom!).
Encouraged raiding of Spanish ships during peacetime, by pirates. Took a share of the pirate's profit. Caused a long war going on for over a decade with Spain.
By lending unofficial aid to French Huguenots she managed for some time to harass France and Spain without involving England in an actual war. As part of her marriage negotiations she later supported the duke of Alençon's participation in the Dutch war against Spain.
Sirimavo Bandaranaike
A house wife to a president, she took his place when he was assasinated. She was elected president, which was from public sympathy for her husband's murder.
She ruled that all foreign businesses, which were operating in Sri Lanka, should be stolen from the owners by the government. Think of a shop like Ikea, being stolen by the British from the Swedish, and you'll get an idea of how unfair that is. As a result of this, Britain and the US imposed sanctions on Sri Lanka.
She imposed wide spread social change on her country, her communist interventionist beauraucracies, stifled business, leading to economic downslide, unemployment, and starvation. In 1973, rationing had to be imposed due to these problems, that she caused.
She acted as a dictator. She first took over the country's largest newspaper, enforcing censorship on it. Then she shut down the "Independant newspaper group", which was a harsh critic of her dictatorial ways. I can imagine it was probably done with violence, and certainly with force.
Sirimavo increased and refused to let up, the situation of police and state violence against the Tamil minority. There has been both an ongoing state violence against the Tamils under her rule, and occasions of genocide in which mobs and the state collude against the Tamils. The Tamil's non-violent freedom leader Thanthai Chelva, was ignored by her. Under her rule, the Sri Lankan government, which collected taxes from all the people, neglected the Tamil areas in national development schemes.
Going back in time to the earlier part of her career... Her country, had more than one main language. Sinhala and Tamil. The Sinhalese who spoke Sinhala, are the majority of the country's population.
Her first move after she came to power, was to increase the historical oppression against the Tamils, by ruling that Sinhalese should be used for all government business. Before then, English was used, as the unifying language. (Quite a good idea I think to use English as a unifying language! After all, it is the worlds most commonly spoken language, especially in scientific communities, who have a great need to converse.)
This action meant that most Tamil in government, were unable to continue their government. The Tamils, responded by non-violent civil disobediance. Sirimavo responded to this, by declaring a state emergency. This language change, and state of emergency happened within one year of her election victory.
Sirimavo was banned from politics for 7 years, for abuse of power.
Strangely, at times, she was much liked abroad by the political leaders (at the top, like Prime Ministers and Presidents) from other countries. This was because she was a woman, and they were too far away to have to up with the deaths and loss of living standards she caused.
Chandrika Kumaratunga (daughter of Sirimavo, using her husband's name)
This is the situation at the time of Chandrika's power.
Richard Howitt and Robert Evans, two MEPs who visited Sri Lanka recently, without mincing words accused the Sri Lankan government "of not doing enough to protect civilians caught up in the war against Tamil Tiger rebels and is covering up their suffering." They compared the plight of the displaced Tamil people in and around the conflict zone with those of Sierra Leone and Chechnya.
Earlier the two MEPs visited the border town of Vavuniya, where they met Tamil civilians displaced by fighting in the northern Jaffna peninsula and Vanni.
The two MEPs directed their harshest criticism against the government for implementing an oppressive press-censorship policy and of not allowing essential supplies, including baby food and medicine, to be distributed in areas controlled by the Tamil Tigers.
For far too long the Sri Lankan government had succeeded in concealing the major humanitarian crisis prevalent in Vanni and other conflict areas by clamping down press censorship coupled with ban on foreign and local news media. Northeast has remained virtually a no go zone for foreign journalists for many years now, except for hand picked pro-government journalists taken on conducted tours. Like the economic blockade, there is also a news blockade of the Northeast. Mr.Evans, a member of the Parliament's South Asia delegation, said that President Kumaratunga's proposals to end the civil war would not work unless she sat down and negotiated with the Tamil Tigers.
No doubt President Chandrika who is used to polite exchange of pleasantries by visiting foreign dignitaries would have been stung by the sharp reproach by the MEPs concerned. The choice of words used was unprecedented for visiting politicians who normally watch their language and speak without giving any offence.
Before the diplomatic and political ripples raised by the MEPs could die down comes hot on the heels a report by Amnesty International (AI). In a hard hitting report dated July 20, 2000, the human rights watchdog has slammed the Sri Lankan government for continued violation of the rights of the Tamil detainees arrested under the emergency regulations.
Sri Lanka enjoys the dubious distinction of being the country with the second largest number of non-clarified cases of "disappearances" on the WGEID's list, and where torture remains widespread. While a very large number of the approximately 12,000 non-clarified "disappearances" on the WGEID's list took place under the UNP government, the practice of "disappearance" by no means ceased when the People's Alliance came to power in 1994 under President Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga.
A very common example of the treatment Tamils get, from the state Chandrika has set up, on July 13, 1999 Sithamparapillai Kanakanayakam, 27, of Kokkaddicholai, 16 kilometres southwest of Batticaloa, was arrested by the army while he was visiting relatives in Kallady, a suburb of Batticaloa town.
The Assistant JMO for Colombo Dr.S.Sivasubramaniam who examined Kanakanayakam on December 15, 1999 states in his report to the court that the youth had been beaten up severely with wires and plastic pipes and his head had been covered with a plastic bag containing petrol fumes and chilli powder and that his head had also been repeatedly thrust into water and held until he choked.
Queen Isabella of Spain (Born 1451)
The Catholic queen was cruelly intolerant, encouraging the infamous Inquisition. In her lust to unify Spain and centralize power, Isabella drove out the Jews, Moors and Gypsies.
Special mention: Cleopatra
Special mention I give to Cleopatra after reading her history, mostly because she doesn't fit into the category of "starting a war" or other unnecessary acts of aggression. In fact I almost feel sorry for that clueless whore. But then I should feel MORE sorry for the many people's lives she ruined with her stupidity, weakness and willingness to whore not just herself, but her country too.
She was responsible for destroying the Egyptian civilisation, by being a very weak ruler at a time when the world had many strong rulers. She was the last Egyptian Emperor, because the civilsation was no more after her.
She never faught a war herself, but whored herself to Romans (Julius Caesar and Mark Anthony), and got them to do the fighting for her! Why should she need that? She had a powerful and rich empire?? A strong ruler like Caesar with her large army could have ruled without fear from anyone. And even with her whoring, she still managed to mess things up. She split up Mark Anthony's marriage by whining, crying, begging and screaming for him to stay in Egypt, thus making Mark seen as a traitor to Rome. This resulted in a war on Egypt and on Mark Anthony.
She forced Mark Anthony to take the wrong tactical manoevers at a sea battle, by manipulating him into it. She was supposed to be watching the battle, but left. This made Mark Anthony follow her, and his army was left in confusion and dissarray, causing total defeat. She was a very weak ruler. More of a whore than a ruler. Mark Anthony was supposed to be her lover, but was more like a manipulated providor/protector slave, as the future events show.
She tried to whore herself to the conqueror of Egypt, Octavius, who had caused in Mark Anthony's death. However because unlike before she was too old and unattractive (39 at Octavius's time, but 18 when she met Caesar), he refused.
All in all I can't help to feel sorry for that fool of a woman. Perhaps that is a flaw in me. There is a certain "You blockhead" feeling I feel to her, IE much like the cartoon character Charlie Brown never realised that he was hopeless and would have done everyone a favour by just *giving up*, she had the same thing. She was determined to make a mess of things, when she should have just given up rule to a better ruler than her, instead of manipulating and whoring her own country into distaster.~ Support Fathers & Families for Father's Rights and Equal Parenting! Go to fathersandfamilies.org ~
~ Fathers & FamiliesTM improves the lives of children and strengthens society by protecting the childs right to the love and care of both parents after separation or divorce. ~
~ Feminism = Every bad thing any man has ever committed highlighted and exaggerated; every bit of good systematically undermined, vilified or ignored. ~
~ A man needs a woman like a lion needs a stove. ~
~ Women deserve only equal opportunity, not equal outcomes. ~
~ Men are not collectively "guilty" of anything. ~
~ Never needing to be pregnant is a blessing. ~
~ Feminist ideology men have to respect women, but women have no reason to respect men ~
~ Everybody makes choices, and nobody should be entitled to special treatment because of those choices.
Equal results based on unequal treatment amounts to no kind of equality at all. ~
- 15th-June-2007 #2
Re: Evil female rulers - Evil women rulers
Some additional information, this is a part:
...feminists have destroyed the willingness of males in the chattering classes to talk seriously about the military as anything other than a manifestation of the fact that all males are bloodthirsty rapists, and if women had their way there would be no more wars.
Mr. McCanles is sadly correct. The feminist world-view, which includes an over-the-top hatred of men and of all things male, is malignantly deviant from reality. In what has become the commonplace Alice-in-the-Looking-Glass metaphysic of American feminism, "masculine" does not mean assertive or strong, or capable. In their lexicon, masculine equals evil. And not just bad, either; men are also stupid, inept, and lost without a woman to somehow alchemize their base nature. Further, with women leading the way to utopia there would be an end to war because women are essentially peaceful and choose to work cooperatively rather than arrange themselves in a patriarchal hierarchy. Those who believe that women aren't as aggressive as men obviously haven't spent time in an all-female workplace. A totally feminine environment is rife with in-fighting, betrayals and vying for power , made all the more vicious for the lack of men to leaven the mix.
"If women ruled the world there would be no wars" goes the feminist mantra, in another put-down of men. Well, what is the track record of women leaders?
Chris Key: The world's first female prime minister, Sirimano Bandaranaike, was elected prime minister of Ceylon in 1960. During her reign she:
- Inflamed tensions between the country's majority Sinhalese and minority Tamils that led to a bitter 18-year civil war
- Turned a model state into a socialist poor house
- Ruthlessly crushed a Marxist revolution
- Forced the shutdown of the Independent newspaper group to stifle its criticism of her corrupt practices
- Was finally expelled from parliament in 1980 because of her abuses of power
Indira Ghandi, Prime Minister of India from 1966-77 and 1980-84 led her country to war with Pakistan in 1971. She set up India's nuclear program, culminating in the explosion of a nuclear device in 1974.
Golda Meir, Prime Minister of Israel went to war with her Arab neighbours in the 1973 Yom Kippur war.
Prime Minister of Britain, Margaret Thatcher went to war with Argentina over the Falklands.
Mr. Bad: It's just too easy for women to send young men to fight and die for their personal political issues. When I see female leaders sending women to fight and die in the same numbers as men then I'll be impressed.
Patriot: The more women rule, the more wars there will be, because women are generally the instigators.~ Support Fathers & Families for Father's Rights and Equal Parenting! Go to fathersandfamilies.org ~
~ Fathers & FamiliesTM improves the lives of children and strengthens society by protecting the childs right to the love and care of both parents after separation or divorce. ~
~ Feminism = Every bad thing any man has ever committed highlighted and exaggerated; every bit of good systematically undermined, vilified or ignored. ~
~ A man needs a woman like a lion needs a stove. ~
~ Women deserve only equal opportunity, not equal outcomes. ~
~ Men are not collectively "guilty" of anything. ~
~ Never needing to be pregnant is a blessing. ~
~ Feminist ideology men have to respect women, but women have no reason to respect men ~
~ Everybody makes choices, and nobody should be entitled to special treatment because of those choices.
Equal results based on unequal treatment amounts to no kind of equality at all. ~
- 15th-June-2007 #3
Re: Evil female rulers - Evil women rulers
During the Trojan war wasn't there an amazonian army that fought there. I could swear I saw a show that traced some mongolians with DNA that matched some in an amazonian tomb. I think the story went that some of the amazonian ships accidentaly landed in near monolia and interbred with the locals and to this day you can find blue eyed tall blond mongols. I think I saw it on National geographic on how Dna can be used to track what areas all of your ancestors were from.
"no greater love hath a man than to lay down his life for his brother."
- 16th-June-2007 #4
Re: Evil female rulers - Evil women rulers
The Mongolian Empire of Kublai Khan was the largest in all of human history. So it's quite safe to say that Mongolians at the time also interbred somewhat with foreign people in the lands that they conquered. This means that such very un-Mongolian features can reappear sometimes in offspring. Blue eyed and blond Mongols are extremely rare. The core Mongolian homeland is far from the sea.
~ Support Fathers & Families for Father's Rights and Equal Parenting! Go to fathersandfamilies.org ~
~ Fathers & FamiliesTM improves the lives of children and strengthens society by protecting the childs right to the love and care of both parents after separation or divorce. ~
~ Feminism = Every bad thing any man has ever committed highlighted and exaggerated; every bit of good systematically undermined, vilified or ignored. ~
~ A man needs a woman like a lion needs a stove. ~
~ Women deserve only equal opportunity, not equal outcomes. ~
~ Men are not collectively "guilty" of anything. ~
~ Never needing to be pregnant is a blessing. ~
~ Feminist ideology men have to respect women, but women have no reason to respect men ~
~ Everybody makes choices, and nobody should be entitled to special treatment because of those choices.
Equal results based on unequal treatment amounts to no kind of equality at all. ~
- 16th-June-2007 #5
Re: Evil female rulers - Evil women rulers
Yeah that is what made the show so interesting. It was about maping the genome to find out about human migratory patterns. But IT went on and found an amazonian burial mound they took dna and found out she was from the same part of the world as the amazons and the burial mound was constructed the same as the time period encumpassing the trojan war. Any how the girl they found that was blond and blue eyed was a descendant of the woman in the tomb. Even though the little girl lived hundreds of miles away from the tomb.
"no greater love hath a man than to lay down his life for his brother."
- 17th-June-2007 #6
Re: Evil female rulers - Evil women rulers
There's no doubt that blue eyed and blonde people originally are from the Europe region which the Mongols had invaded. However the "amazon women" is a Greek myth. The "Mongolian" girl with light hair and ethnic european features in the program was related to the Sarmatians which lived in Eurasia. The Sarmatians were partly incorporated into the Mongol horde which conquered those lands. This is why in rare cases descendants with certain typical ethnic european features which are very unMongolian resurface in their offspring.
Here's a article about it.Last edited by Tyrael; 17th-June-2007 at 03:05 PM.
~ Support Fathers & Families for Father's Rights and Equal Parenting! Go to fathersandfamilies.org ~
~ Fathers & FamiliesTM improves the lives of children and strengthens society by protecting the childs right to the love and care of both parents after separation or divorce. ~
~ Feminism = Every bad thing any man has ever committed highlighted and exaggerated; every bit of good systematically undermined, vilified or ignored. ~
~ A man needs a woman like a lion needs a stove. ~
~ Women deserve only equal opportunity, not equal outcomes. ~
~ Men are not collectively "guilty" of anything. ~
~ Never needing to be pregnant is a blessing. ~
~ Feminist ideology men have to respect women, but women have no reason to respect men ~
~ Everybody makes choices, and nobody should be entitled to special treatment because of those choices.
Equal results based on unequal treatment amounts to no kind of equality at all. ~
Re: Evil female rulers - Evil women rulers
Obese and ruthless, the pharoah who was King AND Queen of Egypt
The mummified remains of Egypt's first and most powerful female pharaoh have been identified by archaeologists.
They said the discovery was the most important since Howard Carter unearthed Tutankhamun's grave nearly a century ago.
The much more modest resting place of Hatshepsut was also dug up by Carter - but no one suspected her mummy was one of a pair found inside.
The breakthrough came when a tooth known to belong to the queen but found elsewhere was matched to the much larger of the two bodies.
Other evidence confirmed the mummy as that of the ruthless ruler who was famously "both king and queen". Detailed examination showed she was obese with rotten teeth and pendulous breasts.
Zahi Hawass, Egypt's chief archaeologist, said: "This is the most important discovery in the Valley of the Kings since the discovery of King Tutankhamun and one of the greatest adventures of my life.
"Queens, especially the great ones like Nefertiti and Cleopatra, capture our imaginations.
"But it is perhaps Hatshepsut, who was both a king and a queen who was most fascinating.
"Her reign during the 18th dynasty of ancient Egypt was a prosperous one, yet mysteriously she was erased from Egyptian history.
"Our hope is that this mummy will help shed light on this mystery and on the mysterious nature of her death."
Born into the most advanced civilisation in the ancient world, Hatshepsut commandeered the throne of Egypt from her young stepson, Thutmosis III, and, in an unprecedented move, declared herself pharaoh.
To cement her position as the first female ruler, she donned the traditional clothes, head-dress and even the false beard traditionally worn by the male ruler of Egypt.
She is thought to have reigned with little opposition for more than two decades before dying in around 1458 BC.
On taking power, Thutmosis attempted to erase all record of her from public monuments and her final resting place remained a mystery until now.
But using their knowledge of royal Egyptian mummification techniques and clues from two known tombs linked to Hatshepsut, Dr Hawass and his team narrowed their search to just four mummies from thousands of unidentified corpses.
The search then came down to two mummies - one fat, one thin - from the tomb discovered by Carter in 1903 - 19 years before he opened the tomb of boy-king Tutankhamun.
One body belonged to Hatshepsut's wet nurse. However, the tooth held in a box bearing the female pharaoh's name has determined that the second, larger body was that of the ruler herself.
The molar, thought to have been set aside during the embalming process and kept in a nearby temple since its discovery in 1881, was almost an exact match to a gap in the monarch's upper jaw.
Yehya Zakariya, an orthodontics professor, said: "The identification of the tooth with the jaw can show this is Hatshepsut.
"A tooth is like a fingerprint. It is 100 per cent definitive."
As a woman living in Egypt's golden age, Hatshepsut was not destined for kingship.
She was prohibited by her gender from ascending the throne even though she was of royal lineage.
Egypt's gods had supposedly decreed that the king's role could never be fulfilled by a woman. And although a pharaoh needed a queen to reign with him, she could never rule alone.
Hatshepsut refused to submit to this and, to get round the rule, claimed she was married to the king of the gods and therefore had as much right to sit on the throne as any previous pharaoh.
Her brazen approach worked. She had herself crowned around 1473BC, changing her name from the female version Hatshepsut - which means Foremost of the Noble Ladies - to the male version, Hatshepsu.
She reinforced her power by decorating the temples of the gods with portraits of herself in the pharaoh's traditional kilt, wearing all his symbols of office including the black pointed royal beard.
While conducting affairs of state surrounded by male courtiers, she may even have worn men's clothes - just as women's libbers have done in modern times.
Yet judging by other statues of her that have survived, at times she could be all woman.
She had a distinct preference for tight-fitting gowns which showed off her figure and a habit of bedding her cabinet ministers.
Hatshepsut was the first but not the only woman ruler of maledominated ancient Egypt.
Nefertiti followed her and then Cleopatra took power 1,500 years later. Neither, however, took the title pharaoh like Hatshepsut.
She showed ruthless ambition and exceptional tenacity for the times in which she lived.
As a result this mysterious and courageous female ruler rewrote the early story of her country and has been called the first great woman in history.
Hatshepsut insisted she had been made official heir to the throne by her father, the pharaoh Thutmosis I.
The pharaoh had several sons who predeceased him and turned to his daughter to safeguard the throne.
What immediately followed was not unusual. Hatshepsut married a much younger half-brother, also called Thutmosis, whereupon she became queen.
Marriages between siblings were the custom in those days and at first the couple reigned together.
But then her brother/husband died, with the markings on his mummy suggesting he suffered from a hideous skin disease.
Hatshepsut became regent for another Thutmosis, her husband's son by a harem girl.
By now she was was not content simply to be regent. Within two years she had taken all the power for herself and was running the country from its capital Thebes, donned in her false beard and all the traditional regalia of kingship.
For many years she and her stepson seemed to have lived happily with this arrangement.
She ruled while Thutmosis concentrated on his military career. So successful was he that historians know him as the Napoleon of Egypt.
He is recorded as having taken massive numbers of prisoners, horses and spoil from the lands he attacked.
Historians suspect these cambonepaigns were an excuse to escape from the influence of his merciless step-mother.
She was becoming so powercrazed in her last years that Thutmosis even feared for his life.
In his absence, Hatshepsut built breathtaking temples in her own honour. They were decorated with reliefs telling how she came to the throne of Egypt and with farfetched stories about her divine connections.
Hatshepsut ruled as a master politician and stateswoman for 20 years, outliving all her male ministers and, it seems, putting on weight.
She died around the age of 50 of cancer, according to Dr Hawass's research.
She expected to be buried in her finest and best known temple near the Valley of the Kings.
Reminiscent of Third Reich architecture and a forerunner of the Parthenon, it is one of the most famous tourist destinations in the world.
But with her death, Thutmosis III finally come into his own, getting his own back on the woman who had usurped his throne.
He outlived Hatshepsut by 40 years and seems to have set out on a campaign to erase her name from history.
Was he jealous, was he threatened by her memory? For whatever motive, he erased many of her images.
He threw her statues into the quarries in front of the grand temples she built and even defaced the images of her courtiers.
By the time Carter came on the scene at the beginning of the 20th century her body had been removed from the tomb she had been destined to occupy.
The only bodies that seemed to correspond with the royal remains were two mysterious elderly women in a much more modest tomb in the Valley of the Kings.
Was her body removed from the tomb to foil grave robbers or even to save it from mutilation by her stepson? Did he have it disinterred and condemned to anonymity?
These mysteries remain. But the broken tooth preserved in a box inscribed with Hatshepsut's name has at last revealed her identity.
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- 30th-June-2007 #8
Re: Evil female rulers - Evil women rulers
Damn she sounded crazy. I love Egyptology it is very fascinating how they did things and how pharoahs and rulers of other regions were masters of the snow job. Getting people to beleive they were living gods or appointed by God to be a ruler so you'd better listen and not challenge him because God was more on his or her side than the commoners.
"no greater love hath a man than to lay down his life for his brother."
- 21st-August-2009 #9
Re: Evil female rulers - Evil women rulers
this is really draggin the bottom of the barrel...
if you did 'evil male rulers' it would be a hundred page scroller...
like the 'women who do crimes' or whatever thread it is.... just read the paper and its pretty much men who are killing, raping, robbing, women are the exceptions. (read down further before having a hissy fit).
I think that it is a case of 'be careful you don't become what you hate'.
Femnism/equal rights are all good and well, but like most things the balance gets swung the wrong way.
I remember a few years ago a company tried to open a new gym for guys only. They were not allowed on grounds of discrimation. All female gyms are common. That is the trouble, the balance is not there. Why can't guys have an all male gym when women can? Beats me... its unfair and stupid and men are not getting a fair deal.
Its not nice, its not any bloody nicer than when women didn't get a fair deal.
I don't want to make a list of terrible male rulers... men are fine and i don't need ammunition to make out 'men are bad' when there are lots of decent men there (all the nice guys don't make the news).
Men spent a long time thru history being the protectors, hunters, risking their lives hunting for food and fending off aggressors. Men are naturally more aggressive and brave and sometimes this goes off on the wrong track (hence higher crime rates).
You don't have to put down the other person (people) to prove you are good... extoll your own virtues without picking out horrible women. By picking out evil women it is like you're picking the worst to look good... Men are good and don't have to compare themselves to the lowest gutter of females to look good and be respected.
Its like a woman saying "look at hitler... aren't we great"... gods sake, anyone looks great compared to hitler...
Men and women are different and I am glad to have a man who is naturally brave and can be aggressive (yes... when a woman hears a strange noise during the night its the man who will get up and check it out).
Anyway, just think about it.... don't become what you hate.
Now back to the kitchen with me.
oh, and ps.... when i read i feel like i'm reading the posts of a bunch of disgruntled bitchin women.... come on guys you're GREAT... you don't need to prove it to anyone ... theres not this much whining, aren't we hard done by on the menopause forum.
- 21st-August-2009 #10
Re: Evil female rulers - Evil women rulers
This thread doesn't tell me anything I don't already know about the tyrannical Jezebels in history!
Re: Evil female rulers - Evil women rulers
Women aren't exceptional in comparison to men.
It's not that women don't kill, rape, and rob it's just that when they do it isn't made public news as often. Plus, men are more direct in their approach than women are.
Women will poison a man, for instance, so it's murder over a period of time.
Women will rape boys that are too young to know what's going on.
As far as robbing goes... just look at divorce cases, child custody cases, etc.When I do this, and I know I will, it will be comparable to the lame learning to walk, the blind being enabled to see and the suffocated breathing again. The sky isn't the limit; there are no limits.
- 21st-August-2009 #12
Re: Evil female rulers - Evil women rulers
@Pixie....I feel like you missed the point. A little list what has been said about men:
- Without men there wouldn´t be any wars
- Men caused the credit crunch
- All men are rapists
- Men caused global warming
The point of that article is to show, that when women are in a position of power they are as bad (or good) as men. Nothing more nothing less...The men's and fathers' movement needs to make sure it never sees females as the enemy,but only misandry--whether from females or from males.If not, we'll become like the bigoted feminists that this movement was formed to oppose.Glenn Sacks
Fecks Warcraft File:
- 23rd-August-2009 #13
Re: Evil female rulers - Evil women rulers
Thanks Feckless.... the penny drops..
I see the point now and have of course heard the 'men cause wars' etc and the point is that women in power etc can be just as awful, its not something i had thought of and the fact it hasn't even occured to me gives me insight on why this site is here.
- 30th-May-2010 #14
Re: Evil female rulers - Evil women rulers
Look I am a woman and think the correct war is wonderful and want to join an army,and that women who want to should join including in active combat, fine? And my name is Inez Deborah Emilia Altar
Re: Evil female rulers - Evil women rulers
Hatchepsut doesn't sound like an evil ruler. She really doesn't sound much different than those that came before her, or those that came after, except for the simple fact that she was female. Not sure why she's mentioned on this thread.
"Civilization can only revive when there shall come into being in a number of individuals a new tone of mind, independent of the prevalent one among the crowds, and in opposition to it- a tone of mind which will gradually win influence over the collective one, and in the end determine its character. Only an ethical movement can rescue us from barbarism, and the ethical comes into existence only in individuals."
"Until he extends his circle of compassion to include all living things, man will not himself find peace."-Albert Schweitzer
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Evil, evil Men. Pack of wolves. Elitist boys. Rapists.
By khankrumthebulgar in forum False AllegationsReplies: 0Last Post: 22nd-April-2006, 06:50 PM

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Home | Wild Places & Wildlife | Fact Sheets | Grizzly Bear | Basic Facts About Grizzly BearsBasic Facts About Grizzly Bears
The grizzly bear is a large predator that is different from black bears due to a distinctive hump on its shoulders. Grizzly bears have concave faces and long claws about the length of a human finger. Their coloration is usually darkish brown but can vary from very light cream to black.
The long guard hairs on their backs and shoulders often have white tips and give the bears a "grizzled" appearance, hence the name "grizzly." The correct scientific name for the species is "brown bear," but only coastal bears in Alaska and Canada are referred to as such, while inland bears and those found in the lower 48 states are called grizzly bears.
© Harry Bosen
Did You Know?
Grizzly bears have a better sense of smell than a hound dog and can detect food from miles away.
Grizzly bears are omnivorous and will eat both vegetation and animals. Grasses, sedges, roots, berries, insects, fish, carrion and small and large mammals.
In some areas grizzly bears eat moose, caribou and elk, in others they eat salmon. Grizzly bear diet varies depending on what foods are available in that particular season.
Historically, there were around 50,000 grizzly bears in North America. Today, there are 1,000 - 1,200 grizzly bears remaining in five separate populations in the lower 48 states. In Alaska, there are thought to be over 30,000 grizzly bears.
Grizzly bears are found in a variety of habitats, from dense forests, to subalpine meadows and arctic tundra. In North America, grizzly bears are found in western Canada, Alaska, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, and Washington. Historically, they could be found from Alaska to Mexico, California to Ohio.
Did You Know?
Grizzly bears may gain as much as three pounds of weight a day as they prepare for hibernation.
The grizzly bear was once common on the Great Plains, but human encroachment has forced remaining populations to move to rugged mountains and remote forests.
Bears live solitary lives except during breeding, cub rearing, and in areas with a super-abundant food supply such as salmon streams. Grizzly bears hibernate during the winter for 5-8 months, and usually dig their dens on north-facing slopes to ensure good snow cover.
Grizzly bears need to eat a lot in the summer and fall in order to build up sufficient fat reserves for surviving the denning period. This is particularly true for pregnant females who give birth to one pound cubs and then nurse them to about 20 pounds before emerging from the den in April-May.
Mating Season: Early May through mid-July
Gestation: Anywhere from 180-270 days, including delayed implantation.
Litter Size: 1-3 cubs
The young are born in January or February while the mothers are hibernating in a den. Cubs will remain with their mothers for at least 2 - 4 years.
Height: 3- 3 ½ feet at shoulders.
Length: 6-7 feet.
Weight: Adult males 300 - 850 lbs; females 200 - 450 lbs.
Top speed 35 mph.
Lifespan 20 - 25 years.


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01 Long Draw
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Letters: Children, Kennedy, and public trough
| Nov 27, 2013
Save our children
Children in Florida have a bad time of it unless they are fortunate enough to be born to parents who want them, are sober, responsible, loving and able to provide for them.
Sadly, too many are not so lucky. And, once they are here,...


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Lyme Park, House and Garden
This section of the page features an image gallery, so if you're using a screen reader you may wish to jump to the main content.
Glorious house, surrounded by gardens, moorland and deer park
Welcome to Lyme Park. Nestling on the edge of the Peak District, Lyme Park was once home to the Legh family and, in its heyday a great sporting estate.
Step back in time to the Edwardian era - Lyme's 'Golden Era'. Enjoy lavish interiors, try out the piano, read a book in the library, or take the children to dress up on the stage. Delicate items restrict the opportunities for photography but the stage in the Long Gallery can be used to take pictures of visitors of all ages in fabulous fancy dress.
The 1,300 acre estate with its medieval herd of red and fallow deer offers fantastic walks and stunning views.
For a more tranquil walk explore the Edwardian rose garden, ravine garden or luxurious herbaceous borders next to the reflecting lake where a certain Mr Darcy met Miss Bennett in the BBC production of 'Pride and Prejudice'.
Children can let off steam in Crow Wood Playscape with its giant slide, badger den and rope walks, whilst the nearby Timber Yard Coffee Shop offers delicious hot and cold snacks, soups and range of cakes.
You can view online some of the items that Lyme has in it's collection. The site catalogues approximately three-quartes of a million National Trust objects with more being added daily.
Our winter exhibition
The Only Way is Pemberley
A 12ft statue of Mr Darcy is making a splash at Lyme Park and is helping to celebrate the 200th anniversary of 'Pride and Prejudice'.
Collections highlights
View online some of the items that Lyme has in its collection. The Collections site catalogues approximately three-quarters of a million National Trust objects with more being added daily.
Follow us
50 things to do before you're 11¾
An outdoor adventure is always just around the next pond, tree or hill at Lyme Park. Go on a walk barefoot across the lawn, fly kites on Cage Hill or play pooh sticks on the streams. Ask at the Information Centre when you arrive for some pointers and to collect your scrapbook to record your adventures


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*image shown is 5 x 8 or larger rug *smaller sizes will not show complete pattern, will be scaled down to fit. |
Name: Modena 89105 Manufacturer: Sphinx by Oriental Weavers Collection: Modena Material: Viscose
, , Wool
Construction: Hand Made
Origin: India Description: Modena 89105 Contemporary Hand Made Viscose Area Rug - Drawing inspiration from the neoclassical, art deco, and pop art movements, the Modena Collection embraces early 20th century style with a modern twist. Featuring high fashion color palettes that exude elegance, glamor, and functionality, these distinctive motifs compliment casual and contemporary interiors. Each rug is hand-tufted of exquisite wool to provide density with a luxuriously soft hand. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Where did the real Indians go?
It sure didn't.
Turnovers, easy baskets missed, fouls and missed free throws doomed Yazoo City in their first round match up with the Knights.
Yazoo City prides itself on playing solid defense and making the easy baskets, which includes those "easy" lay ups on fast breaks. During certain stretches Wednesday, the Indians played like they had all season long. However, those stretches were far and few between.
Bailey went on runs of 8-0 in the second quarter, 9-2 in the third and 12-3 to start the fourth and 7-2 (five of which were free throws) to end the game. Giving a team runs like that is a recipe for disaster.
Like I mentioned above, the Indians did have stretches were they were the dominant team. At the beginning of the third quarter, Yazoo City scored nine unanswered points to take a 28-22 lead with five minutes to go in the quarter. However, they would score just two more points the rest of the quarter while Bailey took the two-point lead with nine points.
After that it seemed obvious who would leave the court victorious.
Yet, the Indians still had a shot at pulling off the victory. Junior Derrick Little made back-to-back three pointers that brought the score to 44-39 with 2:51 left to go. In basketball, four points is nothing to overcome. Another big run by the Knights, this time a 7-2 run, sealed the victory.
"At a crucial time late in the fourth quarter we had some free throw opportunities," Carlyle explained. "We had a chance, but didn't take advantage of our opportunities."


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Aspirations, Lifestyles & Empowerment
This first Human Development Report for Cyprus focuses on the lives and aspirations of the island's young people. The Report is unique as it is the first time that aspects of the life of youth in both the Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot communities have been mapped out in tandem. This is significant given the long
Año: 2009 |


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SOURCE Bayer HealthCare
CONTOUR® NEXT LINK Is the Only Blood Glucose Meter in the U.S. Labeled For Use with the New Medtronic System
WHIPPANY, N.J., Oct. 21, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Bayer HealthCare today announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has cleared its CONTOUR® NEXT LINK blood glucose monitoring (BGM) system as a component of Medtronic's new MiniMed® 530G with Enlite®, a breakthrough diabetes management device system with threshold suspend automation. CONTOUR NEXT allows seamless integration as a part of the MiniMed 530G insulin pump system transmitting highly accurate blood glucose results wirelessly to the insulin pump.
With Bayer's proprietary new blood glucose sensor technology, the CONTOUR NEXT LINK delivers high accuracy that meets the requirements of ISO 15197:2013. CONTOUR NEXT LINK is compatible with Paradigm® REAL-Time Revel® and Paradigm® REAL-Time Insulin Pumps, and the Guardian REAL-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring System, and it is the only BGM labeled for use in the U.S. with the new MiniMed 530G with Enlite.
Additional features of the CONTOUR NEXT LINK:
The proprietary electrochemical mediator and meter algorithm utilized in the CONTOUR NEXT LINK blood glucose monitoring system provides a stable, high signal-to-noise ratio that facilitates accurate determination of blood glucose readings, even at low blood glucose levels. The new technology also ensures that the system remains accurate under a wide range of storage conditions, corrects for common errors and is not affected by hematocrit or many common interfering substances in the blood (e.g. acetaminophen, vitamin C).
About Diabetes
Globally, the number of people living with diabetes is a growing issue not only for individuals and their families, it is one of the major challenges that the health and economic systems around the world are facing within the next years. According to the International Diabetes Federation, diabetes has already affected 371 million people worldwide and another 187 million are still to be diagnosed. To bring diabetes under control, cross-functional action is needed, ranging from regular blood glucose measurements to active dialogues between patients, doctors and health care professionals. Building on more than forty years of heritage of diabetes management, Bayer HealthCare offers an unparalleled choice in blood glucose monitoring systems and comprehensive support including education, tools and resources designed to follow its principle of "Science for a better life".
About Bayer HealthCare
The Bayer Group is a global enterprise with core competencies in the fields of health care, agriculture and high-tech materials. Bayer HealthCare, a subgroup of Bayer AG with annual sales of €18.6 billion (2012), is one of the world's leading, innovative companies in the healthcare and medical products industry and is based in Leverkusen, Germany. The company combines the global activities of the Animal Health, Consumer Care, Medical Care and Pharmaceuticals divisions. Bayer HealthCare's aim is to discover, develop, manufacture and market products that will improve human and animal health worldwide. Bayer HealthCare has a global workforce of 55,300 employees (Dec 31, 2012) and is represented in more than 100 countries. For more information, please visit www.healthcare.bayer.com.
For more information about Contour Next Link visit www.BayerContour.com
For more information about the MiniMed 530G with Enlite visit www.Medtronicdiabetes.com
Forward-Looking Statements This release may contain forward-looking statements based on current assumptions and forecasts made by Bayer Group or subgroup management. Various known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors could lead to material differences between the actual future results, financial situation, development or performance of the company and the estimates given here. These factors include those discussed in Bayer's public reports which are available on the Bayer website at www.bayer.com. The company assumes no liability whatsoever to update these forward-looking statements or to conform them to future events or developments.
Intended for U.S. Media Only
©2012 PR Newswire. All Rights Reserved.


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A tow ban issued Wednesday in Portage County has been lifted as weather conditions improved.
Vehicles that had become stuck or disabled, and were not an immediate traffic hazard, were marked and left until conditions improve, when their removal could be done more safely.
Occupants of disabled or stranded vehicles were taken to a safe location, where they waited until the weather allowed for towing operations to resume.
The tow ban was lifted at 7 pm on Wednesday night.


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This was our 3rd visit to Patong and we were very disappointed with the hotel. The check in process took forever and the staff is not very friendly. We felt like we stayed in the alley, seeing that you had to walk down an alley to get to the hotel entrance. The room is spacious and clean. If you think... More
- Also Known As:
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- The Sea Patong Hotel Patong
- The Sea Patong Phuket
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- The Sea, the exclusive and elegant hotel, is located in the heart of Patong Beach with a splendid horizon sunset view on the Pearl of Andaman Sea. Our contemporary with modern hotel design consists of 39 spacious rooms which bring an ambiance of serenity, hidden and located within 10 minutes walk to Bangla street, the most popular night life's area. We also have the cozy open-air restaurant, The Blue, and the mountain view swimming pool on the rooftop. ... more less
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