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While Lindsay Lohan was (allegedly) stealing self-tanning recipes, hit movie roles were passing her by. The starlet, who clearly knows a good role when she smells one ("I Know Who Killed Me," that pregnancy movie, etc…) reportedly passed on an opportunity to star in "The Hangover." Why? Idk, stop questioning Lindsay's decision-making skillz. Meanwhile, "The Hangover" went on to score $208 million and counting at the box office with Heather Graham in the role Lindsay turned down. Paris Hilton carried on her tour of the Middle East this week. The reality show tart headed to Beirut on Friday, where she hosted a party at the Forum de Beyrouth. Fortunately for Lebanon, Paris only spent one day in the capital city before she went back to Dubai to continue filming on "Paris Hilton's BFF Dubai." Madonna paid tribute to her old friend Michael Jackson during her July 4th concert in London. The performance, held at the O2 arena where Michael was scheduled to perform a series of sold-out shows, featured a dancer dressed as Michael, and a huge screen projecting images from his career.
Sarah Jessica Parker and husband Matthew Broderick released the first photo of their newborn twins, Marion Loretta Elwell and Tabitha Hodge. The babies, who were born last week via surrogate, posed alongside big brother James Wilke. |


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Change language: English Brazilian Portuguese Chinese (Simplified) French German Italian Japanese Romanian Russian Spanish Turkish Other
(PECL gearman >= 0.5.0)
GearmanTask::isRunning — Test whether the task is currently running
Indicates whether or not this task is currently running.
This function has no parameters.
TRUE if the task is running, FALSE otherwise.

subset: commoncrawl


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ADAMS -- Malcolm Wilson is offering the newest styles of New York City right on Park Street, and, claiming "competitive pricing all day," often greets customers with an invitation to barter.
The Hartford, Conn., native opened his new store, Malcolm's Fashion, at 31 Park St. on Nov. 24, and so far has enjoyed great success, he said during a recent interview.
Wilson said he's frequented the Manhattan merchant area from West 17th to West 36th streets for years and made his connections with the industry there.
"I initially got into this business because so many people always ask me, 'Where did you get that?' " Wilson said. "I've been into fashion for years and stay ahead of the style curve myself. ... Basically, I'm here to give it a shot."
The store, which Wilson has made up to look like a sleek white corridor stocked with colorful garments, features everything from men's and women's designer dress cloths to winter garments, hats, boots and shoes, from both known companies and those just getting started.
Converse, Levis, Akademiks, Aero postale, Imperius, True Religion, American Eagle, Ed Hardy, Timberland, Champion and many more brands are available at prices competitive with outlets and below those of area malls, Wilson said.
As sole proprietor, Wilson said he can afford to keep prices low thanks to virtually no overhead.
"I think diversity in pricing is definitely a plus," Wilson said.
The technique has worked so far. After Wilson made known his first day profits, he said, he began receiving calls from larger urban companies who'd earlier replied to his inquiries coolly. Now, they wanted to deal with him.
Wilson thinks it helps to be the only game in town.
"When you go [online] and look for urban clothing around here, I'm the only one," Wilson said.
The best sellers thus far are $20 hoodies and high quality winter hats that Wilson sells for $5. If all continues to go well, Wilson said, he's open to considering an expansion of his store -- to North Adams or even Vermont.
To reach Phil Demers, email firstname.lastname@example.com.
The essentials
What: Malcolm's Fashion
Where: 31 Park St., Adams
Offering: Converse, Levis, Akademiks, Aeropostale, Imperius, True Religion, American Eagle, Ed Hardy, Timberland, Champion, among others
Hours: Monday through Saturday, 11 a.m. to 7 p.m.


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Position of 443.400IA --- 5.6 miles northwest of Clive, IA
--- Report received 4 minutes 47 seconds ago
Raw packet: W0AK-1>APNU19,qAR,K0SXY:;443.400IA*111111z4139.33N/09348.46Wr T151 R35m Des Moines | |||
Support findU!findU links for 443.400IA- Nearby APRS activity- Raw APRS data - Metric units - Nautical units - Display track - NexRAD Radar - hide Google Maps External links for 443.400IA- QRZ Lookup- MSN map - Have APRS knowledge? then contribute to the APRS Wiki findU general links- Latest News- Advanced cgi parameters - Emergency beacons - Packet errors About the findU author- Steve's blog- About Steve | Refresh will not happen automatically with the Google Maps, hit your browser's refresh button to fetch the latest position...
Click the map above for a zoomable map. |


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We were delighted to return to Redcliffe, this time with Tammy our little wire-haired Dachshund, for three very relaxing, extremely comfortable nights. Sue and Brian looked after us beautifully in every way, taking special care with breakfasts and dinners to suit tricky dietary needs. This is such charming a property, with very special hosts. The Burgundy room with ensuite, is... More
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Redcliffe Homestead offers luxury bed and breakfast accommodation in a renovated 1880's villa on our kiwifruit orchard. Enjoy the tranquil rural environment, just 2kms from Taradale with its wide variety of shopping, cafes and restaurants. At Redcliffe Homestead our aim is to provide you with a quality accommodation experience that is both economically viable and socially responsible, as we manage our impact on the environment by minimizing waste, energy consumption, water usage and pollution. ... more less


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To survive and conquer a test of your multisport mettle, you need to 'evolutionise' your wrist-wear: By delivering precision timing and fingertip functionality in training and on race day, Tissot's Racing-Touch will take your performance to the next level
Some watches don't just tell the time, they make sure you get more from it. And into that exclusive club comes the latest addition to Tissot's T-Tactile Collection, the Tissot Racing-Touch. Intelligently crafted for whichever type of adventure you spend your precious time on, the Tissot Racing-Touch boasts super-tough construction and the easy, on-the-move usability of touchscreen technology connects you to a powerhouse of in-built functionality. See more detail on the dynamic functions below.
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If anyone's watched Inazuma Eleven, please let me know, because I really would like to RP with you! It doesn't necessarily matter who you are, but if you're an Endou or Aphrodi, I'd be especially delighted to RP with you.
In case it's hardly noticeable, I'm new to the site, so forgive me for taking a bit to reply if you would like to RP. I'm still getting used to how things work on here.
But, like I've said, anyone interested in the series can chat with me about it and anyone interested in RPing a character from Inazuma is also welcome to send me a message! Thank you for your time~


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We want all the freedoms, with none of the responsibilities. We don't want to join the military or pay taxes or even be told to refrain from posting idiotic videos on YouTube. We want to do whatever we want whenever we want to, and when it goes awry, it's somebody else's fault.
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RiseSmart is looking for talented resume writers to join their team of professionals. RiseSmart is a dynamic, fast-paced Silicon Valley venture backed HR Technology Company that provides next-generation Outplacement solutions. We help employers with their workforce strategy and
11/2/2013 New York, NY Save This JobNIKSUN is the recognized worldwide leader in making the Unknown Known. The company develops and deploys a complete range of award-winning forensics, compliance, security surveillance and performance management solutions for applications ranging from core infrastructures to edge
11/2/2013 Princeton, NJ Save This JobJob Description: About LRN Since 1994, LRN has helped 15 million people in 700 companies worldwide simultaneously navigate complex legal and regulatory environments and foster ethical cultures. LRN's combination of practical tools, education and strategic advice helps
11/1/2013 New York, NY Save This JobLocation : Eatontown NJ US 07724 % of Travel Required : None Job Type : Full Time Shift/Hours : First Shift (Day) Career Level : Manager (Manager/Supervisor of Staff) Education : Master's Degree Skill : Technical Support -> Call Center Information Technology -> User Support
10/31/2013 Eatontown, NJ Save This Job2U partners with elite postsecondary institutions that have ambitious visions for their online programs. A catalogue of academic courses serves as the backbone of each program, and 2U's Content department works with the faculty of our partner schools to plan, produce and
10/29/2013 New York, NY Save This JobDepartment: Product Management Type: Full Time Min. Experience: Experienced Knewton is revolutionizing the practice of education with the world?s most powerful adaptive learning engine. We are a startup rich in eclectic personalities, are ridiculously dedicated and are unified
10/28/2013 New York, NY Save This JobEmployee Type: Full time We are looking for outstanding candidates to help support the growth of our firm. We seek professionals who have demonstrated high academic/professional achievement, leadership, communication skills, and have a strong interest in consulting. From a
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10/21/2013 New York, NY Save This JobThe primary goal of the Account Manager (AM) is to drive new business for our SaaS product line. Resources will include incoming marketing generated leads, existing contacts database, 3rd party tools like RainKing and coordination with Field sales counterparts. AM?s will perform
10/21/2013 New York, NY Save This JobWorldOne is on a mission to improve healthcare globally by connecting and engaging the world's largest community of physicians online. Through clinically relevant tools and applications we empower the community to exchange insights, collaborate and challenge each other to
10/21/2013 New York, NY Save This JobWho We Are HowAboutWe is the modern love company. We help people fall in love and stay in love. We're a well-funded ($18.5mm), rapidly-growing startup with headquarters in Brooklyn, NY. We build breathtaking products that transform people?s lives. You can read more about us
10/21/2013 Brooklyn, NY Save This JobSummary: The Vice President of Labs BD leads all sales efforts for assigned Labs, including market research, account sizing, lead targeting, account planning, pipeline management, contracting, and reporting to senior management. In addition, the Vice President of Labs BD
10/20/2013 New York, NY Save This JobRealDirect, a next generation, technology driven real estate brokerage, is growing! We are seeking smart, tech savvy real estate consultants/brokers who are highly passionate about New York City real estate. As a RealDirect consultant, you will be our ambassador to your
10/20/2013 Brooklyn, NY Save This JobPrism Skylabs? mission is as challenging as it is exciting. Our goal is to unlock video and to transform it into stunning, privacy-protected imagery that helps brick-and-mortar businesses be successful in an increasingly digital world. We?ve assembled an incredible group of
10/14/2013 New York, NY Save This JobCOMPANY DESCRIPTION Eyeview connects brands with their mass-market consumers on a personal level, using cross-platform, personalized video solutions that increase brand equity and sales. Eyeview's patented data driven technology, enables brands to create millions of different
10/14/2013 New York, NY Save This JobCodecademy is looking for smart college student engineers with a track record of having built, and shipped, web applications. We are looking for both frontend and backend engineers. It doesn't matter if you haven't decided what you want to specialize in. It does matter that you
10/14/2013 New York, NY Save This JobCOMPANY DESCRIPTION At Critical Mention, the culture is customer-first. The products are disruptive and prospects are consistently wowed by them. Our current and future clients include every organization that gets media coverage, whether it?s on TV, online news sites, blogs,
10/14/2013 New York, NY Save This JobCOMPANY DESCRIPTION Eyeview connects brands with their mass-market consumers on a personal level, using cross-platform, personalized video solutions that increase brand equity and sales. Eyeview's patented data driven technology, enables brands to create millions of different
10/14/2013 New York, NY Save This JobMarketing @ Axial Marketing at Axial starts and ends with the user (at Axial, we call our users ?Members?), from building awareness to fueling Member acquisition to Member retention. Our job is to attract new Members to join the network, build and protect the worldwide Axial
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Every year, the Exchange Club of Effingham County accepts nominations for its annual ACE (Accepting the Challenge of Excellence) Award. The award recognizes high school seniors who have made a dramatic change in their attitude and performance while in school. The students have overcome great physical, emotional or social obstacles.
After being actively involved in Effingham County High School's music program for four years, including the last two as drum major for the marching band, Jacqueline Zantow is considering earning a degree in music in college.
For most high school seniors, graduation day is a farewell. But for South Effingham High School class of 2012 valedictorian Emilia Truluck, it's more of a reunion. Truluck was back among her SEHS classmates this week after being dual-enrolled for the past two years at the University of West Georgia's Advanced Academy of Georgia, carrying a full college class load and living on-campus in Carrollton. "I've been going to school with ...
Effingham County High School senior Dylan Sewell has received an appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Md. With this appointment comes a scholarship which will cover the cost of room, board, tuition books and clothing and all other essentials for all four years of college. A Naval Academy education is one of the most prestigious opportunities in the U.S. and is valued, according to Naval Academy officials, at more than $400,000.
Eleven Effingham County Schools employees were recognized at last week's board of education meeting for completing the Aspiring Leaders Program.
Ashia Kendra Dimiya Miller, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert Miller, graduated with a liberal arts degree in music from Florida State University during a commencement ceremony on April 28.
COCHRAN-Middle Georgia College Interim Vice President for Academic Affairs, Dr. Mary Lou Frank, has announced that four students from Effingham County have been cited for scholastic achievement during MGC's spring 2012 semester.
MOUNT VERNON-Michelle DeLane Zipperer of Springfield graduated from Brewton-Parker College, Mount Vernon, following the May 2012 term, announced Dr. Chris Jones, interim provost.
The Exchange Club of Effingham County has announced this year's nominees for its Youth of the Year Award. Every year the Exchange Club accepts nominations from the local high schools for the award, which is presented to a young person judged to be the most outstanding achiever in school activities, community service activities, academics and special achievements as set forth by the National Exchange Club's Youth of the Year Program criteria.
Unit GA-938, the Air Force Junior ROTC at Effingham County High School, has been selected by the Air Force to receive the 2011-12 Air Force Junior ROTC Distinguished Unit Award (DUA) with Merit. This award recognizes Air Force Junior ROTC units that have performed above and beyond normal expectations, and that have distinguished themselves through outstanding service to their school and community while meeting the Air Force Junior ROTC mission of producing better citizens ...
ATLANTA-More than 56,000 Georgia school children are learning about energy efficiency and the electric utility industry through a statewide Georgia Power education initiative aimed at third-, fifth- and eighth-graders.
After keeping its millage rate constant at 15.333 for the past three years, the Effingham County Board of Education gave preliminary approval Thursday to raising the rate to 16.895 for the coming fiscal year.
Each grade level studied and represented different countries and cultures as Blandford Elementary School celebrated its annual arts festival.
The First Baptist Church of Rincon weekday ministry art class won big in the Georgia Junior Duck Stamp competition.
Each year the United Daughters of the Confederacy sponsors an historical essay contest. The essay contest is offered to all students in grades fifth through 12th. The topic of this year's essay was "Robert E. Lee and his leadership at Appomattox."
Parents of Effingham County students can offer their opinion on which calendar the school system should adopt for the 2014-15 academic year.
Effingham County 4-H'ers joined others across the U.S. in celebrating National 4-H Week.
Two graduates from the class of 2013 have been honored as Effingham County's 2012-13 work-based learning students of the year.
SAVANNAH - Savannah Technical College has selected Joseph Powell as its dean of industrial technology. Prior to this position Powell was STC's department head for drafting technology.
Having faith and faith in yourself are essential to success, the chief executive officer of Medient Studios told members of the Effingham County High School Air Force JROTC on Thursday night.
For three Effingham County school teachers, summer school was never more fun. Jana Bolton and Kendra Brophy of Effingham County Middle School and Amber Teare of South Effingham High School were selected and sponsored by Georgia-Pacific to attend summer workshop programs designed to help them bring environmental issues into the classroom in a dynamic way.
Officials from Armstrong Atlantic State University have signed a memorandum of understanding with representatives from Martin Luther University in Halle, Germany, underscoring the growing relationship between the two universities.
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High Five
This week on the web…
1. Jeffrey Scherer's Blog: An Architect's Musings Occasional postings from an articulate architect who also happens to be the designer behind The Design Yard here at Herman Miller. Where to Start: An interesting and thoughtful piece on the iPad.
2. Emdashes I had dinner last night with Clark Malcolm who has been a writer and editor at Herman Miller for a very long time. He embodies all of the things I really enjoy about this company – a keen intellect, a sense of humor and that rare ability to see big picture as well as drill down to fine details. He is also an absolute stickler for grammar and I know I horrify him at times. Emdashes is for him. The blog is a mix of personal musings, geeky grammar and lots of personality from journalist, founder and editorial director Emily Gordon. Where to start: The post titled "So You Love Punctuation?" I think Clark should have been the judge for that competition.
3. ArtPrize There's a lot of buzz around Michigan's ArtPrize competition this year and the final count shows over 1700 artists from around the world will be involved. You get to vote for the winner and the top prize is $250,000. You can read more about it on the ArtPrize blog. Herman Miller is one of the sponsors and we're bringing out artist and architect Maya Lin. I'm a huge fan of her work and this lecture is free. It's on Saturday, October 2 at 6:30 in the Grand Rapids Art Museum. Where to start: The incredibly cute baby sporting the new ArtPrize clothing range.
4. Five Books This is such a cool idea – every day the editorial team posts the best five books recommended by a leading writer, thinker or politician in their area of expertise. Where to start: Even if you don't buy a single books the blog is a good read all by itself – start at the top.
5. Keiichi Matsuda There are times when I feel like the world of technology is rushing forward at breakneck speed and I will have to work very hard to catch up. And then I come across a designer and film-maker like Matsuda who manages to write a blog that clearly and concisely deals with new technology and thinking in a way I can actually relate to. Where to start: The only annoying aspect of his cleanly-designed Tumblr blog is you can't link to individual stories. Find the August 3 post on technology – Disney-style.


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Stocking Stuffers for Tween Boys - Books & Magazines
Gift Buzz
They say it's the little things in life that matter. The treats inside stockings are a perfect example, as they are a great way to express wit, or spoil someone with little luxuries, or share small gadgets that will make life so much easier.... Read More »
This year's top toys for boys features classic favorites and the newest electronics. Just like most little boys, when it comes to finding great gifts, we are unstoppable! Read More »
Finding gifts for teen boys isn't exactly easy. Fifteen-year-olds are right in middle of discovering who they are, what they like and what they think is cool. Trying to figure out what that might be and gifting it to them, is a tough one.... Read More »
Can you believe the holidays are here? A few weeks ago, I started putting together a list of gift ideas for my boys. Let's face it; gift giving can be tough when you are trying to find something original, within your budget, age appropriate,... Read More »
Hand-pickedChristmas Gifts
Did you know that we hand-pick all gift ideas for tween boys in the books & magazines category? Every product featured on Gifts.com has been reviewed in detail by our team for its high quality, popularity and much more. View great Christmas ideas for tween boys from the best stores online and further refine your books & magazines results by price, Gift Guru top picks and more to find the perfect gift.


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Hamilton Khaki Conservation Automatic Watch42mm Hamilton Khaki Conservation automatic watch in stainless steel with bracelet, black dial, date, GMT, sapphire crystal, water resistant up to 200 meters, and Swiss automatic movement. 24 hour subdial can be set to display a different time zone, city display on lower internal rotating bezel, upper internal rotating bezel moves the city display window, screw-down time and date setting crown on top right side of watch, screw-down crowns on bottom right side and left side of watch control the interior bezels, and see-through case back with engraved Harrison Ford signature. Part of the Khaki Field collection.
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Originally posted by Big Hair
marshall stack purple - £340.....
imagine how much now if it were a 67 JTM100 with matching Pinstripe 4x12s with 20w celestions....nice
Originally posted by rch427
I just discovered this thread, and was fascinated by the exchanges here (not to mention by the listing itself).
I had a similar situation a few years ago. At an estate sale here in San Francisco, I found an old guitar case in the garage. There was no guitar inside, but it was a nice old case, so I bought it anyway, for $20. After getting it home, I started looking at it more closely. I posted a picture of the case to an on-line vintage guitar board, and immediately got responses identifying it as belonging to a Rickenbacker, and dating to the mid-to-late '60s. There was an old mailing label taped to the outside of the case, addressed from Columbia Records to a DJ at what was then the main local rock radio station here in SF. I tracked down that DJ, and asked him if he remembered having a guitar shipped to him in that timeframe. He sure did: in 1967, the Who were in town to play the Fillmore and the Monterey Pop Festival. The Who's US label needed to get one of Pete Townshend's Rickenbackers to him, so they shipped it to the radio station, where the Who were about to be interviewed.
OK, so that was pretty interesting! But I had a hell of a time getting in touch with the heirs to the estate, to see if they could tell me anything. I left many messages to try to get anyone to call me back. Finally, I got through to the son of the man who's house it was. He claimed that he would tell me everything he knew about that guitar case, but it was going to cost me $500. What a wanker! If he thought the case was valuable, why didn't he keep it? Or why didn't he just ask for a percentage of the sale price? For all I knew, he was going to take the $500, then say "my dad had the case, and now he doesn't. That's everything I know. And thanks for the $500!" He wouldn't see it from my perspective, and I wasn't going to give him anything up front, so that lead was dead.
And so, I had a '60s Rick case that almost certainly belonged to Townshend in his prime. The guitar itself was probably destroyed on stage. But--without definitive provenence--it was just a case. I eBayed it with as much of the story as I could piece together, and it sold for $180. If I had only had proof that it was Townshend's case from the MPF, what would it be worth today--a few thousand? It sucks, but that's the reality of attributions.
There are only 3 ways to authenticate something like that case or this amp:
1. The original owner has to be willing to step up and say "this was mine", like Clapton did with his guitars that Christie's auctioned. Not the situation with this amp.
2. There has to be absolutely verifiable, unbroken provenence, such as if this alleged ex-Hendrix amp had been given by Hendrix' stage manager to Hendrix' immediate family right after his death, and had stayed in their possession until now, AND Marshall had stamped a hidden serial number inside it that was unknown to anyone else, but was kept in their records (watch companies do this to combat fakes). Again, not the situation with this amp.
3. Someone with a huge reputation has to be willing to say "we guarantee that this is authentic". That's what Christie's and Sotheby's have to do when they sell something. When they sold Jackie O's or Marilyn Monroe's estates, they had to be willing to buy back anything that could later be shown to be doubtful in authenticity. And they weren't willing to do that with this amp.
A bill of sale from a shop that claimed that 30 years ago that the amp had belonged to Hendrix is worthless, unless they can prove it had belonged to him, which they couldn't. A photo of Hendrix with a similar amp is also worthless towards establishing this amp's authenticity. If I had that photo and a Marshall 100, I know for a fact that I could replicate the amp in the picture, down to the tiniest detail. Stickers, broken nameplates, scuffs--these can easily be faked, and the photo and a few tools are all it takes. As was pointed out, the aluminum chassis, etc., could be faked as well.
This auction smelled funny from the get-go. There is a slight chance that it actually was Hendrix' amp, but why was it pulled from the auction? Legal fears? If it was legit, why not auction it through a major house, like Christie's or Sotheby's? The seller's claim about their commission being too high is absolute rubbish. EBay takes a percentage too, but the amp (in its dubious state) would sell for a fraction there of what it would sell for in a legit auction house. So, if it sold on eBay for $20K and eBay took 5%, or it sold through Christies for $500K, and they took 10%, what's the difference? The seller still ends up with far more money in his pocket. His claims about looking out for the interests of the buyer are laughable. If he really cared about how much the buyer would have to pay in commissions, he could always reimburse them out of his own fat pocket, or donate the amp to the most deserving person, or sell it at a fixed price. Instead, he sits on the amp, waiting for the "right price", while at the same time, claiming he can't keep it because he can't afford the $25,000 for its insurance. Well, which is it?
My conclusion is that the seller knew full well he couldn't verify Hendrix' ownership, and discovered he was in way over his head when he was deluged with questions and suspicions. If it's an out-and-out forgery, then the seller went about selling it all wrong, but that doesn't mean it *isn't* a forgery. Frankly, I doubt we'll ever hear anything about the amp again. Curiously, Marshall still has no mention of it on their website, even on their page about their reissue of the 100. If they were convinced it was the one they built for Hendrix, they'd be talking it up alread, to prepare for launching exact replicas. But at least the guy gets the ego boost of thinking he owns The Amp, and he's generated some buzz for his band, for whatever that's worth. The lesson to be learned here is--don't make claims of definitive authenticity if you can't back it up. You just end up looking foolish.
HarmonyCentral.com is the leading Internet resource for musicians, supplying valuable information from news and product reviews, to classified ads and chat rooms.


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- published: 18 Nov 2012
- views: 32299
- author: idfnadesk
On Nov. 18, 2012, the IDF coordinated the transfer of 124 trucks of goods and gas to the Gaza Strip via the Kerem Shalom crossing. Remarks from Lt. Col. Avi ...
Al-Quds Radio | News,World Middle East | Palestine |
Alaqsa Voice | Talk | Palestine |
Free Palestine Radio | World Middle East | Palestine |
Raya FM | Varied | Palestine |
Gaza | |||
Other transcription(s) | |||
• Arabic | غزة | ||
• Also spelled | Ghazzah (official) Gaza City (unofficial) |
Skyline of Gaza, 2007 | |||
Coordinates: 31°31′N 34°27′E / 31.517°N 34.45°E / 31.517; 34.45Coordinates: 31°31′N 34°27′E / 31.517°N 34.45°E / 31.517; 34.45 | |||
Governorate | Gaza | ||
Founded | 15th-century BCE | ||
Government | |||
• Type | City (from 1994[1]) | ||
• Head of Municipality | Rafiq Tawfiq al-Makki | ||
Area[2] | |||
• Jurisdiction | 45,000 dunams (45 km2 or 17 sq mi) | ||
Population (2009)[3] | |||
• Jurisdiction | 449,221 |
Gaza (Arabic: غزة Ġazzah, Arabic pronunciation: [ˈɣazːa]), also referred to as Gaza City, is a Palestinian city in the Gaza Strip, with a population of about 450,000, making it the largest city in the Palestinian territories. Inhabited since at least the 15th-century BCE,[4] Gaza has been dominated by several different peoples and empires throughout its history. The Philistines made it a part of their pentapolis after the Ancient Egyptians had ruled it for nearly 350 years. Under the Romans and later the Byzantines, Gaza experienced relative peace and its port flourished. In 635 CE, it became the first city in Palestine to be conquered by the Rashidun army and quickly developed into a centre of Islamic law. However, by the time the Crusaders invaded the city in the late 11th-century, it was in ruins. In later centuries, Gaza experienced several hardships—from Mongol raids to floods and locusts, reducing it to a village by the 16th-century when it was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire. During the first half of Ottoman rule, the Ridwan dynasty controlled Gaza and under them the city went through an age of great commerce and peace.
Gaza fell to British forces during World War I, becoming a part of the British Mandate of Palestine. As a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Egypt administered the newly formed Gaza Strip territory and several improvements were undertaken in the city. Gaza was captured by Israel in the Six-Day War in 1967, but in 1993, the city was transferred to the Palestinian National Authority. Following the 2006 election, conflict broke out as the Fatah party seemed unwilling to transfer power to Hamas, resulting in Hamas taking power in Gaza by force. Egypt and Israel imposed a blockade on the Gaza Strip following the 2006 Hamas cross-border raid.[5] Israel eased the blockade allowing consumer goods in June 2010, and Egypt reopened the Rafah border crossing in 2011 to pedestrians.[5][6]
The primary economic activities of Gaza are small-scale industries, agriculture and labor. However, the economy has been devastated by the blockade and recurring conflicts. Most of Gaza's inhabitants are Muslim, although there exists a Christian minority. Gaza has a very young population with roughly 75% being under the age of 25, and today the city has one of the highest population densities in the world.
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The name "Gaza," is derived from the Semitic word for "strong" i.e. "the strong one (f.)"; cpr. English stronghold. The Ancient Egyptians called it "Ghazzat" ("prized city"), and the ancient Arabs often referred to it as "Ghazzat Hashim", in honor of Hashim, the great-grandfather of Muhammad, who is buried in the city, according to Islamic tradition.[7]
Gaza's history of habitation dates back 5,000 years, making it one of the oldest cities in the world.[8] Located on the Mediterranean coastal route between North Africa and the Levant, for most of its history it served as a key entrepôt of the southern Levant and an important stopover on the spice trade route traversing the Red Sea.[8][9]
Settlement in the region of Gaza dates back to Tell es-Sakan, an Ancient Egyptian fortress built in Canaanite territory to the south of present-day Gaza. The site went into decline throughout the Early Bronze Age II as its trade with Egypt sharply decreased.[10] Another urban centre known as Tell al-Ajjul began to grow along the Wadi Ghazza riverbed. During the Middle Bronze Age, a revived Tell es-Sakan became the southernmost locality in Canaan, serving as a fort. In 1650 BCE, when the Canaanite Hyksos occupied Egypt, a second city developed on the ruins of the first Tell as-Sakan. However, it was abandoned by the 14th-century BCE, at the end of the Bronze Age.[10]
Gaza later served as Egypt's administrative capital in Canaan.[11] During the reign of Tuthmosis III, the city became a stop on the Syrian-Egyptian caravan route and was mentioned in the Amarna letters as "Azzati". Gaza remained under Egyptian control for 350 years until it was conquered by the Philistines in the 12th-century BCE, becoming a part of their "pentapolis".[12] According to the Book of Judges, Gaza was the place where Samson was imprisoned by the Philistines and met his death.[13]
After being ruled by the Israelites, Assyrians, and then the Egyptians, Gaza achieved relative independence and prosperity under the Persian Empire. Alexander the Great besieged Gaza, the last city to resist his conquest on his path to Egypt, for five months before finally capturing it 332 BCE;[12] the inhabitants were either killed or taken captive. Alexander brought in local Bedouins to populate Gaza and organized the city into a polis (or "city-state"). Greek culture consequently took root and Gaza earned a reputation as a flourishing center of Hellenic learning and philosophy.[14]
Gaza experienced another siege in 96 BCE by the Hasmonean king Alexander Jannaeus who "utterly overthrew" the city, killing 500 senators who had fled into the temple of Apollo for safety.[15] Josephus notes that Gaza was resettled under the rule of Herod Antipas, who cultivated friendly relations with Gazans, Ascalonites and neighboring Arabs after being appointed governor of Idumea by Jannaeus.[16] Rebuilt after it was incorporated into the Roman Empire in 63 BCE under the command of Pompey Magnus, Gaza then became a part of the Roman province of Judaea.[12] It was targeted by the Jews during their rebellion against Roman rule in 66 and was partially destroyed.[17] It nevertheless remained an important city, even more so after the destruction of Jerusalem.[18]
Throughout the Roman period, Gaza was a prosperous city and received grants and attention from several emperors.[12] A 500-member senate governed Gaza, and a diverse variety of Philistines, Greeks, Romans, Canaanites, Phoenicians, Jews, Egyptians, Persians, and Bedouin populated the city. Gaza's mint issued coins adorned with the busts of gods and emperors.[19] During his visit in 130 CE,[20] Emperor Hadrian personally inaugurated wrestling, boxing, and oratorical competitions in Gaza's new stadium, which became known from Alexandria to Damascus. The city was adorned with many pagan temples; the main cult being that of Marnas. Other temples were dedicated to Zeus, Helios, Aphrodite, Apollo, Athene and the local Tyche.[12] Christianity began to spread throughout Gaza in 250 CE, including in the port of Maiuma.[21][22][23][24] Conversion to Christianity in Gaza was accelerated under Saint Porphyrius between 396 and 420. In 402, Theodosius II ordered all eight of the city's pagan temples destroyed,[12] and four years later Empress Aelia Eudocia commissioned the construction of a church atop the ruins of the Temple of Marnas.[25] It was during this era that the Christian philosopher Aeneas of Gaza called Gaza, his hometown, "the Athens of Asia."[26] Following the division of the Roman Empire in the 3rd century CE, Gaza remained under control of the Eastern Roman Empire that in turn became the Byzantine Empire. The city prospered and was an important centre for the Levant.[27]
In 635 CE Gaza was quickly besieged and captured by the Rashidun army under general 'Amr ibn al-'As following the Battle of Ajnadayn between the Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate in central Palestine. Believed to be the site where Muhammad's great grandfather Hashim ibn Abd Manaf was buried, the city was not destroyed by the victorious Rashidun army in spite of the stiff and lengthy resistance. The arrival of the Muslim Arabs brought drastic changes to Gaza; at first some of her churches were transformed into mosques, including the present Great Mosque of Gaza (the oldest in the city), a large segment of the population swiftly adopted Islam, Arabic became the official language.[28] In 767 Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi'i was born in Gaza and lived his early childhood there; al-Shafi'i founded a prominent Sunni Muslim legal philosophy (or fiqh) called Shafi'i, in his honor.[29] Security was the key to Gaza's prosperity which had been maintained in the early rule of the Muslims. Although alcohol was banned in Islam, the Jewish and Christian communities were allowed to maintain wine production and grapes, a major cash crop in the city, were exported mainly to Egypt. Because it bordered the desert, Gaza was vulnerable to warring nomadic groups.[30] In 796 Gaza was destroyed during a civil war between the Arab tribes of the area.[31] However, by the 10th-century CE the city had been rebuilt by a third Arab caliphate ruled by the Abbasids; Arab geographer al-Muqaddasi described Gaza as "a large town lying on the highroad to Egypt on the border of the desert."[32] In 977 a fourth Arab caliphate ruled by the Fatimids established an agreement with the competing Seljuk Turks, whereby the Fatimids would control Gaza and the land south of it, including Egypt.[33]
European Crusaders conquered the city from the Fatimids in 1100 and King Baldwin III built a castle used by the Knights Templar in Gaza in 1149.[25] He also had the Great Mosque converted into the Cathedral of Saint John.[20] In 1154, Arab traveller al-Idrisi wrote Gaza "is today very populous and in the hands of the Crusaders."[34] In 1187 the Ayyubid forces, led by Saladin, captured Gaza and later destroyed the city's fortifications in 1191. Richard the Lionheart apparently refortified the city in 1192, but the walls were dismantled again as a result of the Treaty of Ramla agreed upon months later in 1193.[25] The Ayyubid period of rule ended in 1260, after the Mongols under Hulagu Khan completely destroyed Gaza, which became his southernmost conquest.[28]
Following Gaza's destruction by the Mongols, Muslim slave-soldiers based in Egypt known as the Mamluks began to administer the area in 1277. The Mamluks made Gaza the capital of the province that bore its name, Mamlakat Ghazzah ("the Governorship of Gaza"). This district extended along the coastal plain from Rafah in the south to just north of Caesarea, and to the east as far as the Samaria highlands and the Hebron Hills. Other major towns in the province included Qaqun, Ludd, and Ramla.[28][35] Gaza which entered a period of tranquility under the Mamluks was used by them as an outpost in their offensives against the Crusaders which ended in 1290.[36] In 1294 an earthquake devastated Gaza, and five years later the Mongols again destroyed all that had been restored by the Mamluks.[28] Syrian geographer al-Dimashqi described Gaza in 1300 as a "city so rich in trees it looks like a cloth of brocade spread out upon the land."[19] Under the governorship of Sanjar al-Jawli, Gaza was transformed into a major and flourishing city and much of the Mamluk era architecture is traced back to his reign between 1311-1320 and again in 1342.[37][38] In 1348 the Bubonic Plague infested the city, killing the majority of its inhabitants and in 1352, Gaza suffered from a destructive flood, which was rare in that arid part of the Southern Levant.[39] However, when Arab traveler and writer Ibn Batutta visited the city in 1355, he noted that it was "large and populous, and has many mosques."[40] The Mamluks contributed to Gazan architecture by building mosques, Islamic schools, hospitals, caravansaries, and public baths.[10] They also allowed the Jews to return to the city, and the Mameluke period saw a flourishing Jewish community in the city. In 1481 traveller Meshulam of Voltura wrote "It is a good land, flourishing with fruit trees, the fruits of which are of excellent quality. There is bread and wine there, which only the Jews manufacture. It has a large population. There are 70 Jewish families and 4 families of Samaritans". Towards the end of the Mameluke period the Jewish community in Gaza was the third largest in Palestine, after the communities in Safad and Jerusalem.
In 1516 Gaza—at the time, a small town with an inactive port, ruined buildings and reduced trade—was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire.[39] The Ottoman army quickly and efficiently crushed a small-scale uprising,[41] and the local population generally welcomed as fellow Sunni Muslims.[39] The city was then made the capital of Sanjak Gaza, part of the larger Province of Damascus.[42] The Ridwan family, named after governor Ridwan Pasha, was the first dynasty to govern Gaza and would continue to rule the city for over a century.[43] Under Ahmad ibn Ridwan, the city became a cultural and religious center as a result of the partnership between the governor and prominent Islamic jurist Khayr al-Din al-Ramli, who was based in the nearby town of al-Ramla.[44]
During the rule of Husayn Pasha, strife between the settled population and the nearby Bedouin tribes was dramatically reduced, allowing Gaza to peacefully prosper. The Ridwan period is described as a golden age for Gaza, a time when it served as the virtual "capital of Palestine."[45][46] The Great Mosque was restored, and six other mosques constructed, while Turkish baths and market stalls proliferated.[39] After the death of Musa Pasha, Husayn's successor, Ottoman officials were appointed to govern in place of the Ridwans. The Ridwan period was Gaza's last golden age during Ottoman rule. After the family was removed from office, the city gradually declined.[47]
Starting in the early 19th-century, Gaza was culturally dominated by neighboring Egypt; Muhammad Ali of Egypt conquered Gaza in 1832.[20] American scholar Edward Robinson visited the city in 1838, describing it as a "thickly populated" town larger than Jerusalem, with its Old City lying upon a hilltop, while its suburbs laid on the nearby plain.[48] The city benefited from trade and commerce because of its strategic position on the caravan route between Egypt and northern Syria as well as from producing soap and cotton for trade with the government, local Arab tribes, and the Bedouin of Wadi Arabah and Ma'an.[49] The bazaars of Gaza were well-supplied and were noted by Robinson as "far better" than those of Jerusalem.[50] Robinson noted that virtually all of Gaza's vestiges of ancient history and antiquity had disappeared due to constant conflict and occupation.[51] By the mid-19th-century, Gaza's port was eclipsed by the ports of Jaffa and Haifa, but it retained its fishing fleet.[52]
The Bubonic Plague struck Gaza again in 1839 and the city, lacking political and economic stability, went into a state of stagnation. In 1840 Egyptian and Ottoman troops battled outside of Gaza. The Ottomans won control of the territory, effectively ending Egyptian rule over southern Syria. However, the battles brought about more death and destruction in Gaza whilst the city was still recovering from the effects of the plague.[39]
While leading the Allied Forces during World War I, the British won control of the city during the Third Battle of Gaza in 1917.[39] After the war, Gaza was included in the British Mandate of Palestine.[53] In the 1930s and 1940s, Gaza underwent major expansion. New neighborhoods were built along the coast and the southern and eastern plains. International organizations and missionary groups funded most of this construction.[52] In the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan, Gaza was assigned to be part of an Arab state in western Palestine but was occupied by Egypt following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Gaza's growing population was augmented by an influx of refugees fleeing nearby cities, towns and villages that were captured by Israel. In 1957, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser made a number of reforms in Gaza, which included expanding educational opportunities and the civil services, providing housing, and establishing local security forces.[54]
Gaza was occupied by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War following the defeat of the Egyptian Army. Frequent conflicts have erupted between Palestinians and the Israeli authorities in the city since the 1970s. The tensions lead to the First Intifada in 1987. Gaza was a center of confrontation during this uprising,[39] and economic conditions in the city worsened.[55]
In September 1993, leaders of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) signed the Oslo Accords. The agreement called for Palestinian administration of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank town of Jericho, which was implemented in May 1994. Israeli forces withdrew from Gaza, leaving a new Palestinian National Authority (PNA) to administer and police the city.[14] The PNA, led by Yasser Arafat, chose Gaza as its first provincial headquarters. The newly established Palestinian National Council held its inaugural session in Gaza in March 1996.[52]
In 2005, Israel withdrew its troops from the Gaza Strip and removed the thousands of Israelis who had settled in the territory.[56] See Israel's unilateral disengagement plan of 2004. Since the Israeli withdrawal, Hamas has been engaged in a sometimes violent power struggle with its rival Palestinian organization Fatah. On January 25, 2006, Hamas won a surprise victory in the elections for the Palestinian Legislative Council, the legislature of the Palestinian National Authority. In 2007, Hamas overthrew Fatah forces in the Gaza Strip and Hamas members were dismissed from the PNA government in the West Bank in response. Currently, Hamas has de facto control of the city and Strip.[57]
In March 2008, a coalition of human rights groups charged that the Israeli blockade of the city had caused the humanitarian situation in Gaza to have reached its worst point since Israel occupied the territory in the 1967 Six-Day War,[58] and that Israeli air strikes targeting militants in the densely populated areas have often killed bystanders as well.[56] In 2008, Israel commenced an assault against Gaza.[59] Israel stated the strikes were in response to repetitive rocket and mortar attacks from the Gaza Strip into Israel since 2005, while the Palestinians stated that they were responding to Israel's military excursions and blockade of the Gaza Strip. In January 2009, Palestinian sources stated that at least 1,300 Palestinians were killed in the conflict.[60]
Central Gaza is situated on a low-lying and round hill with an elevation of 45 feet (14 m) above sea level.[61] Much of the modern city is built along the plain below the hill, especially to the north and east, forming Gaza's suburbs. The beach and the port of Gaza are located 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) west of the city's nucleus and the space in between is entirely built up on low-lying hills.[48]
Gaza is 78 kilometres (48 mi) southwest of Jerusalem, 71 kilometres (44 mi) south of Tel Aviv,[62] and 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Rafah.[63] Surrounding localities include Beit Lahiya, Beit Hanoun, and Jabalia to the north, and the village of Abu Middein, the refugee camp of Bureij, and the city of Deir al-Balah to the south.[64]
The municipal jurisdiction of the city today constitutes about 45 square kilometres (17 sq mi).[2]
The population of Gaza depends on groundwater as the only source for drinking, agricultural use, and domestic supply. The nearest stream is Wadi Ghazza to the south, sourced from Abu Middein along the coastline. It bears a small amount of water during the winter and virtually no water during the summer.[65] Most of its water supply is diverted into Israel.[66] The Gaza Aquifer along the coast is the main aquifer in the Gaza Strip and it consists mostly of Pleistocene sandstones. Like most of the Gaza Strip, Gaza is covered by quaternary soil; clay minerals in the soil absorb many organic and inorganic chemicals which has partially alleviated the extent of groundwater contamination.[65]
A well-known hill southeast of Gaza, known as Tell al-Muntar, has an elevation of 270 feet (82 m) above sea level. For centuries it has been claimed as the place to which Samson brought the city gates of the Philistines. The hill is crowned by a Muslim shrine (maqam) dedicated to Ali al-Muntar ("Ali of the Watchtower"). There are old Muslim graves around the surrounding trees,[67] and the lintel of the doorway of the maqam has two medieval Arabic scriptures.[12]
The Old City forms the main part of Gaza's nucleus. It is roughly divided into two quarters; the northern Daraj Quarter (also known as the Muslim Quarter) and the southern Zaytoun Quarter. Most of the structures date from the Mamluk or Ottoman eras and some were built on top of earlier structures. The ancient part of the Old City is about 1.6 square kilometres (0.62 sq mi).[52]
There are seven historic gates to the Old City: Bab Asqalan (Gate of Ashkelon), Bab al-Darum (Gate of Deir al-Balah), Bab al-Bahr (Gate of the Sea), Bab Marnas (Gate of Marnas), Bab al-Baladiyah (Gate of the Town), Bab al-Khalil (Gate of Hebron), and Bab al-Muntar (Gate of Tell al-Muntar).[68] Some of the older buildings use the ablaq style of decoration which features red and white masonry, prevalent in the Mamluk era. A few of Gaza's main markets, such as the Gold Market as well as the city's oldest mosque, the Great Mosque of Gaza, are located here.[69] In the Zaytoun Quarter lies the Church of Saint Porphyrius, the Welayat Mosque, and Hamam as-Sammara ("the Samaritan's Bathhouse").[70]
Gaza is composed of eleven districts (hai) outside of the Old City.[71][72] The first extension of Gaza beyond its city centre was the district of Shuja'iyya, built on an eastern hill during the Ayyubid period of rule.[73] In the 1930s and 1940s, a new spacial residential district, Rimal, was constructed on the sand dunes west of the city center, and the district of Zeitoun was built along Gaza's southern and southwestern borders, while Shuja'iyya expanded into the east to form the al-Judeide ("the New") and al-Turukman districts.[52][74]
The areas between Rimal and the Old City became the districts of al-Sabra and al-Daraj.[72] To the northwest is the district of al-Nasser, built in the early 1950s and named in honor of Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser.[75] To the northeast is the district of Tuffah,[72] which is roughly divided into eastern and western halves.[69] The district of Sheikh Radwan is 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the north of the Old City and is named after Sheikh Radwan—the tomb of whom is located within the district.[72][76] Gaza has absorbed the village of al-Qubbah near the border with Israel, as well as the Palestinian refugee camp of al-Shati along the coast,[64] although the latter is not under the city's municipal jurisdiction. In the late 1990s, the PNA built the more affluent neighborhood of Tel al-Hawa along the southern edge of Rimal.[77] Along the southern coast of the city is the neighborhood of Sheikh Ijlin.[71]
Gaza has a semi-arid climate with mild winters and dry, warm to hot summers.[61] Spring arrives around March–April and the hottest months are July and August, with the average high being 33 °C (91 °F). The coldest month is January with temperatures usually at 7 °C (45 °F). Rain is scarce and generally falls between November and March, with annual precipitation rates approximately at 4.57 inches (116 mm).[78]
Climate data for Gaza | |||||||||||||
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Average high °C (°F) | 17 (62) |
17 (63) |
20 (69) |
26 (78) |
29 (84) |
31 (89) |
33 (91) |
33 (91) |
31 (88) |
28 (83) |
24 (75) |
19 (65) |
26 (78) |
Average low °C (°F) | 7 (45) |
7 (45) |
9 (49) |
13 (55) |
15 (60) |
18 (65) |
20 (69) |
21 (66) |
19 (66) |
17 (62) |
12 (54) |
8 (47) |
14 (57) |
Precipitation mm (inches) | 76 (2.99) |
49 (1.93) |
37 (1.46) |
6 (0.24) |
3 (0.12) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
14 (0.55) |
46 (1.81) |
70 (2.76) |
301 (11.85) |
Source: Weatherbase [79] |
Year | Population |
1596 | 6,000[80] |
1838 | 15,000-16,000[49] |
1882 | 16,000[81] |
1897 | 36,000[81] |
1906 | 40,000[81] |
1914 | 42,000[82] |
1922 | 17,426[83] |
1945 | 32,250[84] |
1982 | 100,272[85] |
1997 | 306,113[86] |
2004 (Projected) | 342,247[87] |
2006 (Projected) | 395,680[87] |
2009 | 449,221[3] |
According to Ottoman tax records in 1557, Gaza had 2,477 male tax payers.[88] The statistics from 1596 show that the Muslims consisted of 456 household heads, 115 bachelors, 59 religious persons, and 19 disabled persons. In addition to the Muslim figure were 141 jundiyan or soldiers in the Ottoman army. Of the Christians there were 294 household heads and seven bachelors, while there were 73 Jewish household heads and eight Samaritan household heads. In total, an estimated 6,000 people lived in Gaza, making it the third largest city in Ottoman Palestine after Jerusalem and Safad.[80]
In 1838, there were roughly 4,000 Muslim and 100 Christian tax payers, implying a population of about 15,000 or 16,000—making it larger than Jerusalem at the time. The total number of Christian families was 57.[49] Before the outbreak of World War I, the population of Gaza had reached 42,000; however, the fierce battles between Allied Forces and those of the Ottomans and the Germans in 1917 in Gaza resulted in a massive population decrease.[82]
According to a 1997 census by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), Gaza and the adjacent al-Shati camp had a population of 353,115 inhabitants, of which 50.9% were males and 49.1% females. Gaza had an overwhelmingly young population with more than half being between the ages of infancy to 19 (60.8%). About 28.8% were between the ages of 20 to 44, 7.7% between 45 and 64, and 3.9% were over the age of 64.[86]
A significant number of Gaza's pre-1948 residents were Egyptians or their descendants who had fled political turmoil in Muhammad Ali's Egypt.[89] A massive influx of Palestinian refugees swelled Gaza's population after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. By 1967, the population had grown to about six times its 1948 size.[52] In 1997, 51.8% of Gaza's inhabitants were refugees or their descendants.[90] The city's population has continued to increase since that time to 449,221 in 2009, making it the largest city in the Palestinian territories.[3][87] Gaza has one of the highest overall growth rates and population densities in the world: 9,982.69/km² (26,424.76/mi²).[52][91] Poverty, unemployment and poor living conditions are widespread and many residents rely on United Nations food aid to survive.[52][92]
The population of Gaza is overwhelmingly composed of Muslims, who mostly follow Sunni Islam.[52] While held by the Fatimids, Shia Islam was dominant in Gaza, but after Saladin conquered the city, he promoted a strictly Sunni religious and educational policy, which at the time was instrumental in uniting his Arab and Turkish soldiers.[10]
There exists a small minority of about 3,500 Palestinian Christians in the city.[93] The majority of Gaza's Christians live in the Zaytoun Quarter of the Old City and belong to the Eastern Orthodox Church of Jerusalem, Roman Catholic, and Baptist denominations.[94] In 1906, there were only 750 Christians, of which 700 were Orthodox and 50 were Roman Catholic.[81]
Gaza's Jewish community was roughly 3,000 years old,[52] and in 1481 there were sixty Jewish households.[95] Most of them left Gaza after the 1929 Palestine riots, when they consisted of fifty families.[52] In Sami Hadawi's land and population survey, Gaza had a population of 34,250, including 80 Jews in 1945.[84] Most of them left the city after the 1948 War, due to mutual distrust between them and the Arab majority.[96]
The economy of Gaza grew by 8% in the first 11 months of 2010, and by 5.4% in 2009.[97] Economic activity is largely supported by foreign aid donations, with the latter regarded as the main reason for recent growth.[97]
The major agricultural products are strawberries, citrus, dates, olives, flowers, and various vegetables. Pollution and massive population pressure on water have reduced the productive capacity of the surrounding farms, however.[52]
Small-scale industries in the city include the production of plastics, construction materials, textiles, furniture, pottery, tiles, copperware, and carpets. Following the Oslo Accords, thousands of residents were employed in the various government ministries and security services, while others were employed by the UNRWA and other international organizations that support development of the city.[52] Gaza contains some minor industries, including textiles and food processing. A variety of wares are sold in Gaza's street bazaars, including carpets, pottery, wicker furniture, and cotton clothing; the modern Gaza Mall opened in July 2010.[98][99]
There are a number of hotels in Gaza, including the Palestine, Grand Palace, Adam, al-Amal, al-Quds, Cliff, al-Deira and Marna House. All, except the Palestine Hotel, are located along in the coastal Rimal district. The United Nations (UN) has a beach club on the same street. Gaza is not a frequent destination for tourists, and most foreigners who stay in hotels are journalists, aid workers, UN and Red Cross personnel. Upmarket hotels include the al-Quds and the al-Deira Hotel.[100]
Many Gazans worked in the Israeli service industry when the border was open, but part of Israel's 2005 disengagement stipulated that Gazans will no longer be able to work in Israel and few Gazans are presently allowed to enter Israel. Gaza has serious deficiencies in housing, educational facilities, health facilities, infrastructure, and an inadequate sewage system, all of which have contributed to serious hygiene and public health problems.[101]
According to a recent report by OXFAM, unemployment in Gaza is close to 40% and is set to rise to 50%. The private sector which generates 53% of all jobs in Gaza has been devastated, businesses have been bankrupted and 75,000 out of 110,000 workers are now without a jobs. In 2008, 95% of Gaza's industrial operations were suspended due to lack of access inputs for production and the inability to export what is produced. In June 2005, there were 3,900 factories in Gaza employing 35,000 people, but by December 2007, there were just 195 remaining, employing only 1,700 people. The construction industry was paralyzed with tens of thousands of laborers out of work. The agriculture sector has also been damaged severely and nearly 40,000 workers who depend on cash crops now have no income.[101]
Gaza's economic conditions have been stagnant in the long-term and most development indicators are in decline. Food prices have risen during the blockade, with wheat flour going up 34%, rice up 21%, and baby powder up 30%. The number of Gazans who live in absolute poverty has increased sharply, with 80% relying on humanitarian aid in 2008 compared to 63% in 2006. In 2007, households spent an average of 62% of their total income on food, compared to 37% in 2004. In less than a decade, the number of families depending on UNRWA food aid has increased tenfold.[101]
The Rashad Shawa Cultural Center, located in Rimal, was completed in 1988 and named after its founder, former mayor Rashad al-Shawa.[102] A two-story building with a triangular plan, the cultural centers performs three main functions: a meeting place for large gatherings during annual festivals, a place to stage exhibitions, and a library.[103] The French Cultural Center is a symbol of French partnership and cooperation in Gaza. It holds art exhibits, concerts, film screenings, and other activities. Whenever possible, French artists are invited to display their artwork, and more frequently, Palestinian artists from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank are invited to participate in art competitions.[104]
Established in 1998, the Arts and Crafts Village is a children's cultural center with the objectives of promoting comprehensive, regular and periodic documentation of creative art in all of its forms. It interacted on a large scale with a class of artists from different nationalities and organized around 100 exhibitions for creative art, ceramics, graphics, carvings and others. Nearly 10,000 children from throughout the Gaza Strip have benefited from the Arts and Crafts Village.[105]
Gaza has one film theater, the Gaza Theater, which opened in 2004 using donated equipment and movies from Norway.[106] The theater is not properly equipped and does not receive much funding from the PNA, depending mostly on donations from foreign aid agencies. The Qattan Foundation, a Palestinian arts charity, runs several workshops throughout Gaza that helps the local youth find artistic skills and give teachers basic drama skills. In 2005, the Gaza Theater Festival was held, playing in makeshift venues, although no foreign theater companies attended, as well as any company from the West Bank or Israel's Arab community.[107]
The Gaza Museum of Archaeology, founded by Jawdat N. Khoudary, was opened in the summer of 2008. The exhibition is in a hall made partly of stones from old houses, discarded wood ties of a former railroad, and bronze lamps and marble columns uncovered by Gazan fishermen and construction workers. The museum collection features thousands of items, but some will not go on display, including a statue of a full-breasted Aphrodite in a diaphanous gown, images of other ancient deities and oil lamps featuring menorahs.[108]
The Crazy Water Park was built in 2010, but shortly the water park was burned down by a group of about 40 masked.
Gaza's cuisine is characterized by its generous use of spices and chillies. Other major flavors and ingredients include dill, chard, garlic, cumin, lentils, chickpeas, pomegranates, sour plums and tamarind. Many of the traditional dishes rely on clay pot cooking, which preserves the flavor and texture of the vegetables and results in fork-tender meat. Traditionally, most Gazan dishes are seasonal and rely on ingredients indigenous to the area and its surrounding villages. Poverty has also played an important role in determining many of the city's simple meatless dishes and stews, such as saliq wa adas ("chard and lentils") and bisara (skinless fava beans mashed with dried mulukhiya leaves and chilies).[109]
Seafood is a key aspect of Gaza life and a local staple,[110] but in recent years, due to Israeli restrictions on Palestinian fishing zones off Gaza's coast, the industry has been in decline, and seafood prices have skyrocketed. Some well-known seafood dishes include zibdiyit gambari, literally, "shrimps in a clay pot", and shatta which are crabs stuffed with red hot chili pepper dip, then baked in the oven. Fish is either fried or grilled after being stuffed with cilantro, garlic, chillies and cumin, and marinated with various spices. It is also a key ingredient in sayyadiya, rice cooked with caramelized onions, a generous amount of whole garlic cloves, large chunks of well-marinated fried fish, and spices such as turmeric, cinnamon, and cumin.[109]
Many of the 1948-era refugees were fellahin ("peasants") who would rely on eating seasonally, based on what they grew and these refugees highly influenced the basic cuisine of Gaza. Due to its geographic isolation from the rest of Palestine, as a result of decades of occupation, many of its dishes have not been heard of outside of Gaza. One of the most popular dishes is called sumaghiyyeh.[109]
Gaza has several restaurants, most of the well-known located in the Rimal district. Al-Andalus, which specializes in fish and seafood, is particularly popular with tourists, as are al-Sammak and the upscale Roots Club. Throughout the Old City there are street stalls that sell cooked beans, hummus, roasted sweet potatoes, falafel, and kebabs. Coffeehouses (qahwa) regularly accommodate locals with hookah (sheesha), Arabic coffee, and tea. Gaza's well-known sweet shops, Saqqala and Arafat, sell common Arab sweet products and are located off Wehda Street. Alcohol is a rarity, found only in the United Nations Beach Club.[111]
Gauze is reputed to have originated in Gaza. Cloth for the Gaza thob was often woven at nearby Majdal (Ascalon). Black or blue cottons or striped pink and green fabric that had been made in Majdal continued to be woven throughout the Gaza Strip by refugees from the coastal plain villages until the 1960s. Thobs here had narrow, tight, straight sleeves. Embroidery was much less dense than that applied in Hebron. The most popular motifs included: scissors (muqass), combs (mushut) and triangles (hijab) often arranged in clusters of fives, sevens and threes, as the use of odd numbers is considered in Arab folklore to be effective against the evil eye.[112]
In recent decades, Hamas and other Islamic movements sought to increase the use of the hijab ("headscarf") among Gazan women, especially urban and educated women, and the hijab styles since introduced have varied according to class and group identity.[113]
Palestine Stadium, the Palestinian national stadium, is located in Gaza and has a capacity for 10,000 people. It serves as the home of the Palestine national football team, but after an Israeli air strike that severely damaged the stadium's field, home games have been played in Doha, Qatar.[114] Gaza has several local football teams that participate in the Gaza Strip League. They include Khidmat al-Shatia (al-Shati Camp), Ittihad al-Shuja'iyya (Shuja'iyya neighborhood), Gaza Sports Club, and al-Zeitoun (Zeitoun neighborhood).[115]
Today, Gaza serves as the administrative capital of the Gaza Governorate.[116] It contains the Palestinian Legislative Council building, as well as the headquarters of most of the Palestinian Authority ministries.
The first municipal council of Gaza was formed in 1893 under the chairmanship of Ali Khalil Shawa. Modern mayorship, however, began in 1906 with his son Said al-Shawa, who was appointed mayor by the Ottoman Authorities.[117] Al-Shawa oversaw the construction of Gaza's first hospital, several new mosques and schools, the restoration of the Great Mosque, and the introduction of the modern plow to the city.[118]
On July 24, 1994, the PNA proclaimed Gaza the first city council in the Palestinian territories.[1] The 2005 Palestinian municipal elections were not held in Gaza, nor in Khan Yunis or Rafah. Instead, Fatah party officials selected the smaller cities, towns, and villages to hold elections, assuming they would do better in less urban areas. The rival Hamas party, however, won the majority of seats in seven of the ten municipalities selected for the first round with voter turnout being around 80%.[119] 2007 saw violent clashes between the two parties that left over 100 dead, ultimately resulting in Hamas taking over the city.[120] Normally, Palestinian municipalities with populations over 20,000 and that serve as administrative centers have municipal councils consisting of fifteen members, including the mayor. The current municipal council of Gaza, however, consists of fourteen members, including the mayor, Rafiq al-Makki.[121]
According to the PCBS, in 1997, approximately over 90% of Gaza's population over the age of 10 was literate. Of the city's population, 140,848 were enrolled in schools (39.8% in elementary school, 33.8% in secondary school, and 26.4% in high school). About 11,134 people received bachelor diplomas or higher diplomas.[123]
In 2006, there were 210 schools in Gaza; 151 were run by the Education Ministry of the Palestinian National Authority, 46 were run by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency, and 13 were private schools. A total of 154,251 students were enrolled and 5,877 teachers were employed.[124] The currently downtrodden economy has affected education in the Gaza Strip severely. In September 2007, a UNRWA survey in the Gaza Strip revealed that there was a nearly 80% failure rate in schools grades four to nine, with up to 90% failure rates in mathematics. In January 2008, the United Nations Children's Fund reported that schools in Gaza had been canceling classes that were high on energy consumption, such as information technology, science labs and extra curricular activities.[101]
Gaza has many universities. The four main universities in the city are al-Azhar University – Gaza, al-Quds Open University, al-Aqsa University and the Islamic University of Gaza. The Islamic University, consisting of ten facilities, was founded by a group of businessmen in 1978, making it the first University in Gaza. It had an enrollment of 20,639 students.[125] Al-Azhar is generally secular and was founded in 1992. Al-Aqsa University was established in 1991. Al-Quds Open University established its Gaza Educational Region campus in 1992 in a rented building in the center of the city originally with 730 students. Because of the rapid increase of the number of students, it constructed the first university owned building in the Nasser District. In 2006–07, it had an enrollment of 3,778 students.[126]
The Public Library of Gaza is located off al-Wahda Street and has a collection of nearly 10,000 books in Arabic, English and French. A total area of about 1,410 square metres (15,200 sq ft), the building consists of two floors and a basement. The library was opened in 1999 after cooperation dating from 1996 by Gaza under mayor Aoun Shawa, the municipality of Dunkerque, and the World Bank. The library's primary objectives are to provide sources of information that meets the needs of beneficiaries, provide necessary facilities for access to available information sources, and organizing various cultural programs such as, cultural events, seminars, lectures, film presentations, videos, art and book exhibitions.[127]
Landmarks in Gaza include the Great Mosque in the Old City. Originally a pagan temple, it was consecrated a Greek Orthodox church by the Byzantines,[128] then a mosque in the 8th century by the Arabs. The Crusaders transformed it into a church, but it was reestablished as a mosque soon after Gaza's reconquest by the Muslims.[69] It is the oldest and largest in the Gaza Strip and was identified as the "only structure of historical importance" in the city by some 19th century Western travelers.[129]
Other mosques in the Old City include the Mamluk-era Sayed Hashem Mosque that believed to house the tomb of Hashem ibn Abd al-Manaf in its dome.[130] There is also the nearby Welayat Mosque that dates back to 1334. In Shuja'iyya, the Ibn Uthman Mosque was built by Nablus native Ahmad ibn Uthman in 1402 and the Ibn Marwan Mosque, housing the tomb of a holy man, was built in 1324.[74]
The Unknown Soldier's Square, located in Rimal, is a monument dedicated to an unknown Palestinian fighter who died in the 1948 War. In 1967, the monument was torn down by Israeli forces and remained a patch of sand,[131] until a public garden was built there with funding from Norway. Qasr al-Basha, originally a Mamluk-era villa that was used by Napoleon during his brief sojourn in Gaza, is located in the Old City and is today a girl's school. The Commonwealth Gaza War Cemetery, often referred to as the British War Cemetery, that contains the graves of fallen Allied soldiers in World War I is in the Tuffah neighborhood.[69][132]
According to the 1997 census by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, 98.1% of Gaza's residents were connected to the public water supply while the remainder used a private system.[133] About 87.6% were connected to a public sewage system and 11.8% used a cesspit.[134]
The blockade on Gaza has severely restricted the water supply to the city and its sewage system. The six main wells for drinking water no longer function, and roughly 50% of the population is without access to water on a regular basis. The municipality claims it is forced to pump water to the citizens through "salty wells" because of the unavailability of electricity in some of the wells fails to meet the needs of the citizens. Most sewage plants struggle to work, and more than 75% of the untended sewage in the city, has periodically led to a rash of waste water to the homes of residents. About 20 million liters of raw sewage and 40 million liters of partially treated water per day leak to the Mediterranean Sea due to the lack of electricity, fuel and spare parts at Gaza's treatment plants. The municipality claims that accumulation of garbage in the streets, roads, wells, and sewage overflow cause the risk of disease outbreaks and insect epidemics, as well as mice and in residential areas.[135]
One of the first hospitals in Gaza was al-Shifa ("the Cure") founded in the Rimal District by the British Mandate government in the 1940s. Housed in an army barracks, it originally provided quarantine and treatment for febrile diseases. When Egypt administered Gaza, this original department was relocated and al-Shifa became the city's central hospital.[136] When Israel withdrew from the Gaza Strip after occupying it in the 1956 Suez Crisis, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser had al-Shifa hospital expanded and improved. He also ordered the establishment of a second hospital in the Nasser District with the same name. In 1957, the quarantine and febrile disease hospital was rebuilt and named Nasser Hospital.[75] Today, al-Shifa remains Gaza's largest medical complex.[137]
Throughout the late 1950s, a new health administration, Bandar Gaza ("Gaza Region"), was established and headed by Haidar Abdel-Shafi. Bandar Gaza rented several rooms throughout the city to set up government clinics, but they were fairly basic, just providing essential curative care.[75]
The Ahli Arab Hospital, originally founded in 1907 by the Church Missionary Society (CMS), was destroyed in World War I.[138] It was rebuilt as the Southern Baptist Hospital in the 1950s.[139] In 1982, the Episcopal Diocese of Jerusalem took leadership and the original name was restored.[138] Al-Quds Hospital, located in the Tel al-Hawa neighborhood and managed by the Palestine Red Crescent Society, is the second largest hospital in Gaza.[140]
As a result of fuel and electricity restrictions, hospitals currently experience power cuts lasting for 8–12 hours daily. There is currently a 60-70 percent shortage reported in the diesel required for power generators. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), the proportion of patients given permits to exit Gaza for medical care decreased from 89.3% in January 2007 to 64.3% in December 2007, an unprecedented low.[101]
The Rasheed Coastal Road runs along Gaza's coastline and connects it with the rest of Gaza Strip's coastline north and south. The main road of the Gaza Strip, Salah ad-Din Street (the modern Via Maris) runs through the middle of Gaza City, connecting it with Deir al-Balah, Khan Yunis, and Rafah in the south and Jabalia and Beit Hanoun in the north.[69] The northern crossing of Salah ad-Din Street into Israel is the Erez Crossing and the crossing into Egypt is the Rafah Crossing. The crossings have been closed by Israel and Egypt since 2007.
Omar Mukhtar Street is the main road in the city of Gaza running north-south, branching off Salah ad-Din Street, stretching from the Rimal coastline and the Old City where it ends at the Gold Market.[69] Prior to the Blockade of the Gaza Strip, there existed regular lines of collective taxis to Ramallah and Hebron in the West Bank.[141]
The Yasser Arafat International Airport near Rafah opened in 1998 and is 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of Gaza. But its runways and facilities were significantly damaged during the Second Intifada. The Ben Gurion International Airport in Israel is located roughly 75 kilometres (47 mi) northeast of the city.[141]
Gaza is twinned with:
Mozgovaya, Natasha (5 June 2011). "Gaza, the most Facebook friendly place on earth." Haaretz
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Moving Into Stillness: A Winter Solstice Yoga Retreat
For centuries, winter solstice has been a time of reflection.
For centuries, winter solstice has been a time of reflection.
Following ancient traditions on the winter solstice, we will take this poignant time to retreat, slow down, and dive into stillness, silence, and i
"Soul is flow, an ever-changing cloudscape of textures, hues, sensations, scents, and feelings," writes Zuza.
Celebrate the holiday season by enjoying the natural beauty of the Esalen land, while learning how to give an Esalen Massage.
This is a special opportunity for people to experience Esalen without taking a workshop.
At some point in each of our lives we have been hurt, mistreated, or disappointed.
Learn more about CTR"The possibilities of the human future lie beyond the power of our imagination. We suspect that our creative capacity, like that of the universe itself, is ultimately limitless."
Michael Murphy, Esalen CTR Founder
Esalen is more than a retreat center or an educational institute. Anchored by the inspiring beauty of Big Sur and an unparalleled intellectual history, Esalen is a world-wide network of seekers who look beyond dogma to explore deeper spiritual possibilities; forge new understandings of self and society; and pioneer new paths for change.
Property-Wide Silent Retreat & Cleanse
Various Workshop Leaders
January 5 - 10, 2014
Move out of the busy holiday season and the noise of everyday life in a community of kindred spirits. As we begin the new year, the whole Esalen community will participate in a property-wide silent meditation practice from Monday through Thursday. More Information ›
We offer up to 600 workshops and programs per year devoted to cultivating deep change in self and society. Find a workshop below or explore Esalen's other learning opportunities.


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Home / News Author Index Title Index Category Index Search Your Bookshelf |
Samuel Butler: The Way of All Flesh28. CHAPTER XXVIII (continued)The table of the library was loaded with books many deep; MSS. of all kinds were confusedly mixed up with them,--boys' exercises, probably, and examination papers--but all littering untidily about. The room in fact was as depressing from its slatternliness as from its atmosphere of erudition. Theobald and Ernest as they entered it, stumbled over a large hole in the Turkey carpet, and the dust that rose showed how long it was since it had been taken up and beaten. This, I should say, was no fault of Mrs Skinner's but was due to the Doctor himself, who declared that if his papers were once disturbed it would be the death of him. Near the window was a green cage containing a pair of turtle doves, whose plaintive cooing added to the melancholy of the place. The walls were covered with book shelves from floor to ceiling, and on every shelf the books stood in double rows. It was horrible. Prominent among the most prominent upon the most prominent shelf were a series of splendidly bound volumes entitled "Skinner's Works." Boys are sadly apt to rush to conclusions, and Ernest believed that Dr Skinner knew all the books in this terrible library, and that he, if he were to be any good, should have to learn them too. His heart fainted within him. He was told to sit on a chair against the wall and did so, while Dr Skinner talked to Theobald upon the topics of the day. He talked about the Hampden Controversy then raging, and discoursed learnedly about "Praemunire"; then he talked about the revolution which had just broken out in Sicily, and rejoiced that the Pope had refused to allow foreign troops to pass through his dominions in order to crush it. Dr Skinner and the other masters took in the Times among them, and Dr Skinner echoed the Times' leaders. In those days there were no penny papers and Theobald only took in the Spectator--for he was at that time on the Whig side in politics; besides this he used to receive the Ecclesiastical Gazette once a month, but he saw no other papers, and was amazed at the ease and fluency with which Dr Skinner ran from subject to subject. This is page 120 of 431. [Mark this Page] Mark any page to add this title to Your Bookshelf. (0 / 10 books on shelf) Buy a copy of The Way of All Flesh at Amazon.com
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The terrifying Predacon tyrant Predaking is a mighty evil from the ancient past with the power to burn entire worlds to cinders! Take your Transformers adventures to the next level with this incredible Predaking figure and his twin Hydrafire blasters! Whether he's in robot mode or dragon mode, ......More
The battle between AUTOBOT and DECEPTICON is never over, and this SHOCKWAVE figure is the next generation of awesome TRANSFORMERS action! Your SHOCKWAVE figure comes armed with his strategic thinking skills and a laser cannon that will make any AUTOBOT think twice about taking him on. But when he ......More
TRANSFORMERS PRIME Deluxe-Class action figures are the front line in the ancient conflict between AUTOBOT and DECEPTICON robots! These mighty robots from the planet CYBERTRON have come to Earth to continue their epic battle, with OPTIMUS PRIME and the heroic AUTOBOTS fighting to protect our world ......More
KNOCK OUT is oily slick; the ultimate salesman. Everyone knows his weapons are dangerous and prone to malfunction, and his installation methods often leave DECEPTICONS scarred or crippled. But who can resist having quantum disintegration at his fingertips? Your fierce KNOCK OUT figure is ready ......More
Every VEHICON knows how likely he is to be dismantled – either by the AUTOBOTS, or by a DECEPTICON commander in need of spare parts. Danger is just part of life for them, and they welcome it. To a VEHICON, happiness is loyalty to MEGATRON and a warm blaster cannon. Your fierce VEHICON figure is ......More
DARKSTEEL is a traditionalist. As a student of the most respected DECEPTICON warrior on CYBERTRON, he learned there is no substitute for a razor-sharp blade and clever mind. Blasters and cannons get the job done, but may fail in the heat of battle. The blade never falters! It's an ......More
LASERBEAK grows more independent each day spent away from CYBERTRON. The loyal servant of SOUNDWAVE and the DECEPTICONS has become more self-aware since arriving in the Milky Way. LASERBEAK continuously monitors AUTOBOT troop movement from afar, plotting the perfect moment to unleash his laser ......More
STARSCREAM thinks highly of THUNDERCRACKER. He tries to instill the less experienced TRANSFORMER with attack strategies and weapons information for the day when he finally usurps the throne from MEGATRON. THUNDERCRACKER is a quick learner and a serious threat to any AUTOBOT that dare engage him in ......More
MEGATRON has lost battles, but he has never been truly defeated. Even after his near total destruction by the AllSpark, he returned. This latest loss is nothing to him. He has plans thousands of years in the making that are finally coming to fruition. This time, nothing will stop him from ......More
BARRICADE doesn't make friends, he finds potential victims. His seemingly benevolent police car vehicle mode has been known to trick potential targets into trusting him. BARRICADE has the ability to stalk and eliminate nearly any AUTOBOT he wishes. Humans and AUTOBOTS alike should take cover when ......More
As an expert tracker and infiltrator, CRANKCASE serves MEGATRON from the shadows. Unseen and never recognized, he watches the AUTOBOTS and reports their movements back to his master. He rarely engages in combat, but when he does, it is swift, terrible, and final. Fasten your seatbelts for some ......More
Though he is an incredibly skilled fighter, the real secret to success for STARSCREAM is: never fight fair. He's always sure to bring a bigger, more powerful weapon to battle than his opponent, and he never takes on someone he's not sure he can handle. Get ready for fast-paced, high-flying fun ......More
Construct! Customize! Convert! The Transformers Construct-Bots come in pieces, and it's up to you to build them in one of their 2 modes! Use the 55 pieces to build your Megatron figure as a robot warrior or tank. Once he's built in one mode, you can either convert to another mode or tear him ......More
There was a time when those who wore the Decepticon badge did so with pride, and not fear. There was a time when the name of Megatron was honored by many across Cybertron. He was a scholar, a warrior and a hero, fighting for the freedom of the oppressed. But power inevitably corrupts, and none are ......More
Transformers Prime Beast Hunters Deluxe Class action figures are the front line in the ancient conflict between the Autobot and Decepticon robots! These mighty warriors from the planet Cybertron have come to Earth to continue their epic battle, with Optimus Prime and the heroic Autobots fighting to ......More
Transformers Prime Beast Hunters Voyager Class action figures are the ultimate warriors in the ancient conflict between the Autobot and Decepticon robots! These mighty soldiers from the planet Cybertron have come to Earth to continue their epic battle, with Optimus Prime and the heroic Autobots ......More
Restored to a fully functioning state by the loyalty of his minions, and the arcane science of an alien world, SOUNDWAVE takes a new name to reflect his new lease on life. No longer content to simply manage electronic warfare for the DECEPTICONS®*, he charges into battle against the AUTOBOTS, using ......More
SOUNDWAVE has spent centuries making himself indispensible to the DECEPTICON cause. His body is packed with electronic communications gear. He is capable of teasing even the faintest transmission out of the microwave background, cracking the toughest quantum code, and jamming the most powerful ......More
Unquestioningly loyal to the Predacon cause, Ripclaw crushes her enemies and leaves their circuits burning with her mech-venom! Autobots beware, because this Ripclaw figure is just the beast to take any of them on! She's sneaky and powerful, and they can't afford to get caught by her snapping ......More
The scheming Decepticon second-in-command Starscream looks forward to the day both the Autobots and Megatron are out of his way! Autobots beware, because this Starscream figure is just the Decepticon to take any of them on! He's a super sneaky operator who wants all the power for himself, and his ......More
There was a time when STARSCREAM was an honorable soldier who fought for the defense of CYBERTRON. But long isolation aboard an orbital platform made him greedy and ambitious. Given the opportunity to once again lead troops, he gladly joined MEGATRON. Convert, arm and attack with all the ......More
For too long, DREADWING has lived in the shadow of STARSCREAM, but with the Seeker commander out of favor, he is more than happy to step into his rightful place at the right hand of MEGATRON. His power and intelligence have always been dangerous, but with the DECEPTICON legion at his command, the ......More
TRANSFORMERS PRIME Deluxe-Class action figures are the front line in the ancient conflict between AUTOBOT and DECEPTICON robots! These mighty robots from the planet CYBERTRON have come to Earth to continue their epic battle, with OPTIMUS PRIME and the heroic AUTOBOTS fighting to protect our world ......More
BLAST OFF disguises the horrible loneliness he feels behind utter contempt for anyone who can't reach orbit under their own power. From his isolated position in orbit, he can fry any AUTOBOTS his comrades designate with powerful x-ray lasers, or descend to join his fellows in forming the mighty ......More
It's possible that the rage that drives DECEPTICON BRUTICUS to his untold feats of destruction is contained entirely within DECEPTICON BRAWL. Barely contained at the best of times, this brutal 'bot's anger is unleashed on the battlefield, turning him into the eye of a storm of devastation. This ......More
ONSLAUGHT believes precision and planning are the keys to success. He spends hours devising battle plans, considering contingencies, and deliberating troop disposition before ever committing his forces to battle. Once the fight is joined, however, no robot is a fiercer fighter. This DECEPTICON ......More
To the other COMBATICONS, the war with the AUTOBOTS is an epic clash for the fate of the universe. To SWINDLE, it's a business opportunity. While his teammates relish the frenzy of destruction they cause as DECEPTICON BRUTICUS, SWINDLE quietly calculates how much he can get for selling all the scrap ......More
Few AUTOBOTS fear a fight against VORTEX. What they fear is being captured and at his mercy. He uses magnetic grapples to haul helpless captives high into the sky. There he treats them to a terrifying series of swoops, loops and dives before dropping them to their doom. This high-flying ......More
STARSCREAM hasn't survived this long simply by running away every time he might lose a fight. Every retreat is a calculated risk, designed to fulfill a greater purpose. It is often when his enemies believe they are winning that STARSCREAM turns and finishes them off. AUTOBOT enemies will think ......More
MEGATRON began his life as a gladiator, built to fight in the brutal darkness of the Kaon pits. It was there that he learned that the strong survive and the weak perish, and there that he became determined to be the strongest of all. His conquest began there, and has since burned its way across the ......More
SHOCKWAVE stealthily tears through the Earth in order to avoid detection by the AUTOBOTS and their human allies. His ability to emerge from the ground and attack anywhere has put the AUTOBOTS on alert! Where will he strike next? Race into battle with this 3-in-1 converting action set! Your ......More
Few have ever seen SHOCKWAVE and lived. His is the hand that ensures DECEPTICON plans remain secret from the AUTOBOTS. He eliminates evidence and witnesses with brutal, emotionless efficiency. The only hints he ever leaves of his presence are smoking craters and the collapsed tunnels through which ......More


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(n.) The transfer of a cellular phone transmission from one radio frequency within a cell to another radio frequency in an adjacent cell. Handoffs occur when a cellular phone user passes out of the range that the cell can handle and into another cell��s range, and the signal is passed from one base station to the next. The handoff is transparent to the user and typically will not result in a loss of service unless the user moves out of range of a cell��s base station. The transition and the process required to make the transition are both referred to as the handoff.
(v.) To pass a cellular transmission from one cell to another.


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Another foot soldier on the homicide squad, Crutchfield doesn't mind putting in the overtime necessary to drop red names off the board. But if the OT slips come back unpaid, he's realistic enough to spend his off-time making rent rather than cases.
played by Gregory Williams
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You might be a restaurant superfan if…
You've ever camped out in a parking lot overnight to be among the first customers at a new restaurant opening.
You've ever driven hundreds of miles just to eat at your favorite restaurant.
You've created and maintain a website dedicated to a favorite restuarant or menu item.
An Associated Press story on Inforum today details the lenghts to which restaurant superfans are willing to go to prove their devotion.
The article reminded me of the October, 2002, Krispy Kreme opening in Fargo when then North Dakota first lady Mikey Hoeven did the "Glaze Craze" dance with Trollwood Performing Arts School students. It was a party in the parking lot. People even camped out for free donuts and T-shirts before the donut shop opened.
Of course, that restaurant closed five years later, so its fans must not have been super enough.
If you think you're a restaurant superfan, we want to hear about it.
We know from past posts that restuarant fans are vocal and opinionated. But how far would you go for your favorite meal or if say, SONIC Drive-In, finally did decide to open in Fargo?