text:
German Shepherd
Other names | Alsatian (UK) Berger Allemand Deutscher Schäferhund Schäferhund |
Nicknames | GSD | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Country of origin | Germany | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dog (Canis lupus familiaris) |
The German Shepherd (German: Deutscher Schäferhund, German pronunciation: [ˈʃɛːfɐˌhʊnt]) (aka Alsatian and Alsatian Wolf Dog, both UK names) is a breed of large-sized dog that originated in Germany.[3] German Shepherds are a relatively new breed of dog, with their origin dating to 1899. As part of the Herding Group, German Shepherds are working dogs developed originally for herding sheep. Since that time, however, because of their strength, intelligence, trainability and obedience, German Shepherds around the world are often the preferred breed for many types of work, including search-and-rescue, police and military roles and even acting.[4] German Shepherds are the second-most popular dog in the United States [5] and fourth-most popular in the United Kingdom.[6]
In Europe during the 1850s, attempts were being made to standardize breeds.[7] The dogs were bred to preserve traits that assisted in their job of herding sheep and protecting flocks from predators.[8] In Germany this was practiced within local communities, where shepherds selected and bred dogs. They were believed had the skills necessary for herding sheep, such as intelligence, speed, strength and keen senses of smell.[8] The results were dogs that were able to do such things, but that differed significantly, both in appearance and ability, from one locality to another.[7]
To combat these differences, the Phylax Society was formed in 1891 with the intention of creating standardised development plans for native dog breeds in Germany.[8] The society disbanded after only three years due to ongoing internal conflicts regarding the traits in dogs that the society should promote;[8] some members believed dogs should be bred solely for working purposes, while others believed dogs should be bred also for appearance.[9] While unsuccessful in their goal, the Phylax Society had inspired people to pursue standardising dog breeds independently.
With the rise of large, industrialized cities in Germany, the predator population began to decline, rendering sheepdogs unnecessary.[8] At the same time, the awareness of sheepdogs as a versatile, intelligent class of canine began to rise.[8] Max von Stephanitz, an ex-cavalry captain and former student of the Berlin Veterinary College, was an ex-member of the Phylax Society who firmly believed dogs should be bred for working.[8] He admired the intelligence, strength and ability of Germany's native sheepdogs, but could not find any one single breed that satisfied him as the perfect working dog.[8]
In 1899, Von Stephanitz was attending a dog show when he was shown a dog named Hektor Linksrhein.[8] Hektor was the product of few generations of selective breeding and completely fulfilled what Von Stephanitz believed a working dog should be. He was pleased with the strength of the dog and was so taken by the animal's intelligence, loyalty and beauty, that he purchased him immediately.[7] After purchasing the dog he changed his name to Horand von Grafrath and Von Stephanitz founded the Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde (Society for the German Shepherd Dog).[7] Horand was declared to be the first German Shepherd Dog and was the first dog added to the society's breed register.[8]
Horand became the centre-point of the breeding programs and was bred with dogs belonging to other society members that displayed desirable traits and with dogs from Thuringia, Franconia and Wurttemberg.[8] Fathering many pups, Horand's most successful was Hektor von Schwaben.[8][10] Hektor was inbred with another of Horand's offspring and produced Heinz von Starkenburg, Beowulf and Pilot, who later fathered a total of eighty-four pups, mostly through being inbred with Hektor's other offspring.[8] This inbreeding was deemed necessary in order to fix the traits being sought in the breed.[8] In the original German Shepherd studbook, Zuchtbuch für Deutsche Schäferhunde (SZ), within the two pages of entries from SZ No. 41 to SZ No. 76, there are four Wolf Crosses.[11] Beowulf's progeny also were inbred and it is from these pups that all German Shepherds draw a genetic link. It is believed the society accomplished its goal mostly due to Von Stephanitz's strong, uncompromising leadership and he is therefore credited with being the creator of the German Shepherd Dog.[12]
When the UK Kennel first accepted registrations for the breed in 1919, fifty-four dogs were registered and by 1926 this number had grown to over 8,000.[7] The breed first gained international recognition after the decline of World War I, returning soldiers spoke highly of the breed and animal actors Rin Tin Tin and Strongheart popularised the breed further.[13] The first German Shepherd Dog registered in the United States was Queen of Switzerland; however, her offspring suffered from defects as the result of poor breeding, which caused the breed to suffer a decline in popularity during the late 1920s.[13]
Popularity increased again after the German Shepherd Sieger Pfeffer von Bern became the 1937 and 1938 Grand Victor in American Kennel club dog shows, only to suffer another decline at the conclusion of World War II, due to anti-German sentiment of the time.[13] As time progressed, their popularity increased gradually until 1993, when they became the third most popular breed in the United States. As of 2012, the German Shepherd is the second most popular in the US.[13][14] Additionally, the breed is typically among the most popular in other registries.[13] The German Shepherd Dog's physique is very well suited to athletic competition. They commonly compete in shows and competitions such as agility trials.
The breed was named Deutscher Schäferhund by von Stephanitz, literally translating to "German Shepherd Dog". The breed was so named due to its original purpose of assisting shepherds in herding and protecting sheep. At the time, all other herding dogs in Germany were referred to by this name; they thus became known as Altdeutsche Schäferhunde or Old German Shepherd Dogs.
The direct translation of the name was adopted for use in the official breed registry; however, at the conclusion of World War I, it was believed that the inclusion of the word "German" would harm the breed's popularity,[15] due to the anti-German sentiment of the era.[16] The breed was officially renamed by the UK Kennel Club to "Alsatian Wolf Dog",[15] after the French-German border area of Alsace-Lorraine.[8] This name was also adopted by many other international kennel clubs.
Eventually, the appendage "wolf dog" was dropped,[15] after numerous campaigns by breeders who were worried that becoming known as a wolf-dog hybrid would affect the breed's popularity and legality.[8] The name Alsatian remained for five decades,[15] until 1977, when successful campaigns by dog enthusiasts pressured the British kennel clubs to allow the breed to be registered again as German Shepherds.[3] The word "Alsatian" still appeared in parentheses as part of the formal breed name and was only removed in 2010.[17]
Modern breed[edit]
The modern German Shepherd breed is criticized by some for straying away from von Stephanitz's original ideology for the breed:[18] that German Shepherds should be bred primarily as working dogs and that breeding should be strictly controlled to eliminate defects quickly.[19] He believed that, above all else, German Shepherds should be bred for intelligence and working ability.[8]
Critics believe that careless breeding has promoted disease and other defects.[18] Under the breeding programs overseen by von Stephanitz, defects were quickly bred out; however, in modern times without regulation on breeding, genetic problems such as color-paling, hip dysplasia, monorchidism, weakness of temperament and missing teeth are common, as well as bent or folded ears which never fully turn up when reaching adulthood.[20]
German Shepherds are large sized dogs. The breed standard height at the withers is 60–65 cm (24–26 in) for males and 55–60 cm (22–24 in) for females.[1][21][22] The weight standard is 30–40 kilograms (66–88 lb) for males and 22–32 kilograms (49–71 lb) for females.[1] They have a domed forehead, a long square-cut muzzle and a black nose. The jaws are strong, with a scissor-like bite. The eyes are medium-sized and brown with a lively, intelligent and self-assured look. The ears are large and stand erect, open at the front and parallel, but they often are pulled back during movement. They have a long neck, which is raised when excited and lowered when moving at a fast pace. The tail is bushy and reaches to the hock.[21]
German Shepherds have a variety of colors, the most common of which are tan/black and red/black. Most color varieties have black masks and black body markings which can range from a classic "saddle" to an over-all "blanket." Rarer colour variations include the sable, all-black, all-white, liver and blue varieties. The all-black and sable varieties are acceptable according to most standards; however, the blue and liver are considered to be serious faults and the all-white is grounds for instant disqualification in some standards.[23]
German Shepherds sport a double coat. The outer coat, which sheds all year round, is close and dense with a thick undercoat. The coat is accepted in two variants; medium and long. The long-hair gene is recessive, making the long-hair variety rarer. Treatment of the long-hair variation differs across standards; they are accepted under the German and UK Kennel Clubs but are considered a fault in the American Kennel Club.[21][23][24]
German Shepherds were bred specifically for their intelligence,[25] a trait for which they are now famous.[4] In the book The Intelligence of Dogs, author Stanley Coren ranked the breed third for intelligence, behind Border Collies and Poodles.[26][27] He found that they had the ability to learn simple tasks after only five repetitions and obeyed the first command given 95% of the time.[4] Coupled with their strength, this trait makes the breed desirable as police, guard and search and rescue dogs, as they are able to quickly learn various tasks and interpret instructions better than other large breeds.[28]
Aggression and biting[edit]
Well-trained and socialized German Shepherds have a reputation as being very safe (see temperament section below). However, in the United States, one 1996 source suggests that German Shepherds are responsible for more reported bitings than any other breed and suggests a tendency to attack smaller breeds of dogs.[29] An Australian report from 1999 provides statistics showing that German Shepherds are the third breed most likely to attack a person in some Australian locales.[30]
According to the National Geographic Channel television show Dangerous Encounters, the bite of a German Shepherd has a force of over 238 pounds-force (1,060 N) (compared with that of a Rottweiler, over 265–328 pounds-force (1,180–1,460 N) of force, a Pit bull, 235 pounds-force (1,050 N) of force, a Labrador Retriever, of approximately 230 pounds-force (1,000 N) of force, or a human, of approximately 86 pounds-force (380 N) of force).[31]
German Shepherds are highly active dogs and described in breed standards as self-assured.[23] The breed is marked by a willingness to learn and an eagerness to have a purpose. They are curious which makes them excellent guard dogs and suitable for search missions. They can become over-protective of their family and territory, especially if not socialized correctly. They are not inclined to become immediate friends with strangers.[32] German Shepherds are highly intelligent and obedient.[33]
Many common ailments of the German Shepherds are a result of the inbreeding practiced early in the breed's life.[34] One such common ailment is hip and elbow dysplasia which may lead to the dog experiencing pain in later life and may cause arthritis.[35] A study conducted by the University of Zurich found that 45% of the police working dogs were affected by degenerative spinal stenosis, although the sample studied was small.[36] The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals found that 19.1% of German Shepherd are affected by hip dysplasia.[37] Due to the large and open nature of their ears, German Shepherds are not prone to ear infections.[38]
According to a recent survey in the UK, the median life span of German Shepherds is 10.95 years,[2] which is normal for a dog of their size. Degenerative myelopathy, a neurological disease, occurs with enough regularity specifically in the breed to suggest that the breed is predisposed to it. A very inexpensive DNA saliva test is now available to screen for Degenerative Myelopathy. The test screens for the mutated gene that has been seen in dogs with degenerative myelopathy. Now that a test is available the disease can be bred out of breeds with a high preponderance. The test is only recommended for predisposed breeds, but can be performed on DNA from any dog on samples collected through swabbing the inside of the animal's cheek with a sterile cotton swab. Now that there is a test available, prospective German Shepherd buyers can request the test from the breeder or buy from a breeder known to test their dogs.[39] Additionally, German Shepherds have a higher than normal incidence of Von Willebrand Disease, a common inherited bleeding disorder.[40]
The Kennel Club is involved in a dispute with German Shepherd breed clubs about the issue of soundness in the show-strain breed.[41] The show-strains have been bred with an extremely sloping topline (back) that causes poor gait in the hind legs. Working-pedigree lines, such as those in common use as service dogs, generally retain the traditional straight back of the breed. The debate was catalyzed when the issue was raised in the BBC documentary, Pedigree Dogs Exposed, which said that critics of the breed describe it as "half dog, half frog". An orthopedic vet remarked on footage of dogs in a show ring that they were "not normal".
The Kennel Club's position is that "this issue of soundness is not a simple difference of opinion, it is the fundamental issue of the breed's essential conformation and movement."[41] The Kennel Club has decided to retrain judges to penalize dogs suffering these problems.[42] It is also insisting on more testing for hemophilia and hip dysplasia, other common problems with the breed.
Use as working dog[edit]
German Shepherds are a very popular selection for use as working dogs. They are especially well known for their police work, being used for tracking criminals, patrolling troubled areas and detection and holding of suspects. Additionally thousands of German Shepherds have been used by the military. Usually trained for scout duty, they are used to warn soldiers to the presence of enemies or of booby traps or other hazards.[43] German Shepherds have also been trained by military groups to parachute from aircraft[44] or as anti-tank weapons . They were used in World War II as messenger dogs, rescue dogs and personal guard dogs.[8] A number of these dogs were taken home by foreign servicemen, who were impressed by its intelligence.[8]
The German Shepherd Dog is one of the most widely used breeds in a wide variety of scent-work roles. These include search and rescue, cadaver searching, narcotics detection, explosives detection, accelerant detection and mine detection dog, among others. They are suited for these lines of work because of their keen sense of smell and their ability to work regardless of distractions.[43] At one time the German Shepherd was the breed chosen almost exclusively to be used as a guide dog for the visually impaired. When formal guide dog training began in Switzerland in the 1920s under the leadership of Dorothy Eustis, all of the dogs trained were German Shepherd females.[45] An experiment in temperament testing of a group of Labrador Retrievers and German Shepherds showed that the Retrievers scored higher on average in emotional stability and ability to recover promptly from frightening situations, cooperative behavior and friendliness; while the German Shepherds were superior in aggression and defensive behavior. These results suggested that Labrador Retreivers were more suited to guide dog work while German Shepherds were more suited to police work.[46] Currently, Labradors and Golden Retrievers are more widely used for this work, although there are still German Shepherds being trained. In 2013, about 15% of the dogs trained by Guide Dogs of America are German Shepherds, while the remainder are Labrador Retrievers and Golden Retrievers.[47] The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association in the United Kingdom states that crosses between Golden Retrievers and Labrador Retrievers make the best guide dogs, although they also train some German Shepherds, as well as some other breeds.[48] Guide Dogs for the Blind in the United States trains only Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers and crosses between these breeds.[49] Guide Dogs Queensland in Australia also trains only Labrador Retrievers and Golden Retrievers.[50]
German Shepherds are still used for herding and tending sheep grazing in meadows next to gardens and crop fields. They are expected to patrol the boundaries to keep sheep from trespassing and damaging the crops. In Germany and other places these skills are tested in utility dog trials also known as HGH (Herdengebrauchshund) herding utility dog trials.[51]
Swedish German Shepherds in action during demonstrations in Stockholm on National Day 2007
Urban Search and Rescue Task Force dog works to uncover survivors at the site of the collapsed World Trade Center after the September 11, 2001 attacks
In popular culture[edit]
German Shepherds have been featured in a wide range of media. Strongheart the German Shepherd was one of the earliest canine film stars starting in 1921 and was followed in 1922 by Rin Tin Tin, who is considered the most famous German Shepherd. Both have stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[52] German Shepherds were used in the popular Canadian series The Littlest Hobo. Batman's dog Ace the Bat-Hound appeared in the Batman comic books, initially in 1955,[53] through 1964.[54] Between 1964 and 2007, his appearances were sporadic. A German Shepherd called Inspector Rex, is the star of Austrian Police procedural drama program, which won many awards, where German Shepherd Rex assists the Vienna Kriminalpolizei homicide unit. [55]The show was aired in many languages.[56]
See also[edit]
- Czechoslovakian Wolfdog
- Berger Blanc Suisse
- White Shepherd Dog
- King Shepherd
- Shiloh Shepherd
- List of dog breeds with photos
- Rajah, a German Shepherd famous during the 1930s
- ^ a b c d e f "USA German Shepherd Dog Standard". United Schutzhund Clubs of America. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
- ^ a b O'Neill et al., (2012). "Longevity of UK Dog Breeds". Royal Veterinary College, University of London. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
- ^ a b "German Shepherd — The Ultimate Service Dog". German Culture. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
- ^ a b c Coren, p. 134
- ^ "AKC Dog Registration Statistics".
- ^ "KC Dog Registration Statistics".
- ^ a b c d e "History of the Breed". German Shepherds.com. Archived from the original on 1 June 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Kern, Francis G. (1990). German Shepherds. Neptune City, New Jersey: T.F.H. Publications. pp. 11–21. ISBN 0-86622-865-9.
- ^ Rice, p.11
- ^ Stevens, p.11
- ^ "Progency list for V Beowulf". Pedigree Database. Retrieved 14 August 2008.
- ^ Willis, p.5
- ^ a b c d e Palika p.25
- ^ "AKC Dog Registration Statistics". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
- ^ a b c d Palika p.22
- ^ Rice p.12
- ^ "Change Of Name – German Shepherd Dog". The Kennel Club. 19 October 2010. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
- ^ a b Conan, p.43
- ^ The first standard of the German Shepherd Dog Society, written by von Stephanitz said "A pleasing appearance is desirable, but it can not put the dog's working ability into question ... German Shepherd breeding is working dog breeding, or it is not German Shepherd breeding"Harder, Aimee. "GSD vs. WGSD — It's not a black or white issue!". White German Shepherd Dog Club of America. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
- ^ "The History of the German Shepherd Dog". German Shepherd Dog Club Queensland. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
- ^ a b c "FCI Standard No 166". Australian National Kennel Council. 23 March 1991. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ Breed Standard For The White German Shepherd Dog, White German Shepherd Dog Club Of America, Inc., September 1997
- ^ a b c "German Shepherd Dog Breed Standard". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
- ^ "Rasse-Lexikon Deutscher Schäferhund" (in German). Verband für das Deutsche Hundewesen. Retrieved 15 July 2008.[dead link]
- ^ von Stephanitz, p.12
- ^ "Ranks 1 to 10 – Brightest Dogs". Petrix. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
- ^ "The Top 10 Smartest Dog Breeds In The World". Pet Meds Online. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
- ^ "About the Breed". White Paws: German Shepherd. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
- ^ Ross, John; McKinney, Barbara (1996). Puppy Preschool: Raising Your Puppy Right—right from the Start. St. Martin's Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-312-14029-0.
- ^ "Reported Dog Attack Survey" (PDF). New South Wales Department of Local Government. 1999. Archived from the original on 21 May 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
- ^ "Dog Bites: Information and Statistics". 26 January 2008. Retrieved 2012-12-31. Cites a National Geographic study.
- ^ "Breed Standard — German Shepherd". New Zealand Kennel Club. Retrieved 19 July 2008. "While the dog should be approachable and friendly, he does not make immediate friendships with strangers."
- ^ Dogwise: The Natural way to Train your Dog (1992), John Fisher Souvenir Press Ltd. ISBN 0-285-63114-4
- ^ Willis, p.31
- ^ "German Shepherd Dog Health Problems". Dog Biz. Retrieved 19 July 2008.
- ^ Steffen, F.; Hunold, K.; Scharf, G.; Roos, M.; Flückiger, M. (2007). "A follow-up study of neurologic and radiographic findings in working German Shepherd Dogs with and without degenerative lumbosacral stenosis". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 231 (10): 1529–1533. doi:10.2460/javma.231.10.1529. PMID 18020994.
- ^ "Hip Dysplasia Statistics". Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. 2009. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009.
- ^ "German Shepherd". PetHealth101. July 2008.
- ^ "Degenerative Myelopathy German Shepherd Dogs". University of Florida 1998. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
- ^ "Von Willebrand's Disease (vWD): A Type of Hemophilia in Dogs". Drs. Foster & Smith, Inc. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
- ^ a b "German Shepherd Dogs – The Soundness Issue". The Kennel Club. 8 February 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
- ^ "German Shepherd Dogs – Judges Training Programme". The Kennel Club. 16 February 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
- ^ a b Strickland, p.17-28
- ^ "It's a dog's life in the Army". The New Zealand Herald. 22 July 2008. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
- ^ Ascarelli, Miriam (2010). Independent Vision: Dorothy Harrison Eustis and the Story of the Seeing Eye. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. ISBN 9781557535634.
- ^ Case, Linda P. (2013). The Dog: Its Behavior, Nutrition, and Health. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118701201.
- ^ "Breeds and Matching Process". An International Guiding Eyes Program. Guide Dogs of America. 2013. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
- ^ "Our breeds". Guide Dogs for the Blind Association. 2013. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
- ^ "Guide Dog Breeding and Whelping". Dog Programs. Guide Dogs for the Blind. 2011. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
- ^ "Our Breeding Program". Guide Dogs. Guide Dogs Queensland. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
- ^ Hartnagle-Taylor and Taylor, Jeanne Joy, Ty (2010). Stockdog Savvy. Alpine Publications. ISBN # 978-157779-106-5 Check
value (help). - ^ Choron, p. 40
- ^ Irvine, Alex; Dolan, Hannah, ed. (2010). "1950s". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. Dorling Kindersley. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. "Batman No. 92 (July 1955) Once Superman had a dog, Batman got one too, in "Ace, the Bat-Hound!" In the story by writer Bill Finger and artist Sheldon Moldoff, Batman and Robin found a German Shepherd called Ace."
- ^ Ace the Bat-Hound appearances at the Grand Comics Database
- ^ Beta Film REX Website
- ^ Rex i French
Further reading[edit]
- Choron, Sandra (2005). Planet Dog: A Doglopedia. Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 0-618-51752-9.
- Conan, Michel (2000). The German Shepherd Handbook. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's. ISBN 0-7641-1332-1.
- Coren, Stanley (1995). The Intelligence of Dogs: A Guide to the Thoughts, Emotions, and Inner Lives of our Canine Companions. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-37452-4.
- Cree, John (1977). Training the Alsatian, the Obedient Companion or Working Partner. Pelham. ISBN 0-7207-0993-8.
- Hartnagle-Taylor, Jeanne Joy; Taylor, Ty (2010). Stockdog Savvy. Alpine Publications. ISBN #978-157779-106-5 Check
value (help). - Palika, Liz (2008). Your Happy Healthy Pet: German Shepherd Dog. Wiley. ISBN 0-470-19231-3.
- Rice, Dan (1999). Training Your German Shepherd Dog. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's. ISBN 0-7641-0852-2.
- Ross, John; McKinney, Barbara (1996). Puppy Preschool: Raising Your Puppy Right—Right from the Start. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-14029-0.
- Stevens, Katrina (2002). The German Shepherd Dog. Willow Creek Press. ISBN 1-57223-512-8.
- Strickland, Winifred Gibson; Moses, James A. (1998). The German Shepherd Today. Howell Book House. ISBN 0-87605-154-9.
- von Stephanitz, Max; Schwabacher, Joseph (1994). The German Shepherd Dog in Word and Picture. Hoflin Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-99932-80-05-7.
- Willis, Malcolm; Bennett, Janet (1992). The German Shepherd Dog: A Genetic History. Maxwell Macmillan International. ISBN 0-87605-175-1.
- Willis, Malcolm (1976). The German Shepherd Dog: Its History, Development and Genetics. K and R Books. ISBN 0-903264-15-3.
- Fisher, John (1992). Dogwise: The Natural Way to Train Your Dog. Souvenir Press Ltd. ISBN 0-285-63114-4.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to German Shepherd Dog. |
- German Shepherd breed standard at the official American Kennel Club website
- German Shepherd at the Open Directory Project
- Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde e.V. – The Deutsche Schäferhunde, the original registrar of the German Shepherd Dog


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GSA Data Release Policy
Note: The information on this page is intended to inform members of the public of GSA's privacy policies and practices as they apply to GSA employees, contractors, and clients.
GSA Directive
HCO 9297.1 GSA Data Release Policy
Date: 04/02/2008
Status: Validated
Outdated on: 04/02/2018
SUBJECT: GSA Data Release Policy
1. Purpose: This order provides GSA's policy on releasing information relating to GSA employees, contractors, and others on whom GSA maintains information described in this document.
2. Cancellation: HCO-IL-07-1 is canceled.
3. Background: This policy includes modifications established by the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) on November 14, 2004, as a result of security concerns documented in the President's Declaration of National Emergency by Reason of Certain Terrorist Attacks. This modified policy is consistent with OPM regulations on personnel records.
Under the modified policy, GSA continues to comply with the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) and the Privacy Act, which require a balance between the public's right of access to Federal government documents and the privacy rights of Federal employees, contractors, and others associated with the Federal government, whose records are maintained by Federal agencies.
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a. Privacy Act of 1974, as amended.
b. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
c. OPM Regulations on Personnel Records, 5. C.F.R. Part 293, generally; and Sec. 293.311, specifically.
6. Data Associated with the Name of an Individual:
a. Releasable information: The following information may be released to the public at the individual record level for most individuals. GSA's data release policy is applied when responding to FOIA and other requests for individual level data en masse.
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a. Sensitive GSA occupations. The names and duty stations of individuals in the following sensitive occupations may not be released.
- 1802, Compliance inspection and support
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- 1810, General investigating
- 0930, Hearings and appeals Officer
- 1811, Criminal Investigating
- 1899, Investigating Student Trainee
b. Additional sensitive occupations. While the following job series/occupations may not apply to GSA, names and duty stations of individuals in these occupations are not releasable.
- 1854, Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Inspection
- 1896, Border Patrol Agent
- 0007, Correctional Officer
- 1895, Customs and Border Protection
- 1881, Customs and Border Protection Interdiction
- 1890, Customs Inspection
- 1884, Customs Patrol Officer
- 1812, Game Law Enforcement
- 0401, General National Resources and Biological Science (U.S. Department of Homeland Security only)
- 1816, Immigration Inspection
- 0132, Intelligence
- 0134, Intelligence Clerk/Aide
- 0512, Internal Revenue Agent
- 1169, Internal Revenue Officer
- 0840, Nuclear Engineering
- 0084, Nuclear Materials Courier
- 0436, Plant Protection and Quarantine
- 0083, Police
- 0082, United States Marshall
8. Summary Level Data: GSA periodically issues summary level reports and statistics relating to agency programs and activities. Information in summary or aggregated form may not be released when an individual's identity could be discerned from the information contained in the summaries/reports.
Chief Human Capital Officer/
Chief Privacy Officer


text: What's Hot 2013 Gift Ideas Craft Whiskey Remembering Mandela GALLERIES Jennifer England Pics 0 21 Back to Top ▲ Jennifer England Pics Jennifer England Pics AskMen Editors Jennifer England is a model and actress who has been featured in campaigns for high-profile brands such as Von Dutch and Beach Bunny Swimwear. She has also appeared in films like 2006's Smokin' Aces and 2007's Transformers. Continue reading Jennifer England's profile. Next Page


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Shop Talk
Style and sample sales, fashion and fun.
Mugler's in the bag at Shopbop
Shopbop threw a bash last night at the swanky Top of the Standard to celebrate the launch of Mugler and the exclusive-to-Shopbop Muglerette Graffiti Bag created by Nicola Formichetti. Mugler…Formichetti…Shopbop—like we needed any MORE reasons to get us to the Standard Hotel?
Mugler's new ready-to-wear and handbag collection will debut at Shopbop this spring, and the Muglerette is leading...
Read more »


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Allied Telesis wireless products provide customers with the highest performance and compliance to today's standards, for unmatched investment protection in the wireless marketplace. All Allied Telesis wireless solutions have "best of breed" performance, especially when security features and authentication protocols are required for network robustness. Advanced software features and a broad range of accessories provide high-end functionality from SOHO to enterprise-class networks.
Allied Telesis wireless products for Enterprise networks feature enhanced security and Quality of Service as well as multiple and extended operating modes.
Allied Telesis designs wireless products for home office (SOHO) to small-medium business (SMB) network needs.
Allied Telesis offers a variety of accessories to complete the wireless product offer, including antennas, power supplies, service modules, splitters, mounting hardware and cabling.
Allied Telesis wireless adapters provide laptop and desktop PC users a flexible and nomadic access to high-speed wireless networks; you are free to move your PCs within the wireless coverage anywhere freely.


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Tag Archives: kenji eno
Fri, Mar 01, 2013 | 05:02 GMT
"Instant gratification" is winning, but quality can trump – Eno
The late, great Kenji Eno believed that the "instant gratification" offered by mobile games could only be beaten by making games people would set aside time for.
Thu, Feb 21, 2013 | 20:01 GMT
Designer Kenji Eno dead at 42
The creator of the cult Sega Saturn title D has died in Tokyo at only 42 years of age.
More »


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Meet Fleur DeForce, POPSUGAR Girls' Guide's new fashion series host! Some of you may know Fleur from her beauty and fashion videos on her own channel. Now, we're super excited to be bringing her style inspiration to POPSUGAR Girls' Guide! On this episode, she is making a list and checking it twice — with this ultimate holiday gift guide for girls! Which gift ideas are your favorite? Do you have any gift ideas you'd like to share?
Is Beyoncé Topshop's Biggest Fan?
Considering it houses racks upon racks of on-trend pieces, with reasonable price tags to boot, it's no wonder that fashionistas flock to Topshop. And the celebrity world is no exception, with favorites like Erin Wasson, Mandy Moore, and Ashley Madekwe incorporating Topshop pieces into their Fall wardrobes. But our favorite look as of late comes courtesy of Beyoncé, arguably Topshop's most famous fan. While on vacation, the star, who recently went vegan, wore a printed bikini for an impromptu seaside photo. Grab it now — we're sure it's soon to sell out — and decide for yourself who wears Topshop best with our ultimate celebrity roundup here, in the gallery.
— Additional reporting by Robert Khederian
Your 1-2-3 to Getting a Brit It-Girl Smoky Eye
The smoky eye is one of the holiday season's most coveted eye shadow looks, but applying all that black shadow can get pretty ugly if you don't know what you're doing. For those of us (ahem . . . like me) who aren't so skilled with smoky eye application, Topshop has gifted us its Smoky Eye Kit ($44). The kit contains the brand's uber-luxe kohl liner, a full-sized tube of its 3D Curve Mascara, and a palette with four shadow shades. While I love the liner and the mascara, my favorite has to be palette, mostly because it does the work for you. Along with your typical black shadow, Topshop's Tuxedo palette houses burgundy, purple, and cream shades, making it easy to create a bunch of different looks. This may be the only kit you need to get you through the holiday season. And as if that weren't enough, the entire kit comes tucked inside a fluorescent envelope clutch. Christmas has come early!
Before Trimming Comes Chopping — Here's What to Wear
Stepping out into the wilderness should never force a girl to dress down — and the most adventurous, outdoorsy thing in our near future involves trekking into the (relative) wild to find and cut down a Christmas tree. If you're in a similar boat, we have you covered with an outfit that's warm and comfy but still stylish. Classic skinny jeans feel special with motorcycle detailing, and feet are guaranteed to stay warm out in the chill with Tory Burch's furry boots. A classic nubby sweater is a must, as is a wooly beanie to keep ears toasty. Your topper will vary depending on your zip code, but a sure bet is a quilted field coat. Add layers as needed. Shop our picks here.
Meet Chelsea, Fall's New It Boot
We're Breaking Down This Bold Outfit
The sensible dresser would balk at this outfit written down: neon with print with bright blue with a textured coat? It gives you vertigo just typing the words. Still, when we saw it all paired together on fashion editor J.J. Martin, we were pleasantly surprised. The neon acted as a neutral tucked into a statement pencil skirt, and a pale topper kept the overall effect light and bright (unlike a black or navy coat, which would've quickly weighed the whole thing down). She didn't play it safe with her accessories, either, using them to add extra bright doses. Instead of picking somber colors, it was vivid blue and cranberry for her bag and fur scarf, respectively. And the pumps, while nude, felt special thanks to a studded ankle strap. Want to re-create the entire look (or select pieces)? We've shopped it out below.
A Made-Up Band Inspired This Fall's Coolest Collab
Edward Meadham and Benjamin Kirchhoff, the designers behind Meadham Kirchhoff, launched their fourth collaboration with Topshop today, and this one has a pretty theatrical backstory. "This collection for Topshop was inspired by the idea of a band or a gang, which we named The Cherrys," the designers said in a statement. "The overall aesthetic was influenced by Marilyn Manson and the Spooky Kids, Kembra Pfahler, and glam rock." The designers admit that those myriad references will mean not everyone will love all 89 pieces in the collaboration, and they know that customers will "adapt or reject as they see fit." Still, we're willing to bet you'll find more than a few pieces you love, so shop your favorite pieces now. Bonus: click through to the very end of the gallery to meet the fictitious band, The Cherrys!
The Easy Trick to Styling Your Sweater Dress
Why is something this basic so tricky to style? The sweater dress is so slouchy and easy, we either overcomplicate how to wear it or we veer on the side of too easy. The trick is finding the balance and adding interest, because quite frankly, sweater dresses aren't totally interesting on their own. Instead, play with the proportion by adding knee-high boots, and add a more definitive silhouette with a structured jacket, coat, or blazer. And, if your sweater dress is oversize, go one step further and cinch the waist with a belt to define your curves. As for the rest, don't go crazy — just finish it off with your favorite Winter accessories, like a printed scarf, cozy beanie, and sophisticated tote. We've done the work — just shop the outfit to pull it together on your own.
Shop clockwise from top left: Topshop Hooded Toggle Duffle Coat ($178), Zara Sweater Dress ($80), Richmond Beanie ($32), Ray-Ban Shrunken Aviator Sunglasses ($150), Rebecca Minkoff Amourous Satchel ($325), Banana Republic Plaid Fringe Scarf ($60), Kate Spade Saturday Knee-High Heel Boots ($295)
A Dream Come True: Wear Your Sweatshirt to Work!
The sweatshirt has moved from ratty weekend staple to something a bit more commanding. With a whole host of designer versions, it's totally possible (and pretty acceptable) to wear yours somewhere a bit fancier than the couch. Whether you're into minis and ankle boots or a pencil skirt and pointed toes, there's a way for you to rock the look.
Shop outfits left to right: 3.1 Phillip Lim sweatshirt ($575), Tibi jacquard skirt ($285), B Brian Atwood booties ($495); DKNY bead-embellished sweatshirt ($235), J.Crew Collection miniskirt ($180), Nine West pumps ($79); Textile Elizabeth and James sweatshirt ($145), Topshop faux-leather skirt ($90), Valentino studded ballerina flats ($975)


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Aristides Instruments / O5O / 2010's / Matt Black / Bass For Sale
The Aristides Instruments O5O Bass
- Model: O5O
- Weight: 9.26 Lb (4.2 kg)
- Finish: Matt Black
The body & neck is a one piece construction, integrally layered with Arium
- Fretboard: First grade ROSEWOOD fretboard with pearl inlays and a 12" radius
- Nut: Graph Tech
- Frets: Dunlop frets
- Machine heads: Hipspot Ultralight
- Neck width: 1.85" (47 mm) width at the nut to 2.56" (65 mm) at the 12th fret
- Neck profile: C-Shaped, 087" (22 mm) thickness at the nut to 0.98" (25 mm) at the 12th fret
- Scale: 34" (863.6 mm)
- Pickups: Seymour Duncan Quarter Pounders (Basslines)
- Controls: 2-band active tone control 2 push/pull volumes (1 slapcontour & 1 true bypass)
- Bridge: ABM Aluminium Bridge
- Straplocs: Schaller
Our products are equiped with a RFID microchip with a unique scannable code inside the body.
- Case: Gator GC Bass ABS Case
- Leather Aristides Instruments Strap
Aristides Instruments, Netherlands
Mission - Research
The mission started out with research into the material that has been used for instrument building since time immemorial: wood. Studies of different types of top quality wood led to a technical study of cell structures and the mutual differences between them. By answering the question, "What happens to a sound wave in a material at cell level?" it was subsequently possible to design the ideal cell structure.
It soon became clear that, if this material could be developed, it would have acoustic properties that no one would have thought possible before. The material would have the kind of resonance that even the best piece of wood in the world could only deliver in an instrument maker's wildest dreams.
Fifteen years of research led to a tonematerial with amazing acoustic features. The possibility to build an one-piece construction combined with the unique cell-structure of the material resulted in a revolutionary property: the sound waves could resonate three dimensional without any disruption throughout the whole instrument.
The mission was accomplished and Arium is the result.
Aristides 010, 050 en 020
In January 2010, Aristides presented the 010 to an international audience at the NAMM tradeshow in Los Angeles. The first version of the 050 bass guitar was also presented at the same show. The new factory in Haarlem is currently in full production on the 010, 020 and 050.
The revolutionary Aristides guitars are made with dedication by carefully selected and experienced luthiers in our workshop based in Haarlem. The building process of our instruments is a flawless combination of conventional working methods and the advanced technology used to create Arium.
Handmade Instruments
The process begins with applying layers of special materials done by a fully-trained guitar builder to protect the Arium. When every layer has the correct thickness the unique tonematerial Arium is added according to a unique and licensed method only known by Aristides and his master builders. After a refined surface treatment it getting prepared for the next steps in which we carefully apply the lacquer and install high-quality hardware and electronics.


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You are here: REHACARE Portal. Up-to-date.
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Successful Rehab Due to Family and Friends
( Source: REHACARE.de )
[03/12/2012] The right clinic, the perfect therapist – the success of treatment of rehabilitation depends on many factors. Up to now closely related people from the direct environment of the patients were seldom included actively in the rehabilitation process. A study urges to change this in future.Successful Rehab Due to Family and Friends - Read more
Engaging Parents Leads to Better Treatments for Children With ADHD
( Source: REHACARE.de )
[28/11/2012] Pediatricians and researchers at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia's (CHOP) have developed a first-of-its kind tool to help parents and health care providers better treat ADHD (attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder). Engaging Parents Leads to Better Treatments for Children With ADHD - Read more
Extra Chromosome 21 Removed from Down Syndrome Cell Line
( Source: REHACARE.de )
[26/11/2012] University of Washington scientists have succeeded in removing the extra copy of chromosome 21 in cell cultures derived from a person with Down's syndrome. In Down syndrome, the body's cells contain three copies of chromosome 21, rather than the usual pair.Extra Chromosome 21 Removed from Down Syndrome Cell Line - Read more
A Better Thought-controlled Computer Cursor
( Source: REHACARE.de )
[23/11/2012] When a paralyzed person imagines moving a limb, cells in the part of the brain that controls movement still activate as if trying to make the immobile limb work again. A Better Thought-controlled Computer Cursor - Read more
Gene Mutation Linked to Old Age Hearing Loss Identified
( Source: REHACARE.de )
[21/11/2012] University of South Florida researchers have identified a genetic biomarker for age-related hearing loss, a major breakthrough in understanding and preventing a condition of aging that affects 30 million Americans and greatly diminishes their quality of life.Gene Mutation Linked to Old Age Hearing Loss Identified - Read more
Optimised Clothing for Wheelchair Athletes
( Source: REHACARE.de )
[21/11/2012] More functionality and comfort for wheelchair basketball players and hand bikers. Within the framework of a research project, scientists at the Hohenstein Institute in Bönnigheim are aiming to optimise functionality and comfort of sportswear for wheelchair users.Optimised Clothing for Wheelchair Athletes - Read more
Digital Tablets Improve Speed of Reading
( Source: REHACARE.de )
[19/11/2012] People who have eye diseases that damage their central vision can regain the ability to read quickly and comfortably by using digital tablets, according to a recent study.Digital Tablets Improve Speed of Reading - Read more
Link Found Between Child Prodigies and Autism
( Source: REHACARE.de )
[19/11/2012] A new study of eight child prodigies suggests a possible link between these children's special skills and autism.Link Found Between Child Prodigies and Autism - Read more
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Copy and pasted from Nutraplanets website (found here The Official AnabolicMinds Supplement Store)
AI's Swole Stack: Buy Together and SAVE!!!
Anabolic Innovations' TestoPRO
In order to bring to the supplement industry a no frills, straight to the point, but effective testosterone booster, Anabolic Innovations presents TestoPRO.
What is so special about TestoPRO?
Well for starters, it contains an ingredient that had been clinically proven to raise testosterone, in humans! What is this ingredient you ask? It is nothing else but TestoFen.
Testofen is an extract of fenugreek seed containing the steroidal saponins, sapogenins and furostanol saponins , which are important precursors for the synthesis of a number of sex hormones. This extract has been proven in human studies to raise free testosterone (the biologically active form) by an amazing 98.81 percent. A 100 percent increase compared to that of the placebo group. Just as important, not only does Testofen boost free testosterone, but it also aids in fat loss. Not only did the participants in the study have significantly raised testosterone, they also didnt gain any weight. I know. You want muscle, right? You will like hearing this. Skin fold thickness was measured at the beginning of the study, as well as the end of the study, at both the triceps and thigh regions. On average, participants skin fold thickness was reduced 20.18 percent at the triceps and 14.64 percent at the thigh, while maintaining body weight? What does that mean? Only that while losing a substantial amount of fat in the skin fold thickness, participants gained an equal amount of muscle. So they were losing fat and gaining muscle mass, at the same time! Blood Urea nitrogen levels were significantly reduced after consumption of Testofen. This shows reduction in protein catabolism. This confirms muscle mass build up during the study while skin fold decrease took place. This all sounds well and good, but what about safety of Testofen? All these parameters were normal for all participants; Heart Rate, Blood Glucose Levels, Body Temperature, Blood Pressure, Respiratory Rates, Alkaline Phosphate, Bilirubin [ Total, Direct and Indirect ], Creatinine, Haemoglobin, Haematocrit, MCV, MCHC, RBC Count, WBC Count, Platelets, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Basophils, Eosinophils, and Neutrophils.
What else is beneficial in TestoPRO?
Thanks for asking. Not only does TestoPRO contain one ingredient proven to raise free testosterone, but it contains two. The other one is Divanil, a compound also proven to raise free testosterone by binding to sex-hormone-binding-globulin, or SHBG. SHBG is a glycoprotein that binds to sex hormones, specifically testosterone and estradiol. By using Divanil, a potent inhibitor of SHBG, we are able to dramatically increase the levels of free testosterone in the body. Free testosterone is the only form of testosterone able to enter the cell and cause the positive benefits that testosterone will provide.
I know, you have heard that some testosterone boosters can cause issues with libido, and even raising estrogen, but that will not be the case with TestoPRO. The two ingredients that raise free testosterone will take care of your libido, perhaps even raising it to higher levels than normal, and we have also included an ingredient to modulate your estrogen levels, it is called Indole-3-Carbinol. Indole-3-Carbinol is a compound found in high concentrations in Brassica family vegetables, including
broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, and cabbage (sounds like mom was right when she said eat your broccoli, huh?). Indole-3-Carbinol has several effects, ranging from anti-cancer, to anti-oxidant, and finally the reason we included it in our formula estrogen modulation. The metabolism of estradiol results primarily in either 2-hydroxyestrone or 16a-hydroxyestrone, and to a lesser extent 4-hydroxyestrone. It is known that 16a-hydroxyestrone causes proliferation of some breast tumor cell lines, while the alternative metabolite, 2-hydroxyestrone, demonstrates anti-estrogenic and anti-proliferative activity. Indole-3-Carbinol helps the body to modulate estrogen to degrade into the healthier of the alternatives, as opposed to the other. 2-hydroxyestrone, as you read, has anti-estrogenic properties.
Now, none of these ingredients do much good if they arent active in your system long enough to reap the desired effects, so we have included two ingredients that help with increasing the bio-availability and maybe even increasing the amount of time these substances are active in your body. These two ingredients are what known as quercetin, and Bioperine®.
Quercetin is a potent inhibitor of glucorodination and sulfation. Inhibiting these two pathways results in increased bioavailability of the product you are taking. Quercetin also has other benefits, ranging from being an anti-inflammatory agent, antioxidant, as well as a potential preventative aid for cancer, heart disease, or diabetes.
Piperine, in the patented form of BioPerine® enhances the body's natural thermogenic activity-hence the term Thermonutrient®. This enhancement may be explained as a means of increasing the thermal energy sufficient to "power up" the mechanism related to thermogenesis. This in turn results in increased metabolic processes that creates a "demand" for "supply" of a broad range of nutrients that contribute to metabolism, i.e. vitamins, minerals, herbals, amino acids, etc. It is as if BioPerine® activates a metabolic paddle wheel, of sorts, that selectively provides a more efficient mode of nutrient transportation into the blood.
Q. So what exactly is TestoPRO?
A. TestoPRO is the culmination of several ingredients, proven by science to be beneficial in raising testosterone (Testofen, and Divanil ), naturally, as well as other ingredients proven by science to promote positive estrogen modulation towards the beneficial metabolites (Indole-3-Carbinol). And finally, two ingredients that have been shown to aid in the absorption and bioavailabity of the package as a whole (Quercetin, Bioperine®).
Q. What is so good about Testofen?
A. Testofen is an extract of fenugreek seed containing the steroidal saponins, sapogenins and furostanol saponins , which are important precursors for the synthesis of a number of sex hormones. This extract has been proven in human studies to raise free testosterone (the biologically active form) by an amazing 98.81 percent.
Q. What is so good about Divanil?
A. Divanil is a compound tried, tested and scientifically proven to enhance free testosterone by binding to sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG). SHBG keeps your testosterone bound, and by adding in Divanil, much more testosterone is free in your system, and you can reap its positive effects.
Q. TestoPRO contains something called Indole-3-Carbinol. What does this do?
A. Indole-3-Carbinol is a compound found in high concentrations in Brassica family vegetables, including broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, and cabbage (sounds like mom was right when she said eat your broccoli, huh?). Indole-3-Carbinol has several effects, ranging from anti-cancer, to anti-oxidant, and finally the reason we included it in our formula estrogen modulation. Metabolism of estradiol results primarily in either 2-hydroxyestrone or 16a-hydroxyestrone, and to a lesser extent 4-hydroxyestrone. It is known that 16a-hydroxyestrone causes proliferation of some breast tumor cell lines, while the alternative metabolite, 2-hydroxyestrone, demonstrates anti-estrogenic and anti-proliferative activity. Indole-3-Carbinol helps the body to modulate estrogen to degrade into the healthier of the alternatives, as opposed to the other. 2-hydroxyestrone, as you read, has anti-estrogenic properties.
Q. So how does Bioperine® fit into the formula?
A. Piperine, in the patented form of BioPerine® enhances the body's natural thermogenic activity-hence the term Thermonutrient®.
This enhancement may be explained as a means of increasing the thermal energy sufficient to "power up" the mechanism related to thermogenesis. This in turn results in increased metabolic processes that creates a "demand" for "supply" of a broad range of nutrients that contribute to metabolism, i.e. vitamins, minerals, herbals, amino acids, etc. It is as if BioPerine® activates a metabolic paddle wheel, of sorts, that selectively provides a more efficient mode of nutrient transportation into the blood.
Q. And quercetin?
A. Quercetin has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of glucorodination and sulfation. Inhibiting those two pathways result in increased bioavailability.
Q. Excellent. So what are the dosing recommendations?
A. Two caps per serving, 2 times per day.
Q. Spaced out, or all at once?
A. Space them out. One in the AM, one in the PM.
Q. How long does a bottle last?
A. One month at recommended dosing.
Q. How long can I use it for?
A. We recommend four to eight week cycles.
Q. Will TestoPRO lose effectiveness over time?
A. We have no reason to expect so. However, we still recommend no longer than 8 week cycles to keep maximum product efficacy.
Q. Does TestoPRO cause HPTA shutdown?
A. No, it is non-hormonal anabolic. It may even aid in HPTA function.
Q. Does it matter if taken with or without food?
A. No.
Q. Will I gain strength?
A. Assuming your diet and training are correct, yes.
Q. Do you think TestoPRO would be strong enough to retain muscle while cutting?
A. Study results show significant reduction in skin fold thickness, indicating fat loss, while not losing weight.
Q. Since SHBG binds estrogen as well as androgens, will there be estrogen related issues?
A. That would be very unlikely. That is why we included the aforementioned Indole-3-Carbinol.
Q. Will TestoPRO give me acne?
A. It is possible for those who are susceptible. Any effective testosterone booster will result in the increased chance of acne.
Q. I have noticed some cool vascularity using TestoPRO. What is causing this?
A. That is most likely the positive effects of Divanil on nitric oxide synthesis. Just another positive effect.
Q. I have a medical condition. Will TestoPRO cause problems with any medication I am taking?
A. Always consult your doctor before using any new products.
For maximum muscle gains and fat loss, we suggest trying our newly developed SWOLE Stack. Consisting of TestoPRO, Glycobol, and STOKED, resulting in amazing, natural, and sustainable gains.
Anabolic Innovations Presents: Glycobol
Glycobol works, not like typical muscle gainers, but primarily by its ability to mimic and boost insulin. On its own, insulin is a powerful growth peptide, but it also plays a critical role in the action of androgens. Just like insulin, androgens are another fundamental class of endocrine hormones. Studies show that androgens fail to sustain a positive muscle nitrogen balance in the absence of insulin, emphasizing the critical role of insulin as a potential limiting factor to the anabolic capacity of androgens. Therefore, Glycobol could be combined with any of the commercially available androgens to optimize and exaggerate gains by its essential synergistic contribution.
* Promotes muscle mass, strength and endurance.
* Encourages fat loss and prevents fat accumulation.
* Improves recovery time by rapid glycogen resynthesis.
* Provides lasting pump, hardness and vascularity.
* Drives amino acid and creatine uptake in muscle.
* Increases muscle protein synthesis and inhibits breakdown.
* Controls blood sugar and maximizes nutrient utilization.
* Potent synergism with endogenous endocrine hormones.
* Strong anti-oxidant protects liver, lipid and cardio health.
Insulin also interacts synergistically with GH, IGF and thyroid hormones to compound growth effects, even when these endocrine co-factors are only present at average physiological levels. Therefore, Glycobol can be used to achieve impressive natural muscle gains and body recomposition as an effective stand-alone agent too.
You asked for something Innovative, now youve got it!
Glycobol Blend:
Sodium R-Lipoate (Na-r-ALA)
ALA is naturally produced in the body as a mitochondrial enzyme cofactor. It is important to aerobic metabolism. ALA has been shown to increase cellular uptake of glucose to cell membranes by recruiting the glucose transporter GLUT4. ALA improves skeletal muscle glucose transport, resulting in desirable blood glucose disposal and increased muscle glycogen concentrations. (1) Studies also indicate that in muscle, ALA is a potent anti-oxidant which protects cells from oxidative stress-induced insulin resistance. (2) The ALA used in this formula is chemically stabilized and of the highest quality. Its the most active isomer and the highest potency salt commercially available. ALA is an invaluable addition that offers a multitude of benefits plus countless extras for any serious athlete.
Bottom Line: Best way to describe this effect is that it almost adds a filter to the muscle fibers; Taking in what it needs to prepare for growth.
Trigonella Seed isolate (standardized to 10% 4-hydroxyisoleucine)
Fenugreek has been successfully applied for thousands of years to improve health. It corrects blood sugar problems and improves cholesterol scores. Modern research also shows that it improves endurance and lowers blood lactate concentrations dramatically. Treatment with fenugreek seed can also significantly decreases fat accumulation. These results suggest that this improvement in endurance and reduction in body fat is caused by an increase in the utilization of fatty acids as an energy source. (3) Fenugreek supplements high in 4-HIL have also been demonstrated to increase post-exercise glycogen resynthesis in athletes, which promotes rapid recovery and helps prevent training fatigue. (4) The visible results of this glycogenic effect are big, pumped muscles that look extremely full and vascular.
Bottom Line: Helps you use fatty acids as an energy source, rather than store them as Fat!
Phellodendron extract (standardized to 90% berberine)
Phellodendron is one of the highly valued traditional Chinese herbs, used medicinally to treat a variety of health conditions. It is reported that some subjects show improved strength, lower blood pressure, and lower blood sugar in response to Phellodendron isolates. Laboratory studies suggest that one of these alkaloidal isolates called berberine may accomplish these benefits by enhancing insulin production. (5) There are also many studies that suggest berberine can reduce total serum cholesterol, dangerous LDL-cholesterol, and unhealthy triglycerides, which would obviously contribute greatly to increased athletic performance and good over-all health. (6) Improved health and increased physical performance translates into greater strength and muscle gains in the gym.
Bottom Line: Increased performance translates into greater strength and muscle gains.
Cinnamon Bark 20:1 extract (standardized for 16% flavonoids)
Cinnamon is a common spice used all over the world, but its not commonly known that the spice has significant therapeutic value. Cinnamon contains the element chromium, which is needed for proper glucose metabolism, and also compounds called flavonoids. Flavinoids are potent anti-oxidants which are known to provide protection against cancer and heart disease. The specific flavonoids found in cinnamon bark are shown to stimulate glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis similar to insulin. These flavonoids may activate receptors by direct insulin mimicking action, or indirect insulin potentiation, or both. (7) Studies also show that cinnamon improves lipid profiles for some subjects. (8) If you train consistently and have a healthy diet, your big muscular improvements from this powerful little cinnamon extract might surprise you.
Bottom Line: Insulin is very anabolic, so the insulin boosting action of cinnamon extract will be bigger, stronger muscles.
Bis(Maltolato)Oxovanadium (BMOV)
BMOV is an organic form of the mineral vanadium. Although elemental vanadium and inorganic salts of vanadium show significant biological potential, it has a poor therapeutic index due to low gastrointestinal absorbance. BMOV is recognized as safer, more absorbable, and able to deliver a therapeutic effect up to 50% greater than the inorganic forms. (9) Vanadium is one of the rare microelements that can promote a profound boost in endurance and strongly support anabolism. BMOV can give muscles a hardness like you have never experience before. The form of vanadium used in this formula is one of the very best you can find, if not the best.
*Bottom Line: Makes your Muscle harder than ever, increases vascularity!
AI's Stoked!!!
* 1. Would you like to increase testosterone and decrease estrogen naturally with NO steroids and NO prohormones?
* 2. Are you between cycles and/or looking for something natural to bridge until your next cycle?
* 3. Would you like something to increase muscle mass and strength naturally?
* 4. How about something which requires NO post cycle therapy and NO support supplements before during or after?
* 5. Would you like to increase libido and sexual function?
**If you answered yes to 3 or more of the above then STOKED may be the product for you!
* Increase Testosterone
* Naturally Increases Sexual Function
* Reduces Estrogen
This compound is like sliced bread to the supplement industry. There are many different health benefits to come from resveratrol, but we picked it up for one in particular. Resveratrol is capable of modulating estrogenic receptors as well as controlling aromatase, giving it that One Two Punch for estrogen control.[2][3] Research has shown its estrogenic modulation capabilities to increase sperm production by stimulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. [1]
Horny Goat Weed
Horny Goat Weed (HWG) is a great source of the testosterone mimetic, Icariin. Research on Icariin has shown it to increase circulating testosterone levels as well as improve reproductive organs, making it a great therapeutic for hypoandrogenic states (like right after a steroids cycle). [4]
On top of the testosterone mimetic capabilities of icariin, it also has some very interesting metabolites. In vivo research has shown icariin to metabolize into icaritin and desmethylicaritin. [5] What's great about these guys is the fact that (like resveratrol) are very strong estrogenic receptor antagonists. [6][7]
Quercetin & Piperine
Well we've got our pretty awesome stack going here, but there poses one small problem, and that's absorption and bioavailability. Icariin and Resveratrol do not have the greatest bioavailablity in all the land so we gave them a little help with Quercetin and Piperine. Quercetin is used because it is the most potent natural inbitor of estrone sulfanase which degrades compounds like resveratrol. [15] This makes not only aids in absorption, but enhances antiestrogenic activity. Piperine is another addition because it enhances the ability of your intestines to absorb nutrients and phytochemicals. [16] Additionally, piperine may also inhibit the glucuronidase enzyme, another enzyme which degrades resveratrol.[17]


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Remember When
With the arrival of snow Tuesday, the extreme cold, dry spell of the last two weeks has been broken. Snow measuring seven to 12 inches fell throughout areas of Plumas County overnight.
A special train brought 350 snow sports enthusiasts to Portola from Sacramento Valley on Sunday.
Influenza caused by the extreme cold temperatures has caused 65 cases of the reported illness in Quincy alone and the local schools were ordered closed yesterday.
The Quincy fire siren failed to function Saturday night due to the extreme cold so the fire alarm will be blown every Saturday at Noon as a test.
The Portola Fire Department has new officers and were installed at the annual banquet held at the Red Feather Cabaret. Installed was Chief James Johnson, assistant chiefs Andy Freeman and Jesse Roberts and secretary/treasurer J.M. Turner.
Plumas County old timers who talk about the winter of 1889-1890 have another one to talk about and it is the current winter which recorded the lowest temperature in history--28 degrees below zero on Friday and 22 degrees below zero on Thursday morning.
J.F. Hoke, beginning his third four-year term as a Plumas County Board of Supervisor member representing Beckwith Township, was elected chairman of the board this week.
Arriving in Portola on New Year's day in a chartered train car, 23 winter sports fans from Stockton spent the day there tobogganing, skiing and snowballing and returned to their valley homes on the evening train, a tired and happy crowd.
More Articles...
Page 20 of 41


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Litterbox training a hedgehog, rabbit, ferret, or any pocket pet is easy. For most of these pocket pets, simply placing an appropriate container with one to three inches of nonclumping litter in the cage is enough. Their natural instincts take over and suddenly the litterbox is the only place they are eliminating. It can make cleaning the cage and controlling odor much easier.
If your pocket pet doesn't seem interested at first, you can put just a couple small drops of ammonia in the litter. The smell attracts them and triggers the appropriate response.
An appropriate container is indestructible, water resistant, and won't break, tear, splinter if chewed. Sturdy plastic storage containers work well and are easily cleaned. Be sure the container is large enough for your pet to move around in and is cleaned at least every other day.
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Latest News
Winter Intramural registration is now open.
Posted on November 27, 2013
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Lynn Youth Soccer Team Remembers Sandy Hook Students
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Welcome to CowboysZone! Join us! Come on! You know you want to!
You cannot post in the chat room because you have not posted enough in the forums!
Training Camp Photos (Monday morning)
Discussion in 'Artwork Zone' started by Dale, Aug 2, 2004.
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WebMD Physician Directory
Top Specialties
Specialist Glossary- Allergist
- Anesthesiologist
- Cardiologist
- Chiropractor
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Ms. Sharon L. Dudley-Brown
Johns Hopkins Gastrntrly Hptlgy
1800 Orleans St Ste Blalock465
Baltimore, MD 21287
(410) 614-2543
Email a Friend
Gender:Not Available
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Hospital Affiliations:Johns Hopkins Hospital
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*This physician has multiple office locations. See Appointments for details.
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- Theodore M. Bayless, MD, Gastroenterology
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Relaxation is often found on beaches, much like seashells and frisky behaviour. Today's Groupon lets loose with a stay for up to four people in a 2-bedroom Pool Suite, inclusive of daily breakfast and return airport transfer at Cattleya Suite Condotel by Marbella in Bali, Indonesia. Choose from the following options:
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2-bedroom Pool Suite
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- Petitenget Beach
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- Uluwatu Temple
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Check out more things to do and places to visit around Bali at Virtual Tourist and WikiTravel.
Phone: +62 361 847 8233
Facebook: MARBELLA INDONESIA
Uluwatu Temple
Tanah Lot Temple
Tanah Lot Temple at sunset
Local delicacies:
Cattleya Suite Condotel is ranked 24th out of 53 specialty lodgings in Kerobokan on TripAdvisor.
The villa was spacious and luxurious, the bath was heaven!! The staff are amazing and work hard to ensure you have a brilliant stay. The pool is very nice and loungers comfortable. – Jul 29, 2012
– kayestoneley
The air conditioning was powerful which provided us some respite from the hot bali weather. Television has many channels and the bed was comfortable. Toilet was big, clean and bugfree although it was outdoors. Television has many channels and the bed was comfortable. Toilet was big, clean and bugfree although it was outdoors. Water pressure was good and there was both a shower and a bathtub. – Jul 13, 2012
– nibelung
The sheets were always immaculate after room service every morning. The room is very spacious and has a powerful split air con system, blissful on them hot bali days. Internet is available 24 hours a day with a key code available from reception free of charge. – Jul 11, 2012
– Greg A
Bali, Indonesia 80361
Get Directions


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Zondervan Dictionary of Bible and Theology Words
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This dictionary is designed to assist pastors and laypeople who use commentaries and other popular works on theology in understanding the technical and semi-technical theological terms that tend to creep into these books. The 1,800 definitions are far more helpful and easy to locate than what might be found in a general Webster's type dictionary.
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zduda97 wrote:
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