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Find a Bikaner, India hostel and save money on discount lodging. Hosteling in Bikaner, India offers a different travel experience than staying at traditional accommodations. Youth hostels allow you to meet new people and learn from other international and worldly travelers. Most hostels are conveniently located in the center of the action close to public transportation, including buses and rails. Staying at a Bikaner, India hostel is a great option whether you are backpacking or traveling on a budget . Browse our hostels and plan your Bikaner, India vacation today!
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Bikaner, India Youth Hostels - A small guesthouse, or living with the family, inside the old city. Basic room, running by a young cou
Bikaner, India Youth Hostels - Youth Hostel Bikaner provides a cosy environment for its guests and has tastefully spacious rooms...
Bikaner, India Youth Hostels - The owner, a retired Brigadier, enjoys enlightening the visitors on a variety of subjects ranging from the history, culture and religion of Rajasthan on request.
Bikaner, India Youth Hostels - You are welcome to Bikaner city, which is famous for the beautiful Junagarh Fort, Red sandstone haveli's.....
Bikaner, India Youth Hostels - Vino Paying Guest House is a family run guest-house with garden and is an ideal and comfortable place for your stay in The desert ciy of Bikaner.
Bikaner, India Youth Hostels - The paying guest house is strategically located just 2kms by bus stand, 2,5kms by lalgarh Railway station, 5kms from main railway station and 4 kms from Junagarh fort.
Jaisalmer, India Youth Hostels - The prime minister under the maharaja once inhabited this beautiful 450-year-old haveli. - The gorgeous archways, alluring alcoves, sizable rooms opening onto small balconies and rich ambience must have been grand back in the old days.
Jaisalmer, India Youth Hostels - The Mansarovar Guest House located in Gandhi chowk is a tiny refurbished section of a100-year old Jaijalmer Haveli
Jaisalmer, India Youth Hostels - Hotel Jeetmahal has 6 lovely rooms, and is in a great location just outside the Fort gates
Udaipur, India Youth Hostels - Absolutely New, The Sajjan Villa is a centrally located modern guest house. It is located very close to m


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- Highlights
Manufacturer's SKU SS010 Manufacturer's Warranty The Limited Warranty Period starts at the date of original retail purchase.
The Warranty Period is two (2) years for display devices.
The Warranty Period is one (1) year for accessories including but not limited to PODs and heart rate transmitters, as well as for all consumable parts.Brands Suunto - Description
Vector Pocket Guide
- Altimeter with vertical speed measurement and altitude alarm
- Barometer with pressure difference measurement
- Compass with leveling bubble for more accurate reading
- Multiple watch functions
- Light plastic housing in a selection of colors
- User replaceable battery
Altitude alarm ✓Vertical speed ✓Temperature compensation ✓Resolution 5 m Recording intervals 20s, 60s, 10min, 60min Automatic 24-hour memory ✓Altitude range -500m - 9000m/-1600ft - 29500ft ✓Difference measurement ✓History memory ✓Logbook function ✓Chronograph
Countdown timer ✓Stopwatch ✓Max number of split times in memory 2
North-South indicator North-South indicator Heading in degrees ✓Declination setting ✓Cardinal directions ✓Bearing tracking ✓Compass with bubble level ✓Other
Weight 54 g / 1.9 oz Operating temperature -20°C - +60°C / -5°F - +140°F User replaceable straps ✓Water resistance 30m / 100ft Storage temperature -30°C - +60°C / -22°F - +140°F Selectable metric/imperial units ✓Backlight type Electro-luminescent Display Power
Low battery warning ✓User replaceable battery ✓Special
Rotating bezel ✓Watch
12/24h ✓Calendar clock ✓Daily alarms 3 Weather
Absolute barometric pressure ✓Temperature resolution 1°C / 1°F Weather memory 4 days Trend indicator ✓Temperature range -20°C - +60°C / -5°F - +140°F Temperature ✓Sea level pressure ✓Difference measurement ✓Barometer resolution 0,05 inHg/1 mbar ✓Barometer range 8,9 -32,4 inHg/300-1100 mbar ✓ - Reviews
Write Your Own Review
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subset: commoncrawl


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Rex Suggs, Sales Associate
Coldwell Banker Heritage Homes
704 North Missouri West Memphis, AR
Office: (870) 732-4655 , Mobile: (901) 216-0045 , Fax:
704 North Missouri West Memphis, AR
Office: (870) 732-4655 , Mobile: (901) 216-0045 , Fax:
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Hello, I'm Rex and I am sure glad you found my page.if there is something you didn't find on the site, txt or call. Thanks, have a blessed day.
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Contact Rex Suggs
Coldwell Banker Heritage Homes
704 North Missouri, West Memphis, AR 72301
Office Phone:
(870) 732-4655
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(901) 216-0045
(870) 723-4655
(870) 735-2623
About Rex Suggs
- I want to help you find the home of your dreams and help you have a great experience while buying a home.
- Working with Buyers and Sellers (Residential, Commercial, and Land) with those Relocating to Crittenden County and St. Francis County in Arkansas.
- I might not be the most experienced Realtor but i will give you 110% and keep your thoughts, ideas and best interest first and foremost.
- Whatever you do, do your work heartily, as for the Lord rather than for men.
- enjoys hunting and fishing.
- I am a huge sports fan from the NBA to the NFl, and even College Football.
- Arkansas Real Estate Licensee 2012
- went to the university of memphis
- went to mid-south community college
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2010 NCAA Bracket Help and Syracuse Thoughts
Alex Dunbar
Posted: 03.14.2010 at 9:58 PM
First thoughts -
SU's spot in the West Region isn't all that bad. # 2 seed Kansas State is tough but could struggle against the long SU zone. # 3 seed Pittsburgh beat SU once but has been a little soft over the past two months. # 4 seed Vanderbilt is likely the weakest of the #4 seeds (whoops - that honor goes to Purdue.) Gonzaga, Florida State and Butler are all very tough. How Gonzaga slipped to an #8 seed boggles my mind.
Upset Specials -
Louisville (#9) over California (#8) It's not much of an upset but the Cardinals should run all over a mediocre Cal team. Call can get hot from the outside but I don't think they'll be able to handle Louisville's athleticism.
Murray State (#13) over Vanderbilt (#4) I can't tell you how weak I think Vanderbilt is. I wouldn't bet on them for a long run.
Cornell (#12) over Temple (#5) Am I biased? Maybe but I don't think that Temple proved much. Cornell is a veteran team that shoots the ball well, doesn't turn it over much and keeps their composure. Temple thought they were better than a # 5 seed, I think Cornell is better than a #12.
Missouri (#10) over Clemson (#7) Not a great year for either team but Mizzou has shown some signs of life.
If you really want to get crazy - pick Sienna (#13) over Purdue (#4). Purdue has been terrible since losing Robbie Hummel and only scored 11 points in the first half of their last game. Sienna isn't really that special but they might be the ones who send Purdue home.
Get on the Bandwagon!
New Mexico - I think they could sneak into the Final Four. West Virginia is a trendy pick but New Mexico is the best team nobody ever talks about.
Georgetown - They have all the NCAA ingredients. I think they'll be playing Kansas for a spot in the Final Four.
Texas A&M - Not amazing but have an easy road to the Sweet Sixteen.
Final Thoughts - The Wake Forest/ Texas game is a classic 8/9 battle of underachievers. Both teams staggered into the tournament and looked flat out terrible at times. Kentucky fans should make their Syracuse hotel reservations now.


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Valve joins the Linux Foundation Well, folks, looks like Valve's love affair with Linux has become official. Earlier today, the company became a member of the Linux foundation, joining... Type: News story Tags: Gaming Operating systems Linux-Unix |
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Apple posts record iPhone sales, disappoints Wall Street Apple's quarterly financials are out. These latest numbers correspond to the fourth quarter of Apple's 2013 fiscal year, which ended on September 28, and they... Type: News story Tags: Mac Personal tech |
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Apple unveils 1-lb iPad Air, Retina-infused iPad mini After tackling Mac updates during today's keynote, Apple moved on to the pièce de résistance: new iPad goodness. Two new iPads are coming next month. The... Type: News story Tags: Mac Personal tech |
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Apple updates MacBook Pro Retina lineup, releases OS X Mavericks for free I was expecting today's Apple keynote to be all about new iPads, but the company starting things off with some Mac-related announcements. The first of those... Type: News story Tags: Systems Mac |
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Rumor: 12'' Retina MacBook coming next year I've been waiting for a more affordable Retina MacBook for ages, and it... Type: News story Tags: Mobile computing Mac |
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Apple's iMacs get Haswell, graphics upgrades Haswell processors are turning up in new notebooks left and right, and now, they've appeared inside Apple's latest iMacs. Apple announced the updated all-in-ones... Type: News story Tags: Systems Mac |
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A hands-off quasi-review of the iPhone 5C and 5S As expected, Tim Cook & Co. materialized this past Tuesday to confirm... |
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Netflix embraces profiling It was a dark and stormy night when I first joined Netflix in January 2007. Or light and breezy. Who knows? I can't remember three... |
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The least-timely, shoddiest review of Final Cut Pro X If you look at The Tech Report's main blog page, you'll notice a blurb describing each of the columns. In describing The MacHole... |
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Report: Mac sales continued to fall last quarter Historically, Apple's Mac business has outgrown the rest of the PC industry, even when market conditions have been less than auspicious. Mac growth may have... Type: News story Tags: Mac |
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The App Store heads to kindergarten So Apple's iOS App Store celebrated it's fifth birthday this week, culminating 260... |
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Demo'ing the future at WWDC If there's one thing I learned from Monday's (June 10, 2013) keynote at... |
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At WWDC 2013, Apple showed its new soul There was something different about Apple during yesterday's WWDC keynote. I couldn't put my finger on it at first. Part of it was the glitchy... Type: Blog post Tags: Mac Personal tech |
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Oculus gets $75 million to produce VR headset for consumers | 25 |


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The Confessions of Georgia Nicolson series
July 10, 2010 by tiffany
Filed under Tiffany's Book Reviews
After watching the movie Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging I developed an interest in reading the book. I made the mistake of getting all the audiobooks and listening to them back-to-back. I say this was an error on my part because the books are meant for a younger audience and therefore listening to the inner thoughts of a teenage girl continuously became a little draining at times.
I will quickly review each of the books, which should provide you with a snapshot of what you are in for should you wish to read Rennison's teen stories. For a young teen series the books are kind of long (between 250-300 pages), considering the target audience would be from 13 to 16 years of age. I figure the age of 16 years as a max demographic because the height of drama in these books centers around kissing and I think anyone 17 years or older is at least 'entertaining' the idea of sex but, being a teen book, sex is obviously not mentioned in this series.
So all that being said … gets go!
Angus, Thongs and Full-Frontal Snogging (Book #1) is the first book in the series. Here we meet Georgia Nicolson for the first time, her family and the Ace Gang (her circle of girlfriends). Written journal-style, we see the world through the eyes of a fourteen year old girl who feels her parents are very uncool, the world centers around her friends, and kissing (snogging) boys is life's greatest adventure. When a new boy moves to her small English town, Georgia immediately falls for Robbie (a.k.a. Sex God). The book progresses with Georgia struggling desperately to gain the affections of SG.
On a quick note, out of nowhere Georgia begins calling her parents Vati and Mutti. Hilarious!
This was a nice intro to the series. I sympathized with Georgia's infatuation with SG and her weird family. Some of the side stories were a bit dull and didn't seem to play into the overall plot. I thought a little too much time was spent talking about her cat, Angus, but all in all the book was fairly interesting.
On the Bright Side, I'm Now the Girlfriend of a Sex God (Book #2) continues Georgia's adoration of Robbie the Sex God. Not to give anything way … but I really would have liked to actually read some dialogue between Georgia and SG. As the relationship progresses I didn't really understand why SG would like her. Georgia is tongue-tied everything they see each other and she doesn't say anything revealing during their brief interactions. I had to keep referring to the first book to figure out at which point did he develop interest in her. I never found it. Another thing I thought odd was the doctor character (mentioned as a George Clooney replica). I'm an American, so I have little understanding of how health care is handled in England but I thought it was unrealistic the reasons Georgia's mother kept sending her to doctor's office.
This wasn't one of my favorite books from the series. I kept wanting the learn more about SG and Dave the Laugh but there are quite a few distractions in this books (i.e. the parents, the demonic little sister, teachers and other school administrators). On the bright side (no pun intended), we get to meet Dave the Laugh in this book.
Knocked Out by My Nunga-Nungas (Book #3) The connection between Georgia and SG, which puzzled me in the previous books, is a non-issue with the character Dave the Laugh. What I lacked understanding between Georgia and SG I understood with Georgia and Dave the Laugh.
This book had a few funny parts in it. I like that Georgia is obsessed with how big her nose is. The ending is abrupt but clearly leaves the door open for the next book. Overall this was a light and easy read.
Dancing in My Nuddy-Pants (Book #4) I believe this was the book that lost me. Georgia considers her boy options and goes on a trip to Paris. My issue with this installment is, after three books, the character has not matured. The same inner thoughts that were engaging in the first novel have sadly become tiresome.
I had a hard time finishing this book. The plot was thin and the side stories fell short of being interesting. The story seemed to drag and often got misdirected. Not one of Rennison's better editions.
Away Laughing on a Fast Camel (Book #5) Just when I thought I was completely turned off this series, the fifth book pulled me back in with the arrival of Masimo (a.k.a. the Luuurrve God). It is understandable why Georgia becomes taken with him. Even I became a little starry eyed when Masimo entered a scene. Dave the Laugh is an entertaining character and he becomes a very reliable friend to Georgia.
Rennison's series takes a turn for the better. Away Laughing on a Fast Camel (where does this woman get her titles?) is one of the better books in the series. I enjoyed it a lot.
Then He Ate My Boy Entrancers (Book #6) picks up where the last book leaves off. Without giving away too much, Georgia does some traveling. I have to be honest, this section was a bit dull so I skipped over it BUT I was really happy to see Robbie (Sex God) reappear … kind of. I won't say too much but this is a rather enjoyable book with a good ending. I was eager to read the next release.
Startled by His Furry Shorts ( Book #7) nearly lost me again. The plot is pretty weak. The only bright spot for me were the sections specifically related to the boy(s) in Georgia's life. Other than that, I was beginning to dislike Georgia. She's pretty rude toward her friend Jas and their friendship was awkward in this book. The author was a bit over the top on the slang usage and by the middle of the book I was ready to give up. The only redeeming factor was the ending scene, which was pretty interesting. Other than that, I wasn't too excited about this book.
Love Is a Many Trousered Thing (Book #8) sparked my interest in the series again. Georgia has her hands full with possibly three guys seeking her attention but the connection between two of the boys is still strange to me. I keep asking myself "Why do they like her?" whereas the answer is very clear with the third boy. For the first time I felt like we got a hint of sexual tension. Or maybe I just have a dirty mind???
Overall, this was a good book. Even though Georgia still has not grown as a character, the situation around her has become a little more sophisticated, which is a great relief. This is probably my most favored book in the Georgia Nicolson stories.
Stop in the Name of Pants! (Book #9) is the book that had me a little giddy over Georgia's boy issues. She is having issues with all of them and can't seem to keep her feelings under control. I will say Masimo (the Luuurrve God) is HOT. I'm drooling. Perhaps because I have a weakness for Italian men but for whatever the reason I was really digging him. That being said, although I like the direction the story took with Georgia's personal life (Rennison actually spent more time developing the love triangle than she has in previous books) there are still side stories that don't seem to mesh well with the overall theme. I found myself flipping through quite a few pages. I will say this, the last few chapters made the book worth reading.
Wrapping it up…
Rennison has a huge following of readers who love this series. It is understandable why it appeals to certain audiences. Some books are better than others but for the most part the series is somewhat entertaining. One issue I do have with the main character, Georgia, is over the course of nine books she doesn't mature mentally. She approaches ever situation with the same awkwardness and childish manner she presented in the very first book. This is amusing in some instances and a bit frustrating in others. Another point I will mention quickly is that Georgia invents a lot of words (i.e. wisdomosity, glaciosity and confusiosity) and after a while my eyes began to glaze over.
To summarize, the Georgia Nicolson Confessions has it's high points. If I had to do it all over again I might have started with the last two books and been just as satisfied. There is a large focus on her family and her cat (all of which I did not find interesting) but in the end I'm glad I was exposed to Rennison's collection.


text: Ghosts By Joe Student July 26, 2013 2:13 PM | GuySpeed Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Source: Ghosts Category: Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! More From The Buzz Watch These People Shoveling Snow and Not Doing It Well — Daily Distraction Best Super Bowl Commercials of 2013 And on the 8th Day, God Created Yoga Pants Race Car Driver Somehow Walks Away Unscathed From Terrifying Crash [VIDEO] Best of the Web ZergNet


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Tag Archives: Samurai Warriors 3DS
Fri, Feb 18, 2011 | 19:57 GMT
StreetPass mode detailed for Samurai Warriors: Chronicles
Information on how StreetPass works with Samurai Warriors: Chronicles has come to light, and apparently, your 3DS will fight for you when you're too busy to do it yourself.
Tue, Feb 01, 2011 | 23:55 GMT
Samurai Warriors: Chronicles expected for EU 3DS launch
Omega Force's exercise in historical revisionism, Samurai Warriors: Chronicles, is expected to reach Europe in time for the 3DS's launch.
Mon, Jan 31, 2011 | 00:18 GMT
Samurai Warriors: Chronicles online features revealed
The New Super got their hands on some promotional materials for Samurai Warriors: Chronicles, hinting at the portable battler's Street Pass features, online co-op, and character-switching mechanic.


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Even though school is out because of the snow – the SCRIP office is open to serve you! SCRIP will be open 8-5 Monday through Friday this week.
Special Announcement regarding SCRIP – the SCRIP office will be closing at Noon on Friday, December 6.
The OCS SCRIP office will be open at 8AM on Friday, December 6, 2013. The office may close early based on what the weather does, but will be open to serve you at 8.
Just a reminder – the SCRIP office is open today, Wednesday, December 4 for all your Christmas gift card needs! And, if the weather forecast holds true – looks like we could maybe miss a day later this week, so come on in today!
Newsletters 2013 Dec Here is the Guidance Counselor December newsletter.


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The MAROON Vol. XXJCIX Loyola University, New Orleans, La., Friday, April 21, 1961 No. 19 today's inside pages By KIT HARGER Politics Become News Again the news again! City-wide and campus-wide. will come the hope for gTeater and more efficient student g-oveinment. The choice is yours so make a wise one. To help you with your decision The Maroon has run a list of some of the candidates' platf(irnK You'll ■fin*) tlii on As far as city-wide politics are concerned, Editor Judy Scata has a few words concerning last Saturday's outcome on the charter amendments Did the citizens of New Orleans make a wise choice. See Page 4 South America Low On Medical Doctors There are many more distinctions between the two peoples of North and of South America than just an accent. One of the main differences is the amount and quality of the medical aid they receive. According to Dr. Jose Artigas, director of the school of medical technology, University of Chile, there is a great shortage of physicians and medical technicians in South America. As a result, doctors are greatly overworked and most people do not receive all the medical attention that they should. Page 2 Councilman Refuses Aid To Parking By EUGENE KATSANIS City Councilman Henry B. Curtis refused to support Loyola's request to remove the two-hour parking signs on Palmer Street in a private meeting with Student Council and Alumni representatives Tuesday. Student Council president Roland Doucet and Mr. Frederick Gisevius, president-elect of the Alumni Association, met with Curtis after a Council meeting they were originally set to attend was cancelled. Curtis at first was reluctant to speak to Doucet and Mr. Gisevius about their request and the Loyola problem in general. "Mr. Giievius did a wonderful job in at least getting Councilman Curtis to hear our argument for having the signs removed. At first he did not want to talk to us, but hearing our arguments Curtis agreed that something besides taking the signs down should be done/' Doucet said. Doucet said that he has the property owners in mind and would not yield on that point. He said that he will try to show how the signs are being violated daily and thus serving no purpose. Also they will show that the people knew that they were by a university when they bought their homes and that such a problem existed. A meeting with the council was set for yesterday, too late for the results to be printed in The Maroon.Doucet said that students could help by writing or calling their councilmen stating their desire to have the two-hour signs removed. 1200 Cast Ballots For SC Candidates Nominate Pugh, Sills In Arts And Sciences Over 1200 students turned out to cast their vote in Student Council nominations held Monday and Tuesday, in the quadrangle. Elections will take place Monday and Tuesday. Another record turn out is expected. Candidates for president of the colleges will debate today at 12:15 in the quadrangle on the library steps. Pete Fenner, head of the nomination committee, said that the tremendous response of the students in voting this week, shows their increased interest in student government and Loyola affairs. Fenner, who organized the poll set-up, said also that the voting went much smoother than last year because of the roped-in voting sections. A&S nominees for president are, Emmett Pugh, junior (200) and Ken Sills, sophomore (290). Sophomores Ken Aucoin (121) and John Chavanne (130) are BA president nominees. George Graf ton, junior (18) and Bill Monroe, junior (38), are presidential nominees of the school of dentistry. In the college of music, presidential nominees are Van Aucoin. junior (17) and James Doyle, sophomore (16). College of phar- macy nominees for president are Charles Decker, junior (9) and Cleven Trahan, junior (38). Nominated junior representatives are: A&S, Ken Adolph (279), J. B. Cordaro (257), Kathy Cullen (182), Jenny Dell'Osso (202), Jack Duarte (209), Doris Gibson (176), Carolyn Meyer (285), "Poochie" Nicholson (174), Jackie Rinderle (163), and Mary Ann Vial (180), Buster Unsworth (163) BA: John Leßlanc (103) and Henry Lambert (115) . Dentistry: Richard Bacon (19).. and Robert Triplet (31). Music: Sandra Celli (33). Pharmacy: Andra Capaci (9), Richard Cook (8), Albert North (21) and Fred Stoute (1). Sophomore nominees are: A&S, Beth Feehan (187), Bert Harris (262), Lou Ferrero (206), Noel Montgomery (216), Betty Moreno (198), Joe Perez (267), Cynthia Sliman (233), Sonny Tremoulet (212), Marilyn Vidacovich (262, Frank Wagar (210). BA sophomore nominees are: Carolyn Engler (103), Art Hayes (121), Lee Miller (120), Stewart Lagarde (135) . Dentistry: Ronald Leggio (12) and Clarence Zimmerman (18)— Music: John Berthelot (33). Pharmacy: Francis Meyer (28)... The election of Council members will be held Monday and Tuesday from 12-2 p.m. in the quadrangle. McNamara Wins In Law School Larry McNamara, law freshman, has been elected president of the school of law. Nominations and final elections have been completed for the new Student Council members for next year. Other representatives elected from the school of law are Herman Hohlman (88) and Clyde Merritt (76). McNamara's opponent was Arthur Kingsmill, junior, from the evening division of the school of law. The vote was Mc- Namara, 108; Kingsmill, 101. Pharmacy Group RHO CHl—Recently inducted member! to the Alpha Chapter of Rho Chi, national pharmaceutical society, are from the left, ALBERT NORTH, junior; WILLIAM BONNETTE, senior; JERRY KELLERMAN and DAVID DOAN, juniors. They were inducted at a banquet at Delmonico recently. Guest speaker at the banquet was Urban Hecker, Jr., medical representative of Burrough-Wellcome Drug Co. and gradue of Loyola in 1942. - ' - / Monkeyshines Spark LU Fete See ALUMNI KIDDIE Story page 7 Zoo Dwellers Delight Kids At Party
Object Description
Title | Maroon |
Masthead | The Maroon Vol. 39 No. 19 |
Publisher | Loyola University (New Orleans, La.) |
Coverage | United States; Louisiana; New Orleans; |
Date | 1961-04-21 |
Type | Text |
Source | Loyola University New Orleans Special Collections & Archives (http://library.loyno.edu/research/speccoll/) New Orleans, LA |
Format | TIFF |
Subject | Loyola University (New Orleans, La.) |
Rights | Digital rights are held by Loyola University New Orleans. Copyright is retained in accordance with U.S. copyright law. |
Creator | Loyola University (New Orleans, La.) |
Relation-Is Part Of | http://www.louisianadigitallibrary.org/cdm/search/collection/LOYOLA_UMN |
Language | en |
Digitized By | BSLW |
Digitized Date | 2012-2013 |
Contact Information | For information or permission to use/publish, contact: mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com |
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Post a Comment for Maroon


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story is still moving so slow hehe, since i guess they are only doing Karen Bee and Tsuhiki Phoenix (the 2 arcs of Nisemonogatari)
@Onegai senpai: the males are being oppressed D: edit: just noticed, someone is walking around no-pan D: D:
Fullmetal Alchemist: The Sacred Star of Milos Filler goods from what i heard, action packed for sure, but maybe a little lacking, lots of old characters returning and a couple more added , all in all it was worth the watch...
It's good.. I can't say that I wouldn't watch it again.. It's FMA... But, After how crazy Brotherhood went.. I was really looking forward to a movie over that... Maybe OVa's? Tomorrow night, once I get done with my reports for work, I'll watch .Hack Quantum ova's.. Or, just start them... BTW.. Bleach yesterday.. DAMN crazy...
Yeah, that's one series that I buy without even steaming from a site.. I loved tha games so much. The anime was just golden.
Since I waited for longer, I just finished reading Nurarihyon no Mago's chapter 188-189, as well as Fairy Tail's 269-270. Currently reading 271. Oh, and Another's chapter 11 is finally translated, although apparently the anime's catching up with the translated manga now.
that scene from another 6 really ruins the mood, but i love how Mei looks with her eyepatch open, that green eyes..
VLC 2.0 is out, and it loves us apparently For Anime Fans Vastly improved MKV demuxer. Rewritten linked segments and ordered chapter files support. Correct support for FLAC, RV and Hi10p in MKV. Rewritten seeking support in cue files. Various ASS subtitles improvements.
Haven't watched Nisemonogatari yet, I just watched Senki Zesshou Symphogear and Mouretsu Pirates earlier. Watching Beelzebub right now.
Never used vlc for my animu, never liked it.... Fairy tail new episode, i was waiting for that moment, for Natsu to unleash his fury!!
VLC is a pretty average player, but it makes a good backup for odd incompatibilities, or a portable player. MPC-HC can be made portable, but good luck making the codecs portable with it. (read: work computers )
Finished watching> Hajime No Ippo, started to watch > Hajime no Ippo: New Challenger, didnt know that i could like boxing anime, but was very addicted to it lately
i cant really get into manga. as much as i like a good text only book, anime just has much more to it than manga. the sound, voices, music, etc as well as the actual animation itself.
I just read mangas for those anime what been cut down from animated version> like GANTZ, CLeymore, D.grey.man ect.
So many animes, but all are like 12/13/26 series long, would like to see some new long term anime again, with some superpowers.
Well there's Fairy Tail, SKET Dance and Beelzebub, then Bakuman's going to have a 3rd season this Autumn (each season having 25 eps each). Maybe Gundam AGE would last longer? Maybe not.
already watching Fairy tail(my favorite ir blue cat ) and Beelzebub(Im just dying from how funny it is ) need to check SKET Dance
I will start to shoot people if they increased AGE's lifespan. This week's Guilty Crown is completely out of control


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How to Juggle 2 Balls in One Hand
How to Juggle Two Balls in One Hand - Learn how to play a two balls in one hand juggling trick. This video discusses that you should throw up from the middle of your body, once that ball reaches the peak you throw up the second ball. This should be done with both donimant and non-dominant hands.(1:03)
~Commercial in the beginning~
How to Juggle 3 Balls in Columns
How to Juggle Three Balls in Columns - Learn a new trick on juggling three balls. the video teaches a good trick called juggling 3 balls in columns. (1:48)
~Begins with a commercial~
Learn To Juggle!!
A very quick lesson on how to juggle three balls. Practice with one ball first for at least 10 minutes. Then move on to two and three. All the teps are broken down so it is easy to copy. (1:08)
How to Juggle
A tidy series of short videos that are easy to understand starting with one ball and ending with how to juggle three balls. The trouble shooting video is especially good for students.
How To Juggle - Beginner's Lesson
Learn how to juggle three balls, lesson starts with two-ball basics and then moves up to three. Choose sand filled balls so they don't roll away. Start by throwing 1 ball to the other had at eye level, making smooth circular motion.
Juggling one, two, three, four balls for beginners
Several short videos, some in slow motion, help provide instruction on how to start juggling and progress. Short advertisement at start.
Physical Education, Teaching Juggling Skills
How to use juggling to improve hand-eye coordination. Juggling is an excellent way to help students concentrate and improve self-esteem.
Run time 2:12
Spanish Civil War (1 of 2)
Anarchism has historically gained the most support and influence in Spain, especially in the seventy or so years before Francisco Franco's victory in the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939. 'The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict that devastated Spain from 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939' (Spanish Civil War, Wikipedia, 2009). This documentary is suitable for high school students. The story is told through commentary, narration, and several still images from the period.
The Plague, Part 7; History Channel
The Bubonic Plague took place in medieval Europe. A quote from the film: " ...the greatest biological disaster in the history of mankind." This documentary has re-enactment and commentary and is suitable for high school students.
(11/12)Battlefield: The Battle for Russia
This fast paced episode of "Battlefield" chronicles the titanic war in the east, that eventually decided World War II in Europe. Despite numerous warnings from the Communist spy networks: the Lucy Spy-Ring the Red Orchestra Richard Sorge, and pleadings from Churchill and FDR, through ultra decrypts, Stalin discounted all invasion warnings. Stalin felt that all these alarming reports was actually an attempt to divide agreements between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, by the British and America
The Battle of Russia Pt. 7 of 9
The Battle of Russia from the War Classics Collection. "Here we discover Russia's valiant resistance to invasion throughout its history and how that strength of character was key to their determination to prevail against the seemingly unstoppable forces of Nazi Germany in the bloodiest battles of World War II. The film is a wonderful compilation of authentic newsreel footage from both the US Signal Corps and various Soviet resources."
Moscow 1941 - 1/6
Hitler tries to take Moscow, thinking once he had Moscow he would be able to take all of Russia. German forces quickly advance.
Moscow 1941 - 3/6
With the invasion of the Soviet Union, the systematic murder of the Jews. Jews were hunt down and taken prisoners.
Moscow 1941 - 5/6
In December Germans reach the outskirts of Moscow and start a block by block conquest. Moscow falls on December 30th. Stalin was looking for ways to save Moscow.
Moscow 1941 - 6/6
German troops start to retreat. Because of the freezing conditions many soldiers did not return home.
Cortés Defeats The Aztecs
As travel between Europe and America became more frequent, small settlements and trading posts were established along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, including present-day Florida through Central America. Explorers discovered great amounts of precious metals and natural resources, but it was not enough the quench their growing thirst for more wealth.
In 1519, Hernan Cortés was commissioned by the governor of Cuba to expand the Spanish empire into Mexico. Cortés, an aspiring conquistador (c
Aztec Warriors
How Aztec boys were trained from birth to be warriors and how they believed that the Sun god needed human blood to quench its thirst. This two minute video uses images of artifacts from this time period.
White King, Red Rubber, Black Death
This BBC video has haunting photographs, re-enactments, and commentary concerning King Leopold II's intrusion into the Congo to profit from the exports of rubber. Suitable for 11th and 12th graders.
Polynomial Division
The instructor in this video (12:09) explains how to solve polynomial division. He uses computer software for demonstration. The viewer may want to open the video to 'full screen' because the instructor has a lot of small writing on a black screen.
Polynomial Division
In this ten-minute video, the instructor uses computer software to demonstrate how to solve one example of polynomial division. A step by step approach is modeled.


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[Earnings] Comment!
[Earnings] Comment!
Thursday December 12, 12:00 AMThursday's economic calendar
- 8:30 Retail Sales
- 8:30 Initial Jobless Claims
- 8:30 Import/Export Prices
- 9:45 Bloomberg Consumer Comfort Index
- 10:00 Business Inventories
- 10:00 Quarterly Services Report
- 10:30 EIA Natural Gas Inventory
- 1:00 PM Results of $13B, 30-Year Note Auction
- 4:30 PM Money Supply
- 4:30 PM Fed Balance Sheet
Wednesday December 11, 8:15 PMBDCs aren't our peers, says American Capital
- Don't call us a BDC, says American Capital (ACAS) CEO Malon Wilkus, presenting at the JPMorgan SMId Cap Conference. BDCs, says Wilkus - there are 63 of them out there, about half public - are finance companies with virtually 100% of their assets in third-party companies. Only about 15% of American Capital's assets are in loans to companies not under its control.
- Webcast and presentation slides
- Presentation transcript
- "We invest in the equities of the middle-market companies; virtually no other BDC has invested in that way. So those aren't really our peers, but people do perceive them as our peers, and they are paying out a sizable dividend ... we don't pay any dividend at all."
- So who do we compare you to, asks an analyst in attendance. "We look most like a diversified growth company, diversified holding company," says Wilkus. Think Roper Industries (ROP). Think Danaher (DHR) - much bigger, but in structure and operations, very similar.
- "We don't call [our investments] subsidiary companies ... we have to call it a portfolio company, but really they're operating subsidiaries of ours. We control them. As I showed, we have an operations team with 10 former Presidents and CEOs and they're constantly working in those companies to help grow them and develop them."
Wednesday December 11, 7:12 PMYahoo faces uproar over partial e-mail outage
- On Facebook, Twitter, and elsewhere, complaints are piling up about a two-day service outage affecting millions of Yahoo Mail (YHOO) users. Though Yahoo previously stated a fix was expected to arrive by 4:30PM ET, the issues are continuing. Moreover, a dearth of communication from Yahoo for much of the outage has made a bad PR situation worse.
- The downtime won't help Yahoo's efforts to halt Mail's share losses to Gmail. It comes two months after Yahoo provided Mail with a big revamp that included the introduction of Gmail-like conversation threads and 1TB of free storage.
Wednesday December 11, 6:57 PMCisco roundup: Citi downgrade, set-tops, UCS servers
- Citi's Ehud Gelblum, who just started coverage on Cisco (CSCO) with a Sell, says he's concerned about core routing competition from Alcatel-Lucent, as well as potential data center switching share loss as companies embrace non-proprietary solutions.
- Tough core/edge routing competition from Alcatel and Juniper likely contributed to 13% Y/Y service provider order drop Cisco reported last month. But the company has been maintaining its dominant position in data center switching. IDC thinks Cisco had a 62.3% share of the Ethernet switch market in Q3, and a 65.9% share in the growing 10-gig segment.
- Cisco is counting on its new Insieme platform - praised for its performance and rich feature set, criticized for its proprietary nature - to head off competition from software-defined networking platforms that enable the use of the "open" hardware Gelblum is concerned about.
- Reuters notes Cisco is facing growing pressure to unload its set-top unit, which saw a 20% Y/Y sales drop in the Oct. quarter. Cisco partly blames the drop on an IBM-like decision to shun low-margin deals, and says a stronger focus on cloud-based pay-TV video solutions will help right the ship.
- Cisco is set to roll out next-gen UCS servers that will be optimized for analytics applications and carrier cloud services, among other things.
- The UCS line, differentiated by its built-in networking gear and strong virtualization performance, has been a bright spot for Cisco. UCS sales rose 44% Y/Y in the Oct. quarter, and IDC estimates Cisco's server share is up to 5%.
Wednesday December 11, 6:46 PMAir Canada to buy Boeing single-aisle jets in $6.5B deal
- Air Canada says it will buy 61 new Boeing (BA) 737 Max aircraft to replace its aging fleet of Airbus single-aisle jets, a significant win for Boeing from a customer that has long operated Airbus planes.
- The deal is valued at $6.5B at list prices, before discounts customary in such large deals; in addition to the commitment for the 61 jets, Air Canada also holds options and rights to buy another 48.
- Air Canada secures early delivery positions from Boeing, with deliveries expected to begin in 2017, with the arrival of its first two jets; the 737 Max is scheduled to first enter service with Southwest Airlines earlier that year.
Wednesday December 11, 6:34 PMCN Rail's Mongeau: Moving dangerous goods by rail "integral to our way of life"
- Canadian National Railway (CNI) chief Claude Mongeau says he appreciates concerns about moving dangerous goods by rail through urban areas in the wake of last summer's Lac-Mégantic disaster, but he says it would be impractical to reroute the shipments because many of the goods are integral to the way we live.
- While much of the focus has been on the movement of crude oil, even more dangerous and flammable goods are moved every day - styrene to make shoes and rubber, polypropylenes that make eyeglasses and other plastics, chlorine to purify water, propane for home use.
- Despite a string of recent derailments, the CEO says CNI has one of the best safety records among large North American rails.
- "The dangerous goods we move are worth $25B... and we move them very safely," Mongeau says.
Wednesday December 11, 6:31 PMColdwate Creek -10.8% AH after Q3 report; plans further store closures
- Coldwater Creek (CWTR) shares reverse gains and are now down 10.8% AH following a mixed Q3 in which the retailer continued its struggle in a "highly competitive" retail environment.
- The company closed 1 retail store, 1 factory store, and 1 spa in Q3, ending with 343, 36, and 7 respectively. Coldwater expects to close up to 10 more retail stores by the end of the fiscal year.
- CEO Jill Dean observed: "In response to the disappointing performance of our fall merchandise, we took swift action early in the third quarter to adjust our holiday assortment, and we experienced a meaningful improvement in full-priced selling as holiday product flowed into stores starting in mid-October. During the quarter we also implemented a cost reduction program, which is expected to generate $20-$25 million in expense savings next year."
- As of Nov. 2, cash totaled $6.8M, down from $31.3M in Oct. 2012, while inventory decreased 5.6% Y/Y (and 1.6% Y/Y per square foot) to $152.7M. The company burned $23M in operating cash in the past 3 quarters.
Wednesday December 11, 6:22 PMWabtec expands share repurchase program by $50M
- Wabtec's (WAB) board authorizes a $50M expansion to the company's share buyback program to $200M.
- The program had $45M remaining under the previous authorization, with Wabtec having repurchased $38M in shares in 2013.
- If executed, the expansion would reduces shares outstanding by 0.8% as of today's closing price.
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This is a relatively small hotel, located just a couple hundred meters from the ferries to Hella and Vangsnes. There are no stores or restaurants in the immediate area. Balestrand is about 10 km away. Our room was on the third (top) floor, and was pretty basic. (It apparently was not the large room on that floor mentioned in other... More
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- WE HAVE FIVE FJORD CABINS THAT ARE IDYLLICALLY LOCATED IN AN ORCHARD BESIDE THE HOTEL All the cabins have shower/toilet an equipped kitchenette, and an outside terrace with a view towards the Fjaerlandsfjord, the Jostefonn glacier and the mountainous landscape. Two of the cabins, 'Laksen' and 'oretten' are 35-40 m² and are more suitable for 2 people, a couple or a family with small children. These are cosy cabins with an intimate layout. The cabin 'orretten' has an open fireplace. The 3 largest cabins are 50-54 m² with 5 beds divided between 2 bedrooms and a living room. Each cabin has its own parking place approximately 50 metres from the cabin. It is a short distance to the fjord, nature trails and mountain walks. Boat rental : we offer all our guests at the hotel and cabins rental of a rowing boat (15ft) and/or motor boat (4hp). Reservations /enquiries should be made at the reception atleast one day before. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, Booking.com, Orbitz, Cheap Tickets, Travelocity, Olotels, Priceline, Hotels.com, Tingo, Otel and Fastbooking so you can book your Dragsvik Fjordhotell reservations with confidence. We help millions of travellers each month to find the perfect hotel for both holiday and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


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220353$34.00 - $52.00
Take care of those quads and hammies; snap on this highly water and wind-resistant, Thermacool-filled skirt for maximum warmth with minimal weight. Perfect for koozie-like comfort and two-in-one versatility.
• Fit: Semi-fitted
• 14" outseam
• Highly water and wind-resistant shell fabric
• Lightweight Thermacool fill traps in heat
• Reversible: heathered or solid colored look
• Full snap closure for easy on/off
• Two side seam pockets and internal media pocket
• Front/back retroreflectivity
Product Reviews
Reviewed by 1 customer
Displaying review 1
- Easy Care
- Nice Color
- Nice Fabric
- Wrinkle Resistant
- It Should Be A Bit Longer
Best Uses
- Cold weather running
Comments about Adapt Reversible Skirt:
I think the skirt is super cute. It is meant to keep your behind and upper thighs warm during cold weather runs.I didn't think it helped that much, but I always cold and it is super windy in Minnesota. It is quite short so I would order it a bit bigger
- Fit:
- Feels too small
- Waist:
- Feels too small
- Length:
- Feels too short
- Comfort vs Style:
- Style Driven
- Was this a gift?:
- No
Displaying review 1


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"Ah, OK, what can we make of this? I'm apparently one of the few earthly denizens who enjoyed Mattin's first volume in the "Songbook" series on Hibari, a raucous, snarled set of improvised rock songs sounding (if this is possible) like a less studied version of DNA. I've missed the interim entries, vols. 2 & 3, though I somehow doubt there's any discernible "career arc" happening. This is a live set, a very recent one (July 5, 2006), recorded in Tokyo by a rather all-star quintet: Mattin (vocals, guitar), Taku Unami (bass, piano), the excellent Anthony Guerra and, from down the hall in the toilet, Jean-Luc Guionnet and Tomoya Izum.
It's a brief disc, the six "songs" presented in a single 22-minute track. Supremely lo-fi and unbalanced, Mattin maybe singing into his computer mic (I say, "singing" but of course other words would serve better: growling, shrieking, sobbing, howling, gurgling, etc.), Guerra alternating between harsh clusters and relatively delicate plucking. Unami's bass playing, given his predilection for computer-animated toys, is surprisingly funky. Cracks me up when, after a given eructative song, Mattin demurely says to the audience, "Thank you very much, thank you." In addition to DNA, the clear precedent for this approach seems to be Zorn's "Locus Solus" project from the early 80s. For my money, this works better, here largely due to Guerra's playing which, as usual, I find very compelling. That said, "Songbook vol 4" is at best going to be an acquired taste for most listeners. Dealing with Mattin's personality, as out front as it is here, ain't no easy thing. The final track, "Apologies", finds him bawling his head off. If he's faking it, it's a disturbingly convincing fraud. I don't know. That's also the section in which one can discern Guionnet and Izumi contributing from, apparently, a toilet far off mic."-Brian Olewnick, Bagatellen


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Kairouan Capital of Political Power and Learning in the Ifriqiya
FSTC Research Team*
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Table of contents
Note of the editor
This article was published on www.MuslimHeritage.com in December 2002. It is republished with revisions and new illustrations. Copyright: © FSTC Limited, 2002-2010. We dedicate it to the memory of the late Dr Najwa Othman from Aleppo (1954-2009), who was an historian, architect and civil engineer. She wrote a book on The Mosques of Kairouan in Arabic for the production of which spent a long time in the ancient capital of Ifriqiya. The book was published as Masajid al-Qirawan (Damascus, 2002). Dr Najwa Othman is the author of the following article published on www.MuslimHeritage.com in 23 June, 2005: Islamic Citadel in Busra.
1. Introduction
Kairouan, known also as Al-Qayrawan, Qairawan and Kairwan, flourished under the Aghlabid dynasty in the 9th century. Despite the transfer of the political capital to Tunis in the 12th century, it remained the Maghrib's principal holy city, with a rich architectural heritage and a thriving tradition of learning.
Situated in north-west Tunisia, the city is now the capital of the Kairouan Governorate. For a long period, it functioned as the capital of the province of Ifriqiya (roughly equivalent to modern Tunisia) during the early Islamic period. Kairouan was founded in 670 by 'Uqba ibn Nafi', the Arab general in command of the Muslim conquest of North Africa, during the reign of the Umayyad Caliph Mu'awiya. Its original name was derived from Arabic kairuwân, which is in turn derived from the Persian Kâravân, meaning "military/civilian camp" or "resting place". After its establishment in the 7th century, Kairouan became an important center for Islamic learning, and thus attracted a large number of students and scholars from various parts of the world.
Kairouan lies 112 miles south of Tunis and 40 miles west of Susa, and is 250 feet above sea level in the middle of a great plain traversed by the Wadi Zarud and the Wadi Merguellil, both of which ultimately disappear into a salt lake. These rivers are subject to sudden floods, which sometimes turn the environs of the city into a lake, and when the rains have been sufficiently abundant, the soil yields a rich harvest. The Andalusian geographer Al-Bakri (1014–1094) tells how in the western part the grain sown sometimes yields a hundredfold [1].
Large image
Figure 1: Page from a Manuscript of the Qur'an, probably from Kairouan, dating from the early 10th century. The Nasli M. Heeramaneck Collection, Los Angeles County Museum of Art. (Source).
The testimony about Kairouan by the geographer Al-Idrisi is quite edifying as to the perception Islamic medieval scholars had of it. He said: "Kairouan is mother of cities and capital of the land, it is the greatest city in the Islamic West, the most populated, prosperous and thriving with the most perfect buildings" [2].
Al-Idrisi's eulogy for Kairouan testifies to the special status of the city. Out of nothing, from the sand and bareness of pre-Islamic times, Kairouan rose as one of the most vibrant centres of civilisation of the Middle Ages. The city was not only a capital of political power, but a dynamic site of learning whose influence covered North Africa and the Western Mediterranean region. However, unlike other cities in the region, such as Fes in Morocco, the prosperity of Kairouan knew a progressive decline from the 11th century after the intervention of the Banu Hilal.
2. Foundation and Expansion of the City
The year 670 CE is the symbolic year of the foundation of Kairouan. Before to this date, the Muslim armies had already defeated the Byzantines gathered around the Patriarch Gregory at Sbeitla and as a result secured a powerful Muslim presence in the region [3]. The first foundations of the city were laid by 'Uqba ibn Nafi'. He first built a mosque, the palace of government, then houses for his soldiers as well as a wall 2750 yards long. Kairouan became the capital of Muslim Africa, known as Ifriqiya, and the residence of the Muslim governors [4].
The Muslim army penetrated the Maghrib by the region of Qastiliya, from where they attempted to reach the centre and the north, avoiding the coastal route and the shore on the east, which was dangerous for conquering forces, and the mountains on the west, which were well suited for ambushes and surprise attacks. By choosing this route, the Muslim soldiers had no alternative but to use the corridor which ended naturally in the region of Qammūniya, not far from where Kairouan would be founded. This town, which was first of all a military base, owed its origin to the strategy dictated by the relief of the country and from the fighting tactics of the Arab conquering army. Traditionally, the foundation of Kairouan is attributed to 'Uqba b. Nāfi', but in fact it took place in stages and several military leaders contributed to it.
The battle of Sufetula (27 H/647-8) had practically delivered Byzacena (the region of modern Sousse) to 'Abd Allāh b. Sa'd b. abī Sarh, the Byzantines being driven back behind their second line of fortification. It is neither impossible nor improbable that the conquerors pushed their raids on this occasion right into the region of Kairouan. The historian Ibn Nājī al-Tanukhi (d. after 839 H/1435) points out that at Kairouan there is a mosque dedicated to Ibn abī Sarh which in some way commemorates his memory [5].
Later, Mu'āwiya b. Hudayj led three campaigns in succession to Ifrīqiya, in 34 H/654-5, 41 H/661-2, and 45 H/665. In fact, he made use of the same route as his predecessors three times and ended in the region of Kairouan, where he set up his camp. In 34 H/654-5, Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam declares, Ibn Hudayj "seized several fortresses and took considerable booty. He set up a garrison camp (qayrawān) near al-Qarn" [6]. He reappears, still established at al-Qarn, in 41/661-2, as we learn from Al-Bayan al-Mughrib on the history of the Maghreb and Iberia written in 1312 by by Ibn Idhari [7]. Finally, in 45 H/665, the governor Ibn Hudayj reappears yet again at al-Qarn [8]. In this connection Al-Mālikī notes: "Ibn Hudayj had laid the foundations of a town at al-Qarn (ikhtatta madīnatan 'ind al-Qarn) before 'Uqba had founded (ta'sīs) Kairouan, and he settled there during the period that he spent in Ifrīqiya". Ibn Nāji states for his part that "on his return to Qammūniya, Ibn Hudayj built dwellings in the region of al-Qarn to which he gave the name of Qayrawān, when the site of [the actual] Kairouan was not yet either inhabited or urbanised (ghayr maskūn wa-lā ma'mūr) [9]. The site named al-Qarn (hill, peak) owes its name obviously to its relief. It probably refers to the 171 m high hill called Batn al-Qarn today, and which is situated in a region 12 km north-west of the actual town of Kairouan [10].
The primary reason for the foundation of Kairouan was its elevated position, which gave it protection from surprise attacks and floods. The city founded by Ibn Hudayj did not maintain its rôle as capital of Ifrīqiya but it was never destroyed again; however, when it ceased to be the capital it no longer bore the name of al-Qarn. In 124/742 the Kharijite 'Ukāsha was beaten there by Hanzala b. Safwān, governor of the Ifrīqiya province. Al-Qarn is mentioned again at the end of the 2nd H/beginning of the 8th century, but afterwards all trace of it disappears [11].
Figure 2a-b: Two panoramic views of Kairouan. (Source 1 – Source 2).
In 50 H/670, the founder of the Umayyad dynasty, Mu'āwiya, while keeping Ibn Hudayj as the governor of Egypt, took Ifrīqiya from him and entrusted it to 'Uqba b. Nāfi'. On rejoining his post, Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam reports, 'Uqba was not very satisfied with Kairouan which was built before his time by Mu'āwiya b. Hudayj [12]. The sources, however, tell us forcefully the details (verging on the miraculous) of how 'Uqba b. Nāfi', followed by his most illustrious companions, was left to search for a new site. His choice fell on part of a plain which was then covered with vegetation, the haunt of reptiles and wild beasts. There the new Kairouan was founded. 'Uqba immediately donated two institutions indispensable for its spiritual and temporal progress, that is a mosque and a government house (dār al-imāra), built opposite each other. He spent the five years of his first governorship watching over this building without undertaking any other expedition [13].
Abū 'l-Muhājir Dīnār who succeeded him greatly disliked the idea of settling where 'Uqba b. Nāfi' had built. Various sources tell that he set fire to the foundations of his predecessor and moved the capital two miles further along the road to Tunis, to a region inhabited by the Berbers [14]. The new capital, of which the remains have recently been located, received the name Taqirwan [15]. The choice of this Berber-sounding name as well as the town's position were all part of a government programme begun by Abū 'l-Muhājir to encourage a policy of rapprochement with the indigenous leaders. This policy did not please the caliphate. 'Uqba took the road to Ifrīqiya again in 62/682, and his first action was to move the capital back to the site which he had already previously chosen. After this, Kairouan did not change its location again [16].
Several historical testimonies and the modern archeological excavations show that this place had formerly been occupied by Roman or Byzantine buildings, which, like many others in the period of the Muslim conquest, had fallen into ruins. As a result, the first buildings erected by the Islamic builders certainly benefited from the re-use of building materials from the abandoned on site. Various materials of greater or lesser importance can still be seen, not only in the monuments but also in modest dwellings [17].
There remains the question of the choice of the site. No-one suggests that this choice was unfortunate, but why should this unfavourable part of the plain have been chosen for the economic development of a great capital? Ibn Khaldūn sets the tone of the debate when he says he believes that the Arabs are poor town planners. To support his opinion he cites the examples of Basra, Kūfa and of Kairouan as badly chosen sites [18]. In fact, the site of Kairouan was not as badly chosen as one might think [19]. It should be remembered that an ancient town had prospered there because the site was not as barren when the town was founded as it subsequently became. Although there was no sudden change of climate, settlers accomplished a considerable transformation [20]. The soil was certainly rich, thanks to the "fertilising silt" of the Merguellil and the Zéroud rivers [21].
Therefore, all that really needed to be done was to resolve the problem of a water supply, a problem which had already been solved once by the Romans and was later solved again by the Arabs. A few miles south of the site chosen for the foundation of Kairouan they found a hydraulic construction system which they named Qasr al-Mā' (the water castle). This system was fed from an aqueduct which gathered the waters of the Mams rivers, 33 km to the west, today called Hanshīr Dwīmīs [22]. 'Uqba ibn Nafi' stopped there on his return to Damascus in 55/675, and afterwards the place became an assembly point for caravans heading east [23]. The Arabs lifted the region out of its ruined state and gave it back prosperity by pursuing and extending the irrigation policy of their predecessors. The wells and cisterns with which all the mosques and houses were provided, made an appreciable contribution to the great works for which the Aglabids are justly famed. Hence until the middle of the 5th/11th century, all the geographers boast of the fertility of that region. In short, the area chosen for the foundation of Kairouan, apart from the strategic advantages it offered, was amenable to development and to the provision of an economic infrastructure necessary for the development of a large town.
Figure 3: Extent of the Aghlabid kingdom in the Western Mediterranean and North Africa between 800 and 909. (Source).
Under the Aghlabids (800-909) Kairouan underwent considerable expansion and reached the zenith of its prosperity; its historical legacy dates from its Aghlabid period. The Aghlabid rulers vied with each other in endowing the city with rich monuments and multiplied the works of public utility. Ibrahim Ibn Ahmad (876-7) built a palace celebrated for the purity of its air, a castle around which grew up an important town with bazaars, baths, and large parks and gardens. The Aghlabids, most importantly, left great engineering works, such as the huge water storage basins, a number of aqueducts and bridges, various water works, and the complex sewage system [24]. One such remarkable work was the reservoirs, one of which al-Bakri describes:
These reservoirs are by far some of the most original ever to be erected, and by the lengthy account of them by the French historian Marcel Solignac they were done some justice [26]. In fact, Solignac corrects a great fallacy about these reservoirs. Because of their high aesthetics and remarkable engineering skills, and despite all evidence [27], they were attributed, like many other Islamic achievements, to both Phoenicians [28] and Romans [29], as if their sophisticated construction made them too advanced to be an Islamic achievement. Such erroneous views were adopted by a number of scholars until modern archaeological excavations and advanced studies proved the Islamic origin of such structures [30]. These reservoirs have two basins, one used for decantation, one as a reserve, and at times a third one for drawing water out of it [31]. As well as their impressive numbers, over two hundred and fifty in the region, such reservoirs also offer a great attraction in their form and structure. The Reservoir of the Aghlabids built in the 9th century by Abu Ibrahim Ahmed reveals that it was indeed a sort of temple of water which is still preserved in its majesty.
3. The Mosque of 'Uqba
One of the glories of Kairouan is the Great Mosque, also known as Jami' 'Uqba. The foundations of the mosque were laid dow sometime between 670 and 680 by 'Uqba ibn Nafi', the founder of the city [32]. It is the first mosque in the Maghrib, rebuilt several times and lavishly embellished over the course of centuries [33]. There is a very large and very instructive account on the building as well as of the city of Kairouan in the excellent study by Saladin dating from early in the 20th century [34]. The great mosque could rival the most famous monuments of the East [35]. And once more, it was under the Aghlabid that it witnessed its glory, the mosque being rebuilt by Zyadat Allah, who set up in the prayer hall the multitude of splendid columns, rich panelling of glazed tiles and ornamentations of sculptured wood [36].
The first mosque on the site was begun immediately after the Arab conquest and consisted of a square enclosure containing a courtyard and prayer hall or sanctuary. This first building was made of mud brick and had to be restored in 695. There was another major reconstruction in 724-43 when a minaret was added. The present minaret was added by the Aghlabids in 836. It is a giant three-tier structure built of baked bricks on a base of reused ashlar blocks. At present, the minaret stands on the north wall of the courtyard but in the 9th century it would have been outside the mosque courtyard in a manner similar to that of the contemporary Abbasid mosque of Samarra.
The mosque took its present form during the major rebuilding which took place under the Aghlabids, completed in 862. The present mosque enclosure forms a large rectangle measuring 125 by 85 m. The prayer hall is one third of the mosque area and comprises seventeen aisles perpendicular to the qibla wall, with another aisle parallel to the wall. Aghlabid modifications included the present mihrab (the niche), the dome in front of the mihrab and the minbar (pulpit). The mihrab niche is lined with perforated marble panels decorated with vegetal designs.
Figure 4: The Great Mosque of Kairouan, known as the Mosque of 'Uqba. Built by 'Uqba ibn Nafi' from 50 H/670 CE at the founding of the city, the mosque extends over a surface area of 9,000 square metres and is considered to be the oldest place of worship in the western Islamic world, as well as a model for all later mosques in the Maghrib. In addition to its spiritual prestige, the mosque is universally reputed as a masterpiece of both architecture and Islamic art. © Sacred Sites / Martin Gray. (Source).
Surrounding the mihrab are a series of polychrome lustre tiles which are believed to have been imported from Baghdad. The dome covering the area in front of the mihrab is built of stone and rests on a drum supported by large shell-shaped squinches. The dome has a gadrooned form which internally takes the form of thin radiating ribs. The interior of the drum is circular and decorated with a series of sixteen blind niches and eight arched windows. The minbar is the oldest in existence and consists of a high staircase with a series of intricately carved panels on the side, decorated with geometric and stylized vegetal designs. The present maqsura (a wooden enclosure near the mihrab) was added during 11th century restorations. Further restorations were carried out in 1294 when the arches of the arcades were remodelled and the projecting portal of Bab Lalla Rayhana was added [37].
4. Intellectual Life
Malik, who died in 795, considered Kairouan, together with Kufa and Medina, the three capitals of Muslim sciences and learning. Yahia Ibn Salam al-Basri (745-815) composed and taught there his tafsir (exegesis of the Qur'an); there also Asad Ibn al-Furat (759-828) made a synthesis of teachings of all his masters [38]. The city was a great centre of learning, where the study of Maliki law was particularly honoured; and it had celebrated professors like Asad b. Al-Furat, Ibn Rashid, and Sahnun (ca.777-854) [39]. But it was, once more, under the Aghlabids, in the early 9th century, that Kairouan became one of the main cultural centres of the Islamic world, attracting students from all parts, including Muslim Spain.
At the end of the 9th century, still under Aghlabid rule, a Bayt al-Hikmah (House of Wisdom) was established there rivalling its counterpart in Baghdad in the study of medicine, astronomy, engineering and translation [40]. As in the rest of the Muslim world, intellectual debate raged at Kairouan, mostly around religious and issues of jurisprudence [41]. Public education at Kairouan was developed and women actively participated in the pursuit of learning; scholars, reigning monarchs and men from all walks of life seem to have eagerly supported the library of their town's grand mosque [42]. Long before al-Tabari, Yahya b. Sallam al-Basri (741-815) was writing there and taught his Tafsir, which has been partially preserved. Just as at the Zaytuna, at Kairouan university, the Qur'an and jurisprudence were taught alongside grammar, mathematics, astronomy and medicine [43]. The study of medicine was well represented by Ziad ibn Khalfun, Ishaq ibn Imran and Ishaq ibn Sulayman. Their works were translated by Constantine the African in the 11th and were taught in Salerno, which subsequently became one of the first European universities, with a specialisation in the study of medicine.
The rich collection of manuscripts assembled in Kairouan mosque date from this period [44]. During his investigation at Kairouan Mosque, Shabuh unearthed a catalogue which was compiled in 693 AH /1293 CE, and which describes in detail the contents of the mosque library [45]. The Great Mosque has preserved some of the remnants of its great intellectual apogee and memory of its scholars through books and documents they wrote in their own hands, or that they assigned others to write [46].
Figure 5a-b: Two views of the Great Mosque of Kairouan: (a) Southern side of the courtyard; (b): 5b: Cupola above the main entrance of the prayer hall added in 863. (Source).
These documents, which included unique cultural data, formed part of the curriculum taught at the great mosque then. The collection in the ancient library of Kairouan is in large part written on parchment, and is the largest and best known collection in the Arab Islamic world [47]. The library, of course, contained a greater number of books on religion, jurisprudence and language, but it also included large numbers of scientific works. Abd al-Wahab located at the Kairouan Library (al-maktaba al-'atiqa) an Arabic translation of Tarikh al-'umam al-qadima (history of Ancient Nations), which was written by Saint Gerome sometime prior to his death in 420 [48]. Also, in the same mosque library. This scholar also states that the same mosque library holds works such as Pliny's text on botany which was translated from Latin [49].
A venerated sanctuary and capital of a powerful state, Kairouan was also a great commercial city; the shops of the merchants stood on either side of a covered street about two miles in length [50]. The city was greatly reputed for its carpets woven by its women on about a thousand handlooms [51]. The typical carpet of Kairouan was made of a large border formed of parallel stripes, each made of a highly geometrical repetitive floral pattern. Within this border is a large rectangle whose middle is occupied by a hexagon, the qamra, whose four angles release further motifs. The wools used for such carpets are dyed with natural colourings. The Kairouan carpet has remained, according to tradition, a product made solely by women's hands [52].
From Kairouan, the Aghlabids organised expeditions to expanded their territories in the islands of the Mediterranean islands, particularly towards Sicily. Ziyadat Allah I (817-38) pursued a policy that gained his kingdom the leading role in the geopolitics of the western Mediterranean [53]. In 827, a mounted expedition succeeded in establishing a long term foothold in Sicily [54]. From their base in Mazara, on the west coast, the Aghlabid force of ten thousand men moved forward. Palermo fell in 831, Messina in 843, Enna in 859; putting thus the island under their effective control. The expeditionary force was described by modern scholars as "an infinitely mixed lot of Arabs, Berbers, Spaniards and Sudanese [55]."
To emphasise the religious character of the endeavour, Ziyadat Allah appointed the reputed theologian of Kairouan Asad Ibn al-Furat as the supreme commander of the expeditionary forces [56].
[1] G. Iver, "Kairawan", Encyclopaedia of Islam, first series, vol. 4, pp. 646-9, and M. Talbi, "al-Kayrawān." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, vol. 4, p. 824 (Brill online, 06 January 2010).
[2] Al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-Mushtaq, quoted by M. al-Rammah, "The Ancient Library of Kairaouan and its Methods of Conservation", in The Conservation and Preservation of Islamic Manuscripts, Proceedings of the Third Conference of Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation, London, 1995, pp. 29-47; p. 29.
[3] J. Fontaine and P. Gresser, Le Guide de la Tunisie, Editions La Manufacture, Besançon, 1992, p. 52.
[4] On the foundation of Kairouan, see the informative account by John Anthony The Fourth Holy City, Saudi Aramco World, January/February 1967, pp. 30-36.
[5] Ibn Naji, Ma'alim al-iman fi ma'rifat ahl Qayrawan, Tunis 1320/1902, vol. 1, p. 30; reprinted Tunis, Librairie al-Atiqa, 1968.
[6] Ibn Abd al-Hakam, Kitab Futuh Misr wa-'l-Maghrib wa-'l-Andalus, partially edited and translated by A. Gateau, Algiers, 1948, p. 57. See the English translation by Torrey of a portion of this 9th century work covering the period: "The Muhammedan Conquest of Egypt and North Africa in the Years 643-705 A.D., translated from the Original Arabic of Ibn 'Abd-el Hakem'", Biblical and Semitic Studies vol. 1 (1901), 279-330.
[7] Abū al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Idhāri al-Marrākushi, Al-Bayan al-Mughrib fî akhbar muluk al-andalus wa-'l-maghrib, ed. Colin and Lévi-Provençal, Leiden 1948, vol. 1, p. 15 (reprinted Paris, Armand Colin, 1945-1960, 2 vols.)
[8] Abu-Bakr al-Maliki (d. ca 453-474/1061-1081), Riyadh al-Nufus fi tabaqat 'ulama' al-Qayrawan wa-Ifriqiya, edited by Husayn Mu'nis, Cairo, 1951, vol. 1, pp. 17-18; Ibn 'Idhārī, Al-Bayān, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 16; Ibn Nāji, Ma'ālim, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 39-40.
[9] Ibn Naji, Ma'ālim, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 41.
[10] M. Solignac, "Recherches sur les installations hydrauliques de Kairaouan et des steppes tunisiennes du VIIème au XIème siècle", Annales de l'Institut des Etudes Orientales, Algiers, X (1952), pp. 5-273.
[11] Abū 'l-'Arab, Tabaqat 'Ulama' Ifriqiya, edition and translation by Ben Cheneb, Paris, 1915, p. 67; al-Mālikī, Riyādh, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 18. Neither al-Bakrī nor al-Idrīsī cite it, and for Yāqūt (Mu'jam al-buldān, Beirut 1957, vol. 4, p. 333) al-Qarn was no more than a mountain in Ifrīqiya.
[12] Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam, Kitab futūh, op. cit., p. 65.
[13] Ibid, pp. 64-6; al-Mālikī, Riyādh, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 6-7, 19; Ibn 'Ishārī, Al-Bayān, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 19-20; Ibn Nāji, Ma'ālim, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 7-9.
[14] Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam, Futūh, op. cit., pp. 68-69; Ibn 'Ishārī, Al-Bayān, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 22; Ibn Nāji, Ma'ālim, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 42-3.
[15] Ibn Nāji, Ma'ālim, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 43.
[16] M. Talbi, "al-Kayrawān", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, vol. 4, op. cit.
[17] The Arabic sources plainly affirm that Kairouan was raised on the ruins of an ancient town named Qūniya or Qamūniya. There is no reason at all to doubt their suggestions, which are amply borne out by modern archaeological evidence. See Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam, Futūh, op. cit., pp. 58, 74; Al-Mālikī, Riyādh op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 12-21; Al-Bakrī, El-Bekri, Description de l'Afrique septentrionale [extrait de Description géographique du monde connu], éd. et trad. en français par William Mac Guckin de Slane, Alger, 1858-1859 (Journal asiatique, 12-14) ; nouv. éd. Paris, 1913 (online here); repr. Paris, 1965, pp. 52-53, 75; Yāqūt, Ibn Nāji, Ma'ālim, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 39-41.
[18] Ibn Khaldun, Les Prolégomènes d'Ebn Khaldoun, traduction française de W. M. de Slane, 3 vol., Paris, 1863, p. 647. Modern authors share this view (J. Despois, Kairouan. Origine et évolution d'une ancienne capitale musulmane, in Annales de Géographie, vol. 39, 1930, p. 161; P. Sebag, Kairouan, Zürich 1963, p. 16.
[19] M. Talbi, "al-Kayrawān", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, vol. 4, op. cit.
[20] Ibn 'Idhārī (Al-Bayān, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 20) states that 'Uqba ibn Nafi', to build the city, gave the order to deforest the area (an yaqta'ū al-shajar). In the 4th/10th century, Al-Bakrī reveals (Masālik, op. cit, 26/61) that the forest of olive-trees at Kairouan was sufficient by itself to furnish the town with all the wood it needed without suffering the least damage.
[21] J. Despois, "Kairouan: Origine et évolution d'une ancienne capitale musulmane", op. cit.
[22] M. Solignac, "Recherches sur les installations hydrauliques", op. cit.
[23] Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam, Futūh, op. cit., pp. 68-69; Abū 'l-'Arab, Tabaqāt, op. cit., p. 25; al-Mālikī, Riyādh, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 30, 69-70; Ibn Nāji, Ma'ālim, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 52, 147; Ibn 'Idhārī, Al-Bayāni, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 32, 44, 259.
[24] S. and N. Ronart: Concise encyclopaedia of Arabic civilization; The Arab West; Djambatan; Amsterdam; 1966. pp, 37-8.
[25] Al-Bakri quoted by G. Iver: Kairawan; op. cit., p. 647.
[26] M. Solignac, "Recherches sur les installations hydrauliques", op. cit.
[27] M. Shaw, Voyages de Shaw MD dans plusieurs provinces de la Barbarie et du Levant, 2 vols., La haye, 1743; vol. 2, pp. 257-9; E. Pelissier, Description de la Régence de Tunis: Exploration scientifique de l'Algérie pendant les années 1840-41-42, Paris, 1853, pp. 279-80.
[28] A. Daux, Recherches sur l'originalite et l'emplacement des emporia Pheniciennes dans le Zeugis et le Byzacium, Paris, 1849.
[29] H. Saladin, Enquêtes sur les installations hydrauliques romaines en Tunisie, published by Direction des Antiquites et Beaux Arts et La Régence de Tunisie, Tunis, 1890-1912; R. Thouvenot, "Les traveaux hydrauliques des Romains en Afrique du Nord", Réalités marocaines. Hydraulique, Eléctricité, Casablanca, 1951.
[30] M. Solignac, "Recherches sur les installations hydrauliques", op. cit.
[31] Ibid.
[32] H. Saladin, Tunis et Kairouan, Librairie Renouard, Paris, 1908. p. 100.
[33] S. and N. Ronart, Concise Encyclopaedia, op. cit., p. 368.
[34] H. Saladin, Tunis et Kairouan, op. cit., p. 98 ff.
[35] G. Iver, Kairawan, op. cit., p. 647.
[36] S. and N. Ronart, Concise Encyclopaedia, op. cit., pp. 37-8.
[37] Andrew Petersen, Dictionary of Islamic Architecture, Routledge, London and New York, 1996, pp. 235-236 (online here). The Kairouan great mosque is the subject of several studies: see Ahmad Fikri, L'art islamique de Tunisie: la Grande mosquée de Kairouan, Henri Laurens, Paris, 1934; Néji Djelloul, Kairouan: la Grande mosquée, Contraste, Sousse, 2000; Noureddine Harrazi, Chapiteaux de la Grande mosquée de Kairouan, 2 vols., Institut national d'archéologie et d'art, Tunis, 1982; Georges Marçais, Coupole et plafonds de la Grande mosquée de Kairouan, Tournier, Paris, 1925; G. Marçais, Les faïences à reflets métalliques de la Grande mosquée de Kairouan, Geuthner, Paris, 1928; Henri Saladin, La mosquée de Sidi Okba à Kairouan, Ernest Leroux, Paris, 1899; Paul Sebag, La Grande mosquée de Kairouan, Delpire, Paris, 1963.
[38] J. Fontaine and P. Gresser, Le Guide de la Tunisie, op. cit., p.309.
[39] G. Iver, Kairawan, op. cit., p. 647.
[40] M. Al-Rammah, "The Ancient Library", op. cit., p. 29.
[41] H. Djait et al., Histoire de la Tunisie: Le Moyen Age, Société Tunisienne de Difusion, Tunis, 1960.
[42] M.M. Sibai; Mosque Libraries: An Historical Study; Mansell Publishing Limited: London and New York: 1987, P. 58.
[43] H. Djait et al., Histoire de la Tunisie, op. cit., p. 378.
[44] S. and N. Ronart: Concise Encyclopaedia; op. cit., pp. 37-8.
[45] Ibrahim Shabuh, "Sijil qadim li-Maktabat Jami' al-Qayrawan" [Ancient catalogue of the library of Kairouan mosque], Majallat Ma'had al-Makhtutat al-'Arabiya, vol. 2 (November 1956), pp. 339-72. The article contains excellent photographs of original calligraphy and inscriptions.
[46] M. Al-Rammah, "The Ancient Library", op. cit., p. 31.
[47] Ibid.
[48] Hassan Husni Abd al-Wahab, "Bait al-Hikma al-Tunusi: Bahth tarikhi fi awwal mu'assasa 'ilmiya jami'iya fi al-bilad al-ifriqiya", Majallat Majma' al-Lugha al-Arabiya (Cairo), vol. 30 (1963-4), p. 128.
[49] H. Djait et al., Histoire, op. cit., p. 193.
[50] G. Iver, Kairawan, op. cit., p. 647.
[51] S. and N. Ronart, Concise Encyclopaedia, op. cit., p. 368.
[52] J. Fontaine and P. Gresser, Le Guide de la Tunisie, op. cit., p. 308.
[53] S. and N. Ronart, Concise Encyclopaedia, op. cit., p. 38.
[54] A. L. Udovitch, "Islamic Sicily", Dictionary of the Middle Ages, edited by J.R. Strayer, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1980-, vol. 11, p. 261.
[55] J. D. Breckenridge, "The two Sicilies", Islam and the Medieval West, edited by S. Feber, catalogue of exhibition: A Loan Exhibition at the University Art Gallery, State University of New York (April 6 - May 4, 1975), p. 43.
[56] S. and N. Ronart, Concise Encyclopaedia, op. cit., p. 38. For more information on the "Islamic Sicily", see the following articles published on www.MuslimHeritage.com: Sicily under Islamic Rule; Norman Sicily, start of the post Islamic period; The Role of Sicily in the transfer of Islamic Science to the West; Muslims in Norman Sicily.
by: FSTC Research Team, Fri 29 January, 2010
This study presents the theory of education in the philosophy of Ibn Sina, considered by ancient and modern scholars alike as the most famous of the Muslim philosophers. In his philosophical system, Ibn Sina outlined a complete theory of education and teaching. Departing from his view of the human being and of the relationship between the mental faculties and the body, and from a precise conception of knowledge and ethics, Ibn Sina's educational theory deals with the aims of education, the educational stages and the teaching methods for different classes of age, from infants to higher instruction of teeangers, with a focus on the teaching of girls. Al-Farabi's Doctrine of Education: Between Philosophy and Sociological Theory by: Professor Ammar al-Talbi Professor Ammar al-Talbi
Throughout the ages thinkers have raised the question of what the human being ought to learn in order to be in tune with his own epoch, to live intelligently in society, and to be a citizen bringing benefit both to himself and to the community; hence the importance of education. It is the aim of education which takes precedence, only then come the means to realize these aims. The following article aims at presenting the theory of education of the Muslim philosopher and scholar Abu Nasr al-Farabi within the framework of his philosophical system, an aspect of his work not frequently hit upon in the scholarship. Al-Ghazali's Theory of Education: Its Philosophy and Its Impact by: Nabil NofalAl-Ghazali (1058-1111) was one of the most influential Muslim thinkers. A jurist, logician, theologian, and philosopher, he was honoured in the history of Islam with title of Hujjatul-Islam (the Proof of Islam)." Among his numerous contributions to the renewal of the intellectual life of the 5th Islamic century, he developed a theory of education rooted in his philosophy and aiming at improving the objectives and principles of education. Based on a reflexion on the methods and knowledge of teaching, and detailing the relationships between scholars, teachers and pupils, his education concept had a notable influence inside and outside the Muslim world. Ibn Khaldun's Concept of Education in the 'Muqaddima' by: FSTC LimitedAt first sight, the place held by education in Ibn Khaldun's sociology appears uncertain to say the least. What today we understand by the term 'education'—the replication of individuals and groups, firstly at the level of values and secondly at that of knowledge and know-how—is found in the Muqaddima only in a scattered and incomplete fashion. More important, Ibn Khaldun makes no use of a general concept of education. This is all the more surprising as he accustoms us elsewhere to a systematic approach to the main phenomena of life in society. However, upon closer view we discover that this ambiguity and these lacunae in fact reflect the state of the Muslim system of education, and we are forced to admit that, in this field as in many others connected with the knowledge of Muslim society, Khaldun's contribution is the most complete at our disposal.