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Customer Ratings:
I tend to use 2-3 sheets to get all the excess oil off my face. Not really satisfied with these sheets. And they're way to thin, so they dont absorb as much oil.
they're pretty easy to use and i like the fact that you can buy samples. Paula's products are good for people with budgets aka me. But i usually use around 2-3 to get all the oil of my face. Thanks paula
Thanks God I didn't 'listen' to the reviews .. I love these oil-blotting papers. They are bigger than the Clean and Clear ones.. Get them and you'll see for yourself. Good price as well.
I have very oily skin and have been using the Clean & Clear oil wipes for a while now. When I saw these on here, I noticed they were very reasonably priced, so I added a pack of 100 to my order. When I got them I was a little disappointed. I don't think they are very conveniently packaged to just grab one and go, you have to open the package and try to grab just one with your fingers. They're a great size, but I need two or more to blot my face. I honestly like the Clean & Clear ones better.
My four teenagers (boy and girls) and myself use oil absorbing paper often in summer. We all love the size (wish something bigger but this is the biggest in the market) and the effectiveness. Clean and clear is $4 to $6 in my area, this one is $2.95 for same amount. So this is really good value. I always add this to the $50 minimum to get free shipping.
These blotting papers do work, however, it takes about 10 papers to completely blot the oil off my face. Even though Shisedo papers are expensive, I will stick with them because I can do my whole face with just 1 or 2 papers.
These blotting papers don't absorb any more oil than a sheet of plain toilet paper would. Yes, they are half the price as some other brands, but I find myself using 2-3 sheets every time, so there is no price difference in the end. I don't even have very oily skin. The packaging is mediocre as well. The sheets gets stuck to the adhesive that closes the package all the time, and they are so flimsy that they rip in half every time. I'd rather have these than nothing, but I've had MUCH better luck with the drugstore brands. Customer Care Response: Thank you for your review. Your comments and feedback will certainly be passed along to Paula and her Product Development Manager. Feel free to check out other options at Beautypedia and in the meantime contact customer care to offer you an in house credit for the product which may be used on a future purchase.
I've never used blotting papers before so I have nothing to compare them to. But I think these work great on blotting my T-zone (especially around my nose). I agree with others about the packaging though...not the best. Overall, I would repurchase.
I mean, the blotting papers work. BUT it might take a few sheets for them to work. I have dry skin but I do get oily sometimes. If I have to use 2-3 sheets at a time, I can't imagine how many sheets people with oily skin have to use. The sheets also rip ridiculously easily. That is beyond annoying. I don't want to be blotting my nose and have the sheet rip on me. But it has happened more times than one. It's a good thing these sheets weren't expensive. Customer Care Response: Thank you for the review. We are sorry to hear that this product did not work for you. We have left an in house credit for this product on your account which may be used on a future order. Feel free to check out: Beautypedia for other oil blotting papers you may try. Please contact customer care with any questions.
I have oily skin and am allergic to almost everything. So these are the perfect blotting papers because they don't have anything but paper. No powder or scent or anything added that can irritate my skin. I keep these on hand at all times!! It does take three or four papers to blot my face in the middle of the day. It leaves me with a clean, smooth feeling. I do not wear any foundation so I cannot speak to how they would affect that.
This comes along with my CLEAR anti-acne set for free, and I've used 3 packs already. I just use it since I get them for free, but I wouldn't pay for this product on my own. First off, packaging is awkward just like someone reviewed below. I am not fond of this securing strap, and it is hard to pull out desired amount of papers. While these papers might be handy for people with normal to a bit oily skin, it would be a huge waste for people with excessive amount of oil. I'd have to overlap 3-4 papers and use that all at once. And, I'd have to repeat the step maybe 5-6 times to completely remove oil on my face, which results wasting 15-24 papers per use. That's already 1/4 of one pack. If you have super oily skin, you'd be better off using plastic film type of oil blotter from other brand than paper blotter. 1 plastic film can absorb oil much more than paper blotter, which consequently will save your money and time. I will be oil-free using maybe 5 plastic films. Customer Care Response: Thank you for your comments, we will be sure to share your experience with the product to Paula and her Product Development Manager and suggest trying the Shine Stopper Instant Matte Finish which helps to absorb excess shine and oil for a few hours during the day and would be re-applied as needed. Please contact customer care with any questions.
So these papers seemed to blot ok, but they were on the small side and when I applied them to my nose it blotted the oil a little, but took my makeup with it! I was quite disappointed. Customer Care Response: Thank you for your review. We will certainly pass along your comments to Paula. Please contact customer care with any questions and feel free to check out Beautypedia for other options.
Let me preface this by saying I love Paula's products, especially the BHA. It's been a great product for my acne-prone oily skin. So I was very surprised and disappointed that these blotting papers were so terrible! They're too thin and not effective unless you use 3 or 4 at a time. I have oily skin and these papers are definitely not sufficient for my needs. For the price, I would much rather use Clean and Clear films. Heck, even the good ole toilet liner standbys would be better oil absorbers than this product. I'll be sticking to my tried and true Paula's Choice products. Customer Care Response: Thank you for your comments. We will be sure to share your experience with the product to Paula and her Product Development Manager. In the meantime we will credit you for the product and please contact customer care to use your credit toward a future phone order.
agree with the reviewer who said it's hard to differentiate blotting papers. i go by absorbency , price, and count. you get twice as many PC papers as other brands...and they are super absorbent. i really like these. will repurchase.
These blotting papers remind me of the ones by Boscia in terms of texture and size, though these sheets are thinner. They are okay for absorbing oil, but I much prefer the Sephora brand papers recommended on Beautypedia, even though they are pricier. One sheet of the Sephora brand absorbs as much oil as 2 of these sheets. I will not be repurchasing.
I ordered the refill pack three times and I like using them a couple of times a day to keep my make up intact. I wouldn't order the harder plastic case because I used to have one and it would always get dirty. These sheets are super thin , so it would cost money and effort to develop an easy to dispense case. No thanks. I dont want to pay extra for paper sheets, I have thumbs. These are just great if your expectations are realistic.
I ordered the oil blotter sheets last summer but when my order came I didn't see them in the box and threw the empty box away. I fianlly re-ordered them and got them today. I discovered they are in a flimsy, clear plastic thing. I was under the impression they came in a hard case or at least something to pull them out easier.... why else would you want refills? I love the size of the sheets but not the plastic wrap they are in. It's time consuming to get just one sheet out. Customer Care Response: We will pass along your feedback and comments to Paula. In the meantime we have refunded this product on your account. For other suggestions please visit: www.beautypedia.com
I like the size of the paper, it absorbs oil very well but I can buy a cheaper one outside. This is too expensive. I will not reorder again.
The papers work fine but the packaging is really awkward and the papers are hard to get out. The little sleeves they come in are also hard to put back into the case. Not really worth the money or the time. Customer Care Response: Thank you for your feedback. We will share your comments with Paula and her Product Development Team.
I used a friend's and they are large! Not only that, but they are cheaper than my Clean and Clear ones that are more money for only 50 sheets that aren't as big (if I re-call: I don't actually own this product). I wouldn't make an order specifically for these since I use blotting sheets so seldom, but to bring my order up to free shipping, a re-fill or new package of these is a great addition to my order. :) Besides, if I am going to use blotting sheets, why not use the best, and at the best price?
I liked these blotting papers better than others I've tried because the size of the sheets is larger than average, which I think makes them more convenient. However, I came back to buy a refill, only to realize that it costs more to buy 100 refill sheets than to buy a new package of 100 sheets with case included! This pricing scheme encourages waste, I will no longer be buying these.
As another reviewer has mentioned, the papers themselves are nothing special. Of course, when ordering this product I was completely expecting that. However, the reason I only gave this 3 stars is because I was disappointed by the packaging. I heard it came in a plastic case and I was basically expecting a nicer hard plastic case that I could slide the papers in and out of easily. However, this soft--sticky plastic case is annoying because the smaller packets inside always stick a bit which makes it occasionally difficult to remove.
No better than your average oil-blotting sheets that you can get at the drug store for almost the same price. There's nothing exactly that sets this product apart from all the others on the market. I love Paula, but I was hoping something an oil-absorbing blotting sheet that would last longer on eliminating oiliness and shine.Customer Care: Please call our Customer Service for assistance with finding a product that will work for you. Also, please note that we have a 60-day 100% Satisfaction Guarantee return policy.
I agree with one previous reviewer that as far as oil blotting papers go, there isn't much differentiation. However, these blotting papers are about twice the size of most and half the price! What's not to love? :)
I haven't found these particularly better or worse than other blotting papers I've tried. But I do like that you can just buy refills for the case, so it cuts down on waste.
What makes this product unique? These handy and discrete Oil Blotting Papers instantly absorb excess surface oil and leave your skin smooth and matte. These tissue-thin papers will not disturb your makeup nor will they add any powder to the skin.
Who is this product for? The Oil Blotting Papers are ideal for normal to oily/combination skin.
DIRECTIONS:Simply press the Oil Blotting Papers against shiny areas and the oil is immediately absorbed! Discard used papers.
Tip: For very oily skin, it helps to apply a light dusting of powder after using the papers.
Do the Oil-Blotting Papers contain powder?
Our Privacy Policy: We will not sell or share any of the information you provide.
*Promotion expires 9pm PT, January 7, 2014. No cash value, applies to all retail customers.
**Promotion expires 9pm PT, January 7, 2014. No cash value, applies to U.S. and Canada only.
***Promotion expires 9pm PT, January 7, 2014. Choose any 3 from 12 available FREE samples. Minimum $5 order.
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text: This is just one of the 4 that they have done so far. Love this. What a way to take up and coming artists and merge them with 17Cosmetics. VEry seamless and subtle. And it isn't the average ad length, it's the length of a song. —Sneaky. Gotta love it.

subset: commoncrawl


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What is Init.exe Error?
What causes Init.exe Error?
How to fix Init.exe Error?
While using windows computer, you may encounter Init.exe error messages on your computer. It is a very common error message that usually appears when you are trying to open an application. The Init.exe error message appears like this: (more…)


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Big Ten Championship
Big Ten Championship
Men's soccer captures 2013 Big Ten Championship
The No. 13 Penn State men's soccer defeated No. 19 Northwestern, 2-1, Sunday (Oct. 27) afternoon in dramatic fashion to earn the program's fifth Big Ten championship. Jordan Tyler (Rochester, Mich.) scored the game-tying and game-winning goal in overtime for the Nittany Lions.
Field hockey clinches share of Big Ten title
The Penn State field hockey program grabbed at least a share of the Big Ten regular season championship on Friday afternoon for the second-straight season, prevailing in a tough 2-1 road win over No. 19 Iowa. The win moves Penn State's Big Ten record to 5-0 on the year.
Penn State earns school-record 8th Big Ten Championship
On the heels of the women's outdoor track and field team earning its fourth Big Ten Championship in the last six years, Penn State athletic programs have won a school-record eight Big Ten titles, including a record seven regular season crowns, during a tremendous 2012-13 athletic season. Also, the Nittany Lions' 13 Big Ten titles is the most in the 2011-13 two-year span, leading all other conference schools.
Women's track and field wins Big Ten Outdoor Championship
Bolstered by event victories from redshirt-juniors Mahagony Jones (Cleveland, Ohio) and Evonne Britton (El Paso, Texas), the Nittany Lion women's track and field team captured top honors at the team standings Sunday (May 12) at the Big Ten Outdoor Championships at Ohio State University. The Nittany Lions totaled 133 points on their way to the program's fourth outdoor conference team title.
Nittany Lion wrestlers win third consecutive Big Ten Championship
The Penn State Nittany Lion wrestlers, ranked No. 1 throughout the year on Intermat's national TPI ranking, lived up to that billing once again, winning their third straight Big Ten Championship. Junior Ed Ruth (Harrisburg, Pa.) was named 2013 Big Ten Wrestlers of the Year and Sanderson won his third straight Big Ten Coach of the Year.
Lady Lions claim Big Ten title outright with win at Nebraska
Junior guard Maggie Lucas (Narberth, Pa.) ended the regular-season in style with a career-best eight three-pointers en route to 34 points as the No. 7/7 Penn State Lady Lions (24-4, 14-2 Big Ten) claimed the Big Ten regular-season title outright with an 82-67 win over No. 20/25 Nebraska (22-7, 12-4) Sunday (March 3).
Creese, Kidder and Loxsom post victories at Big Ten Championships
Paced by individual victories by sophomore Robby Creese (Mount Airy, Md.), freshman Brannon Kidder (Lancaster, Ohio), and senior Casimir Loxsom (New Haven, Conn.) the Nittany Lion men's squad placed third overall in a hotly contested race for the team title, Saturday (Feb. 23) at the Big Ten Indoor Track and Field Championships
Lady Lions clinch share of Big Ten title with win over Michigan
With 14,173 fans, including a record 621 breast cancer survivors, filling the Bryce Jordan Center, the No. 7/9 Penn State Lady Lions (23-3, 13-1 Big Ten) clinched a share of their second-straight and seventh overall Big Ten regular season title with a 68-57 victory over the Michigan Wolverines (19-8, 8-6) on Sunday afternoon.
Field hockey wins second consecutive Big Ten Tournament Championship
The No. 1 seeded Penn State field hockey team claimed its second consecutive Big Ten Tournament Championships Sunday afternoon with the 2-0 defeat of No. 3 seed Michigan. It is the sixth Championship Title for the Nittany Lions (17-3, 5-1 Big Ten), more than any other school in the history of the Big Ten. The Lions earn the Big Ten's automatic berth to the NCAA Championship Tournament.
Men's soccer wins share of Big Ten Championship
After a regular-season title race that lasted until the final weekend of conference clashes, Penn State men's soccer clinched a share of the Big Ten championship following Michigan's 1-0 victory over Michigan State Saturday (Nov. 3) night. Penn State (9-4-3, 3-1-2 B1G) shares the title with Northwestern (10-4-4, 3-1-2 B1G), as both the Nittany Lions and Wildcats finished with 3-1-2 ledgers in conference play, while the Nittany Lions edged out a 1-0 victory in double overtime against the Wildcats Oct. 21. With the tiebreaker advantage, Penn State enters the Big Ten tournament as the No. 1 seed and earns a first-round bye.
Field hockey wins Big Ten regular season championship
The No. 4 Penn State field hockey team captured its first Big Ten Title since 2008 and sixth in program history on Sunday afternoon, clinching the No. 1 seed in the Big Ten Tournament. The Nittany Lions (15-3, 5-1) secure an automatic spot in the semifinals on Friday, Nov. 2, with the first round beginning on Thursday, Nov. 1. The 2012 conference tournament will be hosted by the University of Iowa in Iowa City, Iowa. The tournament winner will earn the Big Ten's automatic berth to the NCAA Championship.
No. 4 women's soccer captures 15th straight Big Ten title
The fourth-ranked Penn State women's soccer team (15-2-1, 9-0-1) captured its 15th-straight Big Ten regular season title in a 1-1 draw against 17th-ranked Michigan on Sunday (Oct. 21). Despite being down late in the contest, senior Christine Nairn (Arnold, Md.) tied it up with five minutes to go in regulation on a penalty kick.
Nittany Lion wrestling wins second straight Big Ten Championship
The Penn State Nittany Lion wrestling team was simply dominating on Sunday (March 4), crowning three repeat champions in a perfect title match run and rolling to the team's second straight Big Ten Championship. Penn State was nearly perfect throughout the Sunday session and ran away from both Minnesota and Iowa in the team title race. Penn State has also qualified nine wrestlers for NCAAs with a 10th alive for an at-large bid. Three Nittany Lions -- Frank Molinaro, David Taylor and Ruth -- repeated as Big Ten champions with each posting bonus point victorie


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Roll up in style in this 1936 Chevy coupe with it's "Gambler" theme & custom mural work. This classic hot rod is no roll... More
According to the owner, this 1939 Chevy Master 35 Coupe is equipped with the following: 2001 LS-1 Complete Rebuild by Nickens Racing in Conroe New GM... More
1939 Chevrolet Master Deluxe Coupe, all steel, no rust, solid roadworthy, 350 w/350 Turbo automatic, aluminum radiator, Mustang II front suspension, Camaro rear with... More
This American Graffiti recreation is powered by a 350 ci V8 with 671 3" blower and 2 4bbl carburetors, as well as a manual... More
1971 Chevrolet Camaro RS/SS Pro-Touring VIN: 124871N554999, 454ci Red with Black Interior The 1971 Camaro was a continuation of the 1970 model that started production on January... More
A complete redesign from the 1939 Chevrolet, this Master Deluxe Business Coupe is the classic platform for the iconic American Hot Rod. As Chevrolet... More
NEVADA CAR DEALER 40339, VIN # 166375C122129 — For your consideration this 1965 Chevy Impala Resto-Mod with shimmering new Lime Green paint and a... More
Nevada Car Dealer 40229, Stock # HRC552 - This is your chance to own a rare 1955 Chevrolet 210 Two Door Station Wagon. This... More
This 1967 Chevrolet C10 custom has been frame off restored, solid body, straight body panels, 2" steel cowl hood. The finish has a high... More
1957 Chevrolet 2 Door Sedan. Rotisserie restored in elegant black with 1957 Belair "Cloud Material" using silver mylar welt and Red Rave Ultraleather by Ciadella... More
Chevy 1954 5-window, 350 Chevy V8, Camaro front clip, 4-wheel power disc brakes, power steering, tilt column, power windows, power driver's seat, Vintage heat... More
1940 Chevy 2 door sedan. One of the prettiest body styles of the 40's era. This original has had a newer Chevy drive train... More
Chevy 1928 blown sedan, chopped top, 8-cyl 355 671 blower, rebuilt 350 auto trans, a cruiser, rack & pinion steering, nice inside and out,... More
A Slate Grey Metallic 1967 Chevy Chevelle SS that is ready to Rock and Roll is now for sale in Michigan.! Freshly updated and always... More


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All content © 2002-2013 Mikula Web Solutions, Inc. (Bucks County Website Design Company); all rights reserved. This website is a member of BucksCountyAlive.com (page list).


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Search results for : | hayabusa below |
The Mutineers
A place where shit-talking is not only allowed, but encouraged, promoted and praised.
motorcycle, mutineers, forum, houston, cars, trucks, ford, f250, bike, suzuki, yamaha, ducati, agusta, honda, kawasaki, buell, binelli, guzzi, pirate, pirates, ninja, ninjas, 1000, hayabusa, zx14, texas, ride
Topics linked your research : | hayabusa below |
Ryu Hayabusa second version 1+2
Ryu Hayabusa 0.12 by chuchoryu, sprites by G.M.Spectre, edited by me (Second Version) --------------------- This time I make this character Ryu Hayabusa from Ninja Gaiden NES series long time ago I make this character but I release in anime forum, now i
Hayabusa and Calypso
http://community.us.playstation.com/t5/PlayStation-All-Stars-Battle/Ryu-Hayabusa-and-Calypso-Confirmed-as-May-DLC/td-p/40009809 HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA Fake.
Ryu Hayabusa (beta)(snes) by YoungSamurai5 and Xero (sprites by Gm Spectre)
removed the link for this character as he needs alot of work but there will be an updated version of this character soon, with a bunch of fixes in the future
Mis chars "SIN VOZ"
ok necesito algo muy importante nesecito saber donde sacaria las voces de ryu hayabusa del ninja gaiden en sus cuatro colores para este porfavor a y se los dejo sin voz como prueba 4shared.com /file/aOmDq1Pp/hayabusa.html eso es todo espero mi
Ryu Hayabusa from NES conversion
Ryu Hayabusa 0.9 by chuchoryu, sprites by G.M.Spectre --------------------- This time I make this character Ryu Hayabusa from Ninja Gaiden NES series, long time ago I make this character but I no release, now is avaliable in Mugen Multiverse, I work in
Potential Challengers Sora v Ryu Hayabusa!
Death progresses to round 3 which is either a quarter or semi final. depends on how i work it. Snake Kat and Death are the ones already there. now for Sora and Ryu. in terms of athleticism and strength and speed they would be equal. (Soras blade is
Strider Hiryu vs Ryu Hayabusa
They are using their Cypher and Dragon Sword respectively. Ryu has nimpo (Spelling?) and Strider has something similar with a fire attack. He also has legions with cyber birds and tigers.


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The Coffee Route from Yemen to London 10th-17th Centuries
FSTC Research Team*
1 | 2 | Next
Table of contents
Note of the editor
A first version of this article was published on www.MuslimHeritage.com in June 2003 by Dr Rabah Saoud. The present version was revised and expanded by FSTC Research Team, and new illustrations were added.
1. Introduction
Much of the writing about the history of coffee highlights the wide differences in opinion concerning how and when coffee was discovered. Historians have failed to reach a consensus and it is still difficult to establish a credible date. The earliest manuscripts known to study the history of coffee were of Muslim origin, dating from the 15th century. As we shall see, these works provided a comprehensive amount of information about the social nature of this beverage as well as the process of its spread to various parts of the Muslim world, an event that took place during the century when these books were produced. In relation to its first discovery, however, there are some considerable gaps as these manuscripts relied on their contemporary eyewitnesses who did not go back beyond a few generations in tracing its historical chronology. Because of this, historians who followed these manuscripts argued for the late introduction of coffee into the Muslim world. Hattox [1], for example, put it in the15th century. Quoting these Arabic sources, he claimed that Yemeni Muslims brought it from Ethiopia around the 1400s.
As we shall see below, other testimonies, such as those of Al-Razi and Ibn Sina, let us conclude that coffee was known, at least in medical circles, as early as the beginning of the 10th century.
2. Early Muslim sources
In one account provided by Fakhr al-Din Abu Bakr Ibn Abi Yazid Al-Makki [2], he referred to a group of Sufis under the name of Shadhilya order who used to make Al-Qahwa from Kafta using the leaves of Al-Gat, a stimulating plant well known in Arabia. Due to sudden shortages of Al-Gat in Aden, Sheikh al-Dhabhani (d. 1470-71) instructed his followers to use bunn, coffee beans, instead [3]. However, this does not necessarily prove that the first use of coffee in Yemen was in the 15th century. Coffee could have been known before, but substituted for the Al-Gat on that particular occasion.
Large image
Figure 1: Geographical distribution of production for the different kinds of coffees (r : robusta, a : arabica, m : robusta & arabica). (Source).
Hattox provided other Arabic sources, which he claims set the introduction of coffee to the mid-15th century at the earliest [4]. This theory echoed that of John Ellis [5] (1774) who quoted Ibn Shihab al-Din (15th century), attributing the first introduction of coffee drinking into Yemen to Jamal Al-Din, the Mufti of Aden, who was nearly his contemporary. During one of his travels to Persia, Jamal Al-Din saw some of his countrymen drinking coffee. At the time, he did not pay much attention but on his return to Aden, he fell ill and decided to try it to see whether it would improve his condition. On so doing, not only recover his health, but perceived other useful qualities. These included relieving headache, enlivening the spirits, and preventing drowsiness. Consequently, he recommended the drink to his fellow Sufis to enable them to pass the night in prayer. The example and authority of the Mufti established the reputation of coffee, spreading it throughout the population and slowly replacing the Al-Gat drink.
The Turkish sources, however, provide earlier dating. Brisel in his Kahvaler Kitab [6] put the first discovery of coffee to 1258. His account refers to a certain Sheikh named Omar who discovered it accidentally through hunger, which made him eat the beans. There is a circumstantial evidence which endorses the Turkish view and suggests that coffee was indeed known to the Muslims long before the 15th century. The presence of ceramic and silver pots and ewer shapes, that can only refer to the presence of coffee, were established in the Islamic world, since the 13th and 14th centuries [7].
There is further evidence which indicates that coffee was known to Muslims even before Brisel's date of 1258. We know that the scholar and physician Ibn Sina (Avicenna) administered coffee as a medicine around the first millennium. There is a reference and a description of its medical effect in his Al-Qanun fi al-tib in which he described coffee as "a material that comes from the Yemen. It is said that it is produced from the roots of the Thorn Aegiptia which drops at maturation. The better type is yellow and light, of good smell. The white and heavy one is instead bad. It revives the body, cleans the skin, and dries up the humidities that are under it, and gives an excellent smell to all the body." The quote clearly established the presence of coffee in Yemen, at least, sometime in the 10th century. Before him, the early 10th-century known physician Al-Razi (Rhazes) also mentioned some medical properties of coffee. However, both authors used the name bunn, the Arabic contraction of the Ethiopian name for coffee.
Figure 2: World map based on coffee importation by country in 2006, showing gross imports. Some countries re-export significant portions of their coffee imported. Based on the statistics of the International Coffee Organization: see here and here (Source).
The English word "coffee," however, comes from the Turkish kahveh, which in turn stems from the Arabic qahwah. But in classical Arabic, coffee is called bunn, a word which in modern Arabic refers only to the bean itself. This is the term used by Al-Razi, who is credited with the first written description of the medicinal properties of coffee. He refers to the bean and the tree as bunn and to the drink as bunchum—which, he adds, is good for the stomach. Shortly after him, around 1000, Ibn Sina also mentioned the value of bunchum, claiming that coffee fortifies the members, cleans the skin and gives an excellent smell to all the body [8].
Ukers [9] brought the discovery of coffee back to year 750 CE when an Arab shepherd, named Khalid, living in Ethiopia observed the behavioural changes on his goats on eating from a particular bush. That bush became known as the coffee tree. This story is widely repeated and accepted by most historians.
From the above, it appears clear that coffee was discovered by the Muslims sometime around the 10th century. It was first used and cultivated in Yemen. Instead of eating the beans, the Yemenis boiled them, creating the famous drink of Al-Qahwa. There is also consensus that the first users of coffee were the Sufis who used it as a stimulant to stay awake during late night Dhikr (remembrance of God). Coffee spread to the rest of the Muslims of Yemen and eventually to all the Muslim world via travellers, pilgrims and traders. It reached Makkah and Turkey sometime in the late 15th century.
It is reported by Abd-Al-Qadir Al-Jaziri [10] (around 1558) in his book 'Umdat Al-Safwa, Argument in Favor of the Legitimate Use of Coffee, a manuscript produced sometime before 1587, from Fakhr al-Din Abu Bakr Ibn Abi Yazid Al-Makki who maintained that al-Qahwa did not reach Makkah until the end of the 9th century of Hijra (15th century CE). He later provided another source, which gave details on how coffee reached Cairo. Ibn Abd Al-Ghaffar reported that in the first decade of the tenth Hijri century (middle of the 16th century CE), coffee was brought to the Yemeni students of the Alzhar Medrassa who used it to boost their performance in various Dhikr circles [11]. From Al-Azhar, coffee soon entered the streets, shops and houses of Cairo. By early 15th century CE (in 1453), coffee reached Turkey with the first coffee shop, Kiva Han, opening in Istanbul in 1475.
The text of Al-Jaziri was written in response to a religious debate over the merits and legality, under Islamic law, of the beverage that was sweeping Ottoman society. It is the oldest existing document about the history, preparation, use, virtues, and benefits of coffee drinking. Once coffee had become established in Makkah and Madinah, it wasn't long before pilgrims and traders disseminated it to the far corners of the Islamic world. From there, coffee also came to Europe in the 17th century through Venice, Marseilles, Amsterdam, London and Vienna.
Figure 3: Table of top ten countries producing green coffee in 2006 (by millions of metric tons). Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO). (Source).
As a result, Yemen's coffee export business boomed during the first Ottoman presence between 1536 and 1636. As the beverage gained popularity, the port of Al-Mukha enjoyed an increasingly powerful monopoly as the world's only source of bunn until the 18th century.
In addition to dating the first Muslim use of coffee, much of the writing about coffee in the West has highlighted the controversy of coffee and coffee-houses in the lands of Islam, claiming that Islam condemned the use of coffee due to its addiction. It is true that coffee-houses were disliked because of the wasteful and playful nature of its activity, especially in places where it was associated with female singers and dancers and the like. But the social controversies about them did not prevent the steady and continuous spread of coffee-houses through the urban centers.
3. Coffee in Turkey and the Balkans
The famous Turkish coffee is prepared by boiling finely powdered roast coffee beans in a pot (cezve), possibly with sugar, and serving it into a cup, where the dregs settle. The name describes the method of preparation, not the raw material. Turkish coffee is common throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Caucasus, and the Balkans. It is also served by the Turkish, Balkan, and Middle Eastern expatriate communities in the rest of the world. Coffeehouse culture was highly developed in the Ottoman world to the point that coffeehouses have become a distinct and prominent trait of the social culture. Coffee has affected Turkish culture so much that the Turkish word for breakfast, kahvalti literally means "before coffee", while the Turkish word for brown is kahverengi, (the color of coffee) [12].
An English traveler by the name of Charles Mac Farlane, who had witnessed some of the most tumultuous years of early Ottoman efforts to reform during the reign of Mahmud II in Istanbul, made many insightful observations about the cultural texture of an urban life that was undergoing a metamorphosis. Charles Mac Farlane has completed his travel guide with these words; "The Turks cannot live without coffee."
This conclusion by an orientalist pen made a reference to the social habits generated by the widespread of the consumption of coffee in coffehouses through the cities of the Ottoman empire. The circles of chatting people arrayed around a coffee brazier shaped new philosophies of life that were woven jointly by those who had been captivated by the pleasure imparted by this mystical beverage. From there, they formed a network of cultural dissemination that became increasingly more comprehensive, resulting in the launching of a process of socialization that encompassed all elements of society.
Figure 4: Illustration of Coffea arabica plant and seeds in Kohler's Medicinal Plants: Franz Eugen Köhler, Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit kurz erläuterndem: Atlas zur Pharmacopoea… (Gera-Untermhaus, 1883-1914). (Source).
By bringing together the diverse elements of society –government officials, tradesmen and artisans, the pious and the profane– out of their own closed circles and into the common ground of the coffeehouse, coffee mediated the development of a social design to which everyone could contribute his own knowledge and experience. In that respect, the habit that coffee created in the Islamic world may be said to have laid the foundations of a new civil model that was based on socialization [13].
Istanbul was introduced to coffee in 1543, during the reign of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent by Özdemir Pasha, the Ottoman Governor of Yemen, who had grown to love the drink while stationed in that country. In the Ottoman palace a new method of drinking coffee was discovered: the beans were roasted over a fire, ground and then boiled in water. With its new brewing method and aroma, coffee's reputation soon spread even further afield.
Coffee soon became a vital part of palace cuisine and was very popular in court. The position of Chief Coffee Maker (kahvecibasi) was added to the roster of court functionaries. The Chief Coffee Maker's duty was to brew the Sultan's or his patron's coffee, and was chosen for his loyalty and ability to keep secrets. The annals of Ottoman history record a number of Chief Coffee Makers who rose through the ranks to become Grand Viziers to the Sultan.
Coffee soon spread from the palace to grand mansions, and from grand mansions to the homes of the public. The people of Istanbul quickly became enamored with the beverage. Green coffee beans were purchased and then roasted at home on pans. The beans were then ground in mortars and brewed in coffeepots known as cezve.
Most of the general public became acquainted with coffee through the establishment of coffeehouses. The first coffeehouse (named Kiva Han) opened in the district of Tahtakale and others rapidly cropped up all over the city. Coffeehouses and coffee culture soon became an integral part of Istanbul social culture. People came there throughout the day to read books and beautiful texts, play chess and backgammon and discuss poetry and literature. Thanks to the efforts of merchants and travelers who passed through Istanbul, Turkish Coffee soon spread to Europe and ultimately to the whole world [14].
Figure 5: A 16th-century manuscript showing a coffee-house with men drinking coffee. Reproduced in part in 1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in Our World, editor in chief Prof. Salim T. S. Al-Hassani (Manchester, FSTC, 2006, p. 13).
The Ottoman chronicler İbrahim Peçevi reports the opening of the first coffeehouse in Istanbul: "Until the year 962 (1554-55), in the High, God-Guarded city of Constantinople, as well as in Ottoman lands generally, coffee and coffeehouses did not exist. About that year, a fellow called Hâkem (Hakam) from Aleppo and a wag called Sems (Shams) from Damascus, came to the city: they each opened a large shop in the district called Tahtakale, and began to purvey coffee [15]."
In the Middle East, Turkish coffee until recently has been called simply 'coffee' in the local language. In Turkey "kahve" was assumed to be Turkish coffee until instant coffee was introduced in the 1980s. Today, younger generations refer to it as Türk kahvesi (Turkish coffee). In many languages, the term "Turkish" coffee has been replaced by the local variant name (for example in "Armenian Coffee" (haykakan surj), "Greek coffee" (ellinikós kafés), and "Cypriot coffee" (kypriakós kafés), or dropped altogether. The words for "coffee" and "coffee shop" remained unchanged in Greek as in the other Balkan languages, using the Ottoman Turkish forms kahve and kahvehane: such as in Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovenian, Romanian, Greek, and Albanian.
In the Arab world, "Turkish" coffee is the most common kind of coffee. It is called Arabic coffee (qahwa 'arabiyah) or Shami (Levantine) coffee. Only occasionally will Arabs refer to Turkish coffee as being from their native country, so constructions such as "Egyptian coffee," "Lebanese coffee," "Iraqi coffee," and the like are heard to draw a distinction in the flavor, preparation, or presentation of two different kinds of Turkish coffee; for instance, an Egyptian using the term qahwa Arabiya as distinct from qahwa Masriya would be distinguishing the Levantine from the Egyptian style of Turkish coffee.
Similarly, in all the regions which were under the Ottoman and Turkish influence in the past centuries, the name of local coffee preparations reflect until today the trace of this Turkish impact. In Cyprus, local coffee is called Cypriot Coffee (kypriakós kafés); it is served either unsweetened, medium sweet, or very sweet. In Armenia, Turkish coffee is called (sourj coffee) or (haykakan sourj, Armenian coffee). In Romania, Turkish coffee is called 'cafea turceasca', 'cafea caimac' or 'cafea la ibric'. The pot is called 'ibric', and in Dobrogea it is made in a copper kettle filled with sand - this kind of coffee is called 'cafea la nisip'.
Figure 6: Miniature of a portable coffee stall dated to 1582, taken from Sürname-i Hümayun (Imperial Festival Book), where the artisans of the coffee maker/seller participating in the festival procession were depicted in great detail. Source: Nurhan Atasoy, 1582 Surname-i Hümayun: Dügün Kitabi, (Istanbul: Koçbank, 1997).
But it is in the habits and languages of the Muslim communities of the Balkans that we find a stronger influence. In Bosnia-Herzegovina, Turkish coffee is also called "Bosnian coffee", which is made slightly differently than its Turkish predecessor. It is usually made with Bosnian coffee brands (including Zlatna Džezva, Minas, and Saraj Kafa). Coffee drinking in Bosnia is a traditional daily custom and plays an important role in society, especially during social gatherings.
In Croatia, it is called turska kava, i.e. "Turkish coffee". Otherwise, it is known as simply kava, unless when referred to in cafes, in order to avoid confusion with other types of coffee drinks. In Albania this is known as Turkish coffee (Kafe Turke) and it is a very popular drink even though lately it has lost some of its appeal on the young who prefer Italian style espressos. This coffee constitutes an essential element of the Albanian social scene. In the Republic of Macedonia, it is called more plainly Tursko kafe, otherwise, it is known as simply ?ursko.
Turška kava is the name for Turkish coffee in Slovenia. Otherwise, it is known as simply kava, unless when referred to in cafes, in order to avoid confusion with other types of coffee drinks. Especially strong coffee (without sugar and milk) is often referred to as crna kava (black coffee) [16].
[1] Hattox, R.S. (1988), Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a Social Beverage in the Medieval Near East, Seattle and London: University of Washington Press.
[2] 'Abd al-Hayy ibn Ahmad ibn al-'Imad (1623-1679), Shadharat al-dhahab fi akhbar man dhahab li-'l-mu'arrikh Abi al-Fallah, Cairo: Maktabat al-Quds, 1931, vol. 8, p. 40 (cited in Hattox 1988, op. cit.)
[3] Hattox, op. cit, p. 18.
[4] See ibid, chapter 2, pp. 11-28.
[5] Ellis, John (1774), An Historical Account of Coffee with an Engraving, and Botanical Description of the Tree : To Which Are Added Sundry Papers Relative to Its Culture and Use, as an Article of Diet and of Commerce, Printed for Edward and Charles Dilly, London.
[6] Salâh Birsel (1975), Kahveler kitab, Koza Yaynlar, Istanbul. The translation of some parts of this work is credited to Coskun Yorulmaz.
[7] J. Sweetman (1987), The Oriental Obsession: Islamic Inspiration in British and American Art, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, coll. "Cambridge studies in the history of art".
[8] See Al-Razi, Manafi' al-Aghdhiya, Al-Dar Al-ahliya li-'l-'ulum, Beirut, 1982, p. 74; and Eric Hansen, Yemen's Well-Travelled Bean, Saudi Aramco World, September/October 1997, pp. 2-9.
[9] William H. Ukers (1935), All About Coffee, The Tea & Coffee Trade Journal Company, New York, 2nd edition.
[10] Abd-al-Qadir ibn Muhammed al-Ansari al-Jaziri al-Hanbali (ca. 1558), 'Umdat al-Safwa fi hill al-qahwa, 1826 ed. by A.I.S. De Sacy, Chrestomathie arabe, Paris, 3 vols., 2nd edition. Al-Jaziri's manuscript work is of considerable interest with regards to the history of coffee in Europe as well. A copy reached the French royal library, where it was translated in part by Antoine Galland as De l'origine et du progrès du Café (Paris, 1699; recently reissued (Paris: Editions La Bibliothèque, 1992). See also Dufour, Traitez nouveaux et curieux du café, du thé et du chocolat (Lyon, 1684).
[11] Ibid, vol. 1, pp. 147-48.
[12] [Wikipedia], Turkish coffee (accessed 7 July 2010).
[13] See Social History of Turkish Coffee (accessed 7 July 2010).
[14] [Turkishcoffeeworld.com], History of coffee (accessed 7 July 2010). For a detailed study of the coffehouse in Turkey, and especially in Istanbul, see Ahmet Yasar, The Coffeehouses in Early Modern Istanbul: Public Space, Sociability and Surveillance. Thesis submitted to the Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History, Boǧaziçi University, Istanbul, 2003. [Abstract: This thesis aims at examining the urban experience in a manner of the use of public space and the surveillance over it within the context of early modern Istanbul. Particularly, it focuses on the coffeehouse as a new public space in urban scene and as a site for the theatrical forms of sociability, and also as a confrontation zone between the authority and subjects. It argues that the coffeehouse created a viable public domain for adult-male, by its heterogeneous clientele, theatrical types of expression, political lampooning, and popular political discourse].
[15] Quoted in Cemal Kafadar, "A History of Coffee", Economic History Congress XIII (Buenos Aires, 2002).
[16] Adapted from [Wikipedia], Turkish coffee, op. cit. For other resources on Turkish coffee and the Ottoman history of coffee, see: Turkish Coffee - A Historical Background; Turkish Coffee Articles about its History & Culture; Coffee's Historical Journey - Kurukahveci Mehmet Efendi; Social History of Turkish Coffee; From Mythology to History – Turkish Coffee. See also Turkish Coffee during Ottoman Empire Era where you can learn more about the history of coffee during the Ottoman Empire Era, and Turkish Coffee Dictionary, an ongoing project developed with the aim of creating the first and largest Turkish Coffee Dictionary online.
by: FSTC Limited, Mon 11 October, 2010


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Leak Detection in Southampton
As Southampton's and the UK's leading Leak Detection company we find hidden water leaks quickly and cost effectively in any domestic and commercial pipe work and heating system.
We have found leaks that other companies have failed to find. We pride ourselves on being 'The Best' in the industry, Leak Detection Specialists has a 99% success rate in locating leaks due to our engineers using more than one method of detection to confirm and accurately identify your water leak.
We have experienced engineers waiting to help you in Southampton today with:
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- All domestic, Commercial and Industrial leaks
Our highly experienced leak detection engineers will use the latest 'state of the art' equipment to accurately find your water leak which means minimal disruption and damage to your property. Our engineers are fully trained and qualified in leak detection and have at least 20 years experience in Leak Detection.
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We find any non-visible, hidden or buried leakage on any pipe or vessel carrying water, gas, oil, food stuffs or anything for that matter!
Leak Detection Specialists have skilled engineers all over the country enabling us to provide a fast response any where in Southampton.
If there is a leak, we will find it. We will save you money, time and unnecessary stress.
or contact us on the form below:


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Advanced Certificate in Literacy Leadership Coach
The Advanced Certificate Literacy Leadership Coach is a 15-credit certificate. The certificate enables literacy/reading specialists to acquire the skills to lend sustained instructional support to teachers and district leaders on a one-to-one basis, in small groups, by grade level, by department or by skills level. By developing skills in demonstration, observation, and engaged conversations, the literacy coach will assist teachers to improve literacy instruction for all students through research-based practices. This certificate will also provide the candidate with the ability to use data-driven, evidence-based information to identify problems and make appropriate educational decisions to improve literacy learning especially for English Language, special needs and academically struggling learners.
Program Benefits:
The career objectives of the Advanced Certificate include the opportunity for educators to become literacy coaches, researchers, school building leaders, literacy advocates, and professors in higher education literacy programs.
15-Credit Program
Download the program planning sheet
This certificate is for those who have a Master's Degree in Literacy.
Courses can be applied to the Ph.D. in Literacy Program
This Advanced Certificate does not have a certification by the State as yet, but it is registered with New York State as a recognized certificate. A certificate of completion will be provided by St. John's University.
Admission Requirements:
What You Need To Know:
Application Procedure: Students not currently enrolled at St. John's University can request an application and information about the program at each of our four campuses.


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Case study for Microloan's Pennies For Life Campaign by DLKW Lowe.
The average charity donor is unlikely to get a thank-you note that is broadcast to hundreds of people within seconds. But that's what happened to people giving money to the MicroLoan Foundation at a west London shopping centre in February. This case video shows how it was done. The messages were part of DLKW Lowe's Pennies for Life campaign for the charity, on a digital advertising billboard at Westfield Shopping Centre, which was intended to raise awareness of the charity.
This won a Gold in Mobile in Cannes Lions 2012.


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Part of my "designed with kids and adults in mind!" series.
Part of my "designed with kids and adults in mind!" series.
he's so stylish!!
i'd like it better without the extra argyle behind him
my favorite of this mini-series!
my fav too!
houbdstooth, argyle, tweed. lol
Lovely pattern:)
Argyle Crocodyle, perhaps? I think that works better.
Love it, and all the others in the series,
Great idea here. Fun for people of all age sizes! 4$
This is indeed something I would rock. $5 $$$
i will preemptively buy one in every size for my future kids. this would look 100% adorable on a kids shirt!
love the colors, love argyle.. I would like it more if the pattern contoured to the gator though.
nice take!
artie the strongest alligator in the world!
p.s. you got skillz
Great use of pattern!
hes got a great facial expression.
this is my favorite one of the series! $5
yay! I love this one! $5
I don't know if there are a lot of great designs recently or if I just took a nice pill by accident! Another $5 today -- I'm going to be broke if they print them all!!
Yes, yes, without the extra argyle behind it's perfect!
cool! reminds me of the 80's...a little alligator, a little argyle
very nice!
cool! but there isn't a very similar one with a nerd bird? or maybe it's the same designer?
I love the alligators facial expression
Remove the extra argyle behind him.
sexxy. 5
nicely done
Stylish :D
the croc alone woulda taken the cake...... nice job though.
Very cool! I like this a lot.
Funny, but the design is too big for the shirt!


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JACKSONVILLE, Fla.-- Action News has learned the mayor announced he is changing his decision to turn off thousands of Jacksonville's streetlights.
Mayor Alvin Brown originally shut them off to save money. Now, he's found the cash to keep them on. During the tight budget cuts last year, the mayor decided they could save $300,000 by turning off more than 2,000 streetlights across the city. Local businesses were upset. They sent letters saying Jacksonville would lose big business. On Friday, the mayor responded.
Action News obtained a letter the mayor sent to one of the concerned groups. "It's about making sure we invest taxpayers money wisely and get a return on investment," said Mayor Brown.
The mayor says he doesn't want to turn businesses away. "I want to make sure we're working with the business community. It's a tough economy and I want to forge public-private partnerships," said Mayor Brown.
City council will have to vote to approve turning these lights back on. They'll be looking at the mayor's plan early next month. We're told the money to do this came from savings in the last fiscal year. The mayor says he's also working with JEA to look at whether LED lights could replace more expensive photo cell bulbs and save money.


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Inclass Glitch Art Workshop
Glitch art is an experimental type of art where digital or analog errors are intentionally made by either corrupting digital code/data or by physically manipulating electronic devices. The term is thought to derive from the German glitschig, meaning 'slippery.'
In our inclass workshop, we manipulated a scanner to create glitch art from typography. We also filmed short videos using datamoshing.
What movement of your paper on the scanner produced the best result?
What other experimental glitch art techniques have you tried?
Why is glitch art an important experimental tool?


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2012 Gallery Events
Thanks for having a look at my Galleries.
I cover most of the races each day and usually take about 2000 pictures at each race meeting. I may have others of you that you are not on the website. If you would like to see previews of other pictures then use the contact page to email me and please give as much info as possible to make it quicker for me to identify you and get back to you with previews. Many thanks and remember if you dont see yourself on the website I will still have pictures of you, its just impossible to put everyone up.


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BA Entrepreneurship Fact Sheet
Entrepreneurship requires innovation and individuality. At GSU the Bachelor of Arts in Entrepreneurship degree encourages students to use their interests and ideas to provide focus to their studies. This degree provides students with the training and tools, as well as the guidance and direction, needed to pursue personal entrepreneurial ventures and goals. Because entrepreneurial behavior is unique to each individual, GSU offers a degree of individualization and independence throughout the academic process. Students will apply the knowledge gained in class to their own personalized entrepreneurship plan. This enables students to build the foundation for their own venture, from the ground up, in a guided, supportive environment.
Community College Transfer Information
Note: This is a new program as of fall 2012. New degree programs must be in effect for at least two years and have graduates before ACBSP accreditation will be granted


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(BPT) - For many parents, slipping grades and missed assignments can be sure signs that their child is in need of help academically. And whether your child needs assistance to get up to speed with the rest of the class or is looking for help to get ahead on their SAT's, there are a variety of tutoring options available.
"Keep the lines of communication open with your child's school," recommends Amanda Bates, an English teacher and coordinator of the Advancement Via Individual Determination (AVID) program at Rim of the World High School in Lake Arrowhead, Calif. "If your child seems to be struggling, reach out to his/her teacher and have a frank discussion about what you're seeing at home and what they experience with your child in class to determine the areas your child needs help in and what the best course of action may be."
"The drop of a single letter grade, diminishing enthusiasm about school or complaints that school is 'too hard' can all be signs that your student is dreading a particular class or subject," says Adriene White, center director for Sylvan Learning – Long Beach. "The issues they are having can be clues that they need help with time management and study skills, test preparation or with a particular academic subject."
"If your child is spending excessive amounts of time on homework, it could be a sign that he or she doesn't understand the skill or concept needed to complete that homework," says Dr. Dominick P. Ferello a professor in the College of Undergraduate Studies at Argosy University, Tampa. "If your child is laboring over words when reading out loud and can't retell the story they just read in their own words, your child likely needs help with reading."
"There is a range of tutoring options available to parents," says Bates. "For some students, there may be a volunteer or specialist at the school who can assist with their needs. For those who may need help outside of the classroom, your child's school or school district should be able to provide you with a list of private tutors and tutoring centers that can provide more in-depth assistance for your child outside of the school day."
"The right tutor can make all the difference in the world when it comes to improving your child's academic success," says Ferello.
"Whether you seek out an individual tutor, or look into a tutoring service, the qualities you need to look for are the same," says White. "First and foremost, the tutor should be properly trained in teaching to the individual. It's also a fact that tutors who receive intensive and continuous training are more effective than tutors who don't. Inquire about a tutor's experience, credentials and specialties. Get references. Ask those other parents how the tutor performed."
"Look for a tutor who does an assessment to help them understand your child's strengths and weaknesses," says Ferello. "Knowing where to start and what to focus on saves critical time when a child already is falling behind. Ongoing assessments throughout the course of your child's tutoring also allow the instruction to be fine-tuned and personalized to your child's specific individual needs."
"A good tutor builds a rapport with their student," says Ferello. "Learning takes place when your child is comfortable with his tutor and when you are comfortable with the approach they are taking."
"Remember that a tutor doesn't remove you as a parent from the learning process," says Bates. "Stay involved, set goals for the tutoring experience and check in on your child's progress. Once you've reached your goals, keep an eye on your child's studies to make sure they stay on track academically."
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LadyIsadora wrote:That was an illogical and unfair comparison.
No, they were both blanket statements that make huge assumtions.
I do dart through traffic. I am never in anyone's blind spot for long enough for a "normal" (non-evasive manouver) lane change. I do not get complacent by traveling the speed of traffic and getting caught by a lane changer. Most call this darting through traffic. I also used to (in CA) "split" lanes at a 20 mph difference. It was my sweet spot for having less incidents. Before I lane split I was almost (like car's front tires locked up behind me) rear ended at least twice a week from people not paying attention. I dart, It saves me as far as I am concerned. I also do not travel in "packs" because it brings out the testoterone. I have seen many a "chopper" ride similarly.


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Henry Wiencek Responds to His Critics
The author of a new book about Thomas Jefferson makes his case and defends his scholarship
- By Smithsonian.com
- Smithsonian.com, November 14, 2012, Subscribe
The cover story of Smithsonian's October 2012 issue, "Master of Monticello" by Henry Wiencek, presented a new and controversial portrait of Thomas Jefferson. Wiencek writes that the founding father was far from a reticent slaveholder but instead was heavily involved and invested in maximizing profits at his slave-dependent estate. Since the release of Wiencek's book of the same name (and which provided the excerpt for the magazine), a new controversy has arisen, this time about the accuracy and diligence of Wiencek's scholarship.
Writing for Slate, Jefferson historian Annette Gordon-Reed writes, "Suffice it to say that the problems with Master of the Mountain are too numerous to allow it to be taken seriously as a book that tells us anything new about Thomas Jefferson and slavery, and what it does say is too often wrong." Gordon-Reed assails Wiencek's analysis of the"4 percent theorem," Jefferson's calculation that he was earning a 4 percent profit every year on the birth of black children, arguing that no such theorem ever existed. "Jefferson's thoughts about slavery cannot be treated in such a reductive manner," writes Gordon-Reed.
In the Daily Beast, author and history professor Jan Ellen Lewis shows similar objections. "Much of what Wiencek presents as "new information" has already been published in the groundbreaking work of Annette Gordon-Reed, Lucia Stanton, and others, while the most headline-grabbing charges crumble under close scrutiny," writes Lewis.
We also received responses via mail from two other esteemed Jefferson scholars. Lucia Stanton, Monticello's Shanon Senior Historian and author of Those Who Labor for My Happiness: Slavery at Monticello, and White McKenzie Wallenborn, another Monticello historian. Both objected to Wiencek's dismissive take on the scholarship of professor Edwin Betts, calling it "unfair" and "malicious." "Wiencek has used a blunt instrument to reduce complex historical issues to unrecognizable simplicities," writes Stanton in a letter submitted to The Hook newspaper.
We asked Wiencek to respond to his detractors here and hope that it will continue the dialogue about Jefferson and his contradictory record as a slaveholder and as the author of the phrase "all men are created equal."
From Henry Wiencek:
Two Jefferson scholars posted critiques of my Smithsonian magazine excerpt and my book, Master of the Mountain. Writing in The Daily Beast, Prof Jan Ellen Lewis expressed disbelief at my statement, "In ways that no one completely understands, Monticello became populated by a number of mixed-race people who looked astonishingly like Thomas Jefferson." Lewis misunderstood my point. I was referring to the statement by Jefferson's grandson that not just
Sally Hemings but another Hemings woman also had children who clearly resembled Jefferson. Scholars have not been able to identify that other woman, her children, or the father. I've never seen an explanation.
Lewis sharply questioned my statement that just after the American Revolution "Virginia came close to outlawing the continuation of slavery." I based that statement on solid sources. I quoted from George Mason's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights: "all men are equally free and independent, and have certain inherent natural rights, of which they can not by any Compact, deprive or divest their Posterity."
I also cited the distinguished scholar Eva Sheppard Wolf: "Several Revolutionary-era Virginia laws seemed to signal a shift toward anti-slavery policies that could have led to universal emancipation." Wolf also writes that some historians "see several indications that it was possible to end American slavery in the late eighteenth century.") This surge of liberal sentiment was short-lived--but it should be noted that Virginia passed a very liberal manumission law in 1782, by which Jefferson could have freed slaves.
It has taken me a while to respond to Prof. Annette Gordon-Reed's comments in Slate because she raised a question that led me to take a fresh look at one of my interpretations.
Her most important point concerns what I call in my book Jefferson's "4 percent theorem" or "formula," calculating the yearly increase in the plantation's black population and counting it as part of its profits. She said it doesn't exist: "Jefferson had no '4 percent theorem' or 'formula.'" But here is the sentence that Jefferson wrote in the middle of a profit-and-loss memo: "I allow nothing for losses by death, but, on the contrary, shall presently take credit four per cent. per annum, for their increase over and above keeping up their own numbers." His meaning is perfectly plain.
Elsewhere Gordon-Reed admitted that the formula did exist, but argued that it didn't mean what I thought it did: "The problem with what Wiencek calls the '4 percent theorem' or 'formula' is that Jefferson was not speaking about his slaves at Monticello—he was speaking about farms in Virginia generally." That observation gave me pause. If Gordon-Reed is correct, then as early as 1792 Jefferson saw that all or most Virginia slaveholders were already participating in the "branch of profit" that his grandson Jeff Randolph was to denounce 40 years later: "It is a practice, and an increasing practice, in parts of Virginia, to rear slaves for market." Virginia, Randolph said, "had been converted into one grand menagerie." But I don't believe Jefferson had that in mind, and I still think that he was referring only to the birth rate, and concomitant profit, at Monticello: "I could only, for facts, recur to my own recollections," he wrote later when he explained his calculations.
Here is another statement by Jefferson (not mentioned by Gordon-Reed): He wrote in 1794 that an acquaintance who had suffered financial reverses "should have been invested in negroes," and if that friend's family had any cash left, "every farthing of it [should be] laid out in land and negroes, which besides a present support bring a silent profit of from 5. to 10. per cent in this country by the increase in their value." Given these remarks, it is hard to know why Gordon-Reed has insisted that Jefferson "had no epiphany . . . that the babies of enslaved women increased his capital."
I should mention that neither the 4 percent formula nor Jefferson's callous advice to invest in Negroes has been mentioned by any other writer on Jefferson, and not by Gordon-Reed, though in her review she asserted that "all of the important stories in this book have been told by others."
Gordon-Reed the law professor had some fun with the tragic fate of Kosciuszko's will, and may have befuddled the jury with irrelevancies. Long story short: In his will Thaddeus Kosciuszko left Jefferson a very large sum of money to free his slaves ("I beg Mr. Jefferson," he wrote, to free his slaves and give them land); Jefferson declined to carry out the will. Gordon-Reed's position is that this was a non-issue because the will was fatally defective. But Jefferson's grandson didn't think so: Just months after Thomas Jefferson died in 1826, Jeff Randolph tried to revive the Kosciuszko bequest, "to save some of the Slaves left by Mr Jefferson, from a Sale by his creditors." Jeff Randolph was not deterred by any potential financial risks such as Gordon-Reed darkly evoked.
Furthermore, Thomas Jefferson himself thought the will would stand. When Jeff Randolph made his enquiry about saving slaves in 1826, the will's administrator, Benjamin L. Lear, replied that "I had a conversation with Mr Jefferson on the subject at Monticello about three years ago, in wh: he approved very heartily the plan I then proposed to adopt"-- a plan to free slaves from elsewhere, not Monticello. Jefferson had no interest in releasing his extremely valuable slaves, but he believed the bequest was perfectly valid.
Gordon-Reed reasonably questioned my reading of a Monticello expense ledger that to my mind recorded the purchase of neck shackles for slaves. I explain my interpretation in my book and stand by it.
I am not surprised that Gordon-Reed disliked my book so much, given that it systematically demolishes her portrayal of Jefferson as a kindly master of black slaves. In The Hemingses of Monticello, she described with approval Jefferson's "plans for his version of a kinder, gentler slavery at Monticello with his experiments with the nail factory." Gordon-Reed cannot like the now established truth that
the locus of Jefferson's "kinder, gentler slavery" was the very place where children were beaten to get them to work. At first I assumed that she simply did not know about the beatings, but when I double-checked her book's references to the nailery I discovered that she must have known: A few hundred pages away from her paean to the nail factory, she cited the very letter in which "the small ones" are described as being lashed there.
In her review, Gordon-Reed mocked me for "cataloging the injustices to the enslaved people as if they had finally, after all these years, found a champion." I have never had the arrogance to regard myself as a champion of the enslaved people; but if an esteemed historian goes around talking about "kinder, gentler slavery," they surely need one.
From Lucia "Cinder" Stanton Monticello's Shannon Senior Historian and author of Those Who Labor for My Happiness: Slavery at Monticello
As the "recently retired" Monticello historian who had "no comment" in Lisa Provence's cover story [The Hook, October 18: "Mr. Jefferson's greed"], I'm moved to speak. I declined to comment because I had not yet read Henry Wiencek's Master of the Mountain. I've now read excerpts in the October issue of Smithsonian magazine as well as related sections of the book.
As an admirer of Henry Wiencek's previous work, I was shocked by what I saw: a breathtaking disrespect for the historical record and for the historians who preceded him. With the fervor of a prosecutor, he has played fast and loose with the historical evidence, using truncated quotations, twisting chronology, misinterpreting documents, and misrepresenting events.
In short, he has misled his readers. So much so that, to cite one example, some reviewers now believe that Jefferson "ordered" the whipping of ten-year-old slave boys in the Monticello nailmaking shop. Jefferson actually ordered the manager of the nailery to refrain from using the whip, except "in extremities." And there were no ten-year-olds in the shop at the time; most were fifteen to eighteen, with two others about to be thirteen and fourteen.
Whipping boys of any age is terrible to contemplate, but we all know that the whip was the universal tool of slave discipline in Virginia. The more interesting point, which Wiencek does not explore, is that Jefferson was experimenting with methods of discipline that might help minimize use of the whip.
One would not know from Wiencek's book, however, that historians, myself included, have examined slavery at Monticello and written of sales and whippings, not to mention young boys shut up in a hot smoky shop swinging their hammers 20,000 times a day. Yet Wiencek makes no mention of the work of Pulitzer-Prize-winning author Annette Gordon-Reed. And his treatment of the late Edwin M. Betts, editor of Jefferson's Farm Book (1953), is unfair, to say the least.
He makes a great to-do about Betts's omission of a sentence that revealed that the "small" nailers were whipped for truancy–- in Jefferson's absence and without his knowledge. How can he know that Betts "deliberately" suppressed this sentence, in what was a compilation of excerpts, not full letters? Especially when it was Betts who first published the letters that describe troubling events in which Jefferson himself was involved: the flogging of James Hubbard, the selling south of Cary "in terrorem" to his fellow nailers, the addition to capital through slave childbirth. Wiencek fails to mention Betts's pioneering editorial contributions.
I am angered by Wiencek's distortion of history as well as disappointed that, with all his talents, he didn't probe still-unexplored corners of the story of Jefferson and slavery. He has instead used a blunt instrument to reduce complex historical issues to unrecognizable simplicities.
Lucia (Cinder) Stanton
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Related topics: American History Thomas Jefferson
Comments (23) |
I have read many books about Jefferson, and Wiencek's book is the latest trend among left wing liberals to disparage our founding fathers.
Posted by W. Vampala on April 16,2013 | 11:34 PM
With his use of adjectives, Henry Wiencek interjects himself and his interpretation of material into his presentation. And he draws conclusions based on his notion that "it seems..." Facts are not established by "it seems." In another variance of "it seems" he states that "It might seem unfair to mock the misconceptions..." he is indeed correct, it is unfair. More than that, it is a myopic view of history. I also find the great revelation that Jefferson put an economic value on his slaves and their increase not particularly innovative.
Posted by Mary Ann Johnson on April 13,2013 | 06:56 PM
Dr. Wiencek, when you criticize anyone you take on all his or her burdens and responsibilities. Are you really prepared to take on those of Thomas Jefferson? In addition, when you criticize a national icon you take on the ire of that nation, or in this case 49% of that nation. Yes, I think you understand my implication. You and people like you, educated scholars, educators of young and impressionable Americans do this country a great injustice. You have begun your demolition at the very base of American values. Who might be your next subject for personal degradation? John Adams, James Madison? You have a long road ahead of you Wiencek. Our Founding Fathers were men of sufficient character to provide us with the foundation of the country which has become The Leader of the Free World. When you choose to undermine them, you choose to undermine the United States of America. Among the freedoms you enjoy Wiencek, is the freedom to pack up your inadequate understanding of the history of human kind, and their understanding, in their time, of morals and responsibilities, along with your pile of diplomas from all of your liberal cronies in academia and move to the communist country of your choice. When you get their, tell your pals how wonderful it is and invite them to join you.
Posted by Mike Casey on March 1,2013 | 11:59 AM
Writing as a retired university professor who has read the original excerpt from Henry Wiencek's book in The Smithsonian and read these objections and Wiencek's reply to them, in my professional judgment Wiencek has made his case, while the objectors have NOT made theirs. If I were on some sort of academic jury, I would cast my vote for Wiencek. In fact I would strongly recommend that his article be taught in American grade schools and high schools and be put on the required reading lists of university courses in American History.
Posted by David Eastwood on February 15,2013 | 01:29 PM
This controversy is a reminder of the old comment about fights in academia, that they are so fierce because the stakes are so small!
Posted by Lynn Thiebout on January 4,2013 | 07:20 AM
Had America not succeeded in aggressively marketing its "Founding Fathers" as cartoonish demigods, the truth about Jefferson would be less difficult to ascertain and less uncomfortable to accept. A comprehensive, objective examination of his (or ANY person's) true character requires suspending modern-day socio-political beliefs -- including our addiction to slapping overly-simplistic labels on people -- and above all by remembering that human lives are complex, quirky and sometimes ultimately self-contradictory when viewed in retrospect. I'd love to see what picture an FBI profiler might paint of Mr. Jefferson. IMHO, anyone who literally cut-and-pasted together his own personal version of the Bible (as Jefferson did) could conceivably have been capable of construing the way he dictated the lives of his slaves as charitable. And though it took two centuries for DNA tests to prove it, we now know for certain that Jefferson DID father children with his slave Sally Hemmings. I think it sheds considerable light on the above debate that Jefferson could have a long-term relationship/affair with one of his slaves and even sire children with her yet never grant her freedom.
Posted by Catty Ninetails on December 10,2012 | 07:00 PM
"What self-absorbed folly to attempt to hold Jefferson to the mores of the modern age." What a self-absorbed folly to believe morality changes like the fashion of every new season.
Posted by Klaus Smith on December 9,2012 | 10:49 PM
While the historians quoted on these pages make their rather competitive statements about the evidence of hypocrisy and self-serving ways of Jefferson, in his individual dealings, another extolled historian indulges himself in a sweeping statement that dismisses, on the sole weight of similar evidence as cited by his peers, the entire significance of a holistically thorough history of Jefferson and his peers. Descending into nothing short of suspiciously pointed propaganda, he gushes: If there was "treason against the hopes of the world," it was perpetrated by the founding generation,which failed to place the nation on the road to liberty for all. No one bore a greater responsibility for that failure than the master of Monticello. "(P.Finkelman) http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/01/opinion/the-real-thomas-jefferson.html?_r=0 How splendid it is that he sneaks a stab at every bit of evidence, of every intention of all the Founders to build the very road he claims was closed to "the nation" (oh..and the world..their hopes) by the Founders individual failures in their personal, societal, and business dealings. Finkelman's skunkweed revisionist garden is fertilized by the vain sophistry naively promoted by his quarreling "peers". Grammar school students have had a more enlightened view than I am seeing here, of the overarching problems of bringing liberty, democracy and equality into fruition over time. The founding assemblage was bold enough to address these issues unsolved for millenia, if only with a pen and the risk of of their very lives. I'd say it was sad that these people didn't live for 200 years, but if they had, so would all of you. Then I'd fear for my grandchildren's values. I can accept the paralyzed paradigm of the pedantic, but it is unacceptable for their ivy-covered edifice to give shelter to a snake like Finkelman.
Posted by Joyce Clemons on December 8,2012 | 05:33 AM
Though I am not a historian, and I have not read all the material that is available on Jefferson, I was surprised at the degree of his involvement with the slaves in the nailery. I had not been aware of the business side of this endeavor ----the amount of profit from sales outside the farm. I had thought that all the efforts of the slaves were used for maintenance of the property, and to serve the needs of the family----crops, cooking, creating tools, etc. The contrast between Washington's freeing of his slaves, and Jefferson's freeing of only certain ones which resulted in separation of families, leaves Jefferson with a smudge on his name. However, his other outstanding attributes do outweigh this unfortunate lapse. The fact remains that he could have done something about his slaves, and he chose not to change the convenient status quo. With all his glowing accomplishments, he was , after all , a man subject to some human faults. I think the end result is that I admire George Washington and John Adams more than Thomas Jefferson.
Posted by Randolph McCreight on December 5,2012 | 06:24 AM
What self-absorbed folly to attempt to hold Jefferson to the mores of the modern age. We may as reasonably leap forward 230 years from now and observe how Americans then will look back on the barbarity and moral liquidity of Roe v Wade and lament: how could they have possibly been so willfully ignorant, cruel and duplicitous? How could they have been so blind to the humanity wronged?
Posted by William Slusher on December 4,2012 | 02:34 PM
Bravo Henry!! It is so refreshing in this post racial era where far too many whites and Black apologists lack the courage and integrity to acknowledge and confront the depths of inhumanity of so many of our historical heroes. Gordon-Reed if she had any integrity and courage would admit her whitewashing of Jefferson was wrong. Yet intellectual cowardice still stains so many in the world of history. Bravo Henry!!
Posted by Greg Thrasher on December 3,2012 | 10:59 PM
It seems as if Ms. Stanton might be of a mind that slavery, if practiced under certain terms, might also be considered a "noble art".
Posted by Timothy Kurt on December 3,2012 | 09:27 PM
Ms. Stanton's comments are disgusting. An order to refrain from whipping the children "except 'in extremeties'" is an order to whip children. Period. Oh, but wait, the children aren't 10, they're 12 & 13? Sick. Tyring to obsure the fact that they're 12 & 13, by saying, instead, they are "about to be thirteen and fourteen"? Sick. And, defending it all by saying "we all know that the whip was the universal tool of slave discipline"? Sick.
Posted by John Stephens on December 2,2012 | 08:42 PM
Is it possible that the writer here, who is described on the net as "Monticello's Shannon Senior Historian" is perhaps a little too close to Monticello for the proper persective herself? When I go to the Montecello org webpages I read in one article they publish on the web the following "To Jefferson, it was anti-democratic and contrary to the principles of the American Revolution for the federal government to enact abolition or for only a few planters to free their slaves." Freedom is indivisible, democracy cannot make compromises in which a free class lives alongside an enslaved one. Writing from the opposite extreme of detachment, I live in Australia, this Montecello approach reads to me as bosh - and I am left thinking that Wiencek is really under attack for exposing over two centuries of hypocrisy. We have similar problems here with our own history. Our histories are components of the same scenario, the rise and eventual fall of the British Empire, which in common with other European Empires was largely about repression, slavery and the genocide of indigenous peoples- and a process of decolonisation that will not be completed, including in the Americas, until racism is eradicated and we all share, as brothers, one history of humanity. Reconciliation requires honesty, integrity and a common purpose. History is about facts not blame.
Posted by Phil on December 1,2012 | 08:47 PM


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The tempest over allegations that the re-election campaign of Rep. Tim Bishop, D-Southampton, tried to exchange a favor for a sizable donation last year has once again begun to swirl, after a new report sparked ongoing investigation.
According to the Office of Congressional Ethics, on July 13, a referral was sent to the Committee on Ethics of the United States House of Representatives regarding Bishop.
The report states that in May, 2012 Bishop agreed to help a Sagaponack constituent to obtain necessary approvals for a fireworks display at the individual's home.
"If Representative Bishop sought a campaign contribution from a constituent because of or in connection with his performance of an official act, then he may have violated House rules, standards of conduct, and federal law," the report states.
Also, if Bishop did not "take reasonable steps to ensure that his congressional campaign committee operated in compliance with federal campaign finance laws, then he may have violated House rules, standards of conduct, and federal law," the document reads.
The document also said the Bishop did not report the correct date on which he received the donation, which the report stated was $5000 from one person and not $2500 from two individuals, more than what is allowed under campaign law.
The Board of the OCE recommended that the Committee on Ethics further review the allegation concerning whether Representative Bishop sought a campaign contribution.
On Wednesday, the Committee on Ethics released a statementsaying it would continue to review the matter and added that "the mere fact of conducting further review of a referral, and any mandatory disclosure of such further review, does not itself indicate that any violation has occurred, or reflect any judgment on behalf of the Committee."
Bishop fired back this week: "The report released today confirms that the allegations made against me last summer were politically orchestrated and I am confident that the ongoing review of this matter will show that I acted in good faith to assist a constituent in need."
Back in August, 2012, Bishop also denied allegations that his re-election campaign tried to shake down a wealthy Southampton resident in exchange for a favor.
A story by Politico said Eric Semler, a hedge fund manager, needed help getting a fireworks permit as part of his son's Bar Mitzvah party in late May. With the celebration date fast approaching, he turned to Bishop for help. Bishop's daughter and fundraiser, Molly Bishop, then emailed Semler looking for a campaign contribution, according to the report.
But Bishop said Semler's request and any solicitations from his campaign were in no way connected.
Bishop told Politico, "When we fast-track a passport request, and when people get back from Europe and send me $100 in gratitude, is that coercion? No."
But Bishop's then-challenger, Republican Randy Altschuler, of St. James, seized on the controversy.
Bishop was first elected to Congress in 2002 when he defeated one-term Rep. Felix Grucci.
His campaign noted that "out of an abundance of caution," Bishop donated the Semlers' campaign contributions to charities that benefit veterans, Long Island 9-1-1 Veterans, Honor Flight Long Island, and U.S. Veterans Motorcycle Club Long Island Chapter.


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Many, many more countries than those listed here have hockey programs, but here are where the NHL players come from.
Canada lost to Slovakia this morning and will not be playing in the medal games. The Russian team squeaked out a win against Norway as well, meaning that Canada will finish 5th in the tournament. TeamUSA plays Finland beginning at 11:30am ET. If they win, they will go on to the Semifinals. (Winners in the semis play for the medals.)
Canada and the USA come in first and second in the Helsinki group. Russia and Sweden were first and second in the Stockholm group. Quarterfinals action begins Thursday. Canada (Teddy Purcell, Guy Boucher) will face Slovakia. USA (Nate Thompson, J.T. Brown) will face Finland. Sweden (Victor Hedman) will face the Czech Republic.
New York Rangers Prospects: J.T. Miller Review
Great Britain and Germany are up, China and Canada are down. Russia takes over the top spot.
For those interested in watching some very good international hockey, you will be able to watch it on TV here this year - if you have the NHL Network here in the US.
The KHL, World Championships, the World Cup of Hockey -- all hot topics on the international hockey scene. See what SBN's international hockey blogger has to say about these key issues.
Su Ring, from Daily Su, and I are talking hockey. This is a weekly event, so bookmark the link. Oh, and we also have a CCPT Facebook Group for you to join as well. We'll have announcements on that page, and hopefully people will be making comments and suggestions for future shows. So even if this isn't announced every week, we will be on every Sunday at 3 pm Pacific, 6 pm Eastern, 11 pm British. See you there!
The Copper & Blue's temporary European correspondent, shepso, travels to the Czech Republic to watch a hockey game with drunken Finns. The rest of the staff is insanely jealous.
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