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What Money Can't Buy: The Massive Shift of Hours from Families to Work
posted by Maxine Eichner
At the beginning of the month, I posted on issues raised by Michael Sandel in his new book, What Money Can't Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets, and said that I'd post a follow-up. A death in my family held that post up. Here it is now:
According to Michael Sandel, "The most fateful change that unfolded during the past three decades was not an increase in greed. It was the expansion of markets, and of market values, into spheres of life where they don't belong." As I said in my earlier post, the most thought-provoking parts of Sandel's discussion come when he broaches the issue of what happens to a society as citizens increasingly come to see the world through the lens of economics. As Sandel puts it: "A market society is a way of life in which market values seep into every aspect of human endeavor. It's a place where social relations are made over in the image of the market." In it, citizens no longer see their dealings with others in terms of morality or justice, but in terms of satisfying preferences and getting the best deal they can.
In this post, I want to consider the spread of market logic when it comes to an important change in the United States that hasn't received nearly enough attention: the massive increase during the past few decades in the number of hours that adults in families spend in paid work. It's not that individual workers are working longer hours; rather the movement of women into the workplace since the 1970s without a corresponding reduction in men's work hours has resulted in a large-scale transfer of hours to the paid workplace when you take families as units. The result is that the adults in American families now spend far more total hours working for pay than they used to spend.
This transfer of hours means that families have fewer hours then they used to to engage in pursuits besides paid work, like housework, caring for sick children, socializing with friends, volunteering at children's schools, keeping their spouse company – you name it. American visitors to Europe are often struck by how, after 5 pm, workplaces clear out and bars and cafes fill up with people socializing; in the U.S., far more energy is channeled into work.
Although we accept it without much scrutiny, it should be puzzling that U.S. citizens are willing to spend so much of their lives in the paid workplace. Certainly there are workers in impoverished countries who work more hours than Americans out of necessity to survive. The American situation, though, is exceptional for the fact that citizens work so many hours despite the high level of GDP per capita.
In comparison to other wealthy countries, the average American worker works roughly ten more weeks a year of work than Swedish workers. And we work far more even than other wealthy countries whose citizens are comparatively high on the hours-at-work scale: for example, in both Canada and the United Kingdom, employees work roughly the equivalent of six fewer weeks a year than their American counterparts.
It used to be largely men in the United States who worked these long hours. Beginning in the 1970s, though, women began to join them. In 1965, married mothers with children worked an average of six paid hours per week; by 2000, they worked 23.8 hours a week. As a consequence, the total paid workload of families has increased significantly. In two-parent families it has risen from 53.8 hours to 66.3 hours. In other words, more than 12 hours every week has been transferred from the lives of families to employers' work time.
What role might the permeation of neoclassical economic concepts and the marketization of Americans' lives play in the phenomenon of more and more time devoted to work? To start, as more goods become sold for cash in our society, which Sandel shows us has been the pattern in U.S. society for decades, money comes to matter more. It used to be that you needed time to wait in line for the Empire State Building; now you can pay to cut the line. This gives citizens more incentives to work than to engage in leisure or other non-work activities.
Neoclassical economic views have also helped to produce the minimal labor and employment protections we have for employees in the United States, at the same time they have made it more acceptable for employers to engage in "sharp bargaining" with employees over wages, benefits, and job security. The result of weakened legal protections for workers and a culture that makes it more acceptable to bargain hard against employees with respect to pay is to decrease wages (particularly at the low end of the wage spectrum where workers have fewer skills to bargain with), decrease the number of "good jobs" that give sustainable wages along with benefits, and increase the insecurity of workers as employers have shifted to employment models in which workers are hired as temporary employees. In turn, the decrease or stagnation of the real wages of most employees since the 1970s has led many mothers into the paid workforce so that their families can retain their living standards.
As labor economist Richard Freeman argues, the growing gap between good jobs and bad jobs in the United States, combined with increasing economic inequality and insecurity, create both a carrot and stick that pushes Americans to work long and hard: The carrot is that Americans who work hard have a chance of being promoted, moving up in the wide distribution of earnings, and experiencing substantial earnings increases. The stick is that Americans who lose their jobs suffer greatly because the United States has a minimal safety net for the unemployed. This creates a culture in the United States where work is paramount.
The culture of work this engenders creates problematic results for both families' caretaking needs and for their general wellbeing. It causes Americans to take less time off for sickness, maternity, and other personal issues even when this leave is available to them. American workers have significantly less vacation time than in other advanced countries: on average two weeks, compared to 4 to 6 weeks in other advanced countries. Yet a 2010 survey showed that only 57% of American workers took all of their available leave. As Richard Freeman notes, "the more job insecurity the respondent reported, the fewer days of vacation that person took."
Finally, this culture of wealth and work is facilitated by the messages to buy that barrage citizens in our marketized society. In contrast to the public squares of Europe, the privatization of America means that its citizens have fewer public spaces in which to congregate; Americans therefore spend more leisure time in commercial places like shopping malls, which surround them with consumerist messages, and which fuel citizens' focus on material goods. Even when citizens visit public spaces like ball fields and auditoriums, they are bombarded by ads that push citizens to buy, and buy more. The subtle and not-so-subtle encouragement to see the good life as connected with a consumerist vision of Pottery Barn duvets fuels more emphasis on earning money to support this vision of the good life. This means that citizens are not only working more, they are spending their nonworking time shopping rather than in other pursuits. And the next generation is being prepared for more of the same, as even young children are inundate by marketing messages from early in the morning to late in the evening.
This is my last post for this stint as guest blogger. I thank Solangel Maldonado and Dan Solove for the opportunity.
November 1, 2012 at 12:46 am Posted in: Uncategorized Print This Post
12 Responses
A.J. Sutter - November 1, 2012
If you read French, you might be interested in the work of feminist sociologist Dominique Méda, who has written several scholarly and popular books on the topic of work. One of her key points is that the usual discourse about work presents a dichotomy between work and leisure, whereas actually for most people the real choice is between work and family. She also has a lot to say about "the permeation of neoclassical economic concepts and the marketization" of peoples' lives, and of their work in particular. A good place to start is her very clear and concise volume in the « Que sais-je? » series from Presses Universitaires de France (the inspiration for OUP's Very Short Introductions), « Le travail », (4th ed. 2010).
Shag from Brookline - November 1, 2012
This post reminds me that I should reread Kurt Vonnegut's 1950s first novel "Player Piano" for the future it forecast with so few, only the managers (MBAs?) and engineers, required to produce the goods and services Americans require, leaving many with leisure time. (Vonnegut did not address wars in this novel, which upset the apple cart from time to time.)
Maxine Eichner - November 1, 2012
Thanks, A.J. I hadn't heard of Meda before, and will do that.
-Max -
Orin Kerr - November 1, 2012
Sorry to hear of your loss, Maxine.
Patrick S. O'Donnell - November 2, 2012
The cornucopia of conspicuous consumption promised by capitalism and the material and psychological insecurities intrinsic to the labor market, particularly in a nation with a fragile history of organized labor and a prevailing neoliberal ideology unabashedly hostile to organized labor as such, does indeed hold out both the carrot and stick to account for an obsession with work. And in a political and cultural climate in which those on the Right are motivated to dismantle the weakest type of existing welfare regimes in the northern hemisphere (i.e., its 'liberal' variant, which is outperformed on any number of criteria by its corporatist and social democratic counterparts) and the corresponding economic philosophy that justifies its existence, namely, Keynesian (let alone neo-Keynesian) welfare economics, nothing should surprise us about the dominant ideologies of work and leisure (in which these two activities are conceived in pathologically polar terms such that work has precious little of the connotations of leisure as part of eudaimonia or human flourishing on the one hand, and leisure is afflicted with passivity, mind-numbing entertainment, escape from reality, or feverish hedonism on the other). It is Keynesian economics that heretofore has softened the periodic blows endemic to capitalist economic cycles: its manias, crashes, and panics, and calls to mind Ian Shapiro's lament that
"[t]he ambiguous moral status of Keynesianism and welfare economics has always inhered in the fact that they appeal to the short-term interests of the disadvantaged (such as unemployed workers and firms on the verge of bankruptcy during recessions) by ensuring subsistence, creating employment, and expanding credit, yet these policies are geared in the medium term to sustaining the system which generates those very disadvantages—hence the ironic force of Joan Robinson's quip that the one thing worse than being exploited is not being exploited at all."
The majority of those politically well-positioned to lead us out of our current economic malaise into an economic world significantly different from the capitalist one remain infatuated with the "aristocracy of capital" and unperturbed by the utter commercialization or commodification of all social relations. Economic power remains hostage to the prioritization of the welfare of the wealthiest as both a necessary and sufficient condition to satisfying the general welfare and the generalizable interests of the many. Material uncertainty and psychological insecurity are part and parcel, the bone and marrow, of labor markets determined by the terms and conditions of private investment and the deleterious effects of finance capitalism. The distorted and artificial needs and the individually and socially harmful desires generated by hyper-industrialized casino capitalism finds the masses in a state in which they feel an overwhelming need to be psychologically indemnified by the possession and consumption of as many goods and services as possible, in a socio-economic world in which conspicuous consumption exists side-by-side by recalcitrant pockets and regions afflicted with inexcusable relative and absolute poverty.
Even before the latest precipitous economic downturn, there was a growing consensus among political scientists about the need to account, in Robert Lane's words, for the "combination of growing unhappiness and depression, interpersonal and institutional distrust, and weakened companionship in advanced market democracies, in which people are, with important exceptions, reasonably well-off." Or, as the philosopher Daniel M. Haybron notes,
"The United States is by a wide margin, among the most affluent nations in human history, and many Americans enjoy unprecedented freedom to shape their lives—for those individuals, a great success in moral and economic terms. Yet no one ever accused us of 'knowing how to live.' This is perhaps because, arguably, we don't. Surveys find an overwhelming majority of Americans reporting that Americans have badly placed priorities. And there is no evidence that Americans grew any happier over the recent decades that witnessed astonishing growth in material standards of living. Self-reported happiness has remained essentially flat, while rates of suicide, depression, and other pathologies have soared."
We need to ask the most fundamental questions if we are to begin addressing possible ways to free us from this oppressive economics and culture of "wealth and work." Again, Haybron:
"The modern era's overriding preoccupation, arguably, has been the betterment of the human condition, inarguably, a noble aim. Yet the real focus has been on our material conditions, with far less attention paid to the question of how we are living and what our way of life does for us, or to us. Once it has well enough satisfied the basic constraints of morality, the chief question facing any civilization is: do its members enjoy a reasonable level of well-being? We probably won't get much of an answer to this question if we simply ask what they have got. For human well-being mostly depends not on what people have but, among other things, on what they do with what they've got. A better question, arguably, is this: do they live in a sensible manner? A decent response to this question will require us to understand whether their way of life suits their natures. And central to that project, surely, will be seeing whether their way of life conduces to their flourishing psychologically. If a civilization cannot muster a reasonably affirmative answer to this question, then we might reconsider whether it is properly called 'civilized.' For if people do not flourish psychologically, they do not flourish. Period. It is with the psychology, I would suggest, that the really interesting story about the flourishing of these creatures lies."
And calling to mind the extensive literature on the well-known problems associated with equating and reducing well-being to preference satisfaction, Haybron writes:
"It is commonly thought that someone's being satisfied with her life creates a presumption that her life is, in fact, going well for her. But most people, in most places, are satisfied with their lives. In some places satisfaction may be near universal. This may lead most people to conclude that they are in fact doing pretty well, yielding perhaps a remarkably contented race. Maybe the conclusion is true; but what if it is not? As Wittgenstein shows us, life has to be pretty grim for a person not to have good reasons for being satisfied with it. (It sure beats the alternative.) Many people may reasonably be satisfied with lives that are not, by anyone's standards, going well at all. If so, it would be a grave mistake to take their assessments—or our own—as final in matters of personal welfare. [….]
"The pursuit of happiness is not easy. Given that the basic conditions of our lives, and the way we live, are so heavily dependent on our social environment, we may want to look more closely at the societal dimensions of the question. [….] Even if we are suspicious of using policy instruments to promote happiness, we might at least consider the limits of individual effort, and the importance of context, in shaping how happy we are. Take, for example, recent initiatives to develop and teach methods by which people can make themselves happier. Such efforts can produce very real benefits, and in fact many of the ancients were in a version of same business. While there are legitimate worries about such techniques sometimes reducing to cheap spiritual analgesics, I see no reason why this cannot be avoided. A more interesting question, it seems to me, is how far individual efforts like this are likely to improve human well-being on a broad scale. If the problem lies chiefly in the way you live, and this in turn depends heavily on the kind of society you inhabit, then positive thinking techniques and the like are only going to get you so far. [….]
While moderns have been right to place psychological states like happiness at the center of well-being, the character and value of these states is surprisingly elusive. We should not assume that matters of personal welfare are at all transparent to the individual. The potential for error is great. Indeed, it should by now be easy at least to imagine people settling, en masse, for unfulfilling lives. The question now is whether, given the facts of human nature, such a result is anything more than a bare possibility."
And should the economy dramatically improve according to standard and well-worn indices, we need to ponder carefully the results of recent research in empirical psychology that endorse conclusions long ago arrived at by Stoics and Buddhists, among others:
"Human beings are systematically prone to make a wide range of serious errors in matters of personal welfare. These errors are weighty enough to substantially compromise the expected lifetime well-being for individuals possessing a high degree of freedom to shape their lives as they wish, even under reasonably favorable conditions (education, etc.)."
Patrick S. O'Donnell - November 2, 2012
I may have missed it in one of your posts, but has there been a reference to Juliet B. Schor's classic study, The Overworked American: The Unexpected Decline of Leisure (1992), which includes a chapter on the "insidious cycle of work-and-spend"?
Patrick S. O'Donnell - November 2, 2012
Erratum in 5. above: "And reminding one of the extensive literature on the well-known problems that follow equating well-being with or reducing well-being to preference satisfaction, Haybron writes….."
Maxine Eichner - November 2, 2012
Patrick, thanks for this very thoughtful response. I haven't read Haybron, so just ordered The Pursuit of Unhappiness. And I haven't gone back Schor's Overworked American in several years, but will do that now. I'm just beginning a book on the role of government in buffering (or not buffering) families from market forces, and how this role has changed over time, recently in response to neoliberal ideology. Is there a chance you'd be willing to read some sections of it as I get further along?
-Max -
Patrick S. O'Donnell - November 2, 2012
Of course, I'd be happy to (no pun intented). And you might be interested in some of the other references I made at Faculty Lounge where I turned this comment into a blog post!
Maxine Eichner - November 2, 2012
Thank you, Patrick. I just read your Faculty Lounge post and very much appreciate the references list. I've been carrying Debra Satz's book around with me without having read it yet; I'll read it now.
-Max -
Eric Hodgdon - November 4, 2012
Good post. Good background on why more hours worked results in less time for society's support system – the family.
Decades ago, the 32-Hour work week should have been implemented, instead a different, and foreign sort of thinking came into the federal government and reduced the standards of civility whereby economic anarchy, of a sort, was sold as a blessing of Liberty and Prosperity. By getting rid of bothersome regulations, the Federal government embarked on a Marxist Re-Distribution of wealth upwards.
Along with lowered standards of civility regarding work, an increase in Adventurism ensued with collateral reductions in constitutional enforcement. So, by now our current state of government is no longer valid, for we do not have a republican form, instead we have a Dictatorship Democracy, with voters doing but little.
However, this is what the People desire. This is the American system in its full bloom, a beacon to the World.
So, we, collectively, have this un-Constitutional system by choice, simply because not enough people object.
When ~40% dead-weight, utterly useless, and back-stabbing Americans abandon reason, sensibility, and morality by dismissing participation, combined with the ~58%+ who do get off the couch, and usher in one of two political parties into our government's elected slots, the result is so fantastic as to be unbelievable – our Grand and Glorious system of systems.
But, it works for the People, because they have chosen to accept, and continue on so.
And, while this is accepted, these same Americans enjoy greatly working much more than before for the same or less amount of compensation, because it reduces their time wasted in their homes doing the much too difficult job of raising their children.
See, Americans are a giving people – a much admired trait – and they are such good sports, they do not mind giving the excess labor to the extremely, but suffering, wealthy.
All in all, a rather good show.
Al Riz - November 7, 2012
Reading this article and In Praise of Idleness, really makes my day. The idea that 7 billion human beings failed to abolish poverty and to abolish overwork, so sad. We should all have more time to engage in non-work environment, while at the same time have the security of enough money. It just won't happen. Seven billion brains. Seven billion minds. Wasted.

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This is mostly directed to Michael Edelson, since he's the main proponent I've seen of making cutting a regular part of training.
How would you recommend a group operating on a very small budget (Goldsboro TBA for example has a paper delivery guy, a computer repair guy, a bookstore guy, a part time engineer, and a lady who works with abandoned animals) include cutting as a regular part of practice? And at what time does cutting practice become important to integrate relative to everything else being learned?


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Enter: Trivia Night. Traditionally bastioned in the solitude of Monday or Tuesday evening, "Trivia Night" is a burgeoning ploy being used to great effect around the bar-sphere. Luring patrons in with the promise of cheap booze and intellectual pursuits, a slow revolution in weeknight imbibing has begun to gain momentum. By playing upon humanity's visceral love of competition and copious sauce, bar proprietors have crafted an alternative to the jarringly loud, densely packed bar vibe.
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Photo Gallery: Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony Oct. 29, 2013 |
Photo Gallery: Sankofa Alliance vs. England, Brown Oct. 25, 2013 |
Gallery: Goucher v. Franklin & Marshall Fall Ball Oct. 21, 2013 |
Gallery: Room 2 Smile Fall Classic Oct. 21, 2013 |
Gallery: Towson Women vs. Virginia Tech Oct. 21, 2013 |
Gallery: Team USA Training Weekend Oct. 20, 2013 |
Notre Dame: Four Days in Colorado Trailer
posted 12.02.2013 at 11.56 a.m. by Corey McLaughlin
Notre Dame's fall break trip was anything but. Check out the wide variety of experiences the team had in Colorado, enough for a movie.
Amanda "The Other Coach Belichick" on ESPN
posted 11.26.13 at 2.40 p.m. by Sean Burns
Wesleyan University (CT) head coach Amanda Belicheck was profiled by ESPN's Rick Reilly on her coaching style and relationship with her famous father (and former lacrosse player) Bill of the New England Patriots.
Rotanz Offers to Negotiate Return as SWR Coach
posted 11.20.2013 at 11.05 a.m. by Corey McLaughlin
At a school board meeting Tuesday night on Long Island — during which a new athletic director was hired — more than 100 Shoreham-Wading River (N.Y.) alumni, players and parents filled the a high school auditorium to demand Tom Rotanz's return as boys' lacrosse coach.
McNelis: Fall Ball Coming to Close for Eagles
posted 11.20.2013 at 10.40 a.m. by Kelly McNelis
Boston College held an alumni weekend and is getting starting on its "4th Quarter Program," writes Kelly McNelis.


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5th Anniversary for Women (30+) - Alcohol & Tobacco - Gifts for the Hostess
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A Whole Life's Work by Lewis Richmond Place a hold
American Jesus by Stephen Prothero Twin Tracks by James Burke A Devil's Chaplain by Richard Dawkins What I'Ve Always Known by Tom Harmer Mystics, Mavericks, and Merrymakers by Stephanie Wellen Levine The Monotheists by F.E. Peters Wise Men and Their Tales by Elie Wiesel Killing the Buddha by Peter Manseau The Dark Night of the Soul by Gerald G. May Wisdom in the Waiting by Phyllis Tickle The Spiral Staircase by Karen Armstrong Amish Grace by Donald B. Kraybill On Monsters by Stephen T. Asma Dying for Heaven by Ariel Glucklich Awakening the Quieter Virtues by Gregory Spencer The Masque of Africa by V. S. Naipaul Unprotected Texts by Jennifer Wright Knust The Color of Christ by Paul Harvey Book Description The Buddhist author of Healing Lazarus invites readers to regard work as a purposeful definition of one's life, offering advice on how to balance achievement and personal happiness through an examination of eight interconnected work identities.
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I am a student working in my woodshop class and i am in need of a new project, i would like to build a HMM-364 helicopter. http://www.hmm-364.org/ if you look at that site it is the helicopter from 1967-2011. my older brother was a CASUVAC pilot in the purple foxes, and i would love to build his helicopter. please if you have any information on patterns or how i would go about getting the patterns for this helicopter please please please contact me through my teacher Mr. Knowlton his email is firstname.lastname@example.com


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Legislature poised to elect new guard chief
MONTPELIER — The Vermont Legislature is getting ready to elect the next chief of the state's National Guard.
The secret-ballot election is set for Thursday.
There are three candidates to succeed Maj. Gen. Thomas Drew, who became interim adjutant general last summer after his predecessor Maj. Gen. Michael Dubie left Vermont to take a position as deputy commander of the United States Northern Command, the organization that oversees the defense of North America.
Air Guard Brig. Gen. Steven Cray, of Essex Junction, Col. Darryl Ducharme and retired Col. Michael J. Bullock of Hinesburg are all running for the position.
Drew chose not to seek re-election.MORE IN This Just InNEW YORK A federal appeals court in Manhattan said Tuesday that the legality of a tax on... Full StoryStarting in January, Vermonters will be able to get a new kind of drivers license. Full StoryAt it's meeting Monday night, the Select Board moved to oppose a proposed telecommunications... Full Story -
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How Britain wages war
The military has created a wall of silence around its frequent resort to barbaric practices, includi
By John Pilger Published 10 July 2008Five photographs together break a silence. The first is of a former Gurkha regimental sergeant major, Tul Bahadur Pun, aged 87. He sits in a wheelchair outside 10 Downing Street. He holds a board full of medals, including the Victoria Cross, the highest award for bravery, which he won serving in the British army.
He has been refused entry to Britain and treatment for a serious heart ailment by the National Health Service: outrages rescinded only after a public campaign. On 25 June, he came to Down ing Street to hand his Victoria Cross back to the Prime Minister, but Gordon Brown refused to see him.
The second photograph is of a 12-year-old boy, one of three children. They are Kuchis, nomads of Afghanistan. They have been hit by Nato bombs, American or British, and nurses are trying to peel away their roasted skin with tweezers. On the night of 10 June, Nato planes struck again, killing at least 30 civilians in a single village: children, women, schoolteachers, students. On 4 July, another 22 civilians died like this. All, including the roasted children, are described as "militants" or "suspected Taliban". The Defence Secretary, Des Browne, says the invasion of Afghan istan is "the noble cause of the 21st century".
The third photograph is of a computer-generated aircraft carrier not yet built, one of two of the biggest ships ever ordered for the Royal Navy. The £4bn contract is shared by BAE Systems, whose sale of 72 fighter jets to the corrupt tyranny in Saudi Arabia has made Britain the biggest arms merchant on earth, selling mostly to oppressive regimes in poor countries. At a time of economic crisis, Browne describes the carriers as "an affordable expenditure".
The fourth photograph is of a young British soldier, Gavin Williams, who was "beasted" to death by three non-commissioned officers. This "informal summary punishment", which sent his body temperature to more than 41 degrees, was intended to "humiliate, push to the limit and hurt". The torture was described in court as a fact of army life.
The final photograph is of an Iraqi man, Baha Mousa, who was tortured to death by British soldiers. Taken during his post-mortem, it shows some of the 93 horrific injuries he suffered at the hands of men of the Queen's Lancashire Regiment who beat and abused him for 36 hours, including double-hooding him with hessian sacks in stifling heat. He was a hotel receptionist. Although his murder took place almost five years ago, it was only in May this year that the Ministry of Defence responded to the courts and agreed to an independent inquiry. A judge has described this as a "wall of silence".
A court martial convicted just one soldier of Mousa's "inhumane treatment", and he has since been quietly released. Phil Shiner of Public Interest Lawyers, representing the families of Iraqis who have died in British custody, says the evidence is clear - abuse and torture by the British army is systemic.
Shiner and his colleagues have witness statements and corroborations of prima facie crimes of an especially atrocious kind usually associated with the Americans. "The more cases I am dealing with, the worse it gets," he says. These include an "incident" near the town of Majar al-Kabir in 2004, when British soldiers executed as many as 20 Iraqi prisoners after mutilating them. The latest is that of a 14-year-old boy who was forced to simulate anal and oral sex over a prolonged period.
"At the heart of the US and UK project," says Shiner, "is a desire to avoid accountability for what they want to do. Guantanamo Bay and extraordinary renditions are part of the same struggle to avoid accountability through jurisdiction." British soldiers, he says, use the same torture techniques as the Americans and deny that the European Convention on Human Rights, the Human Rights Act and the UN Convention on Torture apply to them. And British torture is "commonplace": so much so, that "the routine nature of this ill-treatment helps to explain why, despite the abuse of the soldiers and cries of the detainees being clearly audible, nobody, particularly in authority, took any notice".
Arcane rituals
Unbelievably, says Shiner, the Ministry of Defence under Tony Blair decided that the 1972 Heath government's ban on certain torture techniques applied only in the UK and Northern Ireland. Consequently, "many Iraqis were killed and tortured in UK detention facilities". Shiner is working on 46 horrific cases.
A wall of silence has always surrounded the British military, its arcane rituals, rites and practices and, above all, its contempt for the law and natural justice in its various imperial pursuits. For 80 years, the Ministry of Defence and compliant ministers refused to countenance posthumous pardons for terrified boys shot at dawn during the slaughter of the First World War. British soldiers used as guinea pigs during the testing of nuclear weapons in the Indian Ocean were abandoned, as were many others who suffered the toxic effects of the 1991 Gulf War. The treatment of Gurkha Tul Bahadur Pun is typical. Having been sent back to Nepal, many of these "soldiers of the Queen" have no pension, are deeply impoverished and are refused residence or medical help in the country for which they fought and for which 43,000 of them have died or been injured. The Gurkhas have won no fewer than 26 Victoria Crosses, yet Browne's "affordable expenditure" excludes them.
An even more imposing wall of silence ensures that the British public remains largely unaware of the industrial killing of civilians in Britain's modern colonial wars. In his landmark work Unpeople: Britain's Secret Human Rights Abuses, the historian Mark Curtis uses three main categories: direct responsibility, indirect responsibility and active inaction.
"The overall figure [since 1945] is between 8.6 and 13.5 million," Curtis writes. "Of these, Britain bears direct responsibility for between four million and six million deaths. This figure is, if anything, likely to be an underestimate. Not all British interventions have been included, because of lack of data." Since his study was published, the Iraq death toll has reached, by reliable measure, a million men, women and children.
The spiralling rise of militarism within Britain is rarely acknowledged, even by those alerting the public to legislation attacking basic civil liberties, such as the recently drafted Data Com muni cations Bill, which will give the government powers to keep records of all electronic communication. Like the plans for identity cards, this is in keeping what the Americans call "the national security state", which seeks the control of domestic dissent while pursuing military aggression abroad. The £4bn aircraft carriers are to have a "global role". For global read colonial. The Ministry of Defence and the Foreign Office follow Washington's line almost to the letter, as in Browne's preposterous description of Afghanistan as a noble cause. In reality, the US-inspired Nato invasion has had two effects: the killing and dispossession of large numbers of Afghans, and the return of the opium trade, which the Taliban had banned. According to Hamid Karzai, the west's puppet leader, Britain's role in Helmand Province has led directly to the return of the Taliban.
Loans for arms
The militarising of how the British state perceives and treats other societies is vividly demonstrated in Africa, where ten out of 14 of the most impoverished and conflict-ridden countries are seduced into buying British arms and military equipment with "soft loans". Like the British royal family, the British Prime Minister simply follows the money. Having ritually condemned a despot in Zimbabwe for "human rights abuses" - in truth, for no longer serving as the west's business agent - and having obeyed the latest US dictum on Iran and Iraq, Brown set off recently for Saudi Arabia, exporter of Wahhabi fundamentalism and wheeler of fabulous arms deals.
To complement this, the Brown government is spending £11bn of taxpayers' money on a huge, pri vatised military academy in Wales, which will train foreign soldiers and mercenaries recruited to the bogus "war on terror". With arms companies such as Raytheon profiting, this will become Britain's "School of the Americas", a centre for counter-insurgency (terrorist) training and the design of future colonial adventures.
It has had almost no publicity.
Of course, the image of militarist Britain clashes with a benign national regard formed, wrote Tolstoy, "from infancy, by every possible means - class books, church services, sermons, speeches, books, papers, songs, poetry, monuments [leading to] people stupefied in the one direction". Much has changed since he wrote that. Or has it? The shabby, destructive colonial war in Afghanistan is now reported almost entirely through the British army, with squaddies always doing their Kipling best, and with the Afghan resistance routinely dismissed as "outsiders" and "invaders". Pictures of nomadic boys with Nato-roasted skin almost never appear in the press or on television, nor the after-effects of British thermobaric weapons, or "vacuum bombs", designed to suck the air out of human lungs. Instead, whole pages mourn a British military intelligence agent in Afghanis tan, because she happens to have been a 26-year-old woman, the first to die in active service since the 2001 invasion.
Baha Mousa, tortured to death by British soldiers, was also 26 years old. But he was different. His father, Daoud, says that the way the Ministry of Defence has behaved over his son's death convinces him that the British government regards the lives of others as "cheap". And he is right.
86 comments
Meh. This is the oldest story in the book - British Army being racialist, ruthless and mindless.
- There is no known tradition of 'human rights' that pertains to the British Army or "nobility" which is retro-fitted to imperial wars - yea even unto WWII which was an Imperial conflict that happened to uproot the Concentration Camps (invented by the British as an anti-civilian tactic to win the Boer War, BTW). The great British public are too simple and open-natured (gullible) to do anything else except follow their masters of war blithely into battle wherever they go.
"The great British public are too simple and open-natured (gullible) to do anything else except follow their masters of war blithely into battle wherever they go."
It's democracy, stupid! (aka freedom for woolly-minded sheep).
To suppose that the tactics of the military are unique to this generation is absurd, Its just that there is far more coverage now than ever before and the hypocrisy is available for everyone to see.
Afghanistan has been a warzone since its invasion by the Soviet Union 28 years ago. The current NATO involvement is a relatively short chapter in the story of these people's suffering.
And while the Russians are to blame for starting this war its is the fault of the US that conflict has continued in that region for so long and ultimately for the rise of the Taleban itself. It was only after 9/11 that the US switched from supporting the Taleban to the Northern Alliance - the side formerly supported by the Soviets.
So its really hard to see where there could be any honor or nobility in this war. However I do feel we do have a duty to stabilize this country. After all this time, that is the only good thing that could come out of nearly thrity years of the great game being played at the price of Afghanistan.
Unfortunately force is the only way this is going to happen and there is a terrible human cost to that. However unlike the conflicts of the past there is a real motivation on the part of NATO to stabilize Afghanistan in its own self interest.
I share Pilgers disgust for war and I like him am disgusted by those the revel in the heroics of battle. But, I think we shouldn't lose sight of our obligation to see this through.
I wonder, really, who is being "stupid" - the concept of "democracy" is laden with assumptions. I resort to Mr. Pilger, who resorts to Tolstoy, to clarify my foregoing remark:
"Of course, the image of militarist Britain clashes with a benign national regard formed, wrote Tolstoy, "from infancy, by every possible means - class books, church services, sermons, speeches, books, papers, songs, poetry, monuments [leading to] people stupefied in the one direction". Much has changed since he wrote that. Or has it?"
CLADDACH, congrats on knowing what an apostrophe is, and that reiterate is not hyphenated, if tangogirl doesn't, so what? You are capable of working out that re-iterate means reiterate aren't you? Don't make yourself look such a tosser by attacking someone's punctuation, for all you know tangogirl might not be english, she could be writing in a second or even third language, let her arguments be right or wrong, but for god's sake shut the fuck up about the rules of the english language, which by the way is completely imperialistic. Tosser.
Loony conspiracy theories...open contempt for democracy (what yould you prefer, Cybertiger?) and the British public...libelling of soldiers...twisting of the war for national survival against Nazi-ism into "an imperial conflict" (man)...just another day on one of Britiain's premier left of centre sites. Only surprised that someone hasn't blamed it (whatever it is) on the Jews - sorry, Zionists - in the past 24 hours.
Jmac- WWII was a war between imperial powers - the national survival bit only comes about because you lost it only to have supersub USA come on board in extra time.
Excellent article by John Pilger. However the overall situation is actually far, far worse than John Pilger indicates - the awful crimes he describes involve violence but the horrendous crime that is generally unreported in the Mainstream media of the Western Murdochracies is the non-violent excess death (non-violent avoidable death) of millions in UK-US-occupied countries due to deliberate, war criminal non-supply of life-sustaining requisites demanded of Occupiers by the Geneva Convention.
By way of example, UNICEF and UN Population Division data indicate that the "annual death rate" is 6.2% for under-5 year old infants in US-UK-NATO-Australia-occupied Afghanistan - as compared to 10.2% for Australian prisoners of war of the Japanese in World War 2 (for which crime responsible Japanese generals were tried and hanged as the vilest of war criminals) (see "Top US lawyer and UNICEF data reveal Afghan Genocide: http://www.countercurrents.org/polya080208.htm ).
It's nice that an unbiased view on the so-called 'war on terrorism' is being talked about in such length. But it looks like this too will be soon forgotten like many such articles in the past. Does anyone out there care about the actual truth? The media is very quick to report 'fanatic mullahs' spreading terror but turns a blind eye on the terrorist states of Israel and her illegitimate parents - US and UK and the perverted crimes they commit everyday. It is as though a norm to label Muslims as terrorists and fanatics without even looking into the facts. The stories that we read everyday (including 9/11 types) are all conveyed to us by the pro-western and Zionist media. Does anyone question the neo-crusaders on their self-license to go and bomb anyone they like? We should know that being silent on a crime is as much a crime as committing the same.
Last but not the least, my appeal to everyone viewing this space is to read about Islam before making any judgement about this great religion. After you've read an unbiased account on Islam, you'll ask for yourself - could any sincere follower of this religion really commit any of those perverted crimes attributed to them?


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Brachycephalidae — Günther, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858: 344 (see entry under Anura). Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 197.
Brachycephalina Günther, 1858, Arch. Naturgesch., 24: 321. Type genus: Brachycephalus Fitzinger, 1826.
Brachycephalinae — Noble, 1931, Biol. Amph.: 507. Dubois, 2005, Alytes, 23: 11.
None noted.
Southern and central Brazil and adjacent northern Argentina; possibly into adjacent Paraguay.
McDiarmid, 1971, Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 12: 1-66, and Izecksohn, 1971, Bol. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, N.S., Zool., 280: 1-12, removed Brachycephalus from Atelopodidae (the latter which McDiarmid placed in Bufonidae) and restricted the name Brachycephalidae to Brachycephalus as family of problematic relationships. Izecksohn, 1971, Bol. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, N.S., Zool., 280: 1-12, and Giaretta and Sawaya, 1998, Copeia, 1998: 987, noted that Brachycephalidae (sensu stricto) might be most closely related to Euparkerella (then in Eleutherodactylinae). Silva, Campos, and Sebben, 2007, Zootaxa, 1422: 59-68, suggested this view might be mistaken, as well as the formulation of the earlier Eleutherodactylinae and the genera that composed it, although they presented no evidence to reject the monophyly of this inclusive group. Eleutherodactylinae was considered a tribe within a paraphyletic Telmatobiinae by Lynch, 1971, Misc. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 53: 142. Subsequently considered a subfamily by Laurent, 1986, in Grassé and Delsol (eds.), Traite de Zool., 14: 418. Darst and Cannatella, 2004, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 31: 462-475, provided DNA sequence evidence of a close relationship of Brachycephalus to Eleutherodactylinae (sensu lato, now largely coextensive with Terrarana). Dubois, 2005, Alytes, 23: 4, noted that if the two are combined into a single taxon Brachycephalinae is an older name for Eleutherodactylinae. Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297, documented that Brachycephalidae (sensu stricto) is imbedded within Eleutherodactylinae and discussed the placement of the group within anurans and the lack of evidence of monophyly for most of the included genera. See comment under Leptodactylidae. Heinicke, Duellman, and Hedges, 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104: 10092-10097, continued recognition of a paraphyletic Eleutherodactylinae in a paraphyletic "Leptodactylidae", but provided results consistent with the recognition of Brachycephalidae (sensu lato). They also provided a substantial realignment of generic boundaries based on a molecular study of many of the nominal genera. Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008, Zootaxa, 1737: 1-182, on the basis of a larger molecular analysis, restricted the name Brachycephalidae to a monophyletic cluster of genera in southeastern Brazil and recognized Craugastoridae, Eleutherodactylidae, and Strabomantidae for the bulk of former Eleutherodactylinae, "Eleutherodactylus", and related genera. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543-583, in their study of Genbank sequences confirmed that Brachycephalidae is the sister taxon of Eleutherodactylidae + their Craugastoridae. Blackburn and Wake, 2011, In Zhang (ed.), Zootaxa, 3148, 3148: 39-55, discussed the changes in the application of the name Brachycephalidae.
Please note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the American Museum of Natural History. We are not responsible for their content.


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July 25, 2011
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January 14, 2009
Alternate reality games (ARGs) weave together real-world artifacts with clues and puzzles hidden virtually any place, such as websites, libraries, museums, stores, signs, recorded telephone messa…
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All Scripture is inspired by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for training in righteousness; that the man of God may be adequate, equipped for every good work. (2 Timothy 3:16–17)
The first predicate adjective that describes Scripture, namely, its being inspired by God, focuses on the authority of His written Word. Theopneustos (inspired by God) literally means, "breathed out by God," or simply, "God-breathed." God sometimes breathed His words into the human writers to be recorded much as dictation. He said to Jeremiah: "Behold, I have put My words in your mouth" (Jer. 1:9). But, as clearly seen in Scripture itself, God's divine truth more often flowed through the minds, souls, hearts, and emotions of His chosen human instruments. Yet, by whatever means, God divinely superintended the accurate recording of His divinely breathed truth by His divinely chosen men. In a supernatural way, He has provided His divine Word in human words that any person, even a child, can be led by His Holy Spirit to understand sufficiently to be saved.
It is of utmost importance to understand that it is Scripture that is inspired by God, not the men divinely chosen to record it. When speaking or writing apart from God's revelation, their thoughts, wisdom, and understanding were human and fallible. They were not inspired in the sense that we commonly use that term of people with extraordinary artistic, literary, or musical genius. Nor were they inspired in the sense of being personal repositories of divine truth which they could dispense at will. Many human authors of Scripture penned other documents, but none of those writings exist today, and, even if discovered, they would not carry the weight of Scripture.
Many men who wrote Scripture, such as Moses and Paul, were highly trained in human knowledge and wisdom, but that learning was not the source of the divine truth they recorded. David was a highly gifted poet, and that gift doubtless is reflected in the beauty of his psalms, but it was not the source of the divine truths revealed in those psalms.
Scripture first of all and above all is from God and about God, His self-revelation to fallen mankind. From Genesis through Revelation, God reveals His truth, His character, His attributes, and His divine plan for the redemption of man, whom He made in His own image. He even foretells the eventual redemption of the rest of His creation, which "also will be set free from its slavery to corruption into the freedom of the glory of the children of God" and which "groans and suffers the pains of childbirth together until now" (Rom. 8:21–22).
The Bible is not a collection of the wisdom and insights of men, even of godly men. It is God's truth, His own Word in His own words. The psalmist declared, "Forever, O Lord, Thy word is settled in heaven" (Ps. 119:89). God's Word is divinely revealed to men on earth and divinely authenticated in heaven. Peter declares unequivocally, "Know this first of all, that no prophecy of Scripture is a matter of one's own interpretation, for no prophecy was ever made by an act of human will, but men moved by the Holy Spirit spoke from God" (2 Peter 1:20–21).Those God-given, humanly recorded words became God's written Word, inerrant and authoritative as originally given. Propheteia ("prophecy") is not used here in the sense of prediction but in its basic and broader meaning of speaking forth, of proclaiming a message. It carries the same inclusive idea as "the oracles of God," with which ancient Israel had the marvelous privilege of being entrusted (Rom. 3:2). "Interpretation" (2 Peter 1:20b) translates epilusis, which refers to something that is released, sent out, or sent forth. In this verse the Greek noun is a genitive of source, indicating origin. In other words, no message of Scripture was originated and sent forth by men's own wisdom and will. Rather, the godly men through whom Scripture was revealed and recorded were divinely instructed and carried along by the Holy Spirit.
Scripture is inspired and inerrant in both testaments. All Scripture refers to the New as well as to the Old Testament. The hieros grammata ("sacred writings") were the Hebrew Scriptures (The Old Testament), which Timothy had been taught from childhood (v. 15). Graphe (Scripture), on the other hand, was commonly used in the early church not only of the Old Testament but also of God's newly revealed Word, in what came to be called the New Testament.
Scripture is inspired and inerrant in its words. To deny that all of the Bible is inspired obviously is to deny that all of the words of Scripture are inspired. Just as obviously, such denial places man as judge over God's Word, acknowledging as authentic and binding only those portions which correspond to one's personal predispositions. Whether the human judgment about inspiration is made by a church council, church tradition, or individual preference, it is based on subjective, sin-tainted, and imperfect knowledge and understanding. When men decide for themselves what to recognize as true and worthwhile, as meaningful and relevant, they vitiate all authority of Scripture. Even when they concur with Scripture, the agreement is based on their own human wisdom.
Scripture is inspired and inerrant in everything it teaches and reports. Some scholars maintain that, because the Bible is not a textbook on such subjects as history, geography, and science, it is inerrant only when it speaks on spiritual and moral matters. But like those who claim to accept the underlying divine concepts and principles of Scripture but not its words, these interpreters also determine by their own resources what is divine and infallible and what is human and fallible. Again, man becomes the judge of Scripture.
You may reproduce this Grace to You content for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Grace to You's Copyright Policy (http://www.gty.org/connect/copyright).


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Notes: 11
Tags: animationexcelspreadsheet
I've made (what I believe is) the first animated excel spreadsheet. In the spirit of groundbreaking animations which capture motion in a normally still medium, I've attempted to capture the excitement of a train ride.
Make sure the macros are turned on and then click in the top left cell which reads "Train Time."
Animated Excel Spreadsheet by Matt Nicole.


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The ultimate makeover: Chocolate brownies
By Angela Nilsen
Cooking time
Prep: 25 mins Cook: 30 minsSkill level
Makes 12Angela gives these rich treats a makeover, with a magic ingredient to reduce the fat content...
Nutrition and extra info
Additional info
- Freezable
Nutrition per brownie
- kcalories
- 191
- protein
- 2g
- carbs
- 23g
- fat
- 11g
- saturates
- 3g
- fibre
- 1g
- sugar
- 16g
- salt
- 0.28g
- 85g dark chocolate, 70% cocoa solids, chopped into small pieces
- 85g plain flour
- 25g cocoa powder
- ¼ tsp bicarbonate of soda
- 100g golden caster sugar
- 50g light muscovado sugar
- ½ tsp coffee granules
- 1 tsp vanilla extract
- 2 tbsp buttermilk
- 1 egg
- 100g mayonnaise (I used Hellman's)
Buy Ingredients
Buy the ingredients for this recipe now via:
Want to know how this works? Read all about it here.
- Heat oven to 180C/fan 160C/gas 4. Pour enough water into a small pan to one-third fill it. Bring to the boil, then remove the pan from the heat. Put the chopped chocolate into a large bowl that will fit snugly over the pan without touching the water. Sit the pan over the water (still off the heat) and leave the chocolate to melt slowly for a few mins, stirring occasionally until it has melted evenly. Remove the bowl from the pan, then let the chocolate cool slightly.
- Meanwhile, lightly oil and base-line a 19cm square cake tin that is 5cm deep. Combine the flour, cocoa and bicarbonate of soda. Using a wooden spoon, stir both the sugars into the cooled chocolate with the coffee, vanilla and buttermilk. Stir in 1 tbsp warm water. Break and beat in the egg, then stir in the mayonnaise just until smooth and glossy. Sift over the flour and cocoa mix, then gently fold in with a spatula without overmixing.
- Pour the mixture into the tin, then gently and evenly spread it into the corners. Bake for 30 mins. When a skewer is inserted into the middle, it should come out with just a few moist crumbs sticking to it. If cooked too long, the mix will dry out; not long enough and it can sink. Leave in the tin until completely cold, then loosen the sides with a round-bladed knife. Turn out onto a board, peel off the lining paper and cut into 12 squares.
Recipe from Good Food magazine, April 2009
Comments, questions and tips
When I saw this recipe I was a bit doubtful about using mayonnaise, but it works really well! I personally prefer gooey brownies, and these are light, fluffy, crumbly brownies but I loved these. I used the recommended milk and lemon because I couldn't find buttermilk anywhere. (I also found these brownies better the day afterwards).
I made these brownies for some realations and I was extremely dissapointed. I followed the instuctions precisely and the mixture looked great. Then I put it in the oven. It says to put it on for 30 mins. I thought this was too much so i only did it for 28mins. The brownies came out burned (i put it on 180C) and it almost fell apart. This wasted my time and im angry as my relations were looking forward to eating them.
my dad's and husband's birthday falls on the same date.. usually we celebrate it together.. but this time my dad fell sick so my parents could not come over to my place.. i could not travel too.. so we decided to make the same recipe.. that is when i came across this recipe.. both my dad and husband are great fans of chocolate..
this is when my husband came across this app called LiveAlbum..
my mom and me made the browny simultaneously.. i shared this recipe with her through phone.. i took photos of each stage of my preparation and the photos got shared as and when i took it.. Miracle!
Dad and my husband loved the browny.. keep giving us wonderful recipes..
Well what can I say... This recipe is fantastic! Can't believe it has mayo in. I was very dubious but thought what the heck, it's worth a try and am I glad I did. Now my daughter says she doesn't want normal brownies again, she wants these and for a 9 yr old to say that, speaks volumes. Will make these again.
I have made this recipe literally hundreds of times and these are the best brownies ever - highly recommended.
I also use milk with a dash of vinegar to make the buttermilk alternative and extra light mayo - never fails.
Also try Sainsburys own brand dark chocolate at around 30p/100g bar - you won't be disappointed.
Thank you for a great recipe.
Ok I've been on the hunt for a low calorie brownie for a while I changed this recipe to take out a lot of calories and it worked a treat - heres what I did.
Replaced the 150g sugar with 12tbsp splenda (i used tesco own brand)
I used 25g cadburies highlights hot chocolate powder instead of coco ( i didnt have any coco)
I used tesco lighter than light mayo ( cuts a lot of calories)
I used 1/2 - 3/4 tsp baking soda
These changes roughly cut the calories in half - the main calorie contributor to the recipe being the chocolate.
For all you keen dieters that love a good bit of brownie!


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Here's how to stay safe—and happy—outside
The skinny on this year's trendiest weight loss plans
Dr. Oz's secret to losing 2 inches in 2 weeks!
How to find the hidden sweet stuff that's lurking in your food
Discover the best carbs for your body
Separate fact from fiction and accelerate your gains
The Holy Grail of Workouts!
Image: Getty Images
Even though putting one foot in front of the other is the easiest form of exercise there is, it's still hard to find the motivation to bypass the car and head out on foot in your everyday life. But with a couple of tools—including a visit to Walkscore.com, which grades cities and neighborhoods on the ease of finding entertainment or provisions on foot, and Prevention.com's at-a-glance guide to the attractions that you'd never notice on a drive—you can get (ahem) one step closer to a more exciting pedestrian lifestyle. The closer a city on this list scores to 100, the better the walkability. Read on to learn what makes these metro areas walker-friendly.
Love to Walk for Exercise? Learn how you can slim down with this easy plan. Plus, the latest research has uncovered the sercret to accelerated weight loss for women. Learn more today.
The Best US Cities for Weight Loss
You can lose weight just by walking! The secret is a mix of steady-paced walks, fat-blasting intervals, and strength training that will melt away fat and send your metabolism soaring.