text:
Glyphosate | |
N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine |
Other names
2-[(phosphonomethyl)amino]acetic acid |
Identifiers | |
CAS number | 1071-83-6 , 38641-94-0 (isopropylammmonium salt) 70393-85-0 (sesquisodium salt) 81591-81-3 (trimethylsulfonium salt) |
PubChem | 3496 |
ChemSpider | 3376 |
EC-number | 213-997-4 |
ChEBI | CHEBI:27744 |
ChEMBL | CHEMBL95764 |
RTECS number | MC1075000 |
Jmol-3D images | Image 1 |
Properties[1] | |
Molecular formula | C3H8NO5P |
Molar mass | 169.07 g mol−1 |
Appearance | white crystalline powder |
Density | 1.704 (20 °C) |
Melting point |
Boiling point |
decomposes at 187 °C |
Solubility in water | 1.01 g/100 mL (20 °C) |
log P | −2.8 |
Acidity (pKa) | <2, 2.6, 5.6, 10.6 |
Hazards[1][2] | |
MSDS | InChem MSDS |
GHS pictograms | |
GHS signal word | DANGER |
GHS hazard statements | H318, H411 |
GHS precautionary statements | P273, P280, P305+351+338, P310, P501 |
EU Index | 607-315-00-8 |
EU classification | Irritant (Xi) Dangerous for the environment (N) |
R-phrases | R41, R51/53 |
S-phrases | (S2), S26, S39, S61 |
Flash point | non-flammable |
(verify) (what is: / ?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) |
Infobox references |
Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide used to kill weeds, especially annual broadleaf weeds and grasses known to compete with commercial crops grown around the globe. It was discovered to be a herbicide by Monsanto chemist John E. Franz in 1970.[3] Monsanto brought it to market in the 1970s under the trade name "Roundup", and Monsanto's last commercially relevant United States patent expired in 2000.
Glyphosate was quickly adopted by farmers, even more so when Monsanto introduced glyphosate-resistant crops, enabling farmers to kill weeds without killing their crops. In 2007 glyphosate was the most used herbicide in the United States agricultural sector, with 180 to 185 million pounds (82,000 to 84,000 tonnes) applied, and the second most used in home and garden market where users applied 5 to 8 million pounds (2,300 to 3,600 tonnes); additionally industry, commerce and government applied 13 to 15 million pounds (5,900 to 6,800 tonnes).[4] With its heavy use in agriculture, weed resistance to glyphosate is a growing problem. While glyphosate and formulations such as Roundup have been approved by regulatory bodies worldwide and are widely used, concerns about their effects on humans and the environment persist.[5]
Glyphosate's mode of action is to inhibit an enzyme involved in the synthesis of the aromatic amino acids tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine. It is absorbed through foliage and translocated to growing points. Because of this mode of action, it is only effective on actively growing plants; it is not effective as a pre-emergence herbicide.
Some crops have been genetically engineered to be resistant to glyphosate (i.e. "Roundup Ready", also created by Monsanto Company). Such crops allow farmers to use glyphosate as a post-emergence herbicide against both broadleaf and cereal weeds, but the development of similar resistance in some weed species is emerging as a costly problem. Soy was the first "Roundup Ready" crop.
- 1 Discovery
- 2 Chemistry
- 3 Biochemistry
- 4 Environmental fate
- 5 Use
- 6 Formulations and tradenames
- 7 Toxicity
- 8 Weed resistance
- 9 Legal cases
- 10 Genetically modified crops
- 11 Alternative systemic herbicides
- 12 See also
- 13 References
Glyphosate was first discovered to have herbicidal activity in 1970 by John E. Franz, while working for Monsanto.[6] Franz received the National Medal of Technology in 1987[7] and the Perkin Medal for Applied Chemistry[8] in 1990 for his discoveries. Franz was inducted into the National Inventor's Hall of Fame in 2007.[9]
Glyphosate is an aminophosphonic analogue of the natural amino acid glycine, and the name is a contraction of gly(cine) phos(phon)ate. The molecule has several dissociable hydrogens, especially the first hydrogen of the phosphate group. The molecule tends to exist as a zwitterion where a phosphonic hydrogen dissociates and joins the amine group. Glyphosate is soluble in water to 12 g/L at room temperature.
Main deactivation path is hydrolysis to aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA).[10]
Glyphosate kills plants by interfering with the synthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. It does this by inhibiting the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), which catalyzes the reaction of shikimate-3-phosphate (S3P) and phosphoenolpyruvate to form 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate (ESP).[11]
ESP is subsequently dephosphorylated to chorismate, an essential precursor for the amino acids mentioned above.[12] These amino acids are used in protein synthesis and to produce secondary metabolites such as folates, ubiquinones and naphthoquinone.
X-ray crystallographic studies of glyphosate and EPSPS show that glyphosate functions by occupying the binding site of the phosphoenolpyruvate, mimicking an intermediate state of the ternary enzyme substrates complex.[13][14]
The commercially important enzyme that glyphosate inhibits, EPSPS, is found only in plants and micro-organisms. EPSPS is not present in animals, which instead obtain aromatic amino acids from their diet.[15]
However, glyphosate has also been shown to inhibit other plant enzymes,[16][17] and also has been found to affect animal enzymes.[18]
Glyphosate is absorbed through foliage. Because of this mode of action, it is only effective on actively growing plants; it is not effective in preventing seeds from germinating.
Environmental fate[edit]
Glyphosate adsorbs strongly to soil and is not expected to move vertically below the six inch soil layer; residues are expected to be immobile in soil. Glyphosate is readily degraded by soil microbes to AMPA, which is degraded to carbon dioxide. Glyphosate and AMPA are not likely to move to ground water due to their strong adsorptive characteristics. However, glyphosate does have the potential to contaminate surface waters due to its aquatic use patterns and through erosion, as it adsorbs to soil particles suspended in runoff. If glyphosate reached surface water, it would not be broken down readily by water or sunlight.[19]
The median half-life of glyphosate in soil ranges between 2 and 197 days; a typical field half-life of 47 days has been suggested. Soil and climate conditions affect glyphosate's persistence in soil. The median half-life of glyphosate in water varies from a few days to 91 days.[20]
According to the National Pesticide Information Center fact sheet, Glyphosate is not included in compounds tested for by the Food and Drug Administration's Pesticide Residue Monitoring Program, nor in the United States Department of Agriculture's Pesticide Data Program, however a field test showed that lettuce, carrots, and barley contained glyphosate residues up to one year after the soil was treated with 3.71 pounds of glyphosate per acre.[20]
Glyphosate is effective in killing a wide variety of plants, including grasses, broadleaf, and woody plants. It has a relatively small effect on some clover species.[21] By volume, it is one of the most widely used herbicides.[20] It is commonly used for agriculture, horticulture, viticulture and silviculture purposes, as well as garden maintenance (including home use).[20][22] Prior to harvest glyphosate is used for crop desiccation (siccation) to increase the harvest yield.[23]
In many cities, glyphosate is sprayed along the sidewalks and streets, as well as crevices in between pavement where weeds often grow. However, up to 24% of glyphosate applied to hard surfaces can be run off by water.[24] Glyphosate contamination of surface water is highly attributed to urban use.[25] Glyphosate is used to clear railroad tracks and get rid of unwanted aquatic vegetation.[23]
Glyphosate is one of a number of herbicides used by the United States and Colombian governments to spray coca fields through Plan Colombia. Its effects on legal crops and effectiveness in fighting the war on drugs have been disputed.[26] There are reports that widespread application of glyphosate in attempts to destroy coca crops in South America have resulted in the development of glyphosate-resistant strains of coca nicknamed "Boliviana Negra", which have been selectively bred to be both "Roundup Ready" and larger and higher yielding than the original strains of the plant.[27] However, there are no reports of glyphosate-resistant coca in the peer-reviewed literature. In addition, since spraying of herbicides is not permitted in Colombian national parks, this has encouraged coca growers to move into park areas, cutting down the natural vegetation, and establishing coca plantations within park lands.[28]
Formulations and tradenames[edit]
This section requires expansion with: examples of formulations of glyphosate – what are other surfactants and adjuvants? what are their qualities? Which are best for various purposes of farmers? What are the risks of those chemicals?. (September 2012) |
Glyphosate is marketed in the United States and worldwide by many agrochemical companies, in different solution strengths and with various adjuvants, under many tradenames: Accord, Aquaneat, Aquamaster, Bronco, Buccaneer, Campaign, Clearout 41 Plus, Clear-up, Expedite, Fallow Master, Genesis Extra I, Glyfos Induce, Glypro, GlyStar Induce, GlyphoMax Induce, Honcho, JuryR, Landmaster, MirageR, Pondmaster, Protocol, Prosecutor, Ranger, Rascal, Rattler, Razor Pro, Rodeo, Roundup, I, Roundup Pro Concentrate, Roundup UltraMax, Roundup WeatherMax, Silhouette, Touchdown IQ.[29][30][31]
Manufacturers include Bayer, Dow AgroSciences, Du Pont, Cenex/Land O'Lakes, Helena, Monsanto, Platte, Riverside/Terra, and Zeneca.[31]
Glyphosate is an acid molecule, but it is formulated as a salt for packaging and handling. Various salt formulations include isopropylamine, diammonium, monoammonium, or potassium as the counterion. Some brands include more than one salt. Some companies report their product as acid equivalent (ae) of glyphosate acid, or some report it as active ingredient (ai) of glyphosate plus the salt, and others report both. In order to compare performance of different formulations it is critical to know how the products were formulated. Since the salt does not contribute to weed control and different salts have different weights, the acid equivalent is a more accurate method of expressing, and comparing concentrations.[32] Adjuvant loading refers to the amount of adjuvant[33][34] already added to the glyphosate product. Fully loaded products contain all the necessary adjuvants, including surfactant, some contain no adjuvant system; while other products contain only a limited amount of adjuvant (minimal or partial loading) and additional surfactants must be added to the spray tank before application.[32] As of 2000 (just before Monsanto's patent on glyphosate expired) there were 400 commercial adjuvants from over 34 different companies available for use in commercial agriculture.[35][36]
Products are supplied most commonly in formulations of 120, 240, 360, 480 and 680 g active ingredient per litre. The most common formulation in agriculture is 360 g, either alone or with added cationic surfactants.
For 360 g formulations, European regulations allow applications of up to 12 litres per hectare for control of perennial weeds such as couch grass. More commonly, rates of 3 litres per hectare are practiced for control of annual weeds between crops.[37]
Monsanto developed and patented the glyphosate molecule in the 1970s, and has marketed it as Roundup since 1973. It retained exclusive rights in the United States until its United States patent expired in September, 2000.
As of 2009, sales of these herbicide products represented about 10% of Monsanto's revenue due to competition from other producers of other glyphosate-based herbicides;[38] their Roundup products (which include GM seeds) represents about half of Monsanto's yearly revenue.[39]
The active ingredient of the Monsanto herbicides is the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate. Another important ingredient in some formulations is the surfactant POEA (polyethoxylated tallow amine), which has been found to be highly toxic to animals and to humans.[40][41][42][43]
Monsanto also produces seeds which grow into plants genetically engineered to be tolerant to glyphosate. The genes contained in these seeds are patented. Such crops allow farmers to use glyphosate as a post-emergence herbicide against most broadleaf and cereal weeds. Soy was the first glyphosate resistance crop.
In November 2009, a French environment group (MDRGF) accused Monsanto of using chemicals in Roundup formulations not disclosed to the country's regulatory bodies, and demanded the removal of those products from the market.[44][45]
Glyphosate is the active ingredient in herbicide formulations containing it. However, in addition to glyphosate salts, commercial formulations of glyphosate contain additives such as surfactants which vary in nature and concentration. Laboratory toxicology studies have suggested that other ingredients in combination with glyphosate may have greater toxicity than glyphosate alone.[46] Toxicologists have studied glyphosate alone, additives alone, and formulations.
Glyphosate toxicity[edit]
Glyphosate has a United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Toxicity Class of III (on a I to IV scale, where IV is least dangerous) for oral and inhalation exposure.[19] Thus, as with other herbicides, the EPA requires that products containing glyphosate carry a label that warns against oral intake, mandates the use of protective clothing, and instructs users not to re-enter treated fields for at least 4 hours.[19][47] Glyphosate does not bioaccumulate in animals; it is excreted in urine and faeces.[19] It breaks down variably quickly depending on the particular environment. Health, environmental and food chain effects from alteration of gut flora by wide use of glyphosate are largely unexplored.[48][49][50]
Human acute toxicity is dose related. Acute fatal toxicity has been reported in deliberate overdose.[46][51] Epidemiological studies have not found associations between long term low level exposure to glyphosate and any disease.[52][53][54]
The EPA considers glyphosate to be noncarcinogenic and relatively low in dermal and oral acute toxicity.[19] The EPA considered a "worst case" dietary risk model of an individual eating a lifetime of food derived entirely from glyphosate-sprayed fields with residues at their maximum levels. This model indicated that no adverse health effects would be expected under such conditions.[19]
Glyphosate is present in human urine samples from 18 European countries. Malta showed the highest test results with the chemical showing up in 90% of samples and the average for all countries was 43.9%. Diet was stated as the main source.[55]
Effects on fish and amphibians[edit]
Glyphosate is generally less persistent in water than in soil, with 12 to 60 day persistence observed in Canadian pond water, yet because glyphosate binds to soil, persistence of over a year has been observed in the sediments of ponds in Michigan and Oregon.[19] In streams, maximum glyphosate concentrations were measured immediately post-treatment and dissipated rapidly.[19] According to research done in the late 1980s and early 1990 (Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment for Roundup® Herbicide), glyphosate in ecological exposures studied is "practically nontoxic to slightly toxic" for amphibians and fish.[56]
Soil degradation, and effects on micro-organisms and worms[edit]
When glyphosate comes into contact with the soil, it can be rapidly bound to soil particles and be inactivated.[57][58] Unbound glyphosate can be degraded by bacteria.[59] Glyphosate and its degradation product, aminomethylphosphonate (AMPA), residues are considered to be much more toxicologically and environmentally benign than most of the herbicides replaced by glyphosate.[60]
In soils, half-lives vary from as little as three days at a site in Texas to 141 days at a site in Iowa.[58] In addition, the glyphosate metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid has been found in Swedish forest soils up to two years after a glyphosate application.[61] Glyphosate adsorption to soil, and later release from soil, varies depending on the kind of soil.[62][63] A 2009 study using a RoundUp formulation concluded that absorption into plants delays subsequent soil-degradation and can increase glyphosate persistence in soil from two to six times.[64]
A laboratory study published in 1992 indicated that glyphosate formulations could harm earthworms[65] and beneficial insects.[66] However, the reported effect of glyphosate on earthworms has been criticized.[56] The results conflict with results from field studies where no effects were noted for the number of nematodes, mites, or springtails after treatment with Roundup at 2 kilograms active ingredient per hectare.[67]
It has been suggested that glyphosate can harm the bacterial ecology of soil and cause micronutrient deficiencies in plants,[68] including nitrogen-fixing bacteria.[69][70] A 2012 study on the effect of Roundup® (glyphosate with adjuvants) on three microorganisms used in dairy products found while the formulation had "a microbicide effect at lower concentrations than those recommended in agriculture", glyphosate alone "at these levels has no significant effect".[71]
Additive toxicity[edit]
This section requires expansion. (September 2012) |
Glyphosate formulations may contain a number of so-called 'inert' ingredients or adjuvants, most of which are not known since U.S. Federal regulations allow only limited information regarding the identity and nature of the these ingredients. Consequently, the evaluation of them relies mainly on review of the open literature on the toxicity and environmental fate.[72]
Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension (or interfacial tension) between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants. As agricultural spray adjuvants they may be included in a formulation sold to the consumer ("in can"), or may be bought separately and mixed on site (called a "tank mix").
Polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA) is part of the original Roundup formulation. Registration data in New Zealand showed Roundup contained 18% POEA. POEA is a surfactant that enhances the activity of herbicides such as glyphosate. The role of a surfactant in a herbicide product is to improve wettability of the surface of plants for maximum coverage and aid penetration through the plant surface. A review of the literature provided to the EPA in 1997 found that POEA was more toxic to fish than glyphosate.[73]
Spreader 90 is a surfactant used in tank mixes.[77] Spreader 90 contains 1,2 propanediol (also known as Propylene glycol), propane 1,2,3 triol (also known as glycerol), alcohol ethoxylate, and dimethylpolysiloxane.[78][79] Of these ingredients, alcohol ethoxylates are among the widely used detergents in consumer products; commercial preparations are often mixes of homologs. Due to known toxicities to aquatic species, the Canadian recommended Federal Water Quality Guideline values is 70 µg/L.[80]
Formulation Toxicity[edit]
Data from the California Environmental Protection Agency's Pesticide Illness Surveillance Program, which also tracks other agricultural chemicals, shows that glyphosate-related incidents are some of the most common.[81][82] However, incident counts alone do not take into account the number of people exposed and the severity of symptoms associated with each incident.[82] For example, if hospitalization were used as a measure of the severity of incidents, then glyphosate would be considered relatively safe; over a 13-year period in California, none of the 515 reported hospitalizations were attributed to glyphosate.[82]
Deliberate ingestion of Roundup in quantities ranging from 85 to 200 ml has resulted in death within hours of ingestion, although it has also been ingested in quantities as large as 500 ml with only mild or moderate symptoms.[83] There is a reasonable correlation between the amount of Roundup ingested and the likelihood of serious systemic sequelae or death. Ingestion of >85 ml of the concentrated formulation is likely to cause significant toxicity in adults. Corrosive effects – mouth, throat and epigastric pain and dysphagia – are common. Renal and hepatic impairment are also frequent and usually reflect reduced organ perfusion. Respiratory distress, impaired consciousness, pulmonary edema, infiltration on chest x-ray, shock, arrythmias, renal failure requiring haemodialysis, metabolic acidosis, and hyperkalaemia may occur in severe cases. Bradycardia and ventricular arrhythmias often present prior to death.
Dermal exposure to ready-to-use glyphosate formulations can cause irritation, and photo-contact dermatitis has been occasionally reported. These effects are probably due to the preservative Proxel (benzisothiazolin-3-one). Inhalation is a minor route of exposure, but spray mist may cause oral or nasal discomfort, an unpleasant taste in the mouth, or tingling and irritation in the throat. Eye exposure may lead to mild conjunctivitis. Superficial corneal injury is possible if irrigation is delayed or inadequate.[46]
In vitro studies on human cells[edit]
A 2000 review concluded that "under present and expected conditions of new use, there is no potential for Roundup herbicide to pose a health risk to humans".[84] A 2002 review by the European Union reached the same conclusion.[85]
Glyphosate causes oxidative damage to human skin cells. Antioxidants such as vitamins C and E were found by one study to provide some protection against such damage, leading the authors to recommend that these chemicals be added to glyphosate formulations.[86] Severe skin burns are very rare.[46]
Endocrine disruption[edit]
A study published in 2000 found that Roundup interfered with an enzyme involved in testosterone production in mouse cell culture.[87] A study by the Seralini lab published in 2005 found that glyphosate interferes with aromatase, an estrogen biosynthesis enzyme, in cultures of human placental cells and that the Roundup formulation of glyphosate had stronger such activity.[88] A follow up study by the Seralini lab, published in 2009, showed similar results in human liver cells.[89] A study on rats published in 2010 found that administering Roundup Transorb orally to prepubescent rats at a dose of 0.25 mL/100 g of body weight, once a day for 30 days, reduced testosterone production and affected testicle morphology, but did not affect levels of estradiol and corticosterone.[90]
Monsanto has responded, saying that (a) Roundup formulations do contain surfactants (detergents) to help the active ingredient penetrate the waxy cuticle of the plant. (b) The surfactants are indeed more toxic than the glyphosate. (c) "If you put a detergent of any sort on cells in a petri dish, the cells get sick (and will die if you get the concentration high enough or recover if you remove the detergent soon enough)"; (d) the cell types chosen in these studies and the parameters measured were selected more to score political points than to help fully describe the risks of glyphosate and surfactants; (e) the experiments are artificial and not helpful – no one is supposed to drink Roundup, and it is not ever put on naked cells (we all have skin and workers are meant to wear protective clothes).[91]
In 2007, the EPA selected glyphosate for further screening through its Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program. Selection for this program is based on a compound's prevalence of use and does not imply particular suspicion of endocrine activity.[92]
Genetic damage[edit]
Several studies have not found mutagenic effects[93] and therefore glyphosate has not been listed in the U.S. EPA/IARC databases.[94] Various other studies suggest that glyphosate may be mutagenic.[94]
Other mammals[edit]
A review of the ecotoxicological data on Roundup shows there are at least 58 studies of the effects of Roundup itself on a range of organisms.[56] This review concluded that "for terrestrial uses of Roundup minimal acute and chronic risk was predicted for potentially exposed non-target organisms".
In a 2001 study, three groups of pregnant rats were fed, respectively, a regular diet with clean water, a regular diet with 0.2 ml glyphosate/ml drinking water; and a regular diet with 0.4 ml glyphosate/ml drinking water. Glyphosate induces a variety of functional abnormalities in fetuses and pregnant rats.[95] Also in recent mammalian research, glyphosate has been found to interfere with an enzyme involved testosterone production in mouse cell culture.[87]
Glyphosate is low in toxicity to rats when ingested by rats. The acute oral LD50 in rats is greater than 4320 mg/kg. Rats and mice were fed a diet containing 0, 3125, 6250, 12,500, 25,000, or 50,000 ppm of 99% pure glyphosate for 13 weeks. The two highest dose groups of male rats had a significant reduction in sperm concentrations, although concentrations were still within the historical range for that rat strain. The highest dose group of female rats had a slightly longer estrus cycle than the control group. The Reference Dose for glyphosate set by the EPA is 1.75 mg/kg/day and the maximum contaminant level set by the EPA is 0.7 mg/L[20][96]
The EPA,[97] the EC Health and Consumer Protection Directorate, and the UN World Health Organization have all concluded pure glyphosate is not carcinogenic. Opponents of glyphosate claim Roundup has been found to cause genetic damage, citing Peluso et al.[98] The authors concluded the damage was "not related to the active ingredient, but to another component of the herbicide mixture".
Mammal research indicates oral intake of 1% glyphosate induces changes in liver enzyme activities in pregnant rats and their fetuses.[95]
Laboratory studies have shown teratogenic effects of Roundup in animals.[99][100] These reports have proposed that the teratogenic effects are caused by impaired retinoic acid signaling.[101] News reports have supposed that regulators have been aware of these studies since 1980.[102]
Effects on fish and amphibians[edit]
Glyphosate is generally less persistent in water than in soil, with 12 to 60 day persistence observed in Canadian pond water, yet persistence of over a year have been observed in the sediments of ponds in Michigan and Oregon.[19] However, low glyphosate concentrations can be found in many creeks and rivers in the US and in Europe.[103]
A 2003 study of various formulations of glyphosate found that "risk assessments based on estimated and measured concentrations of glyphosate that would result from its use for the control of undesirable plants in wetlands and over-water situations showed that the risk to aquatic organisms is negligible or small at application rates less than 4 kg/ha and only slightly greater at application rates of 8 kg/ha.".[104] A more recent (2013) meta-analysis also reviewed the available data related to potential impacts of glyphosate-based herbicides on amphibians. According to the authors, because little is known about environmental concentrations of glyphosate in amphibian habitats and virtually nothing is known about environmental concentrations of the substances added to the herbicide formulations, if and how glyphosate-based herbicides contribute to amphibian decline is not yet answerable due to missing data on how natural populations are affected. They concluded that the impact on amphibians depends on the herbicide formulation with different sensitivity of taxa and life stages while effects on development of larvae are seen as the most sensitive endpoints to study. The authors recommend "better monitoring of both amphibian populations and contamination of habitats with glyphosate-based herbicides, not just glyphosate," and suggest including amphibians in standardized test batteries.[105]
Glyphosate formulations are much more toxic for amphibians and fish than glyphosate alone.[56][106][107][108] Glyphosate formulations may contain a number of so-called 'inert' ingredients or adjuvants, most of which are not publicly known as in many countries the law does not require that they be revealed.[103]
A study published in 2010 proposed commercial glyphosate can cause neural defects and craniofacial malformations in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). The experiments used frog embryos that were incubated with 1:5000 dilutions of a commercial glyphosate solution. The frog embryos suffered diminution of body size, alterations of brain morphology, reduction of the eyes, alterations of the branchial arches and otic placodes, alterations of the neural plate, and other abnormalities of the nervous system. The authors suggested glyphosate itself was responsible for the observed results because injection of pure glyphosate produced similar results in a chicken model.[101]
Monsanto and other companies produce glyphosate products with alternative surfactants that are specifically formulated for aquatic use, for example the Monsanto products "Biactive" and "AquaMaster".[109][110] In 2001 the Monsanto product Vision® was studied in a forest wetlands site in Canada. Substantial mortality occurred only at concentrations exceeding the expected environmental concentrations as calculated by Canadian regulatory authorities. While it was found that site factors such as pH and suspended sediments substantially affected the toxicity in the amphibian larvae tested, overall, "results suggest that the silvicultural use of Vision herbicide in accordance with the product label and standard Canadian environmental regulations should have negligible adverse effects on sensitive larval life stages of native amphibians."[111]
Effect on plant health[edit]
A study published in 2005 found a correlation between an increase in the infection rate of wheat by fusarium head blight and the application of glyphosate, but the authors wrote: "because of the nature of this study, we could not determine if the association between previous GF (glyphosate formulation) use and FHB development was a cause-effect relationship".[112] Other studies have found causal relationships between glyphosate and decreased disease resistance.[113]
Weed resistance[edit]
Resistance evolves after a weed population has been subjected to intense selection pressure in the form of repeated use of a single herbicide.[114][115] Weeds resistant to the herbicide have been called superweeds.[116] The first documented cases of weed resistance to glyphosate were found in Australia in 1996, involving rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) near Orange, New South Wales.[117][118] In 2006, farmers associations were reporting 103 biotypes of weeds within 63 weed species with herbicide resistance.[119] In 2009, Canada identified its first resistant weed, giant ragweed, and at that time fifteen weed species had been confirmed as resistant to glyphosate.[114][120] As of 2010, in the United States 7 to 10 million acres (40,000 km2) of soil was afflicted by superweeds, or about 5% of the 170 million acres planted with corn, soybeans and cotton, the crops most affected, in 22 states.[121] In 2012, the Weed Science Society of America[122] listed 22 super weeds in the U.S., with over 5.7 million hectares (14 million acres) infested by GR weeds. Dow AgroSciences carried out a recent survey and reported a figure of around 40 million hectares (100 million acres). [123]
A 2012 study found that over the 16 year period since genetically modified crops were introduced, "herbicide-resistant crop technology has led to a 239 million kilogram (527 million pound) increase in herbicide use in the United States between 1996 and 2011, while Bt crops have reduced insecticide applications by 56 million kilograms (123 million pounds)"[123] Bt crops have been genetically engineered to express a protein from Bacillus thuringiensis, which kills certain insects.
In response to resistant weeds, farmers are hand-weeding, using tractors to turn over soil between crops, and using other herbicides in addition to glyphosate. Agricultural biotech companies are also developing genetically engineered crops resistant to other herbicides. "Bayer is already selling cotton and soybeans resistant to glufosinate, another weedkiller. Monsanto's newest corn is tolerant of both glyphosate and glufosinate, and the company is developing crops resistant to dicamba, an older pesticide. Syngenta is developing soybeans tolerant of its Callisto product. And Dow Chemical is developing corn and soybeans resistant to 2,4-D, a component of Agent Orange, the defoliant used in the Vietnam War."[121]
Palmer amaranth[edit]
In 2004, a glyphosate-resistant variation of Palmer amaranth, commonly known as pigweed, was found in Georgia and confirmed by a 2005 study.[124] In 2005, resistance was also found in North Carolina.[125] Widespread use of Roundup Ready crops led to an unprecedented selection pressure and glyphosate resistance followed.[125] The weed variation is now widespread in the southeastern United States.[126] Cases have also been reported in Texas[126] and Virginia.[127]
Conyza bonariensis (also known as hairy fleabane and buva) and Conyza canadensis (known as horseweed or marestail), are other weed species that had lately developed glyphosate resistance.[128][129][130] A 2008 study on the current situation of glyphosate resistance in South America concluded that "resistance evolution followed intense glyphosate use" and the utilization of glyphosate-resistant soybean crops is a factor encouraging increase in glyphosate use.[131]
Glyphosate resistant ryegrass (Lolium) has occurred in most of the Australian agricultural area and other areas of the world. All cases of evolution of resistance to glyphosate in Australia were characterized by intensive use of the herbicide while no other effective weed control practices were used. Studies indicate that resistant ryegrass does not compete well against non-resistant plants and their numbers decrease when not grown under conditions of glyphosate application.[132]
Johnson grass[edit]
Glyphosate-resistant Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense) has occurred in glyphosate-resistant soybean culture in Argentina.[133]
Boliviana negra, also known as "supercoca", is a relatively new strain of coca that is resistant to glyphosate, which is a key ingredient in the multibillion-dollar aerial coca eradication campaign undertaken by the government of Colombia with United States financial and military backing known as Plan Colombia.[134] Spraying Boliviana negra with glyphosate would serve to strengthen its growth by eliminating the non-resistant weeds surrounding it. Joshua Davis, writing in Wired magazine, found no evidence of CP4 EPSPS, a protein produced by the Roundup Ready soybean, suggesting Bolivana negra was not created in a laboratory but by selective breeding in the fields. According to Davis, the growing popularity of Boliviana negra amongst growers could have serious repercussions for the United States war on drugs.[135][136]
Legal cases[edit]
False advertising[edit]
The New York Times reported that in 1996, "Dennis C. Vacco, the Attorney General of New York, ordered the company to pull ads that said Roundup was "safer than table salt" and "practically nontoxic" to mammals, birds and fish. The company withdrew the spots, but also said that the phrase in question was permissible under E.P.A. guidelines."[137]
On Fri Jan 20, 2007, Monsanto was convicted in France of false advertising of Roundup for presenting it as biodegradable, and claiming it left the soil clean after use. Environmental and consumer rights campaigners brought the case in 2001 on the basis that glyphosate, Roundup's main ingredient, is classed as "dangerous for the environment" and "toxic for aquatic organisms" by the European Union.[138] Monsanto appealed and the court upheld the verdict; Monsanto appealed again to the French Supreme Court, and in 2009 it also upheld the verdict.[139]
Scientific fraud[edit]
On two occasions, the United States EPA has caught scientists deliberately falsifying test results at research laboratories hired by Monsanto to study glyphosate.[140] The first incident involved Industrial Biotest Laboratories (IBT). The United States Justice Department closed the laboratory in 1978, and its leadership was found guilty in 1983 of charges of falsifying statements, falsifying scientific data submitted to the government, and mail fraud.[141] In 1991, Don Craven, the owner of Craven Laboratories and three employees were indicted on 20 felony counts. Craven, along with fourteen employees were found guilty of similar crimes.[142]
Monsanto has stated the Craven Labs investigation was started by the EPA after a pesticide industry task force discovered irregularities, that the studies have been repeated, and that Roundup's EPA certification does not now use any studies from Craven Labs or IBT.[140]
Trade dumping allegations[edit]
United States companies have cited trade issues with glyphosate being dumped into the western world market areas by Chinese companies and a formal dispute was filed in 2010.[143][144]
Genetically modified crops[edit]
Some micro-organisms have a version of 5-enolpyruvoyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthetase (EPSPS) that is resistant to glyphosate inhibition. The version used in the initial round of genetically modified crops was isolated from Agrobacterium strain CP4 (CP4 EPSPS) that was resistant to glyphosate.[15][145] This CP4 EPSPS gene was cloned and transfected into soybeans. In 1996, genetically modified soybeans were made commercially available.[146] Current glyphosate-resistant crops include soy, maize (corn), sorghum, canola, alfalfa, and cotton, with wheat still under development.
Genetically modified crops have become the norm in the United States. For example, in 2010, 70% of all the corn that was planted was herbicide-resistant; 78% of cotton, and 93% of all soybeans.[147]
Alternative systemic herbicides[edit]
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See also[edit]
- Environmental impact of pesticides
- Health effects of pesticides
- 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- Atrazine
- Integrated pest management
- Ammonium sulfamate
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- ^ Vargas L, Bianchi MA, Rizzardi MA, Agostinetto D, Dal Magro T (2007). "Buva (Conyza bonariensis) resistente ao glyphosate na região sul do Brasil" [Conyza bonariensis biotypes resistant to the glyphosate in southern Brazil]. Planta Daninha (in Portuguese) 25 (3): 573–8. doi:10.1590/S0100-83582007000300017.
- ^ Koger CH, Shaner DL, Henry WB, Nadler-Hassar T, Thomas WE, Wilcut JW (2005). "Assessment of two nondestructive assays for detecting glyphosate resistance in horseweed (Conyza canadensis)". Weed Science 53 (4): 438–45. doi:10.1614/WS-05-010R. JSTOR 4047050.
- ^ Ge X, d'Avignon DA, Ackerman JJ, Sammons RD (April 2010). "Rapid vacuolar sequestration: the horseweed glyphosate resistance mechanism". Pest Manag. Sci. 66 (4): 345–8. doi:10.1002/ps.1911. PMC 3080097. PMID 20063320.
- ^ Vila-Aiub MM, Vidal RA, Balbi MC, Gundel PE, Trucco F, Ghersa CM (April 2008). "Glyphosate-resistant weeds of South American cropping systems: an overview". Pest Manag. Sci. 64 (4): 366–71. doi:10.1002/ps.1488. PMID 18161884.
- ^ Preston C, Wakelin AM, Dolman FC, Bostamam Y, Boutsalis P (2009). "A Decade of Glyphosate-Resistant Lolium around the World: Mechanisms, Genes, Fitness, and Agronomic Management". Weed Science 57 (4): 435–41. doi:10.1614/WS-08-181.1.
- ^ Vila-Aiub MM, Balbi MC, Gundel PE, Ghersa CM, Powles SB (2007). "Evolution of Glyphosate-Resistant Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) in Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean". Weed Science 55 (6): 566–71. doi:10.1614/WS-07-053.1. JSTOR 4539618.
- ^ "Helping Colombia Fix Its Plan to Curb Drug Trafficking, Violence, and Insurgency". The Heritage Foundation. April 26, 2001. Retrieved April 26, 2006.
- ^ Davis J (November 2004). "The Mystery of the Coca Plant That Wouldn't Die". Wired.
- ^ "BOLIVIANA NEGRA, LA COCA QUE NO MUERE". El valor de soportar una dura crisis económica. Comunidad Boliviana en la Argentina. 2004-11-14.
- ^ Charry T (1997-05-29). "Monsanto recruits the horticulturist of the San Diego Zoo to pitch its popular herbicide". Business Day. New York Times.
- ^ "Monsanto Fined in France for 'False' Herbicide Ads". Agence France Presse,. Organic Consumers Association. 2007-01-26.
- ^ "Monsanto guilty in 'false ad' row". BBC News. 2009-10-15.
- ^ a b "Testing Fraud: IBT and Craven Labs" (PDF). Backgrounder. Monsanto Company. June 2005.
- ^ Schneider K (Spring 1983). "Faking it The Case against Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories". The Amicus Journal (PlanetWaves.net): 14–26.
- ^ "EPA FY1994 Enforcement and Compliance Assurance Accomplishments Report". United States Environmental Protection Agency.
- ^ Piller D (2010-04-01). "Albaugh accuses Chinese of dumping herbicide". Staff Blogs. Des Moines Register.
- ^ "In the Matter of: GLYPHOSATE FROM CHINA". United States International Trade Commission. 2010-04-22.
- ^ Heck GR, Armstrong CL, Astwood JD, Behr CF, Bookout JT, Brown SM, Cavato TA, Deboer DL, Deng MY (2005). "Development and Characterization of a CP4 EPSPS-Based, Glyphosate-Tolerant Corn Event". Crop Science 45: 329–39. doi:10.2135/cropsci2005.0329.
- ^ "Company History". Web Site. Monsanto Company.
- ^ Hamer H (2010-06-30). "Acreage". National Agricultural Statistics Board Annual Report,. United States Department of Agriculture.


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Directions |
YYComedy Festival
After an incredibly well received inaugural year, the YYComedy Festival is back September 9-15, 2013 with the strongest lineup of comedic talent to ever hit Calgary. This is all we're telling you now. Our full talent lineup and schedule will be announced in July. Keep your eyes peeled to our website at www.YYComedy.ca, Twitter & Facebook. @YYCOMEDYFEST #YYCF201
- 2 hr viewing time
Hours & Admission
September 8-14, 2014.
$10-$50.Traveller's Toolkit
- Calgary Maps
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Visitor Guide
View the Tourism Calgary Visitor's Guide online or download a version to your computer
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Popular other games
Other games
Total of 171 games — sort by: Game title | Rating | Gameplays today | Gameplays | Date added
Amateur Surgeon In this game you perform complex medical procedures on shady individuals with everyday household tools in an impromptu back-alley operating room. Make incisions with your pizza cutter, remove debris with salad tongs, stitch 'em up with a stapler--you get the idea. This version encompasses Act I, the first 10 surgeries (plus accessible bonus missions). | Date added: May 17, 2009 Rating: Gameplays: 165102 (11 today) Category: Other | Skywire Get your cable car passengers to the end of each level avoiding the weird array of toy animals. | Date added: Jul 27, 2008 Rating: Gameplays: 159961 (12 today) Category: Other | Ultimate Flash Sonic Newly revised this is the best version of Sonic ever! Its the classic Sega mascot, Sonic the Hedgehog! This is only a small demo of the game, if you love Sonic please purchase him now for the Gamecube! | Date added: Jul 11, 2009 Rating: Gameplays: 127956 (3 today) Category: Other | Papa's Pizzeria Help Roy run the pizzeria while Papa Louie is gone! Take orders, top and bake pizzas, cut them, and present the pies to customers in this pizzeria sim. | Date added: Sep 3, 2008 Rating: Gameplays: 126467 (7 today) Category: Other | IncrediBots Build fancy robots in this fun physics-based game. | Date added: Nov 27, 2008 Rating: Gameplays: 124413 (3 today) Category: Other | Magic Pen Move the red ball by drawing objects to push it around. Collect the flags with the red ball to complete each level. | Date added: Jul 24, 2008 Rating: Gameplays: 61942 (2 today) Category: Other | Spank the monkey Hit the monkey as hard as possible, see how fast you can make it fly. | Date added: Jul 17, 2008 Rating: Gameplays: 60863 (8 today) Category: Other | Demolition City Demolish structures by sticking your dynamite on the concrete blocks. Place the dynamite in such a way that the resulting rubble doesn't pile up above the blue line or touch nearby buildings. | Date added: Jul 18, 2009 Rating: Gameplays: 56856 (2 today) Category: Other | Boomshine Boomshine is a colorful, musical, chain reaction flash game in which the objective is to make the dots go away. There are 12 levels. Perform a "Boomshine" by clearing all of the dots on the screen. | Date added: Jul 10, 2008 Rating: Gameplays: 56292 (7 today) Category: Other | Sim Taxi Earn money as a taxi driver. Your job is to find passengers and deliver them to their destination as quickly as you can. Be sure that you don't run out of gas or damage your car too much. | Date added: Sep 30, 2008 Rating: Gameplays: 49758 (9 today) Category: Other |


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No known Merit Aid available.
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Tuition & Costs |
Colleges like Anthem College are working hard to make tuition affordable to deserving students.
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Teachers are willing to go the extra mile to make sure you know what we are doing. They tech as a class and one on one.
Read MoreWhat I most appreciate about Anthem College is the clean environment. The staff always look to par and professional.
Read MoreThey definitely help you out and make sure you have everything that you need.
Read MoreTo be honest, I was just accepted and will be starting April 1,2013. The tuition for all the courses is 16,000. I can guarantee that you will make more than that your first year of work. You spend half as much at this school than at a community college without all the added prerequsites, you are able to get directly into the desired field and within a short few months you graduate and are working!
Read Moreyour tuition money also covers a tutor and books its one flat rate for everything
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Back-Huggar Quantity in Basket: none Price: $31.00 Quantity: Back-Huggar Back-Huggar The Best Lumbar Support Cushion! Add one to basket. $31 Blue or Black Add one to basket. Using the Back-Huggar is the best thing I've done for my back in 25 years! By using it at my desk and in my car, I cured a painful case of sacro-iliac dysfunction that had gone on for 20 years. Kay Eskenazi, Co-Owner of Yoga Props® The Back-Huggar supports your spine by restoring the natural curve in your low back, so that all of your back muscles remain relaxed while you sit. While other lumbar devices provide merely a cushion, the Back-Huggar ensures that you are sitting with healthy spinal contours. A healthy lower spine curves inward -- toward the interior of your body. If you maintain this curve, the muscles of your lower and upper back can relax. Likewise, your sacro-iliac joints can rest without strain. You'll also protect your sciatic nerve from strain and impingement. Many people develop back pain because we regularly sit for long periods. Yet, it requires muscular effort to maintain the natural, healthy lumbar curve while sitting. Even if we start out sitting with good posture, we become fatigued after a while, and we allow our low backs to round backward. Without that low back curve, our back muscles begin to ache, and we strain our sacro-iliac joints. The only remedy for this syndrome is to support the natural curve in your low back. The Back-Huggar is the answer! The Back-Huggar makes every seat more comfortable and healthful. It provides maximum, soothing support on long car or airplane trips, and while you sit at your desk. Relieves low back disc pressure, reducing pain and fatigue. Unique 2-plane shape supports laterally and vertically. Improves sitting posture. Use at home, at work, in your car, on a plane. One piece, molded polyurethane foam. Handsewn, zippered cover, available in Blue or Black. Sanitary cellophane shrink-packaged. Blue or Black $31 Add one to basket.
The Back-Huggar makes every seat more comfortable and healthful. It provides maximum, soothing support on long car or airplane trips, and while you sit at your desk.


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Your high school memories will last forever in this hardbound scrapbook. It has all the features of the Senior Memory book - "special event" theme pages, photo pages, senior portrait pages, and autograph pages but it also expands to hold more keepsakes and includes additional memento pockets. Nameplate sold separately.
- 8 ¼" by 10 ¼"
- 64 pages
- 3 photo pages
- 4 senior portrait pages
- 3 additional memento pockets
Delivery Method
Ships within 15 business days (excludes offline orders).
Visit the FAQs for Gifts and keepsakes


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Drapey Lux Tank
Splendid was founded with a mission to make the ultimate t-shirt. Focusing on high quality fabrics, classic silhouettes, and pops of color, Splendid is bound to make a difference in your wardrobe essentials.
- 96% rayon 4% spandex
- Hand wash cold
- Styled with UNIF Reaper Short in Blue.
- Styled with gorjana Shimmer Disc Necklace in Gold.
- Styled with House of Harlow Pave Pyramid Safety Pin Cuff in Gold.
- Styled with gorjana Kaia Ring in Gold.
- Styled with House of Harlow Sancai Ring in Tri-tone.
- Styled with Spell & The Gypsy Collective Labyrinth Amulet Ring in Brass.
- Modeled in size S. See fit guide for model's dimensions.
- Revolve Style No. SPLENDID-WS2807
- Manufacturer Style No. ST527681
- Can't find your size? Place a special order inquiry for this item.


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Emma Center Collection 21 pages - EN - English These flyers are part of the Emma Center collection from Minneapolis, MN. circa 1992-1996. Individual flyers can be found in the Single Page Flyers part of the zine archive.
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text: The man who stole the car belonging to Charlie DeSalvo (Philip Akin) is Carl Robinson (Bruce A. Young), an African American Immortal. Once upon a time, Carl had high hopes and lofty ambitions, but these have been beaten out of him by years of relentless racial prejudice. Duncan (Adrian Paul), who, back in 1926, saved Carl from a KKK mob, tries to restore his old friend's sense of self-worth. Alas, it looks as though the old story will repeat itself again when Carl is apparently targeted for persecution -- and death -- by a white cop. ~ Hal Erickson, Rovi


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The Great Gatsby
Time Out rating:
Time Out says
Tue May 14
'Romeo + Juliet' and 'Moulin Rouge!' showed us that Australian director Baz Luhrmann can throw a hell of a party. Now, after the epic drabness of 'Australia' he pulls the stereo out of storage and does it again. The best scene in this fast and furious stab at F Scott Fitzgerald's 1925 state-of-the-nation novel comes early, as we gatecrash a wild shindig at the Long Island home of filthy rich Jay Gatsby. Gatsby's wide-eyed poorer neighbour Nick Carraway (Tobey Maguire) cuts through the layers of flappers and frippery and meets his elusive host (Leonardo DiCaprio, never more than an enigma; maybe rightly so) amid the throng on an elevated terrace. The scene is Luhrmann at his best: swirling cameras, mad excess, look-at-me costumes and big musical statements.
In case we didn't know that this encounter is momentous, it's cut to the louder-than-loud strains of Gershwin's 'Rhapsody in Blue'. In Luhrmann's world, everything is bigger, noisier, brighter and quicker even than the far-from-humdrum universe of Fitzgerald's story. That's fine when the party's raging, and the scene has some of the heart-thumping, first-meet excitement of the Claire Danes-DiCaprio fishtank moment in 'Romeo + Juliet'. But when the music stops and the lights go up, dawn casts an unflattering glow on the film's quieter, more intimate moments.
One of the niggling problems with Luhrmann's film is that it never knows whether it's about the doomed love between Gatsby and Nick's cousin, flighty Southern belle Daisy (Carey Mulligan) who lives across the water with her brutish husband Tom (Joel Edgerton), or about the longing, questioning, horrified gaze of Carraway. He's an outsider in a rarefied world, comparable to Charles Ryder in 'Brideshead Revisited', and arguably that's where the real emotional pull of Fitzgerald's story lies. Yet there's a whole swathe where Carraway recedes from view and Luhrmann focuses on the push and pull between Daisy and Gatsby. It's sluggish as romance and cold as tragedy.
Carraway, of course, is the book's narrator, and Luhrmann tries to hang on to his perspective by creating a framework in which Carraway spills all to a psychiatrist about his encounters. It's an admission of failure – or at least that there's a major problem to solve in adapting this novel. We hear Carraway's narration. We even, occasionally, see text from the book. But it's the age-old page-to-screen issue: we're witnessing all this from the outside in, rather than the inside out.
What Luhrmann makes intoxicating is a sense of place – the houses, the rooms, the city, the roads – and the sense that all this is unfolding in a bubble like some mad fable. Where he falters is in persuading us that these are real, breathing folk whose experiences and destinies can move us.
Author: Dave Calhoun
Release details
Cast and crew
Baz Luhrmann
Leonardo Di Caprio, Carey Mulligan, Tobey Maguire
Reviews & ratings
Excellent! Can't wait till the DVD release. Amazing soundtrack and excellent acting. Best film this year.
Georgia Tue Aug 20Rated as: 5/5 -
Four and a half star, not three.
Andrew Rose Fri Jun 7Rated as: 4/5 -
Mr. Calhoun has entirely missed the point. Luhrmann does not have to convince us that the characters are real, because they and the worlds that they live in, are entirely fictitious. Tom and Daisy's perfect little lifestyle is immediately revealed to be an illusion, when we learn, through the persistent interruption of a telephone call, that he has a mistress on the side- Tom's personal fantasy character. Tom removes Myrtle from her difficult life when he feels like it and, in doing so, helps to sell the possibility to Myrtle that he might take her away from her difficult life- a fantasy that ends up causing her to throw herself in front of Gatsby's car. Finally, the biggest fantasist of all is Gatsby himself, who has created a fantasy lifestyle, built on corruption, for his fantasy girl, Daisy. Regrettably, as with all fantasy characters, Daisy falls short of Gatsby's high expectations of her and this dream too, falls apart.
I agree that it is a shame that we do not see more of Mr Carraway in this theatrical re-telling of Fitzgerald's masterpiece. Nevertheless, this adaptation is a masterpiece specifically because it is so garishly over the top and unbelievable.
Films are not books. They do not use words to convey ideas, but theatrical devices, such as: lighting, sound, acting, mis-en-scene etc. To expect a movie to exactly replicate a book is not only therefore fundamentally flawed, it is to disregard the creative input of the director.Andrew Rose Fri Jun 7 -
I re-read the book before seeing the film and was delighted many tranches were used throughout the film particularly the ending. It's a long film but as the film follows the structure of the book it can be familiar to you. The film transitions through three clear phases, the first the most disconcerting. An excellent use of hip-hop music to generate that same feeling of excitement and decadence that accompanied clubbing rather another rehash of jazz that links it to modern day America and its dream. An excellent soundtrack and LdC makes the role his own. One for the big screen and soundsystem to get the full effect but I avoided 3D.
Paul Sun May 26Rated as: 4/5 -
What a spectacular film, lived up to the book and en-captured the buzz and extravagance of 20's New York and the darker side of it Would highly recommend.
Katie Sun May 26Rated as: 4/5 -
Superbly acted by all the cast, dialogue true to the novel, visually stunning with hyperactive camerawork and amazing evocations of how New York must have been in the 20s, thoroughly enjoyed this film and can't understand the mediocre reviews it's getting in UK
steveh Sun May 19Rated as: 4/5 -
Totally agree with Alex Plim's views. I left disappointed and felt really quite empty leaving the screen. Yes it is stunning to look at but the music at times overwhelms everything else. It a super model of a film as it looks great but is very empty at its heart. A 2 star film just made up to 3 by its stunning looks.
Ian Sat May 18Rated as: 3/5 -
Baz seems like a nice fellow from all the press he's done. But from the trailer this film looks absolutely horrific, a real rhinestone turd.
Haze Motes Sat May 18 -
A disappointment. I'd have expected a film of this scale and hype to have left me feeling elated or devastated, or to have persuaded me to feel something about the characters, be it love or hate, but I left the cinema feeling completely unaffected. Sure, it's visually spectacular, but so much seems to have been neglected in terms of the story, making it an empty spectacle.
Alex Plim Sat May 18 -
This film far exceeded my expectations of it from reading a number of reviews. It is very engaging and nuanced in a subtle way.
Vicky Sat May 18Rated as: 4/5
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The Electronic Resource Centre for Human Rights Education is an on-line repository of human rights education and training materials, on-line forums, databases and links to other organisations and resources. The materials are provided free of charge.
Learning to live together by Margaret Sinclair et al. (2008)
In this guide, the authors focus on strengthening the curriculum dimension known as education for learning to live together (LTLT), which incorporates areas of life skills, citizenship, peace and human rights. Read more >>Or browse the Human Rights Education Library >>
"... one of the biggest hurdles facing reform is the fact that over 80% of police officers in Mexico are not trained in the use of force." Read more >>Learn more about HREA forums >>
HREA has professional development opportunities scheduled to start in February, April and September in 2009. Our distance learning programme is offering 21 different courses on human rights topics.Search the calendar >>
Library Forums Databases Links Calendar


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Each year, seniors raise money for a class gift to contribute to the University of Mobile as a legacy of their graduating class. more info
See photos from the Ram Run at Oak Mountain State Park in Pelham, Alabama on Saturday, June 22, 2013.more info
Read the latest issue of the University of Mobile Magazine and sign up for a free subscription. more info
University of Mobile alumni have amazing memories of inspiring, life-changing and memorable moments at this best Christian college – moments that made a huge impact in your life. Now, as University of Mobile graduates, you are making an impact in the world and changing it for the better. That's what the best Christian college does – influence students who then become influential University of Mobile alumni who use their influence in their community to make the world better.
University of Mobile graduates are represented in fields ranging from medicine and law to theatre and education, from healthcare and ministry to music and business, and more. From the first graduating class of 1967 to the present, University of Mobile alumni are leaders in their fields. Among your peers are University of Mobile graduates who have won Dove awards for their musical talents, physicians who lead medical mission trips, educators who are regularly selected as teacher or principal of the year, lead actress in a major motion picture, business owners whose entrepreneurial success is featured by the media, and even the first female Division 1A football referee!
From class gifts that enhance the campus to individual donations that create endowed scholarships or expand academic programs or construct buildings, University of Mobile graduates give back to the University of Mobile. Generous gifts help UMobile be the best Christian college possible and make the biggest difference in the lives of students and, ultimately, the world.
The end of college life doesn't mean the end of fun times for University of Mobile graduates. UMobile alumni are big supporters of the annual Leadership Banquet, the university's premiere scholarship fundraising event which has brought speakers to Mobile such as former President George W. Bush and former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich. It's a gala evening of celebration for University of Mobile graduates and a host of influential supporters who believe in the value of a University of Mobile education!
With many opportunities throughout the year to return to campus, stay in touch with professors, and reunite with classmates, University of Mobile alumni stay connected. The new University of Mobile Magazine keeps UMobile alumni up to date on their alma mater. The annual University of Mobile Classic golf tournament brings alumni and friends together for a great day of fun and support for scholarships. Annual events such as Christmas Spectacular, performances by the Upper Room Theatre, and championship-level Rams athletics give you so many reasons to cheer "Go Rams!" Life-long friendships are just one of the many benefits of being a University of Mobile graduate!


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University of Wisconsin System
Location: [Unknown], WI
Website: http://www.wisconsin.edu
Speech Code Rating
University of Wisconsin System has been given a speech code rating of Not Yet Rated. You may read more about this institution's speech codes at this page.
- University of Wisconsin: Students' Due Process Rights
FIRE Cases at University of Wisconsin System
- UW regents to consider revised changes to student conduct code , Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, June 3, 2009
- UW System conduct code revisions still need tweaking , Milwaukee Wisconsin Journal, May 7, 2009
- UW Regents consider conduct code changes, Today's TMJ4, May 6, 2009
- Code of conduct change threat to student rights, The Daily Cardinal, March 6, 2009
- Possible changes to UW code of conduct debated, The Daily Cardinal, March 5, 2009
- Student leaders weigh in on code change proposal, The Badger Herald, March 5, 2009
Recent Media Coverage of University of Wisconsin System
- University of Wisconsin Regents Revise Systemwide Speech Code, November 18, 2013
- Wisconsin Governor Set to Sign Budget Sunday; No Word on Veto of Unconstitutional Provision, June 27, 2013
- FIRE, Wisconsin Faculty Ask for Speech Code Reform in UW System, April 24, 2013
- Speech Code of the Month: University of Wisconsin System, June 4, 2010
- New Due Process Rules Finally Hit University of Wisconsin, September 10, 2009
- Wisconsin Students' Right to Legal Representation Diminished in Ambiguous New Draft of Conduct Code, June 4, 2009
- Victory for Student Rights in Wisconsin: Regents to Restore Basic Due Process Rights Including a Hearing by Peers and Attorney Representation, May 6, 2009
- Angry Wisconsin Dean Resents Fair Procedures for Students, May 6, 2009
- Adam's Lecture at the University of Wisconsin Uploaded to Podcasts Page, March 16, 2009
- FIRE Writes Wisconsin Regents about Reconsidering Due Process Changes for Students, March 13, 2009
- Wisconsin Faculty and Students Rise in Defense of Due Process, March 4, 2009
- Due Process Matters, or, Why I'm On Tour in Wisconsin, March 4, 2009
- Don Downs on 'Blazing Saddles' Controversy at UW–Madison, October 28, 2008
- University of Wisconsin Professor Don Downs Criticizes Misconduct Policy Revisions on 'Minding the Campus', October 9, 2008
- University of Wisconsin Faculty Criticize Proposed Changes to Misconduct Code, October 6, 2008


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This rib fest is your chance to sample a wide variety of barbecue styles and specialties. Each Rib Master brings a unique style of preparation and a full menu of specialty items including world famous side orders. Succulent ribs, BBQ chicken, beef brisket and pulled pork are enjoyed by all! Be sure to watch the video (above) for an entertaining look inside the Big Rib BBQ & Blues Fest, Rochester, NY's hottest rib festival!
Get the Big Rib BBQ & Blues Fest Souvenir Cam and full festival schedule on your phone!
Plenty of covered seating and picnic space is provided for your comfort. Children 12 and under are free. All musical entertainment is free with your paid admission.
Thurs 7/11 | 11:30am-10pm | Lunchtime Admission is Free, $5 after 3pm |
Fri 7/12 |
11:30am-10pm | Lunchtime Admission is Free, $5 after 3pm |
Sat 7/13 | 11:30am-10pm | Lunchtime Admission is Free, $5 after 3pm |
Sun 7/14 | 11:30am-9pm | Lunchtime Admission is Free, $5 after 3pm |
Just $49.50, designed for those who like a little more of everything! A portion of proceeds from VIP Pass sales go directly to the Rochester chapter of Visiting Nurse Service Meals On Wheels PLUS! your VIP Pass includes free parking, admission to the festival, admission to the stage side private VIP Party Tent featuring an all-you-can-eat BBQ buffet with all the fixins', dedicated cash bar and premium stage side viewing.
Purchase advance tickets online here and at the House of Guitars, Record Archive and The Bop Shop
Bring your team to the most entertaining, stress-free company picnic in the Meals On Wheels VIP Tent. Pair delicious All-You-Can-Eat BBQ, and a smoking hot entertainment line-up in one of Monroe County's finest parks for a unique company picnic like no other!
The 2013 lineup includes Average White Band, John Cole Blues Band, Gregg Piccolo & Heavy Juice, Joe Beard and the Blues Union, JC Brooks & the Uptown Sound, The Blues Broads and many more! View The Full Lineup


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Rep. Babette Josephs charged that the 30-second ad calls into question people's patriotism and their right to vote.
A spokesman for the Pennsylvania State Department said the ad was developed by an outside advertising agency, Pittsburgh-based Red House Communications, and that none of the dozen or so department staff members who viewed it found it offensive in any way.
"We thought the ad was great. ... I'm stunned," the spokesman, Ron Ruman, said of Josephs' criticism.
What angers Josephs most is the closing shot of a woman holding a Pennsylvania driver's license and saying, "If you care about this country, it's time to show it."
Ruman said Josephs misinterpreted the line and that it's intended to mean that viewers do care about the country.
The new law was passed by Republicans who control the Legislature without one Democratic vote. It has spawned intense partisan fighting since GOP Gov. Tom Corbett signed the law in March and a court challenge is pending before the state Supreme Court.
The ad, part of a multimedia campaign to try to ensure voters know about the law and how to comply, has been airing statewide in all of the state's media markets since Aug. 27.
The commercial features people of different ages and genders taking turns advising viewers that if they care about the election, want a voice, have an opinion, want to make a difference or want to vote, they must "show it."
A narrator explains that voters will have to show an acceptable photo ID with a valid expiration date at polling places on Election Day. A website address—http://www.votespa.com— and a toll-free number offering additional information flash on the screen as the narrator reads them off.


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Two main goals for the next couple of weeks:
1. Polish up on my B-Ball skills
2. Do the Garden
I'm having a Christmas lunch at my house this year which will hopefully involve playing some Ball at the half court down the road & sitting in the garden with a beer!
That grapevine has gone nuts with all the rain in Melbourne at the moment!
Oh yeh outfit... Shades from Screaming MiMi's in NYC, Mr. Barry vintage denim shirt from Subterranean, shorts - adjusted old man pants that got the chop, Girl Guide Belt (that reads 'Be Prepared'), B-Ball from Rebel Sport.


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Bubba and The Hooker A redneck was walking home late at night and sees a woman in the shadows. "Twenty dollars", sh...read more 2/1/2013 11:30:00 AM 18,352
President Black Bush This is what president bush would be like if he were black. 1/1/2005 12:00:00 AM 502,733
This Land This land is your land, this land is my land. George Bush vs. John Kerry - This Land done by Jib Jab. Great cartoon. 1/1/2005 12:00:00 AM 132,056
Bush Shoe Attack A reporter in Iraq attempts to take out President Bush with his own shoes. 12/23/2008 12:00:00 AM 70,083
Political Bohemian Rhapsody Take Bohemian Rhapsody and mix in George Bush and John Kerry. 1/1/2005 12:00:00 AM 97,245
Its time to Bomb Saddam! Its time to Bomb Saddam. This animation came out when the US went to war with iraq. 1/1/2005 12:00:00 AM 88,057


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Darlington County Tea Party
The Darlington County Tea Party is a group of Tea Party Patriots in Darlington County South Carolina. We desire to see Tea Party Patriots in Darlington County and the Pee Dee area united to return our nation to the traditional values and principles established by the Founding Fathers.
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The good: if you want to be in El Poblado near Parque Lleras, the location is excellent. Breakfast was good. Check-in was quick, and we never waited long for the elevator. Wi-fi worked well. The not-so-good: added taxes and "security" brought the price of a so-called superior double room to $93--a poor value for a fairly small and awkwardly-shaped room.... More
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- It is a new hotel, located in the Pink zone of the district of El Poblado, near Lleras Park. The hotel aimed at environmental protection and low cost. With the latest technology and claims that visitors become green guests that support the express management how we operate. Hospitality in harmony with nature. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Expedia, Travelocity, Priceline and Hotels.com so you can book your Hotel Acqua Express reservations with confidence. We help millions of travellers each month to find the perfect hotel for both holiday and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


text: More videos from this episode Steak Fries We wanted fries that were crisp and browned on the exterior and light and fluffy on the interior. Charcoal-Grilled Steak Tips An unusual marinade is the secret to transforming restaurant chain-style "steak tips" into grilled beef that's really worth eating. Grill Cleaning Brushes An unusual design conquers the sugary, burned-on mess sticky ribs leave behind.


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May 6, 2009
Learning About Heirloom Tomatoes
Amy Goldman talks about heirloom tomatoes the way oenophiles talk about fine wine. She discusses the acidity and sugar content of various varietals, and raves about nuances of texture, taste and aroma. The Orange Strawberry oxheart tomato "makes (her) heart sing," and the muddy color of the Purple Calabash "glows like 18th-century mahogany."
Goldman spoke at Smithsonian's Ripley Center last night at an event organized by the Smithsonian Resident Associates, and I stopped by mostly out of curiosity. How could someone fill an hour or two talking about nothing but tomatoes, I wondered? (I momentarily forgot that our own magazine easily filled several pages on that same subject last year.)
Well, Goldman could probably talk for days about tomatoes, as it turns out. She's written an entire book about them: The Heirloom Tomato: From Garden to Table and she grows up to 500 varieties of tomatoes in her home garden every summer.
She also heads the board of Seed Savers Exchange, an Iowa-based non-profit which both preserves and sells the seeds of thousands of heirloom garden plants that might have otherwise become extinct. (Gary Nabhan, a longtime advocate of seed conservation and crop diversity, is an advisor to the same organization.)
Goldman claims to love all of her tomatoes passionately, but a few of her "favorite favorites" include White Beauty ("the whitest of whites, but it compares with the best of reds in flavor"); Aunt Gertie's Gold ("reminds me of persimmon without the pucker"); Black Cherry ("beautiful and intense"); and the lobed Reisetomate, or Travel Tomato ("I've cast some of these in bronze, I love 'em so much!").
I picked up a Seed Savers catalog on my way out, and nearly missed my metro stop because I got lost in a garden daydream: Six heirloom tomato plants for $15! Would I get the Hungarian Heart or the Mexico Midget? German Pink or Green Zebra? Surely some Sudduth's Brandywine, which Goldman calls "perfection," despite discovering in her research that it isn't the real Brandywine (that would be red Brandywine, first introduced to the U.S. in 1889).
Then I remembered that I don't have a garden, or even my own yard. Guess I'll just have to take Goldman's advice:
"If you don't grow your own tomatoes, then I suggest you cozy up to someone who does!"
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[...] got a lot of tomatoes on your hands right now. (Maybe they're even heirloom tomatoes, which some swear are superior, though others disagree.) Here are a few suggestions about how to enjoy them while they [...]


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Altered behavior in caterpillars carrying wasp eggs, preliminary thoughts on the 2010 election results, monitoring climate change from Mount Everest to Baffin Bay, insight into drug-resistant bacteria mutations and origins of the Black Death. Here is the latest in ecological science for the first week in November. Continue reading