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From 29/11/2013 to 07/12/2013 |
Marrakech International Film FestivalThis 13th edition of the festival will showcase the best of world and Moroccan cinema, with a special tribute to Scandinavian film. Guests will include Oscar-winning Danish director Bille August, while the international jury will be headed by Martin Scorsese. |
Marrakesh | Cinema | |
From 26/04/2012 to 29/04/2012 |
Alizés Spring Music FestivalThis international festival is a reference for classical music and opera. |
Essaouira | Art and culture | |
From 02/05/2012 to 05/05/2012 |
Book FairThe debates held concerning problems of social changes caused by globalization has become, over the years, the specificity of this fair. |
Tangier | Art and culture | |
From 14/06/2012 to 17/06/2012 |
Cherry FestivalThe different varieties of cherries grown in the Sefrou area are displayed and sold. The festival lasts 4 and includes dancing, singing, parades and the election of the Cherry Queen. |
Sefrou | Art and culture | |
From 20/06/2012 to 24/06/2012 |
Festival of Popular ArtsDancing and singing folk groups from around the Kingdom participate in his colourful event. |
Marrakesh | Art and culture |


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Proudly supporting Central Districts
The Culture of Mediocrity is forever, and is proudly brought to you by New Zealand Cricket in association with Grant Bradburn Sports and the Unholy Alliance
RIP Craig Walsh
Sorry for the ignorance, but are people coming up with these themselves or ripping them from comedians and websites?
The speed at which a fielding team gets through the innings is overrated.
- As featured in The Independent.
"Straight out of England's Bumper Book of Balls ups"
- Mike Selvey on England's first innings collapse at The Gabba
What do you call someone who doesn't know what the golden ratio is?
No φdea.
After the bridge collapse fiasco, Suresh Kalmadi decided to hang himself in a house in the CWG village.
The ceiling broke.
Reports suggest that Prince Charles is engaged in efforts to convince Queen Elizabeth to attend the Games.
Only chance he has to be King, tbh.
Gary Glitter finished second in a paedophile contest.
He came in a little behind.
so so horrible.
RIP Craigos
A suicide bomber blew himself up in his local Tesco.
Eye witnesses say he was all over the shop.
Man in a library: Have you got any books on underage dwarf sex?
Librarian: How ****ing low can you get?
Man: That's the one.
Everyone wants to change the world, noone wants to change himself.
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subset: commoncrawl


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About UsWe offer a broad selection of national brand name, private-label and generic automotive products for domestic and imported cars and light trucks. Our products include new and remanufactured automotive replacement parts, maintenance items and accessories.Discount Auto Suppliesis committed to helping professional technicians and automotive enthusiasts stay on top of the latest trends, components, techniques, skills and tools. From today's sophisticated steering and suspension systems to drivetrain systems, engine and mechanical systems, brake systems, emissions control, temperature control and electrical systems,Discount Auto Suppliesis the leader in supporting the success of today's automotive professional and Do it yourselfers.
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Posted September 27, 2012 by Rachelle Owen
Ahh! Tomorrow is "Hug a Vegetarian" Day! Are you prepared?! We're busy putting the finishing touches on our Los Angeles event—and if you're still trying to think of ways to make this the best "Hug a Vegetarian" Day ever, we're here for ya!
Check out my fave ways to celebrate the greatest day of the year:
1) Online. Before you hit the hallway tomorrow, spread the word about "Hug a Vegetarian" Day online! Change your Facebook timeline cover to this one to let all your Facebook friends know the deal!
2) With food. OK, everyone loves to eat, right?! This year, peta2 partnered with the vegan-meat experts at Gardein (they make veggie burgers, vegan chicken tenders, vegan pulled pork, and way, waaaaaaay more) to offer $1 off any Gardein product! You can find their delish vegan meats at Target, Whole Foods, and your local grocery store. Whip up some veggie burgers, invite your friends over, and hug it up!
3) At school. Duh! This is the best way to get your hug on and spread the word about how positive, fun, and simple it is to be vegan. Our signs make it easy to send the message to all your friends—vegetarians and nonvegetarians alike! Grab some signs and make sure you snap lots of photos at school tomorrow! Did we mention that you'll get 1,000 points? Sweet!
How will YOU be celebrating "Hug a Vegetarian" Day tomorrow? Post your plans below!
Tags: Animals Used for Food ,Cute
439 days ago
Me and my friend got to hang posters in the cafeteria at school!:)
441 days ago
Oh my, I was so excited! This is ridiculous, I got this super bad flu and am at home trying to get well soon. I just wanted to go out and hug everyone
441 days ago
To celebrate I plan to make my own sign as I do not have a printer and make and share awesome vegan food!
Top Commenters
peta2 Street Team Coordinator + lover of vegan food, cats, animal rights, Dawson's Creek, and Harry Potter.
Well, I love Harry Potter, Percy Jackson, CSI, Criminal Minds, Doctor Who and comic books (I mean, my profile pic IS Damian Wayne and Bat-Cow...). I'm kind of spazzy and I tend to ramble... I'm also an obsessive perfectionist...heh heh...a science/tech nerd and a vegetarian.
I grew up in the United States.My mom is white.My father is Latino. I love to save animals,even spiders.So don't kill my spiders..I love dogs,pigs,all creatures that the world has made for you and me-to protect and love/and NOT to kill. I believe in love & adventure. I believe in you have to live life to learn,LOVE life LOVE life..
Hello, I currently volunteer at a non kill shelter in my free time. I enjoy running, reading, and playing with my dogs. I also enjoy cooking and baking.
Powered by the McGrath Family Foundation


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It's expensive, but I love it! Wouldn't want to go anywhere else.
Read MoreMilligan accepts a variety of students, apply for as many scholarships that you can because many scholarships are only available to people who apply when they come in. Make sure to buckle down your freshman year and don't blow off Bible or Humanities classes...it will come back to haunt you!
Read MoreWhen you visit, make sure to take pictures! Sit in on a class, either one in your major or that you'll be taking next year...you really want to see how great the professors are.
Read MoreProspective students come with the desire to learn and do not be afraid. The teachers are there to help you in anyway possible. Make sure you have money for the Grill for late nights studying. Be prepared for the hill, it can be exhausting. Be open to learn about different people and try new activites.
Read MoreStudy, read every assignment for every class. Have fun but do not get caught up in everything going on on campus and off campus.
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What states are midwives allowed to deliver twins and breeches?
I just looked at the laws in MN and it looks like they are faverable for both twins and breeches. I think that in CO it is illigal for a midwife to do eather at home. Any other insites from other states?
I should clarify why i am doing this. I live in CO where it is not favorable to have twins at home. I have had a fear of getting pregnant with twins (i am an older mom) and being thrown to the wolves for an unwarnted c-sec. so, to combat the fear i am looking arround me at other states and options to help empower me to overcome this fear. There are options. i am also posting it here to help others who may be faced with this problem.
OH has no laws limiting non-nurse midwifery. So we are free to use our own descretion whether or not to attend twins, breeches, VBACs etc. A few yrs ago, I even attended the birth of breech twins! The 1st was a frank breech & the 2nd was transverse, but after waiting a few hrs for him to change position, he finally came out heels 1st. Some midwives do attend these kinds of births, some don't. I am sure there are indepent thinking midwives that would agree to do any of the above, regardless of legalities in all 50 states. You just might have to look harder in some staes than others.
I have a question. Where did you get the practical experience to attend breech and twin births? I am an independent midwife working on my own and never had much experience with breech or twin births before I started working on my own. And I don't want to attend any without having a good amount of previous experience with them. But nowadays where does one get that kind of experience? Just wondering....


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When I run "arma2oaserver.exe" from the "Arma 2" directory the dedicated server starts up properly and I see everything initialized properly including "BattlEye".
However, if I try to point things to a config using -config and/or -profile I get a BattlEye initialization error: "BattlEye initialization failed".
I have even tried the -BEpath variable and that doesn't seem to help either.
Any idea what I'm doing wrong here? Any steps I can take to look at a log fle or something to see what might be going on?
I am running OA.
I've successfully run servers with Arma in the past but this is the first time I'm trying it with 2.
Any help would be greatly appreciated.


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Welcome to the Wiziwig: Life is live!
Wiziwig is a new portal with all the information you need to know and all best links to watch live sports events, fully free. A short overview:
- The best guide for all your online live sports; Fully Free!
- Match statistics, like scores, results for a large amount of events
- Live TV and Live Radio
- And much much more!
Start exploring it now, go to http://wiziwig.eu/get-started . Thanks and have fun!!!
ps: Keep in mind that there still might be bugs or errors that could show up. Let us know about these on our forum, but also keep in mind that we can't fix everything right now.


text: Treat up to 1,000 insect bites with this handy, pocket-sized bite blaster - effective at stopping and countering itching and swelling. Zap-It! is a revolutionary, pocket sized device that is really effective at stopping the itching and swelling caused by mosquito bites and virtually all other biting insects, as well as jellyfish stings and stinging nettles. Zap-It! is chemical free, non-allergenic, small, clean and light to carry. A lovely design, robustly made and ecologically sound, as it has no batteries and can be used over a long period to treat up to 1000 bites. For the retailer, it has an unlimited shelf life. "Our most successful travel gadget" - Mary Ann Sieghart - The Times How does Zap-It! work? Clicking Zap-It! several times around the area of a bite has the effect of localising the poison and inhibitingthe histamine release which causes the itch and the urge to scratch. The toxicity of the mosquito bite becomes neutralised with no harmful effect on the surrounding skin. Zap-It! is completely safe for human body and an effective treatment for insect bites. Key characteristics and benefits * Rapidly stops itching and the urge to scratch. * Dramatically reduces inflamation and skin blemishes. * Safe, simple and easy to use. * Effective on most common insect bites. * Extensively tested by leading entemologists who agree that "Zap-It! is effective" * No batteries required, no chemicals, non-allergenic. * Ecologically sound, no sell by date. * Portable, discreet, can be used anytime and anywhere. * A practical Mothers Day gift. "10/10! Worked brilliantly and a huge hit with the kids" - Rachel Murphy - Daily Mirror CDU Qty - 6 Please note: Colour may vary from image above.


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WZVG-AM to broadcast Charlotte 49ers games
- Staff Charlotte Business Journal
The Charlotte 49ers have agreed to a three-year deal with WZVG-AM to serve as the flagship radio station for basketball broadcasts. And the contract will expand to football broadcasts in 2013, when UNC Charlotte fields its first team in the sport.
The school recently broke ground for a $45 million, 15,000-seat stadium and practice complex, after hiring Brad Lambert its first head football coach.
"We couldn't be more excited to begin a long-term relationship with the Charlotte 49ers," says Lanny Ford, general manager at WZVG, known as Fox Sports 730 AM. "We are thrilled to be the home of a basketball program with such a strong tradition. And to be chosen to be part of history with the launch of 49ers football in 2013 is huge."
The agreement, negotiated by the 49ers media-rights holder Signature Sports Group Inc., calls for WZVG to carry Charlotte 49ers men's basketball games and The Alan Major Show for the next two years.
In the third year, the agreement will expand to include the 49ers football broadcasts and The Brad Lambert Show.
Financial terms weren't disclosed.
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19-21 January 2014, Geneva
The Licensing Executives Society International Global Technology Impact Forum provides a unique networking and problem-solving medium for collaborative action for the use of intellectual property and tech transfer for social and humanitarian purposes. More than 150 government officials, non-governmental organisations, start-ups and other IP thought leaders will join for dialogue on topics including collaboration to provide innovation to developing countries, food security, technology dissemination in practice, regional innovation development and IP-based accounting and reporting.
22-24 January 2014, Leuven
The next ASTP training courses will be held from 22nd to 24th January 2014 in Leuven, Belgium. Two courses are on offer: "Fundamentals of technology transfer" and "Technology licensing".
19-22 February 2014, San Francisco
The AUTM annual meeting is a networking and professional development conference drawing from the global community of technology transfer professionals from academia and industry, venture investors and other IP experts. This four-day educational and networking event features special interest groups, educational tracks and interactive workshops developed for seasoned technology transfer professionals and newcomers to the field.
11-12 March 2014, London
IP Protect Expo 2014 is a trade exhibition alongside a separate conference programme taking place at the Business Design Centre, London on March 11 and 12 2014. Visit our website www.ip-protectexpo.com to register for your complementary exhibition hall pass. Separate conference tickets are available from £65 to £150 + VAT for IP rights holders and law enforcement officers.
18-21 May 2014, Moscow
The first Licensing Executives Society International conference will be held in Russia, Moscow. This unique IP event will combine interesting and productive programmes with the richest social events. The professional programme is industrially oriented and includes high-level professionals from Russian Innovation Centre Skolkovo, Microsoft, Johnson & Johnson, Rusnano, Canon, L'Oreal, EADS, Porsche, Russian Aerospace Cluster, LG Chemical, Tomsk State University, Philips and Novartis, among others.
22-24 June 2014, Amsterdam
The IP Business Congress Global (IPBC Global) is being held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, from 22nd to 24th June 2014. The IPBC Global, incorporating the IP Hall of Fame Gala Dinner, is an annual event addressing issues at the cutting edge of IP value creation and management. It brings together acknowledged IP thought leaders from around the world in an atmosphere specifically designed to facilitate the exchange of ideas and experiences. To date, more than 2,400 delegates have attended IPBC Global events, which have featured almost 400 world-class speakers.


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John Schneider is playing Billy Flynn in the hotcha musical Chicago and he agreed to answer questions from Broadway.com readers.
The Broadway stars answer your questions.
February 10, 2012The two-time Tony winner answers your questions.
February 28, 2012The LITTLE MERMAID villainess revels in questions from Broadway.com fans.
May 18, 20092006 Tony Award winner David Hyde Pierce, who plays detective Cioffi in the old-fashioned Broadway musical Curtains, recently met with us in the star dressing room of the Hirschfeld Theatre to answer his Ask a Star questions. Here's how it went!
September 17, 2008Sexy Boeing-Boeing star Gina Gershon answers a dozen questions submitted by Broadway.com readers
October 1, 2008Matt Cavenaugh, now playing Tony in the hit revival of West Side Story, answers reader questions.
July 29, 2009The charming Tony Award winner answers your burning questions.
December 18, 2009Annie star Katie Finneran opens up about Patti LuPone, Sean Hayes, her inspiration for Miss Hannigan and why Noises Off made her go cross-eyed.
February 8, 2013The 'Bloody Bloody' star answers your questions!
December 20, 2010Broadway's newest Roxie Hart answers your questions!
March 8, 2010The stars of the Tony-winning musical Memphis answer your questions.
July 18, 2011The Performers star Henry Winkler answers your questions on everything from his favorite wacky porn title to The Fonz "jumping the shark" to co-star Cheyenne Jackson's enormous talent.
November 12, 2012


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The iPhone 5s -- or whatever Apple ends up calling it -- is rumored be sporting both NFC and a fingerprint scanner. Chipbond, a Taiwanese company, has apparently been tapped to provide some components of the next iPhone, including touch display drivers, NFC chips, and chips that support a fingerprint sensor. China Times reports:
More →
AuthenTec, whom Apple was rumored to be interested in buying for $350M, has just sold off their inside security division to Inside Secure for $48M. While we have our ideas of what Apple could be doing with AuthenTec and its list of patents, we can probably assume now that it is something other than their security technology.
So Apple's big iPhone 5 event came and went with no mention made of NFC, or near-field communications. Competing devices like the Samsung Galaxy S3 and other Android phones, as well as the upcoming Nokia Lumia 920 and previous Windows Phones, have NFC, and use them (or will use them) for things like mobile transactions (like some credit cards do today), automatic check-ins and logins, beaming data between devices, and more.
Apple doesn't believe NFC is the solution to any current problem. They already handle in-store transactions with the Apple Store app, they'll be handling a wide-range of code-scannable cards with Passbook in iOS 6, and they have other technologies like low-power, fast pairing Bluetooth 4.0 that overlaps some of what NFC does anyway. So whether or not NFC hardware is actually in the iPhone 5, there's no NFC currently being used.
Apple wasn't first or fast to adopt 3G or GPS, they weren't first or fast to adopt LTE. Or third-party multitasking. Or copy and paste! It's possible Apple is waiting for NFC to get better established before they include it in an iPhone 5s or iPhone 6. It's also possible that, like BluRay, Apple considers NFC a bag of hurt and won't be going anywhere near it, ever.
So what do you think? Was Apple wrong not to include NFC in the iPhone 5? If so, is the lack of NFC in the iPhone 5 a major deal-breaker or just a minor annoyance? If you agree with Apple, do you think the iPhone 5 is just to early, or do you think Apple will never use it? Could you care less either way?
You know the drill! Vote up top and leave me a comment below saying why you voted the way you did!
Prior to the iPhone 5 event we saw a lot of rumors floated about NFC (Near Field Communications) and whether or not Apple would include it in their new, flagship device. Now that the event is over, the iPhone 5 is here, and NFC isn't, many people are surprised by the ommission, and by the ommission of wireless charging.
Recently reports have surfaced downplaying NFC technology in the iPhone 5, but were they referencing on-device hardware or current software implementation? In addition, new rumors have surfaced concerning Apple expanding file system, and USB support to perhaps enable greater music functionality.
While near-field communications (NFC), a type of radio typically used to provide near-instant mobile transaction processing, has been rumored for the iPhone for years now, most recently the upcoming iPhone 5, those rumors may once again fail to pan out come the expected September 12 Apple event.
Even more next generation iPhone part leaks are copping up that appear to show a revised Home button enclosure that could possibly solve some of the hardware issues iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S owners already encounter. Even more intriguing is the appearance of a new component that could turn out to be an NFC chip.
Some digging around the hardware code dump of iPhone 5 prototypes has revealed that there's an NFC antenna somewhere inside. The near field communications controllers are directly connected to the power management unit according to the code, but as always, there's no saying if the feature will make it to a final release this fall.
PayPal looks like it could steal the limelight away from NFC (Near Field Communication) payments in the UK with the release of its latest app. The new app which is called PayPal inStore allows UK shoppers to use their iPhone to pay for goods within certain stores. Those stores currently include fashion chains Coast, Oasis, Warehouse, and Karen Millen.
In a recent interview, MasterCard's Ed McLaughlin said that he didn't know a handset manufacturer who wasn't working to integrate PayPass via NFC in their phones.
iMORE APP | iMORE FORUMS | MOBILE NATIONS
ABOUT iMORE


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my world in over-saturated colors
Welcome to my playground! Enjoy the fun and carefree world of lomography. Don't think, just shoot.
4 May
Puppy eyes…. awwww….
4 notes
28 Apr
Uhm, no, those are not a bigfoot's footprints
3 notes
24 Apr
Now isn't she lovely?
5 notes
8 Mar
my sister's first ever lomo shot
This was my sister's first take on lomography… she took this with my holga 135bc. Now I have an idea on what to give you on your graduation :P
5 Mar
look up. aim high. shoot.
7 notes


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Get geared up to cheer on Milwaukee through all the exciting postseason action with this 2011 Playoff Bound Locker Room hat from '47 Brand. Designed to look just like the hats that your favorite Brewers wear on the field, it features a bright team logo next to embroidered "2011 MLB Playoffs" lettering on the crown with a 2011 Postseason logo on the left side.
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text:
Korean multinational conglomerate Samsung is planning to sell its hard disk drive (HDD) business held by Samsung Electronics. The company wants to focus on other kinds of storage products that are flash-based. Samsung is planning to sell the unit for an estimated US $1.5 billion. HDD major Seagate Technology is the front-runner to buy it. The HDD industry is under pressure after the market success of tablet and netbook industries, which use more compact and inexpensive SSDs instead of 1.8-inch HDDs. With Samsung's exit, the consumer HDD industry will be reduced to just three players: Western Digital, Seagate, and Toshiba. Source: Wall Street Journal
I was looking forward to buy F5 in future, cause F4 2TB turned to be one hell of drive. Prices in Europe are (at best) 2 times higher than newegg's, so Samsung must be making some profit on F4 series. Western Digital is already insulting us with ridiculously high prices. Dear Samsung RIP. Edit There is no more Hitachi HDD.
I've seen more Toshiba HD's die than any other in the past few months. Just got done with a dead 320GB from a friend's lappy. Terrible drive. Ran really hot and I was amazed it lasted as long as it did. Replaced it with a WD Scorpio Blue, thing only gets warm now. So technically, only 2 players. Seagate and WD. I can live with that. Only two companies I've ever had reliable long lasting drives from.
Granted! Simply HDD will went up in price. Some time in the future they will meet falling TB SSD price curve. Happy?
Dang, I was really looking forward to the next revision of Samsung drives too. I love my F3 drives... Guess I'll grab some F4 drives for now, while they are still around.
90% of hard drives in my house are Samsung Spinpoints. I have exclusively used nothing but samsung hard drives in my rig (SSD's dont count purely for the fact its an SSD and not a HDD and doesnt read platters) since the days of the Spinpoint F1 because they so amazingly bang for buck. I wish you wouldnt leave, your HDD user base has grown so much over the years and so many websites and magazines have given your HDDs super sexy awesome reviews. But now you pull the carpet out from under our feet.... I love you samsung!! please dont go!! dont leeeaaavvveee me!!! dont leave me with WD.... I will hold a day of silence in memory of samsung (pun intended)
and another thing....What happends to WARRANTY?? will seagate honor it after they take over or are they going to leave us in the shit?
I just got the Spinpoint F4 320Gb and guess what, it's a tad faster than my WD 600Gb Velociraptor except for the access time. It's sad for Samsung to leave the HDD market.
Hard disks are dead, people. Get over it. Soon, SSD's will overthrow them in the last remaining bastion they still have: capacity. I say good riddance! Samsung is playing it smart here. They KNOW SSD's are the wave of the future and are investing accordingly.


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Meralco Theater
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Meralco Auditorium)
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. (September 2009) |
Meralco Theater is a theater on Ortigas Avenue in Pasig City, Philippines. It was previously known as the Meralco Auditorium.
It seats over 1,000 people.
Current Tenants[edit]
- Sunday Mass Service
- Palm Sunday Family Recollection (Every Palm Sunday of each year)
- Peter Pan the Musical - September 30- October 30
Recent Events[edit]
- Legally Blonde: the Musical (Off-Broadway Licensed Production)
- Apolinario Mabini Hiking Society The Farewell Concert
- High School Musical The Play
- Boombaga
- Himig Tomasino 2013 (Annual intercollegiate choral competition of the University of Santo Tomas)


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If I wasn't intimidated by the complexities of SLR's before, DPreview's detailed review of the Nikon D'90 has me wondering what the hell I have gotten myself into. Though AUTO is still an option, it strikes me as buying a Ferrari and then using the automatic transmission to take it on a spin around the test track.
The D90 has so many settings. There are so many variables for most of these settings. My primary use will be in-restaurant photography. My primary end-use is the HollyEats site though I have sold some pics to magazines and for one cookbook.
Two questions to get me started.
1. On which of the myriad of settings and controls should I focus?
2. I have always shot jpg format even though raw has been available. I save the unedited original and then edit a copy for my site. Nikon offers both NEF and Compressed NEF raw formats - also NEF with and embedded JPG. From what I read the NEF format with Nikons Raw format editing software (properly wielded) will produce superior pics. Is it worth burning storage space to use the Comepressed NEF format? How much more storage space will a Compressed NEF file take compared to a fine raw JPG file?
That's it for now. I suspect I will be seeking more advice once the camera actually arrives.
Edited by Holly Moore, 20 June 2009 - 07:19 PM.


text:
You're watching...
Shutterstock CEO on Filling the Void of Stock Footage
Shutterstock CEO Jon Oringer on the company's business model and growth.
Feb 22, 2013
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Shutterstock CEO Jon Oringer on the company's business model and growth.
Feb 22, 2013
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All right image of -- yes -- flocking to shut a stock it's a major hub for designers photographers and companies to find stop crop photos and videos.
And let's stop -- -- looks like a pretty picture to do as well today does now reporting stellar fourth quarter results he would tell us all about it John aren't just.
China stock founder and CEO joining me now -- -- Fox Business exclusive John thank you for being here.
As I -- 2003 were deciding that's when you started this business time.
Made you say there's a shortage of people have stopped footage and stock images.
You'll nine years again 2003 had started a bunch of other software companies before that in each time -- and the same problem these photos were really hard to get.
And not U summit included them in my -- -- sold more product.
So I realize that this -- need this stuff and it's actually hard to get -- so how how does it work.
Photographers take pictures they upload it to you'll site -- we have 40000 photographers from all over the world of -- hundred countries.
They upload their images every day -- put about 20000 of them in total.
We except about half of them they go on the website and so someone literally goes for -- those -- -- process everyone else.
Good grief now how does -- the payment side what on that they get paid for each image that you decide to.
To capable every -- -- a gets downloaded.
Inside is paid out to the contributor -- -- you have to upload images -- after upload images that our customers actually want.
How's this business grown since she launched nine years ago.
On -- -- quite a bit.
We started -- she -- three with 30000 of my own images and today we have 24 million -- While you also have you grew yield via a million video inventory by.
This quarter.
-- had an area we'd like to see more expansion.
Yeah I had pretty amazing so.
We got into video footage back in 2007.
But what's happening now is is exactly what happened back in 2003 with the with.
To July sellers now you can buy an additional SRR for -- thousand dollars.
The takes amazing HD quality video.
And are.
Contributors are getting better and better -- this content -- its content uploading content to us what kind of content we took him out anything and everything it's it's the -- some of our our most popular content on the video side are time lapse.
Sunrise to sun sets over cities.
-- So cut a client comes along says this is what I need for my project.
And that's neckline is missing a little bit of footage for.
A small part of there they're documentary or older they're TV commercial and become and then by that statute and what he sees the next big growth driver for shuttle stop quickly go from -- yeah well aside from footage that's one of them -- On the international expansion we still -- -- 150 countries swearing fourteen languages except nine currencies.
So -- were all over the world we have been for many years.
On besides that enterprise customers the biggest ad agencies and media companies in the world are trying to buy from us and I'm -- in seven -- percent of fortune 500 companies right now with just one or two users.
Each one of those companies has tens or hundreds of users that these are -- and it seems to me is one of those businesses of release -- doesn't it because it's word of mouth and then you stop to get the name out more and more people say oh well maybe that's a resource happened.
You know fought off its premium things over the past nine years on we've seen that have -- it's actually network affect business area.
As -- as contributes coming in and upload content buyers -- insert taking that contact.
Contributors watch very closely and -- -- start selling they -- more.
Very good Getty images -- -- a well known player in the stock image.
-- -- doing to -- -- yes they've been around a long time we know Getty images but -- What about us yet this is nothing new US I mean there are lots of competitors out there yet on the over the past ten years they've coming Don -- is certainly.
Big one but.
We are the volume leader in the states he served two images for second and there's no other agency out -- that does that were able to take all the data we get from.
The images were selling and actually improve search.
Every second so it's it's a different dynamic -- that business.
You study going new study this business in 2003.
When did you go public.
-- on public in October of this past year.
OK and how's how's that Spain was evident that a decision that you look at and say thank goodness we get them yet a ticket to many many years to get there and it took a lot of planning and thinking.
On and we did it right we took our time and Internet its success very -- well thank you so much for being that it John orange.
-- found -- of course the founder of shot -- stock and the CEO of continued success thank you being here we'll -- wanna get.
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text:
Audax ride : The Soaring Club ride no more
Date of ride: Saturday 31st March 2012
Start / Finish
Willaston Scout Hall
Holmes Street, Willaston
Ride Information
Start Time: All rides start at 7am Sharp
Distance Options: 200km : Gawler – Murray Bridge – Gawler
300km : As per 200km plus Gawler – Owen – Gawler
400km : As per 200km plus Gawler – Pt Wakefield – Gawler
600km : As per 400km plus Gawler – Clare - Gawler
Time allowance for distances: 200km : 13hr 30min
300km : 20hr 00min
400km : 27hr 00min
600km : 40hr 00min
Cost: $5 for Audax members, $15 for non Audax members
Route Map: Will be available for viewing closer to the ride
Ride Organiser:
Matthew Rawnsley
Tel (08) 8370 0415
Email: email@example.com
Sleeping spots available if required, contact ride organiser before the ride
Ride is unsupported, so you will need to carry and if required, purchase additional food and drink from shops along the way
What is Audax?
Audax Australia Cycling Club is a non profit national cycling organisation specialising in non-competitive long distance bicycle rides from 50 to 1200 km, called "randonnees". The challenge of Audax is not in racing, but in pushing your own boundaries and experiencing great personal achievements. Audax enables riders of any ability to set and achieve riding goals with a group of like minded cyclists. This spirit of achievement is what attracts so many riders to Audax.
As the time limits required to complete events are generous, Audax appeals to a wide variety of cyclists, whether they are from a touring, racing, recreational or commuting background. All riders on Audax events are issued with and must carry a 'brevet' card. This card acts as a type of passport that riders must have stamped at checkpoints or controls as a demonstration that the ride has been completed within the time limits.
More information about Audax: Click Here
Rider information: Click Here
Additional information about Audax (ride and lighting rules etc.): Click Here
Ride entry form (PDF): Click Here
Ride entry form (MS Word): Click Here
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ASRock intros Killer gaming mobos, includes M.2 connectivity ASRock has introduced a new lineup of gaming-oriented motherboards, and I'm not sure I can set the stage any better than the press... Type: News story Tags: Motherboards Storage |
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37 |
ASRock combines Avoton SoC, 12 SATA ports on Mini-ITX mobo Attention, home server builders. ASRock has come up with a Mini-ITX motherboard with 12 Serial ATA ports. The awkwardly named C2750D4I is based... Type: News story Tags: Motherboards Servers |
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New ASRock motherboards primed for Bitcoin mining Well, this is different. ASRock has introduced a couple of new motherbards designed specifically for Bitcoin mining. Both are loaded with PCI Express slots for... Type: News story Tags: Motherboards |
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Apple posts record iPhone sales, disappoints Wall Street Apple's quarterly financials are out. These latest numbers correspond to the fourth quarter of Apple's 2013 fiscal year, which ended on September 28, and they... Type: News story Tags: Mac Personal tech |
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Bay Trail-D appears on ECS Mini-ITX motherboards ECS has announced a family of Mini-ITX motherboards with soldered-on Bay Trail processors. The BAT-I lineup employs Bay Trail-D, the desktop variant of... Type: News story Tags: CPUs Motherboards |
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Apple unveils 1-lb iPad Air, Retina-infused iPad mini After tackling Mac updates during today's keynote, Apple moved on to the pièce de résistance: new iPad goodness. Two new iPads are coming next month. The... Type: News story Tags: Mac Personal tech |
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Apple updates MacBook Pro Retina lineup, releases OS X Mavericks for free I was expecting today's Apple keynote to be all about new iPads, but the company starting things off with some Mac-related announcements. The first of those... Type: News story Tags: Systems Mac |
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Rumor: 12'' Retina MacBook coming next year I've been waiting for a more affordable Retina MacBook for ages, and it... Type: News story Tags: Mobile computing Mac |
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Intel's Quark SoC spawns Arduino-compatible development board Remember the tiny Quark SoC Intel debuted at IDF? The sub-Atom chip is closer to release than we thought. Intel has Type: News story Tags: CPUs Motherboards Systems |
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Asus rolls out another new X79 board for Ivy Bridge-E The X79-Deluxe isn't Asus' only new LGA2011 motherboard primed for the latest Ivy Bridge-E CPUs. The firm has also added an ultra-high-end... Type: News story Tags: Motherboards |
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Steam beta hardware ready to ship, SteamOS downloadable Friday | 48 |


text: Video: Troy vs. Tennessee highlights SEC Football Videos @SECvideos Tweet Published November 4, 2012 - 8:30am NEW: Subscribe to the #1 SEC Football Podcast for regular SEC football discussion. Tennessee FansToo busy to keep up with the Vols? We will email you a summary of all things Tennessee football only when important news happens. Interests Anything SEC FootballSEC Football RecruitingAlabama Crimson TideArkansas RazorbacksAuburn TigersFlorida GatorsGeorgia BulldogsKentucky WildcatsLSU TigersMississippi RebelsMississippi State BulldogsMissouri TigersSouth Carolina GamecocksTennessee VolunteersTexas A&M AggiesVanderbilt Commodores


text:
In the Reign of Terror: The Adventures of a Westminster Boy
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This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923. This IS NOT an OCR'd book with strange characters, introduced typographical errors, and jumbled words. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is cultu... More
Book Information
Publisher | University of Michigan Library |
Binding | Paperback (54 editions) |
Reading Level | Uncategorized |
# of Pages | 390 |
Publication Date | 04/27/2009 |
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text:
Part of a series on |
Evolutionary biology |
Diagrammatic representation of the
divergence of modern taxonomic groups from their common ancestor. |
History of evolutionary theory
Fields and applications
Bioinformatics i/ˌbaɪ.oʊˌɪnfərˈmætɪks/ is an interdisciplinary field that develops and improves on methods for storing, retrieving, organizing and analyzing biological data. A major activity in bioinformatics is to develop software tools to generate useful biological knowledge.
Bioinformatics uses many areas of computer science, mathematics and engineering to process biological data. Complex machines are used to read in biological data at a much faster rate than before. Databases and information systems are used to store and organize biological data. Analyzing biological data may involve algorithms in artificial intelligence, soft computing, data mining, image processing, and simulation. The algorithms in turn depend on theoretical foundations such as discrete mathematics, control theory, system theory, information theory, and statistics. Commonly used software tools and technologies in the field include Java, C#, XML, Perl, C, C++, Python, R, SQL, CUDA, MATLAB, and spreadsheet applications.[1][2][3]
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Major research areas
- 2.1 Sequence analysis
- 2.2 Genome annotation
- 2.3 Computational evolutionary biology
- 2.4 Literature analysis
- 2.5 Analysis of gene expression
- 2.6 Analysis of regulation
- 2.7 Analysis of protein expression
- 2.8 Analysis of mutations in cancer
- 2.9 Comparative genomics
- 2.10 Network and systems biology
- 2.11 High-throughput image analysis
- 2.12 High-throughput single cell data analysis
- 2.13 Structural bioinformatic approaches
- 3 Software and tools
- 4 Conferences
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 Further reading
- 8 External links
Building on the recognition of the importance of information transmission, accumulation and processing in biological systems, in 1970 Paulien Hogeweg, coined the term "Bioinformatics" to refer to the study of information processes in biotic systems.[4][5][6] This definition placed bioinformatics as a field parallel to biophysics (the study of physical processes in biological systems) or biochemistry (the study of chemical processes in biological systems).[4] Examples of relevant biological information processes studied in the early days of bioinformatics are the formation of complex social interaction structures by simple behavioral rules, and the information accumulation and maintenance in models of prebiotic evolution.
One early contributor to bioinformatics was Elvin A. Kabat, who pioneered biological sequence analysis in 1970 with his comprehensive volumes of antibody sequences released with Tai Te Wu between 1980 and 1991.[7] Another significant pioneer in the field was Margaret Oakley Dayhoff, who has been hailed by David Lipman, director of the National Center for Biotechnology Information, as the "mother and father of bioinformatics."[8]
At the beginning of the "genomic revolution", the term bioinformatics was re-discovered to refer to the creation and maintenance of a database to store biological information such as nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences. Development of this type of database involved not only design issues but the development of complex interfaces whereby researchers could access existing data as well as submit new or revised data.
In order to study how normal cellular activities are altered in different disease states, the biological data must be combined to form a comprehensive picture of these activities. Therefore, the field of bioinformatics has evolved such that the most pressing task now involves the analysis and interpretation of various types of data. This includes nucleotide and amino acid sequences, protein domains, and protein structures.[9] The actual process of analyzing and interpreting data is referred to as computational biology. Important sub-disciplines within bioinformatics and computational biology include:
- the development and implementation of tools that enable efficient access to, use and management of, various types of information.
- the development of new algorithms (mathematical formulas) and statistics with which to assess relationships among members of large data sets. For example, methods to locate a gene within a sequence, predict protein structure and/or function, and cluster protein sequences into families of related sequences.
The primary goal of bioinformatics is to increase the understanding of biological processes. What sets it apart from other approaches, however, is its focus on developing and applying computationally intensive techniques to achieve this goal. Examples include: pattern recognition, data mining, machine learning algorithms, and visualization. Major research efforts in the field include sequence alignment, gene finding, genome assembly, drug design, drug discovery, protein structure alignment, protein structure prediction, prediction of gene expression and protein–protein interactions, genome-wide association studies, and the modeling of evolution.
Bioinformatics now entails the creation and advancement of databases, algorithms, computational and statistical techniques, and theory to solve formal and practical problems arising from the management and analysis of biological data.
Over the past few decades rapid developments in genomic and other molecular research technologies and developments in information technologies have combined to produce a tremendous amount of information related to molecular biology. Bioinformatics is the name given to these mathematical and computing approaches used to glean understanding of biological processes.
Common activities in bioinformatics include mapping and analyzing DNA and protein sequences, aligning different DNA and protein sequences to compare them, and creating and viewing 3-D models of protein structures.
There are two fundamental ways of modelling a Biological system (e.g., living cell) both coming under Bioinformatic approaches.
- Static
- Sequences – Proteins, Nucleic acids and Peptides
- Interaction data among the above entities including microarray data and Networks of proteins, metabolites
- Dynamic
- Structures – Proteins, Nucleic acids, Ligands (including metabolites and drugs) and Peptides (structures studied with bioinformatics tools are not considered static anymore and their dynamics is often the core of the structural studies)
- Systems Biology comes under this category including reaction fluxes and variable concentrations of metabolites
- Multi-Agent Based modelling approaches capturing cellular events such as signalling, transcription and reaction dynamics
A broad sub-category under bioinformatics is structural bioinformatics.
Major research areas[edit]
Bioinformatics has become an important part of many areas of biology. In experimental molecular biology, bioinformatics techniques such as image and signal processing allow extraction of useful results from large amounts of raw data. In the field of genetics and genomics, it aids in sequencing and annotating genomes and their observed mutations. It plays a role in the textual mining of biological literature and the development of biological and gene ontologies to organize and query biological data. It plays a role in the analysis of gene and protein expression and regulation. Bioinformatics tools aid in the comparison of genetic and genomic data and more generally in the understanding of evolutionary aspects of molecular biology. At a more integrative level, it helps analyze and catalogue the biological pathways and networks that are an important part of systems biology. In structural biology, it aids in the simulation and modeling of DNA, RNA, and protein structures as well as molecular interactions.
Sequence analysis[edit]
Since the Phage Φ-X174 was sequenced in 1977,[10] the DNA sequences of thousands of organisms have been decoded and stored in databases. This sequence information is analyzed to determine genes that encode polypeptides (proteins), RNA genes, regulatory sequences, structural motifs, and repetitive sequences. A comparison of genes within a species or between different species can show similarities between protein functions, or relations between species (the use of molecular systematics to construct phylogenetic trees). With the growing amount of data, it long ago became impractical to analyze DNA sequences manually. Today, computer programs such as BLAST are used daily to search sequences from more than 260 000 organisms, containing over 190 billion nucleotides.[11] These programs can compensate for mutations (exchanged, deleted or inserted bases) in the DNA sequence, to identify sequences that are related, but not identical. A variant of this sequence alignment is used in the sequencing process itself. The so-called shotgun sequencing technique (which was used, for example, by The Institute for Genomic Research to sequence the first bacterial genome, Haemophilus influenzae)[12] does not produce entire chromosomes. Instead it generates the sequences of many thousands of small DNA fragments (ranging from 35 to 900 nucleotides long, depending on the sequencing technology). The ends of these fragments overlap and, when aligned properly by a genome assembly program, can be used to reconstruct the complete genome. Shotgun sequencing yields sequence data quickly, but the task of assembling the fragments can be quite complicated for larger genomes. For a genome as large as the human genome, it may take many days of CPU time on large-memory, multiprocessor computers to assemble the fragments, and the resulting assembly will usually contain numerous gaps that have to be filled in later. Shotgun sequencing is the method of choice for virtually all genomes sequenced today, and genome assembly algorithms are a critical area of bioinformatics research.
Another aspect of bioinformatics in sequence analysis is annotation. This involves computational gene finding to search for protein-coding genes, RNA genes, and other functional sequences within a genome. Not all of the nucleotides within a genome are part of genes. Within the genomes of higher organisms, large parts of the DNA do not serve any obvious purpose. This so-called junk DNA may, however, contain unrecognized functional elements. Bioinformatics helps to bridge the gap between genome and proteome projects — for example, in the use of DNA sequences for protein identification.
Genome annotation[edit]
In the context of genomics, annotation is the process of marking the genes and other biological features in a DNA sequence. The first genome annotation software system was designed in 1995 by Owen White, who was part of the team at The Institute for Genomic Research that sequenced and analyzed the first genome of a free-living organism to be decoded, the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae. White built a software system to find the genes (fragments of genomic sequence that encode proteins), the transfer RNAs, and to make initial assignments of function to those genes. Most current genome annotation systems work similarly, but the programs available for analysis of genomic DNA, such as the GeneMark program trained and used to find protein-coding genes in Haemophilus influenzae, are constantly changing and improving.
Computational evolutionary biology[edit]
Evolutionary biology is the study of the origin and descent of species, as well as their change over time. Informatics has assisted evolutionary biologists in several key ways; it has enabled researchers to:
- trace the evolution of a large number of organisms by measuring changes in their DNA, rather than through physical taxonomy or physiological observations alone,
- more recently, compare entire genomes, which permits the study of more complex evolutionary events, such as gene duplication, horizontal gene transfer, and the prediction of factors important in bacterial speciation,
- build complex computational models of populations to predict the outcome of the system over time [13]
- track and share information on an increasingly large number of species and organisms
Future work endeavours to reconstruct the now more complex tree of life.
The area of research within computer science that uses genetic algorithms is sometimes confused with computational evolutionary biology, but the two areas are not necessarily related.
Literature analysis[edit]
The growth in the number of published literature makes it virtually impossible to read every paper, resulting in disjointed sub-fields of research. Literature analysis aims to employ computational and statistical linguistics to mine this growing library of text resources. For example:
- abbreviation recognition – identify the long-form and abbreviation of biological terms,
- named entity recognition – recognizing biological terms such as gene names
- protein-protein interaction – identify which proteins interact with which proteins from text
The area of research draws from statistics and computational linguistics.
Analysis of gene expression[edit]
The expression of many genes can be determined by measuring mRNA levels with multiple techniques including microarrays, expressed cDNA sequence tag (EST) sequencing, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) tag sequencing, massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS), RNA-Seq, also known as "Whole Transcriptome Shotgun Sequencing" (WTSS), or various applications of multiplexed in-situ hybridization. All of these techniques are extremely noise-prone and/or subject to bias in the biological measurement, and a major research area in computational biology involves developing statistical tools to separate signal from noise in high-throughput gene expression studies. Such studies are often used to determine the genes implicated in a disorder: one might compare microarray data from cancerous epithelial cells to data from non-cancerous cells to determine the transcripts that are up-regulated and down-regulated in a particular population of cancer cells.
Analysis of regulation[edit]
Regulation is the complex orchestration of events starting with an extracellular signal such as a hormone and leading to an increase or decrease in the activity of one or more proteins. Bioinformatics techniques have been applied to explore various steps in this process. For example, promoter analysis involves the identification and study of sequence motifs in the DNA surrounding the coding region of a gene. These motifs influence the extent to which that region is transcribed into mRNA. Expression data can be used to infer gene regulation: one might compare microarray data from a wide variety of states of an organism to form hypotheses about the genes involved in each state. In a single-cell organism, one might compare stages of the cell cycle, along with various stress conditions (heat shock, starvation, etc.). One can then apply clustering algorithms to that expression data to determine which genes are co-expressed. For example, the upstream regions (promoters) of co-expressed genes can be searched for over-represented regulatory elements. Examples of clustering algorithms applied in gene clustering are k-means clustering, self-organizing maps (SOMs), hierarchical clustering, and consensus clustering methods such as the Bi-CoPaM. The later, namely Bi-CoPaM, has been actually proposed to address various issues specific to gene discovery problems such as consistent co-expression of genes over multiple microarray datasets.[14][15]
Analysis of protein expression[edit]
Protein microarrays and high throughput (HT) mass spectrometry (MS) can provide a snapshot of the proteins present in a biological sample. Bioinformatics is very much involved in making sense of protein microarray and HT MS data; the former approach faces similar problems as with microarrays targeted at mRNA, the latter involves the problem of matching large amounts of mass data against predicted masses from protein sequence databases, and the complicated statistical analysis of samples where multiple, but incomplete peptides from each protein are detected.
Analysis of mutations in cancer[edit]
In cancer, the genomes of affected cells are rearranged in complex or even unpredictable ways. Massive sequencing efforts are used to identify previously unknown point mutations in a variety of genes in cancer. Bioinformaticians continue to produce specialized automated systems to manage the sheer volume of sequence data produced, and they create new algorithms and software to compare the sequencing results to the growing collection of human genome sequences and germline polymorphisms. New physical detection technologies are employed, such as oligonucleotide microarrays to identify chromosomal gains and losses (called comparative genomic hybridization), and single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays to detect known point mutations. These detection methods simultaneously measure several hundred thousand sites throughout the genome, and when used in high-throughput to measure thousands of samples, generate terabytes of data per experiment. Again the massive amounts and new types of data generate new opportunities for bioinformaticians. The data is often found to contain considerable variability, or noise, and thus Hidden Markov model and change-point analysis methods are being developed to infer real copy number changes.
Another type of data that requires novel informatics development is the analysis of lesions found to be recurrent among many tumors.
Comparative genomics[edit]
The core of comparative genome analysis is the establishment of the correspondence between genes (orthology analysis) or other genomic features in different organisms. It is these intergenomic maps that make it possible to trace the evolutionary processes responsible for the divergence of two genomes. A multitude of evolutionary events acting at various organizational levels shape genome evolution. At the lowest level, point mutations affect individual nucleotides. At a higher level, large chromosomal segments undergo duplication, lateral transfer, inversion, transposition, deletion and insertion. Ultimately, whole genomes are involved in processes of hybridization, polyploidization and endosymbiosis, often leading to rapid speciation. The complexity of genome evolution poses many exciting challenges to developers of mathematical models and algorithms, who have recourse to a spectra of algorithmic, statistical and mathematical techniques, ranging from exact, heuristics, fixed parameter and approximation algorithms for problems based on parsimony models to Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithms for Bayesian analysis of problems based on probabilistic models.
Many of these studies are based on the homology detection and protein families computation.
Network and systems biology[edit]
Network analysis seeks to understand the relationships within biological networks such as metabolic or protein-protein interaction networks. Although biological networks can be constructed from a single type of molecule or entity (such as genes), network biology often attempts to integrate many different data types, such as proteins, small molecules, gene expression data, and others, which are all connected physically and/or functionally.
Systems biology involves the use of computer simulations of cellular subsystems (such as the networks of metabolites and enzymes which comprise metabolism, signal transduction pathways and gene regulatory networks) to both analyze and visualize the complex connections of these cellular processes. Artificial life or virtual evolution attempts to understand evolutionary processes via the computer simulation of simple (artificial) life forms.
High-throughput image analysis[edit]
Computational technologies are used to accelerate or fully automate the processing, quantification and analysis of large amounts of high-information-content biomedical imagery. Modern image analysis systems augment an observer's ability to make measurements from a large or complex set of images, by improving accuracy, objectivity, or speed. A fully developed analysis system may completely replace the observer. Although these systems are not unique to biomedical imagery, biomedical imaging is becoming more important for both diagnostics and research. Some examples are:
- high-throughput and high-fidelity quantification and sub-cellular localization (high-content screening, cytohistopathology, Bioimage informatics)
- morphometrics
- clinical image analysis and visualization
- determining the real-time air-flow patterns in breathing lungs of living animals
- quantifying occlusion size in real-time imagery from the development of and recovery during arterial injury
- making behavioral observations from extended video recordings of laboratory animals
- infrared measurements for metabolic activity determination
- inferring clone overlaps in DNA mapping, e.g. the Sulston score
High-throughput single cell data analysis[edit]
- Main article: Flow cytometry bioinformatics
Computational techniques are used to analyse high-throughput, low-measurement single cell data, such as that obtained from flow cytometry. These methods typically involve finding populations of cells that are relevant to a particular disease state or experimental condition.
Structural bioinformatic approaches[edit]
Prediction of protein structure[edit]
Protein structure prediction is another important application of bioinformatics. The amino acid sequence of a protein, the so-called primary structure, can be easily determined from the sequence on the gene that codes for it. In the vast majority of cases, this primary structure uniquely determines a structure in its native environment. (Of course, there are exceptions, such as the bovine spongiform encephalopathy – a.k.a. Mad Cow Disease – prion.) Knowledge of this structure is vital in understanding the function of the protein. For lack of better terms, structural information is usually classified as one of secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. A viable general solution to such predictions remains an open problem. Most efforts have so far been directed towards heuristics that work most of the time.
One of the key ideas in bioinformatics is the notion of homology. In the genomic branch of bioinformatics, homology is used to predict the function of a gene: if the sequence of gene A, whose function is known, is homologous to the sequence of gene B, whose function is unknown, one could infer that B may share A's function. In the structural branch of bioinformatics, homology is used to determine which parts of a protein are important in structure formation and interaction with other proteins. In a technique called homology modeling, this information is used to predict the structure of a protein once the structure of a homologous protein is known. This currently remains the only way to predict protein structures reliably.
One example of this is the similar protein homology between hemoglobin in humans and the hemoglobin in legumes (leghemoglobin). Both serve the same purpose of transporting oxygen in the organism. Though both of these proteins have completely different amino acid sequences, their protein structures are virtually identical, which reflects their near identical purposes.
Other techniques for predicting protein structure include protein threading and de novo (from scratch) physics-based modeling.
See also: structural motif and structural domain.
Molecular Interaction[edit]
Efficient software is available today for studying interactions among proteins, ligands and peptides. Types of interactions most often encountered in the field include – Protein–ligand (including drug), protein–protein and protein–peptide.
Molecular dynamic simulation of movement of atoms about rotatable bonds is the fundamental principle behind computational algorithms, termed docking algorithms for studying molecular interactions.
See also: protein–protein interaction prediction.
Docking algorithms[edit]
In the last two decades, tens of thousands of protein three-dimensional structures have been determined by X-ray crystallography and Protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (protein NMR). One central question for the biological scientist is whether it is practical to predict possible protein–protein interactions only based on these 3D shapes, without doing protein–protein interaction experiments. A variety of methods have been developed to tackle the Protein–protein docking problem, though it seems that there is still much work to be done in this field.
Software and tools[edit]
Software tools for bioinformatics range from simple command-line tools, to more complex graphical programs and standalone web-services available from various bioinformatics companies or public institutions.
Open-source bioinformatics software[edit]
Many free and open-source software tools have existed and continued to grow since the 1980s.[16] The combination of a continued need for new algorithms for the analysis of emerging types of biological readouts, the potential for innovative in silico experiments, and freely available open code bases have helped to create opportunities for all research groups to contribute to both bioinformatics and the range of open-source software available, regardless of their funding arrangements. The open source tools often act as incubators of ideas, or community-supported plug-ins in commercial applications. They may also provide de facto standards and shared object models for assisting with the challenge of bioinformation integration.
The range of open-source software packages includes titles such as Bioconductor, BioPerl, Biopython, BioJava, BioRuby, Bioclipse, EMBOSS, .NET Bio, Taverna workbench, and UGENE. In order to maintain this tradition and create further opportunities, the non-profit Open Bioinformatics Foundation[16] have supported the annual Bioinformatics Open Source Conference (BOSC) since 2000.[17]
Web services in bioinformatics[edit]
SOAP- and REST-based interfaces have been developed for a wide variety of bioinformatics applications allowing an application running on one computer in one part of the world to use algorithms, data and computing resources on servers in other parts of the world. The main advantages derive from the fact that end users do not have to deal with software and database maintenance overheads.
Basic bioinformatics services are classified by the EBI into three categories: SSS (Sequence Search Services), MSA (Multiple Sequence Alignment), and BSA (Biological Sequence Analysis).[citation needed] The availability of these service-oriented bioinformatics resources demonstrate the applicability of web-based bioinformatics solutions, and range from a collection of standalone tools with a common data format under a single, standalone or web-based interface, to integrative, distributed and extensible bioinformatics workflow management systems.
Bioinformatics workflow management systems[edit]
A Bioinformatics workflow management system is a specialized form of a workflow management system designed specifically to compose and execute a series of computational or data manipulation steps, or a workflow, in a Bioinformatics application. Such systems are designed to
- provide an easy-to-use environment for individual application scientists themselves to create their own workflows
- provide interactive tools for the scientists enabling them to execute their workflows and view their results in real-time
- simplify the process of sharing and reusing workflows between the scientists.
- enable scientists to track the provenance of the workflow execution results and the workflow creation steps.
Currently, there are at least four platforms giving this service: Galaxy, Kepler, Taverna and Anduril.
Rosalind[18] is an educational resource and web project for learning bioinformatics through problem solving and computer programming.[19][20][21][22][23] Rosalind users learn bioinformatics concepts through a problem tree that builds up biological, algorithmic, and programming knowledge concurrently or learn by topics, with the topic of Alignment, Combinatorics, Computational Mass Spectrometry, Heredity, Population Dynamics and so on. Each problem is checked automatically, allowing for the project to also be used for automated homework testing in existing classes.
Rosalind is a joint project between the University of California at San Diego and Saint Petersburg Academic University along with the Russian Academy of Sciences. The project's name commemorates Rosalind Franklin, whose X-ray crystallography with Raymond Gosling facilitated the discovery of the DNA double helix by James D. Watson and Francis Crick. It was recognized by Homolog.us as the Best Educational Resource of 2012 in their review of the Top Bioinformatics Contributions of 2012. As of November 2013[update], it hosts over 13,000 problem solvers.
Rosalind is used to teach the first Bioinformatics Algorithms course on Coursera in 2013,[24] including interactive learning materials hosted on Stepic.[25]
There are several large conferences that are concerned with bioinformatics. Some of the most notable examples are Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB), European Conference on Computational Biology (ECCB), Research in Computational Molecular Biology (RECOMB) and American Society of Mass Spectrometry (ASMS).
See also[edit]
- Computational biology
- Computational genomics
- Health informatics
- Computational biomodeling
- Functional genomics
- Phylogenetics
- Proteomics
- Bioinformatics companies
- Margaret Oakley Dayhoff
- International Society for Computational Biology
- List of scientific journals in bioinformatics
- List of open-source bioinformatics software
- Jumping library
- ^ Waterman, Michael S. (1995). Introduction to Computational Biology: Sequences, Maps and Genomes. CRC Press. ISBN 0-412-99391-0.
- ^ Mount, David W. (May 2002). Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis. Spring Harbor Press. ISBN 0-879-69608-7.
- ^ Claverie, J.M.; Notredame, C. (2003). Bioinformatics for Dummies. Wiley. ISBN 0-7645-1696-5.
- ^ a b Hogeweg, P. (2011). "The Roots of Bioinformatics in Theoretical Biology". In Searls, David B. PLoS Computational Biology 7 (3): e1002021. Bibcode:2011PLSCB...7E0020H. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002021. PMC 3068925. PMID 21483479.
- ^ Hesper B, Hogeweg P (1970). Bioinformatica: een werkconcept 1 (6). Kameleon. pp. 28–29.
- ^ Hogeweg, P. (1978). "Simulating the growth of cellular forms". Simulation 31 (3): 90–96. doi:10.1177/003754977803100305.
- ^ Johnson, George; Tai Te Wua (January 2000). "Kabat Database and its applications: 30 years after the first variability plot". Nucleic Acids Res 28 (1): 214–218. doi:10.1093/nar/28.1.214. PMC 102431.
- ^ Moody, Glyn (2004). Digital Code of Life: How Bioinformatics is Revolutionizing Science, Medicine, and Business. ISBN 978-0-471-32788-2.
- ^ Attwood TK, Gisel A, Eriksson N-E, Bongcam-Rudloff E (2011). "Concepts, Historical Milestones and the Central Place of Bioinformatics in Modern Biology: A European Perspective". Bioinformatics – Trends and Methodologies. InTech. Retrieved 8 Jan 2012.
- ^ Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (February 1977). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature 265 (5596): 687–95. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S. doi:10.1038/265687a0. PMID 870828.
- ^ Benson DA, Karsch-Mizrachi I, Lipman DJ, Ostell J, Wheeler DL (January 2008). "GenBank". Nucleic Acids Res. 36 (Database issue): D25–30. doi:10.1093/nar/gkm929. PMC 2238942. PMID 18073190.
- ^ Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, Clayton RA, Kirkness EF, Kerlavage AR, Bult CJ, Tomb JF, Dougherty BA, Merrick JM (July 1995). "Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd". Science 269 (5223): 496–512. Bibcode:1995Sci...269..496F. doi:10.1126/science.7542800. PMID 7542800.
- ^ Antonio Carvajal-Rodríguez (2012). "Simulation of Genes and Genomes Forward in Time". Current Genomics (Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.) 11 (1): 58–61. doi:10.2174/138920210790218007. PMC 2851118. PMID 20808525.
- ^ Abu-Jamous B, Fa R, Roberts DJ, Nandi AK, Peddada SD (11 February 2013). "Paradigm of Tunable Clustering Using Binarization of Consensus Partition Matrices (Bi-CoPaM) for Gene Discovery". In Peddada, Shyamal D. PLoS ONE 8 (2): e56432. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856432A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056432. PMC 3569426. PMID 23409186.
- ^ Abu-Jamous B, Fa R, Roberts DJ, Nandi AK (24 January 2013). "Yeast gene CMR1/YDL156W is consistently co-expressed with genes participating in DNA-metabolic processes in a variety of stringent clustering experiments". Journal of the Royal Society Interface 10 (81): 20120990–20120990. doi:10.1098/rsif.2012.0990.
- ^ a b "Open Bioinformatics Foundation: About us". Official website. Open Bioinformatics Foundation. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
- ^ "Open Bioinformatics Foundation: BOSC". Official website. Open Bioinformatics Foundation. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
- ^ Rosalind
- ^ ROSALIND: An Addictive Bioinformatics Learning Site
- ^ ROSALIND (Project Euler for bioinformatics)
- ^ Researchers Launch Innovative, Hands-on Online Tool for Science Education
- ^ Rosalind is a platform for learning bioinformatics through problem solving.
- ^ "Q&A: UCSD's Philip Compeau Discusses Rosalind, a Problem-Oriented Bioinformatics Education Platform". Bioinform. 5 Oct 2012.
- ^ Bioinformatics Algorithms course on Coursera
- ^ Bioinformatics Algorithms on Stepic
Further reading[edit]
- Achuthsankar S Nair Computational Biology & Bioinformatics – A gentle Overview, Communications of Computer Society of India, January 2007
- Aluru, Srinivas, ed. Handbook of Computational Molecular Biology. Chapman & Hall/Crc, 2006. ISBN 1-58488-406-1 (Chapman & Hall/Crc Computer and Information Science Series)
- Baldi, P and Brunak, S, Bioinformatics: The Machine Learning Approach, 2nd edition. MIT Press, 2001. ISBN 0-262-02506-X
- Barnes, M.R. and Gray, I.C., eds., Bioinformatics for Geneticists, first edition. Wiley, 2003. ISBN 0-470-84394-2
- Baxevanis, A.D. and Ouellette, B.F.F., eds., Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins, third edition. Wiley, 2005. ISBN 0-471-47878-4
- Baxevanis, A.D., Petsko, G.A., Stein, L.D., and Stormo, G.D., eds., Current Protocols in Bioinformatics. Wiley, 2007. ISBN 0-471-25093-7
- Cristianini, N. and Hahn, M. Introduction to Computational Genomics, Cambridge University Press, 2006. (ISBN 9780521671910 | ISBN 0-521-67191-4)
- Durbin, R., S. Eddy, A. Krogh and G. Mitchison, Biological sequence analysis. Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-521-62971-3
- Gilbert D (2004). "Bioinformatics software resources". Briefings in Bioinformatics 5 (3): 300–304.
- Keedwell, E., Intelligent Bioinformatics: The Application of Artificial Intelligence Techniques to Bioinformatics Problems. Wiley, 2005. ISBN 0-470-02175-6
- Kohane, et al. Microarrays for an Integrative Genomics. The MIT Press, 2002. ISBN 0-262-11271-X
- Lund, O. et al. Immunological Bioinformatics. The MIT Press, 2005. ISBN 0-262-12280-4
- Pachter, Lior and Sturmfels, Bernd. "Algebraic Statistics for Computational Biology" Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-85700-7
- Pevzner, Pavel A. Computational Molecular Biology: An Algorithmic Approach The MIT Press, 2000. ISBN 0-262-16197-4
- Soinov, L. Bioinformatics and Pattern Recognition Come Together Journal of Pattern Recognition Research (JPRR), Vol 1 (1) 2006 p. 37–41
- Tisdall, James. "Beginning Perl for Bioinformatics" O'Reilly, 2001. ISBN 0-596-00080-4
- Dedicated issue of Philosophical Transactions B on Bioinformatics freely available
- Catalyzing Inquiry at the Interface of Computing and Biology (2005) CSTB report
- Calculating the Secrets of Life: Contributions of the Mathematical Sciences and computing to Molecular Biology (1995)
- Foundations of Computational and Systems Biology MIT Course
- Computational Biology: Genomes, Networks, Evolution Free MIT Course
External links[edit]
Look up bioinformatics in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
At Wikiversity you can learn more and teach others about Bioinformatics at: |
- Bioinformatics Organization
- EMBnet
- Open Bioinformatics Foundation
- Bioinformatics Resource Portal (SIB)


text:
By Marcus Leshock
WGN Feature Reporter
3:01 PM PST, February 21, 2012
Advertisement |
It's Paczki Day. We do it every year.
New Orleans has Mardi Gras, but Chicago has its annual binge on Poland's famous deep-friend dough. Fat Tuesday is the day before Lent begins, which means thousands of people head to the bakeries to stuff up on sweets.
Last year, I hit Continental Bakery in Mount Prospect, where they put me to work in their paczki costume.
This year, we decided to sleep in a bit and take a Northwest Side Paczki Tour. First, I hit the Oak Mill Bakery location at 5753 W. Belmont. We finished at Delightful Pastries, 5927 W. Lawrence. Between all of Oak Mill's locations and Delightful Pastries, they'll be cranking out 100,000 paczki by the time the day is over.
My feature on Paczki Day 2012 will air on tonight's WGN News at Five. It will be posted here after the show. Have a favorite place for paczki? Let me know about it on Facebook or Twitter. I'll hit them next year!


text:
The 4-3 Miami Dolphins take on the 4-3 Indianapolis Colts in a game with major and surprsing playoff implications for both teams in the AFC. The Dolphins are riding a 3 game winning streak with the most recent win, a resounding 30-9 thumping of the New York Jets in New Jersey. The Colts come in with a 2 game winning streak, winning in Tennessee last Sunday against the Titans 19-13.
Both teams are lead by rookie quarterbacks, the Colts by #1 overall pick Andrew Luck and Miami by the 8th pick in the draft, Ryan Tannehill. There is a chance Ryan may not play as he is coming off an injury to his knee and quad early in the Jets game last Sunday. If he cannot go, Matt Moore will be the starter for the Dolphins. As I was typing this article, I saw on ESPN that Ryan Tannehill will indeed be the starter for the game.
Let's take a look at these teams and how they stack up.
Miami comes into the game ranked 23rd in total offense at 327.9 yards per game. They rank 11th in rushing offense generating 115.9 yards per game, while ranking 22nd in passing offense at 212.0 yards per game. The Dolphins are scoring 21.4 points a game, which ranks 22nd in the league. They face a Colts defense that ranks 19th in total defense, giving up 350.4 yards per game. They rank 27th in rush defense giving up 137.4 yards per game and 7th in pass defense, allowing 213.0 yards per game. The Colts rank 18th in sacks with 15 and are giving up 24.4 points a game, which ranks 20th.
Once again the Dolphins were under 100 yards in rushing in a game that they faced a defense in the Jets that has struggled to stop the run, although they did improve with 93 yards rushing in the game. Once again, the face a team in the Colts that has really struggled to stop the run and the game plan will be once again to try to get this run game back on track. As I mentioned earlier, QB Ryan Tannehill is listed as questionable for the game, but I have complete confidence in Matt Moore. The Dolphins will need to be able to attack the Colts downfield with the passing game, as the Colts will want to try to load the box to take away the passing game. Continued solid play from WR Brian Hartline and Devon Bess is needed, and hopefully another week of practive will help Jabar Gaffney. TE Anthony Fasano has been solid, but Charles Clay has been missing in action. The Colts will get back OLB/DE Robert Mathis, who had missed the last few games with a knee injury.
Defensively the Dolphins come into the game ranked 22nd in total defense giving up 363.0 yards per game. They rank 2nd in rush defense giving up 82.0 yards per game while ranking 27th in pass defense giving up 281.0 yards per game. The Dolphins come in 6th in sacks with 22.0 and are ranked 3rd in scoring defense giving up 18.0 points per game. They faced a Colts offense that ranks 8th in total offense generating 373.0 yards per game. They rank 17th in rush offense at 107.1 yards a game while ranking 9th in passing offense at 265.9 yards a game. They are scoring 19.4 points a game, which ranks 27th and have given up 18 sacks.
The Colts have had success moving the ball between the 20's, but have struggled to score once in the Red Zone. The game plan does not change for Miami in this game. Take away the run game from the Colts and get after rookie QB Andrew Luck and WR Reggie Wayne. Luck has been everything the Colts thought he would be and he is a very solid young quarterback. That being said, any quarterback that has pressure on them in the pocket can make mistakes, and the Dolphins have been creative with the pass pressure they have been bringing. The secondary has improved over the last few weeks, and they will face a wily veteran at wide receiver in Reggie Wayne and a couple of talented young TE's in Coby Fleener and Dwyane Allen. You can expect CB Sean Smith to see a lot of Wayne in one on one coverage, and Sean has been up to the task so far.
As I stated earlier, the playoff implications for this game are BIG. Win this game and the Dolphins put themselves squarely in the playoff race and would be tied with New England for the division lead. Lose this game and they are still in the picture, but slip behind the Colts in a possible tiebreaker scenario.
It is always tough to go on the road and get a win and the Colts will present a stern challange. That being said, the Dolphins are playing well right now and the defense has been dominant. If the Dolphins can continue to do what they have done the last few weeks along with winning the special teams battles, I like their chances of getting out of Indianapolis with a win.
Go Dolphins.......
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