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Technology articles published in February 2013
Browse published articles by month:
February 28, 2013
12 TED Talks That Every Human Should Watch
If you watched one TED Talk per day, it will take you almost 4 years to watch them all.in Technology -
8 Ways Huawei Can Be the Next Samsung
Can Huawei Make it Possible to be Like Samsung?in Technology -
February 27, 2013
AVer Announces TabCam & TabSync to Improve iPad's Classroom Use
New AVer TabCam & TabSync improve use of iPads in the classroom.in Technology -
Lotus Honored At 4th Motor Sport Magazine Hall of Fame Event
Celebrations as Colin Chapman CBE is recognised for his engineering and technical geniusin Technology -
February 25, 2013
Mobile Data to Overtake Voice By 2018
Industry trade group GSMA predict a big jump in mobile data usage, with serious implications for developed and developing countries.in Technology -
February 23, 2013
IBM Launches MobileFirst: Will Apple or Samsung Follow?
IBM Expands to Mobile Services and Appsin Technology -
Google, Others More Focused on the Touchscreen
The Wall Street Journal reported on Feb. 20 that Google has been working on touchscreen technology with the Chrome operating system.in Technology -
February 20, 2013
Nimbuzz for BlackBerry 10 Debuts Integrated Communications App
Nimbuzz debuts first communication app to integrate GTalk, Yahoo & Facebook into a single BlackBerry 10 application.in Technology -
iPhone 5 Tops Global Smartphone Marketshare In Q4
Report: iPhone 5 Outsells Galaxy S3 In Q4 2012in Technology -
Microsoft Officially Launches Email Service Outlook.com
Software and technology company Microsoft officially unveils Outlook.com from preview bringing social networking and cloud services together with emailin Technology -
February 18, 2013
Yes, Even the Web Itself Has a Kevin Bacon Number
A Hungarian physicist has figured out that almost every single page on the Internet is related to all others through just 19 clicks.in Technology -
Do You Know What's Behind 'The Secret Door'?
A unique website wants to whisk you to the four corners of the Earth, from the safety of your own home. Why not step through The Secret Door?in Technology -
February 17, 2013
Near-Set Getting Even Closer With On-Set Logging for Docs and Reality TV
Lumberjack Logging App To be Unveiled at the Hollywood Post Alliance for the First Timein Technology -
February 14, 2013
Cheetos Releases App of Massive Distraction
Cheetos has released a suite of games set to distract - as well as peddle Cheetos. Yummy.in Technology -
Be My Augmented Valentine's Day Reality
We all seem to know our place when it comes to Valentine's day – we have to get our significant other something or risk retribution. Yet, as human evolution and technological evolution continue to merge, how is that going to change the romantic expressions we are guilt driven into performing?in Technology -
Google and Flu Tracking
Google Flu Trends was wide of the mark in over-predicting the spread of flu this winter.in Technology -
Apple's New iPhone 6 And 5S To Unveil In 2013?
Apple To Reveal Upcoming iPhone 6 And 5S In Year 2013?in Technology -
February 13, 2013
Dropbox Aims for the Enterprise
Will new changes to Dropbox make it more suitable for the enterprise market?in Technology -
Tesco Trials New Online Streaming Service - Tesco Clubcard TV
Tesco is trialling Tesco Clubcard TV its new free online TV and film service exclusively for Clubcard customers taking on BSkyB, Lovefilm, Netflix et alin Technology -
February 12, 2013
Blogging Using Only the iPad Mini
Can the iPad Mini be the perfect blogging platform?in Technology -
More Cyber Security Training is Needed
A report from Techworld published on Feb. 12 highlights the need for more cyber training in the U.K., and it is not the only country that has noticed this.in Technology -
February 7, 2013
GUNNAR Optiks Locks Down Eyewear Patents
GUNNAR Optiks, the leading manufacturer of eyewear to protect against Computer Vision Syndrome has secured several patents to protect their product line.in Technology -
Microsoft Takes Aim at Google Gmail With Scroogled.com
Microsoft takes on Google Gmail with its email ads and privacy campaign Scroogled.com from Outlook.comin Technology -
Samsung Accelerates Smart School Solutions with Copia Partnership
Samsung Launches Ed Tech Initiative for the USAin Technology -
February 6, 2013
Google Celebrates Safer Internet Day
Google Celebrates 10th Year Anniversary of Safer Internet Dayin Technology -
Perfectly Clear - A Professional Solution to Intelligent Photo Fixes
Plug-in and corresponding mobile apps are scientifically designed, automatic, accurate and a creative pleasure.in Technology -
February 5, 2013
UK Spy Agencies to Monitor Social Networks for US Intel
The black boxes that the UK plans to install on the Internet will also spy on Europe and America too!in Technology -
February 4, 2013
Lose Free Speech or "F" Israel?
Free Speech, the political right to communicate one's opinions and ideas, is about to be lost in America.in Technology -
Pre-emption, Cyberstrikes and Presidential Authority
Writing classified rules for the use of cyberweapons for the next digital war.in Technology -
February 1, 2013
Mocha Awarded an Oscar for Planar Tracking Technology
Imagineer Systems - Small Company - Big Awardin Technology


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BBC Sport NI's video review of the latest Irish Premiership action including leaders Crusaders edging out Dungannon Swifts.
09 Dec » BBC SportCrusaders stay top of the Irish Premiership on goal difference by beating Dungannon Swifts at Stangmore Park.
07 Dec » BBC SportBBC Sport NI's video review of the latest Irish Premiership action as Cliftonville's 3-0 victory over Linfield leads to Crusaders moving to the top of the table.
02 Dec » BBC SportIn-form Crusaders beat Ards 4-1 at Clandeboye Park to replace Linfield at the top of the Irish Premiership table.
30 Nov » BBC SportCrusaders go through 10-9 on penalties after a tense League Cup quarter-final shoot-out against Linfield.
13 Nov » BBC SportCrusaders beat Linfield 10-9 in a dramatic penalty shoot-out after the League Cup quarter-final finishes 1-1 at Windsor Park.
12 Nov » BBC SportBBC Sport NI's weekly video review of the latest Irish Premiership action, including Glenavon fighting back to draw with Crusaders.
11 Nov » BBC SportCrusaders boss Stephen Baxter is looking forward the Windsor Park showdown against Linfield in Tuesday night's League Cup quarter-final.
11 Nov » BBC SportDavid Rainey scores both goals as Crusaders beat Sligo Rovers 2-0 at Seaview in the Setanta Cup semi-final first leg.
17 Apr » BBC Sport

subset: commoncrawl


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- January 4, 2013
- 11:36 a.m.
- Suggest removal
- Reply to this post
stinkysmurf (Inactive) writes:
in response to peacedog05:
Fact: more people were killed by hammers (453) than rifles (329) in 2011. Fact: gun crime has gone down every year since 2004, when the "assault rifle" ban expired. Fact: Chicago had 500+ gun related murders with the strictest gun laws in the country. My source was FBI crime statistics. Your anti gun jive is hilarious. Do you have anything worthwhile to say instead of silly uneducated remarks. The second amendment is here to stay and guns will always be plentiful. Heck, I might just go shoot my AR 15 at the target range to celebrate and zero in my new night vision scope. There is nothing you, Feinstein, Obama, Reid, Pelosi or any liberal can do about it. LONG LIVE THE SECOND AMENDMENT!!
so this "hammer" thing is new right wing talking point for the day?...you people are so freakin' predictable, and obviously devoid of imagination
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Brian Murphy
Oak Creek Police Dept. - Lieutenant
743 votes
Voting is now closed.
Thank you for voting!
I am nominating Officer Brian Murphy, because of his actions in the line of duty save lives during the mass shooting at the Sikh Temple in Oak Creek, WI. Murphy was shot several times, one of the them hit him in the face. I believe he showed that day what it means to be a police officer, and one I can only hope to be one day.


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What's in a Picture?
A Camden Tempest
In the summer of 1951, the cries of Shakespeare's tragic character Caliban could be heard bellowing from the Bok Amphitheater overlooking Camden Harbor. Located behind the Camden Public Library, the amphitheater, named for its benefactor Mary Louise Curtis Bok Zimbalist, played host to four Shakespearian matinees over the summer, including The Tempest, shown above. With the character Miranda in the background, photographer Luis Marden snapped a photo for National Geographic of a joyous Prospero beckoning to his sprite Ariel. The play was performed by the Camden Hills Theatre Group — a talented troupe of young performers, directors, and stagehands selected from around the country that included Tony Montanaro, one of the world's foremost mimes, as well as John Astin, the lead actor in the 1970s television show, The Addams Family. —Will Bleakley
Photo: ©Luis Marden/National Geographic Society/Corbis


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Thank you to the people of the Central Valley. Because of your generosity, we collected over $3,000, 80 turkeys, food, clothing and toys during the CBS47 On Your Side Collection Drive.
The donations were turned over the Fresno Rescue Mission, who will be providing a Thanksgiving meal to many people who would otherwise have none.
Thank you so much for stepping up and making another On Your Side Collection Drive so successful!
The donations were turned over the Fresno Rescue Mission, who will be providing a Thanksgiving meal to many people who would otherwise have none.
Thank you so much for stepping up and making another On Your Side Collection Drive so successful!
Join CBS47, The Fresno Rescue Mission, Spirit 88.9 and the On Your Side Companies for the On Your Side Collection Drive on Wednesday, November 14th to help our neighbors in need.
The Fresno Rescue Mission needs everything from food, to toys and household items. They not only provide food and overnight shelter for the homeless but they also have recovery programs to meet the physical, education and spiritual needs of men, women and children in our community.
In an effort to help the Fresno Rescue Mission get ready for Thanksgiving, CBS47 teamed up with them to collect donations of food, clothing, diapers, toiletries and monetary donations as well.
People of the Central Valley can show their support by bringing donations to the On Your Side Collection Drive at the CBS47 Studios from 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. CBS47 is located at 4880 N. First Street, across from Fashion Fair Mall. There will be volunteers to take your donations so you don't even need to get out of your car.
Thank you to the people of the Central Valley for helping so many people in need.
Condensed Milk
Instant potatoes
Dressing packets
Cooking oil
Punch & lemonade
Pies: pumpkin, apple, cream
Canned vegetables (green beans, corn, mixed vegetables)
Cranberry sauce
Whole eggs
Yams or sweet potatoes
63 Door Mats for residential units at Rescue the Children Community
Healthy Snacks 100% juice drinks for kids
Children's chewable vitamins & Women's multi vitamins
Children's shoes, socks and underwear
Water bottles
Over-the-counter medications: pain reliever, allergy relief (non-drowsy) & cough syrup (without alcohol)
Bibles (Spanish translation - full version or NT version only)
New, unwrapped toys for children toddler to teen
Monetary Donations
Turkey Toss on Saturday
If you can't make it by the collection drive on Wednesday, Spirit 88.9 will be collecting turkeys on Saturday, November 17th.
Drop off a frozen turkey from 10:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. at the Sonic Drive-In at Herndon & Fowler and get a T-Shirt. (First 100 people)
While your there, play a game of Turkey Toss for a chance to win prizes!
Copyright 2012 High Plains Broadcasting LLC All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.


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While we tend to reserve our shorter hemlines for weekends and gatherings with friends, there's absolutely nothing stopping you from wearing your favorite minis to the office. Yep, you heard us right. At R29 HQ, staffers are dishing out new, creative iterations of the look on the daily. And, since we can't let ourselves have all the fun, we're bringing you some clever styling and unexpected matchups that'll earn jealous glances from all your pencil-skirt-donning coworkers. Still don't believe that the work-appropriate mini is possible? Click through and allow us to change your perspective — and add some much-needed flare to your 9-to-5.
Zara Short Jacquard Skirt, $99.90, available at Zara; Ann Taylor Cody Over The Knee, $248, available at Ann Taylor; Carraig Donn Fisherman's Knit Sweater, $54.95, similar style available at Tinker's Cart; Etienne Aigner The Box Satchel, $500, available at Etienne Aigner; Giles & Brother Archer Hoop Earrings, $95, available at Giles & Brother; Rebecca Taylor Wool Coat With Shearling Collar, $995, available at Rebecca Taylor.
Tibi Paint Splatter Yoked Skirt, $250, available at Tibi; Uniqlo Women Heattech Turtle Neck T-Shirt, $19.90, available at Uniqlo; Gap Classic Crew Socks, $6.50, available at Gap; G. H. Bass Penny Loafer, $89.99, available at AE; Joseph Quad Cotton Twill Parka, $975, available at Net-A-Porter; Made Jewelry Leather Tassel Necklace, $72.95, available at Lori's Shoes.
Ohne Titel Maze Rib Knit Skater Skirt, $272, available at Matches Fashion; Equipment Shane Crew Neck Sweater, $288, available at Equipment; H&M Biker-Style Jacket, $59.95, available at H&M; Ted Baker Philli Oil Painting Print Canvas Shopper Bag, $176.20, available at ASOS; Jeffrey Campbell Bonham Plaid Shoes, $184, available at Pixie Market; Accessorize Pyramid Stud and Mesh Chain Necklace, $16, available at Accessorize.
3.1 Phillip Lim Leather Flare Skirt, $895, available at La Garçonne; Ostwald Helgason Edgar Allen Poe Printed Cotton Sweatshirt, $218, available at Browns; Mango Peep Toe Leather Ankle Boots, $169.99, available at Mango; Jacquemus Oversized Coat, $719, available at La Garçonne; Digital Zone Gold Watch, $20, available at Lulus; Elizabeth and James Spotted Calf Hair Drawstring Backpack, $545, available at Neiman Marcus.
Surface To Air Tate Skirt, $225, available at Surface To Air; Uniqlo Stretch Long Sleeve Shirt, $29.50, available at Uniqlo; Alexander Wang Erin Boot, $725, available at Barneys New York; Fallon Classique Lariat, $125, available at Fallon; Reiss Sienna Navy Contrast Lapel Blazer, $255, available at Reiss; Coach Borough Bag, $548, available at Coach.
Wilfred Cocteau Skirt, $110, available at Aritzia; Roseanna Iron Pam Top, $286.60, available at Ekseption; Topshop Lace Overlay Coat, $270, available at Topshop; J.Crew Jeweled Pyramid Necklace, $165, available at J.Crew; Zimmermann Leopard Print Sneakers, $265, available at Shopbop; Proenza Schouler PS11 Tiny, $1,225, available at Proenza Schouler.
Market Research by Marissa Rosenblum; Market Research by Willow Lindley


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Three year old serves as inspiration to community
By JAMIE PATTERSON
Managing Editor
The story of one little girl living with cancer is touching Yazoo County one heart at a time.
From prayers to donations to fundraisers, the community is joining in the fight for Leta Greco's recovery.
Leta, the daughter of Michael and Crystal Greco, is only three years old yet she is continuing her journey with remarkable courage and bravery.
Small cysts were found between Leta's neck and shoulder a few months ago. On April 14, she went to the hospital for a series of tests to discover a large mass on the entire left side of her chest. -------for the rest of the story see The Yazoo Herald printed edition or subscribe to the Digital Edition.----------


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Type of Item
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Fragment of the Old Västergötland Law
Äldre Västgötalagen (Old Västergötland law) is the oldest legal text written in Old Swedish in Latin script and the oldest of Sweden's medieval provincial laws. The law was formulated around 1220 and was used in Västergötland in western Sweden. This manuscript fragment dates to about 1240. It contains the oldest record of the law and, along with another manuscript in the holdings of the National Library of Sweden dating from the early 1290s, is the only source for the law. The two leaves come from the same manuscript and ...
Revelations of Saint Bridget of Sweden
Saint Birgitta (or Bridget) of Sweden (circa 1303–73) was known for her revelations, which she reportedly wrote down in Swedish and then had translated into Latin by one of her two confessors. When she took ill, she changed her usual practice, and dictated her revelations to one of the confessors, who then translated them into Latin. In the manuscript collection at the National Library of Sweden is preserved a document that offers a unique insight into the origins of Birgitta's revelations. It consists of three leaves of paper ...
A Dream Play
August Strindberg (1849–1912) was one of Sweden's most important writers. From the 1870s until his death, he was a dominant figure in Swedish literary circles. Internationally, he is known for his plays. Strindberg grew up in Stockholm and studied at Uppsala University. From 1874 to 1882 he worked at the National Library of Sweden in Stockholm. It was there that he acquired much of his considerable knowledge of cultural history and literature. His breakthrough came in 1879 with publication of the novel The Red Room. Strindberg traveled extensively ...
Peter the Tramp
Luffar-Petter (Peter the tramp), a silent film made in Sweden in 1922, was the first film in which the Swedish-born actress Greta Garbo (1905–90) appeared. Still known by her original name of Greta Lovisa Gustafsson, Garbo was at the time a simple, unknown actress still learning her craft. This short comedy was the starting point from which Garbo was launched on a path to major roles in Swedish and Hollywood films and to stardom. Presented here is the film poster for Luffar-Petter, which was created some seven years after ...
Greta Garbo
Almost since the invention of the first camera, photographic techniques have been used both to capture and to alter reality. This is especially true of portrait photography, which has successfully transformed real persons into myth and legend with the help of carefully construed images. Henry B. Goodwin, the Bavarian landscape painter whose original name was Heinrich Buergel, was a scholar of Old Icelandic and one of the pioneers of portrait photography in Scandinavia. Goodwin adopted a new homeland and new name and contributed to the visual image of contemporary Swedes ...
General Map of the Swedish Kingdom
In 1683 Swedish cartographer Carl Gripenhielm (1655–94) was appointed the first director of the Swedish Land Survey. Much of Sweden was at that time sparsely populated and not well surveyed. Gripenhielm undertook an ambitious program of mapping and surveying, extending over several decades. The completion of detailed maps of Sweden's agricultural land, forests, and surrounding seas coincided with the country's economic development and its rise to great power status under the rule of strong monarchs and a centralized state bureaucracy. By the 18th century, Sweden's cartographical ...
The Old People Mill
This 1852 single-sheet satirical print depicting "the old people mill" is part of a collection of 850 such broadsides printed in various Swedish cities and now preserved in the National Library of Sweden. These prints were often pasted inside the lids of chests in which people stored their belongings. The print on the left and the accompanying verses below are devoted to "the mill for old men," those on the right to "the mill for old women," magical mills from which they return young and beautiful. In the era before ...
Olympic Games, Stockholm, 1912
The Stockholm Olympiad of 1912 marked the transition of the modern Olympic Games from what had been a modest-sized athletic competition into a global media event. The preparation and build-up for the games, the venues built especially for them, and media exposure all began to overshadow the fabric of the athletic competitions themselves. This media event emphasized both global and national dimensions and was meticulously conceived by the organizers. Recognizing that technology was evolving quickly and that visual images crossed borders unhindered, the committee mounted an innovative international media campaign ...
View and Map of the Affair at Ratan, of August 20, 1809
This watercolor by the Swedish artist and draftsman Carl Gustaf Gillberg (1774–1855) depicts the fighting at Ratan on August 20, 1809 between the armies of Sweden and Russia. Contemporaneously with the Napoleonic wars, at the beginning of the 19th century Sweden and Russia fought what became known as the Finnish War, which had the effect of radically altering the political topography of the Baltic. Sweden's defeat put an end to its domination in the region. Finland, previously a province of Sweden, became a grand duchy under the rule ...
The Fire at the Royal Castle in Stockholm, 1697
This engraving shows the fire of 1697 that destroyed Tre Kronor, the 16th–17th century royal castle that once housed the ruling monarchs of Sweden. As Sweden rose to become a great power, the dichotomy between its wealth, power, and ties to Europe and the spartan northern wooden structure that housed its rulers became ever more apparent. This was never more so than under Queen Christina (reigned 1632–54), who followed developments on the continent and succeeded in intellectually annexing Sweden to an international learned community. Scholars who made their ...
The Old Västergötland Law
Äldre Västgötalagen (Old Västergötland law) is the oldest legal text written in Old Swedish in Latin script and the oldest of Sweden's medieval provincial laws. The law was formulated around 1220 and was used in Västergötland in western Sweden. Manuscript B 59 in the National Library of Sweden is the only complete copy of the law and is Sweden's oldest book. The manuscript is a composite of 77 leaves, consisting of three parts bound together. It was written mainly by four scribes and dates to the beginning of ...
Selma Lagerlöf
This photograph by Henry B. Goodwin depicts the Swedish author Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf (1858–1940), the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Goodwin was born the son of a Bavarian landscape painter and originally named Heinrich Buergel. He was a scholar of Old Icelandic and one of the pioneers of portrait photography in Scandinavia. He adopted a new homeland and a new name and contributed to the visual image of contemporary Swedes by becoming the most-renowned society photographer in Sweden in his era. An advocate of ...
Map of the Northern Realms Including the Kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden, Norway
This map of the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden is by the French cartographer Guillaume de L'Isle (1675-1726). The son of a geographer, de L'Isle began working in the field of cartography at a young age. In addition to learning from his father, he studied mathematics and astronomy with the Italian astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini (1625-1712). This training led de L'Isle to produce scientifically accurate maps. In 1718, he became the official geographer to the king. De L'Isle's maps continued the trend in French ...
Map of Sweden
This map shows the Kingdom of Sweden as it appeared at the end of the 18th century. At the time, the kingdom included present-day Sweden as well as Finland, which, however, was lost to the Russian Empire in 1809. The map is the work of Samuel Gustaf Hermelin (1744-1820), a Swedish industrialist and diplomat who also practiced cartography. Hermelin studied mining at the University of Uppsala before traveling to the United States to study industrialization. While in North America, he was instrumental in establishing diplomatic relations between Sweden and the ...
The Garden of the Virgin Mary
The 1510 manuscript Jungfru Marie örtagård (The Garden of the Virgin Mary) is the work of an anonymous nun at the Brigittine monastery at Vadstena in eastern Götaland, Sweden, and is the sole surviving source for the Swedish psalms, collects and lessons, hymns, and commentaries used in daily office by the nuns at the monastery. From the late 14th century to about 1530, the Vadstena monastery contributed significantly to the development of a nascent Swedish cultural identity, largely through the language that developed and was taught there. Most of the ...
Helsingborg, Sweden
This photochrome print is from the "Views of Architecture and Other Sites in Copenhagen, Denmark" section of the catalog of the Detroit Publishing Company. It depicts a ship entering the harbor at Helsingborg, Sweden, which, between 1874 and 1896, was connected to Copenhagen by regular ferry service. The Detroit Photographic Company was launched as a photographic publishing firm in the late 1890s by Detroit businessman and publisher William A. Livingstone, Jr. and photographer and photo-publisher Edwin H. Husher. They obtained the exclusive rights to use the Swiss "Photochrom" process for ...
View in the Kungsparken, Malmo, Sweden
This photochrome print of the popular Kungsparken (King's Park) in Malmö is part of "Landscape and Marine Views of Norway and Sweden" from the catalog of the Detroit Photographic Company. The park was designed by the Danish architect O. Høegh Hansen, and opened in 1872. Hansen's design reflected French and Austrian influences of the 1850s and evoked both the romantic and baroque styles. Malmö is located in southern Sweden, just across Oresund Strait from Denmark. The Detroit Photographic Company was launched as a photographic publishing firm in the ...
View in the Kungsparken, Malmo, Sweden
This photochrome print of Malmo, Sweden is from the "Landscape and Marine Views of Norway" section in the catalog of the Detroit Publishing Company, which also included six views of Sweden. The 1892 edition of Baedeker's Norway, Sweden, and Denmark: Handbook for Travellers described Malmo as a "thriving seaport, the capital of the fertile province of Skåne, with 47,500 inhabitants" and informed its readers about "the pleasant promenades of Kung Oskars Park (café, with concerts frequently)." Malmo is located on the body of water known as the Sound ...
Restaurant in the Kungsparken, Malmo, Sweden
This photochrome print of the popular Kungsparken (King's Park) in Malmö is part of "Landscape and Marine Views of Norway and Sweden" from the catalog of the Detroit Photographic Company. The park was designed by the Danish architect O. Høegh Hansen, and opened in 1872. Hansen's design reflected French and Austrian influences of the 1850s and evoked both the romantic and baroque styles. As described by Baedeker's Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden and Denmark: With Excursions to Iceland and Spitzbergen (1912), at the center of the park was a ...
Skansen, Stockholm, Sweden
This late 19th-century photochrome print offers a bucolic view of the open-air museum of Skansen on Djurgården Island, a royal park situated within Stockholm. Founded in 1891, Skansen is the oldest such heritage museum in Europe, with traditional Swedish culture and wildlife exhibits, as well as log structures such as the house and barn pictured on the other side of the pond. These buildings, most of which date from the 18th and 19th centuries, were intended to display Sweden's regional diversity and rural traditions at a time of rapid ...
Kungstradgarden, Stockholm, Sweden
This photochrome print of the Kungstradgarden (King's Garden) in Stockholm, Sweden, is part of "Landscape and Marine Views of Norway and Sweden" from the catalog of the Detroit Photographic Company. The park is located west of the national cathedral and covers more than 3.5 hectares. It originally served, in the 15th century, as the king's kitchen garden. Later it was transformed by the French designer Jean Allard into a park intended to achieve a balance between nature and urbanization. The park was opened to the public in ...


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The Conference Center at Waltham Woods Where Hospitality and Technology Meet
Located in the technology corridor surrounding Boston, Massachusetts, the Conference Center at Waltham Woods is a full-service meeting venue with 17,000 square feet of dedicated meeting rooms combined with wonderful food, superior in-room technology, and unsurpassed service. Our IACC approved conference facilities include a variety of meeting spaces and a 180 seat amphitheater with stadium seating. The center is situated within the award winning headquarters of the Massachusetts Medical Society and managed by Sodexo Conferencing.
Click Here for Directions
Join us on Facebook and Twitter. Learn about special events and promotions first. Share news and stories.
Unwind and relax after your meeting Click Here to find out about hosting your reception at Waltham Woods


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Dreamline Enigma X Shower Enclosure
- 3/8" (10mm) tempered clear glass sliding door
- DreamLine™ exclusive Clear Glass™ protective anti-limescale coating
- Advanced fully frameless glass design offers effortless single sliding door operation with large wheel assemblies on a stainless steel track
- Includes anti-splash threshold to prevent water spillage
- Reversible for left or right door opening installation
- Stainless steel hardware available in polished or brushed finish
- 48" stainless steel top sliding track bar may be cut down to 45" accordingly
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Brachycephalic Airway Obstruction Syndrome (BAOS)
in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
- Symptoms
- Care and Treatment
- Elongated Soft Palate
- Stenotic Nares
- Everted Laryngeal Saccules
- Laryngeal Collapse
- Breeders' Responsibilities
- Research News
- Related Links
- Dedication
- Veterinary Resources
Brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome (BAOS)*, is an inherited condition in the cavalier King Charles spaniel. The breed is pre-disposed to it, due to the comparatively short length of the cavalier's head and a compressed upper jaw**.
* BAOS is also referred to as brachycephalic airway disease (BAD) and brachycephalic airway syndrome (BAS) and even brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS).
** Until 2011, there had been some dispute among researchers as to whether the cavalier King Charles spaniel is a brachycephalic breed or a mesaticephalic (or mesocephalic) breed. However, in a 2011 German study, the researchers concluded that the CKCS was brachycephalic but that it had a wider braincase in relation to length than in other brachycephalic breeds.
The term "brachycephalic" or "brachiocephalic" means short-nosed and refers to dogs with short muzzles, noses, and mouths. "Brachy" means short and "cephalic" means head. The throat and breathing passages in brachycephalic dogs often are undersized or flattened. The head's soft tissues are not proportionate to the shortened nature of the skull, and the excess tissues tend to increase resistance to the flow of air through the upper airway (nostrils, sinuses, pharynx and larynx).
This developmental defect is somewhat more apparent in a few other breeds: the English bulldog, pug, Boston terrier, and Pekingese, in particular. However, various degrees of BAOS predominate in the CKCS. The primary BAOS abnormalities in the cavalier include an elongated and fleshy soft palate, narrowed nostrils (stenotic nares), and everted laryngeal saccules, all of which are discussed in detail here. Other disorders may include laryngeal malformation and relatively small windpipe (tracheal hypoplasia or stenosis) and collapsing trachea*, which are not specifically covered in this article. All of these disorders cause obstruction of the upper airway, compromise the dog's ability to take in air, and may result in laryngeal collapse. BAOS in the CKCS has been attributed by some researchers as a consequence of the selection for soft, puppy-like facial features, referred to as "morphological neoteny".
In a 2010 report of BAOS surgery on 155 Australian dogs, the cavalier was the most common breed (29 dogs, 18.7%). The researchers found: "All CKCS had an elongated soft palate and accounted for 41% of the laryngeal collapse cases."
* Trachea collapse in the cavalier King Charles spaniel may also be due to an enlarged heart caused by advanced mitral valve disease. Also, a 2004 study by researchers at the Royal Veterinary College found that 53% of the brachycephalic dogs in their 92 dog sample had heart disease, compared to 24% of the non-brachycephalic dogs. See Mitral Valve Disease.
Overall Symptoms
The symptoms may vary and range in severity, depending upon which abnormality is causing them, but they typically include labored and constant open mouthed breathing, noisy breathing, snuffling, snorting, excessive snoring, gagging, retching, exercise and/or heat intolerance, general lack of energy, pale or bluish tongue and gums due to a lack of oxygen.
Also, studies have concluded that brachycephalic dogs may be predisposed to the conditions of Primary Secretory Otitis Media (PSOM), and eye problems, such as entropion, dry eye, and other disorders which may be caused by eyes not properly seated in the skull.
Overall Care and Treatment
The brachycephalic cavalier is an inefficient panter. Increased panting can cause swelling and narrowing of the airway, resulting in collapsing or fainting. The excessive panting and episodes of other symptoms may place increased strain on the dog's heart, which cavaliers with mitral valve disease cannot afford to risk.
Care should be taken to avoid overheating and excessive excitement and excessive exercise, which may cause increased panting. Excessive barking or panting may cause the throat to swell, which could result in a totally blocked airway. Most importantly, the owner should not let the dog get too hot, particularly in the summer months, and not allow the dog to become overweight, as obesity will exacerbate the respiratory difficulties. Death from such related causes as heat stroke may be the consequence of not diagnosing and treating these symptoms early enough.
Care also should be taken when anesthesia may have to be administered. In a March 2012 report by a team of Tufts University veterinary anesthesiologists, cavaliers are among brachycephalic breeds which require special attention when being sedated and anesthetized. Their advice includes: "Avoid excessive sedation. Avoid α2-agonists. Administer acepromazine at half dose. Preoxygenate. Use short-acting induction agent. Use appropriately sized endotracheal tubes. Extubate after patient is sitting up, vigorously chewing, bright, alert."
In mild episodes, calming and cooling the dog may be sufficient. Inflammation and swelling of the airway tissues (oedema) may be treated with oxygen therapy and corticosteroids for short term relief. Surgery is required when the abnormalities chronically interfere with breathing. Following surgery, the dog will need to be monitored closely for at least the first 24 hours, because inflammation or bleeding can obstruct the airway, making breathing difficult or impossible.
In all cases, it is strongly recommended that only board certified veterinary surgeons (who also are very experienced at airway surgery) be permitted to perform any type of airway surgery on cavaliers.
Elongated & Fleshy Soft Palate
-- what it is
The palate is the roof of the mouth. It is divided into two parts, the anterior bony hard palate, and the posterior fleshy soft palate. The soft palate separates the nasal passage from the oral cavity. An elongated soft palate is too long for the length of the mouth, so that its tip protrudes into the front of the airway and may get sucked into the laryngeal opening where it may obstruct the normal passage of air into the trachea. A fleshy soft palate is an abnormally thick one which reduces the dimension of the nasal air passage way. (See the soft palate at the top of the photo to the right.)
-- symptoms
The most common and recurrent symptom of an elongated or fleshy soft palate is noisy breathing. Occasionally, the dog will make snorting sounds, which is due to the tip of the palate flapping into the trachea during respiration. This is called the "Cavalier snort" or a "reverse sneeze".* The dogs also are more likely to snore, gag, or retch, and in severe instances, they may collapse if the airflow is obstructed completely.
* It may be confused with pharyngeal gag reflex or inspiratory proxysmal respiration.
Cavaliers with abnormally thick soft palates also are more likely to develop primary secretory otitis media (PSOM), due to the size of the soft palate impairing auditory tube drainage.
-- diagnosis
In severe cases, the palate usually is examined with the dog under light general anesthesia, using a laryngoscope. An elongated palate will obstruct the view of the larynx when the tongue is depressed. The veterinarian may take an x-ray to determine the length of the palate and airway.
-- treatment
If the palate is only moderately elongated and does not totally block the trachea, most cavaliers are able to pull out of these blockages by themselves. Snorting may be relieved by forcing the cavalier to breathe through its mouth instead of its nose. This may be done by holding the dog's head down and mouth open with one hand while blocking air from entering the nose with the other hand.
Treatment for recurring blockage of airflow is surgical removal of excess tissue from the palate by a veterinary surgeon. One of those procedures is Folded flap palatoplasty (FFP), which both shortens and thins the soft palate. Post surgery prognosis is good for young dogs. They generally may be expected to breathe much easier, with significantly reduced respiratory distress, and display more energy and stamina. Older dogs may have a less favorable prognosis.
In all cases, it is strongly recommended that only board certified veterinary surgeons (who also are very experienced at airway surgery) be permitted to perform any type of airway surgery on cavaliers.
In a 2010 report of BAOS surgery on 155 Australian dogs, the cavalier was the most common breed (29 dogs, 18.7%). All of those cavaliers had an elongated soft palate.
Stenotic Nares
-- what they are
Stenotic nares are abnormally narrow or obstructed nostrils (right), especially when inhaling. Dogs with this disorder tend to breathe primarily through their mouths, because breathing through the nose is unproductive. When they do breathe through their noses, they make wheezing sounds. Stenotic nares cause the dog to inhale deeper to draw air through the nose and into the lower airway, which may contribute to the development of secondary abnormalities, such as everted laryngeal saccules and laryngeal collapse.
-- symptoms
The dog's nose appears narrow, with the nostril wings (alar folds) collapsing inward during inhalation and possibly blocking the nares. As noted above, the dog tends to breathe through its mouth, and makes wheezing sounds when breathing with its mouth closed. Symptoms typically include labored and constant open mouthed breathing, noisy breathing, snuffling, snorting, excessive snoring, and in severe cases, gagging, retching, exercise and/or heat intolerance, pale or bluish tongue and gums due to a lack of oxygen.
-- diagnosis
Stenotic nares are easily diagnosed by visual examination. In severe cases, the flow of air through the nostrils may be so poor that no air movement can be detected.
-- treatment
Surgery under general anesthesia is the preferred means of treating stenotic nares. The aim is to increase the size of the nostrils by removing tissue from the wings and possibly some related cartilage. Post surgery recovery is similar to that described above under Overall Care and Treatment and treatment for elongated soft palate. Following surgery, the dog will be required to wear an Elizabethan collar to keep the surgical site clean and to protect it from rubbing.
In all cases, it is strongly recommended that only board certified veterinary surgeons (who also are very experienced at airway surgery) be permitted to perform any type of airway surgery on cavaliers.
Everted Laryngeal Saccules
-- what they are
Everted laryngeal saccules are a secondary abnormality to either an elongated soft palate or stenotic nares. The larynx contains the vocal chords, produces sound, and protects the trachea. It is located at the point where the upper tract divides into the trachea and the esophagus. During swallowing, the larynx closes to prevent swallowed material from entering the lungs. The laryngeal saccules are part of the mucosal lining of the laryngeal ventricles and appear as two membranous sacs that are located in recessions in front of the vocal folds.
Brachycephalic cavaliers must create more pressure when they inhale in order to fill their lungs with air. This decreases the pressure in the upper airway, causes the lining of the larynx (laryngeal ventricles) to swell, and forces the laryngeal saccules to vibrate and evert into the airway at the opening to the trachea, blocking the flow of air. Everted laryngeal saccules usually are the first stage of laryngeal collapse. (See everted laryngeal saccules in the photo here.)
-- symptoms
The symptoms are those common to a lack of air intake, such as gagging, retching, fainting, pale or bluish tongue and gums due to a lack of oxygen.
-- diagnosis
Everted laryngeal saccules are diagnosed under anesthesia. They appear as bilateral, red, fleshy, globular sacs.
-- treatment
Tissue from the saccules are surgically removed under general anesthesia. A tube will be inserted through the neck into the trachea ("temporary tracheostomy") to allow an airway during surgery and will remain until the swelling in the throat subsides enough that the dog can breathe normally. Post surgery and recovery are similar to that described above under under Overall Care and Treatment and treatment for elongated soft palate.
In all cases, it is strongly recommended that only board certified veterinary surgeons (who also are very experienced at airway surgery) be permitted to perform any type of airway surgery on cavaliers.
Laryngeal Collapse
-- what it is
Laryngeal collapse is an advanced form of brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome.* The primary conditions of stenotic nares and elongated soft palate, together with everted laryngeal saccules, lead to abnormal stresses on the larynx and a progressive distortion and ultimate collapse of the cartilage supporting the larynx. There are three stages of laryngeal collapse, Stage 1 being the everted laryngeal saccules described above. Stage 2 occurs when the arytenoid cartilage loses its rigidity and gradually collapses inwardly. The third and final stage is when the cartilage fails completely, and the larynx collapses.
* A similar condition is tracheal collapse, which appears less common in the CKCS. Also, laryngeal paralysis.
In a 2010 report of BAOS surgery on 155 Australian dogs, the cavalier was the most common breed (29 dogs, 18.7%). The researchers found: "All CKCS had an elongated soft palate and accounted for 41% of the laryngeal collapse cases."
-- symptoms
When the larynx collapses, the cavalier will not be able to breathe at all. The situation will be an extreme, life-threatening emergency.
-- diagnosis
The diagnosis is made by visual examination while the dog is under light anesthesia.
-- treatment
Depending upon the severity of the collapse, an early option may be a partial laryngectomy to enlarge the laryngeal opening. The procedure will include anesthesia and a temporary tracheostomy. Statistical studies have shown that less than 50% of dogs treated this way survive, due to the permanent cartilage deformation and softening which results in continued collapse. Permanent tracheostomy is the only other option. Prognosis is poor, particularly for older dogs.
In all cases, it is strongly recommended that only board certified veterinary surgeons (who also are very experienced at airway surgery) be permitted to perform any type of airway surgery on cavaliers.
Breeders' Responsibilities
BAOS is a consequence of the conformation standards for the CKCS. Cavaliers with significant breathing difficulties or that have required surgery to correct airway obstruction, should not be used for breeding.
Research News
►August 2013: Canadian vet urges "Stop brachycephalism, now!", including cavaliers. In a reasoned rant in a February 2013 Canadian Veterinary Journal article, veterinary dentist Dr. Fraser Hale expresses his frustration with the mouths and teeth of brachycephalic breeds, including the cavalier King Charles spaniel. In his article, he states:
"In many Canadian jurisdictions, veterinarians have advocated for and achieved a ban on tail-docking, ear-cropping, and dewclaw removal as these are considered unnecessary cosmetic procedures that cause (temporary) pain with no benefit to the animals. I believe that as protectors of animal welfare, veterinarians should start a public awareness campaign to inform people of the serious, life-long negative impacts of brachycephalism. I believe we must stop referring to these conditions as 'normal for the breed' and refer to them as 'grossly abnormal in accordance with breed standards' because there is nothing remotely normal or desirable from the animal's perspective. I believe we must stop using photographs of these deformed but comical breeds in advertising and promotional materials as this just increases public demand because they are 'so cute.'"
While he does not mention specific breeds in his article, in a subsequent interview, he stated:
"Of course, the small brachycephalics are the worst of the bunch. Oh yes, add CKCSs to the list."
►September 2012: UK Dr. Gert ter Haar heads RVC's new ear, nose, and throat clinic. UK's Royal Veterinary College has commenced an ear, nose, and throat referral clinic at the Queen Mother Hospital for Animals in London. Dr. Gert ter Haar heads the unit, which offers services including diagnostics and treatment of cavaliers with brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome (BAOS), advanced diagnostics and treatment for PSOM in cavaliers, as well as CT and BAER diagnostics for deafness (plus hearing aid implants for selected patients). Telephone 01707 666 365 for more information.
►August 2012: US and Canadian researchers find that a mutation of the gene BMP3 plays a role in brachycephalic breeds. See the report here. Cavalier King Charles spaniels were included in the brachycephalic class of dogs studied.
►March 2012: Cavaliers are listed among brachycephalic breeds requiring extra care when being anesthetized. In a March 2012 report by a team of Tufts University veterinary anesthesiologists, cavaliers are among brachycephalic breeds which require special attention when being sedated and anesthetized. Their advice includes: "Avoid excessive sedation. Avoid α2-agonists. Administer acepromazine at half dose. Preoxygenate. Use short-acting induction agent. Use appropriately sized endotracheal tubes. Extubate after patient is sitting up, vigorously chewing, bright, alert."
►December 2010: Cavaliers were most common breed for BAOS surgery among 155 Australian dogs. In a study of BAOS surgery on 155 Australian dogs, the cavalier was the most common breed (29 dogs, 18.7%). The researchers found: "All CKCS had an elongated soft palate and accounted for 41% of the laryngeal collapse cases."
►July 2010: UK researchers find association between PSOM and brachycephalic conformation in cavaliers. In their report, they find, "in CKCS, greater thickness of the soft palate and reduced nasopharyngeal aperture are significantly associated with OME [otitis media with effusion, meaning PSOM]."
Related Links
Secretory Otitis Media
Eye Disorders
Dry Eye
Elongated Soft Palate -- ACVS Website
Stenotic Nares Surgery -- ACVS Website
Laryngeal Saccules Surgery -- ACVS Website
Laryngeal Collapse -- ACVS Website
Board Certified Veterinary Surgeons, by ACVS
Canine Inherited Disorders Database
This article is dedicated to a six year old male cavalier King Charles spaniel named Callie, who died in June 2006 of heat stroke due to BAOS after a brief walk with his owner in 79º weather in California, and to a six year old female cavalier named Bafi (right), who died in September 2007 from BAOS in Israel.
Veterinary Resources
Upper airway obstruction surgery. Harvey C.E. J. Amer. Animal Hosp. Assn. 18: 538–544 (1982). Included CKCS.
Brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome. Wykes PM. (1991) Problems in Veterinary Medicine 3, 188–197.
"Recognition and treatment of congenital respiratory tract defects in brachycephalics.". Hendricks, JC In Kirk's Current Veterinary Therapy XII Small Animal Practice. p. 892-894. .JD Bonagura and RW Kirk (eds.) 1995. W.B. Saunders Co., Toronto.
Brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome – a review of 118 cases. Lorinson D., Bright R.M. and White R.A.S. Canine Practice 22: 18–21 (1997). Included CKCS.
Some Practical Solutions to Welfare Problems in Dog Breeding. P D McGreevy and F W Nicholas. Animal Welfare 1999, 8: 329-341. Quote: "As dogs made a transition from working to companion animals, selection for morphological neoteny found favour. This tendency is obvious among old and modem lap dogs. For example, with 'large dark round' eyes, pendant ears and 'compact, cushioned' feet, the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (Kennel Club, London 1994; FCI Standard No 136) has a very puppy-like conformation."
Temporomandibular joint morphology in Cavalier King Charles spaniels. Alison M. Dickie, Tobias Schwarz, Martin Sullivan. Vet. Rad. & Ultra; May 2002; 43:260
"Brachycephalic airway syndrome." Monnet E. In: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery, 3d Ed. vol. 1, pp.808–813. D Slatter, ed. (2003) WB Saunders, Phila.
Breed Predispositions to Disease in Dogs & Cats. Alex Gough, Alison Thomas. 2004; Blackwell Publ. 44-45. Quote regarding CKCS: "Brachycephalic upper airway syndrome -- complex of anatomical deformities -- common in this breed -- a likely consequence of selective breeding for certain facial characteristics."
Material in the middle ear of dogs having magnetic resonance imaging for investigation of neurologic signs. Owen MC, Lamb CR, Targett MP. Vet. Radiology & Ultrasound, Mar 2004, 45(2):149-155.
Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome. Eric Monnet. WSAVA Proceedings 2004
Differences between breeds of dog in a measure of heart rate variability. Doxey S, Boswood A. Vet Rec. 2004 Jun 5;154(23):713-7.
"Brachycephalic airway disease." Dottie Brown, Sue Gregory. In: BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Head, Neck and Thoracic Surgery. Daniel Brockman and David Holt, eds. Oct. 2005. Quote: "Breeds particularly predisposed to BAD [brachycephalic airway disease] with elongation of the soft palate include the Bulldog, Pug, Boston Terrier and, in the UK, the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel."
Results of surgical correction of abnormalities associated with brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome in dogs in Australia. C. V. Torrez and G. B. Hunt. J.Sm.Anim.Prac. March 2006; 47(3):150. Quote: "Stenotic nares were present in 31 dogs (42·5 per cent), elongated soft palate in 63 (86·3 per cent) and everted laryngeal saccules in 43 (58·9 per cent). The most common breeds were the pug (19 dogs, 26 per cent), Cavalier King Charles spaniel (15 dogs, 20·5 per cent), British bulldog (14 dogs, 19·2 per cent) and Staffordshire bull terrier (4 dogs, 5·5 per cent). Laryngeal collapse was present in 34 of 64 (53 per cent) dogs. ... Clinical Significance: Laryngeal collapse is relatively common in dogs presented for surgical correction of brachycephalic airway obstructive disease. Dogs with severe laryngeal collapse often respond well to surgery. Clinical signs rarely resolve completely following surgery."
Surgical correction of brachycephalic syndrome in dogs: 62 cases (1991–2004). Todd W. Riecks, DVM; Stephen J. Birchard, DVM, MS, DACVS; Julie A. Stephens, MS. J.Amer.Vet.Med.Assn. May 1, 2007, 230( 9): 1324-1328. Included CKCS. Quote: "Elongated soft palate was the most common abnormality (54/62 [87.1%] dogs); the most common combination of abnormalities was elongated soft palate, stenotic nares, and everted saccules (16/62 [25.8%] dogs). ... Surgical treatment of brachycephalic syndrome in dogs appeared to be associated with a favorable long-term outcome, regardless of age, breed, specific diagnoses, or number and combinations of diagnoses."
Brachycephalic Syndrome: New Knowledge, New Treatments. Gilles Dupre. 2008 WSAVA Congress. Quote: "Brachycephalic breeds are usually distinguished from others by their shortened skull which results from an early ankylosis of the cartilages in this region. Different breeds are usually recognized as brachycephalic: Boston terrier, English and French bulldog, pugs, Pekinese, Shih-tzu and cavalier King Charles."
Localization of Canine Brachycephaly Using an Across Breed Mapping Approach. Danika Bannasch, Amy Young, Jeffrey Myers, Katarina Truvé, Peter Dickinson, Jeffrey Gregg, Ryan Davis, Eric Bongcam-Rudloff, Matthew T. Webster, Kerstin Lindblad-Toh, Niels Pedersen. PLOS One. March 2010. Quote: "The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, exhibits profound phenotypic diversity and is an ideal model organism for the genetic dissection of simple and complex traits. However, some of the most interesting phenotypes are fixed in particular breeds and are therefore less tractable to genetic analysis using classical segregation-based mapping approaches. We implemented an across breed mapping approach using a moderately dense SNP array, a low number of animals and breeds carefully selected for the phenotypes of interest to identify genetic variants responsible for breed-defining characteristics. Using a modest number of affected (10–30) and control (20–60) samples from multiple breeds, the correct chromosomal assignment was identified in a proof of concept experiment using three previously defined loci; hyperuricosuria, white spotting and chondrodysplasia. Genome-wide association was performed in a similar manner for one of the most striking morphological traits in dogs: brachycephalic head type. Although candidate gene approaches based on comparable phenotypes in mice and humans have been utilized for this trait, the causative gene has remained elusive using this method. Samples from nine affected breeds and thirteen control breeds identified strong genome-wide associations for brachycephalic head type on Cfa 1. Two independent datasets identified the same genomic region. Levels of relative heterozygosity in the associated region indicate that it has been subjected to a selective sweep, consistent with it being a breed defining morphological characteristic. Genotyping additional dogs in the region confirmed the association. To date, the genetic structure of dog breeds has primarily been exploited for genome wide association for segregating traits. These results demonstrate that non-segregating traits under strong selection are equally tractable to genetic analysis using small sample numbers."
Relationship between pharyngeal conformation and otitis media with effusion in Cavalier King Charles spaniels. Hayes GM, Friend EJ, Jeffery ND. Vet Rec. 2010 Jul 10;167(2):55-8. Quote: "Otitis media with effusion (OME) is a common incidental finding in otherwise normal Cavalier King Charles spaniels (CKCS). ... The incidence of OME as an incidental finding in a sample of 68 CKCS undergoing MRI was 54 per cent in this study, which is comparable to previously reported incidences of 47 per cent ... and 28 per cent ... in this breed. The CKCS in this study were reported to be 'clinically normal' by their owners, who did not report clinical signs of neurological disease or otitis in these dogs. ... In this study, measurements made on MRI were used to determine whether there was an association between OME and brachycephalic conformation. The results confirm that association and also demonstrate that, in CKCS, greater thickness of the soft palate and reduced naso-pharyngeal aperture are significantly associated with OME. ... An overlong soft palate has long been accepted as contributing to the [brachycephalic airway] syndrome, but more recently the importance of abnormally thick soft palates has also been recognised ... [B]rachycephalic airway syndrome may occur as a consequence of the selection for morphological neotony in this breed ... Although the aetiology is probably multifactorial, OME is more frequently found in patients with more severe anomalies of nasopharyngeal conformation. Changes within the nasopharynx may impair auditory tube drainage. ... These results suggest that auditory tube dysfunction and OME may represent a previously overlooked consequence of brachycephalic conformation in dogs."
Ocular conditions affecting the brachycephalic breeds. Peter G.C. Bedford. RVC. Quote: "There are two types of disease which affect the eye of the brachycephalic breeds and both are directly or indirectly related to genetic predisposition. First and by far the commonest are those conditions which are due to be conformation of skull and are related to the exophthalmos which is the common feature of these breeds. Second there are those conditions which have been unwittingly bred into some brachycephalic breeds in the pursuit of desired breed characteristics. In this lecture I will present an overview of all the diseases that the small animal practitioner is likely to encounter in the brachycephalic breeds of pedigree dog. The fourteen breeds I have included for discussion are the Affenpinscher, Boston Terrier, Boxer, Bulldog, Cavalier King Charles and the King Charles Spaniels, (mesaticephalic) French Bulldog, Griffon Bruxellois, Japanese Chin, Lhasa Apso, Pekingese, Pug, Shih Tzu and Tibetan Spaniel. ... Corneal Lipid Dystrophy: The term applies to the characteristic cholesterol and triglyceride deposits in the superficial corneal stroma seen most commonly in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. It is clinically benign and seldom affects vision to any noticeable degree. ... Hereditary Cataract: Hereditary cataract is seen in the Boston Terrier and the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. ... Microphthalmos (MoD): Again the American literature suggests that microphthalmos (MoD) may be inherited in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel."
Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome Surgery: a Retrospective Analysis of Breeds and Complications in 155 Dogs. Joy-Maree Wetzel, Philip Moses. ANZCVS 2010 Science Week. Quote: "... The most common breeds were the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (CKCS) (29 dogs, 18.7%) ... All CKCS had an elongated soft palate and accounted for 41% of the laryngeal collapse cases. ..."
Breed Predispositions to Disease in Dogs & Cats (2d Ed.). Alex Gough, Alison Thomas. 2010; Wiley-Blackwell Publ. 54.
Brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome in dogs: 90 cases (1991–2008). Frank J. Fasanella, Jacob M. Shivley, Jennifer L. Wardlaw, Sumalee Givaruangsawat. JAVMA Nov 2010; 237(9): 1048-1051. Quote: "Objective—To determine the prevalence of individual anatomic components of brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome (BAOS), including everted tonsils, and analyze the frequency with which each component occurs with 1 or more other components of BAOS in brachycephalic dogs. ... 90 dogs with BAOS. Results—English Bulldogs (55/90 [61%]), Pugs (19/90 [21%]), and Boston Terriers (8/90 [9%]) were the most common breeds with BAOS. The most common components of BAOS were elongated soft palate (85/90 [94%]), stenotic nares (69/90 [77%]), everted laryngeal saccules (59/90 [66%]), and everted tonsils (50/90 [56%]). Dogs most commonly had 3 or 4 components of BAOS, with the most common combination being stenotic nares, elongated soft palate, everted laryngeal saccules, and everted tonsils. Dogs with stenotic nares were significantly more likely to have everted laryngeal saccules (50/69 [72%]), and dogs with everted laryngeal saccules were significantly more likely to have everted tonsils (39/59 [66%]). Postoperative surgical complications occurred in 12% (10/83) of dogs that received corrective surgery. No specific BAOS component made dogs more likely to have complications. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The prevalence of components of BAOS in brachycephalic dogs of this study differed from that reported previously, especially for everted tonsils. Thorough examination of the pharynx and larynx is necessary for detection of BAOS components."
Human evolutionary history: Consequences for the pathogenesis of otitis media. Charles D Bluestone, J. Douglas Swarts. Otolaryngology -- Head & Neck Surgery; Dec 2010; 143(6):739-744. Quote: "Among veterinarians, chronic ME effusion (termed primary secretory otitis media) is a well-known disease in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. It has been reported to be present in up to 40 percent of these animals. The effusion is mucoid and fills the entire ME. Diagnosis is made by operating microscopic examination, computed tomography scanning, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and has been confirmed at the time of myringotomy. Myringotomy and tympanostomy tube placement has been recommended for treatment. This breed has been artificially selected to have a shortened front-to-back diameter of the skull, a shape termed brachycephaly, which arises due to premature fusion of the coronal sutures. The term neotenous (retention of juvenile characteristics into adulthood) is also appropriate for these breeds. The Cavalier snores habitually like other brachycephalic dogs, including the English Bulldog, a breed that has been reported to be the only animal known to develop obstructive sleep apnea. The snoring is undoubtedly secondary to its constricted pharynx, a consequence of the shortening of the snout. ... Figure 5 compares the head shape of a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, with its extremely short face, to that of a Golden Retriever, which has a classic prognathic snout. The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is an animal model of chronic OM with effusion. It has been "artificially selected" (Charles Darwin's term) for its short snout and globular head, but an unintended consequence of breeding for this characteristic is the propensity for chronic OM with effusion. In a recently reported study using MRI, veterinarians from England found that not only did the Cavalier have OM (54%), but another brachycephalic breed, the Boxer, also had ME disease (32%), which was not present in Cocker Spaniels, a mesaticephalic breed. The investigators suggested that the reduced nasopharyngeal space in the Cavalier and Boxers, when compared with the Cocker Spaniel, predisposed them to OM. It might be that one or both of the paratubal muscles is dysfunctional due to the abnormal palatal anatomy in these breeds and is the cause of their OM. The underlying pathogenesis of the Cavalier's ME disease is currently under investigation in our laboratory. Analogously, one could speculate that with the loss of their prognathic face, humans became susceptible to OM, an unintended consequence of "natural selection" for another adaptation (again, Darwin's term), as described above."
Cephalometric Measurements and Determination of General Skull Type of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. M. J. Schmidt, A. C. Neumann, K. H. Amort, K. Failing, M. Kramer. Vet. Rad. & Ultra, 26 Apr 2011. Quote: "The general skull morphology of the head of the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (CKCS) was examined and compared with cephalometric indices of brachycephalic, mesaticephalic, and dolichocephalic heads. Measurements were taken from computed tomography images. Defined landmarks for linear measurements of were identified using three-dimensional (3D) models. The calculated parameters of the CKCS were different from all parameters of mesaticephalic dogs but were the same as parameters from brachycephalic dogs. However, the CKCS had a wider braincase in relation to length than in other brachycephalic breeds. Studies of the etiology of the chiari-like malformation in the CKCS should therefore focus on brachycephalic control groups. As Chari-like malformation has only been reported in brachycephalic breeds, its etiology could be associated with a higher grade of brachycephaly, meaning a shorter longitudinal extension of the skull. This has been suggested for other breeds."
Bronchomalacia in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Degeneration. MK Singh, LR Johnson, MD Kittleson, RE Pollard. William R. Pritchard. J Vet Intern Med 2011;--- (ACVIM 29th Ann. Vet. Med. Forum Abstract Program: Abstract C-12). Quote: "Coughing in the small breed dog may be related to cardiac causes associated with myxomatous mitral valve degeneration (MMVD) including pulmonary edema and compression of the mainstem bronchus by a severely enlarged left atrium, or due to respiratory causes such as tracheal and/or bronchial collapse or chronic bronchitis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between left atrial enlargement and large airway collapse in dogs with MMVD and chronic cough. We hypothesized that airway collapse was independent of degree of left atrial enlargement. ... Preliminary results failed to identify an association between left atrial enlargement and airway collapse in dogs with MMVD but did suggest that airway inflammation is common in affected dogs. Further studies are needed to identify factors contributing to airway collapse in dogs with and without MMVD."
Canine Inherited Disorders Database: http://ic.upei.ca/cidd/disorder/brachycephalic-syndrome
Underlying diseases in dogs referred to a veterinary teaching hospital because of dyspnoea: 229 cases (2003-2007). Sonja Fonfara, Lourdes de la Heras Alegret, Alexander J. German, Laura Blackwood, Joanna Dukes-McEwan, P-J. M. Noble, Rachel D. Burrow. J.Am.Vet.Med.Assn.; Nov 2011; 239(9):1219-1224. Quote: "Objective—To identify the most frequent underlying diseases in dogs examined because of dyspnea and determine whether signalment, clinical signs, and duration of clinical signs might help guide assessment of the underlying condition and prognosis. Design—Retrospective case series. Animals—229 dogs with dyspnea. (Bulldogs, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Staffordshire Bull Terriers, Yorkshire Terriers and Pugs were overrepresented in the dyspnoeic population.) Results—Upper airway (n = 74 [32%]) and lower respiratory tract (76 [33%]) disease were the most common diagnoses, followed by pleural space (44 [19%]) and cardiac (27 [12%]) diseases. Dogs with upper airway and pleural space disease were significantly younger than dogs with lower respiratory tract and cardiac diseases. Dogs with lower respiratory tract and associated systemic diseases were significantly less likely to be discharged from the hospital. Dogs with diseases that were treated surgically had a significantly better outcome than did medically treated patients, which were significantly more likely to be examined on an emergency basis with short duration of clinical signs. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In dogs examined because of dyspnea, young dogs may be examined more frequently with breed-associated upper respiratory tract obstruction or pleural space disease after trauma, whereas older dogs may be seen more commonly with progressive lower respiratory tract or acquired cardiac diseases. Nontraumatic acute onset dyspnea is often associated with a poor prognosis, but stabilization, especially in patients with cardiac disease, is possible. Obesity can be an important contributing or exacerbating factor in dyspneic dogs."
Use of the harmonic scalpel for soft palate resection in dogs: a series of three cases. J Michelsen. Austr Vet J; Nov 2011; 89(12):511-514. Quote: "Soft palate resection is performed to resect a redundant or diseased soft palate, often associated with brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome (BAOS). Resection has been associated with numerous complications, including coughing, bleeding, pharyngeal oedema, respiratory obstruction and death. Traditionally, the surgery is performed by sharp dissection and suturing, but other reported techniques include the use of an electrothermal sealing device or a laser. Operative time for sharp dissection is approximately 12 min, but is shortened to around 5 min when using a laser, as the haemostatic properties of the instrument negates the need for post-resection oversewing. The successful use of a harmonic scalpel to resect redundant soft palates in three dogs is described. The resected soft palates were not oversewn and the surgical time was comparable with that for laser surgery. The first dog had a minor bleed 6 h postoperatively, possibly associated with suboptimal placement of the harmonic scalpel cutting jaws. The following two patients had no postoperative complications. The harmonic scalpel laparoscopic handpiece allowed excellent visualisation of the surgical field and rapid performance of the procedure. All three patients had markedly improved postoperative respiratory function. Cleaning and resterilisation permitted multiple reuse of the handpiece, making it cost-competitive with other surgical techniques."
Surgical management of laryngeal collapse associated with brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome in dogs. R. N. White. J Sm An Prac; Jan 2012;53(1):44–50. Quote: "Objective: To describe the use of cricoarytenoid lateralisation combined with thyroarytenoid caudo-lateralisation (arytenoid laryngoplasty) for the management of stage II and III laryngeal collapse in dogs. Methods: A retrospective study of a consecutive series of 12 dogs [five breeds were represented; Cavalier King Charles spaniel (n=3), English bulldog (n=4), French bull-dog (n=2), pug (n=2) and Pekingese] suffering from life-threatening stage II or III laryngeal collapse associated with brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome. Results: Pre-operatively, either stage II collapse (2/12) or stage III collapse (10/12) was confirmed on visual examination. In all cases, a left-sided arytenoid laryngoplasty was performed. Two dogs were euthanased postoperatively as a result of persistent life-threatening respiratory compromise. The procedure resulted in subjective enlargement of the rima glottidis and an associated improvement in respiratory function in the remaining 10 dogs. Follow-up, long-term outcome (median, 3·5 years) in these dogs indicated that all owners considered that the surgery had resulted in marked improvements in their dog's respiratory function, tolerance to exercise, and quality of life. Clinical Significance: Combined cricoarytenoid and thyroarytenoid caudo-lateralisation may be a useful procedure for treatment of stage II and III laryngeal collapse in the dog."
Breed-Specific Anesthesia. Stephanie Krein, Lois A. Wetmore. NAVA Clinicians Brief; March 2012; 17-20. Quote: "Certain breed differences can lead to greater risks for airway obstruction, increased responsiveness to anesthetic drugs, and delayed recovery, all of which can result in increased anesthesia-related morbidity and mortality. ... If cardiac disease is suspected, a full cardiac workup with a veterinary cardiologist is recommended. ... Brachycephalic Breeds (e.g. bulldog, pug, Boston terrier, boxer, Cavalier King Charles spaniel, Pekingese). Problem: Brachycephalic airway syndrome; increased respiratory effort; potential for upper airway obstruction. Avoid excessive sedation. Avoid α2-agonists. Administer acepromazine at half dose. Preoxygenate. Use short-acting induction agent. Use appropriately sized endotracheal tubes. Extubate after patient is sitting up, vigorously chewing, bright, alert."
Do dog owners perceive the clinical signs related to conformational inherited disorders as 'normal' for the breed? A potential constraint to improving canine welfare. RMA Packer A Hendricks, and CC Burn. Animal Welfare May 2012; 21(S1): 81-93. Quote: "Selection for brachycephalic (foreshortened muzzle) phenotypes in dogs is a major risk factor for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS). Clinical signs include respiratory distress, exercise intolerance, upper respiratory noise and collapse. Efforts to combat BOAS may be constrained by a perception that it is 'normal' in brachycephalic dogs. This study aimed to quantify owner perception of the clinical signs of BOAS as a veterinary problem. A questionnaire-based study was carried out over five months on the owners of dogs referred to the Queen Mother Hospital for Animals (QMHA) for all clinical services, except for Emergency and Critical Care. Owners reported the frequency of respiratory difficulty and characteristics of respiratory noise in their dogs in four scenarios, summarised as an 'owner-reported breathing' (ORB) score. Owners then reported whether their dog currently has, or has a history of, 'breathing problems'. Dogs (n = 285) representing 68 breeds were included, 31 of which were classed as 'affected' by BOAS either following diagnostics, or by fitting case criteria based on their ORB score, skull morphology and presence of stenotic nares. The median ORB score given by affected dogs' owners was 20/40 (range 8–30). Over half (58%) of owners of affected dogs reported that their dog did not have a breathing problem. This marked disparity between owners' reports of frequent, severe clinical signs and their perceived lack of a 'breathing problem' in their dogs is of concern. Without appreciation of the welfare implications of BOAS, affected but undiagnosed dogs may be negatively affected indefinitely through lack of treatment. Furthermore, affected dogs may continue to be selected in breeding programmes, perpetuating this disorder."
Effect of brachycephalic, mesaticephalic, and dolichocephalic head conformations on olfactory bulb angle and orientation in dogs as determined by use of in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Aseel K. Hussein, Martin Sullivan, Jacques Penderis. Am.J.Vety.Res. July 2012; 73(7):946-951. Quote: "Objective: To determine the effect of head conformation (brachycephalic, mesaticephalic, and dolichocephalic) on olfactory bulb angle and orientation in dogs by use of in vivo MRI. Animals: 40 client-owned dogs undergoing MRI for diagnosis of conditions that did not affect skull conformation or olfactory bulb anatomy. Procedures: For each dog, 2 head conformation indices were calculated. Olfactory bulb angle and an index of olfactory bulb orientation relative to the rest of the CNS were determined by use of measurements obtained from sagittal T2-weighted MRI images. Results: A significant negative correlation was found between olfactory bulb angle and values of both head conformation indices. Ventral orientation of olfactory bulbs was significantly correlated with high head conformation index values (ie, brachycephalic head conformation). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Low olfactory bulb angles and ventral olfactory bulb orientations were associated with brachycephalia. Positioning of the olfactory bulbs, cribriform plate, and ethmoid turbinates was related. Indices of olfactory bulb angle and orientation may be useful for identification of dogs with extremely brachycephalic head conformations. Such information may be used by breeders to reduce the incidence or severity of brachycephalic-associated diseases."
Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome: Pathophysiology and Diagnosis. Dena L. Lodato, Cheryl S. Hedlund. Compendium. July 2012; 34(7).
Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome: Management. Dena L. Lodato, Cheryl S. Hedlund. Compendium. Aug 2012; 34(8).
Variation of BMP3 Contributes to Dog Breed Skull Diversity. Jeffrey J. Schoenebeck, Sarah A. Hutchinson, Alexandra Byers, Holly C. Beale, Blake Carrington, Daniel L. Faden, Maud Rimbault, Brennan Decker, Jeffrey M. Kidd, Raman Sood, Adam R. Boyko, John W. Fondon, III, Robert K. Wayne, Carlos D. Bustamante, Brian Ciruna, Elaine A. Ostrander. PLoS Genet. 2012 August; 8(8): e1002849. Quote: "As a result of selective breeding practices, modern dogs display a multitude of head shapes. Breeds such as the Pug and Bulldog popularize one of these morphologies, termed "brachycephaly." A short, upward-pointing snout, a massive and rounded head, and an underbite typify brachycephalic breeds. Here, we have coupled the phenotypes collected from museum skulls with the genotypes collected from dogs and identified five regions of the dog genome that are associated with canine brachycephaly [including the cavalier King Charles spaniel]. Fine mapping at one of these regions revealed a causal mutation in the gene BMP3. Bmp3's role in regulating cranial development is evolutionarily ancient, as zebrafish require its function to generate a normal craniofacial morphology. Our data begin to expose the genetic mechanisms unknowingly employed by breeders to create and diversify the cranial shape of dogs."
Stop brachycephalism, now! Fraser Hale. Can.Vet.J. Feb. 2013;54(2):185-186. Quote: "In many Canadian jurisdictions, veterinarians have advocated for and achieved a ban on tail-docking, ear-cropping, and dewclaw removal as these are considered unnecessary cosmetic procedures that cause (temporary) pain with no benefit to the animals. I believe that as protectors of animal welfare, veterinarians should start a public awareness campaign to inform people of the serious, life-long negative impacts of brachycephalism. I believe we must stop referring to these conditions as 'normal for the breed' and refer to them as 'grossly abnormal in accordance with breed standards' because there is nothing remotely normal or desirable from the animal's perspective. I believe we must stop using photographs of these deformed but comical breeds in advertising and promotional materials as this just increases public demand because they are 'so cute.'"


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Category: Princess Aurora
Prince Names
The other day we talked about Princess Names, but what if the royal baby in your family is male? Then you might need one of the Prince Names, and Charming is probably not going to cut it.
There are a handful of appealing names that mean "prince." Brendan is Irish, Mael is Breton, while Vladimir is Slavic for "renowned prince." Armel, the name of a Welsh saint who founded abbeys in Brittany, means "stone prince" in French, while Adhit is an Indonesian name with that meaning.
Prince itself is of course also a name, chosen by Michael Jackson for his son — though if you choose it, you'd have to put up with an awful lot of "formerly known as" jokes. Better bets: King, Duke, or maybe even Earl.
Fictional princes who might prove inspirational include:
Caspian – Prince who is the rightful king in The Chronicles of Narnia.
Edvard "Eddie" – Danish prince posing as Wisconsin exchange student in deathless 2004 classic "The Prince and Me."
Erik – The Prince in The Little Mermaid.
Moses – Biblical baby raised as a prince.
Paris – The Trojan prince who wooed the beautiful Helen, though a certain modern female Paris may knock this ancient royal name out of the running for boys.
Phillip – Sleeping Beauty's paramour.
William "Will" — The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air.
And then there are the little princes born to actual royal families over the past decade or so, with William.html">prince names equally imposing as those of their princess counterparts. I'm especially intrigued by Aymeric, Valdemar, Casimir, Marius, Emmanuel, Froilan, Felix, Baudouin, and Sverre.
Achilleas Andreas — Greece
Aristide Stavros – Greece
Aymeric Auguste Marie — Belgium
Carlos — Spain
Christian Valdemar Henri John – Denmark
Claus-Casimir Bernhard Marius Max — Netherlands
Emmanuel Léopold Guillaume François Marie – Belgium
Felix Henrik Valdemar Christian –Denmark
Friedrich Richard Oscar Jefferson — Denmark
Gabriel Baudouin Charles Marie — Belgium
Hisahito — Japan
James Alexander Philip Theo – Great Britain
Juan Valentín — Spain
Konstantinos Alexios — Greece
Lucas Maurits Pieter Henri — Netherlands
Miguel – Spain
Nicolas Casimir Marie – Belgium
Nikolai William Alexander Frederik — Denmark
Odysseas Kimon — Greece
Samuel "Sam" Bernhard Louis — Netherlands
Sverre Magnus — Norway
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