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History of the Southern United States
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The history of the Southern United States reaches back hundreds of years and includes the Mississippian people, well known for their mound building. European history in the region began in the very earliest days of the exploration and colonization of North America. Spain, France, and England eventually explored and claimed parts of what is now the Southern United States, and the cultural influences of each can still be seen in the region today. In the centuries since, the history of the Southern United States has recorded a large number of important events, including the American Revolution, the American Civil War, the ending of slavery, and the American Civil Rights Movement.
- 1 Native American civilizations
- 2 European colonization
- 3 British colonial era (1607-1775)
- 4 Antebellum Era (1781–1860)
- 5 Civil War (1860-1865)
- 6 Reconstruction (1863-1877)
- 7 Origins of the New South, 1877-1913
- 8 Rural South
- 9 Creating the "New South" (1945–present)
- 10 Southern Presidents
- 11 See also
- 12 Footnotes
- 13 External references
- 14 External links
Native American civilizations[edit]
In Pre-Columbian times, the only inhabitants of what is now the Southern United States were Native Americans. The most important Native American nation in the region was the Mississippian people, who were a Mound builder culture that flourished in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States in the centuries leading up to European contact. The Mississippian way of life began to develop around the 10th century in the Mississippi River Valley (for which it is named).
Notable Native American nations that developed in the South after the Mississippians include what are known as "the Five Civilized Tribes": the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole.
These people were for the most part hunters and farmers. Some were nomadic, but others built fortified villages, as there were frequent wars between tribes. In villages, a central meeting house was the focal point and was used for ceremonial purposes, or for religious worship. Some built mounds to honor their dead. Women made pottery from clay and decorated it with depictions of people and animals. Some tribes had a caste system in which chiefs and their families were honored and a kind of nobility was alive.
European colonization[edit]
Spanish exploration[edit]
After Christopher Columbus discovered the West Indies, Spain made frequent exploratory trips to the New World. Rumors of natives being decorated with gold and stories of a Fountain of Youth helped hold the interest of many Spanish explorers, and colonization eventually followed. Juan Ponce de León was the first European to come to the South when he landed in Florida in 1513.
Among the first European settlements in North America were Spanish settlements in what would later become the state of Florida; the earliest was Tristán de Luna y Arellano's failed colony in what is now Pensacola in 1559. More successful was Pedro Menéndez de Avilés's St. Augustine, founded in 1565; St. Augustine remains the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the continental United States. Spain also colonized parts of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas.
French colonization[edit]
The first French settlement in what is now the Southern United States was Fort Caroline, located in what is now Jacksonville, Florida, in 1562. It was established as a haven for the Huguenots and was founded under the leadership of René Goulaine de Laudonnière and Jean Ribault. It was destroyed by the Spanish from the nearby colony of St. Augustine in 1565.
Later French arrived from the north. Having established agricultural colonies in Canada and built a fur trading network with Indians in the Great Lakes area, they began to explore the Mississippi River. The French called their territory Louisiana, in honor of their King Louis. France claimed Texas and set up several short-lived forts there, such as the one in Red River County, built in 1718. In 1817 the French pirate Jean Lafitte settled on Galveston Island; his colony there grew to more than 1,000 persons by 1818 but was abandoned in 1820. The most important French settlements were established at New Orleans and Mobile (originally called and Bienville). Only a few settlers came from France directly, with others arriving from Haiti and Acadia.[1]
British colonial era (1607-1775)[edit]
This section does not cite any references or sources. (January 2013) |
Just before they defeated the Spanish Armada, the English began exploring the New World. In 1585 an expedition organized by Walter Raleigh established the first English settlement in the New World, on Roanoke Island, North Carolina. The colony failed to prosper, however, and the colonists were retrieved the following year by English supply ships. In 1587, Raleigh again sent out a group of colonists to Roanoke. From this colony, the first recorded European birth in North America, a child named Virginia Dare, was reported. That group of colonists disappeared and is known as the "Lost Colony". Many people theorize that they were either killed or taken in by local tribes.
Like New England, the South was originally settled by English Protestants, later becoming a melting pot of religions as with other parts of the country. While the earlier attempt at colonization had failed on Roanoke Island, the English established their first permanent colony in America in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607, at the mouth of the James River, which in turn empties into Chesapeake Bay.
Settlement of Chesapeake Bay was driven by a desire to obtain precious metal resources, specifically gold. The colony was technically still within Spanish territorial claims, yet far enough from most Spanish settlements to avoid colonial clashes. As the "Anchor of the South", the region includes the Delmarva Peninsula and much of coastal Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia .
Early in the history of the colony, it became clear that the claims of gold deposits were vastly exaggerated. Referred to as the "Starving Time" of the Jamestown colony, the years from the time of landing in 1607 until 1609 were rife with famine and instability. However, Native American support, in addition to reinforcements from Britain, sustained the colony.
Due to continued political and economic instability, however, the charter of the Colony of Virginia was revoked in 1624. The primary cause of this revocation was the revelation that hundreds of settlers were dead or missing following an attack in 1622 by Native American tribes led by Opechancanough. A royal charter was established for Virginia, yet the House of Burgesses, formed in 1619, was allowed to continue as political leadership for the colony in conjunction with a royal governor.
A key figure in the Virginia Colony and Southern political and cultural development generally was William Berkeley, who served, with some interruptions, as governor of Virginia from 1645 until 1675. His desire for an elite immigration to Virginia led to the "Second Sons" policy, in which younger sons of English aristocrats were recruited to emigrate to Virginia. Berkeley also emphasized the "headright system," the offering of large tracts of land to those arriving in the colony. This early immigration by an elite contributed to the development of an aristocratic political and social structure in the South.
Despite the early failures, English colonists continued to arrive along the southern Atlantic coast. Virginia became a prosperous English colony. The area now known as Georgia was also settled. Its beginnings were as a resettlement colony for imprisoned debtors.
Rise of tobacco culture and slavery in the colonial South[edit]
From the introduction of tobacco in 1613, its cultivation began to form the basis of the early Southern economy. Cotton did not become a mainstay until much later, after technological developments, especially the Whitney Cotton gin of 1794, greatly increased the profitability of cotton cultivation. Until that point, most cotton was farmed in large plantations in the Province of Carolina, and tobacco, which could be grown profitably in farms of smaller scale, was the dominant cash crop export of the South and the Middle Atlantic States.
The earliest Africans in the colonies emerged from the first introduction of black indentured servants in 1619 aboard a Dutch slave ship until, approximately the 1660s, when slaves became a better economic labor force than indentured servants.
In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of lifetime slavery when it sentenced John Punch to lifetime servitude under his master Hugh Gwyn for running away.[2][3]
The first slavery law in the British colonies was enacted by Massachusetts to enslave the indigenous population in 1641.[4]
One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would later own one of the first black "slaves," John Casor, resulting from a court ruling in a civil case.[5] During this period, life expectancy was often low and indentured servants came from overpopulated European areas. With the lower price of servants compared to slaves, and the high mortality of the servants, planters often found it much more economical to use servants.
Because of this, slavery in the early colonial period differed greatly in the American colonies from that in the Caribbean. Often Caribbean slaves were worked literally to death on large sugar and rice plantations, while the American slave population had a higher life expectancy and was maintained through natural reproduction. This natural reproduction was important for the continuation of slavery after the prohibition on slave importation in 1808 by the United States Constitution.
Much of the slave trade was conducted as part of the "Triangular Trade", a three-way exchange of slaves, rum, and sugar. Northern shippers purchased slaves using rum, made in New England from cane sugar, which was in turn grown in the Caribbean. This slave trade was generally able to fulfill labor needs in the South for the cultivation of tobacco after the decline of indentured servants.
At approximately the point when tobacco labor needs began to increase, the mortality of the colonies decreased. By the late 17th century and early 18th century, slaves became economically viable sources of labor for the growing tobacco culture. Also, further South than the Mid-Atlantic, Southern settlers grew wealthy by raising and selling rice, indigo, and cotton. The plantations of South Carolina often were modeled on Caribbean plantations, yet never attained similar size.
Growth of the Southern colonies[edit]
For details on each specific colony, see Province of Georgia, Province of Maryland, Province of North Carolina, Province of South Carolina, and Virginia Colony.
By the end of the 17th century, the number of colonists was growing. The large population centers were still in the northeastern and middle colonies, leaving the southern colonies of Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina a rural frontier land. The economies of these colonies were tied to agriculture. During this time the great plantations were formed by wealthy colonists who saw great opportunity in the new country. Tobacco and cotton were the main cash crops of the areas and were readily accepted by English buyers. Rice and indigo were also grown in the area and exported to Europe. The plantation owners built a vast aristocratic life and accumulated a great deal of wealth from their land. They supported slavery as a means of working their land.
On the other side of the agricultural coin were the small yeoman farmers. They did not have the capability or wealth to operate large plantations. Instead, they worked small tracts of land and developed a political activism in response to the growing oligarchy of the plantation owners. Many politicians from this era were yeoman farmers speaking out to protect their rights as free men.
Charleston became a booming trade town for the southern colonies. The abundance of pine trees in the area provided raw materials for shipyards to develop and the harbor provided a safe port for English ships bringing in imported goods. The colonists exported tobacco, cotton and textiles and imported tea, sugar, and slaves. The fact that these colonies maintained an independent trade relation with England and the rest of Europe became a major factor later on as tension mounted leading up to the American Revolutionary War.
After the late 17th century, the economies of the North and the South began to diverge, especially in coastal areas. The Southern emphasis on export production contrasted with the Northern emphasis on food production.
By the mid-18th century, the colonies of Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia had been established. In the upper colonies, that is, Maryland, Virginia, and portions of North Carolina, the tobacco culture prevailed. However, in the lower colonies of South Carolina and Georgia, cultivation focused more on cotton and rice.
Antebellum Era (1781–1860)[edit]
After the upheaval of the American Revolution effectively ended in 1781 at the Siege of Yorktown (1781), the South became a major political force in the development of the United States. With the ratification of the Articles of Confederation, the South found political stability, with little federal interference in state affairs. However, with this stability came weakness by design, and the inability of the Confederation to maintain economic viability eventually forced the creation of the United States Constitution in Philadelphia in 1787. Importantly, Southerners of 1861 often believed their secessionist efforts and the Civil War paralleled the American Revolution, as a military and ideological "replay" of the latter.
Southern leaders were able to protect their sectional interests during the Constitutional Convention of 1787, preventing the insertion of any explicit anti-slavery position in the Constitution. Moreover, they were able to force the inclusion of the "fugitive slave clause" and the "Three-Fifths Compromise". Nevertheless, Congress retained the power to regulate the slave trade, and 20 years after the ratification of the Constitution, Congress prohibited the importation of slaves effective January 1, 1808. While North and South were able to find common ground in order to gain the benefits of a strong Union, the unity achieved in the Constitution masked deeply rooted differences in economic and political interests. After the convention, two emerging understandings of American republicanism came to loggerheads.
For the North, a Puritanical republicanism predominated, with leaders such as Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. In the South, Agrarian republicanism formed the basis of political culture. Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, the Agrarian republican position is characterized by the epitaph on the grave of Jefferson. While including his "condition bettering" roles in the foundation of the University of Virginia, and the writing of the Declaration of Independence and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, absent was his role in the federal government as president of the United States. Southern development of political thought thus focused on the ideal of the yeoman farmer; i.e., those who are tied to the land also have a vested interest in the stability and survival of the government.
Antebellum slavery[edit]
In the North, where slaves were mostly household servants or farm laborers, every state abolished slavery; New Jersey was the last in 1804. Slavery was also abolished in the Northwest Territory and its states. Therefore by 1804 a North-South line over slavery emerged; it was called the Mason-Dixon Line (which separated free Pennsylvania and slave Maryland.)
While about a third of Southern families were slave owners, most were independent yeoman farmers. Nevertheless, the slave system represented the basis of the Southern social and economic system, and thus even non-slaveowners opposed any suggestions for terminating that system, whether through outright abolition or case-by case emancipation.
Union | CSA | |
Total population | 22,000,000 (71%) | 9,000,000 (29%) |
Free population | 22,000,000 | 5,500,000 |
1860 Border state slaves | 432,586 | NA |
1860 Southern slaves | NA | 3,500,000 |
Soldiers | 2,200,000 (67%) | 1,064,000 (33%) |
Railroad miles | 21,788 (71%) | 8,838 (29%) |
Manufactured items | 90% | 10% |
Firearm production | 97% | 3% |
Bales of cotton in 1860 | Negligible | 4,500,000 |
Bales of cotton in 1864 | Negligible | 300,000 |
Pre-war U.S. exports | 30% | 70% |
This chart shows how dependent the south was on foreign trade, and why it was so violently opposed to abolition, since slaves provided the labor needed to support the cotton economy.
Nullification crisis, political representation, and rising sectionalism[edit]
See also, Nullification and Nullification crisis
Although slavery had yet to become a major issue, states' rights issues surfaced periodically in the early antebellum period, especially in the South. The election of Federalist John Adams in the 1796 presidential election came in tandem with escalating tensions with France. In 1798, the XYZ Affair brought these tensions to the fore, and Adams became concerned about French power in America, fearing internal sabotage and malcontent brought on by French agents. In response to these developments and to repeated attacks on Adams and the Federalists by Democratic-Republican publishers, Congress enacted the Alien and Sedition Acts. Enforcement of the acts resulted in the jailing of "seditious" Democratic-Republican editors throughout the North and South, and prompted the adoption of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 (authored by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison), by the legislatures of those states.
Thirty years later, during the "Nullification" crisis, the "Principles of '98" embodied in these resolutions were cited by leaders in South Carolina as a justification for state legislatures' asserting the power to nullify, or prevent the local application of, acts of the federal Congress that they deemed unconstitutional. The Nullification crisis arose as a result of the Tariff of 1828, a set of high taxes on imports of manufactures, enacted by Congress as a protectionist measure to foster the development of domestic industry, primarily in the North. In 1832, the legislature of South Carolina nullified the entire "Tariff of Abominations," as the Tariff of 1828 was known in the South, prompting a stand-off between the state and federal government. On May 1, 1833, President Andrew Jackson wrote, "the tariff was only a pretext, and disunion and southern confederacy the real object. The next pretext will be the negro, or slavery question."[7] Although the crisis was resolved through a combination of the actions of the president, Congressional reduction of the tariff, and the Force Bill, it had lasting importance for the later development of secessionist thought.[8] An additional factor that led to Southern sectionalism was the proliferation of cultural and literary magazines such as the Southern Literary Messenger and DeBow's Review.[9]
Sectional parity and issue of slavery in new territories[edit]
Another issue feeding sectionalism was slavery, and especially the issue of whether to permit slavery in western territories seeking admission to the Union as states. In the early 19th century, as the cotton boom took hold, slavery became more economically viable on a large scale, and more Northerners began to perceive it as an economic threat, even if they remained indifferent to its moral dimension. While relatively few Northerners favored outright abolition, many more opposed the expansion of slavery to new territories, as in their view the availability of slaves lowered wages for free labor.
At the same time, Southerners increasingly perceived the economic and population growth of the North as threatening to their interests. For several decades after the Union was formed, as new states were admitted, North and South were able to finesse their sectional differences and maintain political balance by agreeing to admit "slave" and "free" states in equal numbers. By means of this compromise approach, the balance of power in the Senate could be extended indefinitely. The House of Representatives, however, was a different matter. As the North industrialized and its population grew, aided by a major influx of European immigrants, the Northern majority in the House of Representatives also grew, making Southern political leaders increasingly uncomfortable. Southerners became concerned that they would soon find themselves at the mercy of a federal government in which they no longer had sufficient representation to protect their interests. By the late 1840s, Senator Jefferson Davis from Mississippi stated that the new Northern majority in the Congress would make the government of the United States "an engine of Northern aggrandizement" and that Northern leaders had an agenda to "promote the industry of the United States at the expense of the people of the South."
With the Mexican War, which alarmed many Northerners by adding new territory on the Southern side of the free-slave boundary, the slavery-in-the-territories issue heated up dramatically. After a four-year sectional conflict the Compromise of 1850 narrowly averted civil war with a complex deal in which California was admitted as a free state including Southern California thus preventing a separate slave territory there, while slavery was allowed in the New Mexico and Utah territories and a stronger Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was passed requiring all citizens to assist in recapturing runaway slaves wherever found. Four years later, the peace bought with successive compromises finally came to an end. In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Congress left the issue of slavery to a vote in each territory, thereby provoking a breakdown of law and order as rival groups of pro- and anti-slavery immigrants competed to populate the newly settled region.
Election of 1860, secession, and Lincoln's response[edit]
For many Southerners, the last straws were the raid on Harper's Ferry in 1859 by fanatical abolitionist John Brown, immediately followed by a Northern Republican presidential victory in the election of 1860. Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected president with only 40% of the popular vote and with hardly any popular support in the South. Lincoln did not win the electoral votes of any Southern state, and only 2 of the 996 counties of the South voted for him. Reference:U.S. presidential election, 1860
Members of the South Carolina legislature had previously sworn to secede from the Union if Lincoln was elected, and the state declared its secession on December 20, 1860. In January and February, six other cotton states of the Deep South followed suit: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. The other eight slave states postponed a decision, but the seven formed a new government in Montgomery, Alabama in February: the Confederate States of America. Throughout the South, Confederates seized federal arsenals and forts, without resistance, and forced the surrender of all U.S. forces in Texas. The sitting President, James Buchanan, believed he had no constitutional power to act, and in the four months between Lincoln's election and his inauguration, the South strengthened its military position.
In Washington, proposals for compromise and reunion went nowhere, as the Confederates demanded complete, total, permanent independence. When Lincoln dispatched a supply ship to federal-held Fort Sumter, in South Carolina, the Confederate government ordered an attack on the fort, which surrendered on April 13. President Lincoln called upon the states to supply 75,000 troops to serve for ninety days to recover federal property, and, forced to choose sides, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina promptly voted to secede. Kentucky declared its neutrality.
Civil War (1860-1865)[edit]
Aware that they could not conquer the much larger and more powerful Union, the Confederacy adopted a military strategy that would hold its territory together, gain worldwide recognition, and inflict so much punishment on invaders that the Northerners would tire of an expensive war and negotiate a peace treaty that would recognize the independence of the CSA. After secession, no compromise was possible, because the Confederacy insisted on its independence. As late as February 1865, Lincoln offered peaceful and honorable reunion, with cash to purchase all the slaves; his offer was rejected by rebel leaders who dreamed of independence even as the nation was collapsing, and its armies fought in the last trenches.
Both sides wanted the border states, but the Union military forces took control of all of them in 1861-1862. Union victories in western Virginia allowed a Unionist government based in Wheeling to take control of western Virginia and, with Washington's approval, create the new state of West Virginia.[10] The Confederacy did recruit troops in the border states, but the enormous advantage of controlling them went to the Union.
The Union naval blockade starting in May 1861, reducing exports by 95%; only small, fast blockade runners—mostly owned and operated by British interests—could get through. The South's vast cotton crops became nearly worthless.[11]
In 1861 the rebels assumed that "King Cotton" was so powerful that the threat of losing their supplies would induce Britain and France to enter the war as allies, and thereby frustrate Union efforts. Confederate leaders were ignorant of European conditions; Britain depended on the Union for its food supply, and would not benefit from an extremely expensive major war with the U.S. The Confederacy moved its capital from a defensible location in remote Montgomery, Alabama, to the more cosmopolitan city of Richmond, Virginia, only 100 miles from Washington. Richmond had the heritage and facilities to match those of Washington, but its proximity to the Union forced the CSA to spend most of its war-making capability to defend Richmond.
The strength of the Confederacy included an unusually strong officer corps—about a third of the officers of the U.S. Army had resigned and joined. But the political leadership was not very effective. A classic interpretation is that the Confederacy "died of states rights," as governors of Texas, Georgia and North Carolina refused Richmond's request for troops.[12]
The Confederacy decided not to have political parties. There was a strong sense that parties were divisive and would weaken the war effort. Historians, however, agree that the lack of parties weakened the political system. Instead of having a viable alternative to the current system, as expressed by a rival party, the people could only grumble and complain and lose faith.[13]
Historians disparage the effectiveness of President Jefferson Davis, with a consensus holding that he was much less effective than Abraham Lincoln.[14] As a former Army officer, senator, and Secretary of War, he possessed the stature and experience to be president, but certain character defects undercut his performance. He played favorites, was imperious, frosty, and quarrelsome. By dispensing with parties, he lost the chance to build a grass roots network that would provide critically needed support in dark hours. Instead, he took the brunt of the blame for all difficulties and disasters. Davis was animated by a profound vision of a powerful, opulent new nation, the Confederate States of America, premised on the right of its white citizens to self-government. However, in dramatic contrast to Lincoln, he was never able to articulate that vision or provide a coherent strategy to fight the war. He neglected the civilian needs of the Confederacy while spending too much time meddling in military details. Davis's meddling in military strategy proved counterproductive. His explicit orders that Vicksburg be held no matter what sabotaged the only feasible defense and led directly to the fall of the city in 1863.[15][16]
Abolition of slavery[edit]
By 1862 most northern leaders realized that the mainstay of Southern secession, slavery, had to be attacked head-on. In the border states, systematic efforts to end slavery were underway by 1862, and all had begun the abolition of slavery by the end of the war, except Kentucky and Delaware. President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, and it immediately took effect in those states which left the union. The proclamation did not apply to the slave states remaining in the union. By the end of war, the proclamation had freed practically all the slaves in the Confederacy. The Thirteenth Amendment, ratified in December 1865, made slavery illegal, leaving millions of ex-slaves now in the status of Freedmen. Nearly all slaves were emancipated with no compensation to their masters, as the proposals by Lincoln to purchase slaves had all been rejected.[17] [18]
The Union had a 3-1 superiority in railroad mileage and (even more important) an overwhelming advantage in engineers and mechanics in the rolling mills, machine shops, factories, roundhouses and repair yards that produced and maintained rails, bridging equipage, locomotives, rolling stock, signaling gear, and telegraph equipment. In peacetime the South imported all its railroad gear from the North; the Union blockade completely cut off such imports. The lines in the South were mostly designed for short hauls, as from cotton areas to river or ocean ports; they were not designed for trips of more than 100 miles or so, and such trips involved numerous changes of trains and layovers.[19] The South's 8,500 miles of track comprised enough of a railroad system to handle essential military traffic along some internal lines, assuming it could be defended and maintained. As the system deteriorated because of worn out equipment, accidents and sabotage, the South was unable to construct or even repair new locomotives, cars, signals or track. Little new equipment ever arrived, although rails in remote areas such as Florida were removed and put to more efficient use in the war zones. Realizing their enemy's dilemma, Union cavalry raids routinely destroyed locomotives, cars, rails, roundhouses, trestles, bridges, and telegraph wires. By the end of the war, the southern railroad system was totally ruined. Meanwhile the Union army rebuilt rail lines to supply its forces. A Union railroad through hostile territory, as from Nashville to Atlanta in 1864, was an essential but fragile lifeline—it took a whole army to guard it, because each foot of track had to be secure. Large numbers of Union soldiers throughout the war were assigned to guard duty and, while always ready for action, seldom saw any fighting.[20]
Sherman's March[edit]
By 1864 the top Union generals Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman realized the weakest point of the Confederate armies was the decrepitude of the southern infrastructure, so they escalated efforts to wear it down. Cavalry raids were the favorite device, with instructions to ruin railroads and bridges. Sherman's insight was deeper. He focused on the trust the rebels had in their Confederacy as a living nation, and he set out to destroy that trust; he predicted his raid would "demonstrate the vulnerability of the South, and make its inhabitants feel that war and individual ruin are synonymous terms.".[21] Sherman's "March To the Sea," from Atlanta to Savannah in fall, 1864, burned and broke and ruined every part of the industrial, commercial, transportation and agricultural infrastructure it touched, but the actual damage was confined to a swath of territory totaling about 15% of Georgia. Sherman struck at Georgia in October, just after the harvest, when the food supplies for the next year had been gathered and were exposed to destruction. In early 1865 Sherman's army moved north through the Carolinas in a campaign even more devastating than the March Through Georgia. More telling than the twisted rails, smoldering main streets, dead cattle, burning barns and ransacked houses was the bitter realization among civilians and soldiers throughout the remaining Confederacy that if they persisted, sooner or later their homes and communities would receive the same treatment.[22]
Out-gunned, out-manned, and out-financed, defeat loomed after four years of fighting. When Lee surrendered to Grant in April 1865, the Confederacy fell; there was no insurgency, no treason trials, and only one war crimes trial.
Reconstruction (1863-1877)[edit]
Reconstruction began as soon as the Union Army took control of a state; the start and ending times varied by state, beginning in 1863 and ending in 1877.
Material ruin and human losses[edit]
Reconstruction played out against a backdrop of a once prosperous economy that lay in ruins. According to Hesseltine (1936), "Throughout the South, fences were down, weeds had overrun the fields, windows were broken, live stock had disappeared. The assessed valuation of property declined from 30 to 60 percent in the decade after 1860. In Mobile, business was stagnant; Chattanooga and Nashville were ruined; and Atlanta's industrial sections were in ashes[23] In Charleston, a journalist in September 1865 discovered "a city of ruins, of desolation, of vacant houses, of widowed women, of rotten wharves, of deserted warehouses, of weed-wild gardens, of miles of grass-grown streets, of acres of pitiful and voiceful barrenness."[24][25]
The Confederate army lost 94,000 killed in battle and another 164,000 who died of disease. Official counts of the wounded are far too low[clarification needed], at 194,000.[26] The number of civilian deaths is unknown. Most of the war was fought in Virginia and Tennessee, but every Southern state was affected as well as Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky Missouri, and Indian Territory; Pennsylvania was the only northerner state to be the scene of major action, during the Gettysburg campaign. In the Confederacy there was little military action in Texas and Florida. Of 645 counties in 9 Confederate states (excluding Texas and Florida), there was Union military action in 56% of them, containing 63% of the whites and 64% of the slaves in 1860; however by the time the action took place some people had fled to safer areas, so the exact population exposed to war is unknown.[27]
The Confederacy in 1861 had 297 towns and cities with 835,000 people; of these 162 with 681,000 people were at one point occupied by Union forces. Eleven were destroyed or severely damaged by war action, including Atlanta (with an 1860 population of 9,600), Charleston, Columbia, and Richmond (with prewar populations of 40,500, 8,100, and 37,900, respectively); the eleven contained 115,900 people in the 1860 census, or 14% of the urban South. Historians have not estimated their population when they were invaded. The number of people who lived in the destroyed towns represented just over 1% of the Confederacy's population. In addition, 45 court houses were burned (out of 830). The South's agriculture was not highly mechanized. The value of farm implements and machinery in the 1860 Census was $81 million; by 1870, there was 40% less, of $48 million worth. Many old tools had broken through heavy use and could not be replaced; even repairs were difficult.[28]
The economic calamity suffered by the South during the war affected every family. Except for land, most assets and investments had vanished with slavery, but debts were left behind. Worst of all were the human deaths and amputations. Most farms were intact but most had lost their horses, mules and cattle; fences and barns were in disrepair. Prices for cotton had plunged. The rebuilding would take years and require outside investment because the devastation was so thorough. One historian has summarized the collapse of the transportation infrastructure needed for economic recovery:[29]
- One of the greatest calamities which confronted Southerners was the havoc wrought on the transportation system. Roads were impassable or nonexistent, and bridges were destroyed or washed away. The important river traffic was at a standstill: levees were broken, channels were blocked, the few steamboats which had not been captured or destroyed were in a state of disrepair, wharves had decayed or were missing, and trained personnel were dead or dispersed. Horses, mules, oxen, carriages, wagons, and carts had nearly all fallen prey at one time or another to the contending armies. The railroads were paralyzed, with most of the companies bankrupt. These lines had been the special target of the enemy. On one stretch of 114 miles in Alabama, every bridge and trestle was destroyed, cross-ties rotten, buildings burned, water-tanks gone, ditches filled up, and tracks grown up in weeds and bushes. . . . Communication centers like Columbia and Atlanta were in ruins; shops and foundries were wrecked or in disrepair. Even those areas bypassed by battle had been pirated for equipment needed on the battlefront, and the wear and tear of wartime usage without adequate repairs or replacements reduced all to a state of disintegration.
Railroad mileage was of course located mostly in rural areas. The war followed the rails, and over two-thirds of the South's rails, bridges, rail yards, repair shops and rolling stock were in areas reached by Union armies, which systematically destroyed what it could. The South had 9400 miles of track and 6500 miles was in areas reached by the Union armies. About 4400 miles were in areas where Sherman and other Union generals adopted a policy of systematic destruction of the rail system. Even in untouched areas, the lack of maintenance and repair, the absence of new equipment, the heavy over-use, and the deliberate movement of equipment by the Confederates from remote areas to the war zone guaranteed the system would be virtually ruined at war's end.[27]
Political Reconstruction, 1863-1877[edit]
Reconstruction was the process by which the states returned to full status. It took place in four stages, which varied by state. Tennessee and the border states were not affected. First came the governments appointed by President Andrew Johnson that lasted 1865-66. The Freedman's Bureau was active, helping refugees, setting up employment contracts for Freedmen, and setting up courts and schools for the Freedmen. Second came rule by the U.S. Army, which held elections that included all Freedmen but excluded over 10,000 Confederate leaders. Third was "Radical Reconstruction" or "Black Reconstruction" in which a Republican coalition governed the state, comprising a coalition of Freedmen, Scalawags (native whites) and Carpetbaggers (migrants from the North). Violent resistance by the Ku Klux Klan and related groups was suppressed by President Ulysses S. Grant and the vigorous use of federal courts and soldiers in 1868-70. The Reconstruction governments spent large sums on railroad subsidies and schools, but quadrupled taxes and set off a tax revolt among conservatives. Stage four was reached by 1876 as the conservative coalition, called Redeemers, had won political control of all the states except South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. The disputed presidential election of 1876 hinged on those three violently contested states. The outcome was the Compromise of 1877 whereby the Republican Rutherford Hayes became president and all federal troops were withdrawn from the South, leading to the immediate collapse of the last Republican state governments.
The building of a new, modern rail system was widely seen as essential to the economic recovery of the South, and modernizers invested in a "Gospel of Prosperity." Northern money financed the rebuilding and dramatic expansion of railroads throughout the South; they were modernized in terms of rail gauge, equipment and standards of service. the Southern network expanded from 11,000 miles (17,700 km) in 1870 to 29,000 miles (46,700 km) in 1890. Railroads helped create a mechanically skilled group of craftsmen and broke the isolation of much of the region. Passengers were few, however, and apart from hauling the cotton crop when it was harvested, there was little freight traffic.[30][31] The lines were owned and directed overwhelmingly by Northerners, who often had to pay heavy bribes to corrupt politicians for needed legislation.[32]
The Panic of 1873 ended the expansion everywhere in the United States, leaving many Southern lines bankrupt or barely able to pay the interest on their bonds.
Backlash to Reconstruction[edit]
Reconstruction was a harsh time for many white Southerners who found themselves without many of the basic rights of citizenship (such as the ability to vote). Reconstruction was also a time when many African Americans began to secure these same rights. With the passage of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution (which outlawed slavery), the 14th Amendment (which granted full U.S. citizenship to African Americans) and the 15th Amendment (which extended the right to vote to black males), African Americans in the South began to enjoy more rights than they had ever had in the past.
A reaction to the defeat and changes in society began immediately, with vigilante groups such as the Ku Klux Klan arising in 1866 as the first line of insurgents. They attacked and killed both freedmen and their white allies. By the 1870s, more organized paramilitary groups, such as the White League and Red Shirts, took part in turning Republicans out of office and barring or intimidating blacks from voting.
Origins of the New South, 1877-1913[edit]
The classic history was written by C. Vann Woodward, The Origins of the New South: 1877-1913, which was published in 1951 by Louisiana State University Press. Sheldon Hackney, explains:
- "Of one thing we may be certain at the outset. The durability of Origins of the New South is not a result of its ennobling and uplifting message. It is the story of the decay and decline of the aristocracy, the suffering and betrayal of the poor whites, and the rise and transformation of a middle class. It is not a happy story. The Redeemers are revealed to be as venal as the carpetbaggers. The declining aristocracy are ineffectual and money hungry, and in the last analysis they subordinated the values of their political and social heritage in order to maintain control over the black population. The poor whites suffered from strange malignancies of racism and conspiracy-mindedness, and the rising middle class was timid and self-interested even in its reform movement. The most sympathetic characters in the whole sordid affair are simply those who are too powerless to be blamed for their actions."[33]
Race: From Jim Crow to the Civil Rights Movement[edit]
After the Redeemers took control in the mid-1870s, Jim Crow laws were created to legally enforce racial segregation in public facilities and services. The phrase separate but equal, upheld in the 1896 Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson, came to represent the notion that whites and blacks should have access to physically separate but ostensibly equal facilities. It would not be until 1954 that Plessy was overturned in Brown v. Board of Education, and only in the late 1960s was segregation fully repealed by legislation passed following the American Civil Rights Movement.
The most extreme white leader was Senator Ben Tillman of South Carolina, who proudly proclaimed in 1900, "We have done our level best [to prevent blacks from voting]...we have scratched our heads to find out how we could eliminate the last one of them. We stuffed ballot boxes. We shot them. We are not ashamed of it."[34] With no voting rights and no voice in government, Blacks in the South were subjected to a system of segregation and discrimination. Blacks and whites attended separate schools. Blacks could not serve on juries, which meant that they had little if any legal recourse. In Black Boy, an autobiographical account of life during this time, Richard Wright writes about being struck with a bottle and knocked from a moving truck for failing to call a white man "sir."[35] Between 1889 and 1922, the NAACP calculates that lynchings reached their worst level in history, with almost 3,500 people, three-fourths of them black men, murdered.[36]
African-Americans responded with two major reactions: the Great Migration and the American Civil Rights Movement.
The Great Migration began during World War I, hitting its high point during World War II. During this migration, Black people left the racism and lack of opportunities in the South and settled in northern cities like Chicago, where they found work in factories and other sectors of the economy. (Katzman, 1996) This migration produced a new sense of independence in the Black community and contributed to the vibrant Black urban culture seen during the Harlem Renaissance.
The migration also empowered the growing American Civil Rights Movement.[citation needed] While the Civil Rights movement existed in all parts of the United States, its focus was against the Jim Crow laws in the South. Most of the major events in the movement occurred in the South, including the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the Mississippi Freedom Summer, the March on Selma, Alabama, and the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.. In addition, some of the most important writings to come out of the movement were written in the South, such as King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail".
As a result of the Civil Rights Laws of 1964 and 1965, all Jim Crow laws across the South were dropped. This change in the South's racial climate combined with the new industrialization in the region to help usher in what is called the New South.
Rural South[edit]
Agriculture's Share of the Labor Force by Region, 1890:
Northeast | 15% |
Middle Atlantic | 17% |
Midwest | 43% |
South Atlantic | 63% |
South Central | 67% |
West | 29% |
Source[38] |
The South remained heavily rural until World War II. There were only a few scattered cities; small courthouse towns serviced the farm population. Local politics revolve around the politicians and lawyers based at the courthouse. Mill towns, narrowly focused on textile production or cigarette manufacture, began opening in the Piedmont region especially in the Carolinas. Racial segregation and outward signs of inequality were everywhere, and rarely were challenged. Blacks who violated the color line were liable to expulsion or lynching.[39] Cotton became even more important than before, even though prices were much lower. White southerners showed a reluctance to move north, or to move to cities, so the number of small farms proliferated, and they became smaller and smaller as the population grew. Many of the white farmers, and most of the blacks, were tenant farmers who owned their work animals and tools, and rented their land. Others were day laborers or very poor sharecroppers, who worked under the supervision of the landowner. There was little cash in circulation, since most farmers operated on credit accounts from local merchants, and paid off their debts at cotton harvest time in the fall. Although there were small country churches everywhere, there were only a few dilapidated schools; high schools were available in the cities, which were few in number, but were hard to find in most rural areas. All the Southern high schools combined graduated 66,000 students in 1928. The school terms were shorter in the South, and total spending per student was much lower. Nationwide, the students in elementary and secondary schools attended 140 days of school in 1928, compared to 123 days for white children in the South and 95 for blacks. The national average in 1928 for school expenditures was $70,700 for every 1000 children aged 5-17. Only Florida reached that level; seven of the eleven Southern states spent under $31,000 per 1000 children.[40][41] Conditions were marginally better in newer areas, especially in Texas and central Florida, with the deepest poverty in South Carolina, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Arkansas. Hookworm[42] and other diseases sapped the vitality of a large fraction of Southerners.[43]
Creating the "New South" (1945–present)[edit]
In the decades after World War II, the old agrarian Southern economy evolved into the "New South" – a manufacturing region with strong roots in laissez faire capitalism. As a result, high-rise buildings began to crowd the skylines of Atlanta, Birmingham, Charlotte, Raleigh-Durham, Houston, Dallas, Nashville, and Little Rock.[44]
The industrialization and modernization of the South picked up speed with the ending of racial segregation in the 1960s. Today, the economy of the South is a diverse mixture of agriculture, light and heavy industry, tourism, and high technology companies, and is becoming increasingly integrated into the global economy.[45] State governments aggressively recruited northern business to the "Sunbelt," promising more enjoyable weather and recreation, a lower cost of living, an increasingly skilled work force, minimal taxes, weak labor unions, and a business-friendly attitude.[46] With the expansion of jobs in the South, there has been migration of northerners, increasing the population and political influence of southern states. The newcomers displaced the old rural political system built around courthouse cliques. The suburbs became the base of the emerging Republican Party, which became dominant in presidential elections by 1968, and in state politics by the 1990s.[47]
The South urbanized as the cotton base collapsed, especially east of the Mississippi River. Farming was much less important (and the remaining farmers more often specialized in soybeans and cattle, or citrus in Florida). The need for cotton pickers ended with the utilization of picking machines after 1945, and nearly all the black cotton farmers moved to urban areas, often in the North. Whites, who had been farmers, usually moved to nearby towns. Factories and service industries were opened in those towns for employment.[48]
Millions of Northern retirees moved down for the mild winters. These well-to-do retirees often moved into expensive homes located near the ocean, which, over the years, resulted in increasingly expensive hurricane damages. Tourism became a major industry, especially in venues such as Williamsburg, Virginia, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, Orlando, Florida, and Branson, Missouri.[49]
Sociologists report that Southern collective identity stems from political, demographic and cultural distinctiveness. Studies have shown that Southerners are more conservative than non-Southerners in several areas including religion, morality, international relations and race relations.[50][51] In the 21st century, the South remains demographically distinct with higher percentages of blacks, lower percentages of high school graduates, lower housing values, lower household incomes and higher percentages of people in poverty[52] That, combined with the fact that Southerners continue to maintain strong loyalty to family ties, has led some sociologists to label white Southerners a "quasi-ethnic regional group."[53]
Apart from the still-distinctive climate, the living experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation. The arrival of millions of Northerners (especially in the suburbs and coastal areas)[54] and millions of Hispanics[55] means the introduction of cultural values and social norms not rooted in Southern traditions.[56][57] Observers conclude that collective identity and Southern distinctiveness are thus declining, particularly when defined against "an earlier South that was somehow more authentic, real, more unified and distinct."[58] The process has worked both ways, however, with aspects of Southern culture spreading throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed "Southernization".[59]
Southern Presidents[edit]
The South has long been a center of political power in the United States, especially in regard to Presidential elections. During the history of the United States, the South has supplied many of the 44 presidents. Virginia specifically was the birthplace of seven of the nation's first twelve presidents (including four of the first five).
Presidents born in the South and identified with the region include:
- George Washington of Virginia (term 1789 - 1797).
- Thomas Jefferson of Virginia (term 1801 - 1809).
- James Madison of Virginia (term 1809 - 1817).
- James Monroe of Virginia (term 1817 - 1825).
- Andrew Jackson, born in either North Carolina or South Carolina, identified with Tennessee (term (1829–1837).
- John Tyler of Virginia (term 1841 - 1845).
- James Knox Polk, born in North Carolina, identified with Tennessee (term (1845–1849).
- Polk was born in North Carolina, but spent his adult and political life in Tennessee.
- Zachary Taylor of Virginia (term 1849 - 1850).
- Andrew Johnson, born in North Carolina, identified with Tennessee (term 1865 - 1869).
- Johnson was born in North Carolina, but spent his adult and political life in Tennessee.
- Lyndon Baines Johnson of Texas (term 1963 - 1969).
- Jimmy Carter of Georgia (term 1977 - 1981).
- Bill Clinton of Arkansas (term 1993 - 2001).
One President was born in the South, and is identified both with the South and elsewhere:
- Woodrow Wilson, was born and raised in the South. His academic and political career was in the North but he retained strong ties with the South.
One President was born outside the South, but is generally identified with the region:
- George H. W. Bush (term 1989 - 1993) was born in Massachusetts, but spent most of his adult and political life in Texas.
- George W. Bush, born in Connecticut, lived from early childhood in Texas.
Presidents born in Southern states, but not primarily identified with that region, include:
- William Henry Harrison, born in Virginia, identified with Ohio
- Abraham Lincoln, born in Kentucky, left at age 7; identified with Illinois (term 1861 - 1865).
- Dwight D. Eisenhower, born in Texas, left at age 2.
This list encompasses members of the Whig Party, Republican Party and the Democratic Party; in addition, Washington, while officially non-partisan, was generally associated with the Federalist Party.
They have also supplied Presidential losers:
- Charles Pinckney of South Carolina – 1804 election, 1808 election
- Henry Clay of Kentucky (born in Virginia) – 1824 election, 1832 election, 1844 election
- William Crawford of Georgia (born in Virginia) – 1824 election
- Hugh White of Tennessee (born in North Carolina) – 1836 election
- John Breckinridge of Kentucky – 1860 election
- John Bell of Tennessee – 1860 election)
- John W. Davis of West Virginia – 1924 election
- J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina - 1948 election
- Al Gore of Tennessee (born in Washington, D.C.) – 2000 election
(Former) Candidates for President:
- Newt Gingrich, Speaker of the House 1995-1999
- Herman Cain, Businessman
See also[edit]
- American Civil War
- Border states
- Confederate States of America
- Culture of honor (Southern United States)
- Dueling in the United States South
- European colonization of the Southern United States
- History of the United States
- Politics of the Southern United States
- Southern United States
- Southern literature
- Triangular trade
- ^ Robert S. Weddle, The French Thorn: Rival Explorers in the Spanish Sea, 1682-1762(1991).
- ^ Jordan, Winthrop (1968). White Over Black: American attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812. University of North Carolina Press.
- ^ Higginbotham, A. Leon (1975). In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process: The Colonial Period. Greenwood Press.
- ^ Higginbotham, A. Leon (1975). In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process: The Colonial Period. Greenwood Press. p. 62.
- ^ John Henderson Russell. The Free Negro In Virginia, 1619-1865, Baltimore: John Hopkins Press, 1913, pp. 29-30, scanned text online
- ^ Railroad mileage is from: Chauncey Depew (ed.), One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795–1895, p. 111; For other data see: 1860 US census and Carter, Susan B., ed. The Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition (5 vols), 2006.
- ^ Jon Meacham (2009), American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House, New York: Random House, p. 247; Correspondence of Andrew Jackson, Vol. V, p. 72.
- ^ William W. Freehling (1992), Prelude to Civil War: The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina, 1816-1836, New York: Oxford, [first edition, 1966].
- ^ [1].
- ^ Otis K. Rice and Stephen W. Brown, West Virginia: A History (2nd ed. 1994) pp 111-23
- ^ David G. Surdam, Northern Naval Superiority and the Economics of the American Civil War (U. of South Carolina Press, 2001).
- ^ Frank Lawrence Owsley, "Local Defense and the Overthrow of the Confederacy: A Study in State Rights," Mississippi Valley Historical Review (1925) 11#4 pp. 490-525 in JSTOR
- ^ James M. McPherson (1988). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford University Press. p. 690.
- ^ James M. McPherson (1988). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford University Press. p. 754.
- ^ William James Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American: A Biography (2000); compare Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (2005)
- ^ For a defense of Davis see Ludwell H. Johnson, "Jefferson Davis And Abraham Lincoln As War Presidents: Nothing Succeeds Like Success," Civil War History, March 1981, Vol. 27 Issue 1, pp 49-63
- ^ Allen C. Guelzo, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America (2006)
- ^ http://archive.org/details/negroproblemabra00pick
- ^ Aaron W. Marrs, Railroads in the Old South: Pursuing Progress in a Slave Society (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009).
- ^ George Edgar Turner, Victory Rode the Rails: The Strategic Place of the Railroads in the Civil War (1953)
- ^ Richard E. Beringer, et al. Why the South Lost the Civil War (1991) p. 349
- ^ Noah Andre Trudeau, Southern Storm: Sherman's March to the Sea (HarperCollins, 2008)
- ^ William B. Hesseltine, A History of the South, 1607-1936 (1936) pp 573-74
- ^ Robert N. Rosen, A short history of Charleston (1997) p. 121
- ^ For more detail see Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer, A history of the United States since the Civil War (1917) Volume 1 pp 56-67 online
- ^ For details see Thomas L. Livermore, Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America 1861-65 (1901)
- ^ a b Paul F. Paskoff, "Measures of War: A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War's Destructiveness in the Confederacy," Civil War History 54.1 (2008) 35-62
- ^ Paskoff, "Measures of War: A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War's Destructiveness in the Confederacy,"
- ^ John Samuel Ezell, The South since 1865 (1963) pp 27-28
- ^ John F. Stover, The Railroads of the South, 1865-1900: A Study in Finance and Control (1955)
- ^ A. B. Moore, "Railroad Building in Alabama During the Reconstruction Period" The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 1, No. 4. (Nov., 1935), pp. 421-441. JSTOR
- ^ Mark Wahlgren Summers, Railroads, Reconstruction, and the Gospel of Prosperity: Aid Under the Radical Republicans, 1865-1877 (1984)
- ^ Sheldon Hackney, "Origins of the New South in Retrospect," Journal of Southern History (1972) 38#2 pp. 191-216 in JSTOR quote at p. 191
- ^ Logan,The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson, 1997. p. 91
- ^ Wright, Richard (1945). "9". Black Boy. New York City: Harper & Brothers. ISBN 0-06-113024-9.
- ^ [2]
- ^ U.S. Census Bureau, [www.census.gov/geo/www/us_regdiv.pdf "Census Regions and Divisions of the United States"]
- ^ David O. Whitten, "The Depression of 1893" (2010) online
- ^ Steven Hahn, A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration (2005) pp 425-6
- ^ U.S. Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1930 (Washington: 1930) pp 113-15
- ^ Howard Odum, Southern regions of the United States (1936) p 100
- ^ Philip R. P. Coelho, and Robert A. McGuire, "Racial Differences in Disease Susceptibilities: Intestinal Worm Infections in the Early Twentieth-Century American South," Social History of Medicine, (Dec 2006) 19#3 pp 461-482 indicates 56% of the whites suffered from worms, and 20% of the blacks.
- ^ The classic histories are C. Vann Woodward, The Origins of the New South, 1877-1913 (1951) and George B. Tindall, The Emergence of the New South, 1913-1945 (1967)
- ^ James C. Cobb, The South and America Since World War II (2011)
- ^ James C. Cobb, Globalization and the American South (2005)
- ^ Michael Dennis, The New Economy and the Modern South (2009)
- ^ Earl Black, The Rise of Southern Republicans(2003) ch 11
- ^ Jack Temple Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost: The American South, 1920-1960 (1986)
- ^ Anthony J. Stanonis, Dixie Emporium: Tourism, Foodways, and Consumer Culture in the American South (2008) pp 120-47 on Branson
- ^ Christopher A. Cooper and H. Gibbs Knotts, "Declining Dixie: Regional Identification in the Modern American South," Social Forces (March 2010) 88#3 pp: 1083-1101
- ^ Tom W. Rice, William P. McLean and Amy J. Larsen, "Southern Distinctiveness over Time: 1972–2000," American Review of Politics (Fall 2002) 23:193–220
- ^ Christopher A. Cooper and H. Gibbs Knotts, "Defining Dixie: A State-Level Measure of the Modern Political South," American Review of Politics 2(Spring 2004) 25:25–39
- ^ John Shelton Reed, One South: An Ethnic Approach to Regional Culture (Louisiana State U. P., 1982) p. 3
- ^ Marc Egnal, Divergent paths: how culture and institutions have shaped North American growth (1996) p 170
- ^ Rebecca Mark and Robert C. Vaughan, The South (2004) p. 147
- ^ Cooper and Knotts, "Declining Dixie: Regional Identification in the Modern American South," p. 1084
- ^ Christopher A. Cooper and H. Gibbs Knotts, eds. The New Politics of North Carolina (2008)
- ^ Edward L. Ayers, What Caused the Civil War? Reflections on the South and Southern History (2005) p. 46
- ^ Michael Hirsh (April 25, 2008). "How the South Won (This) Civil War", Newsweek, accessed 22 Nov 2008
External references[edit]
- Abernethy, Thomas P. The South in the New Nation, 1789–1819. LSU Press.
- Alden, John R. The South in the Revolution, 1763–1789. LSU Press.
- Ayers; Edward L. The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction Oxford University Press, 1993 online edition
- Bartley, Numan V. The New South, 1945–1980. LSU Press.
- Craven, Avery O. The Growth of Southern Nationalism, 1848–1861. LSU Press.
- Craven, Wesley Frank. The Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 1607–1689. LSU Press.
- Coulter, E. Merton. The Confederate States of America, 1861–1865. LSU Press.
- Coulter, E. Merton. The South During Reconstruction, 1865–1877. LSU Press.
- Current, Richard, ed. Encyclopaedia of the Confederacy (4 vol 1995)
- Davis, William C. (2003). Look Away! A History of the Confederate States of America. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-684-86585-8.
- Hesseltine; William B. A History of the South, 1607-1936 Prentice-Hall, 1936 online edition
- Hill, Samuel S. et al. eds. Encyclopedia of Religion in the South (2005)
- Hubbell; Jay B. The South in American Literature, 1607-1900 Duke University Press, 1973
- Key, V.O. Southern Politics In State and Nation (1949), a famous classic
- Lamis, Alexander P. ed. Southern Politics in the 1990s Louisiana State University Press, 1999.
- Logan, Rayford,The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson,, 1997. (This is an expanded edition of Logan, The Negro in American Life and Thought, The Nadir, 1877-1901 (1954)
- Mark, Rebecca, and Rob Vaughan. The South: The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures (2004), post 1945 society
- Marrs, Aaron W. Railroads in the Old South: Pursuing Progress in a Slave Society (2009)
- Moreland; Laurence W. et al. Blacks in Southern Politics Praeger Publishers, 1987 online edition
- Paterson, Thomas G. ed. (1999). Major Problems in the History of the American South. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-87139-5. readings from primary and secondary sources
- Richter, William L. The A to Z of the Old South (2009), a short scholarly encyclopedia
- Shafer, Byron E. and Richard Johnston, eds. The End of Southern Exceptionalism: Class, Race, and Partisan Change in the Postwar South (2009) excerpt and text search
- Sydnor, Charles W. The Development of Southern Sectionalism, 1819–1848. LSU Press.
- Tindall, George B. The Emergence of the New South, 1913–1945. LSU Press.
- Volo, James M. Encyclopedia of the Antebellum South (2000)
- Woodward, C. Vann. Origins of the New South, 1877–1913. LSU Press.
External links[edit]
- DocSouth: Documenting the American South - numerous online text, image, and audio collections.


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Hand-washing: Do's and don'ts
Hand-washing is an easy way to prevent infection. Understand when to wash your hands, how to properly use hand sanitizer and how to get your children into the habit.
By Mayo Clinic staffFrequent hand-washing is one of the best ways to avoid getting sick and spreading illness. Hand-washing requires only soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer — a cleanser that doesn't require water. Find out when and how to wash your hands properly.
When to wash your hands
As you touch people, surfaces and objects throughout the day, you accumulate germs on your hands. In turn, you can infect yourself with these germs by touching your eyes, nose or mouth. Although it's impossible to keep your hands germ-free, washing your hands frequently can help limit the transfer of bacteria, viruses and other microbes.
Always wash your hands before:
- Preparing food or eating
- Treating wounds, giving medicine, or caring for a sick or injured person
- Inserting or removing contact lenses
Always wash your hands after:
- Preparing food, especially raw meat or poultry
- Using the toilet or changing a diaper
- Touching an animal or animal toys, leashes, or waste
- Blowing your nose, coughing or sneezing into your hands
- Treating wounds or caring for a sick or injured person
- Handling garbage, household or garden chemicals, or anything that could be contaminated — such as a cleaning cloth or soiled shoes
In addition, wash your hands whenever they look dirty.
How to wash your hands
It's generally best to wash your hands with soap and water. Follow these simple steps:
- Wet your hands with running water.
- Apply liquid, bar or powder soap.
- Lather well.
- Rub your hands vigorously for at least 20 seconds. Remember to scrub all surfaces, including the backs of your hands, wrists, between your fingers and under your fingernails.
- Rinse well.
- Dry your hands with a clean or disposable towel or air dryer.
- If possible, use your towel to turn off the faucet.
Keep in mind that antibacterial soap is no more effective at killing germs than is regular soap. Using antibacterial soap may even lead to the development of bacteria that are resistant to the product's antimicrobial agents — making it harder to kill these germs in the future.
Next page(1 of 2)
- Wash your hands. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/Features/HandWashing. Accessed July 14, 2011.
- Understanding microbes in sickness and in health. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/microbes/PDF/microbesbook.pdf. Accessed July 14, 2011.
- Jefferson T, et al. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011;7:CD006207. http://www2.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab006207.html. Accessed July 14, 2011.
- D'Antonio NN, et al. Revisiting the hand wipe versus gel rub debate: Is a higher-ethanol content hand wipe more effective than an ethanol gel rub? American Journal of Infection Control. 2010;38:678.
- Aiello AE, et al. Consumer antibacterial soaps: Effective or just risky? Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2007;45:S137.
- Kinnula S, et al. Safety of alcohol hand gel use among children and personnel at a child day care center. American Journal of Infection Control. 2009;37:318.

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Tag Archives: Canada
Mon, Jul 06, 2009 | 19:07 BST
Premier of Ontario: 49% of Canadian gamers are women
During today's press conference announcing Ubisoft Toronto's opening, Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty said that 49% of Canadian gamers are female.
He also noted that Ontario's slice of the gaming industry produces almost $1 billion each year.
Money, women, and maple syrup. Does it get any better? We don't think so.
Thu, Apr 30, 2009 | 23:33 BST
USTR puts Canada on Priority Watch List for piracy
U.S. Trade Representative Ron Kirk has placed Canada on the Priority Watch List for piracy alongside Algeria, Argentina, Chile, China, India, Indonesia, Israel, Pakistan, Russia, Thailand, and Venezuela.
This is the first time Canada has been put on such a list by the US government, and after complaining to the country for some time now over it's need for copyright reform, it has now been "listed".
The ESA seems pleased, as the game lobbyist has been pushing Canada's parliament to outlaw mod chips and adopt some sort of Digital Millenium Copyright Act for quite some time.
"Putting Canada on the 'Priority Watch List' is a signal of the Obama Administration's commitment to strengthening global intellectual property protection, and its intent to address this issue firmly with the Canadian government," said ESA's Michael Gallagher.
"Canada's weak laws and enforcement practices foster game piracy in the Canadian market and pave the way for unlawful imports into the U.S."
To counteract piracy in Canada, the USTR suggests it:
- Enact legislation outlawing game circumvention devices, such as "mod chips" and "game copiers," in line with Canada's international treaty obligations
- Create adequate legal incentives for internet service providers (ISPs) to work with copyright owners in combating online piracy
- Provide Customs officials with adequate authority to make ex officio seizures of counterfeit and pirate product at the border
- Provide adequate resources to anti-piracy enforcement efforts and make prosecution of intellectual property crimes a high priority.
More over on GamePolitics.
Sat, Feb 02, 2008 | 09:59 GMT
Max Payne movie to begin filming on March 2
According to this, the Max Payne movie is finally about to start filming. Beginning on March in Toronto, the movie is something of a mystery at the moment, aside from a basic plot of Max's family being murdered and the toilet-faced maniac going on a revengathon. It is known, however, that the eponymous lead will be played by "Marky" Mark Wahlberg, him that wears his pants on the outside. God knows what this is going to turn out like, but we'll keep hoping for gold.
Via Destructoid.


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Definition of literally in English
Pronunciation: /ˈlɪt(ə)rəli/
Translate literally | into French | into German | into Italian | into Spanish
In its standard use literally means 'in a literal sense, as opposed to a non-literal or exaggerated sense', as for example in I told him I never wanted to see him again, but I didn't expect him to take it literally. In recent years an extended use of literally (and also literal) has become very common, where literally (or literal) is used deliberately in non-literal contexts, for added effect, as in they bought the car and literally ran it into the ground. This use can lead to unintentional humorous effects (we were literally killing ourselves laughing) and is not acceptable in formal contexts, though it is widespread.


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Angry Bird MashEm Bonus Pack
Product Details
Brand: | |
Character Series: |
Angry Birds have gone soft! Don't worry, they're still the same Angry Birds that we know and love, but in this Mash'ems Pack they have been morphed into a soft and squishy version. Play your own version of the hugely popular game at home, and get ready to launch the soft toy characters! - R.K.
- 1x Mash'ems launcher
- 5x Mash'ems characters: Black, Blue, Red, White and Yellow
- Twist, squash and launch - soft toy versions of the Angry Birds characters
- Bring the virtual game to life
- For ages 4+
- Dimensions: 13 x 5 x 20cm
- Weight: 113g
WARNING: CHOKING HAZARD - Not suitable for children under 36 months. Choking hazard (small parts).
Delivery & Returns
Express Delivery - if ordered before 8pm, delivered by courier next working day. More Info »
How long will it take to arrive?
Please check the stock availability notice on your item when placing your order. This item is: In stock | Usually dispatched within 24 hours
Please remember to add postal time (3-5 working days) to obtain a complete estimate of delivery to your door.
How will I know it has been sent?
You will receive an email to confirm when your item has been sent.
You can also check the status of your order and individual items by accessing My Account details and following the prompts.
Please allow 10 working days from dispatch of your order before notifying us of any late deliveries.
It may be advisable to check with your neighbours to see if a parcel has been left with them, check any outhouses you might have where it may be left if it cannot fit through your letterbox and contact your local sorting office to see if the item has been returned to the depot as undelivered and awaiting collection.
If I'm not completely happy with my item?
Please see our returns policy.
There are currently no reviews.


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Friday, Dec. 20, 2013 | 8:47 a.m.
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Posted: 8:17 p.m. Tuesday, Nov. 13, 2012
By AP AP
Associated Press
Davey Johnson, a former Cincinnati Reds manager, was named National League Manager of the Year on Tuesday for his work guiding the Washington Nationals while current Reds skipper Dusty Baker took second in the voting by the Baseball Writers Association of America.
Johnson received 23 first-place votes, Baker five and San Francisco Giants manager Bruce Bochy four.
Bob Melvin of the Oakland Athletics was honored in the American League, beating out Baltimore's Buck Showalter in a close vote. Under Melvin, the A's made a 20-game improvement, finished 94-68 and won the AL West.
Voting was conducted at the end of the regular season, before the playoffs began. Bochy's Giants won the World Series, which did not factor into the BBWAA voting.
Johnson managed Washington to the best record in baseball, 98-64, to win the NL East. It was the first playoff appearance for the franchise since 1981, when it was the Montreal Expos.
Baker, also runner-up when Cincinnati won the NL Central in 2010, took the Reds to a 97-65 regular-season record, second-best in baseball. The Reds were in first place most of the summer despite losing All-Star first baseman Joey Votto for 48 games due to a knee injury.
Johnson, who turns 70 in January, was honored for the second time. He was tabbed as the AL's top manager in 1997, hours after he resigned from the Orioles in a feud with owner Peter Angelos.
This time, Johnson will get a while to enjoy the accolade.
The Nationals announced this month that he will guide them in 2013, when he will be the oldest manager in the majors. He's set to leave the Washington dugout and become a team consultant in 2014.
"World Series or bust," Johnson said on the MLB Network. "It's going to be my last year, anyway."
Melvin also became a two-time winner, having been chosen in 2007 with Arizona.
Melvin got 16 first-place votes. Showalter got the other 12 firsts, and Robin Ventura of the Chicago White Sox finished third.
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Our priorities
Nutzungshinweis: 1 = höchste Priorität, 6 = niedrigste PrioritätKlassifizierungslinks unter /diplo/Siteglobals/Categories/Priority/leere Links hängen unten im Dokument und können von da kopiert werden
The Federal Foreign Minister
Living in the crisis zone posting in Kabul
Our colleague Fabian Otten, assistant desk officer for politics, protocol and press in Kabul is helping to prepare the Afghan presidential elections which are set to take place next year. moreLiving in the crisis zone posting in Kabul
Human rights activists visit Berlin
A group of human rights activists from Latin America is holding talks in Germany this week with representatives from the world of politics and civil society. The highlight of the visit was a meeting with the Federal President. moreHuman rights activists visit Berlin
Developing relations with Tanzania
On 2 December Federal Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle met his Tanzanian counterpart Bernard K. Membe for political talks at Villa Borsig in Berlin‑Tegel. The talks between the two ministers focused on developing bilateral relations and on regional issues.
Westerwelle: restore lost trust
Foreign Minister Westerwelle received a delegation from the US Congress in Berlin. The talks focused on how lost trust could be restored.
moreWesterwelle: restore lost trust
Homosexuality and religion in sub Saharan Africa
A conference entitled "Pride & Prejudice" was held in the Federal Foreign Office on 28 November. It provided an opportunity for LGBTI activists from Africa to meet religious representatives and human rights policy makers. moreHomosexuality and religion in sub Saharan Africa
EU Citizens' Dialogue: Do we need reforms?
How can citizens become more involved in EU decision-making processes? During the EU Citizens' Dialogue in Bonn on 28 November Members of the European Parliament and representatives of the EU Commission and the Federal Government fielded questions from the floor.
German-Hungarian Forum
This year's annual conference of the German-Hungarian Forum took place at the Federal Foreign Office on 28 and 29 November. Around 150 experts from the fields of politics, business, academia and the media took part in the event. moreGerman-Hungarian Forum
From Budapest to Berlin: Hungarian scholarship-holders in Germany's public administration
In September and October 2013, 16 young civil servants from Hungary spent some time getting to know the day-to-day work of Germany's administrative bodies. Tibor Schaffhauser was in the Federal Foreign Office Directorate-General for Culture and Communication, where he concentrated on the German minority in Hungary. moreFrom Budapest to Berlin
German aid for the Philippines moves forward
Emergency aid measures provide safe water, food and medical care in areas affected by the catastrophe. moreGerman aid for the Philippines moves forward
German Information Centres
German Information Centres (GIC) are designed to provide information about Germany in their host countries and rally support for German positions. These centres aim to arouse interest in Germany particularly among important young multipliers in the regional partner countries. moreGerman Information Centres


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very nice
wow...great!!!! :) :D
Cute one!
Send across a cute teddy bear magician that will make your dear ones birthday a...
A fun birthday ecard song.
Images that speak a thousand words and a warm birthday wish.
Cakes and candles to wish your special one a very happy birthday.
Convey your birthday greetings to your special one with a warm birthday message and...
Great visuals and a happy birthday wish.
Send these beautiful flowers to your nearest and dearest ones on birthday.
Send a smiley that will make your loved one's wishes come true on their birthday.
Send an ecard, full of fireworks to ensure that your friends have a blast on their...
Happy Birthday Greeting from Minions ... Despicable Me and Despicable Me 2 ... Two...
Here are some funny characters for you to wish your friends family and relatives a...
A warm birthday message for you to send to your loved ones.
Teddy bear, smileys and loads of fireworks to wish your loved ones a very happy birthday.
Cute teddy wishes a very happy birthday.
A group of medieval characters gather to throw you a birthday party.
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text: There are so many choices for property for sale Parklands that awaits for you to live in. For the smaller family, there are two options that can surely be considered. First option would be a bungalow. This residential space is perfect for a family of three to four members. Bungalows usually have two to three bedrooms. That would mean one bedroom for the parents and possibly separate bedrooms for the kids. Bungalows are good for smaller families as it allows them ample space and at the same time is not too big for family members not to see each other. Another option would be the duplex. The duplex can have the parents downstairs and the kids upstairs. It is also advantageous for extended families that may not see a mansion as an option. Bungalows and duplex units are very practical and cheap options for smaller families with three to four members.


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Creamy Make Ahead Mashed Potatoes Recipe
Creamy mashed potatoes get even better when topped with a savory trio of cheese, onions and bacon. Plus, these potatoes offer make-ahead appeal. —JoAnn Koerkenmeier, Damiansville, Illinois
- 3 pounds potatoes (about 9 medium), peeled and cubed
- 6 bacon strips, chopped
- 1 package (8 ounces) cream cheese, softened
- 1/2 cup sour cream
- 1/2 cup butter, cubed
- 1/4 cup 2% milk
- 1-1/2 teaspoons onion powder
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 1 teaspoon garlic powder
- 1/2 teaspoon pepper
- 1 cup (4 ounces) shredded cheddar cheese
- 3 green onions, chopped
- Place potatoes in a Dutch oven; add water to cover. Bring to a boil. Reduce heat; cook, uncovered, 10-15 minutes or until tender.
- Meanwhile, in a skillet, cook bacon over medium heat until crisp. Remove to paper towels with a slotted spoon; drain.
- Drain potatoes; return to pan. Mash potatoes, gradually adding cream cheese, sour cream and butter. Stir in milk and seasonings. Transfer to a greased 13x9-in. baking dish; sprinkle with cheese, green onions and bacon. Refrigerate, covered, up to 1 day.
- Preheat oven to 350°. Remove potatoes from refrigerator and let stand while oven heats. Bake, uncovered, 40-50 minutes or until heated through. Yield: 10 servings.
Originally published as Creamy Make Ahead Mashed Potatoes in Taste of Home
February/March 2011, p31
Reviews for Creamy Make Ahead Mashed Potatoes(57)
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Reviewed Nov. 30, 2013
I don't like potatoes - but I love this dish! It was a hit at Thanksgiving for all!
Reviewed Nov. 30, 2013
Made this for Thanksgiving for 11 Guest and got nothing but RAVES fromALL !!
Reviewed Nov. 20, 2013
Family love's it
Reviewed Nov. 4, 2013
This dish has become a "regular" in our family. WONDERFUL! I add a chopped onion and use an entire package of bacon on the top. :-)
Reviewed Oct. 5, 2013
excellent excellent great for pot luck, will definitely make again


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Welcome: Professor Sang Dae Kim, Chairman, CTBUH [Watch Video] [Download Photo] Chair: Antony Wood, Executive Director, CTBUH [Download Photo]
Mr. Pedersen's approach to design has been one that weds formal and technical originality with a modesty informed by a deep respect for spatial and historical context. Mr. Pedersen discussed his career and the development of the tall building typology including highlights such as: International Commerce Centre (2010), Shanghai World Financial Center (2008), 333 Wacker (1983) and more. [Watch Video] [Download Presentation] [Download Photo]
Bank of America Tower has produced a high level of sustainability within the commercial market place, creating a strong identity for itself and acting as an exemplary execution of sustainable technology integration into a tall building design on the most broad level with a strong focus around the end user. [Watch Video] [Download Presentation] [Download Photo - Lisa Shpritz] [Download Photo - Rick Cook]
Pinnacle @ Duxton has integrated public outdoor green spaces at height with the creation of two usable linear skyparks as well as a large park space on the podium. It creates a high level of density on site without sacrificing access to green space, an impressive fact as the project is essentially a public housing scheme. [Watch Video] [Download Presentation] [Download Photo - Lawrence Pak] [Download Photo - Peng Beng Khoo]
[Watch Video] [Download Photo]
Creating a unique form on the Leeds skyline, the cor-ten clad Broadcasting Place has an iconic presence, but was not designed as a piece of sculpture. The building's form and elevations were planned around the optimization of daylighting and the façade was specifically designed to reduce cooling loads/energy use. [Watch Video] [Download Presentation] [Download Photo - George Downing] [Download Photo - Alex Whitbread]


text:
19 hrs ago | NASCAR Winston Cup Scene
Austin Dillon's NASCAR future is the subject of a major announcement Wednesday when it's expected the newly crowned Nationwide Series champ will formally step up into the big leagues full-time and drive the iconic No.
Should vaccinations for children be legally required?
Are you smarter than a 7th grade civics student?
How Should SHR Adjust If Tony Stewart Doesn't Recover Before 2014 Daytona 500?
By all accounts, Tony Stewart is healing and recovering nicely from the injuries he sustained in an early-August sprint car wreck.
The Flint Journal names top fall sports athletes
Grand Blanc's Grant Fisher runs during the Division 1 boys race at the MHSAA Cross Country Championships on Saturday, Nov. 2, 2013, at Michigan International Speedway.
NHRA Announces Pro Mod As Part Of Their 2014 Race Schedule
NHRA has just announced that the 2014 season will include 10 races with Pro Modified in the program.
Bob Filner Faces Sentencing For Harrassment
He pleaded guilty in October to charges related to placing a woman in a headlock, kissing another woman and grabbing the buttocks of a third.
NASCAR, drivers to seek common ground at test session
NASCAR officials, crew chiefs and drivers hope they like what they see Monday in a test session at Charlotte Motor Speedway designed to complete the 2014 rules package.
Snowball Derby notebook: Mingus leads drivers in last chance race
It took a little longer than expected, but Mason Mingus managed to secure a spot in today's Snowball Derby by winning Saturday's last chance race.
Spencer: How Harvick gave avid fan a tweet - then a treat
Lee Spencer is the Senior NASCAR Writer for FOXSports.com. She has provided award-winning coverage of auto racing over the last 15 years.
It is 7:10 a.m. and 41A . The rain has come and gone, and today's forecast is mostly sunny with a high of 49A .
Upcoming Charlotte Test Will Validate Changes To 2014 Cup Car
By Reid Spencer, NASCAR Wire Service LAS VEGAS -- Travel included, the time gap between standing on the stage at Wynn Las Vegas and sitting behind the wheel of a car at Charlotte Motor Speedway will amount to less than 60 hours.
Jersey City students raise $5K for Make-A-Wish, perform for mall shoppers
Holiday shoppers at Macy's in Newport Centre mall were treated to a free performance, but the Make-A-Wish Foundation got an even bigger present today -- a $5,126 donation in the form of more than 2,500 "Dear Santa" letters.
Coca-Cola Recognized With NASCAR Marketing Achievement Award
The Coca-Cola Company was honored today with the 2013 NASCAR Marketing Achievement Award at the NASCAR NMPA Myers Brothers Awards Luncheon held in the Encore Ballroom at Wynn Las Vegas.
NASCAR changes Hall-of-Fame eligibility process
NASCAR announced sweeping changes to the Hall-of-Fame election process Thursday, including tweaks that make Bill Elliott and Mark Martin immediately eligible for enshrinement.
2013 season in review: Denny Hamlin
To say 2013 was a tough season for Joe Gibbs Racing driver Denny Hamlin would be an understatement: he finished a career-worst 23rd in points thanks to missing four races early in the Sprint Cup Series season, winning just one race - the season finale at Homestead-Miami Speedway - and earning just eight top 10 finishes.
2013 NHRA: 2014 NHRA Pro Mod Series To Feature 10-Race Schedule With Return To Atlanta Dragway
The 2014 NHRA Pro Mod Drag Racing Series schedule has been released featuring a 10-race schedule, with each event to be televised on the Velocity Channel, it was announced today by NHRA officials.
Mobil 1, Stewart-Haas Racing extend deal
Mobil 1 announced an extension of its partnership Monday with Stewart-Haas Racing for the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season.
Auto Racing Hot Topics: NBC hires Rick Allen for NASCAR play-by-play; ...
Less than 24 hours after hiring driver Jeff Burton as a NASCAR analyst, NBC Sports Group confirmed its rumored first choice for a play-by-play announcer by grabbing Rick Allen away from Fox Sports 1. Starting in 2015, Allen will move from announcing Camping World Truck Series and ARCA Racing Series events for FS1 to NBC and NBC Sports Network.
Kanaan Learning On The Job In First Test
Less than 48 hours after unveiling his bas relief image on the Borg-Warner Trophy at Indianapolis Motor Speedway, Tony Kanaan started his on-the-job orientation with his new employer, Chip Ganassi Racing, during a team test at Sebring International Raceway.
5 NASCAR Drivers Set to Breakout in 2014 Sprint Cup Series
Every year, there are a handful of drivers in the Sprint Cup Series who have their breakout.
Spectators will have the chance to interact with sled dogs and take sled rides at the Can't Depend on Snow sled dog race scheduled on Saturday, Dec. 7, in Fond du Lac.


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Around the Region - November 11November 11, 2012City closes offices for Veterans Day MARTINSBURG — Martinsburg's city offices will be closed Monday for Veterans Day. The offices will reopen from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Tuesday for regular business hour.... No comments posted for this article.
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text:
13th Beach Surf Cam & Surf Report
@ 11 sec
H 3:07 AM (1.7m)
L 8:36 AM (0.6m)
6:03 AM | Report
A little bigger than yesterday morning. It's in the 3ft+ range early. Wind is NW early, forecast to go more W/SW this morning, and it is meant to get wintery. Get in early for the best options.
Sponsor recommended
The best board for today is :
Tomorrow's Surf Forecast
UV Index 11 (Very High)
Margaret River Senior High Excelling In The Excellent Surf At The Soundwave Australian Junior Surfing Titles
Powerful waves with good shape and offshore winds are exactly what the pupils from Margaret River Senior High revel in and they dominated the day at Werri Beach on the surf rich South Coast of NSW on day 5 at the Soundwave Australian Junior Surfing Titles.
Video: Booming Pipeline – Friday November 29, 2013
Standout Sessions: On Friday,(Saturday Australian time), The Banzai Pipeline turned things up to epic.
Beyrick De Vries 10 Point Ride | Sunset Beach
South Africa's Beyrick De Vries pulls into a massive Sunset cave and gives the judges no option other than throwing down a two digit score.
East Coast Swell Alert: Rising E groundswell now underway
A strong building trend in E groundswell is underway across the NSW coast. Click through for the details.
Video: Piped at Rifles, Mentawai Islands
Wave of the Week: Dave Mathew scores a Rifles dream barrel.
This Month's Feature Film: Castles In The Sky
Playing for the month of December - Castles In the Sky is a visual whirlwind that follows surfers to the farthest reaches of the known surf world and beyond...


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Myleene Klass Strapless Broderie Dress
- Price
- £79.00
- In Stock
- Delivery
- Next day delivery available
24 reviewsMyleene Klass Broderie Strapless Dress
This strapless dress by Myleene Klass shows off your shoulders and we adore the stunning yellow for an instant style boost.
This Myleene Klass dress is textured with a broderie fabric for a chic vintage inspired style. The shapely trim is ultra feminine and the cotton fabric keeps you comfortable for all day wear. The lining to the inside ensures a smooth fit and the adjustable detachable straps offer plenty of style choice.
This broderie strapless dress is perfect with strappy heels or wedges. Add a light cardigan for cooler days and evenings.
Useful info:
- Strapless oversized dress by Myleene Klass
- All-over textured broderie fabric
- Shapely trim; lined to the inside
- Adjustable and detachable straps
- Length: 40 inch
South Shirt Dress
- Was
- Was £25.00
- Now
- Now £17.00 to £25.00
- Save Up To £8.00
- In Stock
- Delivery
- Next day delivery available
5 reviewsSouth Button-through Shirt Dress
This season, the shirt dress is a key part of your wardrobe. This South shirt dress is easy, laidback and packed with style – perfect for perking up a gorgeous autumn look.
This shirt dress is made from light fabric that flatters your shape. The buttons to the front add a dash of detail for a striking casual look. This shirt dress is available in mustard or print and we love the length for pairing with our favourite autumn ankle boots.
Pair this shirt dress with stocking and your favourite suede shoe boots. Wear with a cropped jacket or light cardi on cooler days.
Useful info:
- Shirt dress by South
- Buttons to the front
- Available in print or plain
- Mid-thigh length: 36 inch
Myleene Klass Ribbed Jersey Pencil Dress
- Was
- Was £49.00
- Now
- Now £34.00 to £49.00
- Save Up To £15.00
- Low stock, selling fast
- Delivery
29 reviewsMyleene Klass Ribbed Jersey Pencil Dress
In sunshine yellow this Myleene Klass pencil dress promises an instant summer mood boost. This dress is bright, pretty and packed with personality.
This ribbed jersey pencil dress is a stunning frock that makes a style statement for day or for evening. This pencil dress features fabric panels for a flattering fit and you'll love the length for a ladylike finish. This pencil dress has a gentle stretch for a little added comfort to give you a gorgeous silhouette.
Pair this Myleene Klass pencil dress with patent heels in nude. Pair with printed heels for a confident outfit with serious fashion credentials.
Useful info:
- Jersey pencil dress by Myleene Klass
- Cap sleeve dress with V-neckline
- Zip fastening to the back
- Length: 38 inch


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Can the Department supply information relating to copies of correspondence, minutes of meetings and analyses of impact relating to the UN Convention of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities?
The information requested is being withheld under the Freedom of Information Act 2000. The exemptions that apply to this information are section(s)35 and 42 of the Freedom of Information Act for the following reasons:
It consists of legal advice
This falls under the exemption in section 42 of the Freedom of information Act as it provides that information in respect of which a claim to legal professional privilege could be maintained.
In applying this exemption the Department felt it had to balance the public interest in withholding the information against the public interest in disclosing the information.
Government departments need high quality, comprehensive legal advice for the effective conduct of their business without fearing that this might expose weaknesses in the Government's position and open it up unnecessarily to legal challenge, which would waste public resources.
It consists of information in relation to policy development
This is the formulation and development of Government policy with regards to the UN Convention and falls under exemption 35 1(a) relating to the formulation or development of government policy. In applying this exemption, the Department had to balance the public interest in withholding the information against the public interest in disclosing the information.
Disclosure of the withheld information before ratification of the convention could lead to difficulties in ratification and thus have an effect on the conduct of good government.