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MEMBER ALERT: AOPA is closed until 10 a.m. Eastern on Dec. 10 due to inclement weather.
April 6, 2011
By Alton K. Marsh
You can never have too many models of the venerable Cub first built by Piper. American Legend is adding a more powerful model to its two-place light sport lineup, one called the Super Legend with a 115-horsepower Lycoming 233 engine, beefy flaps, and 32 gallons of fuel.
The company promises that the 115-hp engine will perform the same as a 150-hp Piper Super Cub, thanks to the light weight of the Super Legend. Part of the design process is to remove weight from the proposed aircraft. A flying prototype will be shown at EAA AirVenture this summer. Lycoming must still certify the 233 engine. First deliveries of the tandem-seat aircraft are expected early in 2012, with a delivery planned at the U.S. Sport Aviation Expo in Sebring, Fla., in January. The introductory price is $139,900.
Dave Graham, a sales and marketing official with American Legend Cub, said the aircraft is targeted at present Piper Super Cub owners who are concerned about losing their medical certificate. A light sport airplane can be flown with a driver's license as long as the certificated pilot has never been rejected for an FAA medical certificate. The idea for the aircraft grew from Lycoming's announcement that it was developing the 233 engine, he said.
The base weight will be around 845 lbs. The Super Legend comes equipped with Super Cub-style flaps, a 32-gallon fuel system with a Left/Right/Both selector switch, and balanced tail feathers. Instrument panel choices include basic Low and Slow (LS), Cross Country with Night VFR (XC), and the Legend Smart Cub panel (SC).
The engine will have a 2,400-hour TBO, and is multi-fuel capable, operating on both 100LL and unleaded automotive fuel. A Sensenich ground-adjustable propeller with spinner will be standard equipment on the Super Legend.
Further enhancements on the Super Legend include lightweight carbon fiber components such as cowling, doors, interior panels, spinner, and wingtip bows. A parking brake system, fuel access steps on the landing gear, and a body-conforming adjustable seat are also standard equipment. Toe brakes are available as an option. Other features, introduced by American Legend and standard on the Super Legend, include a three-inch wider cabin, standard double doors, and the ability to solo from the front or rear seat. Landing options include tundra tires, floats, and skis.
Topics Engine, Aircraft Components and Gear, Cross Country, Pilot Safety and Skills, Night Flying, Pilot Advanced Skills, Fuel, Aircraft Power and Fuel, Light Sport, Aircraft Types, New, Aircraft Design, EAA AirVenture, Events, Doors, Sport Pilot, Pilot Training and Certification
Helicopter training is generally very safe. So why do run-on takeoffs and landings feel so wrong?
Tickets for the 2014 Red Bull Air Race World Championship series, including two U.S. races, are now on sale.
NetJets has added a new safety feature to its long-range fleet: a doctor who is always in.
AOPA thanks our members for their continued support in protecting the freedom to fly.


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My girlfreind joined a gym a few months, but recently started going to the gym.. she looks towards for advice about traning. i dont know about about cutting mainly bc im a skinny boy who is bulking. i have a few questions on how can she lose alot of body fat. around. i scared for her health. before you ask, i dont know her weight, she wont tell me....
1- she wants to train sun- thursday, what would be the best split for her?
2- best supp for massive weight lost
shes 5'4 and a sixe 16/18

subset: commoncrawl


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Harry Caray's Italian Steakhouse, Restaurant In Near North Chicago

The Chicago steakhouse named after the legendary sports announcer embodies his bold and colorful personality. Harry Caray's pays homage to the iconic Cubs announcer in a way he'd appreciate: sports blaring from every large-screen television, generous portions of prime steaks and chops, and a boisterous crowd every night. The flagship location (there are additional outposts […]

The post Harry Caray's Italian Steakhouse, Restaurant In Near North Chicago appeared first on Dining Chicago.
Dec 09, 2013 07:43 PM


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The farming of this wine was devised specifically to make efficient use of renewable resources, protect the environment and cause minimum impact to the surrounding ecological system, in line with best Sustainable Agriculture practices. Beginning with the 2009 vintage this wine will be certified organic, having passed the required three year transition period.
Bright yellow in color with some golden tints. Aromas of citrus and light mineral. Complex, with good balanced acidity on the palate. Citric and fresh. Enjoy with seafood, white meats, dried fruits, butter and cream sauces, and cheeses.
Cono Sur Vineyards and Winery was founded in 1993, with the vision of producing premium, expressive and innovative wines conveying the spirit of the new world. Their name refers to the company's geographic position; it represents wines proudly made in South America's Southern Cone, on whose western edge lays Chile and its gifted wine valleys. Their logo is a freehand drawing of...Read More About Cono Sur
(CHEE-lay) Long and thin, Chile has a lot of land north to south. The wine region here is a series of districts based near Santiago. The vineyards are protected by the Pacific on the west and the Andes mountains on the east. This could help explain why the climate changes more from east to west than north to south - also why the country has remained phylloxera free....Read More About Chile
Chardonnay (shar-dawn-AY) White Wine's Queen Bee Like Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay can grow just about anywhere. It adapts well to different soils and different climates. While frequently paired with California, its native home lies in the vineyards of Burgundy, France. The only major white grape of the region, Chardonnay is at its best on the rolling...Read More About Chardonnay
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Courtyard by Marriott Atlanta Downtown133 Carnegie Way, Atlanta, GA 30303 (Show map)
Score from 103 reviews
Simple, Elegant, Stylish. My wife was super impressed by the room. This is a trendy Hotel. We will stay at this hotel next time we go to Downtown Altanta.
Good location just next to Metro Marta. Cosy room.
City location and valet parking.
Turner, ACT
The front staff and the rooms
Very clean. Great staff especially valet parking team.
I loved that everything was within walking distance.
Everything, the staff went above and beyond. We needed directions and they stayed with us on the phone until we arrived. A very pleasant experience and hope to return soon.
Friendliness and courtesy by the staff
All the staff very friendly and very helpful!
Friendly, helpful staff. Great location for those attending trade shows at Americasmart
In downtown Atlanta and less than a 10 minute walk from Centennial Olympic Park, this hotel features an on-site bistro. Free Wi-Fi is provided in every room. A flat-screen TV and a refrigerator are found in each modern room at Courtyard by Marriott Atlanta Downtown. A work desk and tea- and coffee-making facilities are also included. Cafe Intermezzo serves international dishes and is open for breakfast, lunch and dinner. A large drinks list is also available. A fitness room and a business center are open to all guests of the Downtown Atlanta Courtyard. A laundromat and vending machines are available. The World of Coca-Cola and the Georgia Aquarium are both less than one mile from the hotel. The Georgia Dome is a 5 minute drive away. Hotel Rooms: 150, Hotel Chain: Courtyard by Marriott. The most recent booking for this hotel was made on Dec 13 at 1:31 PM from the United States.
ActivitiesNewspapers, Fitness Center Food & DrinkRestaurant, Bar InternetFree! Wi-Fi is available in all areas and is free of charge. Free! Wired internet is available in all areas and is free of charge. ParkingPrivate parking is available on site (reservation is not needed) and costs USD 25 per day. Public parking is available at a location nearby (reservation is not needed) and costs USD 30 per day. Public parking is available at a location nearby (reservation is not needed) and costs USD 2.50 per hour. Services24-Hour Front Desk, Express Check-in/Check-out, Baggage Storage, Meeting/Banquet Facilities, Business Center, Laundry, Dry Cleaning, Fax/Photocopying, Concierge Service, Vending Machine (Drinks), Vending Machine (Snacks) GeneralNon-smoking Rooms, Facilities for Disabled Guests, Elevator, Safe, Heating, Stores in Hotel, All Spaces Non-Smoking (Public and Private), Air Conditioning Check-inFrom 3:00 PM Check-outUntil 12:00 PM Cancellation/
Total Hotel Score:8.8
Based on 103 reviews Guest reviews are written by our customers after their stay at Courtyard by Marriott Atlanta Downtown. |
Score breakdown
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Simple, Elegant, Stylish. My wife was super impressed by the room. This is a trendy Hotel. We will stay at this hotel next time we go to Downtown Altanta.
Make sure you don't have to make any changes to your reservations. This Marriott will not partner with you to resolve your travel needs. Had it not been for the Booking.com professionals I would have been staying at two seperate hotels.
Good location just next to Metro Marta. Cosy room.
No breakfast included
The hotel staff is very friendly and will help you get to anywhere you would like to go. There is a younger gentleman that is valet. I swear that boy works all the time. Every single time we went down there he was there. We loved the location. It was close to everything and we walked mostly everywhere. I will say that the better walk would be down peachtree and through the park. Over all great place to stay. Would deff. Stay there again!!!
The first day we were there the motel maid never even came to our room. The other thing I didnt like we that the hotel starbucks personnel didnt even know how to make the drink properly. They had to ask me how to make it and then to top it off he asked me if I was going to pay with cash or card. I replied cash and he said "ugh ... well just give me $5 and we'll call it even because I dont know how to ring you up over here". Excuse umm no.
City location and valet parking.
Staff at this hotel are fantastic. Must be the friendliest and most customer focused I've encountered. On checking out we were served by Brian the Assistant General Manager and advised him we would be getting the matra (underground/metro) back to the airport later that day. Not only did he hold our bags for us but took us down to the station and showed us how to purchase the card, load it and then operate it. Whow! This level of customer service was throughout the hotel from the valets, bar staff to receptionists. It may only be rated as a 3* star hotel but it has 5 * service. Location is brilliant with all the main attractions within walking distance.
Having to leave!
The front staff and the rooms
Very clean. Great staff especially valet parking team.
The bed was extremely hard and my wife and I are still recuperating. Shower head location, couldn't turn it on with getting wet. Café was a bit pricey but not too bad.
I loved that everything was within walking distance.
I hated that we were cramped in that small hotel room. It was definitley not enough space in that room. Although this was a queen room, it should have had more walking space. Also, I would have liked lighting where the body mirror was. I also hated the fact that housekeeping had to be requested. We went on an enjoyable shopping spree and came back to the same mess we left. I personally worked at a hotel and we were required to do stay-overs, especially on the weekends, around eleven bc they are the easiest and most ppl are up and moving around and can let you know if anything is needed or they have left for a couple of hours...bed making or changing if needed, wipe downs, vaccum, trash, etc can takes less than 15 minutes (if you're really good housekeeper) then we would do check-outs by like 10 till noon bc most are empty.....
Loved it
Everything, the staff went above and beyond. We needed directions and they stayed with us on the phone until we arrived. A very pleasant experience and hope to return soon.
We loved everything about the Courtyard Marriott Atlanta! There was nothing to dislike.
Friendliness and courtesy by the staff
Construction detour made it difficult to get to the hotel
All the staff very friendly and very helpful!
Temporary-construction outside!
Friendly, helpful staff. Great location for those attending trade shows at Americasmart
Everything was wonderful
Cleanliness. Very helpful and pleasant staff.
Location. Rooms were uncomfortable. Too tight. Crack in bathroom door.
Neat, clean and courteous
everyone was very friendly and nice and very secure.
Just the parking issue.
It was very nice. Beautiful clean and friendly.
I called for my car and had to wait 30 minutes because the lady at front desk didn't let them know
Only desk chair in room, no shelf for cosmetics, could hear adjoining room shower and toilet, price extremely high during Final Four $1,800 for four days.
Hotel staff was extremely friendly, informative and helpful.
Overall everything was great.
The only reason I would not choose this hotel again is because of parking. There is 2 options: 1- valet parking which is $30.00 a night or 2- park around the corner in the parking garage for $30+. Either way you are paying at least $30 for parking.
The staff at this hotel are far above the norm. We were treated with courtesy from the moment we pulled up to the valet parking area until the time we checked out. Several of the staff remembered our names for the entire three days we were there. The food is great in the Bistro. You cannot beat the location of this hotel when staying in downtown Atlanta.
Not one thing.
Clean, comfortable modern room with friendly staff
Air conditioning fan cycled on and off throughout night. Light on desk would not rotate. Restaurant staff very unfriendly and cashier did not know how to make change. Bill was $8.10. I gave her $20 .25 and she was totally bewildered. She pulled out a calculator, fiddled with it for a while and then when I exchanged the quarter for a dime, she still had to use her calculator. Toast was not buttered and when requested butter, she went to back, returned and dropped two pieces of butter on the table without even looking at us.
Beautiful hotel located in Downtown atl close to major tourist attractions. Very helpful and friendly staff.
Lost reservation and poor room design. For $179 dollars p/night plus tax we expected our room to be much bigger than it was. In the bathroom, there was about a foot and a half space between the toilet and shower which made for a cramped potty experience.
Very nice hotel, friendly staff and great location!
The guest reviews express the personal opinions of Booking.com customers who filled out a questionnaire after their stay at the hotel. These opinions do not necessarily represent the views of Booking.com.
Hilton AtlantaEquipped with state-of-the-art amenities and services, and only 15 minutes from Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport, this hotel is ideally situated within walking distance to many downtown...Most recent booking for this hotel was today at 12:05 from $59 |
Holiday Inn Express & Suites - Atlanta DowntownCentrally located in downtown Atlanta, this hotel is a 5 minute walk to the CNN Center and Philips Arena. The hotel offers free Wi-Fi and a full hot breakfast.Most recent booking for this hotel was today at 09:00 from $82.95 |
Sheraton AtlantaIn downtown Atlanta, this Art Deco hotel features a hot tub, 24-hour fitness center, and 2 on-site restaurants. Guests are within 1 mile of the Georgia Aquarium and the World of Coco-Cola.Most recent booking for this hotel was today at 14:51 from $69 |


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Current Time 11:43:22am
Train bound for Coshocton leaves rails early Thursday morning
ZANESVILLE, Ohio -- A coal train headed for Coshocton derailed early Thursday morning near a Zanesville bridge.
The train, consisting of 54 cars, was carrying a load of coal from the Burr Oak Mine in Glouster to the AEP facility near Coshocton when the last seven cars left the tracks just before 6:00am Thursday. Len Wagner, Ohio Central Railroad manager, said that no injuries were reported, but that there was minor damage to the railroad tracks near the Veterans Memorial Bridge.
Wagner added that, after a day-long clean-up effort involving trucks and bulldozers, the train was returned to the tracks around 9:00pm Thursday. No other delays resulted from the derailment.
The cause of the derailment is not yet known, but Muskingum County Emergency Management Agency Director Bo Keck says his office is now investigating.
Z. Daniel Barnett
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text: Following the example of historic labels such as R&S Records or F Communications, Electronical Reeds does not wish to stop at one style or genre in electronic music but would rather offer a complete universe betting on, above all, the quality of the productions and not only on one sole genre. The label philosophy is that which has animated various founders throughout their respective course: an alliance between quality, fame and discovering young talents. Electronical Reeds aspires to be a meeting platform for current and future artists who unite in a common project with the means of promoting quality music for the people.


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Posts tagged Breaks
The Breakout Podcast 7
Breaks / Electro / Dubstep – In the Mix
Back with another selection of Breakbeat and Electro. This mix starts with some glitchy Electro riddims, progressing to some funky beats, uplifting Breaks and then getting dirty with some Dubstep rinsers.
Help support the podcast More >
The Breakout Podcast 6
This podcast contains a seriously catchy selection of breakbeat tunes mixed by myself (DJ Fett).
Set was recorded live and features some trancey/techno breaks that you just wont be able to keep from dancing to.
Scroll down for the More >
The Breakout Podcast 5.5
Hi Everyone,
Sorry its been so long since I released a podcast.
I'm working on a couple of fresh new mixes for you, but in the mean time please enjoy this recording from my CycloneRadio.co.uk Show.
Continue reading "The Breakout Podcast 5.5" »
More >The Breakout Podcast Episode 04
DJ Fett – The Breakout Podcast 04
I'm seeing out 2011 with this heavy Breaks / Electro set. As always the tracklist is below so if you want to get the tunes for your own DJ sets or just check out the artists other More >
The Breakout Podcast Episode 03
This is part of a mix I recorded a few years ago, back in the days when I was on pirate radio. Strictly vinyl tunes for this mix so they might be hard to get hold of now.
Get ready for the booty shaking More >
The Breakout Podcast Episode 02
Hey, whats up everyone?
DJ Fett here, thanks for tuning in to The Breakout Podcast. This episode is a mash up mix of some of this years grimiest Nu Skool Breaks and Electro tunes for ya ears.
The tracklist can be found below, just click More >
The Breakout Podcast Episode 01
Hi everyone welcome to the first episode of my new podcast showcasing the latest Breaks, Electro and Wonky/Fidget House tunes for Aug/Sept 2011 in a 40-45min mix. DJ Fett – The Breakout Podcast 01
Below you will find links to the tracks featured More >


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Most people who discuss the middle class of early modern London frame this discussion in terms of merchants, no other type of middle-class person coming readily to their minds. This narrow misconception should be dispelled in the course of this chapter but, for all that, merchants, defined as people trading overseas, were rather important and occupied a very special place in the upper ranks of the London middle class.
Merchants were singled out by contemporaries as a race apart from other members of the commercial world, their occupation being seen to have a certain nobility which distinguished it from the dross of shopkeeping and manufacturing. Even the snobbish Edward Chamberlayne acknowledged 'their great benefit to the publick, and . . . their great endowments and generous living', 'generous' of course meaning that they lived like the gentlemen that many claimed to be.[57] Merchants naturally encouraged this image, as did contemporary writers on trade, who were prepared to list an unbelievable range of qualities thought necessary for a 'perfect merchant'. 'He ought to be a good penman, a good arithmetician, and a good accountant', a master of several foreign languages, a good geographer, a skilful navigator and a superb judge of his fellow men, as well as knowing absolutely everything about the produce, habits, laws and trading customs 'of all forraign countries'. Whether many merchants were quite such polymaths is doubtful, but the image stuck. 'A merchant in his counting-house at once converses with all parts of the known world,' wrote Defoe. 'This, and travel, makes a true-bred merchant the most intelligent man in the world.'[58]
There were probably some 600 to 1000 full-time merchants in London in the later seventeenth century and perhaps as many people again were engaged in foreign trade on a part-time basis, investing in the occasional 'adventure' abroad or
trading overseas as an extension of their main home-based occupation.[59] Between them, the merchants proper owned much the biggest accumulation of wealth in London and individual merchants predominated amongst the city's richest men. However, there was a hierarchy in overseas trade as in most of the industries discussed in the last section and there was a huge difference in wealth between the richest merchants and the average. At the top, there were some ten or twenty veritable merchant princes, men who dominated the overseas trading world of their day and engaged in a variety of other economic activities, particularly finance, as well as very often playing a part in the political world. Their fortunes often overtopped the magic six-figure mark and there is one in our sample, Peter Vansittart, an immigrant from Danzig, who was worth over £120,000.[60] The only other men who could hope to leave such a fortune, apart from great landowners, would be top financiers and lawyers, a few doctors and the more unscrupulous public servants.
However, men like Vansittart were quite exceptional and it would be wrong to generalize about merchants on the basis of their richest representatives. Only one other merchant out of the forty-two in our sample had a fortune over £50,000 and a further seven left over £20,000. The median fortune was only £9050 and just over half the merchants had fortunes between £5000 and £15,000, which can be taken as a typical accumulation. This certainly meant that they were well off, but it does show that the typical merchant was not quite the plutocrat he is sometimes taken for.[61] The fortunes of the richer manufacturers came into the same range, as has been seen. So did those of wealthy wholesalers, as Table 2.2 overleaf demonstrates. Nevertheless, a career as a merchant was an attractive one, not least because you did not necessarily have to start with a very large capital. A typical career pattern involved several years abroad as a factor or commission agent for established London merchants, before returning home to trade from London, and the commissions thus earned formed a valuable addition to what capital had been raised from parents and relations.[62] Success in foreign trade however required that the young aspirant received the right training and made the right contacts and parents paid
heavily for their sons' apprenticeships to ensure that this would happen.
English foreign trade was organized in three main ways in our period. First, there were the joint-stock companies, of which the East India Company and the Royal African Company were the most important. These companies traded with a capital supplied by their equity-holders, supplemented by money borrowed on bond, and their charters gave them a monopoly of the trade with the Indian Ocean and West Africa respectively. The companies were run by a salaried staff at home and abroad, and were supervised by 'committees' or directors who were themselves usually merchants with many other interests.[63] Then there were the regulated companies, the most important being the Levant Company in the eastern Mediterranean, the Eastland Company in the Baltic and the Merchant Adventurers or Hamburg Company. These companies also had a monopoly of their particular area of trade, but did not operate a joint-stock. Merchants acquired the freedom of the companies on payment of a fee and supported the companies' running costs by a levy on their trade, but traded for their own and not for the companies' profit. The companies, in turn, enforced the monopoly, lobbied parliament if necessary, made rules for the conduct of trade and kept consuls and agents abroad to smooth the passage of the traders and to negotiate with the local rulers.[64] Both joint-stock and regulated companies were under virtually continuous attack as monopolies, and only the East India Company and the Levant Company of those mentioned survived throughout our period and even they had to face considerable challenge from 'interlopers' who traded illegally in their areas of monopoly.
English trade was thus becoming increasingly open to all-comers in the areas of former monopoly, as it was in most other parts of the world. Here, individual merchants or partnerships were free to trade as they wished, provided they observed the laws of England and of the countries to which they traded. One result of this freedom was that many more small men traded to such places as Spain, Portugal, France or Holland and to the English colonies in America, particularly in the earlier part of our period. However, there were economies to scale in overseas trade, as there were in many industries, and what evidence we
have suggests that, by the early eighteenth century, nearly every branch of English trade was being engrossed into fewer and fewer hands.[65] In the world of the merchants, as in that of the manufacturers, the small man was being squeezed out.
Most merchants at least started as specialists, confining themselves, for instance, to the wine trade and often a particular branch of the wine trade, or to the trade with the Baltic or the Levant, these 'Turkey traders' being almost a synonym for great wealth in the later seventeenth century. Such specialization made good sense, enabling the young man to know everything he needed to know about specialist products, the problems, laws and customs of trading with particular areas, the qualities of his competitors and foreign trading partners, and in general to get the best advantage of his training, which would have often involved the learning of one or more foreign languages.
However, it is clear from inventories that an initial specialization very often overflowed into considerable diversification. The basic form of the Levant trade, for instance, was an exchange of English broadcloth for Turkish and Syrian raw silk and many traders confined themselves to that, with the addition perhaps of some other English exports, such as lead, and a few other Levantine imports, such as cotton and dyestuffs. However, many Levant merchants traded also with Italy, North Africa and especially with Spain, an attractive business which provided cash in the form of pieces of eight, which in turn eased the problems of paying for their main return cargoes of raw silk. Some Levant merchants diversified much further. Some combined Mediterranean trade with re-export to Hamburg or the Baltic; some developed a West Indian business on the side. Some, like Sir Jonathan Dawes, who died in 1672 worth over £38,000, might still have a basic Levant trade at the heart of his business, but actually traded just about everywhere in the known world.[66]
The same patterns can be seen in every other trading area. The Baltic posed a problem for the merchant, since it was unable to absorb very large quantities of English exports, and many traders specialized almost entirely in imports from one particular area, such as John Ferney whose business was devoted to the import of iron and pitch from Sweden. But the
very nature of such an unbalanced trade encouraged diversification. Some merchants engaged in a clandestine trade with the Spanish colonies to provide them with a flow of cash to pay for their Baltic imports. Others financed their Baltic trade through re-export of Asian, Mediterranean or American goods, as did Peter Vansittart, who traded in all three.[67]
The main business of traders to America and the West Indies, the fastest growing section of English overseas trade,[68] was the import of sugar and tobacco in exchange for what was called a 'sortable cargo', a mixed cargo of textiles, clothing, metal goods and furniture, wines, spirits and beer, re-exports of Asian goods and anything else 'that may furnish the tradesman there with parcels fit to fill their shops and invite their customers'.[69] However, these sugar and tobacco merchants diversified like everybody else, often into the slave trade from Africa, a logical direction in which to move since the planters who supplied them with their exports were always complaining that the Royal African Company, the official monopolists, did not deliver sufficient slaves. They also engaged in re-export of their wares to Europe, since England was unable to absorb all of the increasingly large imports, a process which could lead to the sugar or tobacco merchant becoming a Baltic merchant as well.[70]
These merchants also acted as agents or factors for the planters, selling their goods on commission and providing many other services. They lent money to the planters by allowing them to draw on them for cash, they searched out delicacies unobtainable in the colonies, looked after the planters' children, lobbied parliament and provided information for the Board of Trade which might further their own interests and those of the plantations. Such services played a vital role in linking together the far-flung parts of the English trading empire and were by no means confined to the American trade. 'Most merchants are factors for one another in this shape and reckon it the most certain, though not the most profitable part of their business.' The factorage business and hence the general efficiency of the London market was helped by the large numbers of foreign merchants who settled in London in the late seventeenth century. This influx of Huguenots, Jews, Dutchmen, Germans and merchants like Vansittart from the Baltic was to give the
mercantile community that cosmopolitan quality that it has had ever since. Their presence in London also signalled the fact that England had now finally arrived as a trading nation.[71]
Shipowning was another important activity in which merchants engaged. Most ships were owned by syndicates, the commonest share held by an individual being one-sixteenth or one-thirty-second for the really large ships. Shares could be sold or mortgaged and so provided a useful liquid asset, and merchants were much the commonest owners of shares, followed by mariners and people engaged in shipbuilding or the supply of equipment, who often accepted shares in lieu of payment. Few people could be described as shipowners pure and simple, for it was rare to invest a high proportion of one's fortune in such an expensive and risky asset, liable to become a total loss in a storm or to capture by privateers in wartime.[72]
Ships could of course be insured and marine insurance was another activity in which merchants played a prominent role, most underwriters being merchants. Other pursuits included finance and the management of the trading companies, while some merchants had domestic interests in wholesaling, manufacturing or property on top of their overseas business. A few even had retail interests, though most contemporaries thought it beneath the dignity of a merchant to keep shop.[73] Most merchants, then, were busy as well as prosperous men. They were also employers of large numbers of subordinates: warehousemen to manage their extensive storage space, factors overseas and apprentices, clerks and book-keepers in their counting-houses, the equivalent of the modern office.[74]
The hub of the London mercantile world was the Royal Exchange, where merchants trading to different regions each had their separate walks, 'the place where the merchants assemble every day to transact business'.[75] Here was the place to seal a bargain, to charter a ship, to fix up an insurance. Here was the place for gossip, news and advice about the myriad byways of the English trading world. The Exchange was also the place where merchants were likely to meet wholesalers, a vitally important middle-class group who have been very little studied by historians.[76] Some London wholesalers doubled as overseas merchants, retailers or manufacturers, but their main function in the English economy was to make London work as an
entrepôt, acting as middlemen between merchants and manufacturers, between merchants and shopkeepers and, above all, between the great market of London and the provinical traders, who so depended on the metropolis both as a market for their goods and as the source of supply for those other goods which were not available in their vicinity. The wholesalers, in short, acted as the pump which, in Defoe's metaphor, circulated England's blood to and from the heart that was the metropolis.[77]
Most wholesalers specialized as middlemen in the market for a particular product.[78] One group of these specialists has already been mentioned, the Blackwell Hall Factors who acted as intermediaries in the cloth trade, selling cloth made in the provinces on commission to exporting merchants and to the London woollen-drapers, another important wholesaling group.[79] They also supplied the clothiers with raw materials, such as oil and wool, and were often rich enough to give credit to clothier and cloth exporter or draper alike, thus providing an invaluable service to England's largest industry. Such a business obviously favoured the man with a big capital, as indeed was true of every wholesale trade, and as a result the number of factors shrank from about fifty in the late seventeenth century to just a few very wealthy men half a century later. The Gentlemen's Magazine summed up the position in 1739: 'The Blackwell-Hall factor, originally but the servant of the maker, is now become his master, and not only his, but the wool-merchant's and draper's too.'[80]
Few importing merchants dealt directly with the final users or consumers of their wares, preferring to sell in bulk to a wholesaler and so turn over their trading capital more rapidly. There were, as a result, specialist wholesalers in every major import trade. One group were the silkmen, who combined dealing in imported raw silk with silk-throwing, selling the final yarn to weavers in London and the provinces.[81] Leather-sellers performed a similar function, dealing in hides and skins, which they often had dressed before selling them to glovers and other manufacturers.[82] Then there were the linen-drapers, who bought cotton textiles at the quarterly sales of the East India Company and linen from merchants who specialized in its import, sometimes organizing the finishing of the cloth before selling to retailers in London and provincial towns and also to
salesmen called 'Manchester men' who travelled all over the country.[83] In the imported food trades, there were the wholesale grocers, who, together with the refiners, were the main purchasers of the sugar retained on the home market, and the wholesale tobacconists, who acted as intermediaries between the importers and the retail tobacco shops, men like Sir Richard and Francis Levett, who had a working capital of between £30,000 and £40,000 in 1705 and traded on a bigger scale than any of the merchants from whom they bought tobacco.[84]
The supply of food to London provided opportunities for many other specialist middlemen, who made a mockery of a large body of ancient statute law which said that farmers were supposed to sell direct to housewives or bakers in the market.[85] A few wealthy farmers did bring their grain to market or at least sold it in London through commission agents, but most grain consumed in the metropolis was sold by wholesalers, who 'buy the corn even in the barn before it is thresh'd, nay sometimes they buy it in the field standing, not only before it is reap'd but before it is ripe'.[86] Many groups competed for the profits to be made out of London's huge imports of grain, flour and malt—corn-factors, who bought as described above or sold on commission for farmers and country wholesalers; jobbers, who were speculators pure and simple; mealmen and rich bakers, who competed for the flour market; and millers and maltsters, who bought and sold grain as well as processing it. Carriers also developed functions as wholesalers in addition to their basic role—the bargemasters of the Thames and Lea valleys, the Kentish hoymen, and the carters and waggoners, of whom a writer complained in 1718, 'They having, by their quick and frequent passing and repassing between Town and Country, a better opportunity of knowing how the markets are likely to rise and fall; and by these means they draw off a considerable, though a very unjust gain out of all provisions of this kind.'[87]
Londoners did not live on bread alone; indeed, according to John Houghton, they were consuming 88,400 beeves and 600,000 sheep a year in the 1690s, or about one beef animal for every family and just over a sheep a head. They also consumed large numbers of pigs, some of which were bred on the spot and fed on the city's waste or on the mash left over in the breweries.
Naturally enough, there were wholesalers in these meat trades as well, in this case the 'carcase butchers', who bought the live animals from drovers and graziers and were often major graziers themselves, using their own pasture land to fatten the beasts which they had bought 'at the town's end'.[88] The other major wholesalers in the food trades were the cheesemongers, who dealt in both cheese and butter. These men kept factors in the dairying regions to buy at fairs or direct from the farmers, and they owned most of the vessels which shipped cheese and butter coastwise to London. Some of them ran very big businesses, such as Abraham Daking, who, in 1733, sold about one-fifth of all the butter traded on the London market in addition to a very large cheese business.[89]
The biggest, or at least the bulkiest, of all London's import trades was that in coal, which was averaging nearly a ton per head of London's population in our period.[90] Nearly all of this was shipped from Northumberland, Durham and the east coast of Scotland, passing through the hands of several middlemen on its journey from the pits to the Thames, by which time it was usually the property of the owners of the colliers, the shipmasters acting as travelling merchants. It was then sold to the London wholesale coal merchants, who broke the cargoes down into smaller lots to sell either direct to manufacturers or the wealthier private users or to the retailers or small-coal-men who hawked the fuel to the final consumers.[91]
London may have got its food and fuel from the provinces, but it sent plenty back in return, the metropolis supplying provincial industry with much of its raw materials and provincial shops and travelling chapmen with their stock in trade. Such goods might be purchased direct from the warehouses of the London wholesalers, from servants travelling on behalf of London firms, from factors established in provincial towns or at the country fairs which still flourished in our period. The historian of Nottingham described how, in the late seventeenth century, the local shopkeepers 'depended upon the great annual Martin-mass Fair at Lenton, a village about a mile distant from Nottingham, where they used to buy their mercers, drapers, grocers, and all sorts of goods they wanted, brought thither by the Londoners'.[92]
The greatest fair of all was that held in September at
Stourbridge, outside Cambridge. Defoe, who describes it in his Tour, was especially impressed with the 'wholesalemen, from London, and all parts of England, who transact their business wholly in their pocket-books, and meeting their chapmen from all parts, make up their accounts, receive money chiefly in bills, and take orders. These they say exceed by far the sales of goods actually brought to the fair, and deliver'd in kind; it being frequent for the London wholesale men to carry back orders from their dealers for ten thousand worth of goods a man, and some much more.' The debt-collecting aspect of the fairs was particularly important and is reflected in inventories, such as in that of the wholesale tobacconist, Francis Levett, where debts collected at Lenton, Gainsborough, Boston, Beverley and Houlden Fairs are listed.[93]
'You cannot go to a shopkeeper of any note in the remotest town in England, but he holds some correspondence at London,' wrote Defoe, 'or else he must be a mean tradesman, that buys his goods of some of his better furnish'd neighbours, and they buy at London. . . . As all these country tradesmen buy at London, so they are all in debt at London more or less.' The truth of Defoe's observation is only too apparent when we look at the names and addresses of the creditors of provincial bankrupts. In the years 1711–15, for instance, 154 provincial bankrupts from 41 English and Welsh counties were sued by Londoners. Nearly four-fifths of the debtors were retailers of textiles, food, drink or tobacco and three-quarters of the creditors were wholesale distributors of these same products, linen-drapers, mercers and haberdashers being the commonest of the London creditors.[94]
These London wholesalers were the creditors not just of provincial but also of London shopkeepers, the next group of metropolitan traders who will be considered. Shopkeepers, indeed all retailers, were seen as rather lowly creatures in the social hierarchy, above the 'lusty mechanicks or handy-craftsmen' but below the 'whole-sale-men' and in a completely different social world from the 'merchants of forrein traffick'. This did not seem to worry the young men of our period, for retailing was seen to be 'an easy life and thence many are induced to run into it', with the result that shopkeepers formed one of the larger groups in the middle station.[95] Many writers
thought it too easy a life and complained that too many young men were being drawn into retailing by the generous credit offered by wholesalers. Shopkeepers certainly were vulnerable in a world that expected long retail credit and well-stocked shops but, for all that, most retailers made a respectable living. There are, for example, twenty-nine shopkeepers in our sample who could be described as haberdashers. Two died insolvent, another left only £20 and a further ten under £1000. All the rest left over £1000, three of whom were mainly wholesalers and left over £10,000. It may have been 'an easy life' but, for most who tried it, the life was not an unprofitable one.[96]
There had been shops in London since the middle ages, but it is really only in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries that shops and shopping as we understand them came of age. This was mainly a function of the growth of the market and the separation of retailing from manufacture, which was discussed in the last section when considering such people as pewterers and ironmongers. Many people did still buy goods from the 'shop' at the front of industrial premises; many bought goods from wholesalers or from merchants. However, for most articles, except for food bought in the markets, it was the normal practice by the late seventeenth century to go to a well-stocked shop and there to bargain with a specialist retailer for their purchase.
The appearance of the shop was altering in line with its development as a specialized retail outlet. Some of the early shops were little more than stalls or sheds encroaching on to the pavements at the front of houses. Such ramshackle structures survived at the bottom end of the retail business, but the permanent shop occupying the ground floor of a house was becoming the norm. Some of these had very little depth and customers were served through the open window, over which a hinged shutter or awning offered protection from the weather. Others, probably the majority by the end of the seventeenth century, were fully enclosed shops with glazed windows through which the prospective customer could admire the choicer goods on offer before being stampeded by the shopkeeper or his apprentice standing at the door.
Mercers, drapers and high-class haberdashers had the smartest shops. Joseph Floyd, a mercer of Milk Street, had what was
quite a common arrangement, a front shop lined with wainscotting and a back shop (often called a warehouse) separated by an arch. The shop furniture included leather chairs for his customers to sit on, looking-glasses in which they could admire themselves, several presses and chests to hold his stock, shelves, counters and twenty 'specklewood' ells and yards with which to measure out the silks and stuffs which he sold.[97] A good idea of the interior of such shops can be seen from the fine engravings which sometimes illustrate the trade-cards of high-class retailers.[98] These enable one to see that London shops could be attractive places in which to pass the time. They looked indeed very like the high-class drapers' shops familiar to our grandparents, though the absence of gaslight or electricity made for gloomy interiors, and the dangers of being fooled when buying things by candlelight form a recurring theme in the literature of the period. These mercers' and drapers' shops were, however, decidedly up-market and most London shops were fairly chaotic places, with floor, shelves and counters all overflowing with packets and parcels containing a little of this and a little of that. Many shops were subdivided, such as that of Sarah Kellett, milliner, whose shop-goods were 'on one side of the shop only' and Edith Clarke, hosier, who traded 'on the other side of the said shop'.[99]
If a haberdasher is defined as 'a dealer in small articles appertaining to dress, as thread, tape, ribbons etc.', in other words as someone who is virtually synonymous with a milliner, then haberdashers were much the commonest type of shop in London, apart from food and drink outlets. Many of them specialized in particular branches of the trade and so were known as threadmen, ribbon-sellers and the like, but nobody specialized so much that they did not overlap not only with every other haberdasher but also with what were usually thought of as completely different trades, such as mercers, drapers, paper-sellers, jewellers or those sellers of fancy metal, ivory and horn goods known as toymen. Thomas Pead, for instance, specialized in thread, tape and ribbon, and sold most other sorts of haberdashery, but he also sold paper, playing cards, primers and hornbooks, all of which pertained to the bookseller's trade.[100] Total concentration on any one type of product was in fact fairly unusual. Mercers sold chess-boards
and looking-glasses, as well as silk fabrics; jewellers sold lace as well as jewellery. Some dealers traded in an amazing variety of goods. Thomas Oldham, a member of the Girdlers' Company, sold whips, canes, sticks, spurs, powder and drinking horns, knives, forks, scissors, combs, chess and backgammon men, leashes, hawking bags and other equipment for hawking and cock-fighting such as collars, swives and heel spurs . . . as well, surprisingly, as girdles. It was, perhaps, too varied a stock to bode well for, when he died in 1672 aged thirty, he was insolvent.[101]
Much of the Londoner's food was bought in the markets, the City proper being especially well served after the Fire, when new and better arranged central markets were built.[102] Much was also bought from the great army of mainly female hawkers who roamed the streets of the city and suburbs selling bread, meat, fish, fruit and vegetables, much of it carried in baskets on their heads. However, there were also large numbers of food shops—butchers, bakers, cheesemongers and, commonest of all, the chandlers, who dealt 'in all things necessary for the kitchen in small quantities' and thus were the main resort of the poor, who would buy here in pennyworths what their wealthier neighbours might buy from more specialist food retailers.[103]
Finally, there were the salters and grocers, the grocers concentrating almost entirely on imported goods and selling more or less what one would expect them to sell. Samuel Hayward had a typical stock in his City shop when he died in 1700. His main lines were sugar, molasses and raisins of various kinds, but he also sold figs, prunes, dates, rice and virtually the whole range of oriental spices.[104] He also sold tobacco, as did nearly all grocers and many other types of shop, though there were also specialist tobacconists, in many of which one could smoke the weed in the shop's pipes. Tea and coffee, which later became part of the normal stock of grocers, were usually handled by specialist dealers or sold from coffee-houses in these early days.
Grocers were quite distinct from salters, who dealt in 'wet goods' and also in a range of other things related to the chandler's and hardware trades. A typical salter's stock would include oil, salt, vinegar, soap, anchovies, capers, cucumbers
and olives.[105] Many also sold bacon and ham. John Pott of Cornhill had a very smart business, stocking the very finest Florentine and Genoese olive oil, caviar, mangoes, samphire, pickled mushrooms and walnuts, as well as the normal range of salter's wares. No wonder he included the Archbishop of Canterbury and Brasenose College amongst his customers. Other salters kept a line in such household necessities as brooms, blacking, bedcord and string, thus gradually merging into other trades such as hardware dealers and suppliers of the specialized requirements of fishermen and gardeners.[106]
Nearly all these shopkeepers needed to borrow money to run their businesses and this section concludes by looking at where they were likely to get it from. Our period is sometimes described as the Financial Revolution, what one might call the first 'Big Bang', a description which normally refers to the revolution in public finance which started in the 1690s and saw the founding of the Bank of England and the creation of a long-term national debt, developments which were to make it much easier for the government to borrow money and so win wars.[107] The same decade sees a rash of company promotion and the development of a fledgling stock exchange, complete with jobbers and brokers, whose ability to manipulate the market made them a much-hated race. Meanwhile, ever since the 1630s, there had been an expansion in the provision of banking services in the city.
Two main groups competed for this work. Probably the first to develop were the scriveners, a very active group whose original work had been the writing of bonds and other legal documents, work which placed them in a good position to put borrowers in touch with lenders and so earn a 'procuration' for the introduction, such commissions earning the scrivener some two to five per cent of the sum lent.[108] But scriveners did much more than this, as can be seen from the papers of Paul Wicks.[109] He wrote all sorts of bonds, mortgages and other legal documents to do with property, such as conveyances. He introduced his customers to people who wanted to borrow money on bond or mortgage, collected the interest and attended the law-courts should litigation ensue. He bought and sold houses, drew up leases and managed London property for clients, collecting rents, seeing to repairs and dealing with recalcitrant tenants.
He acted as the man of business for people in the country, receiving their rents, collecting their pay if they held a government office, paying their bills and carrying out a wide variety of other commissions. The relative importance of such activities obviously varied from scrivener to scrivener. Some did little more than draw up legal writings for a fee. Some specialized in estate agent business. Some were virtually bankers.
In this last respect, the scriveners were competing with the goldsmith-bankers, a 'new fashioned' tribe who had been growing up since the Civil War.[110] The ordinary work of the goldsmith was to fashion articles out of gold or more often silver, make jewellery and deal in coins, jewels and precious metals. What was happening in the middle of the seventeenth century was that some of the wealthier goldsmiths were taking in deposits of cash and precious metals from their customers, initially because their premises offered good facilities for safe keeping, an activity which led them into the business of lending out this idle money, so that soon they became true deposit bankers. The receipts issued by the bankers for deposits operated as a sort of bank note and, at the same time, an infant cheque system grew up, a simple written order to the banker being sufficient for payment to a third party. Meanwhile, the banker lent out the money deposited with him in order to make his profit. In 1677, the first London directory listed forty-four goldsmiths who kept 'running cashes' or, in other words, allowed their customers the drawing and chequeing arrangements discussed above. By 1725, bankruptcy, death, retirement and consolidation had reduced the number of private banks in London to twenty-four, which was probably a more realistic number for the business available.[111]
Banks and banking tend to attract the attention of historians, because of their modern importance. However, they never dominated the financial world of our period as they were to do later. Most people who wanted to borrow money did so in fact from some sort of money-lender rather than a banker.[112] The commonest type was the pawnbroker, dealing mainly with the poor and advancing money on a variety of pawns, mostly of low value. Such businesses were very necessary in the London of our period, when few people had a regular income and when many of the working population might expect to be unemployed
for several months of the year. Loans were not simply used for consumption purposes but also as a source of working capital for small-scale handicraftsmen and for hawkers, 'such as persons who cry fish, fruit or other wares . . . to purchase the several commodities they deal in'. Some idea of the return to pawnbroking is given in a pamphlet of 1706, which claimed that pawnbrokers 'commonly take six pence in the pound per month for what they lend upon pawns, which is 30 per cent per annum' and that they rarely lent more than a quarter or a third of the value deposited. The rates on very low value pledges were even higher, a witness in 1745 saying that 'for every pledge of the value of is. he took a 1/2d. per calendar month' or 50 per cent per annum, good business when the maximum legal rate of interest was supposed to be five per cent.[113]
A rather more respectable business was that run by the money-lender, who lent in larger amounts against paper securities, a common business for the men of the middle station. Nathaniel Axtell, for instance, who died in 1672 worth over £7000, was a member of the Vintners' Company but the only wine in his household was for his own consumption. All his assets, apart from domestic goods and cash, were in advances made from his own capital. His liabilities totalled a mere £126, of which £100 consisted of legacies owing to his children from their grandmother.[114] Money-lending did not of course need to be the citizen's only activity and we can find many examples of businessmen who combined a very considerable degree of money-lending (and other forms of investment) with their everyday business. Men of any occupation at any time in their life-cycle might decide to do this, since money-lending at five or six per cent might well seem as good a prospect as selling cheese or linen. There was, however, a tendency for men to lend out more of their assets as they got older, many men in their fifties and sixties being effectively retired, with all their assets in loans or investments and no sign of any former trading or manufacturing activities in their inventories. It is also possible to discern various groups who were particularly inclined to lend out a large proportion of their assets, however old they were. Widows were one such group, many of them having no practical business skills and thus relying for their incomes on the interest which they could earn by investing or lending out their former
husband's business assets, often using a scrivener as intermediary. The other main group were the professional people whose earnings were mainly in fees and perquisites and who had no need to plough back those earnings into a stock in trade.[115]
The men in commerce considered in this section probably represented the largest section of the middle class. Some idea of the relative wealth and the variety of occupations of the people in this group can be seen in Table 2.2 on p.36, which can be compared with Table 2.1 (p.32), where the wealth of the manufacturers was shown.[116] The table certainly makes clear the dominance of the merchants amongst the wealthy members of London's commercial class, no less than sixteen out of the twenty-five people who left over £10,000 being overseas traders.[117] However, what the table also shows and what I hope has been made clear in this section is that many wholesalers were in very much the same financial class as the average merchant, even if few were numbered in the really top ranks with fortunes over, say, £20,000. Historians have begun to realize that inland trade was rather important in early modern England; what they need to do now is to find out rather more about the inland traders who drove this commerce.


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Big League Stew
The Walk-Off: Baseball enjoys record profits in 2013; Yankees hit with huge luxury tax bill
Mike Oz at Big League Stew12 hrs agoThe Walk-Off is your end-of-the-day collection of news and gossip from the world of baseball, plus the best of the blogosphere and other assorted goodness.
MONEY: Major League Baseball enjoyed record revenues in 2013, topping $8 billion for the first time. That's enough money for at least eight beers at an MLB game. [Forbes]
MO' MONEY: The Yankees got their luxury tax bill for 2013 — $28 million. Or, in other words, what they also paid Alex Rodriguez. That's a lot of wasted money. [Yahoo Sports]
GOOD READ: Baseball is praised for its proactive approach to protect players from concussions, writes Jeff Passan. [Yahoo Sports]
Japan's Masahiro Tanaka edges TV chefs in wacky strike-throwing contest
David Brown at Big League Stew16 hrs agoHat tip to Patrick Newman of NBP Tracker for keeping watch on the Masahiro Tanaka front. There's no resolution to his posting status yet, despite what media outlet Sanspo reported in Japan on Monday. He wants to pitch here, but Rakuten, his team in Japan, is hesitant to let him go because of the $20 million cap in fees it would receive if a Major League Baseball team signs him. It has not granted him permission as we said Sanspo said. So, while we wait to see if Tanaka coming to North America this offseason, we can entertain ourselves with seemingly random TV appearances Tanaka has made at home.
He appears to have a fun personality, particularly in the video above from the TV variety show "SMAPxSMAP," in which he competes against chefs in a strike-throwing contest. No #spoilers, but let's just say the contest, surprisingly, goes down to the last toss probably because Tanaka was putting a lot of pressure on himself to beat a collection of chefs.
Is a Santa costume cursing New York Mets players?
Mike Oz at Big League Stew16 hrs agoYou know the "The Madden Curse," but do you know the perhaps the weirdest sports curse of all?
The Santa costume owned by the New York Mets is hexed. Wear it — as Daniel Murphy did Tuesday at the team's annual children's Christmas party — and only grief will ensue. A different player wears it each year, and the following season something bad happens to him. This goes all the way back to 2004 and only one player has escaped the jinx.
Grant Balfour brings his rage to Baltimore after agreeing to $15 million deal with Orioles
Mike Oz at Big League Stew17 hrs agoGet ready to rage, Baltimore.
The Baltimore Orioles have agreed to a two-year deal with pitcher Grant Balfour to become their new closer. He'll make $15 million total — $7 million per year, plus $500,000 deferred from each season. Roch Kubatko of MASNSports.com was first to report the deal was done. Balfour and the O's had been linked for the past week.
Balfour, 35, is an Australian who saved 38 games last season for the Oakland Athletics. He had a 2.59 ERA in 62.2 innings. Last year was his first as a full-time closer, though he did close for the A's some in 2012. He blew only five saves the past two seasons. Throughout his 10-year career, he has an ERA of 3.27.
A-Rod reportedly close to a deal for a 'tell-all' book about his battle with MLB
Mike Oz at Big League Stew18 hrs agoFrom the stranger than fiction category: Embattled New York Yankees star Alex Rodriguez is reportedly close to signing a book deal to write a tell-all about his battle with Major League Baseball. According to The New York Post's Page Six gossip column, HarperCollins and Random House are two of the publishers in a bidding war for A-Rod's book "about his battle to stay on the field" amid PED allegations.
It would be A-Rod's second turn as an author. He wrote "Out of the Ballpark," a kid's book, which was released in 2007. It's anybody's guess which will have more substance. But this literary adventure would be much less about selling A-Rod's celebrity to kids, and way more about sending A-Rod further down the path to becoming the next Jose Canseco.
Brian Roberts and the New York Yankees, made for each other
Mike Oz at Big League Stew19 hrs agoThe New York Yankees needed a second baseman to replace Robinson Cano. Free agent Brian Roberts needed a team that wouldn't mind signing an oft-injured, ex-All Star who recently turned 36 and hit .231 in limited action the past three seasons. Honestly, could you find a better match?
Thus, the Yankees have signed Roberts to a one-year contract worth $2 million, proving that either the team can't deny what it has become — a team of old injured ex-stars — or it's just trolling baseball bloggers now.
Addison Reed also played for Diamondbacks 15 years ago — in Little League
David Brown at Big League Stew1 day agoLittle did Addison Reed realize that, when he woke up Monday morning in sunny San Diego, he would be spending his last few moments with the Chicago White Sox. Reed was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks for third base prospect Matt Davidson and said the transaction came as a surprise to him.
But that doesn't meed Reed was unprepared.
Later in the day, Reed ran to his memorabilia closet and dug out photos from 1998 — when he was 9 years old — and showed the world on Twitter that he already had played for the Diamondbacks in the Vineyard Little League of Etiwanda, Calif.
Psychic Little League experiences — on the next "Maury."
It would be one thing if Reed had played for another Little League team like the Cubs, Yankees or even the White Sox, but the D-backs were an expansion team in Major League Baseball back in '98. Their major league uniforms were hot off the assembly line, so these Little Leaguers were really ahead of the curve, all dressed in purple and black like tiny Matt Williams, Jay Bell and Andy Benes.
The Walk-Off: Greg Maddux might be only new Hall of Famer, expert says
David Brown at Big League Stew1 day agoThe Walk-Off is your end-of-the-day collection of news and gossip from the world of baseball, plus the best of the blogosphere and other assorted goodness.
ONE AND DONE: Hall of Fame election prognosticator extraordinaire Bill Deane says that Greg Maddux and Greg Maddux alone will be elected to Cooperstown by voters in the BBWAA. No Tom Glavine, no Craig Biggio, no Frank Thomas, no Jack Morris (in his final attempt). He also predicts Mike Mussina will barely get a big enough vote (7 percent) to stay on the ballot. Let's hope he's off on Mussina, who had a better career than Glavine. Results are announced Jan. 8. [Baseball Past and Present]
YOUR MONEY'S NO GOOD HERE: Right-hander Gavin Floyd signed a one-year deal with the Atlanta Braves for $4 million plus $4.5 million more in incentives. In doing so, he reportedly turned down a $20 million offer, plus incentives, from his hometown(ish) Baltimore Orioles. Floyd is about seven months removed from Tommy John surgery. [Dan Connolly]
Masahiro Tanaka gets consent from Japan to be posted for MLB after agreement on rules
David Brown at Big League Stew1 day agoStep right up, any Major League Baseball teams willing to put up $20 million just to negotiate with pitching star Masahiro Tanaka of Japan. Not long after MLB and Nippon Professional Baseball finalized agreement on new posting rules, Tanaka was given consent from his ownership to leave for North America if he wishes. And it's believed that he does wish it.
Dylan Hernandez of the Los Angeles Times (who is fluent in three languages, including Japanese), read about it at Sanspo:
Sanspo: Rakuten owner Hiroshi Mikitani will allow Masahiro Tanaka to come to the major leagues this winter http://t.co/9pvPZpJuE1
— Dylan Hernandez (@dylanohernandez) December 16, 2013
Oakland Athletics owner dislikes possible stadium site because of 'toxic waste'
David Brown at Big League Stew1 day agoRenderings of a new $500 million Oakland Athletics ballpark to be built at the Howard Terminal of the Port of Oakland look really pretty. The sketches actually resemble what the San Francisco Giants have at AT&T Park across the Bay, plus some gigantic shipping cranes. Even the kayakers look baseball-ready. Is the vision being touted by high-profile developers too good to be true for the A's, who desperately need a new ballpark before someone flushes a toilet at O.co Coliseum again?
Probably, says owner Lew Wolff:
To call Wolff skeptical of the Howard Terminal idea, however, would be an understatement. "It would be easier to build on Treasure Island," he told us.
"All I care about is getting a new home for the A's in the best possible circumstances - and under any circumstances, Howard Terminal would be as close to impossible as anything," Wolff said.


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Schaldemose Christel (Member)
Cristel Schaldemose is a Member of the European Parliament from the Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament.
She currently is a Member of the Committee on Budgetary Control and the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection, and a Substitute on the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development.
She joined the European Alzheimer's Alliance in 2008.
Last Updated: jeudi 22 octobre 2009


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Chef and Cook Celebrate Valentine's Day
For Valentine's Day, Chef (that would be my husband) and Cook (that would be me) decided to spend the lover's holiday at home. We both adore the kitchen and decided on a four-course dinner. Flipping coins for the courses, he pulled the starter and meat course, I, pasta and dessert.
Posted in Baking, Cooking, Dining, Pasta, Vegetables, Wining • 9 Comments »


text:
Customizing SMF > Building Your Community and other Forum Advice
Standard SMF Footer Text
I'm creating a forum that will have a custom layout, themes, images and logos (very minimalistic).
I'm wanting to amend the footer text and need advice as to whether it is acceptable.
The current footer is:
SMF 2.0.2 | SMF © 2011, Simple Machines
I wish to change it to:
my-T3 © 2012
powered by Simple Machines
Is this OK?
Grumpy Old Sod:
--- Quote ---SMF 2.0.2 | SMF © 2011, Simple Machines
--- End quote ---
This part of the Copyright is not to be removed.
Note if you do so then support can be refused.
I don't know about the legal info but I'd leave the rss link or put somewhere else on the forum.
I'm concerned primarily with the page attributing copyright to Simple Machines with the footer in its current form. Simple Machines can by all means maintain its rights to the code, but the content and other aspects are difficult for site owners to protect in it's current form without adding a legal page (which I'm trying avoid).
I appreciate this is open source and credit should be acknowledged to Simple Machines, but a site owner can not claim any rights to ownership or copyright of content/design (not SMF code). Hence why I was hoping it could be changed to my proposed.
I hope this explains my request a little better...
Why not use something like:
SMF 2.0.2 | SMF © 2011, Simple Machines
Content © my-T3 2012
That'll cover everything, wouldn't it?
[0] Message Index
[#] Next page
Go to full version


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This room has a double bed of 160 cm x 190 cm and is decorated with hearts. Everywhere are little details according to the theme of this room. A romantic room with an 'baldacchino' over the bed. From the balcony with a little table and two comfortable chairs our guests have a view over the valley, the river, the acquaduct and the village Perinaldo on the other side of the valley. The bathroom has a shower.
Per night 98 euro, breakfast buffet included.
Apricus Locanda
Via IV Novembre 5
18035 Apricale
(IM) Italia
Cell:(0039) 3396008622
(0039) 3397963193


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Southeast Iowa
Viral video: 4-year-old moved to tears over too much election talk
A 4-year-old girl from Colorado tells her mother she's tired of hearing about "Bronco Bamma and Mitt Romney." Elizabeth Evans told ABC News that her daughter, Abigael, had been listening to election coverage on NPR in the car after daycare when she got upset.
Video |
- Southeast Iowa
How to care for a cut Christmas tree
Cut Christmas trees must be watered and kept hydrated to last through the holidays and to prevent them from becoming fire hazards. This includes small tabletop trees.
Lighted Christmas Parade brings out spirit of the season
Cold temperatures didn't keep people away from Oskaloosa's annual holiday parade.
Cobbins murder appeal rejected
The Iowa Court of Appeals has ruled there was "a wealth of circumstantial evidence" that Terry Cobbins, Jr., killed Teresa Miller in 2011.
- No White House meeting on Medicaid for Branstad DES MOINES, Iowa (AP) — Gov. Terry Branstad is not scheduled to meet with President Barack Obama to discuss Iowa's low income health care proposal. Spokesman Tim Albrecht says Obama and White House officials did not grant Branstad's request for a mee
- Face of a food champion: Bob Newell Bob Newell worked at private clubs, city clubs, hospitals, retirement centers, colleges and restaurants before becoming executive chef at the Rathbun Lakeshore Grille in Honey Creek Resort State Park in southern Iowa. This allows him to fulfill a dre
- Fewer meals for monarchs OTTUMWA — If you enjoy watching the migration of the monarch butterfly, you might be out of luck. Nature researchers say even everyday butterfly watchers are noticing a massive decrease in the number of monarchs they see. Alicia Houk teaches environm
- Eldon rich with holiday happenings ELDON — There are a slew of holiday happenings going on around Eldon over the next few days that will surely keep anyone in the holiday spirit. This weekend is bound to be one of the busiest for those around Eldon, with all of the fun kicking off on
Galeazzi on quest to make Knoxville a Compassionate City
In the past two weeks, Chuck Galeazzi with Helping Hands has visited the Knoxville School Board and Knoxville City Council in the hopes of gaining support to make the town the most compassionate city in America.
- Eddyville library board seeks more money EDDYVILLE — Larry Leatherman, vice president of the Eddyville Public Library Board, requested a $1,000 increase in funding this week from the Eddyville City Council for the upcoming fiscal year. Leatherman presented the board's annual report. He n
Cyber Monday sales reach record as shoppers snub stores for Web
Online shopping surged about 20 percent to a record on Cyber Monday as many consumers snubbed physical stores and took to the Web to buy holiday gifts.
- More Southeast Iowa Headlines
How to care for a cut Christmas tree


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Galapagos Tours and Cruises
- Santa Fe Island
- Espanola
- Floreana Island
- Santa Cruz Island
- Rabida Island
- Bartolome Island
- North Seymour Island
- San Cristobal
- Genovesa
The Galapagos Islands are famous for a variety of unusual creatures, from marine iguanas to blue-footed boobies, and you'll get closer to the wildlife than you would anywhere else in the world. The Galapagos Archipelago lies 600 miles off the coast of South America and is reached via a short flight from Quito, Ecuador. The isolation and late discovery by humans, along with a historical lack of predators has set the stage for a unique environmental experiment and developed into perhaps the greatest showcase for evolution to be witnessed anywhere. Follow in the footsteps of Charles Darwin - step aboard a Galapagos cruise and discover it for yourself!
To view interactive island maps, wildlife guides and deckplans of our ships, please visit our Galapagos Product Page.
Voyage Galapagos - Southern Islands (EV06HB)
This voyage offers the chance to cruise the southern islands of the Galápagos with the Daphne (G3) as your floating base. Come face to fin with sea life while snorkelling at the Corona del Diablo and enjoy wilderness walks on Floreana Island. Snorkelling gear is included and an expert naturalist guide is there to make sense of it all. Enjoy sunset drinks on the Daphne's deck and nights in your comfortable, air-conditioned cabin, featuring a private bath and views of the ocean. Best of all, you'll cruise with other interested G Adventures travellers—our vessels are exclusive.
Highlights: 3 nights cruising the Galápagos National Park aboard the Daphne, snorkel with sea lions and search for sea turtles, come face-to-face with 100-year-old giant tortoises, visit the impressive El Soplador blow hole on Española
Voyage Galapagos - North and Central Islands (EV07HB)
A more compact version of the 10-day 'Voyage Galapagos - Western Islands,' this cruise stays focused on the northern islands of the Galápagos archipelago. Climb aboard the comfortable Daphne (G3) and enjoy extras like included snorkelling gear and the presence of and expert naturalist guide, there to make sense of this unique region. After a full day of swimming with unique sea life and walking among wildlife that has no fear of humans, enjoy deck-side drinks before retiring to your air-conditioned cabin. Ocean views come standard. As always with G Adventures, our vessels are exclusive so you know you're exploring in good company.
Highlights: 4 nights cruising the Galápagos National Park aboard the Daphn), snorkel in the caldera of a collapsed volcano and searching for marine life, explore extraordinary frigatebird and booby cliff colonies on Genovesa, relax on the white-sand beaches of Santiago, learn about about the biological history of the islands from your naturalist guide
Voyage Galapagos - Western Islands (EV10HA)
Climb aboard the comfortable Daphne (G3), for eight days of in depth exploration of the western islands of the Galápagos. You'll witness a nesting site for the flightless cormorant on Isabela Island, hike the Sierra Negra volcano and catch great views amidst the largest colony of marine iguanas on Fernandina Island, the youngest in the archipelago. With air-conditioned cabins—all featuring private baths and views to the ocean—and included snorkelling equipment, this will be a trip you'll never forget.
Highlights: Cruise the Galápagos National Park abord the Daphne, snorkel with sea lions and search for sea turtles in secluded bays, hike the Sierra Negra Volcano—the largest basaltic caldera in the Galápagos, explore costal lagoons and black lava flows while searching for unique bird life, land on the seldom-visited Fernandina island—home to some of the most diverse wildlife and vegetation in the Galápagos
Voyage Galapagos - Northern and Southern Islands (EV10HB)
Cruise aboard the comfortable Daphne (G3) as you cast your net around the southern islands of the Galápagos. Meet marine iguanas on Santa Fé and blue-footed boobies on North Seymour. While Rábida Island offers sea lions and a beautiful saltwater lagoon. Snorkelling gear is included and a naturalist guide is on hand to offer expert insights. Best of all, after a full day of adventure, you can enjoy sunset drinks on deck before retiring to your air-conditioned cabin—private bath and an ocean view are standard. And, as always with G Adventures, our vessels are exclusive so you know you're exploring in good company.
Highlights: 7 nights cruising the Galápagos National Park aboard the Daphne (G3), send a postcard from Post Office Bay, discover massive colonies of frigatebirds and blue-footed boobies on Genovesa, explore the aquatic wonderland in the shadow of the famous Kicker Rock
Land Galápagos—Multi-Activities (SEGL)
This ten-day adventure is perfect for those who want to experience the incredible wildlife and scenery of the Galápagos Islands but prefer to sleep on shore – so your time on the water is limited to commuting between islands. Go ashore at the lesser-visited island of Isabela and spend your days with playful sea lions, giant manta rays, and the Galápagos giant tortoise. This adventure offers a great balance of guided excursions and free time – and optional activities abound.
Highlights: Encounter incredible wildlife, snorkel and swim with sea turtles and manta rays, race a bike downhill in San Cristóbal, search for whitetip reef sharks in "Shark Alley", hike the Sierra Negra Volcano, visit the Charles Darwin Research Station
Trip | Length | Style | Service Level | Starting Price |
Voyage Galapagos - Southern Islands (EV06HB) | 6 days | Marine | Standard |
Voyage Galapagos - North and Central Islands (EV07HB) | 7 days | Marine | Standard |
Voyage Galapagos - Western Islands (EV10HA) | 10 days | Marine | Standard |
Voyage Galapagos - Northern and Southern Islands (EV10HB) | 10 days | Marine | Standard |
Land Galápagos—Multi-Activities (SEGL) | 10 days | Active | Standard |


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You're watching...
Morsi's power grab
What does it mean for the Egyptian people?
Nov 26, 2012
Brigitte Gabriel, Michael Ghouse
You're watching...
What does it mean for the Egyptian people?
Nov 26, 2012
Brigitte Gabriel, Michael Ghouse
Also in this playlist...
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Auto-advanceThis transcript is automatically generated
An unmitigated power grab five 9/11 -- the term president of Egypt has sparked deadly riots on the streets of Cairo and beyond tonight over the weekend former Muslim Brotherhood leader Mohamed Morsi.
Essentially granted himself sweeping new powers that critics fear could allow him to become a virtual dictator.
Now while the White House continues to struggle to respond to this brash behavior from the Middle East first elected Islamist president.
Well we aren't exactly surprised by any of this for months on -- we were sounding the alarm on this very program.
About the real threat posed by -- and his allies in the radical organization.
Known as the Muslim Brotherhood but of course our president in his unwillingness to sit down and his willingness in cases the sit down with everybody and anybody.
Well he ignored the obvious warning signs including more -- believed.
That 9/11 may have been an inside job.
And by the way let's not forget -- also referred to the Israelis -- animals instead the president applauded what he called quote genuine democracy.
Remember that's.
People -- -- just spoken.
Their voices have been heard and Egypt will never be the same for egyptians have made it clear.
That nothing less than genuine democracy.
Will carry the day.
Well wrong again a genuine democracy -- the president spoke is now fading fast and Egypt and sources have confirmed to Fox News.
That mobs are preparing to return to the streets of Cairo tomorrow for yet another day of demonstrations.
Joining me now with more on this is act for American president.
Brigitte Gabriel and from the American together foundation Michael -- -- back with us.
You know Michael WT.
Here's a got a refers to the Israelis.
As animals.
Supports Hamas in this latest conflict the Hamas charter calls for the destruction of Israel.
And you -- on this program telling me everything's gonna be fine this is democracy.
Now the radical islamists -- grabbed all the power and Obama is giving him credibility.
Now tell me you still support what happened in to -- square is a good thing.
Sean you have been right on that particular show but I'm very hopeful about the Egyptian people that number to lead -- radical.
Mohammed mostly.
Technical -- -- -- -- he has a lot of -- you think they've already yeah it's comments.
His columns of god his comments about Farrah but you got did this against him -- military is against them.
Did you -- jurists on against and the protestors.
The Egyptian people are against you saying that what what are they gonna rise up against them assassinate him everyday and I I don't play.
200 people protesters are wounded in a demonstration against as most -- you guys.
And I think didn't continue people who win at the end I am very hopeful about that -- that there platform this I share your home and not just gonna -- They're not just gonna let most of walk whoever does -- -- is a very dangerous man right.
-- -- -- -- -- -- About it isn't it well I was right you told me he would turn out to be moderate and you didn't turn around -- -- -- but I think the greater effort in and knocked.
Bridget I think the greater likelihood tell me if I'm wrong is that -- Tennessee people mowed down.
And oppressed.
That they rise up against this radical Islamist what's the more likely outcome.
And that's exactly what's gonna happen those who are rising against -- are gonna be mowed down.
We are witnessing right before our organize a revolution not a lake at the Iran Khomeini revolution in 1979.
And let's not forget to also sign that -- what the majority of the people in Egypt that I elected -- -- elected the Muslim Brotherhood.
And gave the Muslim Brotherhood as well as the nor does a lot this party over two thirds of seats in the parliament over 70%.
Of the people -- Egypt wants -- we outlaw.
All surveys I showed that that minority are demonstrating but we are witnessing before our own eyes it dictatorship in -- making an Islamic theocracy -- dictatorship and that.
-- -- -- let me ask you this in this latest conflict with Israel in your opinion.
Did President Obama and secretary of state hit Hillary Clinton.
Did they give this radical Islamist a win.
And did they help give credibility.
To Hamas whose charter calls for the destruction of Israel.
Giving billions in -- did they give them away.
I yes and they did that because what this administration as a blind to is the fact that Hamas as an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood Hamas looked -- -- with the respect Nichols -- as a leader in the Muslim Brotherhood so basically we have the Marcy Hamas can't coming together.
And phoning the Israelis and the world and establishing its crews are and what next solo let the finding some Hamas and -- itself can -- strengthen.
And few months later or may be here later that when I got back into a conference should.
I agree with you I think it was I think Obama and Clinton gave Hamas and more -- you win here here's the question Michael yes why don't we cut off.
Any aid.
To Egypt.
Unless and until they have real democracy.
Would that be fair.
I am.
I am with you why it is fair but remember Charles Krauthammer was on -- -- -- few months ago.
He was against it because is going to a hard.
The relationship between Israel and Egypt.
It is from that point of view he was not fail and of that and you have good within that time I'm I'm with you on that we -- thought -- -- -- -- on behalf.
Well they're not maybe.
And Obama and Obama sending Hillary thought argument but is he out.
Go ahead.
We need -- -- and I now let's say they are abusing the funds.
-- drink undergraduate.
And that's what we haven't -- against -- funding and have them come to the Washington visit by Malibu and all of these other -- girls.
Well you don't assume that funding for miles if you don't do this we are not going to -- the fun.
We're not gonna support you leave the guys to deceive both our country needs somebody more than Egypt.
Great point and very good point we do need the money more than Egypt.
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
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