text: Results 1–10 of 40 for "Children's Book"X related to "APA signs memoranda of understanding..." Refine Your Search Refine Your Search TopicChildren (28)Teens (9)Education (7)ADHD (6)Emotional health (6) 15 more... [+] Disability (4)Autism (3)Parenting (3)Death & dying (2)Learning & memory (2)Anger (1)Anxiety (1)Bullying (1)Personality (1)Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (1)Shyness (1)Sport & exercise (1)Stress (1)Therapy (1)Trauma (1)Hide detailsDocument TypeChildren's BookXYear2014 (2)2013 (9)2012 (7)2011 (10)2010 (10)Author/ContributorQuinn, Patricia O. (4)Bisaillon, Josée (2)Grossberg, Blythe (2)Ische, Bryan (2)Maitland, Theresa E. Laurie (2) 58 more... [+] Moss, Wendy L. (2)Adinolfi, JoAnn (1)Amenta, Charles A. III (1)Andrews, Beth (1)Barber, Beth (1)Ben-Ami, Uzi (1)Bennett, Howard J. (1)Beyl, Charles (1)Bogade, Maria (1)Cain, Barbara S. (1)Carestio, Michael A. (1)Chang, Hae-Kyung (1)Craver, Marcella Marino (1)de Lestrade, Agnès (1)DeLuca-Acconi, Robin (1)Ditmars, Maribeth R. (1)Dixon, Tennessee (1)Docampo, Valeria (1)Ebbeler, Jeff (1)Freeland, Claire A. B. (1)Friedman, Judith (1)Gerrell, Spike (1)Glasser, Debbie (1)Glasser, Judith M. (1)Gravel, Elise (1)Hehenberger, Shelly (1)Hood, Korey K. (1)Kim, Cecil (1)Kim, Joo-Kyung (1)Kimbell, Sandra (1)Kirkland, Katherine (1)Kraus, Jeanne (1)Lemniscates, (1)Levins, Sandra (1)Lobby, Ted (1)Mangan, Tricia (1)Masson, Annick (1)Meens, Estelle (1)Nadeau, Kathleen G. (1)Neimark, Jill (1)Pearce, Carl (1)Pinelli, Amerigo (1)Pollak, Monika (1)Robberecht, Thierry (1)Roegiers, Maud (1)Rubenstein, Lauren (1)Schaefer, Charles E. (1)Schenck, Emily (1)Simmel, Mike (1)Skead, Robert (1)Stern, Judith (1)Stern, Judith M. (1)Straus, Susan Farber (1)Thompson, David (1)Tibo, Gilles (1)Toner, Jacqueline B. (1)Weiner, Marcella Bakur (1)Wenisch, Tanja (1)Hide details Results 1–10 of 40 Previous 1 2 3 ... Next Relevance Title A-Z Title Z-A Newest First Oldest First Sort by: 1.Cat's Got Your Tongue? A Story for Children Afraid to SpeakIn this gentle story, Anna stops speaking when she starts kindergarten until her parents and a therapist patiently help her overcome her anxiety.Children's Book 2.Visiting FeelingsThrough purposeful and mindful exploration, this book harnesses a young child's innate capacity to fully experience the present moment and invites children to sense, explore, and befriend all of their feelings with acceptance and equanimity.Children's Book (September 2013)3.Many Ways to Learn, Second Edition: A Kid's Guide to LDThis new edition of the classic book Many Ways to Learn gives kids with learning disabilities reassurance and knowledge to live confidently with their disability.Children's Book (November 2010)4.My Life By Me: A Kid's Forever BookThis book is a personal memory book for terminally ill kids with prompts to help them record and create pages of their life, history, experiences, and memories.Children's Book (October 2011)5.AD/HD and the College Student: The Everything Guide to Your Most Urgent QuestionsThis book answers the most common questions and tackles the most challenging problems students with AD/HD face in college.Children's Book (May 2012)6.Oh No, School!With a stomp of her foot and tears in her eyes, Holly declares that she does not want to go to school. But her mother, aided by a favorite puppet, helps Holly find ways to solve her school problems.Children's Book (August 2013)7.I Can't Do Anything!This is a story about manners, family rules, growing up, and letting go of immature behaviors.Children's Book (March 2013)8.Take the Time: Mindfulness for KidsThis pensive and peaceful book encourages children to slow down and become deliberate with their day-to-day actions and thoughts.Children's Book (April 2010)9.Mighty Mike Bounces Back: A Boy's Life With EpilepsyCo-written by a real-life basketball star with epilepsy, this empowering story helps kids learn to live comfortably with their epilepsy and to take control of their life.Children's Book (September 2011)10.The Bald-Headed Princess: Cancer, Chemo, and CourageThis story follows a young girl as she learns about cancer and its treatment, and everything else that comes along with it.Children's Book (April 2010) Previous 1 2 3 ... Next Relevance Title A-Z Title Z-A Newest First Oldest First Sort by: ADVERTISEMENT Results 1–10 of 40 for "Children's Book"X related to "APA signs memoranda of understanding..."


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Against Their Will
Even though slavery is illegal in every country in the world, there are still 27 million people enslaved around the globe today. These people are held against their will and often threatened with violence. Many slaves don't have the resources or knowledge to escape their captors.
Slavery is everywhere. It can be found in action in restaurants, factories, hotels, agricultural fields, salons, construction work, and even at private residences. Traffickers lure their victims in through false promises of a better life, education, or jobs. They may even promise love. Once captured, those enslaved are ridden of personal identification, threatened and abused, and forced into labor or prostitution.
Evelyn Chumbow, 25, was one of the lucky ones who escaped. At age nine, she was brought to the U.S. with the promise of a better life and an education. Her captor abused her and forced her into servitude. Chumbow was able to escape at 17, but her life is forever changed. Chumbow's story helps us to realize that slavery can be taking place in our backyards. It is current and global issue that must be stopped.
Human trafficking is so prevalent because of a lack of anti-human trafficking laws and lack of enforcement for laws that do exist. Many oppose it, but are unable to do anything to stop the abomination. Others are not aware that slavery is still exists and is a huge problem that affects a large amount of people. Fortunately the U.S. government has begun to fight against modern day slavery. In 2011 three bills that could put human-traffickers in jail for life were signed. The UN has also set up a fund for human-trafficking victims in attempt to fight slavery. Despite these accomplishments, slavery is still thriving.
Slavery is a practice that most people would disagree with, yet it seems to have been put on the back-burner. More effort needs to be put in by governments all over the globe to stop slavery. People need to be educated on the subject. Freetheslaves.com has calculated that slavery would take 10.8 billion dollars to be completely stopped. This is the amount American's spend on snack foods like potato chips and pretzels in one year. It would take about $400 dollars to free one slave! Eliminating slavery is a completely reachable goal. If the world comes together, we can relieve those whose lives have been unrightfully taken from them and punish the aggressors.
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I was sitting at lunch talking to a friend about her son's 3rd birthday party. We were going back and forth on ideas, themes, locations and so much more. Then I brought up that dreaded question all parents are asked when a child's birthday is looming, "What can I get your son for his birthday?" The typical answer is, "Oh, I don't know." Thanks for the help, friend! Well, much to my surprise she had an answer for me! She said to donate the money we would normally spend on a gift to Alex's Lemonade Stand. Not sure what Alex's Lemonade Stand is?
Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation (ALSF) emerged from the front yard lemonade stand of cancer patient Alexandra "Alex" Scott (1996-2004). In 2000, 4-year-old Alex announced that she wanted to hold a lemonade stand to raise money to help find a cure for all children with cancer. Since Alex held that first stand, the Foundation bearing her name has evolved into a national fundraising movement, complete with thousands of supporters across the country carrying on her legacy of hope.
Your child can too hold an Alex's Lemonade Stand birthday party. All you have to do is register your child's party online and notify your family and friends that in lieu of gifts, donations are being accepted in your child's name. Click here to read all about it! Not only is this a great way of raising money for childhood cancer, it's a great life lesson for our kiddos. In my eyes, it's a win-win.


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State Department Awards $485,000 to the War Crimes Research Office and the Women and International Law Program to Strengthen Victims' Access to Justice in Bosnia
The Secretary's Office of Global Women's Issues of the U.S. Department of State has granted an award to American University Washington College of Law's War Crimes Research Office and Women and International Law Program to strengthen access to justice for victims of conflict-based sexual and gender violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The project will create and maintain research tools to assist Bosnian justice system actors to successfully prosecute sexual and gender-based crimes that occurred during the region's armed conflict. Read more here.
Upcoming Events
Gender and Law Course Advising
November 5, 2013
3:00- 4:00pm
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The Women and the Law Program
Since 1984 the Women and the Law Program has promoted the integration of women's rights and gender studies into legal education, practice and doctrine. To foster the study and teaching of gender and international or comparative law, the program expanded to include a Women and International Law Program in 1994.
The Women and the Law Program emphasizes the role of law and legal education in transforming women's status around the world. The program challenges assumptions about the role of women in the family, civil society, and governance in domestic, international and transnational institutions. However, engaging in either academic study or advocacy alone is not enough if the people who make the legal and political decisions that shape women's lives- judges, lawyers and policy makers- ignore the concerns of women. Therefore, the program seeks to influence the thinking of political and social leaders who hold the power to address the legal dimensions of gender inequality. We aim to transform the training of lawyers and scholars so that they leave law school with an awareness of their power and obligation to remove the legal barriers to women's full participation in society.
Our program works at multiple levels to integrate gender into legal education by:
Encouraging the development of feminist legal thought;
Educating emerging legal scholars in gender studies;
Creating supportive networks of feminist scholars, practitioners and activists;
Disseminating scholarly and teaching materials that integrate gender into the study of law in specific contexts.


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Doctors Need a Say on Health Insurance
September 22, 2009 | Story
A majority backs both public and private programs.
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September 22, 2009 | Story
A majority backs both public and private programs.
January 8, 2009 | Commentary, Story
As Washington turn its eye toward health care reform, RWJF President and CEO Risa Lavizzo-Mourey, M.D., M.B.A., and Vernice Davis Anthony, president and CEO of the Greater Detroit Area Health Council, urge policy-makers to focus on what it means to "fix" health care and ask the hard questions about how medical care is delivered in this commentary published in the Detroit Free Press.
January 25, 2009 | Story
Political leaders are finally connecting the dots between health care and the economy.
February 23, 2009 | News Release, Story
Risa Lavizzo-Mourey, M.D., M.B.A., president and CEO of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, comments on the Foundation-supported report.
July 26, 2009 | Story
Risa Lavizzo-Mourey critiques the idea that more care is better care.


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ABS-CBN Shared Service Center PTE, LTD - ROHQ is a wholly owned subsidiary of ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation which was incorporated in 2008. It's head office is located in Singapore while the Regional Operating Head Quarters is located in ABS-CBN Broadcasting Compound, Eugenio Lopez Drive, Quezon City. This is the in-house shared service center of the ABS-CBN Group servicing the support business requirements of its local, regional and global offices.
Responsibilities The Financial Reporting functions in ROHQ are set up as a valuable source of presenting the financial condition of ABS-CBN and its subsidiaries. These services cover the timely release of reports to the employees, management, board and stakeholders of ABS-CBN and its subsidiaries.General Ledger is one of the functions under Financial Reporting. Tasks of the function include:


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***PRICES CHANGE DAILY, PLEASE CALL FOR CURRENT RENTAL PRICES*** Gated Community in a Park like setting. Conveniently located close to the Oaks Shoppi…
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Se habla espanol! Access To Fwys 5, 55, 22... Close to Shopping Centers... Walking Distance To Park. Open Landscaping.
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Los Angeles apartments simply soak up the sunshine and star power. This mega-metropolis is the second most populous city in the United States and one of the most ethnically diverse. In places it's thick with skyscrapers and in others it sprawls-along river basins, mountainsides, flats, and the sparkling seashore. From freeway to freeway, from the Kodak Theater to the waves of the Pacific Palisades, it's all Los Angeles. And all you need to become a bona fide Angeleno is a Los Angeles apartment.
L.A. is sunshine and smog. It's full of both fabulous fortunes and hardscrabble luck. Celebrity sightings and bumper-to-bumper traffic, earthquakes and world-class educational opportunity-these things all give Los Angeles character. Choosing the neighborhood that best suits your style-be it along Hollywood's Walk of Fame, in the hills of Los Feliz, among the Downtown lofts, or near the museums of the Miracle Mile will help you narrow your search for the perfect selection of apartments in Los Angeles.
Spanish governor, Felipe de Neve, founded Los Angeles in 1781. Forty years later, after the Mexican War of Independence, the area was claimed by Mexico. It wasn't until 1848 that California was purchased back by the United States. L.A was incorporated as a city shortly thereafter, just before California joined the union in 1850. By 1900, the population of Los Angeles was over 100,000. In 1930, more than a million people called L.A. home. It enveloped the San Fernando Valley after World War II and, as of 2010, held more than 3.7 million people.
Los Angeles is an international center of business, trade, education, science, and-of course-entertainment. Hollywood makes L.A. the "Creative Capital of the World." According to the University of Southern California, more creative artists are concentrated in L.A. than anywhere else, at any time in history. That means jobs in motion pictures, television, video games, music, and more. Other major industries in L.A. include international trade, aerospace, technology, fashion, and tourism. It's also a center of manufacturing.
If you've come to study, you'll have a ton of options apartments for rent in Los Angeles near your campus. There are three public universities: U.C.L.A.; Cal State University, L.A.; and Cal State, Northridge. Private colleges are too numerous to list, but include U.S.C., the American Film Institute Conservatory, Loyola Marymount University, and Occidental College. There's also a robust community college system in Los Angeles.
The average one-bedroom apartment in L.A. rents for $1,383. Two-bedrooms come in at around $1,628. Of course, you'll find a vast range of apartments and houses available in the huge city of Los Angeles. A chic house in Hancock Park costs more than an apartment in a grittier section of Westlake.
If you're moving to or within Los Angeles, you'll also rapidly learn to consider your commute. L.A. is a big city and traffic is a way of life. Think about how far your prospective apartment is from work and what freeways and surface streets you'll take to cross the distance. The joke is: it takes half an hour to get from anywhere to anywhere else in Los Angeles. Be careful the joke isn't on you.
You want entertainment? Los Angeles has you covered. This is where the magic happens. If a movie is playing anywhere in the world, it's probably on a screen in L.A. You can tour Universal Studios, gawk at the Capitol Records building, or compare your hands to Jack Nicholson's prints in the cement outside of Grauman's Chinese Theater. Later, catch a concert at the Hollywood Bowl or grab a cocktail at the Viper Room on the Sunset Strip. Feeling sporty? Go see the Dodgers, the Kings, the Clippers, or the Lakers play. Stroll along Muscle Beach in Venice or motor along Mulholland Drive atop the Hollywood Hills. Don't forget your star map to find the homes of the rich and famous.
Angelenos know how to throw a party, and they're good at wrangling invites, too. January is the Tournament of Roses and the Rose Parade. February, join the red-carpet crush at the Oscars. There's the L.A. Marathon and then the Dodgers season opener and you're into summer. When it's hot, the Hollywood Bowl gets swinging with the Playboy Jazz Festival. No less than five film festivals later, it's almost Christmastime, and you can watch Pacific grey whales migrate along the coast.
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As your company grows and as new regulations add pressure on your data center, you may find yourself forced to add more and more server capacity—often escalating the systems management burden and increasing power consumption. With virtualization on IBM System x® servers, new workloads do not have to mean new servers. IBM System x servers offer flexible configurations equipped with enhanced memory, high-speed I/O and industry-leading availability and reliability features—a combination designed to help reduce operating costs, simplify management and keep your virtualized infrastructure up and running.
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text: On our way to Whidbey Island, we stopped off in Mukilteo at the Speedway Cafe for breakfast. We had prompt and courtesy service and the entire Cafe was full with the regular Saturday morning crowd. I must say the pumpkin pancakes were outstanding and I have tried to recreate the experience at home. Please take the time to stop by... More


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Each Friday—well at least most Fridays—I'm going to sum up the big news happening in states around the country. To make it more interesting, I'm naming a State of the Week where the biggest news came from. See something that's missing? Tell me: firstname.lastname@example.com or on Twitter @RaRapoport.
This week's State of the Week is ... Virginia!
Update: Virginia's personhood bill is now dead for the year. The bill, already approved by the state House, passed out of a Senate committee this morning and headed to the floor. But the Republican-dominated Senate voted to send the bill back to committee and carry it over to next year. It's the second big win for pro-choice advocates in Virginia this week, after Governor Bob McDonnell retracted his support for a bill requiring pre-abortion transvaginal sonograms yesterday.
Pro-choice advocates around the country cheered Wednesday, as Virginia Governor Bob McDonnell withdrew support for a pre-abortion sonogram bill. The bill had risen to national attention, even earning a spot on The Daily Show. Critics focused on a particularly disturbing detail of the measure—most women having abortions have them early in the pregnancy, too early for the usual "jelly on the belly" ultrasound.
Between the Susan G. Komen controversy, the birth control panel, and Virginia's efforts at pre-abortion sonograms and personhood bills, you may have had enough of the culture wars and the fight against women. Well, tough—this week brings yet a new and bizarre episode. Indiana state Representative Bob Morris sent a letter to his colleagues urging them to oppose the resolution celebrating the Girl Scouts' 100th anniversary.
In his letter, leaked to the Fort Wayne Journal Gazette, Morris didn't mince words. He writes that the Girl Scouts "promote homosexual lifestyles" and partners with Planned Parenthood:
On its face, the latest poll from Wisconsin doesn't seem to offer much in the way of conclusions. But dig a bit and the poll offers a guide to the potential pitfalls of the Scott Walker campaign in the upcoming months, as the governor prepares for a likely recall election.
It was the finger jab heard round the world. Normally finger jabs do not make noise, but I'm confident that Arizona Governor Jan Brewer got even the air's attention as she stuck her digit at the president when the two met on an airport tarmac in January. Brewer has developed a strong reputation as a conservative—she championed Arizona's controversial immigration bill, among the most extreme in the country. She's pushing for a measure now to give public workers a 5 percent pay increase—so long as they give up their job protections. So far, fairly typical Republican stuff, right?
Last week, state legislatures in New Jersey and Maryland both passed measures to legalize gay marriage. In Maryland, Governor Martin O'Malley pushed hard for the measure and was largely credited with its success. In New Jersey, Governor Chris Christie killed the effort with a stroke of his veto pen. Democrat O'Malley and Republican Christie are both seen as future leaders of their respective parties—which means depending on political winds, gay marriage can either be a feather in their cap or a millstone around their neck.
U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan took to The Daily Show Thursday night to discuss and defend his agency's latest initiative: Project RESPECT. The project looks a lot like 2009's Race to the Top, a chance for states (and in this case school districts) to compete for big grants if they offer ideas that conform to the department's priorities. But unlike Race to the Top, RESPECT is almost entirely focused on teachers and teacher evaluation. It's not likely the Republican-controlled Congress will fund the $5 billion program, which is part of the the president's budget proposal, but the initiative does offer a clearer sense of the department's priorities.
In a state that's already prevented unions from having any clout in the private sector, this was supposed to be the month Arizona put public employee unions on the chopping block.
The Virginia Legislature has been busy passing legislation to limit abortion and promote pro-life agendas. I wrote Tuesday how the state House passed a bill changing the legal definition of "person" to include fetuses starting at conception. But the body also passed a measure requiring women seeking an abortion to first have a sonogram 24 hours ahead of time. The state Senate already passed an identical measure and the state governor has said that he supports the initiative—which means it will almost definitely become law.
After The NeverEnding Story III: Escape from Fantasia, I really didn't think the franchise would find any imitators. But then came the Texas redistricting saga, a neverending story in its own right. Still playing in theaters near you, if you happen to live in the Lone Star State.
Wednesday brought a new chapter in the drama. Legal battles have been raging for months, as different courts examine the legality of the state's original maps and over how state's interim maps should look. For the first time, all sides agreed on interim maps for the state Senate—likely the maps that will be used in 2012—but there's still disagreement on the maps for Congress and the state House. That means Texas' primary will be later than anyone was hoping.
In Florida, a coalition of Democrats and a few moderate Republicans killed what could have been a major expansion of private prisons. The measure would have privatized 27 prisons and displaced more than 3,500 corrections officers. In the Florida Senate, nine Republicans voted against the measure, along with all 12 Democratic state senators. It was a rare victory for both Democrats and the labor unions that fought the bill.
Republican delegate Bob Marshall says critics are overstating things when it comes to the personhood bill he is sponsoring in Virginia. Opponents of his bill have argued that not only does the measure grant legal protections to all fetuses beginning at conception, but it could also be construed to outlaw birth control.
The bill is ostensibly less stringent than similar measures that came up in Colorado and Mississippi. As Marshall points out, it does not directly outlaw abortion, but would force the courts to include embryos in definitions of person. "I think I struck a middle ground," says Marshall.
Mitt Romney has me counting the days until the Olympics (164 as of Tuesday.) Since he's not always eager to talk about his largely-moderate record as Massachusetts governor, we've gotten to hear a lot about Mitt's role planning the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympic Games. There was that lingering animosity between Romney and Rick Perry, supposedly because Romney didn't give the Boy Scouts enough of a role. Of course, most of it's been about the boring stuff, like how he turned around a potentially disastrous event and made it profitable. But, when he starts talking about it, I mainly just imagine people competing in sports I've usually forgotten exist.
Subsidized school lunches always seemed like a government program most people could get behind. The federal program gives food to low-income children. Giving food to children who live in poverty—hard to argue with that idea.
In 2010, I was covering a state legislative race out in East Texas. A Tea Party candidate explained to me that free school lunches are bad for society, because were it not for the government program, parents would provide food for their kids on their own. If the kids still couldn't get food, then he believed churches and charities should pick up the slack, rather than the government. But sadly for my Tea Party friend, in Texas, free lunches may be one of the few federal programs that hasn't stirred up too much controversy.
Abby Rapoport is a staff writer at The American Prospect. She was previously a political reporter for the Texas Observer.
Follow @ rarapoport
He was, after all, just a human being.
Did we need 6,600 words about the utterly irrelevant John McCain? Somebody thought we did.
Barack Obama took all the powers George W. Bush bequeathed him. And just wait until there's another Republican administration.


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Now in paper!
2008 IACP Award Winner!
One of the most beloved figures in twentieth-century American culture was Julia Child, the buoyant French Chef' who taught millions of Americans to cook with confidence and eat with pleasure. Six feet two inches tall, with a foghorn voice, an irrepressible sense of humor, and a passion for good food, Child ushered in the nation's culinary renaissance and became its chief icon. Unlike the great cooking teachers who preceded her--Fannie Farmer, Irma Rombauer, and James Beard--Child won her audience through the revolutionary medium of television. Millions watched as she spun threads of caramel, befriended a giant monkfish, wielded live lobsters, flipped omelets, and unmolded spectacular desserts. Her occasional disasters and brilliant recoveries were legendary. Yet every step of the way, through every recipe, she was teaching carefully crafted lessons about ingredients, culinary technique, and why good home cooking still matters.
Award-winning food writer Laura Shapiro describes Child's unlikely career path, from California party girl to coolheaded chief clerk in a World War II spy station to bumbling amateur cook and finally to the classes at the Cordon Bleu in Paris that changed her life. Her marriage to Paul Child was at the center of all her work.
Unlike much of what has been written about Child, Shapiro's portrayal is of a woman who was quintessentially American, and whose openhearted approach to the kitchen was a lesson in how to live.


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Hello everyone,
I got this idea for a forum RPG. You see, most of the games i'm seeing here are free formed games where there are no stats and stuff whatsoever. I plan on making a game that features stats and that I as a GM decide the outcome of things. Mostly I only want to use stats and stuff for any fighting or skills (like climbing or swimming), all the other things such as exploring in the field mainly work how the other games here work. (You know, narrative style and you guys come up with things.)
There's only 3 stats:
- Action
- Wisdom
- Ego
And you choose Average, Above Average, and Below Average for your character. You also have Skills you can use. When you LV up you can either increase a Skill by 1 or obtain a new one. Then there's HP and SP (Skill Points).
Pretty simple, another thing I was thinking for this game is for there to be a Support System like in Fire Emblem which show your relationship with other players. It has four ranks: C, B, A, and S with C being the lowest and S being the highest. This system would be used for "Multi-Attacks" in which two players or more combine their attacks into one powerful move.
The last thing I have in mind is "Combo Chain Moves" in which you use SP to chain together multiple attacks.
I have a lot more in mind but I need to see if you guys are interested. The game is set in a world with a futuristic setting in which the Crystal Tower Of Time, a tower that keeps track of time, has predicted it's destruction and the end of the world in the near future after it opens a portal to a medieval time period. So a medieval and futuristic setting are linked together and the story revolves around solving this issue.
So what do you all think?


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Rome hotel reviews: $100 - $200
27 cheap hotels in Rome reviewed by EuroCheapo (See more hotels in Rome by doing a CheapoSearch)
Sort By: Name Price User rating Most viewed
1Hotel Rosetta
starAddress Via Cavour 295 (Monti)
Together with her children, Mama Guilia runs the Hotel Rosetta, a homey, if slightly haphazard, one-star hotel located along the busy Via Cavour.
No online booking
2Hotel Perugia
starAddress Via del Colosseo 7 (Monti)
For guests who like old ruins and ancient monuments, the one-star Perugia is well placed.
3Hotel Boccaccio
starAddress Via del Boccaccio 25 (Piazza di Spagna)
The centrally located Hotel Boccaccio is homey one-star property with eight no-frills rooms and a fantastic location on a small cobblestoned street amid many restaurants and cafés.
starAddress Via Silla 3 (Vatican & Prati)
The two-star Hotel Silla, located in the heart of Prati, has been under the management of the same friendly, fastidious family for more than a decade.
5Hotel Italia
starAddress Via Venezia 18 (Monti)
The two-star Hotel Italia is a family-run establishment with a convenient location and 23 small but immaculate guest rooms.
starAddress Via Cavour 266 (Monti)
Friendly Alberta runs the Hotel Paba, a popular two-star hotel with an enviable locaction near the Colosseum.
Address Via della Cisterna 7-9 (Trastevere)
Situated near Piazza Santa Maria and plenty of nightlife, the Hotel Cisterna is super central, and clean and cozy too.
starAddress Via XXIV Maggio 51 (Monti)
Situated a short walk from Rome's historic center, the Hotel Giardino offers 11 guest rooms and a pretty courtyard.
9Albergo del Sole
starAddress Via del Biscione 76 (Campo de' Fiori)
The Albergo del Sole has an eviable location in one of Rome's oldest quarters, and according to the proprietors, this two-star gem is the oldest hotel in Rome.
No online booking
10Hotel Arenula
starAddress Via Santa Maria Dè Calderari 47 (Campo de' Fiori)
Although it's conveniently located within walking distance of Campo De' Riori, the two-star Hotel Arenula is tucked on a quiet side street that feels far from the city-center chaos.
11Hotel Navona
starAddress Via Dei Sediari 8 (Pantheon-Piazza Navona)
Housed in a historic palazzo, the three-star Hotel Navona is located amid some of Rome's most famous monuments, Piazza Navona, the Pantheon and Trevi Fountain.
12Hotel Gabriella
starAddress Via Palestro 88 (North of Termini Station)
The Gabriella is a simple, family-run three-star hotel in the heavily hotel-ed area northwest of Termini.
13Hotel Smeraldo
starAddress Vicolo Dei Chiodaroli 9 (Campo de' Fiori)
The family-run Hotel Smeraldo is a three-star gem located just a short walk from Campo de' Fiori in the historic center.
14Hotel Nerva
starAddress Via Tor Dè Conti 3 (Monti)
For those interested in the ancient archaeological sites, the three-star Hotel Nerva, situated near the Colosseum, Forum and Palatine Hill, has one of the city's most convenient locations.
15Hotel Suisse
starAddress Via Gregoriana 54 (Piazza di Spagna)
Situated in a historic palazzo just a few steps from Piazza Spagna, the three-star Hotel Suisse has been in the same family for three generations.
16Hotel Trastevere
starAddress Via Luciano Manara 24-25 (Trastevere)
The three-star Hotel Trastevere offers 24 light, airy rooms near Piazza San Cosimato and its daily summer market.
No online booking
starAddress Via Della Purificazione 42 (Piazza di Spagna)
The Hotel Modigliani is a splurge-worthy three-star hotel with a four-star feel and an enviable location between the Spanish Steps and the Trevi Fountain.
18Hotel Gerber
starAddress Via Degli Scipioni, 241 (Vatican & Prati)
The Hotel Gerber a splurge-worthy choice, offering 27 comfortable rooms, a central location and a sleek style.
19Hotel Aphrodite
starAddress Via Marsala 90 (North of Termini Station)
Little luxuries and a convenient location across the street from Termini Station can make the four-star Hotel Aphrodite a good value.
Address Via Marianna Dionigi 17 (Trastevere)
Located near the Vatican, the Antiqua Roma is a small guesthouse offering just three rooms.
Address Via Giovanni Da Castel Bolognese 32 (Trastevere)
The Guest House Trastevere is a fabulous value, offering friendly service, a "local" vibe and some of the lowest rates in Rome.
Address Via di San Basilio 55 (Piazza di Spagna)
The three-star Daphne Inn Veneto enjoys a strategic location between the "dolce vita" of Via Veneto and the designer labels around the Spanish Steps.
Address Via del Seminario 87 (Pantheon-Piazza Navona)
The Pantheon View is a tiny B&B offering four attractive rooms with lovely views, balconies, 500-year-old stone walls and intimate ambiance.
Address Via dei Vascellari, 61 (Trastevere)
Doubling as a retreat and place of prayer, the Casa di San Francesca Romana a Ponte Rotto is a splurge-worthy haven offering quiet simplicity in the heart of Trastevere.
No online booking
Address Piazza S. Maria alle Fornaci, 27 (Vatican & Prati)
Housed in a former convent and spiritual retreat and located in the shadow of St. Peter's and just a few minutes from the Vatican, the Casa per Ferie Santa Maria alla Fornaci is a peaceful, if sparten, B&B.
No online booking
Address Viale Delle Milizie 15 (Vatican & Prati)
The Zero6 Guest House offers five rooms in a convenient location near the Vatican and two Metro stops.
Address Vicolo Moroni 22 (Trastevere)
Situated in historic Trastevere, the Casa San Giuseppe B&B offers 29 simple rooms in the middle of lovely historic Trastevere.
Check Rates for Checking Rates for No availability
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Will the New Ryan Budget Plan Hurt the GOP in 2012? >
Ryan Budget Sets Up a Winner Take All Pre-Election Fight
Republicans will use Ryan's budget as a referendum on Obama's tax and spend policies
March 23, 2012
The House Budget Committee blueprint for spending and taxation over the next decade would reshape Medicare. In addition, the six existing tax rates topping off at 35 percent would be reduced to 2, 10, and 25 percent.
[See a collection of political cartoons on the budget and deficit.]
For this plan to be politically successful, the plan must be defined by Republicans or risk having it defined for them by the Democratic Party spin machine. The House Republican budget does not touch Medicare for seniors who are currently under the program or about to enroll in it. Republican candidates must repeat this until they are blue in the face or Democratic attack ads will work like quick cement around their feet.
Unfortunately, the Democratic-controlled U.S. Senate will not produce a budget this year. Instead, it is relying on the spending limits set by the debt ceiling agreement of last summer. That means that once the House passes the Ryan budget, which is $19 billion below last summer's Budget Control Act, it will not be addressed in the Senate. A fall 2012 showdown is now likely to happen over spending priorities because Republicans and Senate Democrats will be working on different spending levels. A spending fight is something that Republicans would relish right before a high stakes Presidential election.
[Read Paul Ryan Budget Won't Solve Deficit Crisis.]
Republicans are using the budget to show leadership and to demonstrate to Americans that they have a real opportunity to send a president to the White House who believes in turning around our fiscal mess and saving our country's finances so that it will be prosperous once again. They will make it a referendum on the President Obama's tax and spend policies in what will be a high profile fight right before the November election.
- Join the debate on Facebook.
- Follow U.S. News Debate Club on Twitter.
- Check out U.S. News Weekly: an insider's guide to politics and policy.


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We found
5 touring caravan sites
within 20 miles Church Lench
1 bookable
Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire Show on map |
Hardstanding electric pitch | 6 x | From £20 per night |
Want to see more? We're only showing the sites that are bookable on Pitchup.com.
Show campsites and holiday parks that aren't bookable through Pitchup.com...
Bidford-on-Avon, Warwickshire Show on map |
Stourport-on-Severn, Worcestershire Show on map |
Evesham, Worcestershire Show on map |
Stratford On Avon Racecourse Touring Park Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire Show on map |


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Enjoy the Super Blows
Submitted by Leo on Sun, 02/05/2012 - 16:58
Ah today the magical day that bring an entire nation together. Men and women of all colors, backgrounds, religion, and lifestyle come to make an ever important decision that will change the American world then watch the drama unfold. That life altering experience is of course.... The Super Bowl. Ugh yes this is the event that practically shuts down an entire country for a Sunday and causes people to loose their souls.


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My Kindle is dead: Long live my Kindle
Amazon.com really knows how to treat its customers.
Although I've read a few dozen books on my Kindle by now, my use of it is erratic. I use it heavily for days or weeks at a time, then set it aside for a while to address the stack of paper books by my nightstand. (When Montalvo Systems shut down, I had two 2.5-foot stacks of unread books. After a long summer of unemployment, the unread stack is down to a mere five titles.)
Last Tuesday, I found an e-book I wanted to read, so I got out the Kindle and saw it was dead. (The battery lasts only a few days even if I'm not using it, which really isn't good enough.) I charged it overnight and moved the book onto the Kindle on Wednesday. Later that day when I wanted to read the book, I found the Kindle was out of juice already.
I charged it overnight again (with the radio off in case it was having some kind of issue), forgot about it Thursday and remembered it this morning. But it was dead again. I started it charging again before going out to a lunch interview. When I returned, I turned the unit on and just sort of kept an eye on it, pressing buttons occasionally to keep it mostly awake while doing some other work on my computer.
The battery ran down in less than two hours.


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The Antioch University Los Angeles Library provides a relaxed environment conducive to thinking and learning. The librarians and library staff are ready and interested in assisting with all questions of any kind. The Math and Writing Center is staffed with faculty and peer tutors who are available to work with all AULA students.
Library Hours
Monday – Thursday: 9:00am-8:00pm
Friday: 9:00am-3:00pm
Saturday: 9:00am-3:00pm
(310) 578-1080 ext. 333


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Meet our providers who deliver babies:
Trevver Buss, MD
John McAuliffe, MD
Todd Schad, MD
Thomas Varley, MD
Our single-room maternity suites offer you and your family privacy and convenience for this important event. A single room provides a pleasant and peaceful place for you to labor, give birth and recover. There's a sofa bed for dad, and your own private bath. All this in a homelike setting, with the reassurance that special equipment is immediately available for complications.
The more you know about parenting the better you will be prepared for your new role. We offer childbirth and breastfeeding classes for mom and dad, as well as preparation classes for new siblings and grandparents too. >>Click here to learn more about these classes.
For more information, call 608/643-7227.
Patient Stories | Pain Management Options | Childbirth Classes | Baby eNursery Prenatal Massage | Childbirth Preregistration | Breastfeeding Support Blog | Obstetrics


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Genetics Practice Problems
You may type in your own answers, then check to see if you were right. If you're totally stumped, you can tell the computer to show you the answer to a particular question.
Monohybrid Cross:
In humans, brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue (b)*. A brown-eyed man marries a blue-eyed woman and they have three children, two of whom are brown-eyed and one of whom is blue-eyed. Draw the Punnett square that illustrates this marriage. What is the man's genotype? What are the genotypes of the children?
(* Actually, the situation is complicated by the fact that there is more than one gene involved in eye color, but for this example, we'll consider only this one gene.)
In dogs, there is an hereditary deafness caused by a recessive gene, "d." A kennel owner has a male dog that she wants to use for breeding purposes if possible. The dog can hear, so the owner knows his genotype is either DD or Dd. If the dog's genotype is Dd, the owner does not wish to use him for breeding so that the deafness gene will not be passed on. This can be tested by breeding the dog to a deaf female (dd). Draw the Punnett squares to illustrate these two possible crosses. In each case, what percentage/how many of the offspring would be expected to be hearing? deaf? How could you tell the genotype of this male dog? Also, using Punnett square(s), show how two hearing dogs could produce deaf offspring.
Incomplete Dominance:
Note: at least one textbook I've seen also uses this as an example of pleiotropy (one gene – multiple effects), though to my mind, the malaria part of this is not a direct "effect" of the gene.
For many genes, such as the two mentioned above, the dominant allele codes for the presence of some characteristic (like, "B" codes for "make brown pigment" in someone's eyes), and the recessive allele codes for something along the lines of, "I don't know how to make that," (like "b" codes for the absence of brown pigment in someone's eyes, so by "default," the eyes turn out blue). If someone is a heterozygote (Bb), that person has one set of instructions for "make brown" and one set of instructions for, "I don't know how to make brown," with the result that the person ends up with brown eyes. There are, however, some genes where both alleles code for "something." One classic example is that in many flowering plants such as roses, snapdragons, and hibiscus, there is a gene for flower color with two alleles: red and white. However, in that case, white is not merely the absence of red, but that allele actually codes for, "make white pigment." Thus the flowers on a plant that is heterozygous have two sets of instructions: "make red," and "make white," with the result that the flowers turn out mid-way in between; they're pink.
In humans, there is a gene that controls formation of hemoglobin, the protein in the red blood cells which carries oxygen to the body tissue. The "normal" allele of this gene codes for "normal" hemoglobin. However, there is another allele for this gene that has one different nitrogenous base in its DNA sequence, and thus, one codon in the middle of the gene codes for a different amino acid in an important place in the hemoglobin molecule. A red blood cell (RBC) that contains this altered hemoglobin will, under stress, crinkle up into a shape that reminded someone of the shape of an old-fashioned sickle. While the letters "S" and"s" are often used to represent these alleles, since both of them code for "make hemoglobin", in reality, neither is dominant over the other. Someone who is SS makes all normal hemoglobin, someone who is ss makes all abnormal hemoglobin (and we say that person has sickle-cell anemia), and someone who is Ss essentially has two sets of instructions, and so, makes some of each kind of hemoglobin (often referred to as sickle-cell trait).
Because the RBCs of a person who is ss contain all abnormal hemoglobin, they will "sickle" very easily, with very little stress required to provoke that reaction. All those sickled cells tend to get stuck as they try to go through capillaries, and cause things like strokes, heart attacks, pulmonary embolisms, etc. that lead to death. Because only some of the RBCs of a person who is Ss contain abnormal hemoglobin, that person usually only has trouble with a lot of cells sickling if they're under a lot of stress trying to meet a higher-than-normal oxygen demand, and so the chances of a person dying from sickle-cell trait are much lower than for full-blown sickle-cell anemia.
A photo, taken by Dr. Fankhauser, of a prepared slide of blood cells infected with Plasmodium vivax |
A man and woman living in a tropical area where malaria is prevalent and health care is not accessible have seven children. The genotypes of these children are ss, Ss, SS, ss, Ss, Ss, and SS.
Dihybrid Cross:
In humans, there is a gene that controls formation (or lack thereof) of muscles in the tongue that allow people with those muscles to roll their tongues, while people who lack those muscles cannot roll their tongues. The ability to roll one's tongue is dominant over non-rolling. The ability to taste certain substances is also genetically controlled. For example, there is a substance called phenylthiocarbamate (PTC for short), which some people can taste (the dominant trait), while others cannot (the recessive trait). The biological supply companies actually sell a special kind of tissue paper impregnated with PTC so students studying genetics can try tasting it to see if they are tasters or non-tasters. To people who are tasters, the paper tastes very bitter, but to non-tasters, it just tastes like paper. Let's let R represent tongue-rolling, r represent a non-roller, T represent ability to taste PTC, and t represent non-tasting.
Suppose a woman who is both a homozygous tongue-roller and a non-PTC-taster marries a man who is a heterozygous tongue-roller and is a PTC taster, and they have three children: a homozygous tongue-roller who is also a PTC taster, a heterozygous tongue-roller who is also a taster, and a heterozygous tongue-roller who is a non-taster. If these parents would have a bunch more children so that they had 12 in all, how many of those 12 would you expect to be non-tasters who are homozygous for tongue-rolling? If the first child (the homozygous tongue-roller who is also a PTC taster) marries someone who is heterozygous for both traits, draw the Punnett square that predicts what their children will be.
Multiple Alleles and Codominance:
Some genes have more than two alleles. One of the best-known examples is the gene that is referred to as the "ABO Blood Group," which actually has quite a number of alleles. However, we will discuss/consider only the three most-common of these. This gene codes for the structure of a certain antigen on the surface of our RBCs. The three alleles we will work with are symbolized by IA, IB, and i. However, keep in mind that a person can only have two alleles, two copies of a gene. Thus, the possible genotypes are IAIA, IAi, IBIB, IBi, IAIB, or ii. (Sometimes, you will see these simplified as AA, AO, BB, BO, AB, and OO, but that does make it harder to remember that these are all alleles for the same gene.)
The allele, IA, codes for, "make type A antigen," the allele IB codes for, "make type B antigen," and (to simplify things somewhat) the i allele codes for, "I don't know how to make either A or B." Thus, both IAIA and IAi individuals receive instructions to "make type A antigen," and both IBIB and IBi individuals receive instructions to "make type B antigen." Individuals who are IAIB receive two sets of instructions: "make type A" and "make type B," so they have both the A and B forms of that antigen on the surface of their RBCs. People who are ii don't have any instructions to make either A or B, so by "default" they make what we refer to as type O antigens. Since both IA and IB code for "make something" whereas i codes for, "I don't know how, therefore, both IA and IB are dominant over i. However, since both IA and IA code for "make something," neither of them is dominant over the other. Thus we say that IA and IB are codominant over i.
Suppose a person with type A blood and a person with type B blood get married. What are the possible genotypes their children could have?
There is another gene that codes for another, different antigen that also occurs on the surface of our RBCs, and technically, that gene also has multiple alleles. However, most people either have or do not have one particular allele called the "d" allele. This gene codes for an antigen that is called "Rh factor" because it was first discovered in Rhesus monkeys. People who have instructions to "make d antigen" are referred to as Rh+ (the allele is often symbolized by the letter "R"), while those who have "I don't know how to make d antigen" instructions are called Rh– (the allele can be symbolized by "r"). Since this is a totally separate gene than the ABO blood group, if you're doing a genetic cross that involves both ABO and Rh, that would be a dihybrid cross.
Trihybrid Cross:
In Guinea pigs, black hair (B) is dominant over white (b), rough coat texture (R) is dominant over smooth (r), and short hair (S) is dominant over long hair (s). Assuming these genes are on separate chromosomes, draw the Punnett square for a cross between a homozygous black, rough, short-haired Guinea pig and a white, smooth, long-haired one. What would the phenotype(s) of the offspring be? If two of the F1 offspring were crossed, draw the Punnett square for this cross. Hint: first make a list of the possible gametes, making sure each has exactly one copy of each of the genes (one allele for each gene). What would the genotype and phenotype ratios be for the F2 generation?
Polygenic Trait:
Some traits, some phenotypes, are controlled by more than one gene. It was mentioned in the monohybrid cross, above, that technically, human eye color is controlled by at least two genes, one which codes for brown vs. blue and another which codes for green vs. blue. In the epistasis crosses, below, you will see other examples of polygenic traits. Human skin color is also a classic example of a polygenic trait. It is known that at least three or four genes control skin color, and for each of those genes, dark pigment has incomplete dominance over light (so a heterozygote would be intermediate — see above). Because we just did a trihybrid cross, let's assume three genes here (for simplicity), and to avoid confusion among them, let's arbitrarily call them genes A, B, and C. Then, someone who is AABBCC would have very dark skin color and someone who is aabbcc would have very light skin color. If they would get married and have children, their children would all be AaBbCc. If two of those people would get married and have children, the Punnett square would look like this:
ABC | ABc | AbC | Abc | aBC | aBc | abC | abc | ||
ABC | AABBCC | AABBCc | AABbCC | AABbCc | AaBBCC | AaBBCc | AaBbCC | AaBbCc | |
ABc | AABBCc | AABBcc | AABbCc | AABbcc | AaBBCc | AaBBcc | AaBbCc | AaBbcc | |
AbC | AABbCC | AABbCc | AAbbCC | AAbbCc | AaBbCC | AaBbCc | AabbCC | AabbCc | |
Abc | AABbCc | AABbcc | AAbbCc | AAbbcc | AaBbCc | AaBbcc | AabbCc | Aabbcc | |
aBC | AaBBCC | AaBBCc | AaBbCC | AaBbCc | aaBBCC | aaBBCc | aaBbCC | aaBbCc | |
aBc | AaBBCc | AaBBcc | AaBbCc | AaBbcc | aaBBCc | aaBBcc | aaBbCc | aaBbcc | |
abC | AaBbCC | AaBbCc | AabbCC | AabbCc | aaBbCC | aaBbCc | aabbCC | aabbCc | |
abc | AaBbCc | AaBbcc | AabbCc | Aabbcc | aaBbCc | aaBbcc | aabbCc | aabbcc |
Linked Genes:
Normal fruit flies have grayish-yellow bodies, red eyes, and wings that are long-enough to be able to fly. Some mutant fruit flies have black bodies rather than grayish-yellow, some have stumpy, vestigial wings that are too short and wrinkled to be able to fly, and some have a brighter, orangish-red eye color that is called "cinnabar." By breeding flies, fruit fly researchers were able to determine that all three of these mutations were recessive and were on the autosomes.
Fruit fly researchers use a different type of symbolism to represent their genetic crosses. They use a plus sign (+) to indicate anything that is the "wild" type and a letter (or sometimes two) to represent a mutant allele (capital if the mutation is a dominant allele, lower case if it's recessive). Thus a fruit fly with a homozygous grayish-yellow body would be labeled as "++" for body color while a black-bodied fly would be "bb" and a heterozygous fly would be "+b". The genotype for normal wings would also be symbolized as "++," while the allele for vestigial wings is "vg" so a fly that is homozygous recessive for that gene would be "vgvg" and a heterozygote would be notated as "+vg". Similarly, normal red eyes would be "++," cinnabar eyes would be "cncn," and a heterozygote would be "+cn."
wild-type female | wild-type male | |
black, vestigial female | black, vestigial male |
To simplify things, for now, let's consider just the b and vg genes. Suppose we had some flies that were genotype +b+vg (grayish body and long wings, but a carrier for both the black and vestigal alleles). Let's do a testcross (= a cross with bbvgvg, remember?) with these heterozygous flies.
If these genes were on different chromosomes, the Punnett square for this
cross would look like this:
++ | +vg | b+ | bvg | |||||
bvg |
If the genes were linked on the same chromosome and one of the fly's
chromosomes contained the alleles for yellowish body and normal wings while
the other chromosome contained the alleles for black body and crumpled,
vestigial wings, the Punnett square for this cross would look like this:
++ | bvg | |||||
bvg |
Sex-Linked Genes:
In humans, the genes for colorblindness and hemophilia are both located on the X chromosome with no corresponding gene on the Y. These are both recessive alleles. If a man and a woman, both with normal vision, marry and have a colorblind son, draw the Punnett square that illustrates this. If the man dies and the woman remarries to a colorblind man, draw a Punnett square showing the type(s) of children could be expected from her second marriage. How many/what percentage of each could be expected?
Sex (It's a Phenotype, Not a Chromosome!):
In humans, there's another X-linked gene that codes for androgen (testosterone) receptors in our cells. The dominant allele (XA) codes for "make functioning receptors that can correctly receive and bind onto testosterone," but there is a recessive allele (Xa) that either codes for "I don't know how to make testosterone receptors" or else "make 'broken' receptors that can't receive and bind onto testosterone." In humans, there is also a Y-linked gene that codes for "make testes," and when present, they, in turn, make testosterone, and the testosterone, in turn, goes to other cells in the body, and when received by the receptors, triggers other events within those cells. During embryonic development, one such event is growth and development of male genitalia.
Consider a person who is genotype XAY. Because this person has a Y chromosome including a normally-functioning gene to make testes, at the appropriate time during embryonic development, testes will form and will start to secrete testosterone. Because this person also has the correctly-functioning allele for the androgen (testosterone) receptor gene, those receptors will form and will begin functioning. As they receive the testosterone made by the testes, this will stimulate development of male genitalia, and (assuming all other genes are working "normally"), this baby will be a boy.
Consider a person who is genotype XAXA. Because this person does not have a Y chromosome, there is no gene to provide instructions to make testes, therefore no big prenatal surge of testosterone, therefore no stimulus to make male genitalia (in spite of properly-functioning testosterone receptors), so by "default," female genitalia develop, and (assuming all other genes are working "normally"), this baby will be a girl.
If these two people would get married, the Punnett square for their children
would look pretty much like the ones you've just done:
| |||||
Consider a person who is genotype XAXa. Because this person does not have a Y chromosome, there is no gene to provide instructions to make testes, therefore no big prenatal surge of testosterone, therefore no stimulus to make male genitalia (in spite of properly-functioning testosterone receptors in most cells), so by "default," female genitalia develop, and (assuming all other genes are working "normally"), this baby will also be a girl. However, she is a carrier for the non-functioning androgen-receptor gene. Because of inactivation of X chromosomes to form Barr bodies, some of the cells in her body will not be able to receive testosterone messages, which might show up in things like having somewhat less pubic and/or armpit hair.
Sex-Influenced Traits:
Baldness in humans is a dominant, sex-influenced trait. This gene is on the autosomes, not the sex chromosomes, but how it is expressed is influenced by the person's sex (due to hormones present, etc.). A man who is BB or Bb will be bald and will be non-bald only if he is bb. A woman will only be bald if she is BB and non-bald if she is Bb or bb (it's almost like B is dominant in males and b is dominant in females). Actually, because of the influence of other sex-related factors, most women who are BB never become totally bald like men do, but rather, their hair becomes "thin" or sparse. If two parents are heterozygous for baldness, what are the chances of their children being bald? Use a Punnett square to illustrate this. Note: because the sex of a person does make a difference in how the gene is expressed, you need to set this up as a dihybrid cross to account for the sex of the children.
A non-bald man marries a non-bald woman. They have a son and a daughter. If the son becomes bald, what are the chances that his sister will, too? Use a Punnett square to show this cross.
A woman's mother is bald, but her father is not. Her older brother is rapidly going bald. She is an acrobat who hangs by her hair. Should she change her profession before she goes bald, too? Use a Punnett square to show this.
In sweet peas, purple flower color (P) is dominant over white (p), but there is also a control gene such that if the plant has a "C", the purple has "permission" to express itself. If the plant is "cc," the purple does not "have permission" to express itself and the flower will be white anyway. If a plant with homozygous purple, controlled flowers is crossed with a plant with white, non-controlled flowers, diagram the Punnett square for the F1 and F2 generations and calculate the genotype and phenotype ratios. |
Epistasis can also work in the "opposite" direction (actually, some textbooks give these two cases other names). In corn kernels, purple (P) is dominant over yellow (p), but there is also an inhibiting control gene such
that if that corn kernel has a "C", the purple does not "have permission" to express itself, and the kernel will be yellow. If that kernel is "cc", then the purple
has "permission" to be expressed. If the same cross as above is done, the result would be:
genotypes: | phenotypes: | |||||||
PPCC | 1 | P–C– | = yellow bec. of C– | 9 | } | 13 yellow total | ||
PPCc | 2 | ppC– | = yellow | 3 | ||||
PPcc | 1 | ppcc | = yellow bec. of pp | 1 | ||||
PpCC | 2 | P–cc | = purple | 3 | } | 3 purple | ||
PpCc | 4 | |||||||
Ppcc | 2 | |||||||
ppCC | 1 | |||||||
ppCc | 2 | |||||||
ppcc | 1 |
There are some other, interesting possibilities. Suppose that in corn kernels, purple (P) is dominant over some other color, say red (p).
However, suppose there is a control gene (C) which "permits" the color to be present and "cc" doesn't "permit" color to be present, resulting in yellow
kernels. If the same cross as above is done, the result would be:
genotypes: | phenotypes: | |||||||
PPCC | 1 | P–C– | = purple | 9 | } | 9 purple | ||
PPCc | 2 | P–cc | = yellow bec. of cc | 3 | } | 4 yellow total | ||
PPcc | 1 | ppcc | = yellow bec. of cc | 1 | ||||
PpCC | 2 | ppC– | = red bec. of pp | 3 | } | 3 red | ||
PpCc | 4 | |||||||
Ppcc | 2 | |||||||
ppCC | 1 | |||||||
ppCc | 2 | |||||||
ppcc | 1 |
Suppose, instead, that "C" inhibits or does not "permit" the color to be present, while "cc" does allow the color to be expressed.
If the same cross as above is done, the result would be:
genotypes: | phenotypes: | |||||||
PPCC | 1 | P–C– | = yellow bec. of C– | 9 | } | 12 yellow total | ||
PPCc | 2 | ppC– | = yellow bec. of C– | 3 | ||||
PPcc | 1 | P–cc | = purple | 3 | } | 3 purple | ||
PpCC | 2 | ppcc | = red bec. of pp | 1 | } | 1 red | ||
PpCc | 4 | |||||||
Ppcc | 2 | |||||||
ppCC | 1 | |||||||
ppCc | 2 | |||||||
ppcc | 1 |
Copyright © 1996 by J. Stein Carter. All rights reserved.
This page has been accessed times since 14 Mar 2001.


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3D modeling
This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2010) |
3D computer graphics |
Basics |
Primary Uses |
Related concepts |
In 3D computer graphics, 3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any three-dimensional surface of object (either inanimate or living) via specialized software. The product is called a 3D model. It can be displayed as a two-dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering or used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena. The model can also be physically created using 3D printing devices.
Models may be created automatically or manually. The manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting. Recently, new concepts in 3D modeling have started to emerge. Recently, a new technology departing from the traditional techniques starts to emerge, such as Curve Controlled Modeling [1] that emphasizes the modeling of the movement of a 3D object instead of the traditional modeling of the static shape.
3D models represent a 3D object using a collection of points in 3D space, connected by various geometric entities such as triangles, lines, curved surfaces, etc. Being a collection of data (points and other information), 3D models can be created by hand, algorithmically (procedural modeling), or scanned.
3D models are widely used anywhere in 3D graphics. Actually, their use predates the widespread use of 3D graphics on personal computers. Many computer games used pre-rendered images of 3D models as sprites before computers could render them in real-time.
Today, 3D models are used in a wide variety of fields. The medical industry uses detailed models of organs. The movie industry uses them as characters and objects for animated and real-life motion pictures. The video game industry uses them as assets for computer and video games. The science sector uses them as highly detailed models of chemical compounds.[3] The architecture industry uses them to demonstrate proposed buildings and landscapes through Software Architectural Models. The engineering community uses them as designs of new devices, vehicles and structures as well as a host of other uses. In recent decades the earth science community has started to construct 3D geological models as a standard practice. 3D models can also be the basis for physical devices that are built with 3D printers or CNC machines.
Almost all 3D models can be divided into two categories.
- Solid - These models define the volume of the object they represent (like a rock). These are more realistic, but more difficult to build. Solid models are mostly used for nonvisual simulations such as medical and engineering simulations, for CAD and specialized visual applications such as ray tracing and constructive solid geometry
- Shell/boundary - these models represent the surface, e.g. the boundary of the object, not its volume (like an infinitesimally thin eggshell). These are easier to work with than solid models. Almost all visual models used in games and film are shell models.
Because the appearance of an object depends largely on the exterior of the object, boundary representations are common in computer graphics. Two dimensional surfaces are a good analogy for the objects used in graphics, though quite often these objects are non-manifold. Since surfaces are not finite, a discrete digital approximation is required: polygonal meshes (and to a lesser extent subdivision surfaces) are by far the most common representation, although point-based representations have been gaining some popularity in recent years. Level sets are a useful representation for deforming surfaces which undergo many topological changes such as fluids.
The process of transforming representations of objects, such as the middle point coordinate of a sphere and a point on its circumference into a polygon representation of a sphere, is called tessellation. This step is used in polygon-based rendering, where objects are broken down from abstract representations ("primitives") such as spheres, cones etc., to so-called meshes, which are nets of interconnected triangles. Meshes of triangles (instead of e.g. squares) are popular as they have proven to be easy to render using scanline rendering.[4] Polygon representations are not used in all rendering techniques, and in these cases the tessellation step is not included in the transition from abstract representation to rendered scene.
Notable concepts and abbreviations[edit]
In 3D modeling there are recurring concepts which usually appear as abbreviations. Here are some of the most current:
- CW, center of window, in reference to the visualization window
- VRP, view reference point
- VPN, view plane normal
- VUV, view up vector
- FOV, field of view
- VRC, view reference coordinates
- WCS, world coordinates system
Matrix representation[edit]
A scaling can be represented by a scaling matrix. To scale an object by a vector v = (vx, vy, vz), each point p = (px, py, pz) would need to be multiplied with this scaling matrix:
As shown below, the multiplication will give the expected result:
Such a scaling changes the diameter of an object by a factor between the scale factors, the area by a factor between the smallest and the largest product of two scale factors, and the volume by the product of all three.
The scaling is uniform if and only if the scaling factors are equal (vx = vy = vz). If all except one of the scale factors are equal to 1, we have directional scaling.
In the case where vx = vy = vz = k, the scaling is also called an enlargement or dilation by a factor k, increasing the area by a factor of k2 and the volume by a factor of k3.
A scaling in the most general sense is any affine transformation with a diagonalizable matrix. It includes the case that the three directions of scaling are not perpendicular. It includes also the case that one or more scale factors are equal to zero (projection), and the case of one or more negative scale factors. The latter corresponds to a combination of scaling proper and a kind of reflection: along lines in a particular direction we take the reflection in the point of intersection with a plane that need not be perpendicular; therefore it is more general than ordinary reflection in the plane.
Using homogeneous coordinates[edit]
In projective geometry, often used in computer graphics, points are represented using homogeneous coordinates. To scale an object by a vector v = (vx, vy, vz), each homogeneous coordinate vector p = (px, py, pz, 1) would need to be multiplied with this projective transformation matrix:
As shown below, the multiplication will give the expected result:
Since the last component of a homogeneous coordinate can be viewed as the denominator of the other three components, a uniform scaling by a common factor s (uniform scaling) can be accomplished by using this scaling matrix:
For each vector p = (px, py, pz, 1) we would have
which would be homogenized to
Modeling process[edit]
There are three popular ways to represent a model:
- Polygonal modeling - Points in 3D space, called vertices, are connected by line segments to form a polygonal mesh. The vast majority of 3D models today are built as textured polygonal models, because they are flexible and because computers can render them so quickly. However, polygons are planar and can only approximate curved surfaces using many polygons.
- Curve modeling - Surfaces are defined by curves, which are influenced by weighted control points. The curve follows (but does not necessarily interpolate) the points. Increasing the weight for a point will pull the curve closer to that point. Curve types include nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS), splines, patches and geometric primitives
- Digital sculpting - Still a fairly new method of modeling, 3D sculpting has become very popular in the few years it has been around.[citation needed] There are currently 3 types of digital sculpting: Displacement, which is the most widely used among applications at this moment, volumetric and dynamic tessellation. Displacement uses a dense model (often generated by Subdivision surfaces of a polygon control mesh) and stores new locations for the vertex positions through use of a 32bit image map that stores the adjusted locations. Volumetric which is based loosely on Voxels has similar capabilities as displacement but does not suffer from polygon stretching when there are not enough polygons in a region to achieve a deformation. Dynamic tesselation Is similar to Voxel but divides the surface using triangulation to maintain a smooth surface and allow finer details. These methods allow for very artistic exploration as the model will have a new topology created over it once the models form and possibly details have been sculpted. The new mesh will usually have the original high resolution mesh information transferred into displacement data or normal map data if for a game engine.
The modeling stage consists of shaping individual objects that are later used in the scene. There are a number of modeling techniques, including:
Modeling can be performed by means of a dedicated program (e.g., Cinema 4D, form•Z, Maya, 3DS Max, Blender, Lightwave, Modo, solidThinking) or an application component (Shaper, Lofter in 3DS Max) or some scene description language (as in POV-Ray). In some cases, there is no strict distinction between these phases; in such cases modeling is just part of the scene creation process (this is the case, for example, with Caligari trueSpace and Realsoft 3D).
Complex materials such as blowing sand, clouds, and liquid sprays are modeled with particle systems, and are a mass of 3D coordinates which have either points, polygons, texture splats, or sprites assigned to them.
Compared to 2D methods[edit]
3D photorealistic effects are often achieved without wireframe modeling and are sometimes indistinguishable in the final form. Some graphic art software includes filters that can be applied to 2D vector graphics or 2D raster graphics on transparent layers.
Advantages of wireframe 3D modeling over exclusively 2D methods include:
- Flexibility, ability to change angles or animate images with quicker rendering of the changes;
- Ease of rendering, automatic calculation and rendering photorealistic effects rather than mentally visualizing or estimating;
- Accurate photorealism, less chance of human error in misplacing, overdoing, or forgetting to include a visual effect.
Disadvantages compare to 2D photorealistic rendering may include a software learning curve and difficulty achieving certain photorealistic effects. Some photorealistic effects may be achieved with special rendering filters included in the 3D modeling software. For the best of both worlds, some artists use a combination of 3D modeling followed by editing the 2D computer-rendered images from the 3D model.
3D model market[edit]
A large market for 3D models (as well as 3D-related content, such as textures, scripts, etc.) still exists - either for individual models or large collections. Online marketplaces for 3D content, such as TurboSquid, The3DStudio, CreativeCrash, CGTrader, NoneCG, CGPeopleNetwork and DAZ 3D, allow individual artists to sell content that they have created. Often, the artists' goal is to get additional value out of assets they have previously created for projects. By doing so, artists can earn more money out of their old content, and companies can save money by buying pre-made models instead of paying an employee to create one from scratch. These marketplaces typically split the sale between themselves and the artist that created the asset, artists get 40% to 95% of the sales according the marketplace. In most cases, the artist retains ownership of the 3d model; the customer only buys the right to use and present the model.[5] Some artists sell their products directly in its own stores offering their products at a lower price by not using intermediaries.
3D printing[edit]
3D printing is a form of additive manufacturing technology where a three dimensional object is created by laying down successive layers of material.
Human models[edit]
The first widely available commercial application of human virtual models appeared in 1998 on the Lands' End web site. The human virtual models were created by the company My Virtual Mode Inc. and enabled users to create a model of themselves and try on 3D clothing.[6] There are several modern programs that allow for the creation of virtual human models (Poser being one example).
See also[edit]
- List of 3D modeling software
- List of common 3D test models
- 3D computer graphics software
- 3D printing
- 3D scanner
- Additive Manufacturing File Format
- Cloth modeling
- Computer facial animation
- Digimation's Library example
- Digital geometry
- Edge loop
- Evolver is a portal, 3D modeler and market place for 3D characters
- Geological modeling
- Industrial CT scanning
- Open CASCADE
- Polygon mesh
- Polygonal modeling
- Scaling (geometry)
- Stanford Bunny
- Triangle mesh
- Utah teapot
- Voxel
- Marching cubes
- ^ Ding, H., Hong, Y. (2003), NURBS curve controlled modeling for facial animation, Computers and Graphics, 27(3):373-385
- ^ "ERIS Project Starts". ESO Announcement. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
- ^ "3D Scanning Advancements in Medical Science". Konica Minolta. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
- ^ Jon Radoff, Anatomy of an MMORPG, August 22, 2008
- ^ "3D Marketplace 3D Model Licensing Documentation". Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- ^ "Lands' End First With New 'My Virtual Model' Technology: Takes Guesswork Out of Web Shopping for Clothes That Fit". PRNewswire. Lands' End. February 12, 2004. Retrieved 2013-11-24.


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A breast self exam is when a woman examines her own breasts for changes or problems.
Many women feel that doing this is important to their health. It helps them learn how their breasts normally feel, so that if they find a lump they will know if they should call their doctor or nurse.
However, there is not agreement among experts about recommending breast self exams. It is not known for sure what role breast self exams play in finding breast cancer or saving lives.
Talk to your health care provider about whether breast self exams are right for you.
Self-examination of the breast; BSE
If you decide to do breast self exams, make sure you do so about 3 - 5 days after your period starts. Your breasts are not as tender or lumpy during this time of month.
If you have gone through menopause, do your exam on the same day every month.
Next, stand in front of a mirror with your arms by your side.
Do the same with your arms raised above your head.
Most women have some lumps. Your goal is to find anything new or different. If you do, call your health care provider right away.
See also:
Smith RA, Cokkinides V, Brawley OW. Cancer screening in the United States, 2008: A review of current American Cancer Society guidelines and cancer screening issues. CA Cancer J Clin. 2008;58:161-179.
Bevers TB, Anderson BO, Bonaccio E, Buys S, Daly MB, Dempsey PJ, et al. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: breast cancer screening and diagnosis. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2009;7:1060-1096.
Screening by Breast Self-Examination National Cancer Institute Breast cancer screening PDQ. Last Modified: 01/28/2011
Last reviewed 10/16/2011 by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc., Debra G. Wechter, MD, FACS, General Surgery practice specializing in breast cancer, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington.
©1997 - A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.
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