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Gone with the Wind
Gone with the Wind | |
First edition cover
Author | Margaret Mitchell |
Country | United States |
Language | English |
Genre | Historical novel, Romance |
Publisher | Macmillan Publishers |
Publication date | June 10, 1936[1] |
Media type | Print (hardback & paperback) |
Pages | 1037 (first edition) 1024 (Warner Books paperback) |
ISBN | ISBN 978-0-446-36538-3 (Warner) |
OCLC Number | 28491920 |
Followed by | Scarlett Rhett Butler's People |
Gone with the Wind is a novel written by Margaret Mitchell, first published in 1936. The story is set in Clayton County, Georgia, and Atlanta during the American Civil War and Reconstruction. It depicts the experiences of Scarlett O'Hara, the spoiled daughter of a well-to-do plantation owner, who must use every means at her disposal to come out of the poverty she finds herself in after Sherman's "March to the Sea".
Margaret Mitchell was often asked what became of her lovers, Rhett and Scarlett, after the novel ended. She did not know, and said, "For all I know, Rhett may have found someone else who was less difficult."[2]
Mitchell received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for the book in 1937. The book was adapted into a 1939 American film. Gone with the Wind is the only novel by Mitchell published during her lifetime.[3]
- 1 Biographical background and publication
- 2 Title
- 3 Plot summary
- 4 Structure
- 5 Plot discussion
- 6 Characters
- 7 Themes
- 8 Color symbolism
- 9 Reception
- 10 Adaptations
- 11 In popular culture
- 12 Legacy
- 13 Original manuscript
- 14 Publication and reprintings (1936-USA)
- 15 Sequels
- 16 See also
- 17 References
- 18 Further reading
- 19 External links
Biographical background and publication[edit]
Born in 1900 in Atlanta, Georgia, Margaret Mitchell was throughout her life a writer and a Southerner. She grew up hearing stories about the American Civil War and the Reconstruction, from her tyrannical Irish American grandmother who endured its suffering. Her forceful and intellectual mother was a suffragist who fought for the rights of women to vote. As a young woman, Mitchell found love with an army lieutenant who was killed in the Great War, and she would carry his memory for the remainder of her life. After studying at Smith College for a year, during which time her mother died from the Spanish flu, she returned to Atlanta. An unsuccessful marriage to an abusive bootlegger husband followed. She then got a job writing feature articles for the Atlanta Journal, which was something Atlanta debutantes did not do. She married again, this time to a man who shared her interest in writing and literature.
Margaret Mitchell began writing Gone with the Wind in 1926 to pass the time while recovering from an auto-crash injury that refused to heal.[2] In April 1935, Harold Latham of MacMillan, an editor who was looking for new fiction, read what she had written and saw that it could be a best-seller. After Latham had agreed to publish the book, Mitchell worked for another six months checking the historical references and rewriting the opening chapter several times.[4] Mitchell and her husband John Marsh, a copy editor by trade, edited the final version of the novel. Mitchell wrote the book's final moments first and then wrote the events that led up to it.[5] Gone with the Wind was released to the public in June 1936.
The author tentatively titled the novel Tomorrow is Another Day, from its last line.[6] Other proposed titles included Bugles Sang True, Not in Our Stars, and Tote the Weary Load.[4] The title Mitchell finally chose is from the first line of the third stanza of the poem Non Sum Qualis Eram Bonae sub Regno Cynarae by Ernest Dowson:
- I have forgot much, Cynara! gone with the wind,
- Flung roses, roses riotously with the throng,
- Dancing, to put thy pale, lost lilies out of mind...[7]
Scarlett O'Hara uses the title phrase when she wonders to herself if her home on a plantation called "Tara" is still standing or if it is "gone with the wind which had swept through Georgia."[8] In a general sense, the title is a metaphor for the departure of a way of life that existed in the South prior to the Civil War. When taken in the context of Dowson's poem about "Cynara", the phrase "gone with the wind" alludes to erotic loss.[9] The poem expresses the regrets of someone who has lost his passionate feelings for his "old passion", Cynara.[10]
Plot summary[edit]
Gone with the Wind takes place in the southern United States in the state of Georgia during the American Civil War (1861–1865) and the Reconstruction Era (1865–1877) that followed the war. The novel unfolds against the backdrop of rebellion wherein seven southern states, Georgia among them, have declared their secession from the United States (the "Union") and formed the Confederate States of America (the "Confederacy"), after Abraham Lincoln was elected president with no ballots from ten Southern states where slavery was legal. A dispute over states' rights has arisen[11] involving enslaved African people who were the source of manual labor on cotton plantations throughout the South. The story opens in April 1861 at the "Tara" plantation, which is owned by a wealthy Irish immigrant family, the O'Haras. The reader is told Scarlett O'Hara, the sixteen-year-old daughter of Gerald and Ellen O'Hara, "was not beautiful, but"[12] had an effect on men, especially when she took notice of them. It was the day before the men were called to war, Fort Sumter having been fired on two days earlier.
There are brief but vivid descriptions of the South as it began and grew, with backgrounds of the main characters: the stylish and highbrow French, the gentlemanly English, the forced-to-flee and looked-down-upon Irish. Miss Scarlett learns that one of her many beaux, Ashley Wilkes, is soon to be engaged to his cousin, Melanie Hamilton. She is stricken at heart. The following day at the Wilkeses' barbecue at "Twelve Oaks," Scarlett informs Ashley she loves him and Ashley admits he cares for her.[11] However, he knows he would not be happily married to Scarlett because of their personality differences. Scarlett loses her temper at Ashley and he silently takes it.
Then Scarlett meets Rhett Butler, a man who wears "the clothes of a dandy"[13] and has a reputation as a rogue. Rhett had been alone in the library when Ashley and Scarlett entered, and felt it wiser to not make his presence known while the argument took place. Rhett applauds Scarlett for the unladylike spirit she displayed with Ashley. Infuriated and humiliated, Scarlett tells Rhett, "You aren't fit to wipe Ashley's boots!"[11]
Upon leaving the library and rejoining the other party guests, she finds out that war has been declared and the men are going to enlist. Seeking revenge for being jilted by Ashley, Scarlett accepts a proposal of marriage from Melanie's brother, Charles Hamilton. They marry two weeks later. Charles dies from measles two months after the war begins. Scarlett is pregnant with her first child. A widow at merely sixteen, she gives birth to a boy, Wade Hampton Hamilton, named after his father's general.[14] As a widow, she is bound by tradition to wear black and avoid conversation with young men. Scarlett is despondent as a result of the restrictions placed upon her.
Aunt Pittypat, who is living with Melanie in Atlanta, invites Scarlett to stay with them. In Atlanta, Scarlett's spirits revive and she is busy with hospital work and sewing circles for the Confederate army. Scarlett encounters Rhett Butler again at a dance for the Confederacy. Although Rhett believes the war is a lost cause, he is blockade running for the profit in it. The men must bid for a dance with a lady and Rhett bids "one hundred fifty dollars-in gold"[13] for a dance with Scarlett. Everyone at the dance is shocked that Rhett would bid for Scarlett, the widow still dressed in black. Melanie comes to Scarlett's defense because she is supporting the Cause for which her husband, Ashley, is fighting.
At Christmas (1863), Ashley has been granted a furlough from the army and returns to Atlanta to be with Melanie. The war is going badly for the Confederacy. Atlanta is under siege (September 1864), "hemmed in on three sides,"[15] it descends into a desperate state while hundreds of wounded Confederate soldiers lie dying or dead in the city. Melanie goes into labor with only the inexperienced Scarlett to assist, as all the doctors are busy attending the soldiers. Prissy, a young Negro servant girl, cries out in despair and fear, "De Yankees is comin!"[16] In the chaos, Scarlett, left to fend for herself, cries for the comfort and safety of her mother and Tara. The tattered Confederate States Army sets flame to Atlanta as they abandon it to the Union Army.
Melanie gives birth to a boy she names "Beau", and now they must hurry for refuge. Scarlett tells Prissy to go find Rhett, but she is afraid to "go runnin' roun' in de dahk". Scarlett replies to Prissy, "Haven't you any gumption?"[16] Prissy then finds Rhett, and Scarlett begs him to take herself, Wade, Melanie, Beau, and Prissy to Tara. Rhett laughs at the idea, but steals an emaciated horse and a small wagon, and they follow the retreating army out of Atlanta.
Part way to Tara, Rhett has a change of heart and he abandons Scarlett to enlist in the army. Scarlett makes her way to Tara where she is welcomed on the steps by her father, Gerald. It is clear things have drastically changed: Gerald has lost his mind, Scarlett's mother is dead, her sisters are sick with typhoid fever, the field slaves left after Emancipation, the Yankees have burned all the cotton and there is no food in the house.
The long tiring struggle for post-war survival begins that has Scarlett working in the fields. There are hungry people to feed and little food. There is the ever present threat of the Yankees who steal and burn, and at one point, Scarlett kills a Yankee marauder with a single shot from Charles's pistol leaving "a bloody pit where the nose had been."[17]
A long succession of Confederate soldiers returning home stop at Tara to find food and rest. Two men stay on, an invalid Cracker, Will Benteen, and Ashley Wilkes, whose spirit is broken. Life at Tara slowly begins to recover when a new threat appears in the form of new taxes on Tara.
Scarlett knows only one man who has enough money to help her pay the taxes, Rhett Butler. She goes to Atlanta to find him only to learn Rhett is in jail. As she is leaving the jailhouse, Scarlett runs into Frank Kennedy, who is betrothed to Scarlett's sister, Suellen, and running a store in Atlanta. Soon realizing Frank also has money, Scarlett hatches a plot and tells Frank that Suellen has changed her mind about marrying him. Thereafter Frank succumbs to Scarlett's feminine charms and he marries her two weeks later knowing he has done "something romantic and exciting for the first time in his life."[18] Always wanting Scarlett to be happy and radiant, Frank gives her the money to pay the taxes on Tara.
While Frank has a cold and is being pampered by Aunt Pittypat, Scarlett goes over the accounts at Frank's store and finds many of his friends owe him money. Scarlett is now terrified about the taxes and decides money, a lot of it, is needed. She takes control of his business while he is away and her business practices leave many Atlantans resentful of her. Then with a loan from Rhett she buys a sawmill and runs the lumber business herself, all very unladylike conduct. Much to Frank's relief, Scarlett learns she is pregnant, which curtails her activities for a while. She convinces Ashley to come to Atlanta and manage the mill, all the while still in love with him. At Melanie's urging, Ashley takes the job at the mill. Melanie soon becomes the center of Atlanta society, and Scarlett gives birth to a girl named Ella Lorena. "Ella for her grandmother Ellen, and Lorena because it was the most fashionable name of the day for girls."[19]
The state of Georgia is under martial law and life there has taken on a new and more frightening tone. For protection, Scarlett keeps Frank's pistol tucked in the upholstery of the buggy. Her trips alone to and from the mill take her past a shanty town where criminal elements live. On one evening when she is coming home from the mill, Scarlett is accosted by two men who attempt to rob her, but she escapes with the help of Big Sam, the former negro foreman from Tara. Attempting to avenge the assault on his wife, Frank and the Ku Klux Klan raid the shanty town whereupon Frank is shot dead. Scarlett is a widow for a second time.
Rhett puts on a charade to keep the men who participated in the shanty town raid from being arrested. He walks into the Wilkeses' home with Hugh Elsing and Ashley, singing and pretending to be drunk. Yankee officers outside the home question Rhett and he tells them he and the other men had been at Belle Watling's brothel that evening, a story Belle later confirms to the officers. The men are indebted to Rhett for saving them, and his Scallawag reputation among them improves a notch, but the men's wives, with the exception of Melanie, are livid at owing their husbands' lives to Belle Watling.
Frank Kennedy lies cold in a coffin in the quiet stillness of the parlor in Aunt Pittypat's home. Scarlett is in a remorseful state. She is swigging brandy from Aunt Pitty's swoon bottle when Rhett comes to call. She tells Rhett tearfully, "I'm afraid I'll die and go to hell," to which Rhett replies, "Maybe there isn't a hell."[20] Before she can cry any further, Rhett asks Scarlett to marry him saying, "I always intended having you, one way or another."[20] Scarlett declares she doesn't love him and doesn't want to be married again. However, Rhett kisses her passionately, and in the heat of the moment she agrees to marry him. One year later, Scarlett and Rhett announce their engagement.
News of the impending marriage is the talk of the town. Mr. and Mrs. Butler honeymoon in New Orleans, spending lavishly. Upon their return to Atlanta, the couple take up residence in the bridal suite at the National Hotel while their new home on Peachtree Street is being constructed. Scarlett chooses a modern Swiss chalet style home like the one she saw in Harper's Weekly, and red wallpaper, thick red carpet and black walnut furniture for the interior. Rhett describes the house as an "architectural horror".[21] Shortly after the Butlers move into their new home, the sardonic jabs between them turn into full-blown quarrels. Scarlett wonders why Rhett married her. Then "with real hate in her eyes"[21] she tells Rhett she is going to have a baby, a baby she does not want.
Then here's to our Confederacy, strong we are and brave,
Like patriots of old we'll fight, our heritage to save;
And rather than submit to shame, to die we would prefer,
So cheer for the Bonnie Blue Flag that bears a single star.
Hurrah! Hurrah!
For Southern rights, hurrah!
Hurrah for the Bonnie Blue Flag that bears a single star.
Wade is seven years old in 1869 when his sister, Eugenie Victoria, named after two queens, arrives in the world. She has blue eyes like Gerald O'Hara and Melanie gives her the nickname, "Bonnie Blue," in reference to the Bonnie Blue Flag of the Confederacy.
When Scarlett is feeling well again, she makes a trip to the mill and talks to Ashley, who is alone in the office. In the conversation with him, she comes away believing Ashley still loves her and is jealous of her intimate relations with Rhett, which excites her. Scarlett returns home and tells Rhett she does not want more children. From then on, Scarlett and Rhett sleep in separate bedrooms, and when Bonnie is two years old, she sleeps in a little bed beside Rhett's bed (with the light on all night long because she is afraid of the dark). Rhett turns his attention towards Bonnie, dotes on her, spoils her, and worries about her reputation when she is older.
Melanie is giving a surprise birthday party for Ashley. Scarlett goes to the mill to keep Ashley there until party time, a rare opportunity for Scarlett to see Ashley alone. When she sees him, she feels "sixteen again, a little breathless and excited."[22] Ashley tells her how pretty she looks, and they reminisce about the days when they were young and talk about their lives now. Suddenly Scarlett's eyes fill with tears and Ashley holds her head against his chest. Then in the doorway of the office Ashley sees standing his sister, India Wilkes. Before the party has even begun rumors of an adulterous relationship between Ashley and Scarlett have started, and Rhett and Melanie have heard the gossip. Melanie refuses to accept any criticism of her sister in-law and India Wilkes is banished from the Wilkeses' home for it, causing a rift in the family.
Rhett, more drunk than Scarlett has ever seen him, returns home the evening of the party long after Scarlett. His eyes are bloodshot and his mood is dark and violent. He enjoins Scarlett to drink with him. Not wanting Rhett to know she is fearful of him, Scarlett throws back a drink and gets up from her chair to go back to her bedroom. But Rhett stops her and pins her shoulders to the wall. Scarlett tells Rhett he is jealous of Ashley and Rhett accuses Scarlett of "crying for the moon"[23] over Ashley. He tells Scarlett they could have been happy together saying, "for I loved you and I know you."[23] Rhett then takes Scarlett in his arms and carries her up the stairs to her bedroom where passion envelops them.
The following morning Rhett leaves town with Bonnie and Prissy and stays away for three months. Scarlett finds herself missing him, but she is still unsure if Rhett loves her, having told her so when he was drunk. She learns she is pregnant with her fourth child.
On the day Rhett arrives home, Scarlett waits for him at the top of the stairs. She wonders if Rhett will kiss her, but to Scarlett's irritation, he does not. He tells her she looks pale. Scarlett tells him she is pale because she is pregnant. Rhett sarcastically asks her if the father is Ashley. She calls Rhett a cad and tells him no woman would want a baby of his. To which Rhett responds, "cheer up, maybe you'll have a miscarriage."[24] At that comment, Scarlett lunges at Rhett, but he side steps and she tumbles backwards down the stairs. She is seriously ill for the first time in her life, having lost her child and broken her ribs. Rhett is remorseful, believing he has killed her. Sobbing and drunk, Rhett buries his head in Melanie's lap and confesses he had been a jealous cad.
Scarlett, who is thin and pale, goes to Tara taking Wade and Ella with her, to regain her strength and vitality from "the green cotton fields of home."[25] When she returns a healthy woman to Atlanta, she sells the mills to Ashley. She finds Rhett's attitude has noticeably changed. He is sober, kinder, polite and seemingly disinterested. Though she misses the old Rhett at times, Scarlett is content to leave well enough alone.
Now Bonnie is four years old in 1873. A spirited and willful child, she has her father wrapped around her finger and giving into her every demand. Even Scarlett is jealous of the attention she gets from him. Rhett rides his horse around town with Bonnie in front of him, but the household mammy, "Mammy," insists it is not fitting for a girl to ride a horse with her dress flying up. Rhett heeds Mammy's words and buys Bonnie a Shetland pony, whom she names "Mr. Butler," and teaches her to ride sidesaddle. Then Rhett pays a boy named Wash twenty-five cents to teach Mr. Butler to jump over wood bars. When Mr. Butler is able to get his fat legs over a one foot high bar, Rhett puts Bonnie on the pony, and soon Mr. Butler is leaping bars and Aunt Melly's rose bushes.
Wearing her blue velvet riding habit with a red feather in her black hat, Bonnie pleads with her father to raise the bar to one and a half feet. He gives in and raises the bar, warning her not to come crying to him if she falls. Bonnie yells to her Mother, "Watch me take this one!"[26] The pony gallops towards the wood bar, but trips over it. Bonnie breaks her neck in the fall, killing her.
In the dark days and months following Bonnie's death, Rhett is often drunk and disheveled, while Scarlett, though deeply grieved also, seems to hold up under the strain. With the untimely death of Melanie Wilkes a short time later, Rhett decides he only wants the calm dignity of the genial South he once knew in his youth and he leaves Atlanta to find it. Meanwhile, Scarlett dreams of love that has eluded her for so long. However, she still has Tara and knows she can win Rhett back, because "tomorrow is another day."[27]
Coming-of-Age story[edit]
Margaret Mitchell arranged Gone with the Wind chronologically, basing it on the life and experiences of the main character, Scarlett O'Hara, as she grew from adolescence into adulthood. During the time span of the novel, from 1861 to 1873, Scarlett ages from sixteen to twenty-eight years. The literary technique applied in telling the story is Bildungsroman,[28] which is a type of novel concerned with the moral and psychological growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood (coming-of-age story). The growth and education of Scarlett O'Hara is influenced by the events of her time.[28] Mitchell used a smooth linear narrative structure. The novel is known for its exceptional "readability".[29] The plot is rich with vivid characters.
Gone with the Wind is often placed in the literary sub-genre of the historical romance novel.[30] However, it has been argued the novel does not contain all of the elements of the romance genre,[31] making it simply a historical novel. The novel has also been described as an early classic of the erotic historical genre because it is thought to contain some degree of pornography.[32]
Plot discussion[edit]
Slavery in Gone with the Wind is a backdrop to a story that is essentially about other things.[33] Southern plantation fiction (also known as Anti-Tom literature) from the early 19th century culminating in Gone With the Wind is written from the perspective and values of the slaveholder and tends to present slaves as docile and happy.[34]
The characters in the novel are organized into two basic groups along class lines: the white planter class, such as Scarlett and Ashley, and the black house servant class. The slaves depicted in Gone with the Wind are primarily loyal house servants, such as Mammy, Pork, Prissy, and Uncle Peter.[35] House servants are the highest "caste" in Mitchell's caste system of the slaves.[36] They stay on with their masters after the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 and subsequent Thirteenth Amendment of 1865 sets them free. Of the servants that stayed on at Tara, Scarlett thinks to herself, "There were qualities of loyalty and tirelessness and love in them that no strain could break, no money could buy."[37]
The field slaves make up the lower class in Mitchell's caste system.[36][38] The field slaves from the Tara plantation and the foreman, Big Sam, are taken away by Confederate soldiers to dig ditches[15] and apparently never return to the plantation. There were yet other field slaves, Mitchell wrote, who were "loyal" and "refused to avail themselves of the new freedom", [36] but there are no field slave characters in the novel that stay on the plantation after they have been emancipated.
James Stirling, a British writer who visited the Southern United States in 1857, described the distinction between slaves who were house servants and slaves who were field hands in his book, Letters from the Slave States:
In judging of the welfare of the slaves, it is necessary to distinguish the different conditions of slavery. The most important distinction, both as regards numbers and its influence on the wellbeing of the slave, is that between house-servants and farm or field-hands. The house-servant is comparatively well off.[39]
A slave narrative by William Wells Brown published in 1847 spoke of the disparity in conditions between the house servant and the field hand:
During the time that Mr. Cook was overseer, I was a house servant—a situation preferable to a field hand, as I was better fed, better clothed, and not obliged to rise at the ringing bell, but about an half hour after. I have often laid and heard the crack of the whip, and the screams of the slave.[40]
'Way back in the dark days of the Early Sixties, regrettable tho it was—men fought, bled, and died for the freedom of the negro—her freedom!—and she stood by and did her duty to the last ditch—
It was and is her life to serve, and she has done it well.
While shot and shell thundered to release the shackles of slavery from her body and her soul—she loved, fought for, and protected—Us who held her in bondage, her "Marster" and her "Missus!"
Although the novel is over one thousand pages, Mammy never considers what her life might be like away from Tara.[42] She recognizes her freedom to come and go as she pleases saying, "Ah is free, Miss Scarlett. You kain sen' me nowhar Ah doan wanter go," but Mammy remains duty-bound to "Miss Ellen's chile".[20] Mammy apparently had no real name; at least it is not mentioned in the novel.
Eighteen years before the publication of Gone with the Wind, an article titled, "The Old Black Mammy," written in the Confederate Veteran in 1918, discussed the romanticized view of the mammy character that had been passed on in literature of the South:
...for her faithfulness and devotion, she has been immortalized in the literature of the South; so the memory of her will never pass, but live on in the tales that are told of those "dear dead days beyond recall".[43][44]
Micki McElya, in her book, Clinging to Mammy, suggests the myth of the faithful slave, in the figure of mammy, lingers because white Americans wish to live in a world where African Americans are not angry over the injustice of slavery.[45]
The best-selling anti-slavery novel from the 19th century is Uncle Tom's Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, published in 1852. Uncle Tom's Cabin is mentioned briefly in Gone with the Wind as being accepted by the Yankees as, "revelation second only to the Bible".[37] The enduring interest of both Uncle Tom's Cabin and Gone with the Wind has resulted in lingering stereotypes of 19th-century African American slaves.[46] However, since its publication, Gone with the Wind has become a reference point for subsequent writers about the South, both black and white alike.[47]
Southern belle[edit]
The southern belle is an archetype for a young woman of the American old South upper class. The southern belle's attractiveness is not physical beauty, but rather lies in her charm. She is subject to the correct code of female behavior.[48] The novel's heroine, Scarlett O'Hara, charming though not beautiful, is a southern belle.
For young Scarlett, the ideal southern belle is represented by her mother, Ellen O'Hara. In "A Study in Scarlett", published in The New Yorker, Claudia Roth Pierpont wrote:
The Southern belle was bred to conform to a subspecies of the nineteenth-century "lady"... For Scarlett, the ideal is embodied in her adored mother, the saintly Ellen, whose back is never seen to rest against the back of any chair on which she sits, whose broken spirit everywhere is mistaken for righteous calm...[49]
Young misses whut frowns an' pushes out dey chins an' says 'Ah will' an' 'Ah woan' mos' gener'ly doan ketch husbands.
However, Scarlett is not always willing to conform. Kathryn Lee Seidel, in her book, The Southern Belle in the American Novel, wrote:
...part of her does try to rebel against the restraints of a code of behavior that relentlessly attempts to mold her into a form to which she is not naturally suited.[51]
Scarlett, the figure of a pampered southern belle, lives through an extreme reversal of fortune and wealth, and survives to rebuild Tara and her self-esteem.[52] Scarlett's bad belle traits, her deceitfulness, shrewdness, manipulativeness, and superficiality, in contrast to Melanie's good belle traits, trust, self-sacrifice, and loyalty, enable Scarlett to survive in the post-war South, and pursue her main interest, making money.[53]
Marriage was the goal of all southern belles, and all social and educational pursuits were directed towards it. Regardless of war and the loss of eligible men, young ladies were still subjected to the pressure to marry.[54] By law and Southern social convention, household heads were adult, white propertied males, and all white women and all African Americans were thought to require protection and guidance because they lacked the capacity for reason and self-control.[55]
During the Civil War, Southern women played a major role as volunteer nurses working in makeshift hospitals. Many were middle- and upper class women who had never worked for wages or seen the inside of a hospital. One such nurse was Ada W. Bacot, a young widow who had lost two children. Bacot came from a wealthy South Carolina plantation family that owned 87 slaves.[56]
In the fall of 1862, Confederate laws were changed to permit the employment of women in hospitals as members of the Confederate Medical Department.[57] Twenty-seven year-old nurse Kate Cumming from Mobile, Alabama, described the primitive hospital conditions in her journal:
They are in the hall, on the gallery, and crowded into very small rooms. The foul air from this mass of human beings at first made me giddy and sick, but I soon got over it. We have to walk, and when we give the men any thing kneel, in blood and water; but we think nothing of it at all.[58]
Dearest one! do you remember,
- When we did last meet?
When you told me how you loved me,
- Kneeling at my feet?
Oh, how proud you stood before me
- In your suit of gray,
When you vow'd to me and country
- Ne'er to go astray
Weeping, sad and lonely,
- Sighs and tears how vain!
When this cruel war is over,
- Praying then to meet again!
The Civil War came to an end on April 26, 1865 when Confederate General Johnston surrendered his armies in the Carolinas Campaign to Union General Sherman. The battles mentioned or depicted in Gone with the Wind are:
- Seven Days Battles, June 25 – July 1, 1862, Richmond, Virginia, Confederate victory.[13]
- Battle of Fredericksburg, December 11 – 15, 1862, Fredericksburg, Virginia, Confederate victory.
- Streight's Raid, April 19 – May 3, 1863, in northern Alabama. Union Colonel Streight and his men were captured by Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest.
- Battle of Chancellorsville, April 30 – May 6, 1863, in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, near the village of Chancellorsville, Confederate victory.
- Ashley Wilkes is stationed on the Rapidan River, Virginia, in the winter of 1863,[60] later captured and sent to a Union prison camp, Rock Island.
- Siege of Vicksburg, May 18 – July 4, 1863, Vicksburg, Mississippi, Union victory.
- Battle of Gettysburg, July 1–3, 1863, fought in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, Union victory. "They expected death. They did not expect defeat."[61]
- Battle of Chickamauga, September 19–20, 1863, northwestern Georgia. The first fighting in Georgia and the most significant Union defeat.
- Chattanooga Campaign, November–December 1863, Tennessee, Union victory. The city became the supply and logistics base for Sherman's 1864 Atlanta Campaign.
- Atlanta Campaign, May–September 1864, northwest Georgia and the area around Atlanta:
- Confederate General Johnston fights and retreats from Dalton (May 7–13) to Resaca (May 13–15) to Kennesaw Mountain (June 27). Union General Sherman suffers heavy losses to the entrenched Confederate army. Unable to pass through Kennesaw, Sherman swings his men around to the Chattahoochee River where the Confederate army is waiting on the opposite side of the river. Once again, General Sherman flanks the Confederate army, forcing Johnston to retreat to Peachtree Creek (July 20), five miles northeast of Atlanta.
- Battle of Atlanta, July 22, 1864, just southeast of Atlanta. The city would not fall until September 2, 1864. Heavy losses for Confederate General Hood.
- Battle of Ezra Church, July 28, 1864, Sherman's failed attack west of Atlanta where the railroad entered the city.
- Battle of Utoy Creek, August 5–7, 1864, Sherman's failed attempt to break the railroad line into Atlanta from the east, heavy Union losses.
- Battle of Jonesborough, August 31 – September 1, 1864, Sherman successfully cut the railroad lines from the south into Atlanta. The city of Atlanta was abandoned by Hood and then occupied by Union troops for the rest of the war.
- Savannah Campaign, conducted around Georgia during November and December 1864.
Although Abraham Lincoln is mentioned in the novel fourteen times, no reference is made to his assassination.
Beau ideal[edit]
Somebody's darling! so young and so brave!
- Wearing still on his pale, sweet face—
Soon to be hid by the dust of the grave—
- The lingering light of his boyhood's grace!
Ashley Wilkes is the beau ideal of Southern manhood. A planter by inheritance, Ashley knew the Confederate cause had died at the conclusion of the American Civil War.[63] Ashley's name signifies paleness. His "pallid skin literalizes the idea of Confederate death".[64]
He contemplates leaving Georgia for New York City, and had he gone north, he would have been a typical Confederate carpetbagger.[63] Ashley, embittered by war, tells Scarlett he has been "in a state of suspended animation"[65] since the surrender. He feels he is not "shouldering a man's burden" at Tara and views himself as "much less than a man—much less, indeed, than a woman".[65]
A "young girl's dream of the Perfect Knight",[66] Ashley is like a young girl himself.[67] With his "poet's eye",[68] Ashley has a "feminine sensitivity".[69] Scarlett is angered by the "slur of effeminacy flung at Ashley" when her father tells her the Wilkes family was "born queer".[70] (Mitchell's use of the word queer is for its sexual connotation because queer, in the 1930s, was associated with homosexuality.)[71] Ashley's effeminacy is associated with his appearance, his lack of force and sexual impotency.[72] He rides, plays poker and drinks like "proper men", but his heart is not in it, Gerald claims.[70][73] The embodiment of castration, Ashley wears the head of Medusa on his cravat pin.[70][71]
Not only is Scarlett's love interest, Ashley Wilkes, lacking manliness, her husbands, the "calf-like"[11] Charles Hamilton, and the "old-maid in britches",[11] Frank Kennedy, are unmanly as well. Mitchell is critiquing masculinity in southern society since Reconstruction.[74] Even Rhett Butler, the well groomed dandy,[75] is effeminate or "gay-coded".[76] Charles, Frank and Ashley represent the impotence of the post-war white South.[64] Its power and influence has been diminished.
The word scallawag is defined as a loafer, a vagabond, or a rogue.[77] Scallawag had a special meaning after the Civil War as an epithet for a white Southerner who willingly accepted the reforms by the Republicans.[78] Mitchell defines scallawags as "Southerners who had turned Republican very profitably."[79] Rhett Butler is accused of being a "damned Scallawag."[80] In addition to scallawags, there are also other types of scoundrels in the novel: Yankees, carpetbaggers, Republicans, prostitutes and overseers. In the early years of the Civil War, Rhett is called a "scoundrel" for his "selfish gains" profiteering as a blockade-runner.[81]
As a Scallawag, Rhett is despised. He is the "dark, mysterious, and slightly malevolent hero loose in the world".[82] Literary scholars have identified characteristics of Margaret Mitchell's first husband, Berrien "Red" Upshaw, in the character of Rhett.[82] Another sees the image of Italian actor Rudolph Valentino, whom Margaret Mitchell interviewed as a young reporter for The Altanta Journal.[83][84] Fictional hero Rhett Butler has a "swarthy face, flashing teeth and dark alert eyes".[85] He is a "scamp, blackguard, without scruple or honor."[85]
Dark sexuality[edit]
The most passionate and virile character in the novel is Rhett with whom Margaret Mitchell associates "dark sexuality" and the "black devil".[87] Further, Mitchell's romantic hero is colored—black and brown. Rhett's symbolic dark-colored image is placed within the context of two other images: the mythic black rapist and the dark-skinned Arab Sheik played by screen idol Rudolph Valentino in the film, The Sheik. By strategically placing Rhett's image in this manner, Mitchell simultaneously plays upon racial anxieties and sexual fantasies.[88] Rhett's demons are prostitutes and liquor as demonstrated by his intimacy with Belle Watling in whose brothel he often makes his own home,[82] and his bouts of drunkenness. The "black beast rapist" is associated with liquor.[89] Rhett is a "terrifying faceless black bulk" when he appears before Scarlett in a drunken jealous rage on the night of Ashley's party. He shows Scarlett his "large brown hands" and says, "I could tear you to pieces with them".[23][89]
With Rhett's "swarthy face"[85] juxtaposed against Scarlett's "magnolia-white skin",[12] the two white protagonists are a metaphor for an interracial couple, and their romance represents racial conflict.[90]
Rhett and Scarlett's bedroom scene (Chapter 54) is often read as a rape that was meant to suggest Reconstruction fear of black-on-white rape in the South.[87] Others have suggested the book was built around rape fantasies.[91][92] In one interpretation of the scene, the "dandified dangerous lover" carries Scarlett up the stairs into her first encounter with the erotic.[93] In another interpretation, a marital rape occurs.[94]
Main characters[edit]
- Katie Scarlett (O'Hara) Hamilton Kennedy Butler: The protagonist of the novel, Scarlett's forthright Irish blood is always at variance with the French teachings of style from her mother, Ellen O'Hara. Scarlett marries Charles Hamilton, Frank Kennedy, and Rhett Butler, all the time wishing she is married to Ashley Wilkes instead. She has three children, one from each husband: Wade Hampton Hamilton (son to Charles Hamilton), Ella Lorena Kennedy (daughter to Frank Kennedy) and Eugenie Victoria "Bonnie Blue" Butler (daughter to Rhett Butler). She miscarries a fourth child, the only one she wanted, during a quarrel with Rhett when she accidentally falls down the stairs.[24] Scarlett is secretly scornful of Melanie Wilkes,[8] wife to Ashley, who shows nothing but love and devotion towards Scarlett, and considers her a sister throughout her life because Scarlett married Melanie's brother Charles.[14] Scarlett is unaware of the extent of Rhett's love for her or that she might love him.[85]
- Captain Rhett K. Butler: Scarlett's admirer and third husband, Rhett is often publicly shunned for his scandalous behavior[11] and sometimes accepted for his charm. Rhett declares he is not a marrying man and propositions Scarlett to be his mistress,[95] but marries her after the death of Frank Kennedy, explaining that he won't take a chance on losing her to someone else, since it is unlikely she will ever need money again after Frank's death.[20] At the end of the novel, Rhett confesses to Scarlett, "I loved you but I couldn't let you know it. You're so brutal to those who love you, Scarlett."[27]
- Major George Ashley Wilkes: The gallant Ashley married his cousin, Melanie, because "Like must marry like or there'll be no happiness."[11] A man of honor, Ashley became a soldier in grey in the Confederate States Army though he says he would have freed his slaves after his father's death, if the war hadn't done it first.[25] Although many of his friends and relations were killed in the Civil War, Ashley survived to see its brutal aftermath. Ashley was "the Perfect Knight",[66] in the mind of Scarlett, even throughout her three marriages. "She loved him and wanted him and did not understand him."[70]
- Melanie (Hamilton) Wilkes: Ashley's wife and cousin, Melanie is a genuinely humble, serene and gracious Southern woman.[65] As the story unfolds, Melanie becomes progressively physically weaker, first by childbirth, then "the hard work she had done at Tara,"[65] and she ultimately dies after a miscarriage.[96] As Rhett Butler said, "She never had any strength. She's never had anything but heart."[96]
Minor characters[edit]
I made Tara up, just as I made up every character in the book. But nobody will believe me.
- Archie: An ex-convict and former Confederate soldier who is imprisoned for the murder of his adulterous wife, he is taken in by Melanie and then later became Scarlett's coach driver.[19]
- Will Benteen: "South Georgia Cracker,"[98] Confederate soldier and patient listener to the troubles of all. Will lost part of his leg in the war and walks with the aid of a wooden stump. He is taken in by the O'Haras on his journey home from the war and after his recovery stays on to manage the farm at Tara.[98] Fond of Carreen O'Hara, he cannot pursue that relationship as she decides to enter a convent.[99] Not wanting to leave Tara, the land he has come to love, he later marries Suellen and has at least one child with her.[65]
- Eugenie Victoria "Bonnie Blue" Butler: Scarlett and Rhett's beloved, pretty, strong-willed daughter, as Irish in looks and temper as Gerald O'Hara, with the same blue eyes.[21]
- Calvert Children: Raiford, Cade and Cathleen: The O'Haras' County neighbors from another plantation. Cathleen Calvert was young Scarlett's friend.[100]
- Dilcey: Pork's wife, a slave woman of mixed Indian and African descent.[101] Scarlett pushes her father into buying Dilcey and her daughter Prissy from John Wilkes, the latter as a favor to Dilcey that she never forgets.[70]
- Fontaine Boys: Joe, Tony and Alex: are known for their hot tempers. Joe is killed at Gettysburg,[61] while Tony eventually murders Jonas Wilkerson in a barroom and flees to Texas, leaving Alex to tend to their plantation lands.[36]
- Charles Hamilton: Melanie Wilkes' brother and Scarlett's first husband, Charles is a shy and loving boy.[11]
- Aunt Pittypat Hamilton: Her real name is Sarah Jane Hamilton, but she acquired the nickname "Pittypat" in childhood because of the way she walked on her tiny feet. Aunt Pittypat is a spinster who lives in the red-brick house at the quiet end of Peachtree Street in Atlanta. The house is half-owned by Scarlett (after the death of Charles Hamilton). Pittypat's financial affairs are managed by her brother, Henry, whom she doesn't especially care for. Aunt Pittypat raised Melanie and Charles Hamilton after the death of their father, with considerable help from her slave, Uncle Peter.[102]
- Wade Hampton Hamilton: Son of Scarlett and Charles, born in early 1862. He was named for his father's commanding officer, Wade Hampton III.
- Ella Lorena Kennedy: Homely, simple daughter of Scarlett and Frank.[19]
- Frank Kennedy: Suellen O'Hara's former fiancé and Scarlett's second husband, Frank is an unattractive older man. He originally asks for Suellen's hand in marriage, but Scarlett steals him for herself in order to have enough money to pay the taxes on Tara.[103] Frank is unable to comprehend Scarlett's fears and her desperate struggle for survival after the war. He is unwilling to be as ruthless in business as Scarlett would like him to be.[103] Unknown to Scarlett, Frank is secretly involved in the Ku Klux Klan. He is "shot through the head",[104] according to Rhett Butler, while attempting to defend Scarlett's honor after she is attacked.
- Mammy: Scarlett's nurse from birth, Mammy is a slave who originally belonged to Scarlett's grandmother, and raised her mother, Ellen O'Hara.[70] Mammy is "head woman of the plantation".[100]
- Dr. Meade: A doctor in Atlanta, he looks after injured soldiers during the siege, with assistance from Melanie and Scarlett.[105] His two sons are killed in the war; the older Darcy at Gettysburg,[61] and the younger Phil as a member of the Confederate Home Guard during the Battle of Atlanta.[105]
- Mrs. Merriwether: is in Aunt Pittypat's social circle along with Mrs. Elsing and Mrs. Meade.[102] Post-war she sells homemade pies to survive, eventually opening her own bakery.[65]
- Caroline Irene ("Carreen") O'Hara: Scarlett's youngest sister, who also became sickened by typhoid during the Battle of Atlanta.[95] She is infatuated with the rowdy red-headed Brent Tarleton, who is killed in the war after becoming engaged to her. Broken-hearted by Brent's death, Carreen never truly gets over it and years later joins a convent.[99]
- Ellen (Robillard) O'Hara: Scarlett's gracious mother of French ancestry, Ellen married Gerald O'Hara, who was 28 years her senior, after her true love, Phillipe Robillard, was killed in a bar fight. Ellen ran all aspects of the household and nursed negro slaves as well as poor white trash.[50] She dies from typhoid in August 1864 after nursing Emmie Slattery.[8]
- Gerald O'Hara: Scarlett's Irish father and an excellent horseman,[70] Gerald is sometimes seen leaping fences on his horse while intoxicated, which eventually leads to his death.[99] Gerald's mind becomes addled after the death of his wife, Ellen.[106]
- Susan Elinor ("Suellen") O'Hara: Scarlett's middle sister, who became sickened by typhoid during the Battle of Atlanta.[95] After the war, Scarlett steals and marries her beau, Frank Kennedy.[18] Later, Suellen marries Will Benteen and has at least one child with him.[65]
- O'Hara Boys: Three boys of Ellen and Gerald O'Hara who died in infancy and are buried 100 yards from the house at Tara under twisted cedars. The headstone of each boy is inscribed "Gerald O'Hara, Jr."[50]
- Uncle Peter: an older man and slave. Uncle Peter is Aunt Pittypat's coach driver. He always keeps her smelling salts handy. Uncle Peter looked after Melanie and Charles Hamilton when they were young.[102]
- Pork: Gerald O'Hara's valet and the first slave he owned. Pork was won in a game of poker (as was the plantation Tara, in a separate poker game).[50] When Gerald died, Scarlett gave his pocket watch to Pork. She wanted to have the watch engraved with the words, "To Pork from the O'Haras—Well done good and faithful servant,"[65] but Pork declined the offer.
- Prissy: A child slave-girl, Dilcey's daughter.[101] Prissy is Wade's nurse and goes with Scarlett to Atlanta when she lives with Aunt Pittypat.[14]
- Eulalie and Pauline Robillard: The married sisters of Ellen O'Hara who live in Charleston.[14]
- Philippe Robillard: The cousin of Ellen O'Hara and her first love. Philippe died in a bar fight in New Orleans around 1844.[70]
- Pierre Robillard: The father of Ellen O'Hara. He was staunchly Presbyterian, even though his family was Roman Catholic. The thought of his daughter becoming a nun was even worse than that of her marrying Gerald O'Hara.[50]
- Big Sam: A strong, husky, hardworking field slave who in post-war lawlessness comes to Scarlett's rescue from would-be merciless thieves.[107]
- Emmie Slattery: The daughter of Tom Slattery, Emmie was poor white trash whose family lived on three meager acres along the swamp bottoms.[50] Emmie gave birth to an illegitimate child fathered by Jonas Wilkerson, a Yankee and the overseer at Tara.[101] The child died. Emmie later married Jonas, and after the war, flush with carpetbagger cash, they try to buy Tara, but Scarlett is insulted and refuses the offer.[108]
- Beatrice Tarleton: was a busy woman, having on her hands not only a large cotton plantation, a hundred negroes and eight children, but the largest horse-breeding farm in Georgia. She was hot-tempered. No one was permitted to whip a horse or a slave, but she felt that a lick every now and then did her boys no harm.[12]
- Tarleton Boys: Boyd, Tom, and the twins, Brent and Stuart: The red-headed Tarleton boys were in frequent scrapes, loved practical jokes and gossip, and "were worse than the plagues of Egypt,"[12] according to their mother. Mrs. Tarleton laid her riding crop on their backs if the occasion seem warranted, though Boyd, the oldest and the runt, never got hit much. The inseparable twins, Brent and Stuart, at 19 years old were six feet two inches tall.[12] All four boys were killed in the war, the twins just moments apart at the Battle of Gettysburg.[109] Boyd was buried in Virginia, but only God knew where.[61]
- Tarleton Girls: Hetty, Camilla, 'Randa and Betsy: The stunning Tarleton girls have varying shades of red hair.[100]
- Belle Watling: A prostitute[81] and brothel madam,[36] Belle is portrayed as a loyal Confederate.[81] Melanie declares she will acknowledge Belle when she passes her in the street, but Belle tells her not to.[104]
- Jonas Wilkerson: The Yankee overseer of Tara before the Civil War.[101]
- Beau Wilkes: Melanie and Ashley's son. Born in Atlanta when the siege begins, and then hastily transported to Tara after birth.[110]
- Honey Wilkes: Sister of India and Ashley Wilkes, Honey is described as having the "odd lashless look of a rabbit."[11] Honey is so called because she indiscriminately addresses everyone, from her father to the field hands, by that endearment.[100]
- India Wilkes: Sister of Honey and Ashley Wilkes. India is plain.[12]
- John Wilkes: Owner of "Twelve Oaks" and patriarch of the Wilkes family, John Wilkes is educated, gracious and loving.[11] He is killed during the Battle of Atlanta.[95]
If Gone with the Wind has a theme it is that of survival. What makes some people come through catastrophes and others, apparently just as able, strong, and brave, go under? It happens in every upheaval. Some people survive; others don't. What qualities are in those who fight their way through triumphantly that are lacking in those that go under? I only know that survivors used to call that quality 'gumption.' So I wrote about people who had gumption and people who didn't.[1]
— Margaret Mitchell,1936
Color symbolism[edit]
Mitchell's use of color in the novel is symbolic and open to interpretation. Red and green, and a variety of hues of each of these colors, are the predominant palette of colors encompassing the character of Scarlett,[111] and she is also inextricably linked to white by the color of her skin. Symbolically then, red and green have been broadly defined to mean "vitality" (red) and "rebirth" (green), [111] but these are not the only meanings. Mitchell interwove the two colors into her description of the Tara plantation: "red fields with springing green cotton".[14] The red fields are "blood-colored after rains".[12] The whitewashed brick plantation house is virtually nondescript by comparison to the plantation fields and sits like an island in a sea of red.[12] In springtime, the lawn around the plantation house turns emerald green.[50]
For the Irish and others, green in the novel represents Mitchell's commemoration of her "Green Irish heritage", and is evidenced in the novel by Gerald O'Hara pridefully singing, albeit off key, "The Wearin 'o the Green".[112][100] Scarlett's green-coded Irishness is the strength that ensures she will thrive post-war.[113] Rhett likens Scarlett's strength to the mythological figure Antaeus who stays strong only when he is in contact with his Mother Earth.[25] Scarlett's mythical mother is Tara.[114]
Scarlett is not all green as her name implies the "erotically-charged colour", red. The only openly scarlet woman in the novel is the red-headed Belle Watling,[115] whose hair is "too red to be true".[102]
The sales of Margaret Mitchell's novel in the summer of 1936, at the virtually unprecedented price of three dollars, reached about one million by the end of December.[29] The book was a bestseller by the time reviews began to appear in national magazines.[5]
Herschel Brickell, a critic for the New York Evening Post, lauded Mitchell for the way she "tosses out the window all the thousands of technical tricks our novelists have been playing with for the past twenty years."[117]
Ralph Thompson, a book reviewer for The New York Times, was critical of the length of the novel, and wrote in June 1936:
I happen to feel that the book would have been infinitely better had it been edited down to say, 500 pages, but there speaks the harassed daily reviewer as well as the would-be judicious critic. Very nearly every reader will agree, no doubt, that a more disciplined and less prodigal piece of work would have more nearly done justice to the subject-matter.[118]
Racial, ethnicity and social issues[edit]
One criticism leveled at Gone with the Wind is for its portrayal of African Americans in the 19th century South.[119] Former field hands during the early days of Reconstruction are described behaving "as creatures of small intelligence might naturally be expected to do. Like monkeys or small children turned loose among treasured objects whose value is beyond their comprehension, they ran wild—either from perverse pleasure in destruction or simply because of their ignorance."[36]
Commenting on this passage of the novel, Jabari Asim, author of The N Word: Who Can Say It, Who Shouldn't, and Why, says it is, "one of the more charitable passages in Gone With the Wind, Margaret Mitchell hesitated to blame black "insolence"[36] during Reconstruction solely on "mean niggers,"[36] of which, she said, there were few even in slavery days."[120]
It has also been argued that Mitchell downplayed the violent role of the Ku Klux Klan. Bestselling author Pat Conroy, in his preface to a later edition of the novel, describes Mitchell's portrayal of the Ku Klux Klan as having "the same romanticized role it had in The Birth of a Nation and appears to be a benign combination of the Elks Club and a men's equestrian society."[121]
Regarding the historical inaccuracies of the novel, historian Richard N. Current points out:
No doubt it is indeed unfortunate that Gone with the Wind perpetuates many myths about Reconstruction, particularly with respect to blacks. Margaret Mitchell did not originate them and a young novelist can scarcely be faulted for not knowing what the majority of mature, professional historians did not know until many years later.[122]
In Gone with the Wind Mitchell is blind to racial oppression and "the inseparability of race and gender" that defines the southern belle character of Scarlett, according to literary scholar Patricia Yaeger.[123] Yet there are complexities in the way that Mitchell dealt with racial issues. Scarlett was asked by a Yankee woman for advice on who to appoint as a nurse for her children; Scarlett suggested a "darky", much to the disgust of the Yankee woman who was seeking an Irish maid, a "Bridget".[37] African Americans and Irish Americans are treated "in precisely the same way" in Gone with the Wind, writes David O'Connell in his 1996 book, The Irish Roots of Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind. Ethnic slurs on the Irish and Irish stereotypes pervade the novel, O'Connell claims, and Scarlett is not an exception to the insults.[124] Irish scholar Geraldine Higgins notes that Jonas Wilkerson labels Scarlett: "you highflying, bogtrotting Irish".[125] Higgins further states the Irish American O'Haras were slaveholders whereas African Americans were held in bondage, therefore the two ethnic groups are not equivalent in the ethnic hierarchy of the novel.[126]
Another criticism of the novel is that it promotes plantation values. Mitchell biographer Marianne Walker, author of Margaret Mitchell & John Marsh: The Love Story Behind Gone with the Wind, is of the opinion that those who believe Gone with the Wind promotes plantation values have not read the book. Walker states it is the popular 1939 film that "promotes a false notion of the Old South". She goes on to add that Mitchell had no involvement in the production of the film.[127]
Speaking on the subject of whether Gone with the Wind should be taught in schools, James Loewen, author of Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong, says the novel should be taught in schools. Students should be told that Gone with the Wind presents the "wrong" view of slavery, Loewen states.[119] In 1984, an alderman in Waukegan, Illinois challenged the appearance of the book on the reading list of the Waukegan School District on the grounds of "racism" and "unacceptable language". The main complaint was that the racial slur nigger appears repeatedly in the novel. In the same complaint were several other books: The Nigger of the 'Narcissus', Uncle Tom's Cabin, and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.[128]
Awards and recognition[edit]
In 1937, Margaret Mitchell received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for Gone with the Wind and the second annual National Book Award from the American Booksellers Association.[129] It is the second favorite book by American readers, just behind the Bible, according to a 2008 Harris Poll.[130] The poll found the novel has its strongest following among women, those aged 44 or more, both Southerners and Midwesterners, both whites and Hispanics, and those who have not attended college. The novel is on the list of best-selling books. As of 2010, more than 30 million copies have been printed in the United States and abroad.[131] TIME magazine critics, Lev Grossman and Richard Lacayo, included the novel on their list of the 100 best English-Language novels from 1923 to the present (2005).[132][133] In 2003 the book was listed at number 21 on the BBC's The Big Read poll of the UK's "best-loved novel."[134]
Gone with the Wind has been adapted several times for stage and screen:
- The novel is the basis of the Academy Award-winning 1939 film produced by David Oliver Selznick and starring Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh.[135]
- The book was adapted into a musical, Scarlett, which opened in Tokyo in 1970 (in 1966 it was produced as a nine-hour play without music), and in London in 1972, where it was reduced to 4 hours. The London production opened in 1973 in Los Angeles, and again in Dallas in 1976.[136]
- The Japanese Takarazuka Revue produced a musical adaptation of the novel, Kaze to Tomo ni Sarinu, which was performed by the all female Moon Troupe in 1994.[137]
- There is a 2003 French musical adaptation by Gérard Presgurvic, Autant en Emporte le Vent.[138]
- The book was adapted into a British musical, Gone with the Wind, and opened in 2008 in the U.K. at the New London Theatre.[139]
- A full length three act classical ballet version with a score arranged from the works of Antonín Dvořák and choreographed by Lilla Pártay was premiered in 2007 by the Hungarian National Ballet, and will be revived in their 2013 season.[140]
- A new stage adaptation by Niki Landau premiered at the Manitoba Theatre Center in Winnipeg, Canada in January 2013.[141]
In popular culture[edit]
Gone with the Wind has appeared in many places and forms in popular culture:
Books, television and more[edit]
- A 1945 cartoon by World War II cartoonist, Bill Mauldin, shows an American soldier lying on the ground with Margaret Mitchell's bullet-riddled book. The caption reads: "Dear, Dear Miss Mitchell, You will probably think this is an awful funny letter to get from a soldier, but I was carrying your big book, "Gone with the Wind," under my shirt and a..."[143]
- In the season 3 episode of I Love Lucy "Lucy Writes a Novel," which aired on April 5, 1954, "Lucy" (Lucille Ball) reads about a housewife who makes a fortune writing a novel in her spare time. Lucy then writes her own novel, which she titles "Real Gone with the Wind".[144]
- Gone with the Wind is the book that S. E. Hinton's runaway teenage characters, "Ponyboy" and "Johnny," read while hiding from the law in the young adult novel The Outsiders (1967).[145]
- A film parody titled "Went with the Wind" aired in a 1976 episode of The Carol Burnett Show.[146]
- MAD magazine created a parody of the novel, "Groan With the Wind" (1991),[147] in which Ashley was renamed "Ashtray" and Rhett became "Rhetch." It ends with Rhetch and Ashtray running off together.[67]
- A pictorial parody in which the slaves are white and the protagonists are black appeared in a 1995 issue of Vanity Fair titled, "Scarlett 'n the Hood."[148]
- In a MADtv comedy sketch (2007),[149] "Slave Girl #8" introduces three alternative endings to the film. In one ending, Scarlett pursues Rhett wearing a jet pack.[150]
A wide array of collectibles related to both the novel and film are available for purchase, especially on auction websites. Items include vintage lamps, figurines, matchbooks, cookbooks, collector plates and various editions of the novel.
On June 30, 1986, the 50th anniversary of the day Gone with the Wind went on sale, the U.S. Post Office issued a 1-cent stamp showing an image of Margaret Mitchell. The stamp was designed by Ronald Adair and was part of the U.S. Postal Service's Great Americans series.[151]
On September 10, 1998, the U.S. Post Office issued a 32-cents stamp as part of its Celebrate the Century series recalling various important events in the 20th century. The stamp, designed by Howard Paine, displays the book with its original dust jacket, a white Magnolia blossom, and a hilt placed against a background of green velvet.[151]
To commemorate the 75th anniversary (May 2011) of the publication of Gone with the Wind in 1936, Scribner published a paperback edition featuring the book's original jacket art.[152]
The Windies[edit]
The Windies are ardent Gone with the Wind fans who follow all the latest news and events surrounding the book and film. They gather periodically in costumes from the film or dressed as Margaret Mitchell. Atlanta, Georgia is their mecca.[153]
One enduring legacy of Gone with the Wind is that people worldwide think it was the "true story" of the Old South and how it was changed by the American Civil War and Reconstruction. The film adaptation of the novel "amplified this effect."[154] The plantation legend was "burned" into the mind of the public through Mitchell's vivid prose.[155]
Some readers of the novel have seen the film first and read the text of the novel through the film. One difference between the film and the novel is the staircase scene in which Rhett carries Scarlett up the stairs. In the film, Scarlett weakly struggles and does not scream as Rhett starts up the stairs. In the novel, "he hurt her and she cried out, muffled, frightened."[23][94]
Earlier in the novel, in an intended rape at Shantytown (Chapter 44), Scarlett is attacked by a black man and saved by another black man, Big Sam.[87] In the film, she is attacked by a white man and a black man.
The Library of Congress began a multiyear "Celebration of the Book" in July 2012 with an exhibition on "Books That Shaped America", and an initial list of 88 books by American authors that have influenced American lives. Gone with the Wind was included in the Library's list. Librarian of Congress, James H. Billington said:
This list is a starting point. It is not a register of the 'best' American books – although many of them fit that description. Rather, the list is intended to spark a national conversation on books written by Americans that have influenced our lives, whether they appear on this initial list or not.[156]
Among books on the list considered to be the Great American Novel were Moby-Dick, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Great Gatsby, The Grapes of Wrath, The Catcher in the Rye, Invisible Man and To Kill a Mockingbird.
Throughout the world, the novel is received for its crosscultural, universal themes: war, love, death, racial conflict, class, gender and generation, which speak especially to women.[157] In the police state of North Korea, readers relate to the novel's theme of survival, finding it to be "the most compelling message of the novel".[158]
More than 24 editions of Gone with the Wind have been issued in China in the past few years.[131] Lost in translation, a Taiwanese newspaper claimed that Mitchell's first choice of a title for the book was "Tote Your Heavy Bag".[159]
Margaret Mitchell's personal collection of nearly 70 foreign language translations of her novel was given to the Atlanta Public Library after her death.[160]
On August 16, 2012, the Archdiocese of Atlanta announced that it had been bequeathed a 50% stake in the trademarks and literary rights to Gone With the Wind from the estate of Margaret Mitchell's deceased nephew, Joseph Mitchell. One of Mitchell's biographers, Darden Asbury Pyron, stated that Margaret Mitchell had "an intense relationship" with her mother, who was a Roman Catholic.
Margaret Mitchell herself had separated from the Catholic Church.[161]
Original manuscript[edit]
Although some of Mitchell's papers and documents related to the writing of Gone with the Wind were burned after her death, many documents, including assorted draft chapters, were preserved.[162] The last four chapters of the novel are held by the Pequot Library of Southport, Connecticut.[163]
Publication and reprintings (1936-USA)[edit]
The first printing of 10,000 copies contained an inaccurate release date: "Published May, 1936". The May 1936 release was subsequently canceled and the first printing was released in June. The second printing of 25,000 copies contained the correct release date: "Published June, 1936" so that the first and the second printing could be distinguished for book collectors. The third printing of 15,000 copies was made in June 1936. Additionally, 50,000 indistinguishable copies were printed for the Book-of-the-Month Club July selection. Gone with the Wind was officially released to the American public on June 30, 1936.[164] A summary table of printings for 1936 is shown below:
Year | Month | Number of Times Printed[165] |
1936 | June | published and reprinted twice |
1936 | July | 3 |
1936 | August | 6 |
1936 | September | 4 |
1936 | October | 6 (7)[166] |
1936 | November | 3 (4)[166] |
1936 | December | 2 |
Macmillan, the publishing company, printed the title throughout the 1,037 pages of the book as shown here: Gone with the Wind, using lower case letters for the words with and the. An upper case W for the word with appeared in the title printed on the dust jacket where the words GONE, WITH and WIND were in capital letters in brown ink against a yellow background (GONE WITH the WIND), giving the title a billboard-like presentation. The title was printed in all capitals, partially italicized, on two lines in blue ink: GONE (first line), WITH THE WIND (second line), on the hardcover, which was "Confederate gray".[167]
Although Mitchell refused to write a sequel to Gone with the Wind, Mitchell's estate authorized Alexandra Ripley to write a sequel, which was titled Scarlett.[168] The book was subsequently adapted into a television mini-series in 1994.[169] A second sequel was authorized by Mitchell's estate titled Rhett Butler's People, by Donald McCaig.[170] The novel parallels Gone With the Wind from Rhett Butler's perspective.
The copyright holders of Gone with the Wind attempted to suppress publication of The Wind Done Gone by Alice Randall,[171] which retold the story from the perspective of the slaves. A federal appeals court denied the plaintiffs an injunction (Suntrust v. Houghton Mifflin) against publication on the basis that the book was parody and therefore protected by the First Amendment. The parties subsequently settled out of court and the book went on to become a New York Times Best Seller.
A book sequel unauthorized by the copyright holders, The Winds of Tara by Katherine Pinotti,[172] was blocked from publication in the United States. The novel was republished in Australia, avoiding U.S. copyright restrictions.
Numerous unauthorized sequels to Gone with the Wind have been published in Russia, mostly under the pseudonym Yuliya Hilpatrik, a cover for a consortium of writers. The New York Times states that most of these have a "Slavic" flavor.[173]
Several sequels were written in Hungarian under the pseudonym Audrey D. Milland or Audrey Dee Milland, by at least four different authors (who are named in the colophon as translators to make the book seem a translation from the English original, a procedure common in the 1990s but prohibited by law since then). The first one picks up where Ripley's Scarlett ended, the next one is about Scarlett's daughter Cat. Other books include a prequel trilogy about Scarlett's grandmother Solange and a three-part miniseries of a supposed illegitimate daughter of Carreen.[174]
See also[edit]
- Lost Laysen, a 1916 novella written by Mitchell
- Southern literature
- Southern Renaissance
- Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century
- ^ a b "People on the Home Front: Margaret Mitchell", Sgt. H. N. Oliphant (October 19, 1945) Yank, p. 9. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
- ^ Obituary: Miss Mitchell, 49, Dead of Injuries (August 17, 1949) New York Times. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
- ^ a b "The Making of Gone With the Wind", Gavin Lambert (February 1973) Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
- ^ a b Joseph M. Flora, Lucinda H. MacKethan, Todd Taylor (2002), The Companion to Southern Literature: themes, genres, places, people, movements and motifs, Louisiana State University Press, p. 308. ISBN 0-8071-2692-6
- ^ Jenny Bond and Chris Sheedy (2008), Who the Hell is Pansy O'Hara?: The Fascinating Stories Behind 50 of the World's Best-Loved Books, Penguin Books, p. 96. ISBN 978-0-14-311364-5
- ^ Ernest Dowson (1867–1900), Non Sum Qualis Eram Bonae sub Regno Cynarae. Retrieved March 31, 2012
- ^ a b c Part 3, Chapter 24
- ^ John Hollander, (1981) The Figure of Echo: a mode of allusion in Milton and after, University of California Press, p. 107. ISBN 978-0-520-05323-6
- ^ William Flesch, (2010) The Facts on File Companion to British Poetry, 19th century, Infobase Publishing, p. 89. ISBN 978-0-8160-5896-9
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Part 1, chapter 6
- ^ a b c d e f g h Part 1, chapter 1
- ^ a b c d Part 2, chapter 9
- ^ a b c d e Part 1, chapter 7
- ^ a b c Part 3, chapter 17
- ^ a b Part 3, chapter 22
- ^ Part 3, chapter 26
- ^ a b Part 4, chapter 35
- ^ a b c Part 4, chapter 42
- ^ a b c d Part 4, chapter 47
- ^ a b c Part 5, chapter 50
- ^ Part 5, chapter 53
- ^ a b c d Part 5, chapter 54
- ^ a b Part 5, chapter 56
- ^ a b c Part 5, chapter 57
- ^ Part 5, chapter 59
- ^ a b Part 5, chapter 63
- ^ a b Kathryn Lee Seidel (1985), The Southern Belle in the American Novel, University Presses of Florida, p. 53. ISBN 0-8130-0811-5
- ^ a b "A Critic at Large: A Study in Scarlett" Claudia Roth Pierpont, (August 31, 1992) The New Yorker, p. 87. Retrieved May 15, 2011.
- ^ Ken Gelder (2004), Popular Fiction: the logics and practices of a literary field, New York: Taylor & Francis e-Library, p. 49. ISBN 0-203-02336-6
- ^ Pamela Regis (2011), A Natural History of the Romance Novel, University of Pennsylvania Press, p. 48. ISBN 0-8122-1522-2
- ^ Deborah Lutz (2006), The Dangerous Lover: villains, byronism, and the nineteenth-century seduction narrative, The Ohio State University, p. 1 & 7. ISBN 978-0-8142-1034-5
- ^ Junius P. Rodriguez (2007), Slavery in the United States: a social, political and historical encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, Vol. 2: p. 372. ISBN 978-1-85109-549-0
- ^ Tim A. Ryan (2008), Calls and Responses: the American Novel of Slavery since Gone With the Wind, Louisiana State University Press, p. 69. ISBN 978-0-8071-3322-4.
- ^ Ryan, T. A., Calls and Responses: the American Novel of Slavery since Gone With the Wind, p. 22-23.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Part 4, chapter 37
- ^ a b c Part 4, chapter 38
- ^ Ryan, T. A., Calls and Responses: the American Novel of Slavery since Gone With the Wind, p. 23.
- ^ James Stirling (1857), Letters From the Slave States, London: John W. Parker and Son, West Strand, p. 287. OCLC 3177567
- ^ William Wells Brown (1847), Narrative of William W. Brown, Fugitive Slave, Boston: Published at the Anti-Slavery Office, No. 25 Cornhill, p. 15. OCLC 12705739
- ^ James W. Elliott (1914), My Old Black Mammy, New York City: Published weekly by James W. Elliott, Inc. OCLC 823454
- ^ Kimberly Wallace-Sanders (2008), Mammy: a century of race and Southern memory, University of Michigan Press, p. 130. ISBN 978-0-472-11614-0
- ^ "The Old Black Mammy", (January 1918) Confederate Veteran. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
- ^ "Love's Old, Sweet Song", J.L. Molloy and G. Clifton Bingham, 1884. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
- ^ Micki McElya (2007), Clinging to Mammy: the faithful slave in twentieth-century America, Harvard University Press, p. 3. ISBN 978-0-674-02433-5
- ^ Flora, J.M., et al., The Companion to Southern Literature: themes, genres, places, people, movements and motifs, pp. 140–144.
- ^ Carolyn Perry and Mary Louise Weaks (2002), The History of Southern Women's Literature, Louisiana State University Press, p. 261. ISBN 0-8071-2753-1
- ^ Seidel, K.L., The Southern Belle in the American Novel, p. 53-54
- ^ Pierpont, C.R.," A Critic at Large: A Study in Scarlett", p. 92.
- ^ a b c d e f g Part 1, chapter 3
- ^ Seidel, K.L., The Southern Belle in the American Novel, p. 54.
- ^ Perry, C., et al., The History of Southern Women's Literature, pp. 259, 261.
- ^ Betina Entzminger (2002), The Belle Gone Bad: white Southern women writers and the dark seductress, Louisiana State University Press, p. 106. ISBN 0-8071-2785-X
- ^ Giselle Roberts (2003), The Confederate Belle, University of Missouri Press, p.87-88. ISBN 0-8262-1464-9
- ^ Laura F. Edwards (2000), Scarlett Doesn't Live Here Anymore: Southern women and the Civil War era, University of Illinois Press, p. 3. ISBN 0-252-02568-7
- ^ Ada W. Bacot and Jean V. Berlin (1994), A Confederate Nurse: the diary of Ada W. Bacot, 1860–1863, University of South Carolina Press, pp. ix–x, 1, 4. ISBN 1-57003-386-2
- ^ Kate Cumming and Richard Barksdale Harwell (1959), Kate: the journal of a Confederate nurse, Louisiana State University Press, p. xiii. ISBN 978-0-8071-2267-9
- ^ Cumming, K., et al., Kate: the journal of a Confederate nurse, p. 15.
- ^ "When this Cruel War is Over (Weeping, Sad and Lonely)", Charles C. Sawyer and Henry Tucker, published by J. C. Schreiner & Son, Savannah, Georgia, 1862. Stephen Collins Foster: Popular American Music Collection.
- ^ Part 2, chapter 15
- ^ a b c d Part 2, chapter 14
- ^ Henry Marvin Wharton (1904), War Songs and Poems of the Southern Confederacy, 1861-1865, Philadelphia: The John C. Winston Co., p. 188. OCLC 9348166
- ^ a b Daniel E. Sutherland (1988), The Confederate Carpetbaggers, Louisiana State University Press, p. 4. ISBN 0-8071-1393-X
- ^ a b Elizabeth Young, (1999) Disarming the Nation: women's writing and the American Civil War, University of Chicago Press, p. 254. ISBN 0-226-96087-0
- ^ a b c d e f g h Part 4, chapter 41
- ^ a b Part 2, chapter 11
- ^ a b Young, E., Disarming the Nation: women's writing and the American Civil War, p. 252
- ^ William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Act 5, Scene 1: The poet's eye, in fine frenzy rolling, Doth glance from heaven to Earth, from Earth to heaven.
- ^ Anne Goodwyn Jones (1981), Tomorrow is Another Day: the woman writer in the South 1859–1936, Baton Rouge: University of Louisiana Press, p. 354-355. ISBN 0-8071-0776-X
- ^ a b c d e f g h Part 1, chapter 2
- ^ a b Young, E., Disarming the Nation: women's writing and the American Civil War, p. 253.
- ^ Jones, A. G., Tomorrow is Another Day: the woman writer in the South 1859–1936, p. 355.
- ^ Darden Asbury Pyron (1991), Southern Daughter: the life of Margaret Mitchell, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 320. ISBN 978-0-19-505276-3
- ^ Craig Thompson Friend, (2009) Southern Masculinity: persepectives on manhood in the South since Reconstruction, University of Georgia Press, p. xviii. ISBN 978-0-8203-3674-9
- ^ Part 4, chapter 33
- ^ Lutz, D., The Dangerous Lover: villains, byronism, and the nineteenth-century seduction narrative, p. 84.
- ^ John S. Farmer (1889), Farmer's Dictionary of Americanisms, Thomas Poulter & Sons, p. 473. OCLC 702331118
- ^ Leslie Dunkling (1990), A Dictionary of Epithets and Terms of Address, London; New York: Routledge, p. 216. ISBN 0-415-00761-5
- ^ Part 4, chapter 31
- ^ Part 4, chapters 37 & 46
- ^ a b c Part 2, chapter 13
- ^ a b c Numan V. Bartley (1988), The Evolution of Southern Culture, University of Georgia Press, p. 99. ISBN 0-8203-0993-1
- ^ Margaret Mitchell and Patrick Allen (2000), Margaret Mitchell: Reporter, Athens: Hill Street Press, p. 152-154. ISBN 978-1-57003-937-9
- ^ Young, E., Disarming the Nation: women's writing and the American Civil War, p. 259.
- ^ a b c d Part 5, chapter 62
- ^ Young, E., Disarming the Nation: women's writing and the American Civil War, p. 260 & 262.
- ^ a b c Entzminger, B., The Belle Gone Bad: white Southern women writers and the dark seductress, p. 109.
- ^ Young, E., Disarming the Nation: women's writing and the American Civil War, p. 238.
- ^ a b Bartley, N. V., The Evolution of Southern Culture, p. 100.
- ^ Young, E., Disarming the Nation: women's writing and the American Civil War, p. 237.
- ^ Steven G. Kellman and Irving Malin (1999), Leslie Fiedler and the American Culture, Associated University Presses, Inc., p. 134. ISBN 0-87413-689-X
- ^ Word for Word.A Scholarly Debate; Rhett and Scarlett: Rough Sex Or Rape? Feminists Give a Damn Tom Kuntz (February 19, 1995) The New York Times. Retrieved June 17, 2012.
- ^ Lutz, D., The Dangerous Lover: villains, byronism, and the nineteenth-century seduction narrative, p. 7-8.
- ^ a b Celia R. Daileader (2005), Racism, Misogyny, and the Othello Myth: inter-racial couples from Shakespeare to Spike Lee, Cambridge University Presses, p. 168-169. ISBN 978-0-521-84878-7
- ^ a b c d Part 3, chapter 19
- ^ a b Part 5, chapter 61
- ^ "The Strange Story Behind Gone With the Wind", Actor Cordell, Jr. (February 1961) Coronet, p. 106. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
- ^ a b Part 3, chapter 30
- ^ a b c Part 4, chapter 39
- ^ a b c d e Part 1, chapter 5
- ^ a b c d Part 1, chapter 4
- ^ a b c d Part 2, chapter 8
- ^ a b Part 4, chapter 36
- ^ a b Part 4, chapter 46
- ^ a b Part 3, chapter 21
- ^ Part 3, chapter 25
- ^ Part 4, chapter 44
- ^ Part 4, chapter 32
- ^ Part 3, chapter 29
- ^ Part 3, chapter 23
- ^ a b "Color Symbolism and Mythology in Margaret Mitchell's Novel Gone with the Wind", O. Levitski and O. Dumer (September 2006) Magazine Americana. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
- ^ David O'Connell (1996), The Irish Roots of Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind, Decatur: Claves & Petry Ltd, p. 58 & 63. ISBN 978-0965309301
- ^ Bryan Albin Giemza (2013), Rethinking the Irish in the American South: beyond rounders and reelers, University Press of Mississippi, p. 85. ISBN 978-1-61703-798-6
- ^ Pyron, D. A., Southern Daughter: the life of Margaret Mitchell, p. 366.
- ^ Young, E., Disarming the Nation: women's writing and the American Civil War, p. 268 & 272.
- ^ Ellen F. Brown and John Wiley (2011), Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind: A Bestseller's Odyssey from Atlanta to Hollywood, Taylor Trade Publishing, p. 44 & 167. ISBN 978-1-58979-567-9
- ^ Pierpont, C.R., A Critic at Large: A Study in Scarlett, p. 88.
- ^ "Books of the Times: Gone With the Wind by Margaret Mitchell", Ralph Thompson, (June 30, 1936) New York Times. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
- ^ a b James Loewen "Debunking History" transcript from May 12, 2000. Retrieved April 2, 2011.
- ^ Jabari Asim (2007), The N Word: who can say it, who shouldn't, and why, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, p. 150. ISBN 978-0-618-19717-0
- ^ Pat Conroy, Preface to Gone With the Wind, Pocket Books edition
- ^ Albert E. Castel (2010), Winning and Losing in the Civil War: essays and stories, University of South Carolina Press, p. 87. ISBN 978-1-57003-917-1
- ^ Patricia Yaeger (2000), Dirt and Desire: reconstructing southern women's writing, 1930–1990, University of Chicago Press, p. 102. ISBN 0-226-94490-5
- ^ O'Connell, D., The Irish Roots of Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind, p. 14-15 & 71.
- ^ Part 5, chapter 49
- ^ Giemza, B. A., Rethinking the Irish in the American South: beyond rounders and reelers, p. 80-81 & 83.
- ^ Marianne Walker (1993), Margaret Mitchell and John Marsh: the love story behind Gone With the Wind, Atlanta: Peachtree Publishers, p. vii (preface to 2011 edition). ISBN 978-1-56145-617-8
- ^ Dawn B. Sova (2006), Banned Books: Literature Suppressed on Social Grounds, New York: Infobase Publishing, p. 166. ISBN 0-8160-6271-4
- ^ 5 Honors Awarded on the Year's Books: ..., The New York Times, Feb 26, 1937, page 23. ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times (1851–2007)
- ^ The Bible is America's Favorite Book Followed by Gone With the Wind, (April 8, 2008) Business Wire. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
- ^ a b Brown, Ellen F., et al., Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind: A Bestseller's Odyssey from Atlanta to Hollywood, p. 320.
- ^ Full List-ALL TIME 100 Novels, Lev Grossman and Richard Lacayo, (October 16, 2005) TIME. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
- ^ TIME'S List of the 100 Best Novels, James Kelly, (October 16, 2005) TIME. Retrieved May 10, 2011
- ^ "BBC - The Big Read". BBC. April 2003, Retrieved October 27, 2012
- ^ Gone with the Wind (1939)at IMDb. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
- ^ Brown, E. F., et al., Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind: A Bestseller's Odyssey from Atlanta to Hollywood, p. 292-293.
- ^ Gone with the Wind (Moon 1994). Retrieved February 11, 2013.
- ^ Autant en emporte le vent (comédie musicale)
- ^ Gone With The Wind, New London Theatre, London, Michael Billingon, (April 22, 2008)The Guardian. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
- ^ Gone With the Wind Dvorak, A. / Pártay L. Retrieved November 6, 2012
- ^ "Gone With the Wind" is frankly worth giving a damn about. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
- ^ "Carol Burnett—We Just Can't Resist Her!". May 14, 2009. Retrieved August 19, 2011.
- ^ Walker, M.,, Margaret Mitchell and John Marsh: the love story behind Gone With the Wind, p. 454.
- ^ I Love Lucy-Lucy Writes a Novel. Retrieved February 11, 2013
- ^ Marylou Morano Kjelle (2008), S. E. Hinton: Author of The Outsiders, Lake Book Mfg, p. 28. ISBN 978-0-7660-2720-6
- ^ The Carol Burnett Show: Season 10, Episode 8. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
- ^ "Groan With the Wind", Jack Davis and Stan Hart (January 1991), Mad #300.
- ^ Young, E., Disarming the Nation: women's writing and the American Civil War, p. 281
- ^ MADtv (season 12)
- ^ Gone With the Wind (Alternate Endings). Retrieved September 19, 2012.
- ^ a b Gone With the Wind Stamps
- ^ Margaret Mitchell (1936) and Pat Conroy (2011), Gone With the Wind, 75th Anniversary Edition (paperback), May 2011, New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-1-4516-3562-1
- ^ Frankly, My Dear, the 'Windies' Do Live for This Kim Severson, (April 13, 2011) The New York Times. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
- ^ Joel Williamson (1993), William Faulkner and Southern History, Oxford University Press, p. 245. ISBN 0-19-507404-1
- ^ Flora, J.M., et al., The Companion to Southern Literature: themes, genres, places, people, movements and motifs, p. 143.
- ^ Books That Shaped America Retrieved July 5, 2012.
- ^ Perry, C., et al., The History of Southern Women's Literature, p. 266-267.
- ^ Reading Gone With the Wind in Pyongyang, Tim Sullivan, (October 25, 2012) TIME magazine. Retrieved November 4, 2012.
- ^ Gone With the Wind' still blowing them away 75 years on, Chris Melzer, (July 4, 2011) The China Post. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
- ^ Brown, E. F., et al., Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind: A Bestseller's Odyssey from Atlanta to Hollywood, p. 278.
- ^ "Margaret Mitchell's Nephew Leaves Estate to Atlanta Archdiocese", Shelia M. Poole, (August 16, 2012) The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
- ^ Brown, E. F., et al., Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind: A Bestseller's Odyssey from Atlanta to Hollywood, p. 271-272.
- ^ A Piece of 'Gone With the Wind' Isn't Gone After All Charles McGrath, (March 29, 2011) The New York Times. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
- ^ Brown, E. F., et al., Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind: A Bestseller's Odyssey from Atlanta to Hollywood, p. 61, 75, 81-82 & 91.
- ^ Copyright page, 1946 copy
- ^ a b on 1937 copyright page
- ^ Brown, E. F., et al., Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind: A Bestseller's Odyssey from Atlanta to Hollywood, p. 59-60.
- ^ Alexandra Ripley (1994), Scarlett, Pan Books. ISBN 978-0-330-30752-9
- ^ IMDb Scarlett (TV mini-series 1994)
- ^ Donald McCaig (2007), Rhett Butler's People, Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-94578-7/
- ^ Alice Randall (2001), The Wind Done Gone, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-618-10450-5.
- ^ Katherine Pinotti (2008), The Winds of Tara, Fontaine Press. ISBN 978-0-9803623-5-0
- ^ "Frankly My Dear, Russians Do Give a Damn", Alessandra Stanley, (August 29, 1994) The New York Times. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
- ^ |Sequels of famous novels
Further reading[edit]
- Adams, Amanda. "'Painfully Southern': Gone with the Wind, the Agrarians, and the Battle for the New South," Southern Literary Journal (2007) 40:58–75.
- Bonner, Peter. "Lost In Yesterday: Commemorating The 70th Anniversary of Margaret Mitchell's 'Gone With The Wind' ". (Marietta, Georgia: First Works Publishing Co., Inc., 2006). ISBN 978-0-9716158-9-2.
- Brown, Ellen F. and John Wiley, Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind: A Bestseller's Odyssey from Atlanta to Hollywood. Lanham: Taylor Trade, 2011. ISBN 978-1-58979-567-9.
- Farr, Finis. Margaret Mitchell of Atlanta: The Author of Gone with the Wind (New York: Morrow, 1965)
- Harwell, Richard, ed. Gone with the Wind as Book and Film (U. of South Carolina Press, 1983)
- Harwell, Richard, ed. Margaret Mitchell's Gone with the Wind Letters, 1936–1949 (Macmillan, 1976)
- Haskell, Molly. Frankly My Dear: Gone with the Wind Revisited (Yale U. Press, 2010)
- Pyron, Darden Asbury, ed. Recasting: Gone with the Wind in American Culture (Florida International Univ. Press, 1983)
- Pyron, Darden Asbury. Southern Daughter: The Life of Margaret Mitchell and the Making of Gone with the Wind (Athens, Ga.: Hill Street Press, 1991).
- Rubin, Anne Sarah. "Revisiting Classic Civil War Books: 'Why Gone with the Wind Still Matters; or, Why I Still Love Gone with the Wind,'" Civil War History (March 2013) 59#1 pp 93-98 online
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Gone with the Wind |
- Margaret Mitchell House and Museum
- The Scarlett Letter, a quarterly publication devoted to the GWTW phenomenon
- 1936 novels
- American historical novels
- American Civil War novels
- Pulitzer Prize for the Novel winning works
- National Book Award for Fiction winning works
- Gone with the Wind
- Southern United States in fiction
- Irish-American history
- American novels adapted into films
- Novels about American slavery
- Novels set in Atlanta, Georgia
- Clayton County, Georgia
- Atlanta, Georgia in fiction
- Southern Gothic novels

subset: commoncrawl


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St Margaret's Street, Canterbury, CT1 2TG, Tel: 01227 479227, Email, www.canterburytales.org.uk, (0.0 miles, 0.1kms)
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text:
Marketplace Activity
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Average Retail:
$49.00 Details
$49.00 Details
W.Searcher Avg.: | $49.00 |
W.Searcher Low: | $40.00 |
W.Searcher High: | $50.00 |
2007 Cadence - Ciel du Cheval Proprietary Blend - USA - Washington - Columbia Valley - Red Mountain - Red
USA - Washington - Columbia Valley - Red Mountain
Proprietary Blend
Producer NotesFollowing the winemaking traditions of Bordeaux has allowed Cadence to translate the Red Mountain appellation grapes they source into serious single vineyard wines. Both the "Ciel du Cheval" and "Tapteil" productions have structured balance of fruit, acidity and weight that promise initial satisfaction (decanted, of course) and cellar placement. The "Ciel du Cheval" is 39% Cabernet Franc, 32%... More » |


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