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About NSP
Working with us
Contact Us
Project Cycle
Management Structure
How Funds are Distributed
NSP Milestones
Monitoring & Evaluation
NSP Definitions
NSP Operational Manual
Facilitating Partners
Video Testimonies
Quarterly Reports
Monthly Programme Report
Weekly Reports
Archived Reports
NSP Maps
Photo Gallery
Broadcast Products
News Bulletin
NSP Basic Introduction
Procurement Services
Frequently Asked Questions
Date Posted 3/6/2010
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the National Solidarity Programme?
How does the NSP help communities?
What impact has the NSP made?
How does the NSP build capacity at the community level?
How do CDCs promote accountability and transparency?
Do the CDCs encourage the involvement of women at the community level?
What are the objectives of the NSP?
Who have been the major development and implementation partners of the NSP?
What is the target population served by the NSP?
What has made the NSP successful?
What outcomes has the NSP achieved?
What is the most important achievement of the NSP to date?
What have been the most significant obstacles encountered by NSP?
What is the NSP's most significant remaining shortcoming?
What is the National Solidarity Programme?
The National Solidarity Programme (NSP) was created by the Government of Afghanistan to develop the ability of Afghan communities to identify, plan, manage and monitor their own development projects. NSP empowers communities to make decisions and manage resources during all stages of the project cycle. The programme lays the foundation for a sustainable form of inclusive local governance, rural reconstruction, and poverty alleviation.
Established in mid-2003, the National Solidarity Programme (NSP) is the primary vehicle used to promote rural development in Afghanistan. Through the promotion of good local governance, the NSP works to empower rural communities to make decisions affecting their own lives and livelihoods. Empowered rural communities collectively contribute to increased human security. The programme is inclusive, supporting entire communities including the poorest and most vulnerable people.
The NSP aims to empower Afghans to reduce poverty through establishing and strengthening a national network of self-governing community institutions. The flexible and responsive design of the NSP has allowed it to be a main conduit of central government poverty reduction and reconstruction policies, permitting local people to actively participate in local administration through the formation of Community Development Councils (CDCs). Through CDCs the people of Afghanistan are building on shared vision, and values, and democratically-decided priorities to create a healthy and sustainable nation.
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How does the NSP help communities?
The NSP builds capacity at the community level to enhance the competence of CDC male and female members in terms of financial management, procurement, technical skills, and transparency. Once the CDC has been elected, an inclusive and innovative inductive model is followed to develop a Community Development Plan (CDP). Formulating a CDP is an exercise that allows the CDC to map out its development requirements and prioritize them. Subproject proposals are then developed to apply for funding.
The NSP provides direct Block Grant transfers to a bank account established by the CDCs to support rehabilitation and development activities planned and implemented by the elected CDCs. The funding takes the form of Block Grants which are calculated at US$200 per family with an average grant of US$ 33,500 and maximum of US$ 60,000 per community. Portions of the Block Grant are released for procurement and phased implementation of the approved subproject(s).
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What impact has the NSP made?
The transformation brought about by the National Solidarity Programme (NSP) has made it possible, for the first time in Afghanistan for decision-making power and control over certain resources to be managed by the local population. This has changed the way in which the Government of Afghanistan conducts itself, and perhaps even more importantly, the way people are now shaping the decision-making process.
A World Bank evaluation in June 2006 concluded that returns on NSP investments in the communities have been high and immediate. Based upon their findings, the Government, World Bank and other joint donors were willing to fund an upscaling of NSP untill 2015 to "
lay the foundations
for strengthening of community level governance, and to support community-managed subprojects comprising reconstruction and development that improve access of rural communities to social and productive infrastructure and services".
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How does the NSP build capacity at the community level?
Capacity building at the community level manifests itself in many forms. FPs provide training to the CDCs in a variety of skills such as procurement, financial management of funds and conflict resolution, thereby increasing inclusive decision-making and holding the CDC members accountable for all subproject expenditures. This has provided important lessons increasing efficiency in subsequent subproject identification and allowed marginalised groups greater voice than before.
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How do CDCs promote accountability and transparency?
Community Development Plans are prepared and finalized and subprojects are selected through extensive public consultations with community members. Transparency in block grant utilization is ensured by informing community members on expenditures through public notice board and in large meetings both during and after implementation. The establishment of procurement, project management, monitoring committees contribute to greater transparency and accountability. An important aspect emphasised in the NSP financial and operational manuals is the social audit, which acts as 'tool' for transparency and accountability of CDCs to the larger community.
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Do the CDCs encourage the involvement of women at the community level?
The NSP continues to encourage an environment for strengthening gender equity that was started with the creation of female CDC subcommittees. In many communities cultural norms do not make it possible for men and women to meet. Women's voices were largely unheard in the past and their priorities were often ignored. Female members of the CDCs and/or women's subcommittees have given women a forum to meet, exchange ideas and formulate their priorities. At least one project per community financed from NSP must have been prioritized by the women. The role of women in CDCs (e.g. number of female members, role in CDP formulation, number of projects implemented by a women's sub-committee, etc.) is being monitored by the FPs.
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What are the objectives of the NSP?
The key objective of NSP is to build, strengthen and maintain Community Development Counncils (CDCs) as effective institutions for local gvernance and social-economic development.
The methodology chosen to strengthen community governance is the democratically elected Community Development Councils (CDCs) who, through the use of community-managed reconstruction and development subprojects, improve their access to social and productive infrastructure and services. NSP is a programme of the Government of Afghanistan, implemented by the Ministry for Rural Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD). CDCs are assisted by 33 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) inculding one UN agency (UN-Habitat), together known as Facilitating Partners (FPs), operating in 373 of a total of 408 districts and provincial centers, throughout all 34 provinces of the country within which the programme is carried out.
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Who have been the major development and implementation partners of the NSP?
As the GoA's main instrument for restoring and reconstructing the village social and economic infrastructure, the NSP was established with initial support from the World Bank/International Development Association (WB/IDA) and continues with the support of the IDA and several other donors either bilaterally or through the Afghan Reconstruction Trust Fund (ARTF). With the assistance of 33 FPs inculding one UN agency (UN-Habitat), CDCs are operating or being established in 373 of a total of 408 districts and provincial centers, throughout all 34 provinces of the country.
The FPs facilitate a process of establishing inclusive, voluntary community institutions through CDCs using democratic elections, reaching consensus on development priorities, developing eligible investment proposals, and implementing community projects. FPs provide training and support to communities to enable them to participate fully in the programme. Each agency brings its own expertise to the programme. CDCs are a proven means for donors and Facilitating Partners to contribute sustainable resources and mentorship to Afghan communities.
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What is the target population served by the NSP?
The overall objective of the National Solidarity Programme (NSP) is to implement its programme for the entire rural population of Afghanistan with an emphasis on inclusion of women, allowing heightened perceptions of community governance.
In the past, an average NSP community comprises 150 families, each of which has an average of six members. Going by the current estimates that the total population of Afghanistan is 32 million and around 80% of this population comprises rural population, the target population to be reached by NSP is approximately 25.6 million persons. Taking into account the ground realities of inaccessibility due to security and seasonal weather conditions in some rural communities, NSP aims to cover as many of these rural communities as possible in the time allocated.
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What has made the NSP successful?
The essence of the community-driven approach is the conviction that villages should and can take responsibility for their own development. CDCs are seen by the community as their legitimate representatives who have been elected by secret ballot - such local elections had never before been organized in Afghanistan. This has resulted in many CDCs being comprised of younger men and women who traditionally would not have been heard in the communities. Through the CDCs, international donor support helps ensure the economic development of Afghan villages and the democratic empowerment and security of its people.
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What outcomes has the NSP achieved?
There are four important outcomes of the NSP: (i) improvement of social cohesion by enhancing collective decision-making and action, (ii) improvement of the socio-economic welfare of the population, (iii) empowerment of the population, especially inclusion of women in the decision-making process, and (iv) improvement in community's trust towards the Government, where the Government had to win its legitimacy by delivering tangible results in a timely manner.
The NSP underwent a World Bank (WB) review mission in May 2006 which reviewed (i) the implementation status of the on-going NSP, (ii) the government proposal to expand the NSP, and (iii) and options for mainstreaming income generating activities in the current phase of NSP. The WB found NSP's implementation progress"
highly satisfactory"
A Mid-term evaluation carried out by the University of York concluded
"the benefits of the NSP justify the overhead costs of the Programme" and "The NSP is now recognized both by the people of Afghanistan and the international community as the central policy instrument for Afghan state building and development".
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What is the most important achievement of the NSP to date?
The single most important achievement to date is the creation of mechanisms for local governance and decision making. The community empowerment that has taken place manifests itself through the rapid absorption of NSP funding and the mobilization of additional resources. The broad-based introduction of an alternative decision making process at the lowest community level represents a form of government at its most basic form; one that the central government and the international community have envisioned for Afghanistan. The introduction of democratically elected community decision -making bodies as a viable alternative to the traditional local governance structure has provided a vehicle to re-build the social fabric and relationships at grassroots level.
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What have been the most significant obstacles encountered by NSP?
The two most significant obstacles faced by the National Solidarity Programme (NSP) are:
Security (i.e. lack of access to insecure areas):
due to the ongoing conflict in some provinces of the country, it has been difficult to contract Facilitating Partners and for these FPs to gain access to a number of communities. This has resulted in a slow pace of programme implementation.
Funding (the lack of timely and adequate financial resources):
the process of raising government revenue and building confidence with the international community to channel international aid though the state apparatus has taken some time to achieve. Donor commitments continue to arrive well behind schedule, and as only a fraction of overall pledges made at international development forums.
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What is the NSP's most significant remaining shortcoming?
The CDC By-Law, which defines the legal roles of the community and its representatives and recognizes CDCs as the constitutionally based, democratically elected development body at community level, was officially approved by His Excellency Hamid Karzai, President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, in November 2006. Although the CDC By-Law offers a framework within which the CDC can legitimately operate, the greatest shortcoming of the NSP at this moment is the absence of an overall government policy to internalize CDC service provision beyond MRRD.
Consideration at the highest levels must be given to potential opportunities for incremental sustainability of CDCs through, amongst other actions, the devolution of a fiscal policy allowing CDCs access to government-generated revenue as a continued resource for funding development activities.
This would be the beginning of a reduced dependency upon external financial resources and the establishment of sustainable economic activities to further enhance rural incomes while ensuring greater coordination of appropriate service delivery at community level.
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Tower bridge rises up over the tree tops (2087 views)
very nice tones and framing
Beautiful tones and framing
nicely done
Beautiful. Love the tint.
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You're watching...
Rick Perry Kicks Off Recruiting Tour in Golden State
Radio host Larry Elder on Texas's efforts to bring workers from California to the Lone-Star State.
Feb 11, 2013
You're watching...
Radio host Larry Elder on Texas's efforts to bring workers from California to the Lone-Star State.
Feb 11, 2013
Also in this playlist...
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Auto-advanceThis transcript is automatically generated
We told you last week the Texas governor Rick Perry released -- -- trying to Lula California businesses to his state.
Today Governor Perry kicks off fateful date retreating to a he's going to California to recruit businesses trying to sell them on the idea let's go -- to Texas.
Joining us now is radio talk show host Larry -- Who is in facts -- -- Los Angeles comic guy he's in Los Angeles now.
I want you to tell was what do you make of Rick Perry asking you guys they get out of the formally Golden's.
-- and quit when he site.
Well -- I don't blame him CEO magazine has named California be the worst state in which do business now for eight years in a row Texas has been named number one California just impose a thirteen point 3% the state income tax for every dollar above making 40000 -- think about that.
Texas has no state income tax and with somebody like Phil Mickelson says he's not gonna -- California.
The governor's attitude governor -- attitude was if not a -- not even -- a far close quote this is the hostility towards high incomes slashed jobs creators that this may pass do you think he's gonna be successful -- -- I mean this is Governor -- he's in.
California he's gonna he's touring around -- four days trying to get people -- -- how success California that got.
Texas had already been successful Californians lost about 300 jobs over the last couple of years according to outplacement people many of these jobs have gone to places like Texas and Florida with no state income taxes so California is already losing people a lot of second you said 300 jobs in the last few years did you mystery at 3033300.
Businesses have either moved all of their facilities are part of their facilities.
Out of the state and they've gone to places like Texas Arizona and Florida where there aren't any state income taxes or with a regulatory climate is far more suitable for businesses we're losing a lot of people indigenous California's now are leaving and people replacing them are bringing a lower tax faith in the ones -- -- -- Stewart so Larry.
Well he'd gone you've got to realize a house that -- in Los I'm very nice house yeah I know you do all over overlooked overlooking the city yes okay so.
Why don't you move it.
I can't that -- a radio station and it and frankly if I could move I would I'd I'd happily move over to Arizona where there aren't any state income tax and if I could.
But I can't because of the facilities a lot of people I know who have businesses Stewart are -- -- -- -- part of their facilities somewhere else we also have -- probably the most draconian global warming laws in the whole country as if California can fight global warming when China and India are not doing it but -- that we have we have -- left -- legislature.
Imagine having a lower house and -- upper house with -- -- like Nancy Pelosi running get withdrew majorities and a president like Obama being the governor of California that's where we are they can do whatever they want without a single Republican vote and they are.
Well Governor Brown says wait a minute you'll forgetting all the attractions in the advantages of California what is the web the culture the infrastructure the intellect -- infrastructure.
-- -- the man's got a point some in the climate is really cool and all the rest of -- he's got a point doesn't.
Well Obama has the point by saying most Americans are not gonna leave the country even though he's impose higher income taxes of course we're not gonna go we're gonna fight here trying to make it better.
But there's no reason why we have to be a tax spending and regulatory state of the union.
It just that in Washington DC in Sacramento the state capital the Democrats there believe we have a a revenue problem not a spending problem they believe that you can extract all the money from rich people and -- and and Margaret -- had a problem with socialism is -- -- -- -- other people's money the problem with California politics.
It sooner or later -- out of rich people and we're running out of rich people give me a comment if you would on doctor Ben costs.
I'm sure you're familiar with -- -- that he delivered to the president of the -- breakfast last week Camille comments.
That was extraordinary it not only did he complain about the the high cost of of medical care but he also offered a solution.
Health savings accounts he also got on Obama for welfare without quite saying it and he also suggested that -- would be a good idea that this guy was giving the Republican platform -- for 2016.
Been -- for president as far as I'm concerned.
A -- -- to trumpets governor Perry's appearances in California Vienna on your radio I don't know you gonna tell everybody here is listen to him you get -- -- -- I I think I will try to you could be accused of being a trying to to be formally Golden State does it.
I'm I'm I'm pro America and the whole point behind federalism Stuart is that the experiment of fifty states is that the -- -- -- compete against each other for scarce resources in the scarce resource -- high income people -- job producers I don't blame Rick Perry for doing what what other people do and if at all a fashioned American competition instead of calling it a fart which is what the governor did what -- -- -- do with it do something about reducing the regulatory burden on businesses that we don't have people leaving the state.
Larry Elder you put it well we appreciate -- being with us thank you very much -- You've got it --
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Ewan Porter Personal Notes
Lists winning the 2008 Moonah Classic as his biggest thrill in golf. Favorite course played is Carnoustie. Would most like to play Cypress Point.
Never travels without his iPod.
List the Rugby League Wests Tigers as his favorite professional team.
Favorite TV show is "Bizarre Foods" and favorite movie is "Stepbrothers.".
Favorite entertainer is Kings of Leon and favorite book is John McEnroe: You Cannot be Serious!.
Enjoys eating sushi and watching Roger Federer play tennis.
Favorite vacation spot is Phuket, Thailand. Would round out his dream foursome with Will Ferrell, John McEnroe and his girlfriend, Annabel. Bucket list includes visiting Italy, Spain and Japan.


text:
The Oldest Map of Japan Drawn by Mahmud of Kashgar
This article was first published in the Turkish review Erdem 3 (Ankara 1985), pp. 665-671. We are grateful to Imran Baba, editor of Erdem for allowing publication.
It is said that the first maps of Japan were drawn in 646 A D by Nihongi and Gyogi Bosatsu who immigrated to Japan from Korea in the 8th century. The first Japanese map, which survived until the 20th century, and which is still referred to frequently is the one which was found in the Temple of Ninna near Kyoto, and which was dated 1303 [1].
The Japanese came to know the Europeans in the 16th century and were influenced by the techniques the Europeans used in map drawing, an influence that was clearly seen in the cloth maps of the 17th century. Finally in 1779, Sekisui drew the first general map of Japan using meridians as well as scale [2].
The Western world acquired the first batch of information about Japan through the writings of Marco Polo (1254-1322) who, during his trips to the Far East, had mentioned Burma, Laos, Siam, Java, Sumatra, Ceylon, and Japan in detail [3].
Martin Behaim is the first geographer who gave Japan its due place in the world globe he prepared, thus acknowledging Japan in the Western world. The City Council asked Martin Behaim, who was born in Nurnberg and who had returned home after living for a long time in Portugal and Azores, to make a globe. This was the last globe before the discovery of America that was made according to the theories of Ptolemy (150 A.D.) [4]. Some new inventions were acknowledged and errors corrected on this globe, the Far East was incorrectly drawn and Japan placed in Eastern Asia as Marco Polo had described in his memoirs.
A century later, in 1543, some Portuguese ships seeking refuge from the storm, found shelter along the Japanese coast and were welcomed warmly by the natives. During their stay, they became so friendly with the natives that they even allowed the Japanese to model their new guns after the ones the natives had seen and admired aboard. After a while, Frances Xavier, along with two Jesuit priests came to Japan to establish a commercial company [5].
Despite the fact that America was discovered and Europeans were already travelling to Japan and back, in the map of Eastern India Ortelius drew in 1570, Japan was shown as a round kite with a long tail [6]. Ortelius apparently was not satisfied with this because later in the same year, he drew another map of Asia and had it printed in the same almanac as before, but this time he had drawn Japan in a different way. In the later years, Mercator, in his map of Asia copied the shape of Japan from Ortelius [7]. Many incorrect maps came after these two. However, in the 17th century, Guillaume, who took an active interest in map-making saw that even the most so-called "reliable" maps were full of errors and pointed out the need to base map making on scientific facts and observations. He also emphasized the need to find answers to such questions as to whether Japan was an island or not. What sort of a city was Moscow? 'Was it as cold as it was rumoured to be? Did the Mediterranean extend from the East to the West as Ptolemy said it did? These and a thousand questions similar to these did not have any definite answers in the eyes of the 17th century geographers [8]. Finally in 1759, Sieur Robert succeeded in drawing the very first correct map of Japan.
Let us go back to the eleventh century and Mahmud's book, Dîvân Lugât it-Turk. In this book, Mahmud stated that the regions of all the Turkish tribes from Europe to China were included in full detail within a circular map, which, as he pointed out, was drawn in order to indicate to regions the Turks inhabited [9]. Around this circular map the East, West, North and South were shown as well as some seas and rivers. The places indicated in the Wes ranged as far as Itil where the Kipcaks and the Franks lived. In the southwest Ethiopia, in the south India, in the east China and Japan were indicated and in the centre Turkish cities such as Yarkent, Kashgar, Barsgan, Balasagun, Yifruc, Ikiokuz, Asbuali, Kumri, Talas were present.
The western, northern and southern parts of Asia were left indrawn but despite the Tact that the map was full of errors, the data about the eastern regions were correct. Mahmud showed the Great Wall of China on his map and mentioned that this wall and high mountains acted as natural obstacles preventing him from learning the Chinese language. He also stated that Japan shared the same fate, being an island in the eastern part of Asia [10].
As it was mentioned previously, the first Japanese map was drawn in the 14th century and it was included for the first time in a world atlas in the 15th century. However, when the information given above is taken into consideration, one can say that the very first map of Japan, although it had many errors and was just crude drawing, was drawn by Mahmud of Kashgar in the eleventh century.
Mahmud was born in Kashgar and belonged to a noble family who were called the Hamirs, a name which was the counterpart of Amir among the Oguz tribes. We learn that he is of the family of Karahan through his own writings. His father Husein had immigrated from Barsgan to Kashgar where Mahmud was born. The definite dates of his birth and death are not known. If we consider the fact that he had completed his famous book in 1071 and that he was quite old by then, one could say that he must have lived in the eleventh century [11].
He had very good education, observing the Islamic scientific studies and learning fluent Arabic and Persian. He also travelled extensively in the Turkish regions, learning all the dialects of his native tongue, Turkish, and at the same time observing their traditions very closely. He mentioned in his book that he had travelled all along Sirderya. Mahmud had the reputation of knowing Turkish history, geography, and folklore very well [12].
As he pointed out in his book, like many other natives of Kashgar, his family also immigrated to Iraq from Kashgar in the retinue of Terken Hatun, the wife of Malik Shah (1072-1092), during this period. Iraq, by then was one of the most important cultural centres of the Islamic World and for reason it was quite usual for people involved in scientific research to come to Iraq. And besides, around this time Baghdad came under the Turkish influence and it was the Turks who kept the Caliphs in power.
Mahmud started to write his famous book on 25 January 1072 and finished it in February 1074. Although he wrote it during the rule of the Caliph Al-Kaim, he dedicated it to Caliph Muktedî Billah (1075-l094).
This book was written in order to teach the Arabs Turkish and to prove that the Turkish language was as important as Arabic. He stales the reasons why Turkish must be learned in the following speech:
"I swear upon my honour that I heard two trustworthy religious leaders, one from Bukhara and the other from Nishabur talking about the speeches of our Prophet who had decreed that everyone had to learn Turkish for the Turks were going to be in power for a long time to come when he made the prophecy about doomsday, present day conflicts and the appearance of the Oguz Turks. If this conjecture was true, then they must learn, Turkish. But if it was not true, then common sense commands so. God allowed the sun of prosperity to rise over Turkish towers and let fortune keep watch over their properties. He gave them the name Turk, made them governors and rulers of the world. He gave the Turkish nation the reins or all the other nations of the world thus placing them above everyone. Those who sided with the Turks were considered blessed, were protected from evil and had all their wishes fulfilled again because of their connection with the Turks. The most logical way in order to communicate with them, to side with them and to win their friendship and to be protected from being their target, is to learn their language" [13].
Under the title of Turks, he gives the following information. "We said that the name Turk was given by God, because it was narrated to us by Halefoglu Sheikh Hussein of Kashgar who heard it from Ibn al-Gurkî referring to a book on present times written by Sheikh Abû Bakr al-Mufîd al-Curcânî. The writer in tills book refers to conjectures of our mighty Prophet. The third conjecture goes like this: The Lord Almighty says, 'I have an army that I call as Turks. I have settled them in the East and when a nation draws my wrath on its head, I send the Turks to mete out the punishment they deserve'. This, then, was a sign of supremacy of the Turks over other nations since God look it on Himself to give them a name. He settled them in the highest region that had very fresh and clean air and called them 'My army'. The Turks also have a lot of virtues such as beauty, decorum, hospitality, and respect for their elders, keeping their words of honour, modesty, bravery and honesty" [14]. As seen in this speech, Mahmud of Kashgar was a scientist who believed firmly in what he set out to do, and admirer of Turks and a patriot.
Today, we have the one and only issue of the Dîvân, copied in August 1266 by Muhammad ibn Abî Bakr ibn Abî al-Fath al-Sâvî who was originally from Sâva, a village in Persia, and who settled in Damascus later. Sâvî writes that he copied this from Mahmud's original script. Since the copier did not know Turkish well and could not master Arabic, this edition is full of mistakes.
The Dîvân was used quite frequently by many scientists in later years. Badr al-Din Mahmud, know as Aynî, of Antep, in his book Ikd al-Cumân fî Tarîh ahl al-Zamân and Hajji Khâlifa in his Kasf al-Zunûn mentioned the Dîvân. However, it was ignored and almost forgotten for years until Ali Emiri (1857-1923) got hold of Sâvî's copy and with the intercedence of the grand Vizier, Tal'at Pasha (1874-1921), the Dîvân was printed by Rifat Bilge (1873-1953) and, soon after, drew the attention of almost all Turcologists in the world. The first Turkish translation was made by Rifat Bilge, followed by those of Atif Bey of Konya; Besim Atalay and several Turkish scholars interpreted it [15].
The first Turkish translation was made by Rifat Bilge, followed by those of Atif Bey of Konya; Besim Atalay and several Turkish scholars interpreted it [16].
The Dîvân attracted the interest of the Western world. Brockelmann's research on Mahmud of Kashgar and later English translation of the Dîvân by Dankoff as well as the articles of James Kelly were included among recent studies on this subject [17].
This book written in order to teach the Arabs Turkish and to prove that it was as important and equally developed language as Arabic. The text is Turkish, the explanations Arabic; it was prepared according to the rules of Arabic and consisted of eight sections. The words in each chapter are arranged according to the Arabic alphabet. The writer also said that only eighteen letters were used in the Turkish alphabet. While there were seven letters which were used in speaking but not writing, the letter of pause should have been added to the alphabet.
The writer used East Haqaniye and Oguz dialects in the Dîvân and added Turkish sentences, proverbs, and popular verses so that the meanings of the words would be understood better; although the Dîvân was a dictionary, it also provided information about Turkish grammar rules.
Mahmud also emphasized that those who did not mingle with the Persians, who did not travel to foreign countries and knew only one language spoke it correctly; and that those who travelled to big cities and spoke two languages had faulty speeches. He also stated that the Chinese and Upper Chinese spoke Turkish quite well although they had a different language. The same was true for the people of Tibet and Hotan who had different languages and scripts. The Uygurs spoke Turkish and used the Turkish alphabet, but they also had different dialects like Comul, Hay, Yakubi, Tatar, and Basmil. The tribes of Kirgiz, Kipcak, Oguz, Yagma, Cigil, Ugrak, Caruk spoke pure Turkish. Tribes like Pecenek, Suvar, and Bulgarians in Europe shortened the last syllables of words. Mahmud concluded that the best Turkish was spoken by Oguz and Yagma tribes.
As he himself pointed out, no one had produced such a study before him. There is no similar work previous to the Dîvân that put the Turkish language into writing. We learn through this book that the classical and literary dialects of the Turkish language were formed in the eleventh century.
We can only say as a conclusion that Dîvân Lugât it-Turk is indeed a milestone and a very valuable source of reference for the history of Turcology.
REFERENCES[1] R. V. Tooley, Ma/is and Map Makers, London 1952, id ed., p. 107. [2] Tooley, p. 107. [3] L.A. Brown, The Story of Maps, Canada 1953, 5th ed., p. 106. [4] Tooley, p. 25. [5] Tooley, p. 25. [6] Tooley, p. 108. [7] Tooley, p. 108. [8] Brown, p. 442. [9] B. Atalay, Dîvânü Lugat-it-Turk Tercumesi, Ankara 1940, vol. I, p. 30. [10] Atalay, p. 30. [11] Atalay, p. XII. [12] Atalay, p. vol. I, p. 4. [13] Atalay, p. vol. I, p. 3-4. [14] Atalay, p. vol. I, p. 351-352. [15] Kashgarli Mahmud, Dîvânu Lugat it-Türk, translated into Turkish by Rifat Bilge, Istanbul 1917, 3 vols. [16] B. Atalay, Dîvânu Lugât it-Turk Tercumesi, Ankara 1940-1943 (4 volumes). [17] R. Dankoff and J. Kelly, Kasgarli Mahmud, Turk Siveleri Lugati, English transl, Harvard 1982.
** Sevim Tekeli is a professor of the History of Science, the head of the Department of Philosophy and of the chair of the History of Science, Faculty of Letter, Ankara University.
by: Prof. Sevim Tekeli , Wed 03 January, 2007


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Good morning Gretchen I don't I analyze us today are right because Bryan's -- try to hold -- Friday -- -- my email good morning doctor Abdullah there's a person -- -- -- doing more as an obsession with with movies.
And keeps trying to tell me which ones are good and which ones are not -- he normal or not you know what that was an -- to not answer that you have not gone by the rules it sounds lose it.
It sounds a little controlling.
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Second that did you dabble in my -- are the -- -- -- always ask the questions you opposed you control everything man that's got you -- Iraq.
Hughes will leave -- a few you troll this doctor my sister keeps pushing me to make might well out tour.
I have four times a retirement that I -- for for years I lover but I want to leave some of my money to charity and my alma mater -- knots.
Well you know last time I checked like five minutes ago in America -- money still your money that could change depending on the election but.
But look this is a normal woman who wants to take control of her own -- and dispose of them as she wishes.
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All right next when I tried online dating for the first time in talking to one girl particular when we tax she calls me all kinds of -- And we haven't even met before -- -- I wanna know she's in costs but with the.
What do you think well listen you know I created this new category normal -- This is being normal not situation why.
Millions of us have gone crazy a little bit in this way.
We think that because of FaceBook profiles -- because of texting or online dating profiles that you know old the person.
You don't know the person -- you can be fooled into it and start going honey sweetie they would never met.
-- -- You know it's it's seeing -- -- ten years ago they talked about online dating -- -- like that that would have been somewhat normal now it's somewhat Bob mainstream.
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Real Estate Articles
- Property at Affordable Prices on Costa Rica's Southern Coast
Posted on December 11, 2013 by Jason Holland
Despite interest from investors and well-heeled vacation home owners, you can still find good-value real estate. Prices start at $150,000 for simple digs, going up to multi-millions for the luxury palaces favored by wealthy vacation home owners. So it may not be dirt cheap. But with ocean-view homes starting at the low $200,000s, prices are a quarter of what you'd pay for similar property on the southern California coast, for example.
- Buy on the World's Last Great Frontier
Posted on December 2, 2013 by Ronan McMahon
In Nicaragua, you'll find some of the most dramatically beautiful Pacific coastline…anywhere. And in one development I've visited, there are five beaches, 2,700 acres and more than two miles of coast.All of those beaches have their own unique character and appeal. Each has different colored sands: white, tan and even pink. Some have flat waters for swimming or waves for surfing.
- A Mexican Riviera Home That Pays For Itself
Posted on December 2, 2013 by Ronan McMahon
You'll find one of the most stunning areas on my beat on the southern edge of Mexico's Riviera Maya. Its white-sand beaches, ancient ruins, white-bottomed lagoons, nature preserves, caves and cenotes (underwater caves) make it stand out—so much so that vacationers and expats are increasingly flocking here. But despite its growing popularity, there is still a window of opportunity on Mexico's Caribbean coast.
- A Fairytale Town Close to Paris…for Less
Posted on December 1, 2013 by Barbara Diggs
The small, pretty town of Chantilly is less than 30 minutes from Paris by train, but when you arrive at the station and take a lungful of fresh air, the big city couldn't feel farther away. Chantilly (pronounced shahn-tee-yee) lies in the Oise department of France, 24 miles north-northeast of Paris. It is both the name of a town of 11,000 people, and of a larger commune that comprises several other towns and villages, bringing the total population to 36,000.
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Posted on November 29, 2013 by Suzan Haskins
If there were ever two towns that complement one another perfectly, they would be Montañita and Olòn on the coast of Ecuador. About an hour north along the coast from Salinas—one of Ecuador's best-known and most popular beach destinations—these two beach towns each offer a very different vibe. Montañita is named for the "little hill" that sits at its north end and separates its picture-perfect golden-sand beach from Olòn's picture-perfect golden-sand beach. It's less than a five-minute drive from one to the other, and a taxi ride will cost you just $2.
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Today, I want to tell you about a part of Costa Rica that is still a secret to most of the outside world. This place is called the forgotten coast because it is the least discovered and most unexplored region in Costa Rica. For years, tourists have flocked to the country's Pacific coast and business has gravitated to the capital city, San Jose. Most people overlooked Costa Rica's Caribbean coast. For the handful who traveled there, they found first-class beaches, verdant jungle canopies and undervalued real estate. It's easy to reach too… You can get here in less than two hours from San Jose on a new, modern highway.
- A Month in Italy at New Year's—Less Than $1,900
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It was New Year's Eve 2012 and the view outside my window was perfect. In the darkness, I could just make out the rolling Italian hills, dotted with brick houses with terracotta rooftops. A lone bell tower rose from a small, ancient church into the sky. And as the bell tolled midnight, the sky lit up with fireworks from three different directions.
- A Pied-à-Terre in the South of France: $676 a Month
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Think you can't afford to retire in the South of France? Think again. While it's true that unless you're fairly wealthy, you should cross places like Cannes, St. Tropez, and most of the pretty medieval villages of Provence off your list, there are still a number of south of France towns, villages and cities, particularly in the Languedoc-Rousillon region (my favorite), that offer a highly enjoyable lifestyle for a reasonable price.
- 3 Beach Buys on Ecuador's Pacific Coast—$100,000 or Less
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A pound of fresh shrimp—$2.50. Someone to cook and clean for you—$20 per day. Property tax of $200-$250 a year on the beach homes below… It's easy to see why Ecuador tops International Living's Retirement Index. It's a top spot for those looking for a comfortable lifestyle that won't break the bank. And Ecuador rates as one of the best-value destinations on my beat, too. On the country's unspoiled Pacific coast, in particular, you get a whole lot more for your dollar. And that applies to real estate as well as your cost of living.
- Finding Safe Harbor in Panama's Chiriquí Province
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It's hard to believe four years have passed since I moved to Panama. It's even more incredible to think that I left the U.S. almost nine years ago. I live in David, the capital of Chiriquí Province in the west of the country. I didn't plan to move here; it was never on my "to do" list. But when my husband, Al, and I first saw the rolling hills and slopes lined with rows of vegetable plants, acres of pineapple and rice fields, coffee plantations and orange groves, I said to myself, "This is it; this is where I want to live."
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The southern Pacific coast, officially known as the country's Southern Zone, is the Costa Rica of postcards and guidebook covers. Palm tree lined, virtually vacant beaches. The wild sea with rocky islands just offshore. Deep, thick jungle surrounds you inland. One of the most biodiverse regions of one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, it's home to howler monkeys, toucans, and sloths and hundreds of other animals…
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There's a lot to love about Bangkok, one of Southeast Asia's most exciting and exotic cities. You can get world-class cuisine, enjoy a pulsing nightlife, and access high-quality, affordable medical care. And there's the superb shopping or the option of a day trip to the beach.
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Seated at a small table shaded by a large yellow umbrella, I sip my beer and savor the mid-afternoon sun of early autumn and the gentle but steady sea breeze. I'm surrounded by possibly the most beautiful collection of people that I've seen anywhere in my travels. Fit, confident, and stylishly attired, they hustle past to the last meeting of the week or grab one of the remaining available tables. I could be in Florence. Or Milan, perhaps.
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If you're a die-hard lover of Paris, there's probably no possible place on earth to live except in a sweet, 19th-century apartment in Montmartre that offers a glimpse of the Eiffel Tower. Or among the teeming cafés near the Bastille. Or in the glamorous neighborhoods surrounding the Boulevard Saint-Germain.
- Healthier and Happier—The Appeal of Ecuador's Sacred Valleys
Posted on November 18, 2013 by Suzan Haskins and Edd Staton
A patchwork quilt of blue-green grass stretches before you, complemented here and there with splashes of fuchsia, lavender, coral, bright yellow… The unmistakable aroma of eucalyptus hitches a ride on a fresh breeze, accented by wood smoke that you can just spy wisping its way out of a red-brick chimney poking from an adobe-walled casita, barely visible on the mountainside far across the way.
- Two Pockets of Opportunity in Europe—Window Now Closing
Posted on November 18, 2013 by Ronan McMahon
Real estate bubbles send all prices too high. When they pop, they bring everything down with them. Sometimes too far. The same irrational views that drove the prices up help push them down, and for a short time quality properties become very cheap. That's when you should buy: before the fear subsides and prices go up once again.
- Embracing "Complete Freedom in Cambodia"
Posted on November 18, 2013 by Rob Schneider
Sihanoukville wasn't on Joe Royle's list of semi-retirement destinations when he came to Southeast Asia looking for a new life in 2005. In fact, he didn't even know that Sihanoukville, a beach town of 250,000 some 140 miles southwest of Cambodia's capital city, Phnom Penh, even existed.
- Troglodyte Homes: Around the World…and Underground
Posted on November 18, 2013 by International Living
The accepted story goes that as humankind progressed over the millennia, we abandoned our cave shelters in favor of constructed homes. But plenty of folks still live in dwellings carved out of volcanic rock, into mountains, rocky hillsides, cliffs, or quarries. And they aren't living a primitive life in caveman-style homes, either (though they are referred to as "troglodyte" homes).
- The Benefits of Living in San José, Costa Rica
Posted on November 8, 2013 by Jason Holland
I have a pretty standard morning routine. I'm awakened very early by roosters but stay in bed for a while as the sunrise filters into the bedroom. I start the coffee, open the sliding doors, step out to my deck, and look down into the valley below. I usually see hummingbirds buzzing around my flowers, sometimes a blue-crowned mot-mot. Some mornings one of my neighbors, a farmer, has been up even earlier…
- The 5 Best Places for Expats to Live in Thailand
Posted on November 1, 2013 by Heather Van Deest
I've lived in Thailand with my family for eight years now and there's something special about this corner of the world. It's an exotic place—orange-robed monks collect alms at dawn—yet it's easy to live a comfortable lifestyle, similar to that of the West, but without the headaches and extra expense. We dine out on delicious Thai food, go to the cinema, or, at a moment's notice, take off for a beach weekend.
- Brazil's New Middle Class Could Mean Big Opportunity for You
Posted on October 25, 2013 by Ronan McMahon
"My maid now eats yogurt," a contact told me on a visit to Fortaleza, Brazil in 2009. It may seem like a strange thing to notice but it's a sure mark of how Brazil is changing. Yogurt is a premium product in Brazil—and my contact's maid was changing her consuming patterns in line with Brazil's new middle class.
- Find A Property Bargain in Ecuador
Posted on October 24, 2013 by Edd Staton
You've got the options of a cosmopolitan lifestyle in cities like Quito, Cuenca, and Salinas… or a more quiet existence in any number of smaller enclaves where you can garden with a view. And your choices extend to the kind of home you'd like as well—from the convenience of a modern high-rise condo…to the space afforded by a single-family home with a yard…to raw land on which you can build your dream escape.
- You Could Have Doubled Your Investment if You'd Taken My Advice…
Posted on October 23, 2013 by Ronan McMahon
At Real Estate Trend Alert my beat is to find places where real estate is undervalued and where something is set to happen that means values will increase. I call this "the trigger event." This trigger event could be a fast-growing, new, middle class or new infrastructure projects that will bring improved accessibility.
- The Top Three Best Places to Retire Overseas to Buy Real Estate
Posted on October 22, 2013 by Barbara Ross
Buying real estate overseas is different in each country as they all have their own laws and rules to abide by. But once you have an in-country attorney the process should be straightforward. In International Living's annual Global Retirement Index 2013 we took real estate into consideration when coming up with the best places to retire overseas.
- An Unusual 32-year-old Way to Buy Real Estate Overseas
Posted on October 21, 2013 by Nick Hodges
If, like many Americans, your greatest source of personal wealth is in your IRA, you may be wondering how to best utilize that investment to safeguard it and watch it grow. You're not alone. Concerns about the stability of the U.S. dollar have generated a greater interest in all manner of offshore investments—foreign real estate in particular.
- The Secrets to Finding a Rental for a Trial Run in Europe
Posted on October 17, 2013 by Valerie Fortney Schneider
You've made plans, set tentative dates…you're almost ready to take off on your three- or six-month European tour…the next step is a roof over your head. But the short-term rentals offered online can be sickeningly expensive. Fully furnished and ready to go they may be, but with prices often multiples of those you'll find on the ground, there are better ways to look.
- The Rural Charms of San José, Costa Rica
Posted on October 17, 2013 by Jason Holland
I have a pretty standard morning routine. I'm awakened very early by roosters but stay in bed for a while as the sunrise filters into the bedroom. I start the coffee, open the sliding doors, step out to my deck, and look down into the valley below. I usually see hummingbirds buzzing around my flowers, sometimes a blue-crowned mot-mot.
- Under-the-Radar Trophy Properties
Posted on October 17, 2013 by Ronan McMahon
You've heard the economy is slow. You can see it for yourself just walking down main street. But one place you won't find any sign of it is among the pages of luxury real estate listings. Floods of cheap money are working their way into the luxury real estate market at home and in world cities like London, Melbourne, Hong Kong and New York.
- Chase Summertime to These Snow-Bird Escapes
Posted on October 17, 2013 by International Living
Winter is nigh in North America. Bitter cold, ice storms, flurries, and blizzards are on their way. These are the months spent indoors, staring out at grey skies, pining for spring. But there are places where the sun is shining right now, temperatures are going up, and it's already beach season.
- Real Estate in Cuenca, Ecuador
Posted on October 8, 2013 by Barbara Ross
Cuenca is known for its rich intellectual and artistic traditions that match its colonial architecture. It is famous for its colorful festivals and is one of three UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Ecuador. Located on the southern edge of the mountains, Cuenca is Ecuador's third largest city. Here foreigners have the same rights as citizens to own property…and real estate in Cuenca is a bargain.
- Paris Real Estate: Tips for Buying in the City of Light
Posted on October 8, 2013 by Barbara Diggs
Now is a pretty good time to buy. Thanks to a weak economy and the flight of the wealthy to tax-friendlier countries, housing prices in most parts of Paris were (and continue to be) on their way down for the first time in over a decade. According to a recent Bloomberg news report, Paris prices fell by 2% in the last quarter of 2012 and sales volume is down by 20%. What's more, prices are likely to fall further over the next year.
- Living in Ireland: An Insider's Guide
Posted on September 22, 2013 by Steenie Harvey
Maybe it's the music. Or the breathtaking landscapes. Or the witty humor and long, effortless conversations. Even without a drop of Irish blood in your veins, it's easy to fall in love with Ireland's charms, traditions and strong sense of community. The recession that followed the Celtic Tiger boom hasn't altered the essentials that make the Emerald Isle special. I'm one of those people who prefer a cooler climate with four distinct seasons.
- The Decline of the West
Posted on September 19, 2013 by International Living
There's always room for wealth creation. Despite the world's economic woes, the number of people with $30 million or more in net assets rose by 5% globally last year. And according to the Frank Knight Wealth Report 2013, over the next 10 years there'll be a 50% rise in the number of people breaking that barrier.
- An Insider's Guide to Buying Property in Ecuador
Posted on September 19, 2013 by Edd Staton
Real estate prices in Ecuador are low—among the lowest anywhere. That means you can find some of the best bargains in the world. So if you choose this country, you may decide it makes sense to buy a residence.
- The Beach Towns Where Rio Goes to Play
Posted on September 19, 2013 by John Clites
Cariocas, the laid-back residents of sensuous Rio de Janeiro, welcome 1.5-million vacationers a year. But when it's time for their own vacations, many of them head to the Região dos Lagos, or "Lakes Region," also known as the Costa do Sul (Southern Coast).
- Thailand's Best Expat Havens—Where Modern Comforts and Low Costs Meet
Posted on September 19, 2013 by Heather Van Deest
Thailand is one of the world's most popular locales for good living abroad. And there are lots of reasons why. For pennies on the dollar you get a year-round tropical climate and access to modern comforts and conveniences, including affordable, high quality medical care.
- Three Towns Offering 8% Rental Yields Right Now
Posted on September 19, 2013 by Ronan McMahon
I know of only a handful of places around the world right now where you can buy a property for $150,000…and have it throw off $1,000 a month in yield right from the start. These are the rental-yield super-stars.
- Renting on the Slopes of Europe for Ski Season
Posted on September 19, 2013 by International Living
For thousands of years skiing was just a way to travel in winter, carry mail and goods to snowbound towns, or—believe it or not—charge into battle. Then in the mid-19th century the first races took place and before long enthusiastic amateurs had taken up the sport.
- Italy v France: Round Two
Posted on September 18, 2013 by Valerie Fortney Schneider
France is nice, I guess. Lavender fields and a vast wine country surely hold a certain appeal. But it's Italy that captures the heart and feels like home. My cousin bought a house in a lovely little village in southern France, but when she comes to Basilicata, Italy she feels a pang of regret. How could she not, with so much home-spun seduction enveloping anyone who sets foot in the region?
- Italy v France: Round One
Posted on September 17, 2013 by Steenie Harvey
Mi dispiace, France. I'm sorry. It's no contest. Even in your rainy-day Brittany region, you can't come up with a two-story house that a buyer could move into for 18,000 euro ($24,000). We can. It's not a doll's house either—there's 1,290 square feet of living space.
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On faith: Giving thanks
By: Rev. Lawrence Lee, United Church of Two Harbors, Lake County News Chronicle
Want to be happier and healthier? Give thanks. Seriously.
Last year a study was released by two researchers (Dr. Robert A. Emmons of the University of California, Davis, and Dr. Michael E. McCullough of the University of Miami) in which two groups kept journals. One group wrote daily about the things that they were grateful for and the other group kept a daily tally of their gripes and grievances.
Not only was the group that gave thanks happier, but they also reported exercising more and enjoyed better health. This is no real surprise but it's good to be reminded how important it is to give thanks not just on the fourth Thursday of November, but daily.
In Sunday worship at our church we have a prayer of thanksgiving every week and on communion Sundays we pray what is called the "Great Thanksgiving" before receiving the bread and cup. Giving thanks is a regular practice of what Christians do.
It also draws us together. It is good that we have intentional time set aside for giving thanks after the contentiousness that comes with an election season. This particular election season has been difficult for our community with people differing over many different issues, including the marriage amendment. My prayer is that in giving thanks we can remember the things that unify us.
Every month, through the Two Harbors Christian Ministerial Association, I am privileged to meet with pastors from all around the community. We are not in agreement about the marriage amendment either, but we choose to find areas where we can agree to act, such as our jail ministry, elder ministry, our Neighbor to Neighbor thrift store, our community Thanksgiving dinner (this coming Sunday), the community Advent service (on Sunday, December 3), the Good Samaritan relief fund, and so on. I appreciate how we, as a community of churches, can find so much to cooperate on and agree to disagree on other issues.
So I invite you to give thanks and look around our community with gratitude at what we can do together rather than retreating to the fears and grievances that drive us apart. It will make us all happier and healthier. Seriously.
The Rev. Lawrence Lee has been the pastor of the United Church of Two Harbors since 2003 and he gives thanks for his congregation daily.
Tags: opinion


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GPIC achieves key export milestoneBahrain-based Gulf Petrochemical Industries Company (GPIC) has achieved a major milestone of exporting 7,193 tonnes of petrochemical products to the US, said a report. The shipment was sent via the vessel MV Stolt Sneland. More… |
GPIC wins best employer awardGulf Petrochemicals Industries Company (GPIC) was given the 'Best Employers Middle East Award' for its achievement and on-going commitment to delivering employee engagement. The awards were presented by Aon Hewitt, the glo More… |
GPIC registers solid Q1 growthBahrain-based Gulf Petrochemical Industries Company (GPIC) has achieved its targets in production, export and occupational safety for the first quarter of the year, said a report. Since a major maintenance at the plant carried out More… |
GPIC reports $212m profitsThe Bahrain-based Gulf Petrochemical Industries Company (GPIC) reported a profit of $212 million last year, which will be distributed to its shareholders, it has been revealed. The company manag More… |
Sabic backs GPCA environmental driveThe Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (Sabic) will participate in the upcoming "Clean up the Gulf Day", an initiative of the Gulf Petrochemical and Chemical Association (GPCA). The "Clean up the Gulf Day" More… |
GPIC reports top production recordThe Gulf Petrochemical Industries Company (GPIC) has recorded its highest-ever monthly production in January this year, a top official said. Company president Abdulrahman Jawahery said the total 140,258 metric tonnes (mt) producti More… |
Bahrain exports 20,000 T of urea to SudanThe Gulf Petrochemical Industries Company (GPIC) has, for the first time, exported 20,000 tonnes of urea to Sudan. Company president Abdulrahman Jawahery said the new deal came about as a result of talks between the company and Su More… |
GPIC achieves new safety milestoneBahrain-based Gulf Petrochemical Industries Company (GPIC) said ithas achieved a record number of working hours without any accidents last year, equivalent to 4,413 days of work. This achievement is the highest in the history of GPIC since More… |
GPIC wins major global safety awardGPIC has been awarded the global safety certificate by the British Safety Council for the third successive year. The award was presented at a grand ceremony in London in the presence of more than 1,000 guests. Methods and professio More… |
GPIC chief elected to US safety panelGulf Petrochemical Industries Company (GPIC) general manager Abdulrahman Jawahery has been elected member of the US National Safety Council (NSC) board of directors. Jawahery is the first person from the GCC and Middle East region to be el More… |


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While Justin helps the newest special needs dog of Russell Simmons' executive assistant, Simone Reyes, get back in the game after recently becoming blind, Simmons hopes that the decreased burden on his friend/assistant will jumpstart her social plans – with people.


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With "lawrence 2C ks" we think you're looking for one of these 21 options
KS Residence
Self-catering apartments with air conditioning, free Wi-Fi and free parking are offered at KS Residence. It is located on a quiet street, 2 km from Barra da Tijuca Beach. More |
Hotel 2C
Offering a free parking lot and garage, this 3-star hotel in Legnano is within easy reach of highway A8, which allows you to access Italy's lake region and the Rho-Pero convention center. Set in the center of the city, Hotel 2C is near the main hospital. Public transportation is close by. More |
2C House
2C House is a guesthouse in Seoul, about half a mile from Wangsimni subway station's Exit 6. It offers simple rooms with free Wi-Fi and ample storage area. All rooms at 2C House are equipped with air conditioning and heating. Featuring hardwood floors, each room has a fridge and a flat-screen TV. More |
KS Residence II
KS Residence II, located in Rio de Janeiro's Barra da Tijuca district, is a fully furnished apartment that offers spacious accommodation with air conditioning, free Wi-Fi and private parking. More |
Super 8 Russell KS
Russell, United States of America Located just off Interstate 70, this Russell, Kansas hotel offers guest rooms with cable TV and free Wi-Fi. Air-conditioning is provided throughout the hotel. A microwave and refrigerator are included in every room at Super 8 Russell KS. More |


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- Join Date
- Sep 2002
- Location
- Logan, and Pahoa
- Posts
- 8,789
- Points
- 13,397
Posted On:
5/05/2013 10:15pm
Style: Kyokushinkai / Kajukenbo0Gotta love these "coincidences"
Graham E. Fuller is an American author and political analyst, specializing in Islamic extremism. Formerly vice-chair of the National Intelligence Council, he also served as Station Chief in Kabul for the CIA. A "think piece" that Fuller wrote for the CIA was identified as instrumental in leading to the Iran-contra affair.After a career in theUnited States State Department and CIA lasting 27 years, he joined Rand Corporation as senior political scientist specializing in the Middle East. As of 2006, he was affiliated with the Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada as an adjunct professor of history.He is the author of a number of books, including The Future of Political Islam
Retired CIA officer Graham Fuller confirmed Saturday that his daughter was previously married to an uncle of the suspects in the Boston Marathon attacks, but called rumors of any links between the uncle and the Agency absurd.
Katherine Russell (alleged bombers ex-wife) is granddaughter of Richard Warren Russell, Skull and Bones member and entrepreneur in the energy industry, ex- U.S. Army Counter-Intelligence .
Skull & Bones was co-founded by William Huntington Russell and who knows if it's the same Russell family...
Oh, and Tamerlan Tsarnaev was a New England boxing champ and the cop who got killed was a fellow boxer - another mystery is why Tamerlan went to the cop who knew him from boxing."Preparing mentally, the most important thing is, if you aren't doing it for the love of it, then don't do it." - Benny Urquidez -
Senior Member
- Join Date
- Jun 2008
- Location
- Ramona
- Posts
- 3,932
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Posted On:
5/05/2013 11:29pm--Fine I will bite, to what end my friend?
What is the goal of these barely connected people?
To simply be evil and to kill 4 people and hurt many others?
To beat the drums of war to invade Chechnya?
There is no profit here, neither monetarily or politically.
No big government contracts up for bid, no new draconian laws to further squash our rights.
So what is gained by this shadowy cabal of people? -
Light Heavyweight
- Join Date
- Oct 2007
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- A Hell of my own making
- Posts
- 3,055
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- 6,719
Posted On:
5/06/2013 6:12pm -
I am a Ninja bitches!! Deal with it
- Join Date
- Nov 2005
- Location
- Toronto
- Posts
- 7,856
- Points
- 14,299
Posted On:
5/06/2013 6:34pm -
pro nonsense self defense
- Join Date
- Nov 2012
- Location
- San Diego
- Posts
- 11,966
- Points
- 15,686
Posted On:
5/06/2013 6:44pm
Style: FMA, dumbek, Indian clubs7I hear if you draw a hexagon, and extend the lines into a hexagram, then extend the lines into a larger hexagon, and one more time into a larger hexagram, then use a compass to draw 2 circles connecting the points of the hexagrams to itself, you end up with 2 circles that are nearly exact in proportion to the orbit of Earth to the orbit of Saturn. This tesselation is common in crystal structures that exhibit 6-side symmetry, so many of Earth's crystals secretly hold the proportion of the orbits. COINCIDENCE!?!?!?
The Hippie movement was created by CIA. Jim Morrison, Frank Zappa and lots of '60s artists, were MK-Ultra agents.The hood mentality is crippling disease, that attacks your nervous system. It makes you nervous of the system. Gangsters and hood rats are especially susceptible to this growth stunting mentality. The hood is where I'm from, but it's not what I am. The hood is where I'm from, but it's not what I am. --Keith David--Ice Cube
All I got is genes and chromosomes
Consider me Black to the bone
All I want is peace and love
On this planet (Ain't that how God planned it?) --P.E.


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Netfunda Technologies is a rapidly growing custom software and website designing and development company with headquarters in NOIDA, India.
We specialize in the development of custom software applications and custom website designing and development services. Specifically, our company carries out custom programming, database design, client-server and internet/intranet software application development.
Over the years we have managed to build a solid team of professionals that come from various backgrounds and expand the creative potential of the company. The expertise that they posses embraces a wide range of custom programming skills involving the latest and most effective development technologies, such as PHP, MySQL, XML and many more. This to a great extent defines the quality and reliability of the custom software applications that we develop.


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Drew Dennis Drew comes to Out On Screen with an extensive background in social profit management. After studying business at the University of Western Ontario, Drew went on a date and fell in love with queer film. Sometimes life's like that. Drew is particularly energized about film's power as a tool for social justice. Drew is a member of the Association of Fundraising Professionals and currently serves on the LGBTQ Advisory Committee to Vancouver City Council. Drew identifies as trans and skates the gender binary preferring neither pronoun. | |
Ross Johnstone Ross Johnstone holds a degree in Arts and Cultural Studies from Simon Fraser University and he has been dedicated to Vancouver's non-profit arts sector for over ten years. In 2004, he developed the Out in Schools program. Ross is an active member of a variety of local organizations that support youth and provides diversity training to high school aged youth, post secondary students and organizations seeking to improve the diversity of their work culture. He is an experienced speaker and is a regular panellist for social justice-themed events. In 2011, Ross was selected by both OUTtv and GayVancouver.Net, as one of the top ten individuals "making a difference in our community." | |
Shana Myara When Shana Myara was 19 years old, she founded Nanaimo's Barefoot in the Park Festival after convincing her father to build an outdoor stage. More recently, Shana has revitalized arts presentations at The Roundhouse (co-curating The Memory Festival and SUSTENANCE: Feasting on Food and Culture, and more) and inspired thousands to try Bike to Work Week. She's also an award-winning writer whose first film "Newcomers Swim Every Friday" was directed in 2012 by Meghna Haldar. Shana holds a Master of Fine Arts from UBC and is delighted to delve into queer stories every day— and to lead the programming of an exceptional festival that will bring us together, and into action. | |
Richard Housser Richard comes to Out On Screen with a degree from the University of British Columbia in Forestry along with an in-depth familiarity with non-profit, consulting, and private sector organizations. While working in fundraising and sponsorship, Richard discovered his passion for creating lasting and meaningful relationships with those devoted to developing our communities. One of the many that made the move from Ontario, Richard has found his place in Vancouver and can be found on the seawall, ski hills or enjoying the nightlife of the city. | |
Stephanie Shack A self proclaimed cinophile, when not helping philanthropic people put their money to good use, Stephanie can be found immersed in the arts watching films, visiting art galleries, or listening to music. Stephanie is also a long time volunteer with a number of worthy causes including the BC SPCA, VOKRA, the Richmond Art Gallery, Volunteer Richmond's Senior Shopping Program and the Association of Fundraising Professionals. After attending UBC, Stephanie knew that making a positive impact in people's lives was more than just a hobby. Prior to joining Out on Screen, Stephanie worked for a variety of not for profit organizations including the Alzheimer Society of BC, Junior Achievement of BC and Vancouver Foundation. | |
Jen Sung Jen Sung is a lifelong queer-rights advocate and public speaker. She holds a degree in Women and Gender Studies from UBC, specializing in feminist pedagogy, queer theory and media literacy. Jen has been featured on the cover of the Georgia Straight and performed on PechaKucha Night at the Vogue Theatre. She has a penchant for all things colourful and believes everyone has the capacity to change the world through their own creative lenses. In her free time she can be found perusing the aisles of your local grocery store and buying avocados in bulk. | |
| Peter Quin-Conroy Peter joined the Out On Screen office team in September, 2013 after having volunteered with us since 2011 and been Theatre Manager for the 2012 and 2013 festivals. Prior to joining Out On Screen, Peter worked for Davis LLP in an accounts/systems admin role. Peter is also a board member with Earthsave Canada, a local environmental organization. |
Jo Shin Jo brings a range of international festival and LGBTQ equality experience to Out on Screen. From not-for-profit arts to corporate organisations, Jo has facilitated innovative and creative projects in her Marketing and Communications specialty. Looking for ways to combine her love of the arts, community and travel she has worked with the likes of Sydney Film Festival, Reykjavik Fashion Festival, Push Festival and UBS Pride Americas. Jo has a Bachelor of Digital Media from the University of New South Wales (Sydney, Australia), as well as completing her International Business Internship in New York City. Jo fervently believes Degrassi High has been Canada's greatest cultural export and can be found zipping through Vancouver on her white 1984 Malvern Star BMX, named Marilyn. | |
Theo Jakob Theo Jakob is consultant and community programmer who works in health-care, spirituality-based, academic and radical queer, Trans* and ally communities. Theo's work often centres around policy, organizational development, sustainability, anti-oppression and accessibility, while working with diverse individuals and communities, including individuals with addictions and substance use histories, individuals of multiple and varying abilities, backgrounds, spiritualities and experiences. Theo is a male-passing/genderqueer trans boy who loves diving into communities and projects. | |
Quinn Peters Once upon a time there was a queer little kid named Quinn who grew up in the South-East corner of Vancouver. At the age of 4, Quinn was already known for his quasi-choreographed routine to "Dress You Up in My Love", which he performed spotlessly with pots, pans and pickling jars at his Aunt's house in the small town of Liberty, Saskatchewan—a feat of which he would be reminded at a cousin's wedding years later. Quinn comes to you with a degree in geography from UBC, drag queening as his alter-ego Junita Werk, and a plethora of queer East Van parties that make your booty go BOOM. See you on the dance floor. | |
Rick Clark | |
Mindy Abramowitz Mindy is an accountant and controller for a range of arts groups and other small businesses in the Vancouver area. She graduated from the UBC with a BA in English and later earned a professional accounting designation from Certified General Accountants Association of BC. She is a member of Geist's editorial board and Room's editorial collective. She was Treasurer of the Board of the Vancouver Society of Storytelling in 2005-07 and now serves as Treasurer of Balcone Art Society and board member of the Performing Arts Lodge Vancouver. |


text: Phone Numbers, Phone Codes and Telephone Directories in Ireland To find a phone number in Ireland, first decide whether the number is in Eire (the Irish Republic) or Northern Ireland, as the phone books and dialling codes are different. The Ireland (Eire) telephone country code is 353, but Northern Ireland is regarded as part of the UK, so its phone country code is 44 with an area code of 28. In both Irelands, you don't need the telephone area code if you're dialling within the area, e.g. … [Read more...]