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Believer's baptism
Believer's baptism (occasionally called credobaptism, from the Latin word credo) is the Christian practice of baptism as this is understood by many Protestant churches, particularly those that descend from the Anabaptist and English Baptist tradition. According to their understanding, a person is baptized on the basis of his or her profession of faith in Jesus Christ and as admission into a local community of faith.
The contrasting belief, held in other Christian churches, is infant baptism (pedobaptism or paedobaptism, from the Greek paido meaning "child"), in which infants or young children are baptized if one or both parents professes the faith.
Baptisms are performed in various ways: believer's baptism by immersion or pouring also called affusion and infant baptism by affusion or aspersion (sprinkling) or immersion. Believer's baptism is often erroneously referred to as adult baptism, even though children may be baptized so long as they are old enough to earnestly profess their faith.
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Christians who practice believer's baptism believe that saving grace and church membership are gifts from God by the recipient's faith alone and cannot be imparted or transferred from one person to another (such as from parent to child) by sacraments such as baptism. These tenets render infant baptism meaningless within their belief system. Because infants cannot hear or believe the gospel message, they cannot repent nor profess Christ as the Son of God. Credobaptists have differing views concerning the status of children who are too young to profess faith (Matthew 19:14).
Believer's baptism is held by Baptists, Mennonites, and many other Christians to have no saving effect, but to be a public expression of faith, symbolically representative of the inner conversion of the person being baptized. Many other Christian churches hold baptism to have salvific value.
The Churches of Christ, Disciples of Christ, and many "Bible" and non-denominational churches understand baptism to be an integral part of the conversion process, rather than just a symbol of conversion.[1]:184 Integral teachings of the Churches of Christ include the following:
- Baptism by immersion is a necessary part of salvation without which one cannot enter into the kingdom of God, John 3:3–5; 1 Peter 3:21
- The church, set up by Christ with the keys given to the Apostles (Matthew 16:16–18, 18:18) was established on the Day of Pentecost in Acts 2 and required baptism for "remission of sins" among the penitent believers and promised the "gift of the Holy Spirit" (Acts 2:38)
- Without the indwelling Holy Spirit obtained at the time of immersion, there is no salvation, Acts 5:32, Romans 8:9–11, 16.
There are many denominations and faith communities which hold to baptism for believers only, but do not hold that baptism contributes in any measure to salvation—which is also the view of some of the churches that do practice infant baptism. With respect to the bullet points above, these would understand the commandment to be baptized for the remission of sins in point 2 to be specific to the Jewish believers being addressed at that point in time. Their being baptized would be seen as publicly distancing themselves from the actions of the religious leaders who had participated in rejecting then crucifying Jesus. This is not to say that these see baptism as only for Jewish believers, but that that particular set of instructions at that point in time was.
Later in the book of Acts, both when Samaritans joined the church for the first time (Acts 8:12ff), and when Gentiles joined the Church for the first time (Acts 10:44ff), baptism followed immediately and was even commanded in Acts 10. Whether or not these examples of baptism that are found in the New Testament proves that children are categorically ineligible for baptism is disputed.
Arguments for Credobaptism[edit]
Advocates of believer's baptism argue that the New Testament does not describe instances of infant baptism, and that during the New Testament era, the early church required converts to have conscious, deliberate faith in Jesus Christ. Defenders of infant baptism counter that the book of Acts records instances of the baptism of entire households, and that these baptisms likely included children.
Defenders of infant baptism have claimed[2] that baptism replaces the Jewish practice of circumcision, citing Colossians 2:11–13 as New Testament support, and is therefore appropriate for infants. Advocates of believer's baptism counter that the Jerusalem council in Acts 15 was called to clarify circumcision long after the practice of baptism was established. In the Old Covenant, males were circumcised. In the New Covenant, all — male and female, Jew and Greek, bond and free — may join the family of God.
Many Reformed Baptists agree with the principles of Covenant Theology and agree that Baptism has, in a sense, replaced circumcision as the sign of covenant. They disagree with the typical Reformed argument that, as the sign of the covenant in the Old Testament (namely circumcision) was administered to infants, so should the sign of the covenant in the New Testament church (namely baptism) be ministered to infants. They (Reformed Baptists) argue that the covenant community in the Old Testament constituted the physical sons of Abraham and made up physical Israel whereas the covenant community in the New Testament constitutes the spiritual sons of Abraham and thus form the spiritual Israel. Thus, they argue, the sign of the covenant should only be administered to spiritual sons. From Galatians 3:7, they (Reformed Baptists) argue that it is "people of faith who are the sons of Abraham" and baptism should be administered only to confessing believers and not infants, who are incapable of producing the requisite faith.[3]
Theologians from churches that teach paedobaptism point to Jesus' statement that children should be allowed to come to him. Advocates of believer's baptism counter that Jesus blessed the children and did not baptize them. While Jesus is recorded as baptizing in John 3:22-26, he called upon his followers to baptise "all nations." Advocates of believer's baptism do evangelize children, even if they do not baptise all of them.
This section does not cite any references or sources. (February 2012) |
Defenders of infant baptism have attempted to trace the practice to the New Testament era, but generally acknowledge that no unambiguous evidence exists that the practice existed prior to the 2nd century. The oldest surviving manual of church discipline, the Didache, envisions the baptism of adults. Advocates of believer's baptism contend that non-Biblical records are not authoritative, and that no evidence exists from the Bible or early Christian literature that infant baptism was practiced by the apostles.
Another argument posed by some advocates[who?] of believer's baptism focuses on the fact that most churches that practice infant baptism were churches that were heavily intertwined with the state in medieval and Reformation-era Europe. In many instances, citizens of a nation were required under penalty of law to belong to the state church. Infant baptism marked the infant as a citizen of the nation and a loyal subject of the reigning political order as much as it marked the infant as a Christian. To denominations like the Baptists, which have historically stressed religious liberty, toleration, and separation of church and state, this practice is an unacceptable violation of the basic human right to self-determination in matters of spirituality and religion; but this argument does little to dissuade the many pedobaptistic churches today which are, as in the United States and most other Western nations, unburdened by any compulsion to baptize anyone because of a governmental demand.
Other advocates of credobaptism—who contend that non-Biblical records are not religiously authoritative—nevertheless point to such records (patristics) to establish that the apostolical tradition was for children to become catechumens and baptized only after being trained and discipled in the basics of Christian doctrine. For examples, they point to St. John Chrysostom, St. Basil of Caesarea, St. Gregory of Nazianzus, St. Ambrose, St. Augustine of Hippo, St. Jerome, Origen and others who were each baptized at adult age (sometimes 30 years or older), despite the fact of them growing up in Christian households or families.
Further, credobaptists point to St. Cyril of Jerusalem, St. Gregory of Nyssa, St. John Chrysostom, St. Augustine and others who wrote procedures for catechumenical instruction (contrasted to writing procedures for the baptizing of infants.) Augustine, however, had no Christian father and was a strong advocate of infant baptism.
In addition, earlier patristical writings such as Didache and Tertullian[4] prescribe baptismal candidates to fasting, prayer, confessions, etc. before being allowed to be baptized. Tertullian (son of a presbyter) writes, "Christians are made, not born." [5] On the other hand Tertullian acknowledges that infant baptism was a common practice in his day. He opposes it not on doctrinal grounds but practical ones, suggesting that baptism be postponed until after marriage so that one can be cleansed of the fornication one commits before marriage in baptism. Tertullian also later in life became a Montanist and the strict views on post-baptismal sin which that sect took affected some of his writing.
Several ecclesiastical histories seem to omit any discussion of infant baptism. Eusebius of Caesarea (describing 1–320 AD) gives ample discussion of baptisms, but makes no reference to the baptism of infants.[6] Instead, Eusebius discusses the various positions, particularly during the time of Cyprian, wherein it was discussed whether those who were baptized by heretics needed to be re-baptized. (This might be argued to be irrelevant if the individuals involved in heresy were baptized as infants, but the question was really whether a sacrament was valid if administered by a heretic, and so the question was whether a person baptized by a heretic should be rebaptized.)
Likewise, the church history of Socrates Scholasticus (305–438 AD) mentions a handful of examples of baptisms, none of which describe the baptizing of infants.[7] However, by this time the practice of baptizing infants was common, as can be seen in the anti-Pelagian writings of Augustine.
Similarly, the church history written by Evagrius Scholasticus (431–594 AD) also provides descriptions of baptisms, none of which communicate the baptism of infants.[8]
Age of accountability[edit]
Believer's baptism is administered only to persons who have passed the age of accountability or reason, which is based upon a reading of the New Testament that only believers should be baptized. Some claim that it is also based upon the Jewish tradition of Bar Mitzvah at the age of 12 or 13, at which point Jewish children become responsible for their actions and "one to whom the commandments apply." This analogy is not very helpful since a Jew who is not Bar Mitzvah is nonetheless considered to be fully a Jew—whereas the notion of an "unbaptised Christian" is more problematic. Many Christian theologians[who?], including Zwingli regard baptism as analogous to the Jewish practice of circumcision, rather than analogous to the Bar Mitzvah ceremony, although there are no explicit sections of the New Testament that support this idea.
Among credobaptists, differences in denominational practice (and in psychological development among children) can cause the "age of accountability" to be set higher or lower. Many developmentally challenged individuals never reach this stage regardless of age. Sometimes the pastor or church leader will determine the believer's understanding and conviction through personal interviews. In the case of a minor, parents' permission will also often be sought.
It is common for churches which practice believer's baptism to administer the ordinance to children aged eight or nine, following some training in the rudiments of the faith. Pedobaptists often question whether this abuses the belief that there is an "age of accountability," since that term traditionally has referred to the ability to discern between good and evil actions, not to the ability to comprehend and assent to all the complexities of the Christian faith which adults might reasonably be expected to affirm as a condition of receiving baptism.
However, not all credobaptists believe in an "age of accountability." Some believe in predestination, and that God will prolong a person's life until they are capable of receiving baptism of their own free will. Furthermore, not all credobaptists believe in the doctrine of original sin. Many credobaptists believe that they are only held responsible for their personal sins, and that Jesus addressed the sins of Adam on the cross. As a result, according to these Christians, an infant does not need to repent and baptize away sins they have never personally committed. Although, some credobaptists believe that not only are we held responsible for their personal sins but will also be held responsible for not taking the opportunity to reach each nonbeliever they have the chance to share their testimony with.
Comparison to liturgical tradition[edit]
Some suggest that believer's baptism combines two rites from the liturgical churches (the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Orthodox, and Anglican Churches): confirmation and (infant) baptism.
In the liturgical churches, it is generally held that (infant) baptism is the initiatory rite that believer's baptism also marks. Infant baptism differs from believer's baptism in that the baptisand is not making a profession of the faith for themselves. The liturgical traditions transfer this aspect of Christian life to confirmation, where the one-time infant baptist publicly assumes the responsibilities of his baptismal covenant and makes his own profession of faith (usually using the words of the Apostles' Creed).
In areas where those who practice believer's baptism are the physical or cultural majority, the ritual may function as a rite of passage by which the child is granted the status of an adult. Most denominations who practice believer's baptism also specify the mode of baptism, generally preferring immersion (in which the baptisand is lowered completely beneath the surface of a body of water) over affusion (in which water is sprinkled or poured over the baptisand). In the case of physical disability or inability to be totally submerged under water, as with the elderly, bedridden, and nearly dead, the pouring of water upon the baptismal candidate is acceptable to some despite the usual contention of credobaptists that unless there is immersion, the act cannot, by definition, be a baptism.
In some denominations, believer's baptism is a prerequisite to full church membership. This is generally the case with churches with a congregational form of church government. Persons who wish to become part of the church must undergo believer's baptism in that local body or another body whose baptism the local body honors. Typically, local churches will honor the baptism of another church, if that tradition is of similar faith and practice, or if not, then if the person was baptized (usually by immersion) subsequent to conversion.
Denominational connections[edit]
Believer's baptism is one of several distinctive doctrines associated closely with the Baptist and Anabaptist (literally, rebaptizer) traditions, and their theological relatives. Among these are the members of the American Restoration Movement. Churches associated with Pentecostalism also practice believer's baptism.
In Holiness, Baptist, and some other churches, a ritual known as Dedication or Infant Dedication supplements or replaces infant baptism. However, unlike baptism, the rite is centered upon the parents, who dedicate the child to God and vow to raise him/her in a God-fearing home. Although Dedication often occurs at the same age as infant baptism, it is not considered a replacement for baptism nor is it considered salvific for the child.
Believer's baptism is more prevalent in Christian traditions that maintain that there is a state of innocency from birth to the age of accountability (if the believer, due to mental or emotional disability, is not likely to gain the ability to judge the morality of his or her actions, this state of innocency persists for life). Credobaptism is less prevalent in traditions that maintain that the corruption of original sin is present at birth and is sufficient guilt in the eyes of God to cause the child to be damned or be in limbo, should he die before baptism.
Many churches that baptize infants, such as the Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Reformed, Anglican, Methodist, Lutheran, Moravian, Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox denominations, previously functioned as national, state-established churches in various European and Latin American countries. During the Reformation, the relationship of the church to the state was a contentious issue, and infant baptism was seen as a way to ensure that society remained religiously homogeneous. As a result, groups that rejected infant baptism were seen as subversive and were often persecuted.[9]
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints completely rejects infant baptism.[10] Little children are considered both born without sin[11] and incapable of committing sin.[12] They have no need of baptism until age eight,[13] when they can begin to learn to discern right from wrong, and are thus accountable to God for their own actions.[14] People completely incapable of understanding right from wrong, regardless of age, are also considered as not accountable for their actions, and are not baptized.[14]
Statistics based on membership totals reported by various denominations state that churches that practice infant baptism represent about 80% of Christians.[15] However, these statistics do not reflect the fact that different denominations use different criteria for counting members, so that the percentage probably is somewhat lower. Infant-baptizing churches count young children as members while denominations that practice believer's baptism do not, and churches that practice believer's baptism generally do not consider individuals with formal church membership who do not also actively practice Christian spirituality (for example, see Cultural Catholic) to be true Christians and members.
Many churches that practice believer's baptism also practice congregational self-government, which makes it difficult for statisticians to collect complete data. These and other factors make comparisons of church membership statistics suspect.[16] The fastest growing branches of Christianity, although much smaller than the leading pedobaptistic churches, include evangelical and Pentecostal churches[citation needed], which nearly always practice credobaptism.
Theological objections[edit]
One standard theological argument leveled against believer's baptism is that it makes the efficacy of the sacrament dependent upon the understanding of the baptism; that is, it depends upon what the baptised knows. This is said by paedobaptists to run counter to the Calvinistic belief that God saves whomever he wills, regardless of any worthiness or knowledge on the part of the saved. Reformed Baptists and other Calvinist theologians counter that believer's baptism is fully consistent with Calvin's doctrine of unconditional election, and that when properly understood it is also the most appropriate expression of Covenant theology.
Even in theological circles where some response to God's call is considered necessary for the convert (such as belief, confession, repentance, and prayer), a believer's baptism is usually categorized as a work instead of a response of faith, though not always (see Baptism in the Christian churches and churches of Christ).[citation needed] Among the Churches of Christ, for example, baptism is seen as a passive act of faith rather than a meritorious work; it "is a confession that a person has nothing to offer God."[17]:112 While Churches of Christ do not describe baptism as a "sacrament", their view of it can legitimately be described as "sacramental."[1]:186[18]:66 They see the power of baptism coming from God, who chose to use baptism as a vehicle, rather than from the water or the act itself,[1]:186 and understand baptism to be an integral part of the conversion process, rather than just a symbol of conversion.[1]:184 A recent trend is to emphasize the transformational aspect of baptism: instead of describing it as just a legal requirement or sign of something that happened in the past, it is seen as "the event that places the believer 'into Christ' where God does the ongoing work of transformation."[18]:66 Because of the belief that baptism is a necessary part of salvation, some Baptists hold that the Churches of Christ endorse the doctrine of baptismal regeneration.[19] However, members of the Churches of Christ reject this, arguing that since faith and repentance are necessary, and that the cleansing of sins is by the blood of Christ through the grace of God, baptism is not an inherently redeeming ritual.[19][20]:133[21]:630,631 One author from the churches of Christ describes the relationship between faith and baptism this way, "Faith is the reason why a person is a child of God; baptism is the time at which one is incorporated into Christ and so becomes a child of God" (italics are in the source).[22]:170 Baptism is understood as a confessional expression of faith and repentance,[22]:179–182 rather than a "work" that earns salvation.[22]:170
See also[edit]
- Malone, Fred (2003). The baptism of disciples alone: A covenantal argument for credobaptism versus paedobaptism. Founders Press, ISBN 0-9713361-3-X
- Stander, Hendick F. and Louw, Johannes P. (2004). Baptism in the Early Church, Carey Publications, ISBN 0-9527913-1-5
- Schreiner, Thomas R. and Wright, Shawn (ed.), Believer's Baptism: The Covenant Sign of the New Age in Christ, B&H Publishing Group (2007), ISBN 0-8054-3249-3
- ^ a b c d Rees Bryant, Baptism, Why Wait?: Faith's Response in Conversion, College Press, 1999, ISBN 0-89900-858-5, 978-0-89900-858-5, 224 pages
- ^ "Infant Baptism". Catholic Answers. Retrieved 2010-09-22.
- ^ A Celebration of Baptism, http://www.desiringgod.org/ResourceLibrary/sermons/bydate/1982/342_A_Celebration_of_Baptism/.
- ^ Tertuallian, "On Baptism", chapters 18–20.
- ^ Tertullian, Apology, xviii
- ^ http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2501.htm
- ^ http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2601.htm
- ^ http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/index.htm#Evagrius_Scholasticus
- ^ Eerdman's Handbook to Christian Belief, p. 443. Lion Publishing. 1982.
- ^ Norman, Keith E. (1992), "Infant Baptism", in Ludlow, Daniel H, Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 682–683, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140.
- ^ Merrill, Byron R. (1992), "Original sin", in Ludlow, Daniel H, Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 1052–1053, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140.
- ^ Rudd, Calvin P. (1992), "Children: Salvation of Children", in Ludlow, Daniel H, Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 268–269, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140.
- ^ Hawkins, Carl S. (1992), "Baptism", in Ludlow, Daniel H, Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 92–94, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140.
- ^ a b Warner, C. Terry (1992), "Accountability", in Ludlow, Daniel H, Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, p. 13, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140.
- ^ Major Branches of Religions Ranked by Number of Adherents
- ^ For example, the Roman Catholic Church does not purge ex-members from its membership rolls unless they formally renounce their faith using the procedure laid out in Catholic canon law, while many Protestant churches routinely purge lapsed members from their rolls.
- ^ Harold Hazelip, Gary Holloway, Randall J. Harris, Mark C. Black, Theology Matters: In Honor of Harold Hazelip: Answers for the Church Today, College Press, 1998, ISBN 0-89900-813-5, 978-0-89900-813-4, 368 pages
- ^ a b Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-8028-3898-7, 978-0-8028-3898-8, 854 pages, entry on Baptism
- ^ a b Douglas A. Foster, (decade)/vol_43_no_2_contents/foster.html "Churches of Christ and Baptism: An Historical and Theological Overview," Restoration Quarterly, Volume 43/Number 2 (2001)
- ^ Tom J. Nettles, Richard L. Pratt, Jr., John H. Armstrong, Robert Kolb, Understanding Four Views on Baptism, Zondervan, 2007, ISBN 0-310-26267-4, 978-0-310-26267-1, 222 pages
- ^ Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-8028-3898-7, 978-0-8028-3898-8, 854 pages, entry on Regeneration
- ^ a b c Everett Ferguson, The Church of Christ: A Biblical Ecclesiology for Today, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1996, ISBN 0-8028-4189-9, 978-0-8028-4189-6, 443 pages


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The Weekly Standard
May 27, 2013
by Cita Stelzer
Fulton, Mo.--You learn a lot about America and its people on a book-signing tour.
I've been around the country signing copies of my new book about Winston Churchill, giving talks about the "greatest Briton of all time" and how he effectively used evenings at the dinner table to work in his country's interests. Lesson one: With the exception of a few lefties, Americans revere Winston Churchill. Lesson two: There are some really thoughtful readers out there. Questions from readers are knowledgeable, enthusiastic, and detailed.
But nothing could prepare me for the wonderful surprise I received in Fulton, where I had been invited by the National Churchill Museum to give a talk. The museum commemorates Winston Churchill and the important and prescient "Iron Curtain" speech he gave at Westminster College in March 1946—one short year after victory in Europe
—warning that Stalin was on the move across Eastern Europe and that communism was an ongoing threat to the West. Harry Truman had approved the draft speech; but when the Soviets strongly objected, Truman backed off his support for Churchill's warning.
The National Churchill Museum is located in the spacious basement of St. Mary Aldermanbury, a Christopher Wren church from London that was damaged in the Blitz and was transported, brick by brick, to Fulton as a memorial to Winston Churchill. American women volunteered to embroider the kneelers, and a skilled carver copied Wren's original wooden pulpit. I couldn't help being moved by this display of affection for Churchill from hundreds of Americans.
When he arrived in Fulton, Churchill was treated to a tumultuous welcome: He was driven along thronged streets, Secret Servicemen hanging onto the sides of his car, to the house of the president of Westminster College for a welcoming lunch. The lunch consisted of Callaway ham, fried chicken, mashed potatoes and gravy, corn, and, for dessert, white sponge cake with strawberry sauce. In praising the lunch, and the ham in particular, Churchill famously quipped that "this pig has reached the highest state of evolution."
Fifty years after the Iron Curtain speech, the Iron Lady (as the Russians had dubbed her) arrived in Fulton to give a speech commemorating Churchill's, and was treated to a lunch identical to the one Churchill had consumed. I have found no record of what Margaret Thatcher, at the time no longer prime minister but still a force on the world stage, thought about the Callaway ham, or what was discussed at the luncheon. My best guess is that Thatcher, who personal experience taught me had little use for small talk, shared her views on Winston Churchill and the state of international relations.
All of this is by way of saying that I view Fulton as hallowed ground, of a sort. So imagine my delight when I was welcomed to Fulton—no Secret Service, alas!—with a lunch at the Churchill Museum exactly duplicating the meals served to Churchill and Thatcher. Callaway ham is now available only if it is home-cured, and a staff member had gone to the enormous trouble of doing just that. (I agree with Churchill: This is the best ham I have ever tasted.) The fried chicken, mashed potatoes with gravy, and corn, freshly picked last summer and frozen, were not bad, either.
Everything had been prepared by the staff of the museum, which is lightly budgeted and staffed—meaning these were people for whom this was an addition to their regular jobs. One woman had even brought her grandmother's silver and glassware to make the table sparkle. Iced tea and lemonade were offered, as the lunch was alcohol as well as tobacco-free—not exactly what Churchill would prescribe for conversation and learning. But equally important, my hosts knew how to convert a meal into a seminar, just as Churchill did: About a dozen of us, including the president of Westminster College and the head of the museum, spent a few happy hours discussing Churchill's contributions to the defeat of fascism.
There is another lesson here: that there is a deeply welcoming nature, a kindness, and an enthusiasm for heroic history out there in what the coastal elites call flyover country. The roster of distinguished speakers who have come to Fulton includes Mikhail Gorbachev, Lech Walesa, Hubert Humphrey, and Dick Cheney. Yet this scribbler was treated with as much—well, almost as much—kindness as was Winston Churchill.
I say "almost as much" because a room in the college president's house had been set aside for Churchill so that he could have a cigar, a nip, and a nap before delivering his Iron Curtain speech. But I shall never forget the warm welcome to which my Midwestern hosts treated me. This part of America is called the heartland because it is just that.
Cita Stelzer is a Research Associate at Hudson Institute.
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Cowboys cut WR Anthony Armstrong to free up more salary cap space to officially sign free agent SS Will Allen
The Cowboys have cut wide receiver Anthony Armstrong to free up more salary cap space so that they could officially sign free agent safety Will Allen to a one-year deal, according to a source. By cutting Armstrong and restructuring the contract of backup quarterback Kyle Orton on Wednesday the Cowboys freed up about $1 million in salary cap space to make room for the free agent signings of Allen and linebacker Justin Durant. Durant signed a two-year contract. Both visited the Cowboys at Valley Ranch on Monday. Free agent safety Michael Huff also visited Valley Ranch on Monday, but on Wednesday the Baltimore Ravens announced they had agreed to terms with the former standout from Irving Nimitz and the University of Texas. Huff will sign a three-year, $6 million contract.
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Here's my last second New Art, New Ideas sub. I wanted this design to comment on how new art forms and old art forms are very similar in nature yet viewed completely differently.
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As editor of RGCD (http://www.rgcd.co.uk), I'm well aware how hard this sort of project is to get off the ground, and how much harder still it is to maintain a constant flow of work!
Kudos to all involved. Retroaction has been a real inspiration - it makes a nice change for me to be able to sit back and read a publication about retro homebrew and indie games other than my own!
Will you guys be attending Byte-Back 2009? I'll be there to launch the year-late issue 5 of RGCD, and it would be nice to meet fellow retro writers
Kind regards,


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1-10 of 85 properties for sale found
Commercial property for sale South Ealing Road, Ealing, London
An amazing, detached, period building offering substantial living accommodation. This property is currently laid out and is currently being run as a guest house with separate bedrooms and self-contained flats, it has the option to be reconfigured to a massive family home. The rear of the property... More details ›
4 bedroom flat for sale The Grove, Ealing Broadway, W5
A superb four bedroom town house located on a private mews in Central Ealing, offering spacious accommodation arranged over four floors and benefiting from off-street parking, a patio garden and sustainable features. More details ›
5 bedroom house for sale Popes Lane, Ealing, W5
Boasting a stunning open-plan reception room/kitchen with bi-folding doors to a substantial garden, this fantastic five bedroom house offers spacious accommodation throughout including a master bedroom with en suite. More details ›
- Photos: 13
- Floorplans: 0
4 bedroom semi-detached house for sale St Marys Mews, Sayers Court, Ealing
A private development of newly built four bedroom mews houses, ideally located within 1/2 a mile of Ealing Broadway, Ealing Common and South Ealing Tube Stations (Central, District and Piccadilly Lines as well as Overland). Finished to a very high standard, the houses offer off-street parking, l... More details ›
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4 bedroom semi-detached house for sale St Marys Mews, St Marys Road, Ealing
An outstanding four bedroom semi detached residence located within this gated development of newly built Mews houses. Situated near both Ealing Broadway and South Ealing Tube Stations (Central and District Lines), the property occupies over 2454 sq ft, has a South-facing garden and is arrange... More details ›
4 bedroom terraced house for sale Beaconsfield Road, Ealing, W5
A deceptively spacious & thoughtfully extended family house in this ideal spot by Lammas & Walpole Parks. More details ›
4 bedroom house for sale Baronsmede, Ealing, London
An appealing mock-Tudor-style extended and improved detached house with open rear views across Popes Fields. Rear lawned garden of approx 93' and off-street parking. No Chain More details ›
- Photos: 9
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£872,500Guide Price
Guide Price £872,500
5 bedroom detached house for sale Morpeth Villa, W5
Believed to date back to around 1865, Morpeth Villa is a historic detached property providing contemporary living in the heart of Ealing. Set to the southern tip of St Marys the home is conveniently located for the well regarded local bakeries, cafes, restaurants and pubs that adorn St Marys... More details ›
Marketed by Go View London, Ealing.Telephone: 020 8992 0333 Local call rate
5 bedroom house for sale Morpeth Villa, South Ealing Road, Ealing, W5
South Ealing Road is conveniently located moments from South Ealing Piccadilly Line Station and not far from Ealing Broadway Town Centre with its busy shops and Main Line Station. The property is also well located for The Grange Primary School and open spaces of Lammas & Walpole Parks. More details ›
4 bedroom end of terrace house for sale Blondin Avenue, London, W5
NO ONWARD CHAIN! A chance to purchase this recently refurbished four bedroom end of terrace family home located on this cul de sac just moments from Northfields underground station More details ›


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Police disperse Al-Azhar students with tear gas
Salmawy: Constitution referendum to take place second week of January
Underemployment, weak private sector growth: Warning signs for Egypt economy
Families of the martyrs and injured of the revolution demonstrate outside Cabinet
Egypt court postpones Douma, Adel, Maher trial to 22 December
Sufi forces coalition Inaugurates "yes for constitution" campaign
The Muslim Brotherhood to boycott referendum on new constitution
The Muslim Brotherhood invited its supporters and its allied Islamic groups to boycott the upcoming .. More
Extremely dangerous takfirist killed in fire exchange with the army
Ibrahim M. Abu Ita, known as Abu Soheib, an extremely dangerous takfirist element, was killed .. More
Pope Tawadros' pastoral visit doesn't include political meetings
Pope Tawadros II, Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of St. Mark See, said that his current pastoral v.. More
Family accused of contempt of Islam released
Beni Suef Court has ordered the release of the Coptic Christian family accused of contempt of Islam .. More
What if the Egyptians vote 'no' for constitutional amend
By-ALI ABDEL RAHMAN
Egypt is just weeks ahead of the referendum on the newly amended constitution after Prime Minister Hazem al-Beblawy assured that the referendum would take place during the second half of January. MoreTop Secrets That Become News Then History
J.M Fahmy
Old time secrets you used to hid them in a safe, or a diary under your bed or pillow but once you died you never know who might read them and what he would do with! In todays world new methods were in More
Nour Party says it will rally Salafi bloc to vote 'yes' in constitutional referendum -
14 pro-MB protestors imprisoned 15 days pending investigations -
Min. of Interior: We will confront Brotherhood's plans of disrupting referendum -
Nour Party claims Brotherhood urged violence under Morsi -
Attempts to destroy Nour party fail – Leader of Salafi Call


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iPad 2 ship times cut to 24 hours in U.S., Canada
For the first time since launching in March, Apple seems to have caught up to online demand for the iPad 2 in its online store in both the U.S. and Canada.
Ship times for all 18 models of the second-generation Apple tablet now sit at 24 hours, down from a high of "four to five" months just days after launch. It's the quickest Apple's offered to get the device out to buyers since first making it available. By comparison, it took Apple just under four months to hit the 24-hour milestone with the first-generation model.… Read more


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Man shot dead on Staten Island
A man was shot and killed in the West Brighton neighborhood of Staten Island early on Sunday morning, police said. [...]
Saved from certain death, Staten Island turkeys to celebrate Thanksgiving at upstate sanctuary
A group of Staten Island turkeys saved from slaughter this year will be treated to a special fruit and vegetable Thanksgiving feast at an upstate sanctuary.
Staten Island's Freshkills Park to get solar panels
Staten Island's Freshkills Park, once the world's largest landfill, will soon be home to the city's largest solar panel facility, [...]
Police: Father attacks infant daughters in Frankford
A man assaulted his young daughters and tried to stab one with a fork at a Frankford home on Wednesday [...]
ATV driver assaults man trying to stop him from entering Staten Island park near Conference House Museum
Police are looking for an ATV driver they said assaulted a man trying to prevent him from entering a park near the Conference House Museum in Staten Island.
Woman dies in Staten Island fire
A woman died in a fire in her Staten Island home Saturday night, officials said.
Ferry crash at Whitehall terminal: officials
A ferry made a planned hard landing at Whitehall ferry terminal due to mechanical issues, officials said.
Despite uncertain future, city hails apple green outer-borough taxis
Outer-borough streets are going green — Big-Apple green.
Cops rescue man threatening to jump from Verrazano Bridge
A man upset that he could not find a job was rescued by NYPD officers as he threatened to leap [...]
City Council approves Staten Island outlet mall, Ferris wheel
The City Council approved on Wednesday the St. George Waterfront Redevelopment Project in Staten Island, which includes an outlet mall, [...]


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Daily General Knowledge Quiz Questions and Answers. The only source of knowledge is practice. Investment in knowledge pays the best interest. Knowledge is the treasure of a wise man; it is of no value unless you put it into practice.
daily knowledge quiz game
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Daily General Knowledge Quiz Game, Its an amazing application for users..really worth trying it
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I use this app to improve my GK!
8 mths ago
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This is an 8x10 print, (the original is a watercolor and pen and ink piece, done on vellum bristol board). It comes on a rigid backing sheet with plastic to protect it.
This is a quote from the big fella of pop art himself, Andy Warhol!
The paintings, which are often featured on cakespy (dot) com, are a popular favorite for showing emotive pastries in all sorts of adventurous settings!


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Treat yourself and a lucky friend or partner to a different kind of sightseeing experience as you board a Bateaux London boat for an unforgettable evening in this Classic Thames Dinner Cruise for Two. You'll choose from two incredible vessels for this fantastic experience – either Harmony or Symphony, Bateaux London's wonderful dinner cruise ships.
Unique to the Thames, Harmony is a Scandinavian-designed boat featuring impressive glass windows and an enchanting deck of over 250 square metres. Or perhaps you'll choose Symphony – one of London's largest restaurant cruise vessels with an all-glass structure that takes a cruise experience to a different dimension. During your evening, you'll enjoy live entertainment with dancing and an elegant four-course a la carte meal with tea and coffee while you take in the amazing sights of London at night.
Once you have made your way to the Embankment Pier in London, you will board your chosen vessel for the evening to take your pre-booked Thames Dinner Cruise. You can choose from two vessels for this experience – either Harmony or Symphony.
Symphony is a distinctly Parisian boat, with an elegant appearance that brings a hint of sophistication to any evening. Designed by architect Gerard Ronzatti, this boat is built to satisfy the senses as you cruise along the river with fantastic views all around.
Harmony's Scandinavian design features a flexible layout for dining and a truly sensational open deck – the perfect spot to take in the iconic sights of London's riverside as you cruise past.
During your cruise, you will enjoy a four-course a la carte meal including tea or coffee, as well as live entertainment and after-dinner dancing to draw your wonderful evening to a close.
The experience operates on selected days of the week but will not operate on selected public holidays. Please contact the supplier when making a booking for updated availability.
We recommend you book at least four weeks in advance to ensure that dates are available. During the summer months this experience is very popular and we recommend you book at least three months in advance for these dates.This is only a guideline and we advise you to book as early as possible to ensure that dates are available before the expiry date listed on your voucher. All bookings are subject to availability.
Please allow 3 hours 15 minutes for the experience. Harmony - Boarding is at 18.45, departing at 19.15, returning at 22.00 Symphony - Boarding is at 19.30, departing at 20.00, returning at 22.45
Apart from the welcome cocktail, drinks are not included but can be purchased separately. All bills must be paid in full prior to disembarkation.
When making a booking with Bateaux London you will need to provide a valid email address. This will enable Bateaux London to send you an E-Ticket detailing the date, time and vessel you will be dining on. You MUST take your Acorne experience voucher with you, if you don't take the voucher then you will be unable to board the boat and will lose your experience. Failure to do so may result in changes being made or loss of the experience.
Limited disabled access is available on board the boat and the toilet facilities are accessed via stairs, for further information please discuss when booking.
Vegetarian options are available but this must be requested when booking.
The centres contracted with us hold public liability insurance. We also hold contingency liability cover. You will not be liable for accidental damage to equipment, except where damage has been caused as a result of recklessness or wilful negligence.
A cancellation indemnity, subject to terms, is included with every voucher.
All you have to do is pay for the experience you wish to purchase and we'll send a voucher and booking information to you or directly to the recipient, then you just need to check the info and book your experience.
For information on our packaging and delivery please click here.
Please note some locations indicated on the map may not be completely accurate and should not be used when planning directions.
Excellent food, pleasant staff, very clean. Would recommend Mr Westwood
Due to being in my job for 25 years, I was given some Virgin Experience vouchers to spend as my choice. One of them being The Thames dinner for two. I decided to choose this as I had never experienced this before. I thought it would be a lovely experience for my husband and myself to enjoy, because it was my birthday on that day. We were shown to our seats and the choice of food options were delicious and the whole ambience of our evening was wonderful. All the staff were very friendly and attentive. We listened to the band singer and gentleman on the saxophone, which was beautiful and even had a few dances towards the end of our evening. Mrs Edwards
A very pleasant experience made even better by the weather. The tea was good and we were kept topped up by an attentive waitress, the sandwiches were tasty, scones, jam and cream a joy and cakes delightful. One criticism would be that vegetarians were not very well catered for with only one sandwich option. It would have been better if we were asked of any dietary requirements at time of booking. A very pleasant experience all the same. Ergemol
What can I say, amazing boat, amazing food and great service, we're already looking to book again Michael
Both really impressed and couldn't fault this experience. Mr & Mrs A Rycraft
You will not be disappointed. The cruise was delightful, the food superb along with beautiful scenery and first class entertainment. If you are looking for something special, this is the experience for you, go ahead and treat yourself. The boat we travelled on was called The Symphony and it was out of this world. Mrs B Trotter
Had a great time, really relaxing, excellent staff. Mr Charles
Thank you for reviewing this product; it is always helpful to hear your feedback.
Your review has been sent to our team for moderation and should appear on the site very soon.
P.S. Have you thought about sharing thoughts about your experience on Facebook? Why not visit our page and write a review there for others to see!


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Watkins Announces Faculty Appointments for 2013-14
Watkins College of Art, Design & Film has made three full-time faculty appointments for the 2013-2014 academic year, it was announced by Joy McKenzie, Vice President for Academic Affairs.
Joining Watkins are Morgan Higby-Flowers, assistant professor, the Department of Fine Art; Christine Rogers, assistant professor, the Department of Photography; and Richard Gershman, associate professor, the Film School.
Morgan Higby-Flowers, who will teach 4D design and digital imaging in the fall, is also responsible for developing the curriculum for all Time-Based Media courses offered in the future. These currently include Time-Based Media II (through the Fine Art department) and Experimental Video and any special topics that may involve glitch art, animation, programming, video, etc. He graduated with an MFA from the Electronic Integrated Arts program, NYSCC at Alfred University (Alfred, NY) and with a BFA from The School of The Art Institute of Chicago, and has served as visiting faculty at Austin Peay State University and Ball State University (Muncie, IN). His work has been performed and exhibited extensively in Chicago and New York as well as in Mexico City, Barcelona and Cairo.
Christine Rogers will teach classes in the history of photography and darkroom as well as junior projects and senior thesis. Holder of an MFA from the School of the Museum of Fine Arts at Tufts University and a BA in Anthropology from Oberlin College, she most recently taught photography and digital imaging at Wellesley College and participated in exhibitions in New York City, Boston and Santiago, Chile. A 2012-13 Fulbright-Nehru Senior Research Scholar, Rogers was an artist-in-residence at 1 Shanthi Road Gallery in Bangalore this spring, which staged her solo exhibition Photographing Imagined Landscapes: The Switzerland of India.
Richard Gershman, who will teach directing and film production two, will re-locate from Los Angeles where he spent many years as a director, production manager and second unit/assistant director in television, film and theatre. Among his extensive credits are multiple episodes of the TV series Judging Amy, Chicago Hope, Lost, Ugly Betty, Bones and Buffy the Vampire Slayer; stage productions at Soho Repertory (New York), the Mark Taper Forum (Los Angeles), South Coast Repertory (Costa Mesa, CA) and Seattle Repertory Theatre, and the award-winning AFI short film "Joni and the Whales." Most recently, he has served as an instructor and guest director at UCLA Extension, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Southern California and the University of Washington. Gershman, who was awarded a directing fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts, holds two MFA degrees – in Film Directing from the American Film Institute's Center for Advanced Film Studies and in Theatre Directing from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts – and a BA in Natural Sciences from the University of Pennsylvania. He is a member of the Directors Guild of America and the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences.
Additionally, Watkins has appointed Justin Farris Braun as Visiting Faculty in the Fine Art department, where he will teach clasess in 3-D design and sculpture. Holder of a BFA from the Cleveland Institute of Art and an MFA from The Ohio State University, he has previously taught at Columbus College of Art and Design and at Ohio State. Other professional experience includes serving as director of Forum Contracting (Columbus, OH), with an emphasis on green building, and as studio assistant for Ann Hamilton & Michael Mercil Studio. Braun's concept driven work encompasses drawing, photography, sculpture and installation. Exhibiting work nationally and internationally, he recently collaborated with landscape architect Sarah Cowles for Artisterium 3 in Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia, and produced site specific installations on the north shore of Lake Superior and in Sao Paulo, Brazil.


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First of all, there is really nothing wrong with "said." Most of us don't want to leave "said" alone. It's always "said [ADVERB]" or "said with a [FACIAL EXPRESSION/SOUND]" And, hell, most of us wouldn't want to read "said" a million times. The fact is that "said" is a default… thing, and it just looks boring on the page if that's the only dialogue tag ever used.
Second, if there are only two people in active conversation, you don't have to say who said what after every line of dialogue. Once you hit seven, you should be able to understand the syntax and flow of dialogue on a page.
Third, even when you want to denote the speaker, you don't have to use a dialogue tag. Actions speak louder than words, after all. Take the following:
Bob hung his head. "I'm sorry, okay?"
Bob threw his hands in the air. "I'm sorry, okay?"
Bob snorted. "I'm sorry, okay?"
Same words. Different actions. Totally different meanings.
And finally, if you're not going to use "said," Keep it simple, stupid. If you're using a 3-or-more syllable word as a dialogue tag, find a shorter one. And then burn your thesaurus. And don't use tags that just reiterate what you could imply from the tone.
"What you did was wrong," Sally chastised.
Like that. That is silly and unnecessary. Stop doing that.
Also, using "ejaculated" gets you four hours in the shame cube.


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The Chandelier Room
The first thing you'll notice is the breathtaking chandelier, oversized and scaled to fantastic proportions with fantastic crystal pieces cascading from the ceiling—then you'll realize that the sky's the limit in this playfully glossy room with head space to all the way up there—all the better to feel on top of the world.
Under the razzle dazzle, copper tiles, glazed cognac leathers, chocolate velvets and heady tortoise tones with absinthe accents envelope the senses—you won't miss these either. Settle into deep, plush seats as you lounge, or flit from one crystal chair to another, hanging from merlot-colored boughts, as you socialize. Take in the stunning river views, deftly incorporated as part of the scene, or come face to face with the vista from the expansive terrace.
Seduction and style, art and ambience in a posh playground—it's the high life at the new highlight of Hoboken's nightlife scene.
The Chandelier Room
Cuisine: | Snacks |
Atmosphere: | Sexy Sophistication |
Setting: | Trendy Bar |
Dress Code: | Smart Casual |
Owner: | EMM Group |
Smoking Permitted: | No |
Parking: | WHEELS(SM) valet service |
hours: | Wednesday 5:30 PM - 2:00 AM; Thursday - Saturday 5:30 PM - 3:00 AM |
Phone: | (201) 253-2520 |


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Star Library: Which Paper Towel is More Absorbent?
This group activity focuses on conducting an experiment to determine which of two brands of paper towels are more absorbent by measuring the amount of water absorbed. A two-sample t-test can be used to analyze the data, or simple graphics and descriptive statistics can be used as an exploratory analysis. Students are asked to think about design issues, and to write a short report stating their results and conclusions, along with an evaluation of the experimental design.
Data Analysis
The applet in this section allows for simple data analysis of univariate data. Users can either generate normal or uniform data for k samples or copy and paste data from another source to a text box. A univariate analysis is performed for all k samples.
Star Library: What is the Shelf Life?
The Food and Drug Administration requires pharmaceutical companies to establish a shelf life for all new drug products through a stability analysis. This is done to ensure the quality of the drug taken by an individual is within established levels. The purpose of this out-of-class project or in-class example is to determine the shelf life of a new drug. This is done through using simple linear regression models and correctly interpreting confidence and prediction intervals. An Excel spreadsheet
Statistical Java
This is a collection of applets regarding various topics in statistics. Topics include Central Limit Theorem, Probability Distributions, Hypothesis Testing, Power, Confidence Intervals, Correlation, Control Charts, Experimental Design, and Data Analysis.
These lectures demonstrate the high precision analysis using synchrotron radiation, one of the most sophisticated techniques developed during the past 20 years.
Top 10 Tips for Successfully Writing a Law School Essay Guest: Professor Jennifer Martin, Western New England College School of Law Topic:
Exam Advice: A discussion of common errors that students make and can avoid when writing a law school essay exam. Running Time: 11:20 Click here to download the mp3 file: Author(s):
Fire and Ice Zen Den Daniel Herwitz on Talk Show Democracy Using visualizations to teach problem-solving skills in mathematics: Which kind of visualization wor The impact of example comparisons on schema acquisition: Do learners really need multiple examples? Cognitive tools for discovery learning Understanding weblog communities through digital traces: a framework, a tool and an example Collaborative distributed environments for learning design tasks by means of modelling and simulatio Towards a Generic Platform for Developing CSCL Applications Using Grid Infrastructure A Parallel Grid-based Implementation for Real Time Processing of Event Log Data in Collaborative App A Model for the Efficient Representation and Management of Online Collaborative Learning Interaction An Approach to Analyzing the Role and Structure of Reflective Dialogue The Blakkat Software for Tagging Online Language Learner Corpora: Issues in SLA Assessment and R Learning a New Game: Usability, Gender and Education Internet Scout Project
Video link (see supported sites below). Please use the original link, not the shortcut, e.g. www.youtube.com/watch?v=abcde
Philosopher and political commentator Daniel Herwitz launched the Gordon Institute for Performing and Creative Arts GIPCA 2010 Great Texts Big Questions lecture series on 4 March when he discussed Talk Show Democracy Stars Celebrities and American PoliticsProfessor Herwitz Director of the Institute for the Humanities at the University of Michigan USA is currently Mellon Visiting Research Fellow at UCT He is the author of Star as Icon about the creation of this media persona from the joint forces
In the experiment described in this paper we investigated the effects of different kinds of computer-based visualizations on the acquisition of problem-solving skills in the domain of probability theory. Learners received either purely text-based worked examples, text plus an instruction to mentally imagine the examples contents, or they could retrieve either static pictures or concrete animations that depicted the problem statement and the problem states achieved by applying a specific solut
Comparing multiple examples within problem categories is usually considered a necessary prerequisite for schema acquisition. However, there is an evident lack of conclusive empirical evidence supporting this claim. Moreover, there are findings indicating that carefully designed one-example conditions may allow for profitable processes of example comparison as well. In line with this reasoning, we present an experiment - that builds up on a series of studies conducted by Quilici and Mayer (1996)
Cognitive tools, defined here as instruments that support or perform cognitive processes for learners in order to support learning, can bridge the difference between open learning environments, like discovery learning environments and traditional supportive instructional environments. This article discusses a definition of the concept of cognitive tool and its use in learning. Two examples of cognitive tools for discovery environments are presented, and it is made clear how these tools can serve
Often research on online communities could be compared to archaeology [16]: researchers look at patterns in digital traces that members leave to characterise the community they belong to. Relatively easy access to these traces and a growing number of methods and tools to collect and analyse them make such analysis increasingly attractive. However, a researcher is faced with the difficult task of choosing which digital artefacts and which relations between them should be taken into account, and h
The Simulation discipline has to face new challenges such as the incorporation of Collaborative Technologies for professional use as well as for teaching purposes. This integration permits the creation of new kinds of support for collaborative learning processes. In this paper, we explore the potential of this synergy with DomoSim-TPC, a synchronous distributed collaborative environment for the teaching and learning of Domotics. The system supports an active, simulation-based and problem-based a
The goal of this paper is to explore the possibility of using CSCL component-based software under a Grid infrastructure. The merge of these technologies represents an attractive, but probably quite laborious enterprise if we consider not only the benefits but also the barriers that we have to overcome. This work presents an attempt toward this direction by developing a generic platform of CSCL components and discussing the advantages that we could obtain if we adapted it to the Grid. We then pro
Collaborative applications usually register user interaction in the form of semi-structured plain text event log data. Extracting and structuring this data is a prerequisite for later key processes such as the analysis of interactions, assessment of group activity, or the provision of awareness and feedback. Yet, in real situations of online collaborative activity the processing of log data is usually done offline since structuring event log data is, in general, a computationally costly process
This study aims to explore the importance of the efficient representation and management of the event information generated from group activity in online collaborative learning practices so that we can use it to provide awareness about individual and group behaviour. The achievement of this goal first involves the design of a conceptual model of collaborative learning interaction that structures and classifies the information generated in an online collaborative learning situation at several lev
Several intelligent tutoring systems contain modules that support reflection after practice exercises. However, there is very little research on reflective dialogue and its relation to dialogue during problem solving that can guide this effort. The approach to analyzing educational dialogue described in this paper was developed to address this problem. Using statistical and machine learning methods, we compared the frequency and structure of speech acts by avionics students and experts during pr
This paper aims at showing, through a case study, one possible application of Computer Learner Corpus (CLC) to Network Based Language Teaching (NBLT). Research has shown how CLC can be used both for Second Language Acquisiton (SLA) research and Foreign Language Teaching (FLT), especially if they are tagged, that is, if interpretative annotations are added to the corpus (e.g. error annotations). Online learning generally takes place inside virtual environments where learners exchange mainly writt
This research study aims to investigate the usability issues of a computer game; regarding how people learn a new game. Because the user characteristic and the strategies they use while learning a new tool are important factors for usability, they were also taken into account in the study. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in the study. 16 participants played the computer game. They were also observed and their eye-movements were recorded by an eye tracking device. Results show
A civil engineering professor at the University of California at Berkeley is working on a novel way of maintaining a building's structural stability after an earthquake or terrorist bomb. The team of researchers working with the professor have designed and tested a system that uses cables for backup support in case main support beams failed. This site is the homepage of the professor leading this research. A number of projects on which he is currently working are described, as well as an ongoing


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The singer makes musical sex purring - "...Baby there's a lot of freaky sh*t, running through my mind that I can't say. But I know I can demonstrate & I can let my body explain" - against a heavy R&B beat.
Jojo teamed up with producer Noah '40' Shebib to create this comeback masterpiece. Shebib is known most famously for pairing up with musical powerhouses like Drake, Lil Wayne, Alicia Keys and most recently Nas.
The singer popped back onto the musical radar last year she released a remake of Drake's hit single "Marvin's Room" on Youtube spawned over 40million views.
"Demonstrate" is the second single to be released ( "Disaster was released earlier this year) from Jojo's third upcoming album "Jumping Trains." We hope she will work with 40 again and produce what will be undoubtedly her most mature and beautiful album yet!
Check out the single below Joonbuggers !


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Airbus's A350 Airbus
BOEING BA -0.73% Boeing Co. U.S.: NYSE $133.70 -0.98 -0.73% Dec. 10, 2013 4:00 pm Volume (Delayed 15m) : 4.01M AFTER HOURS $134.00 +0.30 +0.22% Dec. 10, 2013 7:25 pm Volume (Delayed 15m): 57,640 P/E Ratio 23.48 Market Cap $101.21 Billion Dividend Yield 1.45% Rev. per Employee $488,188 12/09/13 Boeing Holds Bake-Off for Bigg... 12/05/13 F-35 Debate: The Playground Ve... 12/03/13 Bombardier Names New Commercia... More quote details and news » CO.'S 787 Dreamliner has drawn popular attention as the first commercial plane with skin made of carbon-fiber composites. To the aviation industry, the plane's less-heralded materials underneath—including highly engineered titanium and a range of cutting-edge aluminum alloys—are equally significant.
Not long ago, passenger jets were built of familiar metals such as aluminum and steel. In 1974, European upstart Airbus pushed the technology envelope with a composite rudder on its first plane, the A300. Since then, plane makers have been steadily increasing their reliance on high-tech materials that are lighter, stronger and less prone to corrosion than the metals they replace.
Now, the new Airbus A350 sets a new mark as the most-composite passenger jet flying. The A350, which began test flights on Friday, is 53% composites by weight compared to 50% for Boeing's Dreamliner, according to the companies' own information. "It's quite an exciting time because a lot of new material combinations are coming on line," said Ric Parker, director of research and technology at Rolls-Royce RR.LN -1.16% Rolls-Royce Holdings PLC U.K.: London GBp1192.00 -14.00 -1.16% Dec. 10, 2013 4:35 pm Volume : 3.36M P/E Ratio 0.31 Market Cap GBp22.68 Billion Dividend Yield N/A Rev. per Employee GBp322,103 09/19/13 Rolls-Royce, Pratt & Whitney A... More quote details and news » PLC, which builds engines for both planes. The British turbine-maker is developing new composites with plastics, ceramics and metals for its products.
Materials have always been critical to aviation. In 1930, Boeing built some of the first all-metal airplanes, which boasted superior strength and aerodynamics over existing wood-and-fabric models. Eight years later, Boeing's technology enabled it to offer the first fully-pressurized airliner, the propeller-driven 307 Stratoliner.
In the 1950s, Boeing and its engine makers tapped material technologies developed during World War II to build the first commercially successful jetliner, the 707.
Boeing's 787 Dreamliner Boeing
Jet engines are at the vanguard of commercial aviation's push for new materials because the heat, stresses and performance demands on them exceed what nature can offer. General Electric Co. GE -0.18% General Electric Co. U.S.: NYSE $27.14 -0.05 -0.18% Dec. 10, 2013 4:00 pm Volume (Delayed 15m) : 30.69M AFTER HOURS $27.20 +0.06 +0.22% Dec. 10, 2013 7:46 pm Volume (Delayed 15m): P/E Ratio 19.42 Market Cap $275.09 Billion Dividend Yield 2.80% Rev. per Employee $466,918 12/10/13 GE Capital to Refund up to $34... 12/05/13 GE to Proceed With Manufacturi... 11/27/13 First Steam, Then Diesel. Will... More quote details and news » , the biggest jet-engine maker and a world leader in advanced materials, is building new factories to create composite engine parts, including from new-wave ceramics. Its GEnx engines on the Dreamliner are the first to use a light but strong alloy of titanium and aluminum that engineers have been developing for more than 20 years.
Airbus A350
Composites: 53%
Aluminum/Aluminum-Lithium: 19%
Titanium: 14%
Steel: 9%
Other Materials: 8%
Source: Airbus
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Plane maker Embraer secured over 300 orders for its E2 line of jets while Airbus secured an order for 20 A380s from German leasing company Doric. Matthew Curtin reviews the first day at the show, including the Russian Sukhoi fighter jet, which created a stir.
But featherweight materials can carry hefty price tags. Robert Schafrik, general manager of materials and process engineering at GE Aviation, jokes that an advanced material is "one that costs 10 times as much as the current material." If that can be cut to just twice the price, he says, other savings in weight and maintenance costs can offset the difference.
"There has to be a very strong value case for going forward with some advanced materials," said Mr. Schafrik.
Excitement about new materials is also tempered by sobering experience. Rolls-Royce Limited was financially crippled in 1971 because advanced composite fan blades it was developing for new engines failed.
Airbus, now a unit of European Aeronautic Defence & Space Co. EAD.FR -2.59% European Aeronautic Defence & Space Co. EADS N.V. France: Paris €49.18 -1.31 -2.59% Dec. 10, 2013 5:37 pm Volume : 3.71M P/E Ratio 26.02 Market Cap €39.53 Billion Dividend Yield 1.22% Rev. per Employee €421,552 11/18/13 Boeing, Airbus Reel In Persian... 11/18/13 Qatar, Emirates Joined Forces ... 11/18/13 Middle Eastern Carriers Jointl... More quote details and news » , in 2005 discovered that composites on its earliest planes didn't age well after the rudder snapped off a 14-year-old passenger jet in midair. The A310 landed safely.
Boeing 787 Dreamliner
Composites: 50%
Aluminum: 20%
Titanium: 15%
Steel: 10%
Other Materials: 5%
Source: Boeing
Boeing and its suppliers have also struggled with the Dreamliner's carbon-fiber and polymer structures. The plane's fuselage, for example, consists of barrels made from tape wound around cylindrical molds and then baked. Mastering the process was tough, and several of the first sections produced were rejected. In 2009, Boeing conceded it had to fix wrinkles in the skin of the first 23 barrels.
Headaches with composites and their continued high cost have helped encourage metals companies to push back with new alloys. U.S. giant Alcoa Inc., AA +0.84% Alcoa Inc. U.S.: NYSE $9.56 +0.08 +0.84% Dec. 10, 2013 4:00 pm Volume (Delayed 15m) : 16.87M AFTER HOURS $9.54 -0.02 -0.21% Dec. 10, 2013 7:13 pm Volume (Delayed 15m): P/E Ratio 34.14 Market Cap $10.14 Billion Dividend Yield 1.26% Rev. per Employee $382,574 12/09/13 Boeing Holds Bake-Off for Bigg... 11/10/13 Corrections & Amplifications 11/08/13 Aluminum Producer Shares Fall ... More quote details and news » for example, is supplying Airbus with A350 components that are made for the first time from a new aluminum-lithium alloy that combines benefits of traditional aluminum and composites.
And since materials have different attributes, such as stiffness and elasticity, engineers are getting increasingly specific in not just the shape but also substance of each part. "You tend to have a certain material that is well adapted for a specific environment," said Charles Champion, Airbus's executive vice president for engineering.
" There has to be a very strong value case for going forward with some advanced materials. "
Blending material characteristics with economics yields some complex decisions. As chief engineer of the Airbus A380 superjumbo a decade ago, Mr. Champion selected a synthetic material of glass fiber and plastic, called Glare (a.k.a. glass laminate aluminum reinforced epoxy), that appeared to have big potential in aviation. But when Airbus designed the new A350 a few years later, it dropped Glare because carbon-fiber composites were less expensive and easier to produce, Mr. Champion said.
Industry officials predict the role of composites will continue expanding as engineers learn better how to produce and use them. For example, when Boeing built the first Dreamliner model, the 787-8, designers included big safety margins on many components and later found they withstood stresses "significantly higher than could ever be experienced in even extreme cases," said Mike Sinnett, Boeing's vice president of engineering.
For the second version now in development, the 787-9, "we found ways to design to the required conservatism but not to over-compensate," Mr. Sinnett said. The tweaks aim to improve efficiency without compromising safety.
Despite increasing applications of advanced materials, expansion of their use will be halting. Mitsubishi Aircraft Corp. had planned to make the wings of its new MRJ small jetliner from composites, but in 2009 switched to aluminum, saying it would offer better fuel economy and be less expensive to produce.
And when Airbus and Boeing launched new versions of their popular single-aisle models about two years ago, they largely stuck with the decades-old metals to control costs. As Airbus looks to a successor model that could be built in a decade, "we are competing composites against alloys," said Mr. Champion.
While that process will take years, engine advances will continue because components are constantly replaced. By introducing more heat-resistant materials, designers can keep squeezing efficiency from existing models. And, notes Mr. Parker at Rolls-Royce, "there are still a couple of hundred degrees for the scientists to go at."
Write to Daniel Michaels at email@example.com


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Members of Waverly Village Council voted unanimously to increase court costs for traffic violations and criminal convictions during their Tuesday session.
Court costs for traffic violations will now cost $85, up from $75, and criminal convictions will now cost $85, up from $65.
Council President Tom Patterson says the increase was necessary to provide sufficient resources to continue Mayor's Court operations.


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Department of Homeland Security:
Financial Management Challenges
GAO-04-945T, Jul 8, 2004
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The Homeland Security Act of 2002 brought together 22 agencies to create a new cabinet-level department focusing on reducing U.S. vulnerability to terrorist attacks, and minimizing damages and assisting in recovery from attacks that do occur. GAO has previously reported on the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) financial management challenges and key elements necessary for reform. DHS continues to be faced with significant financial management challenges, including addressing existing internal control weaknesses and integrating redundant inherited financial management systems. Additionally, DHS is the largest entity in the federal government that is not subject to the Chief Financial Officers (CFO) Act of 1990 or the Federal Financial Management Improvement Act (FFMIA) of 1996. In light of these conditions, Congress asked GAO to testify on the financial management challenges facing DHS.
One of the challenges DHS faces is obtaining an unqualified financial statement audit opinion and fixing the previously identified internal control weaknesses that the department inherited from component agencies, as well as newly identified weaknesses. Component agencies took action to resolve 9 of the 30 internal control weaknesses DHS inherited, while 9 of the inherited weaknesses were combined and reported as material weaknesses in DHS's first Performance and Accountability Report and 5 were reported as reportable conditions. The remaining 7 inherited weaknesses were classified as observations and recommendations to management. In addition, improper payments, a significant and widespread challenge facing the federal government, can typically be traced to a lack of or breakdown in internal control. DHS would be remiss to not pay adequate attention to developing a strong internal control environment at the department. According to DHS officials, the department is in the early stages of acquiring a financial enterprise solution to consolidate and integrate its financial accounting and reporting systems. Similar projects have proven challenging and costly for other federal agencies. For example, efforts at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration failed to meet the needs of users and key stakeholders. To avoid similar problems, DHS must ensure commitment and extensive involvement from top management and users in the financial system development and integration. Currently, DHS is the only cabinet-level department in the federal government that is not subject to the CFO Act. As such, this department, with a fiscal year 2004 budget of nearly $40 billion and more than 180,000 employees, does not have a presidentially appointed CFO subject to Senate confirmation and is not required to comply with the requirements of FFMIA. DHS should not be the only cabinet-level department not covered by what is the cornerstone for pursuing and achieving the requisite financial management systems and capabilities in the federal government. S. 1567 would, among other things, amend the CFO Act to (1) add DHS as a CFO Act agency, and (2) require DHS to obtain an audit opinion on its internal controls. Enactment of this legislation will increase the likelihood that the financial management challenges at DHS will be overcome.
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Perfecto Presents: Type 01
Original Release Date: September 21, 2004
Track Listing
1. More Intensity
2. Back Into the Funk
3. Tweakin [Saeed Mix]
4. Westworld [Nick Fanciulli's Skylark Mix]
5. Do the Do
6. Champion [Palesh Mix]
7. Grey Day [Paper Faces Remix]
8. Need to Feel Loved [Type Album Mix]
9. Dancin [Fuzzy Hairy Mix]
10. Lotta Lovin' [Paradise Soul Remix]
11. Get It Back
12. What Happened [Acapella Wet]
13. Arabian Nights
14. Comin' Back [West London Deep Remix]
15. Wrong! [C�c�m & Peter Luts Dark Edit]
16. My Lexicon [Stef & 16 Bit Lolita Remix]
17. The Way It Is
18. Club Element
19. Resonate
20. The Way [Evil 9 Mix]
21. Plastic Dreams [Andrea Doris Breaks Mix]
Tom Bailey: String Arrangements
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Saeed Younan: Composer, Producer, Remixing
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