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A dystopia is a community or society that is in some important way undesirable or frightening. It is the opposite of a utopia. Such societies appear in many works, particularly in stories set in a future. Dystopias are often characterized by dehumanization,[1] totalitarian governments, environmental disaster,[2] or other characteristics associated with a cataclysmic decline in society. Elements of dystopias may vary from environmental to political and social issues. Dystopian societies have culminated in a broad series of sub-genres of fiction and are often used to raise awareness of real-world issues regarding society, environment, politics, economics, religion, psychology, spirituality, or technology that, if left unaddressed, could potentially lead to a dystopia-like condition in the future. For this reason, dystopias have taken the form of a multitude of speculations, such as pollution, poverty, societal collapse, political repression, or totalitarianism.
Famous depictions of dystopian societies include R.U.R., which introduces the term Robot and the modern Robot concept along with the first Androids due to being organic, and is the first elaborate depiction of a machine take-over.[3]; Nineteen Eighty-Four, which takes place in a totalitarian invasive super state; Brave New World, where the human population is placed under a caste of psychological allocation; Fahrenheit 451, where the state burns books out of fear of what they may incite; Blade Runner in which genetically engineered replicants infiltrate society and must be hunted down before they injure humans, and The Hunger Games, in which the government controls its people by maintaining a constant state of fear through forcing randomly selected children to participate in an annual fight to the death. The Iron Heel was described by Erich Fromm as "the earliest of the modern Dystopian".[4]
The word comes from Ancient Greek: δυσ-, "bad, hard",[5] and Ancient Greek: τόπος, "place, landscape".[6] It can alternatively be called cacotopia,[7][8] or anti-utopia.
The word dystopia represents a counterpart of utopia, a term originally coined by Thomas More in his book of that title completed in 1516.[9]
The first known use of dystopian, as recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary, is a speech given before the British House of Commons by John Stuart Mill in 1868, in which Mill denounced the government's Irish land policy: "It is, perhaps, too complimentary to call them Utopians, they ought rather to be called dys-topians, or caco-topians. What is commonly called Utopian is something too good to be practicable; but what they appear to favour is too bad to be practicable."[3][10][11][12]
Counter-utopia and anti-utopia[edit]
Many dystopias found in fictional and artistic works present a utopian society with at least one fatal flaw;[13] whereas a utopian society is founded on the good life, a dystopian society's dreams of improvement are overshadowed by stimulating fears of the "ugly consequences of present-day behavior."[14] People are alienated and individualism is restricted by the government. An early example of a dystopian novel is Rasselas (1759), by Samuel Johnson, set in Ethiopia.
In the Russian novel We by Yevgeny Zamyatin, which was first published in English in 1924, people are permitted to live out of public view twice a week for one hour. They are only referred to by numbers instead of names, but are "ciphers" which are neither. In the novel Brave New World, written in 1931 by Aldous Huxley, a class system is prenatally designated in terms of Alphas, Betas, Gammas, Deltas, and Epsilons. Among the lower castes, single embryos are "bokanovskified", so that they produce between eight and ninety-six identical siblings, making the citizens as uniform as possible.[15]
Some dystopian works emphasize the pressure to conform in terms of a requirement not to excel. In these works, the society is ruthlessly egalitarian, in which ability and accomplishment, or even competence, are suppressed or stigmatized as forms of inequality, as in Kurt Vonnegut's Harrison Bergeron. Similarly, in Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451, the dystopia represses the intellectuals with particular force.[16]
Violence is prevalent in many dystopias; either in the form of war (Nineteen Eighty-Four), rampant crime met by summary justice or vigilantism (e.g. Judge Dredd, Mad Max), or blood sports (e.g. Hunger Games, The Running Man, Divergent).
Social groups[edit]
Concepts and symbols of religion may come under attack in a dystopia. In Brave New World, for example, the establishment of the state included lopping off the tops of all crosses (as symbols of Christianity) to make them "T"s, (as symbols of Henry Ford's Model T).[17] But compare Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale, wherein a Christianity-based theocratic regime rules the future United States.[18]
Some fictional dystopias, such as Brave New World and Fahrenheit 451, have eradicated the family and deploy continuing efforts to keep it from reestablishing itself as a social institution. In Brave New World, where children are reproduced artificially, the concepts "mother" and "father" are considered obscene. In some novels, the State is hostile to motherhood: for example, in Nineteen Eighty-Four, children are organized to spy on their parents; and in We, the escape of a pregnant woman from OneState is a revolt.[19]
Fictional dystopias are commonly urban and frequently isolate their characters from all contact with the natural world.[20] Sometimes they require their characters to avoid nature, as when walks are regarded as dangerously anti-social in Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451.[citation needed] In Brave New World, the lower classes of society are conditioned to be afraid of nature, but also to visit the countryside and consume transportation and games to stabilize society.[citation needed] Excessive pollution that destroys nature is common in many dystopian films, such as Avatar, Robocop, Wall-E, and Soylent Green. A few "green" fictional dystopias do exist, such as in Michael Carson's short story "The Punishment of Luxury", and Russell Hoban's Riddley Walker. The latter is set in the aftermath of nuclear war, "a post-nuclear holocaust Kent, where technology has reduced to the level of the Iron Age".[21][citation needed]
In When the Sleeper Wakes, H. G. Wells depicted the governing class as hedonistic and shallow.[22] George Orwell contrasted Wells's world to that depicted in Jack London's The Iron Heel, where the dystopian rulers are brutal and dedicated to the point of fanaticism, which Orwell considered more plausible.[23]
Whereas the political principles at the root of fictional utopias (or "perfect worlds") are idealistic in principle, intending positive consequences for their inhabitants,[24] the political principles on which fictional dystopias are based are flawed and result in negative consequences for the inhabitants of the dystopian world, which is portrayed as oppressive.[13]
Dystopias are often filled with pessimistic views of the ruling class or government that is brutal or uncaring ruling with an "iron hand" or "iron fist".[citation needed] These dystopian government establishments often have protagonists or groups that lead a "resistance" to enact change within their government as is seen in Alan Moore's V for Vendetta.[25]
There are also many dystopias in which the government is weak, and businesses control a very corrupt government. Many of these dystopias are characterized by inequality and oppression of the lower class.
Dystopian political situations are depicted in novels such as Parable of the Sower, Nineteen Eighty-Four, Brave New World and Fahrenheit 451; and in such films as Metropolis, Brazil, The Hunger Games, FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions, and Soylent Green.
The economic structures of dystopian societies in literature and other media have many variations, as the economy often relates directly to the elements that the writer is depicting as the source of the oppression. However, there are several archetypes that such societies tend to follow.
A commonly occurring theme is that the state plans the economy, as shown in such works as Ayn Rand's Anthem and Henry Kuttner's short story The Iron Standard. A contrasting theme is where the planned economy is planned and controlled by corporatist and fascist elements. A prime example of this is reflected in Norman Jewison's 1975 Rollerball. Some dystopias, such as Nineteen Eighty-Four, feature black markets with goods that are dangerous and difficult to obtain, or the characters may be totally at the mercy of the state-controlled economy. Such systems usually have a lack of efficiency, as seen in stories like Philip Jose Farmer's Riders of the Purple Wage, featuring a bloated welfare system in which total freedom from responsibility has encouraged an underclass prone to any form of antisocial behavior. Kurt Vonnegut's Player Piano depicts a dystopia in which the centrally controlled economic system has indeed made material abundance plentiful, but deprived the mass of humanity of meaningful labor; virtually all work is menial and unsatisfying, and only a small number of the small group that achieves education is admitted to the elite and its work.[26]
Even in dystopias where the economic system is not the source of the society's flaws, as in Brave New World, the state often controls the economy. In Brave New World, a character, reacting with horror to the suggestion of not being part of the social body, cites as a reason that everyone works for everyone else.[27]
Other works feature extensive privatization and corporatism, where privately owned and unaccountable large corporations have effectively replaced the government in setting policy and making decisions. They manipulate, infiltrate, control, bribe, are contracted by, or otherwise function as government. This is seen in the novel Jennifer Government and the movies Alien, Avatar, Robocop, Visioneers, Idiocracy, Soylent Green, THX 1138, WALL‑E and Rollerball. Rule-by-corporation is common in the cyberpunk genre, as in Neal Stephenson's Snow Crash and Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (as well as the film Blade Runner, loosely based on Dick's novel).
Of course, there are some socialist dystopias, although they usually are not as popular as capitalist and fascist dystopias. These often depict a government that does everything in its power to eliminate business and ensure economic equality, which results in an unproductive society where people starve. Usually, some elements of fascism are also used, such as an oppressive ruling class (although the writer doesn't emphasize inequality) and a "secret police" force that watches the population. In fact, many of these dystopias are modeled after Communist Russia.
Some examples of socialist dystopias are Nineteen Eighty-Four, Player Piano, and Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged.
Caste systems[edit]
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In dystopian literature the advanced technology is controlled exclusively by the group in power, while the oppressed population is limited to technology comparable to or more primitive than what we have today.[citation needed] In order to emphasize the degeneration of society, the standard of living among the lower and middle classes is generally poorer than that of their equivalents in contemporary industrialized society.
In Nineteen Eighty-Four the Inner Party, the upper class of society, also has a standard of living that at least appears lower than the upper classes of today.[28]
In contrast to Nineteen Eighty-Four, in Brave New World, and Equilibrium, people enjoy much higher material living-standards in exchange for the loss of other qualities in their lives, such as independent thought and emotional depth.[citation needed] In Fahrenheit 451, humanity lives in a glorious state of comfort, but has given up the meaning of life, and views death and love as misconveniences.
In some dystopias, advanced technology is available to everyone, but the lower class can't afford advanced electronics and other devices. These dystopias usually don't have a totalitarian government, but a government that is controlled by businesses. Some examples of these dystopias are Blade Runner and Robocop.
In Ypsilon Minus by Herbert W. Franke, people are divided into numerous alphabetically ranked groups. Similarly, in Brave New World, people are divided into castes ranging from Alpha-Plus to Epsilon, with the lower classes having reduced brain-function and special conditioning to make them satisfied with their position in life.
Notable examples[edit]
- When The Sleeper Wakes (1899) by H. G. Wells[29] features a 22nd-century dehumanized, industrialized society with a caste system, ruled by the name of Sleeper, a lethargic "owner" of all the world's industry.
- R.U.R. (1920) by Karel Čapek. A science fiction play in the Czech language, R.U.R. stands for Rossum's Universal Robots. It premiered in 1921 and introduced the modern Robot concept, and the word "Robot" invented by his brother Josef Čapek, to the English language and to science fiction as a whole. Čapek's robots can also be seen as the first androids: they are in fact organic. Despite being vastly underrated since it's popular debut, displaced by the works of writers not properly crediting Capek to follow, R.U.R. is the first elaborate depiction of a machine take-over,[30] and thus influencing all subsequent Science Fiction morality tales involving Robots, Automatons, Clones, and Androids to follow.
- We (1921) by Yevgeny Zamyatin. A satire of the newly established Soviet Union, and of what the future of Russia might hold.
- Brave New World (1931) - Aldous Huxley's satire of modern hedonistic society.
- Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) by George Orwell, a popular and perhaps the most famous example of a dystopia in modern culture.
- Fahrenheit 451 (1953) by Ray Bradbury - The novel presents a future American society where the reading of books is outlawed. A film adaptation of Fahrenheit 451 was released in 1966.
- A Clockwork Orange (1962) by Anthony Burgess - A satire portraying a future and dystopian Western society with—based on contemporary trends—a culture of extreme youth rebellion and violence: it explores the violent nature of humans, human free will to choose between good or evil, and the desolation of free will as a solution to evil.
- Blade Runner (1982) directed by Ridley Scott, dystopian science fiction action film.
- The Terminator (1984) - A film that involves a humanoid machine (called a terminator) from the future attempting to assassinate Sarah Connor. Some scenes of the film show a post-apocalyptic future where a computer (called Skynet) has attempted to exterminate humanity by launching nuclear weapons (turns out, skynet only killed about 50% of the human population). Sarah Connor happens to be the mother of John Connor, who is the leader of the human resistance against Skynet and its machine armies in the future.
- Terminator 2: Judgement Day (1991) - A very popular film that involves a more-advanced terminator robot trying to assassinate young John Connor. A reprogrammed terminator robot has also been sent back to protect John. Some scenes show a post-apocalyptic year 2029 where the human resistance has almost overthrown skynet. The future looks just like the future described in the first Terminator movie.
- Virtual Light (1993) by William Gibson depicts a world (in 2006) where corporations dominate society, the middle class has gone, and wealthy, powerful elites dominate government. The book is set in a divided Southern California (SoCal) separated from the north of the former state (NoCal). As a sign of the collapse of the efficacy of democratic politics, the president is black.
- The Giver (1993) by Lois Lowry depicts a future in which human society has largely rid itself of strife by minimizing the individual capacity for choice, love, and knowledge. The story develops around an adolescent boy, Jonas, who is tasked with preserving a secret cache of cultural memory.
21st century[edit]
- Uglies (novel series) (2005-2007). Uglies follows the story of Tally Youngblood, a sixteen-year-old girl living in the 24th century. By this time in humanity's future, a new type of society has been formed after a disastrous oil-bug was released upon the planet that killed 98% of the human population and left many cities in ruins. The new society is composed of about one hundred small post-scarcity independently-run city states, spread out across the seven continents, which now have different coastlines due to modern-societies global warming.
- Unwind (2007) by Neal Shusterman - After a civil war in the near future, a compromise between Pro-life and Pro-choice was reached in the form of "The Bill of Life" and "unwinding", which allows parents of children between 13-18 to have their children's organs harvested, in what can only be described as a retroactive abortion.
- Gone (novel series) (2008–2013). The series is centered around the fictional American town of Perdido Beach. Every human 15 and older vanishes, and the town and surrounding areas (later named the FAYZ) are encased within an impenetrable bubble. Many of the people and wildlife develop supernatural powers.
- The Hunger Games (2008) by Suzanne Collins is set in a post-nuclear war North America called "Panem", which is composed of an extravagant Capitol and twelve poverty-stricken districts that each specialize in the production of a certain type of product for the capitol, for example; farming, mining and electronics. They have a totalitarian government that forces each district to send one boy and one girl between the ages of twelve and eighteen each year to fight to the death in a pageant known as 'The Hunger Games' when residents of the Capitol place bets on their favorite tribute. The winning tribute(s) is then sent home bathed in riches, but then forced to mentor next year's tributes from their district.
- Divergent (novel series) (2011–Present) by Veronica Roth In the future, the citizens of Chicago live in a society that is divided into five factions, each one meant to uphold a particular virtue of humanity: Abnegation (the selfless), Amity (the peaceful), Candor (the honest), Dauntless (the brave) and Erudite (the intelligent). On a given day each year, all sixteen-year-olds take an aptitude test that will tell them which faction they are best suited for, after which they must decide whether to remain with their family or transfer to a new faction.
- Wool (2012) by Hugh Howey - The story of Wool takes place on a post-apocalyptic Earth.
- Continuum (2012) - In the year 2077, the Corporate Congress has taken on the role of government after they bailed out the North American government. After a huge economic collapse, civil liberties were taken away to ensure a better future for the next generation.
- Infamous: Second Son (2014) - A video game that takes place in an undefined point in the near future when The United States Government is attempting to capture any people with supernatural powers (which the government calls "bioterrorists") through an agency called the D.U.P. (Department of Unified Protection).
Characteristics of dystopian fiction[edit]
This section possibly contains original research. (May 2009) |
As fictional dystopias are often set in a future projected virtual time and/or space involving technological innovations not accessible in actual present reality, dystopian fiction is often classified generically as science fiction, a subgenre of speculative fiction.
Back stories[edit]
Because a fictional universe has to be constructed, a selectively told backstory of a war, revolution, uprising, critical overpopulation, or other disaster is often introduced early in the narrative. This results in a shift in emphasis of control, from previous systems of government to a government run by corporations, totalitarian dictatorships or bureaucracies; or from previous social norms to a changed society and new (and often disturbing) social norms.
Because dystopian literature typically depicts events that take place in the future, it often features technology more advanced than that of contemporary society.
Unlike utopian fiction, which often features an outsider to have the world shown to him/her, dystopias seldom feature an outsider as the protagonist. While such a character would more clearly understand the nature of the society, based on comparison to their society, the knowledge of the outside culture subverts the power of the dystopia. When such outsiders are major characters—such as John the Savage in Brave New World—their societies cannot assist them against the dystopia.
The story usually centers on a protagonist who questions the society, often feeling intuitively that something is terribly wrong, such as Guy Montag in Ray Bradbury's novella Fahrenheit 451, Winston Smith in Nineteen Eighty-Four, or V in Alan Moore's V for Vendetta. The hero comes to believe that escape or even overturning the social order is possible and decides to act at the risk of their own life; this may appear as irrational even to him/her, but they still act.[31] The hero's point of view usually clashes with the others' perception, most notably in Brave New World, revealing that concepts of utopia and dystopia are tied to each other and the only difference between them lies on a matter of opinion.
Another popular archetype of hero in the more modern dystopian literature is the Vonnegut hero, a hero who is in high-standing within the social system, but sees how wrong everything is, and attempts to either change the system or bring it down, such as Paul Proteus of Kurt Vonnegut's novel Player Piano or Winston Niles Rumfoord in The Sirens of Titan.
The Domination is perhaps unusual in featuring members of the upper caste of the dystopian society (the von Shrakenbergs, Myfwany, Yolande Ingolfsson, various Draka military members) as among the protagonists although serfs (Marya and Yasmin, from among conquered people) questioning that society are also included, along with international enemies of that dystopian society (such as Lefarge). This may be an example of the anti-hero.
In many cases, the hero's conflict brings them to a representative of the dystopia who articulates its principles, from Mustapha Mond in Brave New World to O'Brien in Nineteen Eighty-Four.[32]
There is usually a group of people somewhere in the society who are not under the complete control of the state, and in whom the hero of the novel usually puts their hope, although often he or she still fails to change anything. In Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four they are the "proles" (Latin for "offspring", from which "proletariat" is derived), in Huxley's Brave New World they are the people on the reservation, and in We by Zamyatin they are the people outside the walls of the One State. In Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, they are the "book people" past the river and outside the city.
Climax and dénouement[edit]
The story is often (but not always) unresolved even if the hero manages to escape or destroy the dystopia. That is, the narrative may deal with individuals in a dystopian society who are unsatisfied, and may rebel, but ultimately fail to change anything. Sometimes they themselves end up changed to conform to the society's norms, such as in With Folded Hands, by Jack Williamson. This narrative arc to a sense of hopelessness can be found in such classic dystopian works as Nineteen Eighty-Four. It contrasts with much fiction of the future, in which a hero succeeds in resolving conflicts or otherwise changes things for the better.
This article possibly contains original research. (May 2009) |
The destruction of dystopia is frequently a very different sort of work than one in which it is preserved. Indeed, the subversion of a dystopian society, with its potential for conflict and adventure, is a staple of science fiction stories.[33] Poul Anderson's short story "Sam Hall" depicts the subversion of a dystopia heavily dependent on surveillance. Robert A. Heinlein's "If This Goes On—" liberates the United States from a fundamentalist theocracy, where the underground rebellion is organized by the Freemasons. Cordwainer Smith's The Rediscovery of Man series depicts a society recovering from its dystopian period, beginning in "The Dead Lady of Clown Town" with the discovery that its utopia was impossible to maintain. Although these and other societies are typical of dystopias in many ways, they all have not only flaws but exploitable flaws. The ability of the protagonists to subvert the society also subverts the monolithic power typical of a dystopia. In some cases the hero manages to overthrow the dystopia by motivating the (previously apathetic) populace. In the dystopian video game Half-Life 2 the downtrodden citizens of City 17 rally around the figure of Gordon Freeman and overthrow their Combine oppressors. In The Hunger Games, the protagonist, Katniss Everdeen, is able to lead a revolution against her nation.
Destruction of the fictional dystopia may not be possible, but—if it does not completely control its world—escaping from it may be an alternative. In Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451, the main character, Montag, succeeds in fleeing and finding tramps who have dedicated themselves to memorizing books to preserve them. But ironically, the dystopian society in Fahrenheit 451 is destroyed in the end — by nuclear missiles. In the book Logan's Run, the main characters make their way to an escape from the otherwise inevitable euthanasia on their 21st (22nd) birthday (30th in the later film version). Because such dystopias must necessarily control less of the world than the protagonist can reach, and the protagonist can elude capture, this motif also subverts the dystopia's power. In Lois Lowry's The Giver, Jonas, the main character, is able to run away from "The Community" and escapes to "Elsewhere", where people have memories.
Sometimes, this escape leads to the inevitable: the protagonist making a mistake that usually brings about the end of a rebel society, usually living where people think is a legend. This concept is brought to life in Scott Westerfeld's novel Uglies. The main character accidentally brings the government into the secret settlement of the Smoke. She then infiltrates the government to escape, but chooses to join the society for the greater good.
The collapse of a dystopian dictatorship, sometimes, has an ambiguous ending that is unclear as to final result of the revolution. The protagonist succeeds in causing the overthrow of society, but no new society has been established as a replacement. The legacy is open ended, as in the movie version of V For Vendetta. The rebels were secretly aided by disillusioned officials of the ruling tyrannical regime, but no one faction maintained dominance after the fall of the dystopian society. The remaining hard-core regime loyalists were eliminated or ineffective. The audience is left to their own conclusions.
Works with dystopian themes in various media[edit]
- List of dystopian comics
- List of dystopian literature
- List of dystopian films
- List of dystopian music, TV programs, and games
See also[edit]
- Alternate history
- Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
- Cyberpunk
- Failed state
- New world order (politics)
- New World Order (conspiracy theory)
- Present
- Self-fulfilling prophecy
- Social science fiction
- Soft science fiction
- Utopian and dystopian fiction
- ^ "Definition of "dystopia"". Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Inc. 2012.
- ^ "Definition of "dystopia"". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. 2012.
- ^ a b Cf. "Dystopia Timeline", in Exploring Dystopia, "edited and designed by Niclas Hermansson; Contributors: Acolyte of Death ('Gattaca'), John Steinbach ('Nuclear Nightmare'), [and] David Clements ('From Dystopia to Myopia')" (hem.passagen.se), Niclas Hermansson, n.d., Web, 22 May 2009
- ^ Fromm, Erich: 1984 (Afterword), p. 316. New American Library (a division of Penguin Group), 1977.
- ^ δυσ-, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ^ τόπος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ^ Cacotopia (κακόs, "bad, wicked") was first used by English jurist, philosopher and legal and social reformer Jeremy Bentham (15 February 1748 – 6 June 1832) in his 19th-century works. See also refers to Chris Hill 2
- ^ κακόs, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "Utopia". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
- ^ "Dystopia". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a "dystopia" is: "An imaginary place or condition in which everything is as bad as possible; opp. UTOPIA (cf. CACOTOPIA). So dystopian n., one who advocates or describes a dystopia; dystopian a., of or pertaining to a dystopia; dystopianism, dystopian quality or characteristics." The example of first usage given in the OED (1989 ed.), cites "1868" writing by John Stuart Mill: "1868 J. S. MILL in Hansard Commons 12 Mar. 1517/1 It is, perhaps, too complimentary to call them Utopians, they ought rather to be called dys-topians, or caco-topians. What is commonly called Utopian is something too good to be practicable; but what they appear to favour is too bad to be practicable." Other examples given in the OED include:
1952 NEGLEY & PATRICK Quest for Utopia xvii. 298 The Mundus Alter et Idem [of Joseph Hall] is...the opposite of eutopia, the ideal society: it is a dystopia, if it is permissible to coin a word. 1962 C. WALSH From Utopia to Nightmare 11 The 'dystopia' or 'inverted utopia'. Ibid. 12 Stories...that seemed in their dystopian way to be saying something important. Ibid. ii. 27 A strand of utopianism or dystopianism. 1967 Listener 5 Jan. 22 The modern classics Aldous Huxley's Brave New World and George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty Four are dystopias. They describe not a world we should like to live in, but one we must be sure to avoid. 1968 New Scientist 11 July 96/3 It is a pleasant change to read some hope for our future is trevor ingram ... I fear that our real future is more likely to be dystopian.
- ^ http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1868/mar/12/adjourned-debate
- ^ See also Michael S. Roth, "A Dystopia of the Spirit" 230ff., Chap. 15 in Jörn Rüsen, Michael Fehr, and Thomas Rieger, eds., Thinking Utopia, Google Books Preview, n.d., Web, 22 May 2009.
- ^ a b Mary Ellen Snodgrass, Encyclopedia of Utopian Literature, ABC-Clio Literary Companion Ser. (Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio Inc, 1995) xii. ISBN 0-87436-757-3 (10). ISBN 978-0-87436-757-7 (13).
- ^ "Science fiction", Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2009, Web, 22 May 2009.
- ^ William Matter, "On Brave New World" 95, in Eric S. Rabkin, Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander, eds., No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction. ISBN 0-8093-1113-5.
- ^ S. Rabkin, Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander, eds., No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction. ISBN 0-8093-1113-5.
- ^ William Matter, "On Brave New World" 94, in Eric S. Rabkin, Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander, eds., No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction. ISBN 0-8093-1113-5.
- ^ Margaret Atwood, "The Handmaid's Tale", McClelland and Stewart, 1985. ISBN 0-7710-0813-9.
- ^ Gorman Beauchamp, "Zamiatin's We" 70, in Eric S. Rabkin, Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander, eds., No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction. ISBN 0-8093-1113-5.
- ^ "Avatism and Utopia" 4, in Eric S. Rabkin, Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander, eds., No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction.ISBN 0-8093-1113-5.
- ^ Self, W. (2002) p. V of introduction to Hoban, R. (2002)[1980] Riddley Walker. Bloomsbury, London.
- ^ William Steinhoff, "Utopia Reconsidered: Comments on 1984" 153, in Eric S. Rabkin, Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander, eds., No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction. ISBN 0-8093-1113-5.
- ^ William Steinhoff, "Utopia Reconsidered: Comments on 1984" 147, in Eric S. Rabkin, Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander, eds., No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction. ISBN 0-8093-1113-5.
- ^ "Utopia", The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed., 2004, Dictionary.com, Web, 11 Feb. 2007.
- ^ Jane Donawerth, "Genre Blending and the Critical Dystopia", in Dark Horizons: Science Fiction and the Dystopian Imagination, ed. Raffaella Baccolini and Tom Moylan (New York: Routledge, 2003).
- ^ Howard P. Segal, "Vonnegut's Player Piano: An Ambiguous Technological Dystopia," 163 in Eric S. Rabkin, Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander, eds., No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction. ISBN 0-8093-1113-5.
- ^ William Matter, "On Brave New World" 98, in Eric S. Rabkin, Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander, eds., No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction. ISBN 0-8093-1113-5.
- ^ 1984, Part 2, chapter 9
- ^ Stableford, Brian (1993). "Dystopias". In John Clute & Peter Nicholls (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (2nd edition ed.). Orbit, London. pp. 360–362. ISBN 1-85723-124-4.
- ^ http://hem.passagen.se/replikant/dystopia_timeline.htm
- ^ Gorman Beauchamp, "Zamiatin's We" 62–63, in Eric S. Rabkin, Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander, eds., No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction. ISBN 0-8093-1113-5.
- ^ Gorman Beauchamp, "Zamiatin's We" 57, in Eric S. Rabkin, Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander, eds., No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction. ISBN 0-8093-1113-5.
- ^ John Clute and Peter Nicholls, "Dystopia", The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1995) 361. ISBN 0-312-13486-X.
External links[edit]
Look up dystopia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |


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Answer Me This: Office to Evening Styling Tips
Q: How can I take my long, layered look from work to play? — Margeaux C., New York, NY A: Thank you for your question, Margeaux! I've asked Nico Aceves, a top stylist at Bumble & bumble in NYC, for his advice: 1) Take a few minutes to add some body and texture by using a curling iron on the ends of your hair. You'll instantly achieve definition and polish, both of which can help your style last throughout the night. 2) To lay the foundation for an easy transition, wear your hair in a bun during the day after blow drying with Bumble and bumble Curl Conscious Holding Foam. When the end of the day rolls around, let your hair down and massage the roots with your fingertips to restore volume. You'll end up with natural-looking, soft waves. Hope this helps! |
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subset: commoncrawl


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The crashing of glass, a quick call by a suspicious citizen and the rapid response by Willits police led to the prompt capture of a wanted fugitive last week.
When the burglar broke in to Main Street Music at 2:25 a.m. to help himself to an armful of video games he likely did not expect to be nabbed a mere 12 minutes later.
A local resident called police after hearing the crashing glass from the storefront and spotting the perpetrator attempting to make a quick get away. Willits police responded to the area, setting up an impromptu perimeter. The burglar dropped his loot while trying to escape by crawling over a fence.
The Willits police radioed a description of the burglar and called for backup from a nearby Mendocino County Sheriff's canine unit. Just as officers were setting up for the dog to begin tracking the suspect, a Willits officer spotted a suspect matching the burglar's description in a vehicle at the corner of E. Commercial and Marin streets, according to police reports.
After the ensuing traffic stop, the driver, Adam Matthew Kester, 26, of Willits, was discovered to have an outstanding out of state warrant. After Kester was taken into custody, police say the witness positively identified Kester as the burglar.
Kester was arrested on suspicion of being a fugitive from justice and burglary. He remains in custody as of press time June 7. Police believe they recovered all the stolen X-Box games.


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One Direction want TV prank show?
10:29am Wednesday 28th August 2013 in National Entertainment News © Press Association 2013
One Direction are reportedly hoping to launch their own Punk'd style TV show.
Harry Styles and co like the idea of starring in a series which sees them playing tricks on celebrities, reports the Daily Star.
Band member Louis Tomlinson revealed he came up with the idea after watching television show Impractical Jokers.
He said: "We want to do a TV prank show like that new one on BBC Three. It was funny and full of practical jokes.
"We would like to do a show like that and prank celebrities."
The Live While We're Young singers think it should be similar to Jeremy Beadle's prank series Beadle's About, which aired from 1986 to 1996.
One Direction have already had a taste of appearing on screen in their new 3D concert film This Is Us, which premiered in London earlier this month and opens in cinemas on August 29.


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There are known knowns
"There are known knowns" are the best known words of a verbal answer to a question at a US Department of Defense News Briefing made by Donald Rumsfeld while serving as United States Secretary of Defense in February 2002.[1]
" | ... there are known knowns; there are things we know that we know. There are known unknowns; that is to say, there are things that we now know we don't know. But there are also unknown unknowns – there are things we do not know we don't know. |
" |
The above statement was made by Rumsfeld on February 12, 2002 at a press briefing where he addressed the absence of evidence linking the government of Iraq with the supply of weapons of mass destruction to terrorist groups.[1] It was criticised as an abuse of language by, among others, the Plain English Campaign.[2] However, linguist Geoffrey Pullum disagreed, saying the quotation was "completely straightforward" and "impeccable, syntactically, semantically, logically, and rhetorically".[3]
As for the substance of his statement, Rumsfeld's defenders have included Canadian columnist Mark Steyn, who called it "in fact a brilliant distillation of quite a complex matter",[2] and Australian economist and blogger John Quiggin, who wrote, "Although the language may be tortured, the basic point is both valid and important ... Having defended Rumsfeld, I'd point out that the considerations he refers to provide the case for being very cautious in going to war."[4]
His comment earned him the 2003 Foot in Mouth Award.[5]
Italian economists Salvatore Modica and Aldo Rustichini provide an introduction to the economic literature on awareness and unawareness:
" | A subject is certain of something when he knows that thing; he is uncertain when he does not know it, but he knows he does not: he is consciously uncertain. On the other hand, he is unaware of something when he does not know it, and he does not know he does not know [emphasis added], and so on ad infinitum: he does not perceive, does not have in mind, the object of knowledge. The opposite of unawareness is awareness.[6] | " |
Psychoanalytic philosopher Slavoj Žižek extrapolates from these three categories a fourth, the unknown known, that which we intentionally refuse to acknowledge that we know:[7]
" | If Rumsfeld thinks that the main dangers in the confrontation with Iraq were the "unknown unknowns", that is, the threats from Saddam whose nature we cannot even suspect, then the Abu Ghraib scandal shows that the main dangers lie in the "unknown knowns" – the disavowed beliefs, suppositions and obscene practices we pretend not to know about, even though they form the background of our public values. | " |
Žižek also builds the ideas of known unknowns, and unknown knowns, into a lecture on The Reality of the Virtual and a lecture on Architecture and aesthetics.
The term unknown unknowns was in use within the United States aerospace and military communities long before Rumsfeld's quote to the press in 2002. As early as 1969, Fortune magazine ran an article highlighting 'Unk-Unk' as an abbreviation used at Lockheed for 'unknown unknown'.[8] An earlier use of the term in a military context comes from a 1984 paper about warfare:
" | To those things Clausewitz wrote about uncertainty and chance, I would add a few comments on unknown unknowns – those things that a commander doesn't even know he doesn't know. Participants in a war game would describe an unknown unknown as unfair, beyond the ground rules of the game. But real war does not follow ground rules, and I would urge that games be "unfair" by introducing unknown unknowns.[9] | " |
Around the same time, libertarian lawyer Richard Epstein wrote a well known article in the University of Chicago Law Review about the American labor law doctrine of employment at will (the idea that workers can be fired without warning or reason, unless their contract states otherwise). In giving some of his reasons in defense of the contract at will, he wrote this:
" | The contract at will is also a sensible private adaptation to the problem of imperfect information over time. In sharp contrast to the purchase of standard goods, an inspection of the job before acceptance is far less likely to guarantee its quality thereafter. The future is not clearly known. More important, employees, like employers, know what they do not know. They are not faced with a bolt from the blue, with an "unknown unknown". Rather they face a known unknown for which they can plan. The at-will contract is an essential part of that planning because it allows both sides to take a wait-and-see attitude to their relationship so that new and more accurate choices can be made on the strength of improved information.[10] | " |
The expression was used more recently, in 2005, in the context of risk and reliability:
" | NASA space exploration should largely address a problem class in reliability and risk management stemming primarily from human error, system risk and multi-objective trade-off analysis, by conducting research into system complexity, risk characterization and modeling, and system reasoning. In general, in every mission we can distinguish risk in three possible ways: a) known-known, b) known-unknown, and c) unknown-unknown. It is probable, almost certain, that space exploration will partially experience similar known or unknown risks embedded in the Apollo missions, Shuttle or Station unless something alters how NASA will perceive and manage safety and reliability.[11] | " |
In his 2007 book The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable, Nassim Nicholas Taleb tells of a presentation on uncertainty he was requested to give to the United States Department of Defense shortly before Rumsfeld's speech. The core message of the Black Swan is that unknown unknowns are responsible for the greatest societal change.
Rumsfeld used the quote in the title of his autobiography Known and Unknown: A Memoir.
In a 2010 Washington Times interview, Admiral James A. Winnefeld, Jr., commander of the United States Northern Command, said that he was most worried about "the unknown unknowns".[12]
In popular culture[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2013) |
Since Rumsfeld's speech, the full quote and the terms "known knowns" and "unknown unknowns" have appeared in popular culture:
- The title of The Unknown Knowns: A Novel by Jeffrey Rotter is an allusion to the quote, and the full quote appears in the book's inscription
- The quote is featured in the CD recording, The Poetry of Donald Rumsfeld and Other Fresh American Art Songs[13]
- Hart Seely's compilation of quotes by Rumsfeld is entitled Pieces of Intelligence: The Existential Poetry of Donald H. Rumsfeld (2003)
- In The Boondocks animated series, the character Gin Rummy, a representation of Donald Rumsfeld, makes several references to unknown unknowns
- The band No Use for a Name used the entire aforementioned quote in their song Fields of Agony (Acoustic) on the record Rock Against Bush, Vol. 2
- In "Lil' George and Lil' Tony Blair", an episode of Lil' Bush, Lil' Rummy makes a reference to the unknown unknowns
- The Joan Jett song "Riddles" features the full unknown unknowns quote
- Belgian director Johan Grimonprez ends his film essay Double Take with the quote
- Theoretical physicist Lawrence Krauss uses the quote as opening to the second chapter of his book A Universe from Nothing
- In Zero Dark Thirty, the character Dan (played by Jason Clarke) utters the "unknown unknowns" part of the quote during an office meeting.
See also[edit]
- Epistemic modal logic
- Dunning-Kruger effect
- I know that I know nothing
- Ignoramus et ignorabimus
- Ignotum per ignotius
- Johari window
- List of political catch phrases
- Ludic fallacy
- Outside Context Problem
- Relevance paradox
- ^ a b "Defense.gov News Transcript: DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers, United States Department of Defense (defense.gov)".
- ^ a b Steyn, Mark (December 9, 2003). "Rummy speaks the truth, not gobbledygook". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2008-10-30.
- ^ Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2003-12-02). "Language Log: No foot in mouth". Penn: University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2012-04-12.
- ^ Quiggin, John (February 10, 2004). "In Defense of Rumsfeld".
- ^ "Rum remark wins Rumsfeld an award". BBC News. 2 December 2003. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
- ^ Salvatore Modica; Aldo Rustichini (July 1994). "Awareness and partitional information structures". Theory and Decision 37 (1).
- ^ "What Rumsfeld Doesn't Know That He Knows About Abu Ghraib". Retrieved 2009-02-23.
- ^ "Dictionary definition of "unk-unk"". Retrieved 2012-07-11.
- ^ Furlong, Raymond B., Lieutenant General, USAF (Ret.) (August 1984). "Clausewitz and Modern War Gaming: losing can be better than winning". Air & Space Power Journal, Air University Review Archive. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
- ^ Epstein R (1984). "In defense of the contract at will". University of Chicago Law Review 51 (4): 947–975. doi:10.2307/1599554. JSTOR 1599554.
- ^ Maluf DA, Gawdiak YO, Bell DG (3–6 January 2005). "On Space Exploration and Human Error: A paper on reliability and safety". Hawaii International Conference on Systems Science. Hilton Waikoloa Village, HI.
- ^ Gertz, Bill (5 July 2010). "Northcom's new leader boosts focus on Mexico". The Washington Times. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
- ^ "The Poetry of Donald Rumsfeld". stuffedpenguin.com. Retrieved 12 April 2012.


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Exhibit Makes Big One's Risks Tangible
At San Francisco's Exploratorium, a scaled-down model of the city made with Jell-O helps visitors visualize how the city would shake during a major earthquake. In another display, a bowl filled with ... > more -
Meteorologists Are Getting Better at Forecasting
The U.S. experiences more severe storms than any other country in the world. Recent improvements in forecasting technology -- especially in computer simulations have brought five-day weather ... > more -
Meteorologists Describe Little-Known Giant Windstorms
Derechos are elongated, straight-lined windstorms that often have bands of rapidly moving thunderstorms associated with it. These little-known atmospheric phenomena often stretch for hundred of miles ... > more -
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Three severe hurricanes hit the U.S. in 2005. Weather forecasters now hope to reduce the loss of lives caused by hurricanes with better computer modeling. With more precise predictions of a storm's ... > more -
Meteorologists, Wind Engineers Standardize Fujita Scale
The Fujita Scale rates tornadoes based on the damage inflicted upon buildings, so accurate rating requires knowing how resistant buildings were in the first place. Starting February 2007, the ... > more -
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To study lightning, scientists use rockets connected to the ground by wires. They fire the rockets into clouds, triggering electrical discharges, and storing their power. They have found that ... > more
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Jeff Gillman, the author ofThe Truth About Gardening Remedies, has been debunking garden myths for years. We asked him about cardboard gardening, and here's what he had to say.
Are there concerns about using cardboard in the garden? The biggest problem with cardboard is that it will break down pretty rapidly. Directly in the compost pile, it will only last a couple of weeks. In the garden, it breaks down a little more slowly. So keep in mind that it probably won't last longer than a growing season.
Do you have to worry about formaldehyde in the glue used with cardboard? You really don't. The formaldehyde is at such a low level that it really shouldn't do anything. Furthermore, as time goes on the amount of formaldehyde will decrease.
Is it OK to grow veggies in cardboard? Yes, though do be aware of what the cardboard held before you use it. If it was used for shipping industrial chemicals, for example, it might be best to avoid it. But in general, cardboard should be fine.
Is it OK to leave cardboard in the garden to break down on its own? Yes. Cardboard is really nothing more than ground and processed trees, and so it returns to the ground the same as any wood mulch would.
If you're looking to start using cardboard in your own garden, keep these tips in mind to stay on the right track:
1. Before:Inspect the cardboard and make sure it hasn't been contaminated with anything that might have been shipped in it. Also, if you're using it as a container, reinforce any weak areas.
2. During: If you're growing plants in the cardboard, water directly in the center to avoid drenching and weakening the sides. If using it as a mulch or weed barrier, keep it watered to aid in breakdown.
3. After: Leave the cardboard in the garden, letting it break down naturally. Or if you'd like, move it to your compost bin at the end of the season.


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Richard Petrone and Danielle Imbo haven't been seen or heard from since February 19, 2005. Friends and family say they would never have left their kids behind. Police believe they may be in danger.»The Full Story
AMW is easy! Simply type the first name, last name or "moniker" of the person or case you are looking for and the search box will retrieve a list of all the cases in our system. Wait for the drop down box to appear with a list of possible matches and select the name of the case that you were looking for and click GO. You must type in a minimum of 4 letters.


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If you think your legs are ugly because of unsightly varicose veins, stretch marks, fat knees or cellulite, Dr. Oz has the solutions you've been waiting for! Learn how you can transform your legs from gross to gorgeous.
View Part 1 of How to Fix Ugly Legs.
View Part 3 of How to Fix Ugly Legs.


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John Francis Daley
Full name: John Francis Daley
Date of birth: July 20, 1985
Hometown: Wheeling, Illinois
Bet you didn't know… John plays keyboard, sings, and writes music for Dayplayer, his band that appeared in the Season 4 finale of Bones.
We will always miss Sam Weir from Freaks and Geeks, but we're glad John Francis Daley joined the Bones team in 2007 as Dr. Lance Sweets. John began his career touring in The Who's Tommy when he was 9. In the years between Freaks and Geeks and Bones, John appeared in The Geena Davis Show, Kitchen Confidential, and Boston Public.
John was born in Wheeling, Illinois, but he grew up in suburban New York while his father acted on Broadway. Because he was constantly working on TV shows, he went to school on sets and never attended a real high school.
A man of many talents, John has a black belt in kung fu; plays keyboard and sings in a band called Dayplayer; and is working on several movies with his writing partner, Jonathan Goldstein, including a biopic about Dennis Lambert for Steve Carell. John's writing talents are currently in high demand, and his upcoming films Burt Wonderstone and Horrible Bosses are getting a lot of attention. We predict this young actor/writer will have conquered Hollywood by the time he's 30.
Ladies, prepare your ovaries. Our favorite sexy psychologist is getting naked on Bones Season 8. Yep, Sweets (John Francis Daley) is bearing all, and… more »
We reported that Bones Season 8 commenced filming on July 30, 2012 and much fanfare ensued — in fact, we're… more »
We'd like to start this out with an apology. This poll should have gone online hours ago, but we were rendered temporarily blind as a result of seeing this photograph of … more »
Emily Deschanel and David Boreanaz Explain The Bones Sex Scene That Never Was
David Boreanaz and Emily Deschanel reveal their thoughts on the Bones' producers decision to… more »
We've had a huge crush on Bones's John Francis Daley (Sweets) since his days on Freaks and Geeks (sigh, memories!), but our obsession tripled after we learned… more »
All is not well on the romance front when Bones Season 7 returns this Spring!
First, we heard that Angela (Michaela Conlin) will strike up a flirtation… more »


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OLYMPICS: His best 110 strokes yet (From The Wiltshire Gazette and Herald)
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OLYMPICS: His best 110 strokes yet
6:00am Sunday 19th August 2012 in All the highlights of our Wiltshire Olympians By Dan Barnes
PUT simply, Ed McKeever experienced one of the greatest days of his life on Saturday.
The Bradford on Avon kayak king made years of experience bear fruit and refused to sink under the weight of expectation as he left the competition in his wake while ruthlessly storming to an Olympic gold medal in the K1 200m final at London 2012.
The 28-year-old, who has been dubbed 'the Usain Bolt of canoe sprint', was imperious as he led the pack and powered over the line, just as he had done in the heats and semi-finals a day previous.
McKeever, whose love affair with the water began at Bradford on Avon Canoe Club, lifted one fist in the air before slamming it into the surface of Dorney Lake, sending the home crowd into raptures, as he crossed the line to become a national hero.
The softly-spoken Team GB star admits that the limelight that comes with becoming an Olympic champion is something that he wasn't quite prepared for.
"It's all quite difficult to describe. I don't think that it's started to sink in yet," said McKeever, who needed 110 strokes to join Team GB's elite group of gold medal heroes, told the Wiltshire Times.
"Going to the Olympics, on the whole, was a pretty inspiring experience but to be able to go there and win a medal is fantastic, especially in such a growing sport.
"I don't remember much of the race itself – I've watched it a few times on television since but at the time I was just concentrating on trying to get a great start and luckily, I managed to do that.
"I wasn't nervous (beforehand), just excited like a kid at Christmas who wants to get up and open his presents, and presents don't come much better than the gold medal.
"A lot of people have told me that the race was a great spectacle and that's really nice to hear.
"It is hard to get used to everyone being interested in you but I did try to prepare for it because I thought I'd have a chance of doing well."
Canoe sprint's golden boy added: "Everything after the race has all been a bit bizarre – it's the little things like being in the athletes' village and having other athletes that have won gold medals coming up to talk to you.
"I had Matthew Pinsent come to congratulate me at the evening party after I won and it's great to meet people like that.
"(Prime Minister) David Cameron was also at the race and it's nice to see someone as important as that supporting our sport.
"I definitely think it was one of the best days of my life and it'll leave a lasting impression."
Comments are closed on this article.


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HSBC Holdings plc, the parent company of the HSBC Group, is headquartered in London. The Group serves customers worldwide from around 8,000 offices in 88 countries and territories in Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, the Americas, the Middle East and Africa. With assets of US$2,364 billion at 31 December 2009, HSBC is one of the world's largest banking and financial services organisations. HSBC is marketed worldwide as 'the world's local bank'. • Official web site |
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Accenture is a global management consulting, technology services and outsourcing company, with approximately 261,000 people serving clients in more than 120 countries. Combining unparalleled experience, comprehensive capabilities across all industries and business functions, and extensive research on the world's most successful companies, Accenture collaborates with clients to help them become high-performance businesses and governments. The company generated net revenues of US$27.9 billion for the fiscal year ended Aug. 31, 2012. • Official web site |
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Dolce Vita
Jordinna Charleston Lace Spaghetti Strap Dress
Dolce Vita exudes a hip and trendy vibe inspired by Southern California's most stylish and in-the-know trendsetters. The collection exudes effortless cool and Dolce Vita is always on the pulse of the hottest new trends; setting many of their own. In Dolce Vita shoes, you'll always be wearing the most spectacular styles in the hottest colors and silhouettes.
- Self: 100% cotton
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Lining: 100% poly - Neckline to hem measures approx 29" in length
- Fully lined
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- Lace overlay
- Styled with Sam Edelman Alina Heel in Black.
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- Styled with Luv AJ The Plain Ring Tall (Set of 4) in Brushed Gold.
- Modeled in size S. See fit guide for model's dimensions.
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Review of the Day
Aaron Humphreys
Higham Ferrers, GB
We highly recommend Marlows - perfect diamond and 5* service
We were looking for an engagement ring after getting engaged in Hong Kong so set off to the jewellery quarter. Upon arrival we were overwhelmed with the number of shops and the huge selection of rings on offer - we just didn't know where to start!
After looking through some scruffy looking shop windows we finally found Marlow's at ...


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Zawahiri, Ayman al-
The latest news on Zawahiri, Ayman al-
Former Bush staffer calls Obama's drone policy dangerous.
Today—six weeks after it all began—the polls are open and Pennsylvania voters finally get a chance to choose between the two bickering Democratic candidates. Hillary Clinton was the early favorite in the Keystone State, but since the campaigning in Pennsylvania, polls show Barack Obama has chiseled into her lead.
New report shows al Qaeda supporters concerned about Iran and civilian killings.
New Jersey has become the first state in four decades to outlaw the death penalty, causing celebration among many in the state who are against it. The state Assembly voted 44-36 on legislation to replace the practice with life in prison. Democratic Gov. Jon S. Corzine said he will sign the bill.


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Flu facts
From the Logan County Department of Public Health
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[October 10, 2013] During flu seasons, many people share confusion as to whether one can get the flu from receiving the flu shot. A flu shot CANNOT cause flu illness. The flu viruses in a flu shot are inactivated (killed), which means they cannot cause infection.
The hours for vaccines at the Logan County Department of Public Health, 109 Third St., are Monday through Thursday, 7:30 a.m. until 4 p.m. No appointment is required.
The cost of the seasonal flu shot is $27 for adults and children who have health insurance that covers vaccines, $23.75 for children 6 months through 18 years of age who have no health insurance or health insurance that doesn't cover vaccines, and free to those with a Medicaid or Medicare card.
For more information on the seasonal influenza vaccine, call the health department at 217-735-2317.
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For more information, visit www.flu.gov and www.lcdph.org.
[Text from file received from the Logan County Department of Public Health]
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text: Bring a beautiful new look to your bedroom decor with the Laviano California King Comforter Set by Croscill Bedding. A beautiful traditional bedding ensemble, the Laviano bedding collection by Croscill Bedding brings a timeless look of elegance to your bedroom decor. The Croscill Laviano bedding collection features a medallion damask motif in tan and chocolate on an aqua ground, accented with coordinating solids and patterned fabrics for a luxurious look. The Croscill Laviano California King Comforter Set Includes: One Comforter, Two King Shams, One Bedskirt.


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"A God is thinkable, therefore a God is also actually present."
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Other Moses Mendelssohn Quotes
Socrates didn't care to visit the theater, as a rule, except when the plays of Euripides (which some think, he himself had helped to compose), were performed.
Moses Mendelssohn
62% of people like this quote
Revealed religion is one thing, revealed legislation, another.
Moses Mendelssohn
59% of people like this quote
Socrates' fame spread all over Greece, and the most respected and educated men from all around came to him, in order to enjoy his friendly company and instruction.
Moses Mendelssohn
58% of people like this quote


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Check out the Alice in Wonderland trailers and clips at AWNtv! [1]
Bill Desowitz: Do you still maintain that Alice is like Who Framed Roger Rabbit [4]?
Ken Ralston: Yeah, it's the only movie I can compare it to in terms of creating an entire world with a lot of technology and a lot of animation and the scale of it all and whatever it takes to make that believable. This seems a lot harder. But, it's as similar as it gets.
BD: And Tim and the producers relied on you to help them understand how it would all look in the end?
KR: Yeah, definitely, that's true. And I'm glad it all worked out. And it was nice to have that trust because what was in front of them was something that and seemed impossible to do. At times it seemed that way to me. But it was pretty crazy on the shoot, especially how fast we were going and how quickly you had to make decisions on your feet, which I like doing. And then in post, too, you have those moments -- especially in the world of CG but on any animation project -- where no one's seeing anything as fast as they want to see it. When you hit those moments, you get the phone calls and you have to calm them down and tell them to have faith. It was pretty craze for Tim Burton, too. He was there working with the animators every day and seeing everything we were doing and we had a very close relationship on this show. It was a very exciting experience for me: I had a lot of creative leeway within his vision to get things going and light things and create environments.
KR: I think in its own weird way, it's just how interesting it looks to take our greenscreen elements of the actors and finding [creative] ways to put them into these environments that feel, in their strangeness, relatively real, and all the design elements that we can come up with in these shots to enhance the believability. And you forget about it after a while. And it doesn't take long: it starts to feel consistent. There's a continuity to the vision and just making that all work. To me, that's the breakthrough, because it takes so many different tricks and so many different techniques and it's not just about one thing. There are a lot of talented folks taking all that they have at their disposal and going for it.
BD: You've never attempted anything quite like this at Sony before, have you?
KR: I've never done anything like this. It's really a hodgepodge of tricks, basically, and not just haphazardly thrown in. Everything is designed very specifically, and as we started to figure out what all the different characters were and what we could do to make them interesting and maintain as much of our actors in the shots as we could, we wanted to blend them into this CG world. And with our animated characters, we walked a tightrope to keep it feeling like it's all happening immediately.
BD: And you had such a great assortment of iconic characters to animate, including the White Rabbit, the Cheshire Cat, the Blue Caterpillar, the Bandersnatch and the Jabberwocky. What was it like figuring out how cartoony or not to go with them?
BD: And it's all about scale and perspective. What was that like?
KR: We wanted to make it matter of fact when she falls into this world and changes size. And making it believable the way she relates to these characters. And the Tweedles, which are half-animated, with Matt Lucas' face sort of put in there. What do we do to make that work? I like how we shot it, too, to keep the energy working between all the actors so we weren't shooting separate elements [all the time]. I hate breaking things up.
BD: How did you handle enlarging the heads?
KR: We shot large heads with a 4K camera [the Dalsa Evolution] so we had a high-resolution image to blow stuff up and not lose quality, like VistaVision in the old days. It gave us the opportunity to enlarge Helena Bonham Carter's head, enlarge Mia [Wasikowska's] when she's eight-and-a-half feet tall. Depending on what scale the Tweedles were, we had to enlarge Matt's face on some of the wide shots.
BD: Any noteworthy R&D?
BD: And did you use the Arnold [8] renderer?
KR: Yes, we did. As terrifying as that was at the start, we created a lot of breakthroughs with that and I'm very happy with [the results]. As difficult as some of the issues were with rendering times and image quality because of the immense size of some of the shots we did, I love lighting with it. I really enjoyed it much more than anything else I used. It's much more intuitive in a weird way. And right out of the box, you could get something that looked a little bit more organic, which was key to this film.
BD: The execution scene is pretty complicated. How did that come together?
KR: Well, it's sort of what the whole movie looked like at one point. We shot our principals: Helena, Johnny, Crispin [Glover]. And green everywhere, and no extras. All we had were a couple of stand-in people in green to let you know where they would be. We had voice talent in green up on the podium basically they're up on the balcony with the Red Queen. They're the group that's always following her around, but we hadn't quite figured out who they were or what they looked like yet. Our voice talent did the dialogue, and, of course, we're doing the CG environment that's surrounding everybody, as we're trying to find ways to blend stuff in a nice way. The CG animals were all going to be animated in here. Late in the game, Tim came up with the idea that we needed to sprinkle in more of our animals in here because they're really the ones who've been enslaved and they really want to come forward when the Red Queen's getting hers. It added a lot to the moment.
So, we shoot all of that material and enlarging the Red Queen's head; and we're putting an animated body on Stayn [Glover] -- it looks like his body but thinner and more distorted than normal; all the simulated cloth work; and also creating steam or smoke coming out the hole where obviously the head's fallen into. Then we go back a month later and replicate every angle with all of our extras and re-doing all that stuff, lighting the whole thing in six days. And then I came up with a system that seemed to work out very well to simplify the hell out of all these extras because they're everywhere. So it was a matter of just coming up with basic angles and a couple of different angles and blasting through when we got everyone set up to cover many shots per setup; and in the end just putting it all together with all the pieces necessary. It was quite an undertaking. And Rob Stromberg [9] [the production designer] came back and did a lot of matte paintings for the show and he had some of his guys doing the matte paintings that surround that CG environment. It's pretty cool.
KR: Well, the main decision was based on creative flexibility. The time frame was insane, and the tests we did with real 3-D was kind of funky, so by doing it with this conversion idea with CG backgrounds and 3-D, it was a lot more flexible than I had anticipated. And I got a lot more out of being able to get into this stuff and bust up this stuff with Tim. We really had a lot more artistic fun in how we played it. It might've locked us into stuff if we had just done the two-camera thing from the start. We had to shoot a lot of it 2-D anyway because of the Dalsa camera and the Red Queen scale stuff. That was only one camera, so it kept leading us down certain paths and we took the best idea at the time. It worked fine.
Bill Desowitz is senior editor of AWN & VFXWorld.
[1] http://www.awntv.com/playlist/alice-in-wonderland-playlist
[2] http://www.awn.com/articles/people/burton-applies-light-cg-touch-ibig-fishi
[3] http://www.awn.com/articles/people/osher-and-minghella-talk-new-sony-digital-roadmap
[4] http://www.awn.com/articles/reviews/iroger-rabbiti-turns-20
[5] http://www.awn.com/articles/production/ithe-polar-expressi-diary-part-3-mocapanim-process
[6] http://www.awn.com/articles/profiles/harryhausen-returns-discuss-ian-animated-lifei
[7] http://www.awn.com/articles/production/ihancocki-cuff-vfx
[8] http://www.awn.com/articles/3d/tech-talk-sonys-rob-bredow
[9] http://www.awn.com/news/short-films/backstage-oscars
[10] http://www.awn.com/articles/visual-effects/avatar-game-changer


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Home > T-Shirts & Apparel > Women's Tops, Tanks & Babydolls >
Book Was Better, The Babydoll
I see the assassins have failed. babydoll
Caffeine Babydoll Tee
Show Your Work Babydoll
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Geeks interacting.
Wendy asks if she's shameless...
Enough Social Interaction
Babydoll of Ultimate Disambiguation
Kill You With My Brain Babydoll
meh Babydoll
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2205 State Ave., Alamosa, CO 81101 • Ph: 719-589-2553 • Fax: 719-589-6573
Current E-Edition
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National Guard Readiness Center open
Posted: Friday, Dec 6th, 2013
ALAMOSA -- "We want to become integrated within the community," Maj. Gen. H. Michael Edwards said during the ribbon cutting ceremony for the Colorado National Guard Alamosa Readiness Center on Friday.
ASU trustees named
Posted: Friday, Dec 6th, 2013
DENVER --Gov. John Hickenlooper on Friday announced appointments to the Board of Trustees for Adams State University.
Council vacancy generates interest
Posted: Friday, Dec 6th, 2013
ALAMOSA -- Alamosa city council has a vacancy, and several folks are interested including two councilors who just went off the council this week.
Ski Hi 6 reopens after flood
Posted: Friday, Dec 6th, 2013
Courier editor
ALAMOSA -- San Luis Valley residents and visitors can come out to the movies this weekend, as Ski Hi 6 Movie Theatre is open again for business.
Opinions heard on resort
Posted: Friday, Dec 6th, 2013
Courier editor
ALAMOSA -- Alamosa Councilman Greg Gillaspie said he had not received as many comments on any other subject as he had on the proposed Alamosa RV Resort.
Included in the council packet for the December 4 agenda item were more than 35 emails voicing opinions or sharing information about the project, and Alamosa City Manager Heather Brooks told
RV resort one step closer
Posted: Friday, Dec 6th, 2013
Courier editor
ALAMOSA -- After a nearly two-hour public hearing Wednesday night, a newly seated Alamosa city council unanimously voted to direct city staff to continue annexation and land exchange negotiations with Alamosa RV Resort developer Dan Russell.
Specifically, city staff will work with Russell on a buffer zone between the development and public trails/river corridor, firm up an annexation
Mayor Rogers honored for years of service
Posted: Friday, Dec 6th, 2013
Courier editor
ALAMOSA -- Alamosa's first female Mayor Kathy Rogers left office Wednesday night after receiving accolades and a standing ovation.
Josef Lucero, who has been serving as an at-large councilman, assumed the duties of newly elected mayor. Rogers had decided earlier this fall not to seek re-election.
Power outage affects over 5,000 customers
Posted: Friday, Dec 6th, 2013
ALAMOSA/CONEJOS COUNTY -- A 56 minute power outage on Thursday affected about 5,200 Xcel Energy customers during the lunch hour, and the cause of the disturbance is still unknown.
Customers in Alamosa, La Jara and Mosca lost power at 11:21 a.m. yesterday, according to an Xcel Energy press release. Some customers were back online at 12:04 p.m., and the total outage
Ski Hi 6 Theatre to reopen Friday
Posted: Friday, Dec 6th, 2013
ALAMOSA, After a devastating flood caused by broken water lines early Thanksgiving morning, Ski Hi 6 Theatre will reopen tonight (Friday, Dec. 6).
Currently showing are: "Frozen" (5:30, 8), "HomeFront" (5:40, 8:10), "The Best Man Holiday" (5:20, 8:30), "Thor" (5:35, 8:10), "Delivery Man" (5:40, 8:15), "Last Vegas" (5:40, 8:15). For show updates, call 589-4471.
Marshals seek help in locating fugitive
Posted: Thursday, Dec 5th, 2013
PUEBLO, The U.S. Marshals Service Colorado Violent Offender Task Force and the Pueblo County Sheriff's Office are seeking the assistance of the public to help locate an extremely violent fugitive. The Pueblo County Sheriff's Office has issued felony warrants for the arrest of Harry Carl Mapps for charges of identity theft and forgery. Mapps is also the prime suspect in
First December storm to hit SLV today
Posted: Wednesday, Dec 4th, 2013
VALLEY, As winter weather returns to the state, Colorado Department of Transportation maintenance crews are again readying equipment and schedules for round-the-clock storm patrol shifts.
Forecasters with the Colorado Avalanche Information Center are predicting up to a foot and a half of snowfall, in some areas a bit less, by Tuesday night and as much as 36 inches total by
Building sale enables school technology
Posted: Wednesday, Dec 4th, 2013
Courier staff writer
ALAMOSA -- Ortega Middle School (OMS) and Alamosa High School (AHS) students will see new technologies soon courtesy of the Alamosa School District's (ASD) sale of the former Open High School earlier this year.
The ASD District Accountability Committee (DAC) Chairwoman Sophia Avila told the Alamosa Board of Education (ABOE) on Monday night during its regular meeting the
School board seeks to improve transparency
Posted: Wednesday, Dec 4th, 2013
Courier staff writer
ALAMOSA -- Allegations of secret activity have the Alamosa Board of Education (ABOE) reconsidering its public participation policies.
For almost a decade, the ABOE has only permitted public comments and questions regarding specific items on the agenda because of a past personnel issue. The policy has come under scrutiny over the past few months due to the Polston
Judge denies dismissal of ASU explosives case
Posted: Tuesday, Dec 3rd, 2013
ALAMOSA -- Alamosa County Judge Daniel Walzl denied a motion to dismiss presented by attorneys representing Kenan Bussen, 21, the man charged in connection with a suspected explosive device discovered on the Adams State University campus in October.
Bussen's attorney, Joshua Lake, argued that the charges were improperly filed and lacked specificity as to the type of device in question,
Shoppelocal.biz launched Monday
Posted: Tuesday, Dec 3rd, 2013
ALAMOSA, Months of planning and implementation came to fruition Monday with the launch of shoppelocal.biz, a directory of local businesses in all San Luis Valley towns, created for the Valley Courier by its parent company News Media Corporation.
"Shoppe™ is designed to help people in our town(s) find local businesses," said Keith R. Cerny, Courier publisher. "We acknowledge that there
Zoning makes way for lodge expansion
Posted: Tuesday, Dec 3rd, 2013
Courier staff writer
ALAMOSA COUNTY -- A zoning change will allow the Great Sand Dunes Lodge to expand to accommodate the growing Alamosa County tourism industry.
Earlier this month, the Alamosa County Commissioners (ACC) approved a long overdue zoning change for the nine-acre parcel located at the gates to the Great Sand Dunes National Park. What has been operating as
Future water leaders arise from education
Posted: Friday, Nov 29th, 2013
Courier staff writer
VALLEY -- Colorado youth are tomorrow's water leaders, and in the Valley they are getting a head start.
Natural resource education opportunities are abundant between the Sangre de Cristos and the San Juans, and teachers are connecting their students to one of the Valley's most priceless resources - water - through Colorado Academic Standards approved lessons in
School gives rules for stadium use
Posted: Friday, Nov 29th, 2013
Courier staff writer
ALAMOSA -- As promised, the Alamosa High School (AHS) stadium welcomes the public to come out to play.
Last week, the Alamosa Board of Education (ABOE) hashed out the basic rules and regulations for stadium use, which are asking the community to treat the $5 million taxpayer funded stadium with respect.
"It's like using the playground at
Theater floods on Thanksgiving
Posted: Friday, Nov 29th, 2013
ALAMOSA -- Holiday movie goers will be disappointed to learn that Ski Hi 6 Movie Theatre is closed indefinitely to recover from an early morning Thanksgiving Day flood caused by two broken water lines in the fire suppression system in the upper floor of the building west of Alamosa.
Leaks developed in two ceiling water lines in an upstairs storage
Motions heard in double murder
Posted: Friday, Nov 29th, 2013
DEL NORTE -- A motion for change of venue has been filed by attorneys for Daniel M. Bessey, 43, who has been in the Rio Grande County Jail since January.
Bessey's trial on an array of charges including two counts of first-degree murder has been set for 8 a.m. each day from Feb. 10 to 28.
Sarah Janay Beasley, 29,
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Our Certificate Programs and Art & Design Studios focus on providing adult men and women with significant options to expand personal and professional development in Moore's dynamic environment. Project-based learning in a select group of especially rewarding fields develops essential skills and fosters the re-envisioning of life and career goals.
To learn more, check out the menu links listed under Continuing Education and contact us at 215.965.4030, email@example.com or request a catalog.
For course descriptions and schedules, use the catalog links below:


text:
October 12th, 2011: You know how Matt and David and I are reading almost 2000 stories for Machine of Death 2? David made a gorgeous print of all of the titles of these stories, sized by frequency. It is amazing. To make sure the best gifts ever in time get to you when you want them, here are the HOLIDAY SHIPPING DEADLINES. Orders placed before these dates will get to you in time for Christmas! One year ago today: Mr. How Come I Can't Nominate Myself, Nobody Knows My Accomplishments Better Is The Thing – Ryan
December 5th: All shipping methods except U.S.P.S. First-Class Package International Service� are safe.
December 6th: International orders made not selecting U.S.P.S. Priority Mail Express International� shipping will likely arrive in January.
December 11th: USPS FIRST CLASS and STANDARD may not make it in time and neither will USPS EXPRESS MAIL INTERNATIONAL.
December 16th: ALMOST NOTHING IS SAFE. USPS EXPRESS is the only safe USPS option.
December 19th: A CHRISTMAS MIRACLE (IF THINGS PLACED ON OR AFTER THIS DATE ARRIVE BY THE 24TH, THAT IS)


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Log in to make the most of Hymnary.org collections.
Though I may speak with bravest fireAuthor: Hal H. Hopson (1972)Tune: O WALY WALY Published in 18 hymnals Printable scores: MusicXMLAudio files: MIDI, Recording | ||
1 Though I may speak with bravest fire,
And have the gift to all inspire,
And have not love, my words are vain,
As sounding brass, and hopeless gain.
2 Though I may give all I possess,
And striving so my love profess,
But not be given by love within,
The profit soon turns strangely thin.
3 Come, Spirit, come, our hearts control,
Our spirits long to be made whole.
Let inward love guide every deed;
By this we worship, and are freed.
First Line: | Though I may speak with bravest fire |
Title: | The Gift of Love |
Author: | Hal H. Hopson (1972) |
Meter: | 126.96.36.199 |
Copyright: | Copyright © 1972 by Hope Publishing Company, Carol Stream, IL 60188. International copyright secured. All rights reserved. Used by permission. |


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Perdomo Habano Robusto Reviews [view details]
Give us YOUR review!Showing 1 through 10 of 16 reviews
"Regarding previous review"
My previous review was meant for the Perdomo Habano Robusto Connecticut, not Maduro.
Stefan in City by the Bay October 21, 2013
"Good burn"
Very good burn but I found the 10th Anniversary Champagne more flavorful even though it's listed as a medium. Could also be that I dried it out.
Stefan in City by the Bay October 6, 2013
"Good Stick!"
A good maduro with hints of leather, spice and premium tobacco. Draw, burn, taste etc. was perfect with no issues. If you're a maduro lover give this one a try.
Anthony in California September 24, 2013
"On the Fence"
I had one of these at my local smoke shop today and I am not sure about it. The burn was a little uneven had to correct it a few times but well constructed in terms of the ash holding up well. I am on the fence because at the beginning it over powers you with the pepper flavor which I'm not a fan of and I prefer the full boldness of the stick it did start to mellow out pepper wise on the 2nd third. I was recommend trying it but I wouldn't jump and buy a box. I have one more in my humidor that has been aging for a while, that I will have to try again before I say if I like it or not.
Paul in Boston June 3, 2013
"Great stick!"
This is currently my favorite of the sticks I have in my humi. This Perdomo has it all, great, even burn, excellent construction, and delicious, complex flavor! I will definitely be ordering more! Soon!
Josh in Arkansas October 21, 2011
"My New Favorite"
My first experience with a corojo. I am very impressed. Being a Perdomo fan already, this smoke did not disappoint! Great value, great taste.
JohnnyB in Laurel, MS September 27, 2011
"Very nice!"
Surprisingly flavorful smoke. I received a five pack and smoked one right away. Gorgeous appearance. Pre-light aroma was sort of earthy with notes of chocolate. The smoke itself was thick and spicy. Will order more of these.
T in Ohio July 23, 2011
"Never Disappoints"
This is one of my go to sticks...it never disappoints and great price per stick.
Rod in Pennsylvania May 7, 2011
"One good cigar!"
Sweet and Peppery and Strong. Consistent all the way through to the nub. These are very much like Lot 23 only stronger. A classic smoke for the Maduro lover. One of the best cigars I have smoked in a long time! The only thing I missed was a little note of coffee.
Edward in Michigan December 3, 2010
I was paging thru my Famous catalog and the band cought my eye. The burn was perfect, consistancy was good on a 5 pk the draw is very good I like the dark oily madura cigars and the Perdomo did not disappoint me. The taste was sweet and smooth hard to believe this was a full body cigar. The construction was seemless with that nice oily madura wrap. What really impressed me is I was out surf fishing in 20 mph winds and this cigar held up to the force of nature. I will buy them again. It will be interesting to see how the other 5 turn out after a couple of weeks in the humidore
Lee in Philadelphia, Pa. May 23, 2010


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Hi Everyone
Well it has certainly been busy here! Robert and Tim have finished the weeding, mowing and whippersnipping. The vineyard looks lovely. We will be looking forward to seeing you over January. We are open everyday this month between 12 noon and 3pm.
We have a lovely range of wines to taste over this month. We are going to open the Shiraz 04 for tasting. We are also having a special on the 07 Pinot Noir at $12.00 a bottle.
We have had a great year for winning awards this year. I will put an update on our site, but our 2010 Shiraz winning the the top gold in its class in the National Wine Show and the Trophy for Best Wine in the Geelong Wine Show was pretty impressive. Our Pinot Noir 2010 also medalled in the Royal Melbourne Show against some pretty tough opposition. I think this wine is going to be a real winner with a little more time in the bottle. It will be worth keeping your eye on this one!
Don't forget that you can order through our website any time and we can give you free delivery, unless you live on top of Uluru or somewhere else remote.
Anyway, have a peaceful and safe Christmas.
Kind Regards


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FSF Publishes New Quick Guide on GPLv3
The quick guide gives a short and understandable explanation of the objectives of version 3 of the GPL; recent discussions on GPLv3 had caused many developers to forget the generic purpose of the license – guaranteeing the freedom of software development.
The document briefly recapitulates what the General Public License (GPL) aims to achieve. The author goes on to explain the changes between versions 2 and 3 of the GPL, and the motivations behind the changes citing three threats to freedom. One of them is tivoization, named after the Tivo digital video recorder that contains GPL'd software but prevents users from modifying the GPL programs by validating a digital signature. The other two threats that led to changes in the GPL are Digital Rights Management and Microsoft's patent covenenant. The author also refers to interfaces to other licenses. The author of the Quick Guide, Brett Smith from the Free Software Foundation (FSF), has posted the guide on the FSF announce mailing list.
The changes introduced by GPLv3 include new compatibilities to other licenses, as shown by the graphic from the Quick Guide.
The Open Source community can view the text as an impetus to understand the GPL as an opportunity rather than a bone of contention or a threat. Brett's short, informal announcement closes with the words: "We hope this serves as a useful resource for developers considering adopting GPLv3 for their own projects." Shortly afterwards a senior Red Hat developer commented: "Excellent job, Brett."
The guide is available online, or as a PDF document, and as a zipped tarball in text only format. According to GNU's Who Brett Smith has been with the Free Software Foundation since 2002, and has worked as the Chief Webmaster and Shipping Manager, before becoming the "licensing guru" at the FSF's licensing and compliance lab which provides "the public with a "knowledge infrastructure" surrounding the GNU GPL and free software licensing, and enforcing the license on FSF-copyrighted software."
Issue 159/2014
Buy this issue as a PDF
Digital Issue: Price $9.99
(incl. VAT)
Tag Cloud
Valve Announces SteamOS Beta
New Linux distro is optimzed for gaming..
Fedora 20 Released
Latest version includes improved security, virtualization, and remote control.
New Mint Minted
Version 16 of the popular Linux desktop reveals new tools, edge-snapping, and performance improvements.
New Worm Attacks Linux Devices
Symantec says Linux-Darlloz burrows in through PHP.
Project Sputnik Gets a Boost
Dell renews its quest for the ultimate developer machine.
Sneaky New Linux Attack Discovered in the Wild
Innovative back door looks like normal SSH traffic.
CeBIT Call for Papers
One of CeBITs most successful forums opens the new year with a new name. The popular Open Source Forum continues in 2014 under the name Special Conference: Open Source. This year, the forum will be bigger and offer a wider range of possibilities for sponsors.
Linus Announces Linux Kernel 3.12
New release offers better graphics drivers and expands filesystem support.
Dark Alliance Reinvents Email Security
New mail protocol will shut out the NSA and prevent snooping on metadata.
DDos Attack Map Charts Denial of Service
A new web application helps users visualize distributed denial-of-service attacks.


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Read what other Viator.com travelers think about the Phillip Island Penguin Small Group Eco Tour from Melbourne. What they loved, what they liked and what they think could be improved, it's all here to help you make the most of your next trip.
Click here for tour details, schedule and pricing
Great fun and variety on this trip.
The penguins are worth the trip by themselves. The tour was very well organized, guide very pleasant. Wine testing and koala sanctuary was nice as well.
This was an EXCELLENT tour and I would highly recommend it. It was such a nice selection of things to do for a day, I loved the variety. We started off by visiting a chocolate factory, where you can win FREE chocolate! Then a visit to a koala sanctuary, where we got to see several koalas up close in the trees, which was much better than the zoo. Next stop was a visit to a vineyard where we sat outside for delicious cheese and wine tasting, followed by a stop to the Nobbies. Finally, the absolute highlight of the day was the penguin parade. A few people had said to me that they didn't think the penguin parade was very good as it was too dark and you couldn't get very close, but we paid a few extra bucks for the Penguin Plus option, which was absolutely worth it (you also get a free souvenir book and drink with this option too). We saw the penguins really close as they came up the beach in their groups, then could follow them closely as we walked alongside them on the boardwalk as they made their way up in to the sand dunes. Even if you don't get the Penguin Plus option, you can still follow the penguins along the boardwalk, even if you can't see them on the beach. I would highly rate this tour to anyone thinking about doing it. It was such a wonderful, varied and well-planned day, it absolutely was the highlight of my Australia holiday.
This is a once in a lifetime experience and is fantastic. We paid for the private penguin parade and it was clearly far better than the standard or penguin plus packages (although they would have been very enjoyable too). The private parade gives you a guide ranger who tells you all about the penguins and can answer any questions you throw at them and you also get front row seats and binoculars to use. Well worth the extra money!
Definitely worth the extra money for the private tour. Fantastic day, great tour, great tour guide (Joel). Will be coming back again (hopefully in the very near future) for some more fantastic tours with your company
Great tour with go west . Our guide Katy was the best. It rained all day but she made it fun still.The Pennys chocolate factory was the greatest ever.
An awesome tour with a great tour guide. The tour was full of interesting and diverse visits and the penguin parade was fantastic.
The whole day was great right from the pickup from our hotel until we were dropped off at the end of the trip back at our hotel. The places we went to before the penguin parade we liked, my wife liked the chocolate factory the best after the penguins and I liked the winery the best after the penguins. We took the full penguin package and it was worth it, the guide was very good. Our tour was with Go West and the driver was very good. Would go and another tour again with this company.
Katie was great tour guide. Lots of local tid bits. The day was terrific and the upgrade for the penguins was worth the extra $ to have them walk by me within touching distance.
A great day out of Melbourne!
Tour guide lovely and from the island. Her love of island contagious. She was engaging. Penguins were the best. And the Koalas... the chocolate factory and winery so so...also need to find better places to eat...
Enjoyed the whole day! Great tour director in Chris. I was on the upgraded tour with being on the beach and had one of the penguins come right up to me, touch it's beak to my knee, and stop for small time right beside me. Was that exciting or what !!!!
Got to love that chocolate as well. Saw lots of Koala's.
Knowledgeable driver and friendly. The trip to the chocolate factory and the winery was just to fill time and really not that worthwhile. However, the koala preserve was fun and we could have used more time there (and less at the chocolate factory). The penguin parade is not really that - it varies day-to-day on how many penguins will actually come ashore. Be sure to get the tickets for the penguin plus viewing platform as I think the general admission folks were disappointed that evening. These birds are really small and you need to be as close as you can get.
What an amazing day. Fun and informative tour guide. You spend just the right amount of time at each location (chocolate factory, wine tasting, koala conservancy and penguin parade). We even did a couple "side trips" to see things that weren't "on the schedule".
I highly recommend paying the extra money to have the "private" viewing of the penguins too. It's not essential but you'll be sorry if you don't (the other people on our tour were envious of US!). The rangers at the penguin parade are extremely knowledgable and friendly.
This tour was THE HIGHLIGHT to our 3 + week in Australia!
This was a wonderful tour, and a "must do" for anyone staying in Melbourne. Chocolate, Wine and Wildife - Brilliant! Seeing the little penguins emerge from the sea is a memory to be cherished - it's a shame you can't take photo's though. However, you can take photo's of the penguins at the Nobbies. Remeber your coat - no matter how hot the day is, the antartic winds that hit the beach are freezing. Our wonderful guide Frank lent me his sheepskin, and even stopped when we wanted to take photo's of Wallabies! Panny's was great fun, and we won many chocolates in the games. Excellent wines at the winetasting too. I would thoroughly recommend this trip.