text:
Reindeer Temporal range: Pleistocene (620,000 years ago)[1] to today (present) |
Conservation status | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Artiodactyla |
Family: | Cervidae |
Subfamily: | Capreolinae |
Genus: | Rangifer C.H. Smith, 1827 |
Species: | R. tarandus |
Binomial name | |
Rangifer tarandus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Subspecies | |
many, see text |
Reindeer habitat divided into North American and Eurasian parts |
The reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), also known as the caribou in North America, is a species of deer native to Arctic and Subarctic regions. This includes both resident and migratory populations. While overall widespread and numerous,[2] some of its subspecies are rare and at least one has already gone extinct.[3][4]
Reindeer vary considerably in color and size. Both sexes grow antlers, though in a few populations females lack antlers completely. Antlers are typically larger in males.
Hunting of wild reindeer and herding of semi-domesticated reindeer (for meat, hides, antlers, milk and transportation) are important to several Arctic and Subarctic peoples.[5] The reindeer is well known in folklore due to Santa Claus's sleigh being pulled by flying reindeer, a popular element of Christmas.[6] In Lapland, reindeer pull pulks.[7]
Distribution and habitat
The reindeer is a widespread and numerous species in the northern Holarctic, being present in both tundra and taiga (boreal forest).[8] Originally, the reindeer was found in Scandinavia, eastern Europe, Greenland, Russia, Mongolia, and northern China north of the 50th latitude. In North America, it was found in Canada, Alaska (USA), and the northern conterminous USA from Washington to Maine. In the 19th century, it was apparently still present in southern Idaho.[2] Even in historical times, it probably occurred naturally in Ireland. During the late Pleistocene era, reindeer were found as far south as Nevada and Tennessee in North America, and as far south as Spain in Europe.[8][9] Today, wild reindeer have disappeared from many areas within this large historical range, especially from the southern parts, where it vanished almost everywhere. Large populations of wild reindeer are still found in Norway, Finland, Siberia, Greenland, Alaska, and Canada.
The George River reindeer herd in the tundra of Quebec and Labrador in eastern Canada, once the world's largest with 800,000–900,000 animals, had been reduced to 74,000 by December 2011—a drop of up to 92%—because of iron-ore mining, flooding for hydro-power and road-building.[10]
Domesticated reindeer are mostly found in northern Fennoscandia and Russia, with a herd of approximately 150–170 reindeer living around the Cairngorms region in Scotland. The last remaining wild tundra reindeer in Europe are found in portions of southern Norway.[11]
A few reindeer from Norway were introduced to the South Atlantic island of South Georgia in the beginning of the 20th century. The South Georgian reindeer total some 2,600 animals in two distinct herds separated by glaciers. Although the flag and the coat of arms of the territory contain an image of a reindeer, a decision was taken in 2011 to completely eradicate the animals from the island because of the environmental damage they cause.[12][13]
Around 4,000 reindeer have been introduced into the French sub-Antarctic archipelago of Kerguelen Islands. East Iceland has a small herd of about 2,500–3,000 animals.[14]
Caribou and reindeer numbers have fluctuated historically, but many herds are in decline across their range.[15] This global decline is linked to climate change for northern, migratory herds and industrial disturbance of habitat for non-migratory herds.[16]
The females usually measure 162–205 cm (64–81 in) in length and weigh 80–120 kg (180–260 lb).[17] The males (or "bulls") are typically larger (although the extent to which varies in the different subspecies), measuring 180–214 cm (71–84 in) in length and usually weighing 159–182 kg (350–400 lb),[17] though exceptionally large males have weighed as much as 318 kg (700 lb).[17] Shoulder height typically measure from 85 to 150 cm (33 to 59 in), and the tail is 14 to 20 cm (5.5 to 7.9 in) long. The subspecies R. t. platyrhynchus from Svalbard island is very small compared to other subspecies (a phenomenon known as insular dwarfism), with females having a length of approximately 150 cm (59 in), and a weight around 53 kg (120 lb) in the spring and 70 kg (150 lb) in the autumn.[18] Males are approximately 160 cm (63 in) long, and weigh around 65 kg (140 lb) in the spring and 90 kg (200 lb) in the autumn.[18] The reindeer from Svalbard are also relatively short-legged and may have a shoulder height of as little as 80 cm (31 in),[18] thereby following Allen's rule.
Domesticated reindeer are shorter-legged and heavier than their wild counterparts.[citation needed]
The colour of the fur varies considerably, both individually and depending on season and subspecies. Northern populations, which usually are relatively small, are whiter, while southern populations, which typically are relatively large, are darker. This can be seen well in North America, where the northernmost subspecies, the Peary caribou, is the whitest and smallest subspecies of the continent, while the southernmost subspecies, the Woodland Caribou, is the darkest and largest.[19] The coat has two layers of fur: a dense woolly undercoat and longer-haired overcoat consisting of hollow, air-filled hairs.
In most populations both sexes grow antlers and it is the only cervid species in which females grow them as well as males.[20] In the Scandinavian populations, old males' antlers fall off in December, young males' fall off in the early spring, and females' fall off in the summer. The antlers typically have two separate groups of points, a lower and upper. There is considerable subspecific variation in the size of the antlers (e.g., rather small and spindly in the northernmost subspecies),[19] but, on average, the bull reindeer's antlers are the second largest of any extant deer, after the moose. In the largest races, the antlers of big males can range up to 100 cm (39 in) in width and 135 cm (53 in) in beam length. They have the largest antlers relative to body size among living deer species.[20]
Nose and hooves
Like moose, reindeer have specialized noses featuring nasal turbinate bones that dramatically increase the surface area within the nostrils. Incoming cold air is warmed by the animal's body heat before entering the lungs, and water is condensed from the expired air and captured before the deer's breath is exhaled, used to moisten dry incoming air and possibly absorbed into the blood through the mucous membranes.
Reindeer hooves adapt to the season: in the summer, when the tundra is soft and wet, the footpads become sponge-like and provide extra traction. In the winter, the pads shrink and tighten, exposing the rim of the hoof, which cuts into the ice and crusted snow to keep it from slipping. This also enables them to dig down (an activity known as "cratering")[21][22] through the snow to their favorite food, a lichen known as reindeer moss. The knees of many species of reindeer are adapted to produce a clicking sound as they walk.[23]
A study conducted by researchers from the University College London in 2011 revealed that reindeer can see light with wavelengths as short as 320 nm, considerably below the human threshold of 400 nm. It is thought that this ability helps them to survive in the Arctic, because many objects that blend into the landscape in normally visible light, such as urine and fur, produce sharp contrasts in ultraviolet.[24] A study at the University of Tromsø has confirmed that "Arctic reindeer eyes change in colour through the seasons from gold through to blue to help them better detect predators..."[25]
Ecology and behavior
Reindeer are ruminants, having a four-chambered stomach. They mainly eat lichens in winter, especially reindeer moss – a unique adaptation among mammals, and they are the only animals except for some gastropods where the enzyme lichenase, which breaks down lichenin to glucose, have been found.[26] However, they also eat the leaves of willows and birches, as well as sedges and grasses. There is some evidence to suggest that on occasion, especially in the spring when they are nutritionally stressed,[27] they will also feed on small rodents such as lemmings,[28] fish such as arctic char, and bird eggs.[29] Reindeer herded by the Chukchis have been known to devour mushrooms enthusiastically in late summer.[30]
Sleeping pattern
As an adaptation to their Arctic environment, they have lost their circadian rhythm.[31]
Mating occurs from late September to early November. Males battle for access to females. Two males will lock each other's antlers together and try to push each other away. The most dominant males can collect as many as 15-20 females to mate with. A male will stop eating during this time and lose much of his body reserves.[32]
Calves may be born the following May or June. After 45 days, the calves are able to graze and forage but continue suckling until the following autumn and become independent from their mothers.[32]
Some populations of the North American caribou migrate the farthest of any terrestrial mammal, travelling up to 5,000 km (3,100 mi) a year, and covering 1,000,000 km2 (390,000 sq mi).[2][33] Other populations (e.g., in Europe) have a shorter migration, and some, for example the subspecies R. t. pearsoni and R. t. platyrhynchus (both restricted to islands), are residents that only make local movements.[citation needed]
Normally travelling about 19–55 km (12–34 mi) a day while migrating, the caribou can run at speeds of 60–80 km/h (37–50 mph).[2] Young caribou can already outrun an Olympic sprinter when only a day old.[34] During the spring migration smaller herds will group together to form larger herds of 50,000 to 500,000 animals but during autumn migrations, the groups become smaller, and the reindeer begin to mate. During the winter, reindeer travel to forested areas to forage under the snow. By spring, groups leave their winter grounds to go to the calving grounds. A reindeer can swim easily and quickly, normally at 6.5 km/h (4.0 mph) but if necessary at 10 km/h (6.2 mph), and migrating herds will not hesitate to swim across a large lake or broad river.[2]
A variety of predators prey heavily on reindeer. Golden eagles prey on calves and are the most prolific hunter on calving grounds.[35] Wolverines will take newborn calves or birthing cows, as well as (less commonly) infirm adults. Brown bears and polar bears prey on reindeer of all ages, but like the wolverines they are most likely to attack weaker animals, such as calves and sick deer, since healthy adult reindeer can usually outpace a bear. The gray wolf is the most effective natural predator of adult reindeer and sometimes takes large numbers, especially during the winter. A single wolf pack can follow and live off of a particular reindeer herd for months.[citation needed]
As carrion, reindeer are fed on opportunistically by foxes, ravens and hawks. Blood-sucking insects, such as black flies and mosquitoes, are a plague to reindeer during the summer and can cause enough stress to inhibit feeding and calving behaviors.[36] An adult reindeer will lose perhaps about 1 liter (2 pints) of blood to biting insects for every week it spends in the tundra.[34] In one case, the entire body of a reindeer was found in the stomach of a Greenland shark,[37] a species found in the far northern Atlantic, although this was quite possibly a case of scavenging considering the dissimilarity of habitats between the ungulate and the large, slow-moving fish. The population numbers of some of these predators is influenced by the migration of reindeer.[citation needed]
In 1961 the reindeer classification was divided into two major groups, the tundra reindeer (with six subspecies) and the woodland reindeer (with three subspecies).[citation needed] Some of the tundra's subspecies are small-bodied, high-Arctic island forms. These island subspecies are probably not closely related, since the Svalbard reindeer seems to have evolved from large European reindeer, whereas Peary caribou and the extinct Arctic reindeer are closely related and probably evolved in high-Arctic North America.[3]
The Svalbard reindeer is special in several ways. There are peculiarities in its metabolism. The skeleton shows a remarkable relative shortening of the legs, thus parallelling many extinct insular deer species.[38]
The following is a partial list; four subspecies which are restricted to Russia and neighbouring regions have been left out. These are R. tarandus buskensis, R. tarandus pearsoni (Novaya Zemlya reindeer), R. tarandus phylarchus (Kamchatka/Okhotsk reindeer) and R. tarandus sibiricus (Siberian Tundra reindeer).[39]
Tundra reindeer
- †Arctic reindeer (R. tarandus eogroenlandicus), an extinct subspecies found until 1900 in eastern Greenland.
- Peary caribou (R. tarandus pearyi), found in the northern islands of Nunavut and the Northwest Territories of Canada.
- Svalbard reindeer (R. tarandus platyrhynchus), found on the Svalbard islands of Norway, is the smallest subspecies of reindeer.
- Mountain reindeer (R. tarandus tarandus), found in the Arctic tundra of Eurasia, including the Fennoscandia peninsula of northern Europe.
- Porcupine caribou or Grant's caribou (R. tarandus granti), which are found in Alaska, the Yukon, and the Northwest Territories of Canada. Very similar to R. tarandus groenlandicus, and probably better regarded as a junior synonym of that subspecies.[39][40]
- Barren-ground caribou (R. tarandus groenlandicus), found in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories of Canada and in western Greenland.
Woodland reindeer
- Finnish forest reindeer (R. tarandus fennicus), found in the wild in only two areas of the Fennoscandia peninsula of Northern Europe, in Finnish/Russian Karelia, and a small population in central south Finland. The Karelia population reaches far into Russia, however, so far that it remains an open question whether reindeer further to the east are R. t. fennicus as well.[citation needed]
- Migratory woodland caribou (R. tarandus caribou), or forest caribou, once found in the North American taiga (boreal forest) from Alaska to Newfoundland and Labrador and as far south as New England, Idaho, and Washington. Woodland caribou have disappeared from most of their original southern range and are considered threatened where they remain, with the notable exception of the Migratory woodland caribou of northern Quebec and Labrador, Canada. The name of the Cariboo district of central British Columbia relates to their once-large numbers there, but they have almost vanished from that area in the last century. A herd is protected in the Caribou Mountains in Alberta. The above quoted range includes R. tarandus caboti (Labrador caribou), R. tarandus osborni (Osborn's caribou – from British Columbia) and R. tarandus terraenovae (Newfoundland caribou). Based on a review in 1961, these were considered invalid and included in R. tarandus caribou, but some recent authorities have considered them all valid, even suggesting that they are quite distinct.[39][41] An analysis of mtDNA in 2005 found differences between the caribous from Newfoundland, Labrador, south-western Canada and south-eastern Canada, but maintained all in R. tarandus caribou.[40]
- †Queen Charlotte Islands caribou (R. tarandus dawsoni) from the Queen Charlotte Islands was believed to represent a distinct subspecies. It became extinct at the beginning of the 20th century. However, recent DNA analysis from mitochondrial DNA of the remains from those reindeer suggest that the animals from the Queen Charlotte Islands were not genetically distinct from the Canadian mainland reindeer subspecies.[4]
Reindeer and humans
Reindeer hunting by humans has a very long history, and caribou/wild reindeer "may well be the species of single greatest importance in the entire anthropological literature on hunting."[5]
Humans started hunting reindeer in the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods, and humans are today the main predator in many areas. Norway and Greenland have unbroken traditions of hunting wild reindeer from the ice age until the present day. In the non-forested mountains of central Norway, such as Jotunheimen, it is still possible to find remains of stone-built trapping pits, guiding fences, and bow rests, built especially for hunting reindeer. These can, with some certainty, be dated to the Migration Period, although it is not unlikely that they have been in use since the Stone Age.[citation needed]
Norway is now preparing to apply for nomination as a World Heritage Site for areas with traces and traditions of reindeer hunting in Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park, Reinheimen National Park and Rondane National Park in Central Sør-Norge (Southern Norway). There is in these parts of Norway an unbroken tradition of reindeer hunting from post-glacial Stone Age until today.[citation needed]
Wild caribou are still hunted in North America and Greenland. In the traditional lifestyle of the Inuit people, Northern First Nations people, Alaska Natives, and the Kalaallit of Greenland, the caribou is an important source of food, clothing, shelter, and tools. Many Gwich'in people, who depend on the Porcupine caribou, still follow traditional caribou management practices that include a prohibition against selling caribou meat and limits on the number of caribou to be taken per hunting trip.[42]
The blood of the caribou was supposedly mixed with alcohol as drink by hunters and loggers in colonial Quebec to counter the cold. This drink is now enjoyed without the blood as a wine and whiskey drink known as Caribou.[43][44]
Reindeer husbandry
Reindeer have been herded for centuries by several Arctic and Subarctic people including the Sami and the Nenets. They are raised for their meat, hides, and antlers and, to a lesser extent, for milk and transportation. Reindeer are not considered fully domesticated, as they generally roam free on pasture grounds. In traditional nomadic herding, reindeer herders migrate with their herds between coast and inland areas according to an annual migration route and herds are keenly tended. However, reindeer were not bred in captivity, though they were tamed for milking as well as for use as draught animals or beasts of burden.[citation needed]
The use of reindeer as semi-domesticated livestock in Alaska was introduced in the late 19th century by the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service, with assistance from Sheldon Jackson, as a means of providing a livelihood for Native peoples there.[45] Reindeer were imported first from Siberia, and later also from Norway. A regular mail run in Wales, Alaska, used a sleigh drawn by reindeer.[46] In Alaska, reindeer herders use satellite telemetry to track their herds, using online maps and databases to chart the herd's progress.[citation needed]
The reindeer has (or has had) an important economic role for all circumpolar peoples, including the Saami, Nenets, Khants, Evenks, Yukaghirs, Chukchi, and Koryaks in Eurasia. It is believed that domestication started between the Bronze and Iron Ages. Siberian deer owners also use the reindeer to ride on (Siberian reindeer are larger than their Scandinavian relatives). For breeders, a single owner may own hundreds or even thousands of animals. The numbers of Russian herders have been drastically reduced since the fall of the Soviet Union. The fur and meat is sold, which is an important source of income. Reindeer were introduced into Alaska near the end of the 19th century; they interbreed with native caribou subspecies there. Reindeer herders on the Seward Peninsula have experienced significant losses to their herds from animals (such as wolves) following the wild caribou during their migrations.[citation needed]
Reindeer meat is popular in the Scandinavian countries. Reindeer meatballs are sold canned. Sautéed reindeer is the best-known dish in Lapland. In Alaska and Finland, reindeer sausage is sold in supermarkets and grocery stores. Reindeer meat is very tender and lean. It can be prepared fresh, but also dried, salted, hot- and cold-smoked. In addition to meat, almost all internal organs of reindeer can be eaten, some being traditional dishes.[47] Furthermore, Lapin Poron liha, fresh reindeer meat completely produced and packed in Finnish Lapland, is protected in Europe with PDO classification.[48][49]
Reindeer antler is powdered and sold as an aphrodisiac, nutritional or medicinal supplement to Asian markets.
Caribou have been a major source of subsistence for Canadian Inuit.
In history
Both Aristotle and Theophrastus have short accounts – probably based on the same source – of an ox-sized deer species, named tarandos, living in the land of the Bodines in Scythia, which was able to change the colour of its fur to obtain camouflage. The latter is probably a misunderstanding of the seasonal change in reindeer fur colour. The descriptions have been interpreted as being of reindeer living in the southern Ural Mountains at c. 350 BC[50]
A deer-like animal described by Julius Caesar in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico (chapter 6.26) from the Hercynian Forest in the year 53 BC is most certainly to be interpreted as reindeer:[50][51]
There is an ox shaped like a stag. In the middle of its forehead a single horn grows between its ears, taller and straighter than the animal horns with which we are familiar. At the top this horn spreads out like the palm of a hand or the branches of a tree. The females are of the same form as the males, and their horns are the same shape and size.
According to Olaus Magnus's Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus – printed in Rome in 1555 – Gustav I of Sweden sent 10 reindeer to Albert I, Duke of Prussia, in the year 1533. It may be these animals that Conrad Gessner had seen or heard of.
During World War II, the Soviet Army used reindeer as pack animals to transport food, ammunition and post from Murmansk to the Karelian front and bringing wounded soldiers, pilots and equipment back to the base. About 6,000 reindeer and more than 1,000 reindeer herders were part of the operation. Most herders were Nenets, who were mobilized from the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, but reindeer herders from Murmansk, Arkhangelsk and Komi also participated.[52][53]
Name etymology
The name rangifer, which Linnaeus chose as the name for the reindeer genus, was used by Albertus Magnus in his De animalibus, fol. Liber 22, Cap. 268: "Dicitur Rangyfer quasi ramifer". This word may go back to a Saami word raingo.[50] For the origin of the word tarandus, which Linnaeus chose as the species epithet, he made reference to Ulisse Aldrovandi's Quadrupedum omnium bisulcorum historia fol. 859–863, Cap. 30: De Tarando (1621). However, Aldrovandi – and before him Konrad Gesner[54] – thought that rangifer and tarandus were two separate animals.[55] In any case, the tarandos name goes back to Aristotle and Theophrastus – see above.
Local names
The name rein (-deer) is of Norse origin (Old Norse hreinn, which again goes back to Proto-Germanic *hrainaz and Proto-Indo-European *kroinos meaning "horned animal"). In the Uralic languages, Sami *poatsōj (in Northern Sami boazu, in Lule Sami boatsoj, in Pite Sami båtsoj, in Southern Sami bovtse), Mari pučə and Udmurt pudžej, all referring to domesticated reindeer, go back to *počaw, an Iranian loanword deriving from Proto-Indo-European *peḱu-, meaning "cattle". The Finnish name poro may also stem from the same.[56] The name caribou comes, through French, from Mi'kmaq qalipu, meaning "snow shoveler", referring to its habit of pawing through the snow for food.[57] In Inuktitut, the caribou is known by the name tuktu.[58][59] In Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi dialects the caribou is called atihkw.[citation needed]
Reindeer in fiction
Santa Claus's reindeer
In the Santa Claus tale, Santa Claus's sleigh is pulled by flying reindeer. These were first named in the 1823 poem "A Visit from St. Nicholas", where they are called Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder, and Blixem.[60] Dunder was later changed to Donder and—in other works—Donner (in German, "thunder"), and Blixem was later changed to Bliksem, then Blitzen (German for "lightning"). Some consider Rudolph as part of the group as well, though he was not part of the original named work referenced previously. Rudolph was added by Robert L. May in 1939 as "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer".[61]
Heraldry and symbols
Several Norwegian municipalities have one or more reindeer depicted in their coats-of-arms: Eidfjord, Porsanger, Rendalen, Tromsø, Vadsø, and Vågå. The historic province of Västerbotten in Sweden has a reindeer in its coat of arms. The present Västerbotten County has very different borders and uses the reindeer combined with other symbols in its coat-of-arms. The city of Piteå also has a reindeer. The logo for Umeå University features three reindeer.[62]
The Canadian 25-cent coin, or "quarter" features a depiction of a caribou on one face. The caribou is the official provincial animal of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, and appears on the coat of arms of Nunavut. A caribou statue was erected at the center of the Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial, marking the spot in France where hundreds of soldiers from Newfoundland were killed and wounded in the First World War and there is a replica in Bowring Park, in St. John's, Newfoundland's capital city.[citation needed]
Two municipalities in Finland have reindeer motifs in their coats-of-arms: Kuusamo[63] has a running reindeer and Inari[64] a fish with reindeer antlers.
See also
- ^ Björn Kurtén (1968). Pleistocene Mammals of Europe. Transaction Publishers. pp. 170–. ISBN 978-1-4128-4514-4. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f Henttonen, H. & Tikhonov, A. (2008). Rangifer tarandus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
- ^ a b Peter Gravlund, Morten Meldgaard, Svante Pääbo, and Peter Arctander (1998). "Polyphyletic Origin of the Small-Bodied, High-Arctic Subspecies of Tundra Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 10 (2): 151–9. doi:10.1006/mpev.1998.0525. PMID 9878226.
- ^ a b S. A. Byun, B. F. Koop, and T. E. Reimchen (2002). "Evolution of the Dawson caribou (Rangifer tarandus dawsoni)". Can. J. Zool. 80 (5): 956–960. doi:10.1139/z02-062.
- ^ a b "In North America and Eurasia the species has long been an important resource—in many areas the most important resource—for peoples inhabiting the northern boreal forest and tundra regions. Known human dependence on caribou/wild reindeer has a long history, beginning in the Middle Pleistocene (Banfield 1961:170; Kurtén 1968:170) and continuing to the present....The caribou/wild reindeer is thus an animal that has been a major resource for humans throughout a tremendous geographic area and across a time span of tens of thousands of years." Ernest S. Burch, Jr. (1972). "The Caribou/Wild Reindeer as a Human Resource". American Antiquity 37 (3): 339–368. doi:10.2307/278435. JSTOR 278435.
- ^ Flying Reindeer and Santa Claus: Fact, Fiction and Myth. Icr.arcticportal.org (2008-12-15). Retrieved on 2011-09-16.
- ^ The Sámi and their reindeer – University of Texas at Austin
- ^ a b c Novak, R. M., ed. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Vol. 2 (6th edition ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1128–1130. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9.
- ^ Sommer R. S. and Nadachowski A. (2006). "Glacial refugia of mammals in Europe: evidence from fossil records". Mammal Rev 36 (4): 251–265. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2006.00093.x.
- ^ Christmas reindeer mystery as world's largest herd plummets "Christmas reindeer mystery as world's largest herd plummets". Survival International Charitable Trust. 21 December 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
- ^ Europe's last wild reindeer herds in peril. Newscientist. 19 December 2003. Retrieved on 2011-09-16.
- ^ "Report on the outputs of the Advisory Group on Reindeer Management Methodology", Terrestrial: Invasive Species (Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands), 2011, retrieved 16 November 2012, "Following a wide consultation, the Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands took the decision in early 2011 to responsibly and humanely eradicate reindeer from South Georgia."
- ^ South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Environment Documents - Report on Reindeer Management Methodology
- ^ Reindeer Hunting in Iceland. International Adventure. Accessed 12 November 2010.
- ^ BBC Earth News-Reindeer herds in global decline. BBC News (2009-06-11). Retrieved on 2011-09-16.
- ^ Vors, L. S and Boyce, M. S. (2009). "Global declines of caribou and reindeer". Global Change Biology 15 (11): 2626–2633. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01974.x.
- ^ a b c Caribou at the Alaska Department of Fish & Game. Adfg.state.ak.us. Retrieved on 2011-09-16.
- ^ a b c Aanes, R. (2007). Svalbard reindeer. Norwegian Polar Institute.
- ^ a b c Reid, F. (2006). Mammals of North America. Peterson Field Guides. ISBN 978-0-395-93596-5
- ^ a b New World Deer (Capriolinae).[dead link] Answers.com
- ^ "In the winter, the fleshy pads on these toes grow longer and form a tough, hornlike rim. Caribou use these large, sharp-edged hooves to dig through the snow and uncover the lichens that sustain them in winter months. Biologists call this activity "cratering" because of the crater-like cavity the caribou's hooves leave in the snow." All About Caribou – Project Caribou
- ^ Image of reindeer cratering in snow. Arcticphoto.co.uk. Retrieved on 2011-09-16.
- ^ Banfield AWF: The caribou. In The Unbelievable Land. Smith I.N. (ed.) Ottawa: Queen's Press; 1966: 25–28, cited in Jakob Bro-Jørgensen and Torben Dabelsteen (2008). "Knee-clicks and visual traits indicate fighting ability in eland antelopes: multiple messages and back-up signals". BMC Biology 6: 47. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-47. PMC 2596769. PMID 18986518.
- ^ Reindeer use UV light to survive in the wild. Ucl.ac.uk (2011-05-26). Retrieved on 2011-09-16.
- ^ Solon, Olivia. The science behind the colour-shifting capabilities of Arctic reindeer eyeballs, Wired, 30 October 13
- ^ Go Henderson's Dictionary of Biological Terms
- ^ Biology - Villrein.no
- ^ Lemmings at Hinterland Who's Who
- ^ Terrestrial Mammals of Nunavut by Ingrid Anand-Wheeler. ISBN 1-55325-035-4.
- ^ ''The Sun, the Moon and Firmament in Chukchi Mythology and on the Relations of Celestial Bodies and Sacrifice'' by Ülo Siimets at 140. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-09-16.
- ^ Arctic Reindeer Go Off the Circadian Clock
- ^ a b "Caribou at Animal Corner".
- ^ Caribou Migration Monitoring by Satellite Telemetry. Mrnf.gouv.qc.ca. Retrieved on 2011-09-16.
- ^ a b Hoare, Ben (2009). Animal Migration. London: Natural History Museum. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-565-09243-6.
- ^ Walker, Matt. (2009-10-20) Eagles filmed hunting reindeer. BBC News. Retrieved on 2011-09-16.
- ^ Caribou Foes: Natural Predators in the Wilderness. Learner.org. Retrieved on 2011-09-16.
- ^ Greenland Shark (Somniosus microcephalus). Postmodern.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-16.
- ^ Willemsen, G.F.(1983). Osteological measurements and some remarks on the evolution of the Svalbard reindeer, Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 48 (3):175-185
- ^ a b c Grubb, P. (16 November 2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M, eds. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b Cronin, M. A., M. D. Macneil, and J. C. Patton (2005). Variation in Mitochondrial DNA and Microsatellite DNA in Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in North America. Journal of Mammalogy 86(3): 495–505.
- ^ Geist, V. (2007). Defining subspecies, invalid taxonomic tools, and the fate of the woodland caribou. The Eleventh North American Caribou Workshop (2006). Rangifer, Special Issue 17: 25-28.
- ^ Gwich'in Traditional Management Practices. Arcticcircle.uconn.edu. Retrieved on 2011-09-16.
- ^ Mieusset, Sébastien. "Le "Temps des sucres" au Québec"
- ^ Ovenell-Carter, Julie (06-02-2009). "Quebec's Carnaval is worth freezing your a** off for". theseboots.travel
- ^ King, Irving H.(1996). The Coast Guard Expands, p. 86–91. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland. ISBN 1-55750-458-X.
- ^ United States. Bureau of Education; United States. Bureau of Education. Alaska Division (1905). Annual report on introduction of domestic reindeer into Alaska 14. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 18–. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
- ^ Reindeer. Saunalahti.fi. Retrieved on 2011-09-16.
- ^ 'Lapland Reindeer meat protected in the EU' North Magazine (Accessed 19 July 2010)
- ^ European Commission PDO/PGI list (Accessed 19 July 2010)
- ^ a b c Sarauw, Georg (1914). "Das Rentier in Europa zu den Zeiten Alexanders und Cæsars" [The reindeer in Europe to the times of Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar]. In Jungersen, H. F. E.; Warming, E.. Mindeskrift i Anledning af Hundredeaaret for Japetus Steenstrups Fødsel (in German). Copenhagen. pp. 1–33.
- ^ "Est bos cervi figura, cuius a media fronte inter aures unum cornu* exsistit excelsius magisque directum his, quae nobis nota sunt, cornibus: ab eius summo sicut palmae ramique* late diffunduntur. Eadem est feminae marisque natura, eadem forma magnitudoque cornuum." Greenough, J. B.; D'Ooge, Benjamin L.; Daniell, M. Grant (1898). "book 6, chapter 26". Commentary on Caesar, Gallic War. Boston: Ginn and Company.
- ^ Trude Pettersen: War memorial to honor WWII reindeer battalions Barents Observer, 27 february, 2012
- ^ In WWII, Reindeer Were Our Animal Allies National Public Radio, 14 August 2011
- ^ Gesner, K. (1617) Historia animalium. Liber 1, De quadrupedibus viviparis. Tiguri 1551. p. 156: De Tarando. 9. 950: De Rangifero.
- ^ Aldrovandi, U. (1621) Quadrupedum omnium bisulcorum historia. Bononiæ. Cap. 30: De Tarando – Cap. 31: De Rangifero.
- ^ Koivulehto, Jorma (2007): Saamen ja suomen 'poro'. Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 253. http://www.sgr.fi/sust/sust253/sust253_koivulehto.pdf
- ^ Flexner, Stuart Berg and Leonore Crary Hauck, eds. (1987). The Random House Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (unabridged). New York: Random House, pp. 315–16)
- ^ Spalding, Alex, Inuktitut – A Multi-Dialectal Outline Dictionary (with an Aivilingmiutaq base). Nunavut Arctic College, Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada, 1998.
- ^ Eskimoisches Wörterbuch, gesammelt von den Missionaren in Labrador, revidirt und herausgegeben von Friedrich Erdmann. Budissin [mod. Bautzen] 1864.
- ^ "The Legendary Role of Reindeer in Christmas, Jeff Westover, My Merry Christmas, accessed 27 December 2007
- ^ Wook Kim (Dec. 14, 2012). "Yule Laugh, Yule Cry: 10 Things You Didn't Know About Beloved Holiday Songs". Time magazine. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
- ^ Logotyp (in Swedish) Umeå University, retrieved 7 March 2012
- ^ Coat of arms for Kuusamo.
- ^ Coat of arms for Inari.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rangifer tarandus. |
Wikispecies has information related to: Rangifer tarandus |
Look up reindeer or caribou in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- The Reindeer Portal, Source of Information About Reindeer Husbandry Worldwide
- 1935 Reindeer Herding in the Northwest Territories
- General information on Caribou and Reindeer
- Human Role in Reindeer/Caribou Systems
- Reindeer Studies in South Georgia and Norway
- Reindeer hunting as World Heritage – a ten thousand year-long tradition
- Reindeer Research Program - Alaska reindeer research and industry development
- The Scandinavian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.) after the last glacial maximum: time, seasonality and human exploitation
- Adaptations To Life In The Arctic – Instructional slide-show, University of Alaska
- Rangifer – world's only scientific journal dealing exclusively with husbandry, management and biology of Arctic and northern ungulates
- Rangifer tarandus on the IUCN Red List
- Texts on Wikisource:
- Ernest Ingersoll (1920). "Caribou". Encyclopedia Americana.
- Richard Lydekker (1911). "Reindeer". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.)
- "Reindeer". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
Caribou-specific links (North America)
- Frequently Asked Questions about Caribou from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
- Caribou and You – Campaign by CPAWS to protect the Woodland caribou, a species at risk in Canada
- Newfoundland Five-Year Caribou Strategy Seeks to Address Declining Populations
- IUCN Red List least concern species
- Reindeer
- Deer
- Holarctic fauna
- Fauna of the Arctic
- Arctic land animals
- Mammals of Europe
- Mammals of Asia
- Mammals of Canada
- Fauna of Greenland
- Mammals of Russia
- Mammals of the United States
- Megafauna of Eurasia
- Megafauna of North America
- Alaskan cuisine
- Monotypic mammal genera
- Animals described in 1758
- Livestock


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Using two gyros and a PID controller in custom hardware, this bipedal robot stabilizes itself as it rides around on its bike.
(in Japanese, but Google Translate provides something reasonably understandable.
I'd say, "yes!"... if you think about it, an aircraft is just an "abstract" robot with servos and other electronics scattered about.
Damn...this is the Headless Horseman
That is awesome!
Wouldn't it be an Unmanned Ground Vehicle?
Very impressive. It holds up the bike with one leg, and then lifts it transitioning into forward motion. Very impressive.
I like the way it stops! just like my kids!! hehe
Very impressive -- much more than just pedaling and balancing.
So cool only in Japan :-)
@ DaveWavey Well no cos it's not flying but if it jumped a ramp, maybe.
That is just such a cool thing, now can I please have one for Christmas.
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Going green at the Lyons Public Library
Words such as "sustainability" and "environmentally friendly" beset our vocabularies at every turn these days. Fortunately, libraries are advocates and allies of the green movement. The Lyons Public Library encourages knowledge and activities that make positive impacts on the planet and people.
If you are looking for a place to read and enjoy the outdoors, the Lyons Public Library has a green space on the south side of the building where people can relax, read and enjoy nature and the weather. The space is landscaped with plants, flowers, shrubs and two new trees.
The Lyons Public Library has been a recycling drop-off point for regular household batteries for some time now. In addition, we now accept items such as computers, copiers, stereos, televisions, typewriters, cameras, fans, radios, VHS tapes and more.
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Scarlet City The: A NOVEL OF 16TH CENTURY ITALYAlthough he bears one of the most notorious names in all of Italy, Giovanni Borgia doesn't know his parentage. Hella Haasse uses the Italian Wars as a backdrop for Giovanni's agonizing quest for his identity. |
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Review: The Scarlet City: a novel of 16th century Italy
Gebruikersrecensie - Schmidleysscribblins.wordpress.com - GoodreadsA bit of a mystery about the protagonist, and bloody story of Charles V and the sacking of Rome. Very bloody. Volledige recensie lezen
Review: The Scarlet City: a novel of 16th century Italy
Gebruikersrecensie - Bonnie - GoodreadsI agree with someone else who reviewed this book, not knowing anything about 16th century Italy. Half the time I had no clue who they were talking about, but I completely loved the way this author writes and would read more of her books if they were available. Volledige recensie lezen
Introduction | ix |
The Italian Wars | xi |
Pietro Aretino and Giovanni Borgia | 41 |
Copyright | |
19 andere gedeelten niet weergegeven
Overige edities - Alles weergeven
Veelvoorkomende woorden en zinsdelen
Alfonso d'Este Aretino army Ascanio Colonna asked Bari believe blood Bona brother Camerino Cardinal Carpi Castel Sant'Angelo castle Caterina Cesare Cesare Borgia Cesare's child Colonna court dare dark death Duke Emperor everything eyes Fabrizio Colonna face Farnese father feeling felt Ferrante Ferrara fighting Florence France Francesco Francesco Guicciardini French Giberti Giovanni Borgia Giulia hair hand heard Holiness honor horse Imperial Isabella Isabella of Aragon Ischia Italy King knew letter Listen living Lombardy look Lucrezia Madonna Marquis of Pescara Maximilian Sforza Messer Pietro Milan Morone Morone's mother Naples Nepi never Niccolo night palace papal Pavia peace Pope Alexander realized remember retinue Rodrigo Romagna Rome rumors secret seemed servants Sforza silence Spaniards Spanish stay stood Strozzi talk tell there's things thought told troops Tullia Varano Vatican Vittoria waiting walls woman women words


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July 30, 2012
Ryan Gorcey GoldenBearReport.com
Who will take over for Trevor Guyton and Ernest Owusu? Will Kendrick Payne and DeAndre Coleman have breakout seasons? We answer those questions and more in today's defensive line fall camp preview! ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now for a FREE Trial
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text: I have reviewed this before, but this year have found more to add for this wonderful place. First of all, we like to walk. We walk several miles a day on the road and rarely see a car. It is flat with a small hill on the route that would take one to Fare. We have also walked up the... More


text: The Gallery Vogue Shops Pregnancy Fashion 24 May 2012 Jessica Bumpus SIENNA MILLER, Adriana Lima and Lily Aldridge are all expecting, while Sasha Pivovarova, Julia Restoin-Roitfeld, Beyoncé and Alessandra Ambrosio are all new mothers - right now the fashion world is blooming. All of these women are known for their style credentials - something they equally maintained during their pregnancies. WHAT TO WEAR WHEN YOU'RE EXPECTING"When a celebrity becomes pregnant, it's really important for them to retain their style. Otherwise, like any of us, they will feel uncomfortable and unsure of who they are," says Emily Evans, founder of maternity label 9London. "Gwen Stefani embraced colour and animal prints and even wore our signature kimono evening dresses in acid brights during the day with flip-flops. For Beyoncé, we created a one-off dress in gold sequins. Other celebrities like Jennifer Garner and Hilary Duff, stuck to 9London skinny jeans and well-cut flattering essentials." SEE THE BEST MATERNITY BUYS Related Gallery Mum's The Word Related Gallery Pregnant Models


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Take the college student survey to share your opinions about your school and be entered into a $1,000 scholarship!
Currently Viewing: All Majors • Business • Entrepreneurship and Small Business Operations
This program that generally prepares individuals to perform development, marketing and management functions associated with owning and operating a business. Subtopics include: franchise operations and small business management. Specific courses include: legal requirements, set-up costs and capitalization requirements, financing, and applications to specific franchise opportunities.


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3 cool musical instruments you've probably never heard
We all know the guitar, the drums, and the bass. But do you know the Sea Board? The Theremin? Yeah, same here. (Well, some of us knew about the Theremin, but — you know—music nerds at every company.)
Below, three utterly unique musical performances unlike anything else you've heard:
Welcome the Sea Board: Roland Lamb at TEDxAlbertopolis
Imagine if the notes on a keyboard blended seamlessly into one another, more like a slide guitar than a piano. What you'd get is the Sea Board, a new organ/guitar/piano hybrid that produces a beautiful, haunting sound. If you think it sometimes sounds unsettling (and we'll admit, we do), that's because the player's fingers linger "off-pitch" in a range of millitones between the notes that comprise the chromatic scale. Here, Roland Lamb, inventor of the Sea Board, narrates an eerie, fascinating performance.
The new old theremin: Lydia Kavina at TEDxGhent
When you watch a spooky ghost film, know what instrument often makes that eerie background music? A Theremin. It's seriously one of the coolest instruments we've ever seen: you play it without even touching it. Musicians move their hands near two antennas, one for pitch and one for volume, and — voila! — music. In this performance at TEDxGhent, the undisputed queen of Theremin, Lydia Kavina, shows the instrument's expressive power.
ComputeMusic(now): Andrew Sorensen at TEDxQUT
Can you code music? Andrew Sorenson sure can. He developed his own coding language to allow him to create music on the fly without pre-programmed software or external instruments — just algorithms. Above, you can watch the delightfully nerdy magic as he literally builds his song piece by piece, adding, subtracting and morphing layers of sound via code.


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Washington, DC Friday, December 23, 2011
On C-SPAN Radio' s historic Supreme Court Oral Argument this week: On January 10, 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court will hear the oral argument in "Knox v. Service Employees International Union, Local 1000"-- a case about whether the First Amendment gives state employees the right to decline to pay union dues used by the union for political advocacy.
And on December 24, on C-SPAN Radio's historic Supreme Court oral argument, a case cited in "Knox v. SEIU." From 2007: "Gary Davenport and others, Petitioners v. the state of Washington Education Association, Respondent."
In some states, public sector labor unions are allowed to collect fees from non-union members. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that unions may use these fees for political purposes---, but only if the non-union member does not object. Washington state also has a "paycheck protection" law, which requires unions to obtain specific permission from non-members before using their fees for political activity. Gary Davenport, a non-union teacher, sued the Washington Education Association teacher's union for violating the law.
The association appealed to the Washington Court of Appeals, arguing that Washington state's requirement that unions get prior permission was an unconstitutional burden on the unions' First Amendment right to associate for political purposes. Gary Davenport countered that his own First Amendment rights were being violated when his fees went to political causes he did not agree with. The State Court of Appeals ruled in favor of the Washington Education Association.
Listen to the courtroom recording of the oral argument in the 2007 case "Davenport v. Washington Education Association"--Saturday, December 24 at 6 pm ET on C-SPAN Radio: 90.1 FM in the Washington, DC area, online at Cspanradio.org and nationwide on XM Satellite Radio, channel 119. The audio and information in this program are courtesy of the Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law at: http://www.oyez.org/
Updated: Wednesday, July 11, 2012 at 8:44am (ET)
Audio Playlist


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Hisoundaudio Popo
" I am always on the search for great in-ear headphones, however I always seem to find the same problem, because they are in ear, they tend to have very small drivers, meaning there is never much bass, and in most cases the highs are also messed up in an effort to get more bass! So I am always on the lookout for in-ear headphones that have good bass, yet have a nice flat frequency..." --MyConnor5Review
Hisoundaudio Paa1 Pro
"I'll be short : I was very disappointed when I listened to the PAA1-Pro the first time. I found bloated bass, harsh highs and a typical mainstream V-shaped sound signature. So, I began a hundred hour burn-in and retry it... Nothing changed a lot. Maybe the highs became less harsh but still not what I would call pleasant to my ears. I put them away a time and come back to them after two weeks...." --tinara
Hisoundaudio BA100
" So after a day of somewhat abusive run in (free and impatient) and tip rolling, I can say these easily play in a realm at or above their $100 price point. The stock tips are fine and Grado tips also work well but try a few doubles on them all the way to the base and you may get really great results. The stock tips are short and I prefer those up near the tip, the Grado/Orto tips..." --goodvibes
Hisoundaudio Wooduo 2
" I know there have been a few reviews of these kicking around, and I thought I would offer my views on them. Foreword: I'm a production manager, but focus mostly on sound engineering and installations. I install and tune a lot of P.A equipment, and also mix live acts. My work environments consist mainly of: - live venues, - concert halls, - bars - nightclubs. - festivals -..." --White Lotus
Hisoundaudio Live Earbuds
" This is not going to be a long review scrutinizing every aspect of how it sounds or other features. I will try to keep it to the point. Sound Very balanced out between the lows, mids and highs. The upper midrange and highs are nicely detailed but possess no harshness or sibilance. Very clear sweet sounding midrange. Not sweet sounding as in colored but..." --Sweden
Hisoundaudio Living
"Foreword: I'm a production manager, but mainly focus on live sound engineering and lighting. I install and tune P.A equipment, and mix live acts in: - live venues, - concert halls, - bars, and - nightclubs. I've taken a huge liking to headphones - IEMs in particular. I like the idea of having my own personal PA system that I can take with me anywhere. With Rockbox being in such..." --White Lotus
Hisoundaudio PAA-1
" Disclaimer: Rather than being an audiophile like most of the members here, I consider myself to be just an enthusiast consumer. I have very limited experience with headphones and anyone looking at my current review should be aware of that. The PAA-1's are my first decent earphones. Despite being entry-level if judged by price and appearance alone, the sound they produce is good and..." --horizon21
Hisoundaudio Crystal
"Introducing HiSound Audio's Crystal IEMs After reviewing HSA's E212 and PAA-1Pro recently, Jack approached me and asked if I'd like a review sample of the Crystal (IEM) and Living (Earbuds). I jumped at the chance, and after paying for the freight - they duly arrived a couple of weeks ago. I've listed price at the RRP of ~ USD $69 – this is not what I paid for them..." --Brooko
Hisoundaudio E300
" REVIEW: HisoundAudio E300 Specs: Type: Dynamic Size of the driver: Φ 7mm Impedance: 16 Ω Sensitivity: 100 db Maximum SPL: 125db(1khz,1 Vrms) Frequency response: 20-20000 Hz The length of the cable: 124 cm Cable wire :High quality OFC Price: U$D 19.99 Accessories: As mine are just a sample, I didn't receive any extra..." --Zelda
Hisoundaudio Golden Crystal
" Hisoundaudio Golden Crystal First I'd like to thank Jack at Hisoundaudio for giving me the opportunity to purchase the Golden Crystals, or GC as I'll reference them, as they are not yet available from any US dealer. Meet the super tiny Golden Crystals. They are the smallest dynamic driver on the planet (I think the Monster Tributes are..." --shotgunshane


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Support is provided to develop distance education in any of the three delivery formats supported by the University.
For Room-based Video Conferencing (VTEL) support, contact Jim Raber.
For Web-based Courses, using Blackboard, please complete the Online Course Development Form. The FPDC will, by summer, be providing training on integrating Learn into your teaching. They also provide individual consultations on using Blackboard to improve the effectiveness of your teaching.
For Online Learning Pedagogy Support, please visit the eCenter for Online Pedagogy. The eCenter provides:
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Senate Republicans Fiddle While America Burns
Right now in America, the people of this great nation are staring down the loaded barrel of government-run healthcare. If this bill passes, it is no less than the end of America as we know it. You know it. Most Americans knows it. Yet the people most in a position to do anything about it right now – Senate Republicans – are doing absolutely nothing. | Read More »


text: I use to eat here regularly but the quality had dropped dramatically as had the service so I stayed away for awhile. I happened to have a meeting in the area this week so I thought I would take a chance. When I pulled in at noon and noted that I was the only customer, better judgement should have kicked... More


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Along with magnificent landscape, expect an entertaining tour through the east coast's deepest commercial cave. Descend 34 stories below into the earth and learn how the striking underground world was carved and continues to grow in the Natural Bridge Caverns.
Pass by Hanging Rock, Mirror Lake; dripstone, flowstone, draperies, pools, stalactites, and stalagmites in the Well Room, the Canyon Room, and the Colossal Dome Room, which houses the largest dome-shaped masses of flowstone in the east. The 45-minute guided tour of the unique live cavern begins every 30 minutes; walking shoes & sweater are suggested.
Advance discounts-call or email for details. Purchase admission along with the Natural Bridge, save on both attraction tours, and also join a guide at the magnificent National Historic Landmark-The Natural Bridge, its Monacan Indian Village, and indoor butterfly garden.
Spend the night at the Natural Bridge Hotel & Conference Center, and purchase a complete group package. Located on US 11 in the Shenandoah Valley, off I-81, exits 175 & 180, and the Blue Ridge Parkway.
This facility meets ADA Accessibility Guidelines for wheelchair accessibility, including an accessible entrance, access to goods and services, usability of rest rooms and accessible parking and drop-off areas. For additional details, please see the ADA website.
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RALEIGH – It was a packed house to hear the arguments over what evidence should be disclosed in the on-going district line battle in North Carolina. Defendants said they believe they have turned over all the necessary documents.
"I feel very confident in our legal counsel, which incidentally includes the Attorney General's Office, and have every confidence that they have lived up to the letter of the law," said House Speaker Thom Tillis.
A lower court three-judge panel said legislative leaders had to turn over correspondence between them and their counsel which occurred prior to the maps being finalized.
But the leaders, who are the defendants in this case, said some of the correspondence falls under attorney-client privilege.
"We knew we were going to go to the DC courts, so we were preparing a case from day one knowing that we had that," said Sen. Robert Rucho, a Mecklenburg County Republican, "and because of that you have to have attorney client privilege as you move forward."
Justices questioned the plaintiff's attorney as to why the attorney-client privilege should be waived.
They said the actual issue here is that the defendants are including too many people in their list of attorneys.
"The defendants have suggested that attorneys doesn't really mean attorneys providing legal advice," said attorney Edwin Speas, "it means attorneys drawing maps. Well, your honors, I don't know how you could possibly read the word counsel to mean counsel but not mean counsel doing legal work. That makes no sense."
Plaintiffs said they believe the defendants might not be turning over the key evidence.
"Did they unconstitutional split precincts, divide counties, and create these gerrymandered districts?" asked Speas. "And the evidence we are looking for is relevant to that, we believe."


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Bless me, Ultima: a novelTony faces the daunting prospect of growing up amidst constant religious and cultural uncertainty. His mother is a devoted Catholic, but her influence is challenged by Ultima--a woman with magical healing powers. As Tony follows his own path toward adulthood, he relies on Ultima's wisdom. With her guidance, he is able to forge his unique identity. |
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Review: Bless Me, Ultima
User Review - Hotncold82 - GoodreadsThis was an unexpectedly great book. I was expecting something so much more dull than what I received. Everything about this book was mysterious and magical. The story is narrated through a young boy ... Read full review
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Bless Me, Ultima - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bless Me, Ultima is a novel by Rudolfo Anaya, published in 1972. It is included in the List of most commonly challenged books in the us It is also important ...
en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ Bless_Me,_Ultima
The Expanding Canon: Teaching Multicultural Literature - Authors ...
Let's talk about how you began writing Bless Me, Ultima. ... And I started writing Bless Me, Ultima as a story of growing up in a small town. ...
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Bless Me, Ultima
Bless Me, Ultima is a story of changes in the American Southwest during and after World War II. Modernization spread across the US, coming against ...
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Bless Me, Ultima Summary and Study Guide - Rudolfo Anaya
Bless Me, Ultima summary and study guide, with notes, essays, quotes, and pictures.
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Bless Me, Ultima: Information and Much More from Answers.com
Bless Me, Ultima Contents: Author Biography Plot Summary Characters Themes Style Historical Context Critical Overview Criticism Sources For Further.
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Bless Me, Ultima by Rudolfo Anaya - About the Author - Yahoo ...
Although Bless Me, Ultima (1972) was Anaya's first published novel and the one ... Bless Me, Ultima, then, is a work that examines the various forces that ...
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planetpapers - Bless Me Ultima - Tony
You might not believe that this is only a seven year old kid, but he is the hero of Rudolfo Anaya's Bless Me, Ultima. Tony is valiant, and this courage ...
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antsaint: Bless Me, Ultima, by Rudolfo Anaya
Jodie is originally from New Mexico, and she considers Bless Me, Ultima a state classic. Suitable for older children on up, you follow the coming-of-age ...
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Bless Me, Ultima Study Guide by Rudolfo Anaya
Bless Me, Ultima Study Guide by Rudolfo Anaya. Bless Me, Ultima study guide, including 76 pages of chapter summaries, essays, quotes, and more.
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Free Bless Me Ultima Essays
Free Bless Me Ultima papers, essays, and research papers.
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Synopsis: Shirley MacLaine is Madame Sousatzka, an aging piano instructor of Russian extraction. Entrenched in a dilapidated London rooming house, the Madame gives lessons only to the most gifted. She does not stop at mere instruction; Sousatzka insists that her pupils conduct their lives in the same genteel, cultured manner in which she was raised. Her priz... Continue Reading
Starring: Navin Chowdhry, Twiggy, Shabana Azmi, Shirley MacLaine


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Animal Diaries Archive
2007 - january february march april may june july august september october november december
Meet Pip
21 September 2007
You may have heard of our beautiful newest member of the mammal's team, Pip. Pip came to us about 8 months ago, she is a common brush tail Possum, but she is from Tasmania, so you might notice she doesn't look like the ones found locally around here. She is much darker, almost black, and enormous, weighing in at a whooping 4.7kg! She is like a big cuddly toy.She is about 8 years now and has lived with a family nearly her whole life. Pip has taken on the challenge of going outside quite well. Climbing up trees, walking through creeks, and sniffing through mulch litter. These are just some of her daily activities, but she also enjoys being in her enclosure where she is often munching on her browse, her favourite being swamp mahogany, and Lilli Pilli tip.
With her gorgeous nature, and her beautiful looks it hasn't taken long for her to be ready for her first guest experience, giving our Mountain brush tail 'Hope' a holiday. Pip successfully completed her first experience in early August with a young girl called Becky from England. We took Pip and Becky down to the creek area, where Pip and Becky had huge cuddles, and photos. Pip was given her favourite treat which is sweet potato, and corn on the cob, then Pip let us know that it was time for a walk. Little Becky went for a long walk along the shuttle track, Pip was a star and with a face like that how couldn't she be.
Next time your at Australia Zoo make sure you book early for the possum experience, as there is limited spaces daily and who knows you may get a chance to meet gorgeous Pip, or get to hang with our sweet little Hope.
Our Amazing Mountain Brushtail Possums
Mountain Brushtail Possums are a little larger than the Common Brushtail Possum, weighing between 2.5kg to 4.5kg. They also have some other features that distin ...more
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The traditional German Toy company, established in 1912, has commissioned Vivienne Westwood to design a range of fun and iconic collectable wind-up cars. Perfect for Christmas, Schuco toy cars are treasured childhood keepsakes, passed from one generation to the next. The collection consists of two limited edition hand painted model cars. Produced in a limited edition of 1000, each car comes with: - Certificate of authenticity and limited edition numbered sticker on the underside of each car. - Selection of tools including spanner, hammer, wind-up handle and car jack. - Pewter Mechanic. - Instruction manual. The red model takes its inspiration from Vivienne Westwood's signature prints including; the satyr, skull & crossbones, orb and the original Anglomania Cutlass and Arm logo.
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Stage One Route Description
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What was your favourite stage of the 2004 TR?
Day 1 (Fernie to Blairmore)
[ 0 ]
Day 2 (Blairmore to Dutch Creek)
[ 0 ]
Day 3 (Dutch Creek to Etherington Creek)
[ 0 ]
Day 4 (Etherington Creek to Sandy McNabb)
[ 1 ]
Day 5 (Sandy McNabb to Bragg Creek)
[ 2 ]
Day 6 (Bragg Creek to Rafter 6)
[ 2 ]
Day 7 (Rafter 6 to Canmore)
[ 0 ]
Total Votes : 5
TR Super Poster
Joined: 29 Jan 2004
Posts: 496
Location: Bowen Island/Vancouver, BC
Posted: Thu Mar 10, 2005 11:31 pm
Post subject: Stage One Route Description
Ah, the start of it all. Here is the description from the 2004 TransRockies RoadBook. Fernie to Blairmore - 94.63 kms, 1303 metres climbing
1-39 - Beginning in Fernie, the race follows the wide gravel of Coal Creek Road. This road climbs gradually up to Coal Creek Pass before beginning a long descent to the junction with Michel Creel Road.
39-84 - After a break on the good pavement of Michel Creek Road, get ready for a steep climb up to the summit of Ptolemy Pass. From the Summit, the trail drops down to Highway 3. A short roll on the highway will bring you to a junction with a trail around Emerald Lake. Soon you'll pass the Sentinal Travel Information Centre and head back into the wilderness.
84-165 - This section of trail varies dramatically. The first section will see the creek overflowing the trail causing you to ford repeatedly. Before long, the trail dries and becomes a good wide double-track. Eventually, you'll meet a wide public gravel road. Turn tight and follow this to the next junction. Head back into the bush and follow a great double-track to the final junction with another gravel road. Turn left, drop down the hill to finish in Blairmore. You'll be turning left just before reaching Blairmore to access the finish location.
What do you remember most vividly?
For me is is the burned out valley and meeting Trevor and Carolyn walking their bikes right at the end of the stage.
Trevor had broken his frame and was walking in the last few kms. He managed to borrow a bike and completed the race.
BTW More information on a good chunk of the TR course can be found in Ward Cameron's book, Mountain Bike! Canadian Rockies A guide to the Classic Trails. In it you can find descriptions of the Ptolemy Pass, Michael Creek and Coal Creek portions of the day 1 route.
Last edited by Simon on Sat Mar 12, 2005 4:04 am; edited 2 times in total
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TR Forum Friend
Joined: 30 Aug 2004
Posts: 62
Posted: Fri Mar 11, 2005 4:52 am
Post subject: Like it was yesterday...
What do I remember;
Feeling really humble.
Really, really humble.
Cattle looking at me with pity in their eyes.
Being scooped up by Barb, Pat, Eric and Marie and encouraged to the finish.
Did I mention humble.
Eagles calling at the top of Ptolmy pass.
The generousity and the rolling pharmacy that is the TR peleton.
The car that drove by at the start with Billy Joel's "Only The Good Die Young" blarring from the speakers. My darkest moments were made darker as that piece of crap echoed inside my head until I crossed the line.
The guy who I sat across from at dinner, who after hearing how bad my day was commented, "Dude, somebody was going to have an epic, thanks for taking one for the rest of us.
There was a sweet, twisty downhill in there somewhere.
Trying to stay ahead of the sweeper motor bike.
Oh, and humbled.
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TR Super Poster
Joined: 29 Jan 2004
Posts: 496
Location: Bowen Island/Vancouver, BC
Posted: Fri Mar 11, 2005 10:41 am
Post subject: The "Back of the Pack"
There is much to be said for the cameraderie at the "back of the pack".
On day 3 at the top of a climb there were about 10 of us having a well deserved break. I got out my lube and gave everyone's chain a shot, using most of the bottle. There just seemed to be more co-operation and encouragment at the back. We were all in it together, and although we were well off the lead and had no hope of getting on the podium, or even starting in the "A" group the next morning.
Brief aside.
For 2005 my partner and I hope to get into that A group start at least once. (I think it is the top 15 mens, 15 masters, 5 womens and 5 mixed teams start in the "A" group, and the rest of us have to eat their dust.)
On day 7 Barb and Pat, two of the most friendly and enthusiastic riders I encountered, made it into the "A" group. I was so happy for them. Through perserverence they finished in the top 5 in their category.
Cramps, Eric and Marie, Dick and Laurie, Barb and Pat, and all of the rest of the people at the back of the pack made the ride such a great experience.
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Paul N
Site Admin
Joined: 18 Jan 2004
Posts: 82
Location: Vancouver
Posted: Sat Mar 12, 2005 10:46 am
Post subject: Camaraderie throughout
The nice thing about the TR is that camaraderie exists throughout the field, front to back. You don't have to go far to find examples of this. Just take a look at the 2003 DVD and the classic footage of the two lead vet teams, one waiting for the other because they took a wrong turn.
Every day there were incredible stories of camaraderie and luckily we get to witness a lot of that in the daily videos. Yes there is a competition going on here but I have to say, that in all my years of racing I have never met such a supportive group of riders as TransRockers. Back or Front. I have seen teams neck in neck helping each other with flats, directions, food, water, etc. It is truely and amazing event and it tends to bring the best out in people.
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Next time you're relaxing in the mood-lit cabin of a Virgin America flight, treat yourself to a cup of Mighty Leaf. As announced recently, our teas are available on every Virgin America flight with beverage service. The three high-flying flavors–now regularly enjoyed above the clouds–are (more…)
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Fri, Dec 13 2pm to 5pm
If you are parking outside of normal business hours and there is no attendant present, you will have to self park on the lower level.
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The Day the Music Will Die
I'm going to admit this publicly, once and for all, something I've admitted privately for years. The day Manning retires - no matter the circumstances - will be a day I shed some tears, and the day the last part of my childhood youth dies away.
Manning is the reason I approached football the way I did…and though I'll probably never meet him, he has certainly had a big hand in my life. Some may scoff at this, but in the end, Manning has been my biggest childhood idol and hero, and this article reminds me that time has gone on, age and maturity has come with it.
I'm no longer 8, watching a guy named Peyton wave his arms and bark orders around like a squawking pigeon…and football is no longer something confined to Madden '98. Life has grown past the confines of my childhood and with growing up came responsibility.
Whether it be the loss of a friend to death, friends becoming tragically ill, car accidents, or whatever life circumstances that were brought into my life, in the end, my experiences from football and sports (and obviously, God's grace), helped me adapt, shape, cope, and grow.
No matter how it ends, and I'm very afraid this may be the end, Peyton will be one of my idols and heroes forever.
(Source: ESPN)


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Date: |
February 14, 2006 |
Code: AD 06-01 |
To: |
Vice-Presidents for Administration |
From: |
George V. Ashkar |
Subject: |
Student Fees Collected in Advance for Fiscal Year 2006-07 |
California State University has proposed legislation that would allow for maintenance of all student fees in the State University Trust Fund. If approved, this legislation will necessitate changes in the California State University's policies regarding budgeting and accounting for student fees. Further discussions will be taking place at upcoming meetings of the Financial Officers Association and the Financial Standards Advisory Committee. To facilitate the transition, effective immediately all student fees collected for upcoming 2006-07 class sessions will be recorded as Uncleared Collections (FIRMS Object Code 250002) in General Fund Non-Appropriated Uncleared Collections (FNAT key 109009). These fees should be deposited in the State Treasury system, but will remain un-remitted until the final 2006-07 Budget Act and related legislation is signed. Further communications regarding operations in 2006-07 will be forthcoming as negotiations are completed, decisions are made and policies are set. Please make an effort to participate in all upcoming committee meetings as we work through this exciting opportunity to make bold steps towards greater efficiency. If you have questions, please contact George V. Ashkar at (562) 951-4610. GVA:tp AD 06-01 | ||
Distribution: |
Financial Managers |


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For the first time anywhere, the first-person account of the planning and execution of the Bin Laden raid from a Navy Seal who confronted the terrorist mastermind and witnessed his final moments. From the streets of Iraq to the rescue of Captain Richard Phillips in the Indian Ocean, and from... read more
This is a very interesting book about special people who do extraordinary things for love of country. The key word is "Special," as in special operation, special warfare, special weapons, etc. If you see these men on the street they don't look very special except they are more fit then most,... read more (warning: may contain spoilers)
""Don't just live but live for a purpose bigger than yourself. Be an asset to your family, community and country.""
PROLOGUE: Chalk One
CHAPTER 1: Green Team
CHAPTER 2: Top Five/Bottom Five
CHAPTER 3: The Second Deck
CHAPTER 4: Delta
CHAPTER 5: Point Man
CHAPTER 6: Maersk Alabama
CHAPTER 7: The Long War
CHAPTER 8: Goat Trails
CHAPTER 9: Something Special in D.C.
CHAPTER 10: The Pacer
CHAPTER 11: Killing Time
CHAPTER 12: Go Day
CHAPTER 13: Infil
CHAPTER 14: Khalid
CHAPTER 15: Third Deck
CHAPTER 16: Geronimo
CHAPTER 17: Exfil
CHAPTER 18: Confirmation
CHAPTER 19: Touch the Magic
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Read this Book Number of Pages - 15 Find other books like this one in the library |
This story is about the life of a peasant girl and her dream of seeing the city. Publication Date [2002] Languages Spanish Contributor North American Cultural Institute of Peru (ICPNA) & National Library of Peru (BNP) - Peru Publisher Center for Documentation and Information on Children's Literature - Peru Copyright held by - Centro de Documentación e Información de Literatura Infantil. This work is made available with the permission of the owner of copyright. Notes Includes a reading Guide by Ruth Alina Barrios Gonzales, a specialist in promoting literacy. Policies Link to This Book |


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Community projects needed for service day by Feb. 2
Community projects needed for service day by Feb. 2
By Tiffany Pelt
Texas State News Intern
Now is the time for local non-profit organizations, churches, schools and community members that need a few extra hands with spring projects to complete job site request forms for Bobcat Build.
Bobcat Build, Texas State's largest student-run community service project, will focus on larger and more ambitious projects starting with the upcoming event on March 31.
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The student planning committee has been working since August to plan for this year's event. Assisting them has been a community team, working to develop sponsorships, job sites, beautification projects, literacy efforts, and kick-off activities.
"This year, a community team has been formed to assist the students with their goal of fewer, more meaningful job sites,' said San Marcos Mayor Susan Navariz. "We will focus on fewer work sites and larger projects to have a greater impact in our community."
For the first time, Bobcat Build is also extending an invitation to San Marcos businesses and community organizations to join the Bobcats by providing volunteers to help in the major beautification projects.
"When we started Bobcat Build five years ago, even we could not imagine how successful it would become," said Texas State President Denise M. Trauth.
"I can't tell you how proud I am when I look out at that sea of students, ready to work and give something back to this wonderful city where we live."
From gardening and raking leaves to washing windows or painting, Bobcat Build's Texas State student volunteers can get the job done in no time!
Job site request forms are due February 2, 2007. Jobsites are evaluated and allotted a certain number of volunteers as well as supplies and materials needed for the job.
Bobcat Build has a limited supply of paints, cleaning materials, and other tools.
Major jobsites already scheduled for 2007 include the Hays County Area Food Bank; Castle Forest/ Franklin Square neighborhood clean up and Craddock beautification; the Eddie Durham Museum/Calaboose Museum; DeZavala Elementary School; the San Marcos Nature Center & Wildlife Habitat Park; City Housing Rehab Program; the San Marcos Animal Shelter; green space clean up; graffiti clean-up; and the San Marcos Public Library.
Bobcat Build sponsor and jobsite, request forms are available at the Texas State Office of Community Relations, located at the Texas State River House or downloaded online at www. txstate.edu/community by clicking on Bobcat Build.
For more information call Community Relations at 245-9645.
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Mary J. Blige performed for a group of young women at a Starbucks Store in Seattle this week.
Starbucks closed the store for the concert, which very few people knew about. Many of the women didn't know who would be performing inside the coffee shop until Blige took the stage with Grammy award-winning producer David Foster.
Blige is a supporter of the Starbucks Community Stores, which donate a portion of the profits to a local charity. The community store in Seattle donates money to the YWCA.
Mary said: "It was everything for me to surprise them for them to not know I was coming or for them to not know what they were in for. I'm filled so full with love because I got a chance to give back."


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A Playbook for Managing at the Crossroads
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I reached Rameswaram on 30th Sep 2012 and rooms were not available in any hotels/lodge near to temple. I luckily got a 3BR available in this lodge and I had to made this choice considering near to tample. Room was quite ok and clean but the bathroom was really bad... the drainage was not proper and the water was keep... More
- Also Known As:
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HEAT grill to medium-high heat.
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SERVE with reserved sauce.


text: I eat here quite frequently for lunch. The gyros are great and so is everything else come to think about it. You order by the counter and sit down, sometimes it can be a bit slow, but it is well worth the wait. For a lunch place prices are a bit high. The place do get kind of loud, it... More


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Assessment of Energy Policy and Practices
Why an assessment is needed
There is an urgent need to explore, understand, and communicate the components of successful energy policy. At the same time, as WEC's recent energy scenarios work concluded, it is important to remember there is no one ideal policy or suite of policies.
Energy policy is strongly shaped and influenced by particular national or even regional situations. Thus, lessons from a country's energy policy and practices should prove less useful, by themselves, in formulating policy for other countries, and indeed the entire globe. But, not attempting to learn from the practice of others and develop more effective energy policy, bearing in mind the scale and speed of the needed energy transitions, is irresponsible. This line of thinking is consistent with the call in
There is an urgent need to explore, understand, and communicate the components of successful energy policy.
The list of critical questions requiring answers is daunting. How should policy-makers best balance their responses to today's energy challenges with those of tomorrow's? How can the private, public, and citizen sectors work together more effectively to respond to these challenges-and keep driving forward the necessary changes? And what are the best working models of public policy, regulation, market mechanisms, business strategies, and financial instruments needed to create energy supply and demand patterns that meet the goals of eliminating energy poverty, ensuring energy security, and achieving energy sustainability?
Energy businesses are increasingly global in nature, requiring that investment decisions and technology choices be made with a global perspective, but energy policies are predominantly made at the national level. Thus, a gap has to be bridged at a time when significant investments need to be made to ensure security of supply and to meet global environmental challenges. This Assessment can help bridge this gap by contributing to more consistent and coherent energy policies across nations, and ensuring that energy businesses receive timely, clear, and stable policy signals from governments to invest in new technologies, infrastructure, and products. Governments and their constituents need assurances from business and financial markets that security and sustainability challenges can be realistically met, while maintaining healthy regional and global economies.
WEC believes that a new approach to the assessment of national energy policy and practices, built around an appropriately designed index, provides a valuable catalyst for finding answers to such questions and solutions to emerging energy transitions.


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10 Meetup Groups match "Usability" near Brockton, MA
Grab a wireframe, a color palette, and a cocktail glass to mix it up with local user-experience pros. The UX meetup is a casual monthly gathering to meet local designers, swap industry techniques and news, and celebrate the remarkable design talent in Providence. If you dig liquids, interaction design, information architecture, and usability, come join us!
There are no upcoming Meetups.
Perfetti Media hosts an informal meetup in Boston for web designers, usability professionals, information architects, interaction designers, content managers, and other user experience professionals. We'd like to meet, greet, and connect up with other folks who face the same challenges we have.
Are you interested in accessibility? Join passionate developers, media specialists, designers, usability professionals, and accessibility experts to share knowledge and learn at the Boston Accessibility Roundtable. The Boston A11Y Roundtable meets monthly to discuss online accessibility, including trends in regulations and guidelines, barriers that people with disabilities face online, and techniques for achieving equal access by all for websites, applications, and documents. The format of the m …
This is a place for all local IxDA professionals to talk and exchange thoughts and ideas. No matter if you're just starting a career in Interaction Design (IxD) or you've been doing this for years, everyone is welcome. This is where you read about updates, ask for help or feedback on ideas and over time also will be able to search message archives for hopefully valuble info.
Code monkeys, pixel pushers and web heads unite! Join us each month for an informal get-together to discuss web development trends, tools and techniques. These lunch-hour meetings, hosted at Providence area restaurants, will give you the chance to examine such topics as web design, semantics, standards, accessibility, usability, servers, clients (as in software or as in people), popular trends, and any other topics that our members are interested in.
We're a bunch of thinkers, tinkerers, inventors, and makers interested in good design and known for our thought-provoking beer and delicious content. Come at your own risk! Want to sponsor a meetup? Contact the organizers!
There are no upcoming Meetups.
Join other designers, developers, researchers, information architects, and content strategists for a night of dinner, drinks, and lively conversation. I am the founder of the Boston UX Social Hour meetup which has grown into a large event with 80-100 attendees. To complement the UX Social Hour, I'd like to schedule smaller dinners focused on a specific topic. If you'd like to sign up, please send me a note and describe how you'll contribute to the conversation.
There are no upcoming Meetups.
ProductTank provides an opportunity for Product Managers in Boston to exchange ideas and experiences about Product Design, Development and Management, as well as Lean, Business Modelling, Metrics, User Experience and all the other things that get us excited. Events include short talks from guest speakers on topics around product management, design and development as well as plenty of time for networking and a good old-fashioned chin-wag over a beer or two. We're open to companies big and small. …
There are no upcoming Meetups.
User experience and user interface designers from all over bring their latest UX projects and showcase them off to local startups, entrepreneurs, founders, and fellow designers.
Startup Product, a movement for product excellence. Startup Product welcomes everyone passionate about product excellence, regardless of title, industry, or stage of growth, to come together to share, learn and talk about what it really takes to produce products that people love and how to build sustainable businesses and revenue streams based on product excellence. Everyone is encouraged to contribute their point of view, workshop their product dilemma, share their lessons learned in the proces …
Get an alert email when new Meetup Groups like this start near you.
You'll get advice, help finding members, and tools to make running a Meetup Group easier.


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Welcome Week
During the second week of the fall semester, the Office of Student Development coordinates a calendar of activities that are organized by various departments and programs on campus. 20-30 departments across campus usually participate in Welcome Week and offer a variety of activities that help welcome new and returning students to College of the Canyons. Activities range from information tables, open houses, to workshops.
Can't find it? Try the Cougar Search Engine
Valencia campus:
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1 Meetup Group matches "Violin" near Beaverton, OR
Would love to meet with people interested in reading mystery genre books. After long hours at work, it's nice to escape into a great mystery. We've been meeting over five years! We meet the LAST SUNDAY of the MONTH from 3-5 pm at the Beaverton Library.. The goal is to meet other with similar interests and have some fun exchanging favorite authors and books. In addition, we sprinkle our Murder Mystery Parties and sometimes outtings; Mystery Train and now Eddie May Mystery Theatre. And we need …
Get an alert email when new Meetup Groups like this start near you.
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Cosmo with a Twist
Tuesday, September 4, 2012
Time: 3 p.m. - 5 p.m.
Maddox Grill & Bar, 18411 Highway 99, Lynnwood
The Professional Women in Building (PWiB) Council and the Associates Council have teamed up to bring members together to build connections business with their joint event, Cosmo with a Twist, which is a monthly opportunity for members to meet other members in an inviting environment, make connections with other members' businesses and build referral business. This is an informal event with no strict format, so you can arrive and leave when it works for you. Cosmo with a Twist takes place on the first Tuesday of every month in Lynnwood during happy hour at Maddox Grill and Bar. This is not a council-member-only event, so please bring a guest and join the fun!
Contact: | Jasmina Kahrimanovic, Council Liaison Manager |
Phone: | (425) 460-8234 |
Email: | email@example.com |


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Welcome to Gatehouse Estates, Estate Agents with offices in Godmanchester & St. Neots
Some of our featured properties For Sale
Four bedroom detached house for sale in Kimbolton
Located a short walk from Kimbolton high street and both schools this detached family home has been updated to offer a kitchen/breakfast room, dining room, sitting room, a conservatory, cloakroom, four bedrooms, en-suite shower room & family bathroom.For Sale £340,000
Part thatched cottage for sale
This part thatched cottage has been extended to offer versatile accommodation and annexe potential. The accommodation includes a glazed entrance hall, cloak, boot & laundry rooms, a living room, dining room, kitchen, study and sitting room. There are four double bedrooms, two with en-suite and a family bathroom. Outside there is off road parking, a garage and an enclosed rear garden.For Sale £500,000
Flat with balcony for sale at The Chestnuts
A first floor flat with a balcony in The Chestnuts on West Street, a custom built retirement development for the over 55's with river frontage and easy access to all of Godmanchester's amenities. The flat has two bedrooms, a sitting room, a balcony, a kitchen and a shower room.For Sale £129,995
SALE AGREED – Grade II Listed house
A Grade II Listed three storey family home in need of refurbishment located right in the heart of Godmanchester. The accommodation includes a sitting room, family room, kitchen/dining room, downstairs shower room, four double bedrooms and a bathroom. There is a driveway, garage/workshop and garden.For Sale £350,000
Detached Victorian home for sale in Warboys
Located on the outskirts of the village this detached Victorian family home offers an open plan sitting & living room, dining room, kitchen/breakfast room, conservatory, utility/cloakroom, three double bedrooms and a large bathroom. There is a drive, a double garage and a rear garden with open viewsFor Sale £295,000
Cottage for sale in Lucks Lane, Buckden
A period Grade II Listed pantiled cottage located right in the heart of Buckden close to the Church and the High Street offering a sitting room with inglenook fireplace, an open plan kitchen/dining room with door out to the west facing courtyard garden, a bathroom and two double bedrooms.For Sale £169,995
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