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Look up abuse or abuser in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- 1 Types and contexts of abuse
- 1.1 Abuse of authority
- 1.2 Abuse of corpse
- 1.3 Abuse of discretion
- 1.4 Abuse of dominance
- 1.5 Abuse of indulgences
- 1.6 Abuse of information
- 1.7 Abuse of power
- 1.8 Abuse of process
- 1.9 Abuse of rank
- 1.10 Abuse of statistics
- 1.11 Abuse of the system
- 1.12 Abuse of trust
- 1.13 Academic abuse
- 1.14 Ad hominem abuse
- 1.15 Adolescent abuse
- 1.16 Adult abuse
- 1.17 Alcohol abuse
- 1.18 Animal abuse
- 1.19 Anti-social behaviour
- 1.20 Bullying
- 1.21 Character assassination
- 1.22 Child abuse
- 1.23 Child-on-child sexual abuse
- 1.24 Child sexual abuse
- 1.25 Church abuse
- 1.26 Civil rights abuse
- 1.27 Clandestine abuse
- 1.28 Clerical abuse
- 1.29 Corporate abuse
- 1.30 Corruption
- 1.31 Cyber abuse or cyber bullying
- 1.32 Dating abuse or dating violence
- 1.33 Defamation
- 1.34 Detainee abuse
- 1.35 Disability abuse
- 1.36 Discriminatory abuse
- 1.37 Doctor abuse
- 1.38 Domestic abuse or domestic violence
- 1.39 Drug abuse
- 1.40 Economic abuse
- 1.41 Elder abuse
- 1.42 Emotional abuse
- 1.43 Employee abuse
- 1.44 False accusations
- 1.45 Financial abuse
- 1.46 Flag abuse
- 1.47 Gaming the system
- 1.48 Gaslighting
- 1.49 Gay abuse or gay bashing
- 1.50 Group psychological abuse
- 1.51 Harassment
- 1.52 Hate crimes
- 1.53 Hazing
- 1.54 Human rights abuse
- 1.55 Humiliation
- 1.56 Incivility
- 1.57 Institutional abuse
- 1.58 Insult
- 1.59 Intimidation
- 1.60 Legal abuse
- 1.61 Lesbian abuse
- 1.62 Malpractice
- 1.63 Market abuse
- 1.64 Material abuse
- 1.65 Medical abuse
- 1.66 Mental abuse
- 1.67 Military abuse
- 1.68 Mind abuse or mind control
- 1.69 Misconduct
- 1.70 Mobbing
- 1.71 Narcissistic abuse
- 1.72 Neglect
- 1.73 Negligence
- 1.74 Nurse abuse or nursing abuse
- 1.75 Online abuse
- 1.76 Parental abuse by children
- 1.77 Parental abuse of children
- 1.78 Passive–aggressive behavior
- 1.79 Patient abuse
- 1.80 Peer abuse
- 1.81 Persecution
- 1.82 Personal abuse or personal attacks
- 1.83 Physical abuse
- 1.84 Police abuse
- 1.85 Political abuse
- 1.86 Prejudice
- 1.87 Prison abuse or prisoner abuse
- 1.88 Professional abuse
- 1.89 Psychological abuse
- 1.90 Racial abuse
- 1.91 Ragging
- 1.92 Rape
- 1.93 Relational aggression
- 1.94 Religious abuse
- 1.95 Resident abuse
- 1.96 Rudeness
- 1.97 Satanic ritual abuse
- 1.98 School bullying
- 1.99 Sectarian abuse
- 1.100 Self-abuse
- 1.101 Sexual abuse
- 1.102 Sexual bullying
- 1.103 Sibling abuse
- 1.104 Smear campaign
- 1.105 Societal abuse
- 1.106 Spiritual abuse
- 1.107 Spousal abuse
- 1.108 Stalking
- 1.109 Structural abuse
- 1.110 Substance abuse
- 1.111 Surveillance abuse
- 1.112 Taunting
- 1.113 Teacher abuse
- 1.114 Teasing
- 1.115 Telephone abuse
- 1.116 Terrorism
- 1.117 Torture
- 1.118 Transgender abuse or trans bashing
- 1.119 Umpire abuse
- 1.120 Verbal abuse or verbal attacks
- 1.121 Whispering campaign
- 1.122 Workplace abuse or workplace bullying
- 2 Characteristics and styles of abuse
- 3 Psychological characteristics of abusers
- 4 Effects of abuse on victims
- 5 Power and control in abusive relationships
- 6 Victim blaming
- 7 Cycles of abuse
- 8 Intergenerational transmission of abuse
- 9 Abuse cases
- 10 See also
- 11 Notes
- 12 References
- 13 Further reading
- 14 External links
Abuse is the improper usage or treatment of an entity, often to unfairly or improperly gain benefit. Abuse can come in many forms, such as: physical or verbal maltreatment, injury, assault, violation, rape, unjust practices; crimes, or other types of aggression.[1]
Types and contexts of abuse
Abuse of authority
Abuse of authority, in the form of political corruption, is the use of legislated or otherwise authorized powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is not considered political corruption. Neither are illegal acts by private persons or corporations not directly involved with the government. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties.
Abuse of authority is separated from abuse of power in that the act is originally condoned, but is extended beyond that initially conceived and is in not all cases
Abuse of corpse
- See: Abuse of corpse
Abuse of discretion
An abuse of discretion is a failure to take into proper consideration the facts and law relating to a particular matter; an arbitrary or unreasonable departure from precedent and settled judicial custom.[2]
Abuse of dominance
- See: Abuse of dominance
Abuse of indulgences
- See: Abuse of indulgences
Abuse of information
Abuse of information typically involves a breach of confidence or plagiarism, or extending the confidence of information beyond those authorized.
In the financial world, Insider trading can also be considered a misuse of internal information that gives an unfair advantage in investment.
Abuse of power
Abuse of power, in the form of "malfeasance in office" or "official misconduct," is the commission of an unlawful act, done in an official capacity, which affects the performance of official duties. Malfeasance in office is often grounds for a for cause removal of an elected official by statute or recall election.
Further reading
- Chomsky, Noam Failed States: The Abuse of Power and the Assault on Democracy (American Empire Project) (2007)
Abuse of process
A cause of action in tort arising from one party making a malicious and deliberate misuse or perversion of regularly issued court process (civil or criminal) not justified by the underlying legal action.
Abuse of rank
Rankism (also called abuse of rank) is treating people of a lower rank in an abusive, discriminatory, or exploitative way.[3] Robert W. Fuller claims that rankism includes the abuse of the power inherent in superior rank, with the view that rank-based abuse underlies many other phenomena such as bullying, racism, sexism, and homophobia.
Abuse of statistics
- See: Abuse of statistics
Abuse of the system
Abuse of trust
- See: Position of trust
Academic abuse
- See: Academic abuse
Ad hominem abuse
Ad hominem abuse (also called personal abuse or personal attacks) usually involves insulting or belittling one's opponent in order to invalidate his or her argument, but can also involve pointing out factual but ostensible character flaws or actions which are irrelevant to the opponent's argument.
Adolescent abuse
- See: Anti-social behaviour, Juvenile delinquency, Parental abuse by adolescents, Parental abuse of adolescents
Adult abuse
Adult abuse refers to the abuse of vulnerable adults.[4]
Alcohol abuse
Alcohol abuse, as described in the DSM-IV, is a psychiatric diagnosis describing the recurring use of alcoholic beverages despite its negative consequences.[5] Alcohol abuse is sometimes referred to by the less specific term alcoholism. However, many definitions of alcoholism exist, and only some are compatible with alcohol abuse. There are two types of alcoholics: those who have anti social and pleasure-seeking tendencies, and those who are anxiety-ridden- people who are able to go without drinking for long periods of time but are unable to control themselves once they start.[6] Binge drinking is another form of alcohol abuse. Frequent binge drinking or getting severely drunk more than twice is classed as alcohol misuse.[7] According to research done through international surveys, the heaviest drinkers happen to be the United Kingdom's adolescent generation.[8]
Animal abuse
Animal abuse is the infliction of suffering or harm upon animals, other than humans, for purposes other than self-defense. More narrowly, it can be harm for specific gain, such as killing animals for fur. Diverging viewpoints are held by jurisdictions throughout the world.
Anti-social behaviour
Anti-social behaviour is often seen as public behaviour that lacks judgement and consideration for others and may cause them or their property damage. It may be intentional, as with vandalism or graffiti, or the result of negligence. Persistent anti-social behaviour may be a manifestation of an antisocial personality disorder. The counterpart of anti-social behaviour is pro-social behaviour, namely any behaviour intended to help or benefit another person, group or society.[9]
Bullying is repeated acts over time that involves a real or perceived imbalance of power with the more powerful individual or group attacking those who are less powerful.[10] Bullying may consist of three basic types of abuse – verbal, physical and emotional. It typically involves subtle methods of coercion such as intimidation. Bullying can be defined in many different ways. Although the UK currently has no legal definition of bullying,[11] some US states have laws against it. Bullying is usually done to coerce others by fear or threat.
Character assassination
Character assassination is an attempt to tarnish a person's reputation. It may involve exaggeration or manipulation of facts to present an untrue picture of the targeted person. It is a form of defamation and can be a form of ad hominem argument.
Child abuse
Child abuse is the physical or psychological/emotional mistreatment of children. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child.[12] Most child abuse occurs in a child's home, with a smaller amount occurring in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with. There are four major categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological/emotional abuse, and sexual abuse.
Child-on-child sexual abuse
Child-on-child sexual abuse refers to a form of child sexual abuse in which a prepubescent child is sexually abused by one or more other children or adolescent youths, and in which no adult is directly involved. This includes sexual activity between children that occurs without consent, without equality, or as a result of coercion;[13] particularly when physical force, threats, trickery, or emotional manipulation are used to elicit cooperation.
Child sexual abuse
Child sexual abuse is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent abuses a child for sexual stimulation.[14][15] Forms of CSA include asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities (regardless of the outcome), indecent exposure of the genitals to a child, displaying pornography to a child, actual sexual contact against a child, physical contact with the child's genitals, viewing of the child's genitalia without physical contact, or using a child to produce child pornography.[14][16][17]
Church abuse
Civil rights abuse
Clandestine abuse
Clandestine abuse is sexual, psychological, or physical abuse "that is kept secret for a purpose, concealed, or underhanded."[18]
Clerical abuse
Corporate abuse
Corruption can be defined as the misuse of public office for private gain. This involves putting personal interests above those of the people and ideals he or she is pledged to serve. It comes in many forms, is often subjective and can range in severity. Corruption can involve promises, threats or both.
Cyber abuse or cyber bullying
Cyberbullying "involves the use of information and communication technologies to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior by an individual or group, that is intended to harm others. -Bill Belsey"[19]
Dating abuse or dating violence
Dating abuse is a pattern of abusive behavior exhibited by one or both partners in a dating relationship. The behavior may include, but is not limited to, physical abuse, psychological abuse and sexual abuse.
Defamation is the communication of a statement that makes a claim, expressly stated or implied to be factual, that may give an individual, business, product, group, government or nation a negative image. It is usually, but not always,[note 1] a requirement that this claim be false and that the publication is communicated to someone other than the person defamed (the claimant).
Detainee abuse
Disability abuse
It has been noted that disabled people are disproportionately affected by disability abuse and bullying, and such activity has been cited as a hate crime.[20] The bullying is not limited to those who are visibly disabled such as wheelchair-users or physically deformed such as those with a cleft lip but also those with learning disabilities such as autism[21][22] and developmental coordination disorder.[23][24] In the latter case, this is linked to a poor ability in physical education, and this behaviour can be encouraged by the unthinking physical education teacher. Abuse of the disabled is not limited to schools. There are many known cases in which the disabled have been abused by staff of a "care institution", such as the case revealed in a BBC Panorama programme on a Castlebeck care home (Winterbourne View) near Bristol which led to its closure and the suspension and sacking of some of the staff.[25]
Discriminatory abuse
Discriminatory abuse involves picking on or treating someone unfairly because something about them is different, for example it may be:
- age
- clothing or appearance
- ethnicity, nationality or culture including traits like language
- gender, including gender-related traits (e.g. Pregnancy)
- health (such as AIDS) or disability (e.g. mental disorders)
- language usage
- lifestyle or occupation
- race or skin colour
- religion or political affiliation
- sexuality and sexual orientation
- social class or creed
- weight and height
Discriminatory laws such as redlining have existed in many countries. In some countries, controversial attempts such as racial quotas have been used to redress negative effects of discrimination.
Other acts of discrimination include political libel, defamation of groups and stereotypes based on exaggerations.
Doctor abuse
Domestic abuse or domestic violence
Domestic abuse can be broadly defined as any form of abusive behaviors by one or both partners in an [intimate relationship] such as marriage, cohabitation,family, dating or even friends. It is important to remember that abuse is always intentional and can not happen by accident. Domestic violence has many forms including:
- Physical aggression (hitting, kicking, biting, shoving, restraining, throwing objects), or threats thereof;
- Sexual abuse;
- Emotional abuse;
- Financial abuse (withholding money or controlling all money including that of other family members);
- Social abuse (restricting access to friends and/or family, insulting or threatening friends and/or family), controlling or domineering;
- Intimidation;
- Stalking;
- Passive/covert abuse[26][27] (e.g., neglect);
- economic deprivation.
Domestic violence may or may not constitute a crime, depending on local statues, severity and duration of specific acts, and other variables. Alcohol consumption[28] and mental illness[29] have frequently been associated with abuse.
Drug abuse
Economic abuse
Economic abuse is a form of abuse when one intimate partner has control over the other partner's access to economic resources,[30] which diminishes the victim's capacity to support him/herself and forces him/her to depend on the perpetrator financially.[30][31][32]
Elder abuse
Elder abuse is a type of harm to older adults involving abuse by trusted individuals in a manner that "causes harm or distress to an older person."[33] This definition has been adopted by the World Health Organization from a definition put forward by Action on Elder Abuse in the UK.
Emotional abuse
- See: Psychological abuse
Employee abuse
False accusations
False accusations (or false allegations) can be in any of the following contexts:
- informally in everyday life
- quasi-judicially
- judicially.
Financial abuse
Financial abuse (or material abuse) is, for example, illegal or unauthorized use of a person's property, money, pension book or other valuables (including changing the person's will to name the abuser as heir), often fraudulently obtaining power of attorney, followed by deprivation of money or other property, or by eviction from own home.
Further reading
- Baumhoefner, Arlen Financial Abuse of the Deaf And Hard of Hearing Exposed (2006)
- Bechthold, Henry L. Blowing the Whistle on the Christian Church in America: The Political Hypocrisy, Double Standards and Financial Abuse Exposed (2003)
- Carnot, Edward J. Is Your Parent in Good Hands?: Protecting Your Aging Parent from Financial Abuse and Neglect (Capital Cares) (2003)
- Roubicek, Joe Financial Abuse of the Elderly; A Detective's Case Files Of Exploitation Crimes. (2008)
Flag abuse
Flag abuse (or flag desecration) is a term applied to various acts that intentionally destroy, damage or mutilate a flag in public, most often a national flag. Often, such action is intended to make a political point against a country or its policies. Some countries have laws forbidding methods of destruction (such as burning in public) or forbidding particular uses (such as for commercial purposes); such laws may distinguish between desecration of the country's own national flag and flags of other countries. Some countries have laws protecting the right to burn a flag as free speech.
Gaming the system
Gaming the system (or bending the rules, gaming the rules, playing the system, abusing the system, milking the system, or working the system) can be defined as using the rules and procedures meant to protect a system in order, instead, to manipulate the system for a desired outcome.[34]
Gaslighting is a form of psychological abuse in which false information is presented to the victim with the intent of making them doubt their own memory and perception. It may simply be the denial by an abuser that previous abusive incidents ever occurred, or it could be the staging of bizarre events by the abuser with the intention of disorientating the victim.
Gay abuse or gay bashing
Gay bashing and gay bullying is verbal or physical abuse against a person who is perceived by the aggressor to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual, including people who are actually heterosexual or of non-specific or unknown sexual orientation.
Group psychological abuse
Group psychological abuse refers to groups where methods of psychological abuse are frequently or systematically used on their members. Such abuse would be practices that treat the members as objects one is free to manipulate instead of respecting their autonomy, human rights, identity and dignity. In a group can also play mind games with another person that can make the victim seem like they are accepted but in actuality they are backstabbing the person when his/her back is turned. When the victim requests assistance from the abusing group it is not given.
Harassment covers a wide range of offensive behaviour. It is commonly understood as behaviour intended to disturb or upset. In the legal sense, it is behaviour which is found threatening or disturbing.
Power harassment is harassment or unwelcome attention of a political nature, often occurring in the environment of a workplace.
Sexual harassment refers to persistent and unwanted sexual advances, typically in the workplace, where the consequences of refusing are potentially very disadvantageous to the victim.
Hate crimes
Hate crimes occur when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her perceived membership in a certain social group, usually defined by racial group, religion, sexual orientation, disability, ethnicity, nationality, age, gender, gender identity, or political affiliation.[35]
"Hate crime" generally refers to criminal acts which are seen to have been motivated by hatred of one or more of the listed conditions. Incidents may involve physical assault, damage to property, bullying, harassment, verbal abuse or insults, or offensive graffiti or letters (hate mail).[36]
Hazing is activities involving harassment, abuse, or humiliation used as a way of initiating a person into a group.
Hazing is seen in many different types of groups, including in gangs, clubs, sports teams, military units, and workplaces. In the United States and Canada, hazing is often associated with Greek-letter organizations (fraternities and sororities). Hazing is often prohibited by law and may be either physical (possibly violent) or mental (possibly degrading) practices. It may also include nudity or sexually oriented activities.
Human rights abuse
Human rights are "basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled."[37] Examples of rights and freedoms which have come to be commonly thought of as human rights include civil and political rights, such as the right to life and liberty, freedom of expression, and equality before the law; and economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to participate in culture, the right to be treated with respect and dignity, the right to food, the right to work, and the right to education in some countries.
Humiliation is the abasement of pride, which creates mortification or leads to a state of being humbled or reduced to lowliness or submission. It can be brought about through bullying, intimidation, physical or mental mistreatment or trickery, or by embarrassment if a person is revealed to have committed a socially or legally unacceptable act.
Incivility is a general term for social behaviour lacking in civility or good manners, on a scale from rudeness or lack of respect for elders, to vandalism and hooliganism, through public drunkenness and threatening behaviour.[38]
Institutional abuse
Institutional abuse can typically occur in a care home, nursing home, acute hospital or in-patient setting and can be any of the following:[39]
Further reading
- Barter, Christine Investigating Institutional Abuse of Children (Policy, Practice, Research) (1998)
- Beker, Jerome Institutional Abuse of Children and Youth (Child & Youth Services) (1982)
- Manthorpe J, Penhale B, Stanley N Institutional Abuse: Perspectives Across the Life Course (1999)
- Westcott, Helen L. Institutional Abuse of Children – From Research to Policy: A Review (Policy, Practice, Research S.) (1991)
An insult is an expression, statement (or sometimes behavior) which is considered degrading and offensive.
Intimidation is intentional behavior "which would cause a person of ordinary sensibilities" fear of injury or harm. It's not necessary to prove that the behavior was so violent as to cause terror or that the victim was actually frightened.[40] "The calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to attain goals political, religious, or ideological in nature...through intimidation, coercion, or instilling fear" can be defined as terrorism.[41]
Legal abuse
Legal abuse refers to abuses associated with both civil and criminal legal action. Abuse can originate from nearly any part of the legal system, including frivolous and vexatious litigants, abuses by law enforcement, incompetent, careless or corrupt attorneys and misconduct from the judiciary itself.[42][43]
Legal abuse is responsible not only for injustice, but also harm to physical, psychological and societal health.*[44]
Lesbian abuse
- See: Negligence
Market abuse
Market abuse may arise in circumstances where financial investors have been unreasonably disadvantaged, directly or indirectly, by others who:[45]
- have used information which is not publicly available (insider dealing)
- have distorted the price-setting mechanism of financial instruments
- have disseminated false or misleading information.
Material abuse
- See: Financial abuse
Medical abuse
- See: Patient abuse, Aggression in healthcare, Bullying in medicine, Bullying in nursing, Medical malpractice and Never events
Mental abuse
- See: Psychological abuse
Military abuse
War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war"; including "murder, the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied territory to slave labor camps", "the murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war", the killing of hostages, "the wanton destruction of cities, towns and villages, and any devastation not justified by military, or civilian necessity".[46]
War rape is rape committed by soldiers, other combatants or civilians during armed conflict or war. During war and armed conflict rape is frequently used as means of psychological warfare in order to humiliate the enemy and undermine their morale.
Military sexual trauma is sexual assault and rape experienced by military personnel. It is often accompanied by posttraumatic stress disorder.[47]
Mind abuse or mind control
Mind abuse or mind control refers to a process in which a group or individual "systematically uses unethically manipulative methods to persuade others to conform to the wishes of the manipulator(s), often to the detriment of the person being manipulated".[48] The term has been applied to any tactic, psychological or otherwise, which can be seen as subverting an individual's sense of control over their own thinking, behavior, emotions or decision making.
Misconduct means a wrongful, improper, or unlawful conduct motivated by premeditated or intentional purpose or by obstinate indifference to the consequences of one's acts. Three categories of misconduct are official misconduct, professional misconduct and sexual misconduct.
Mobbing means bullying of an individual by a group in any context. Identified as emotional abuse in the workplace, such as "ganging up" by co-workers, subordinates or superiors, to force someone out of the workplace through rumor, innuendo, intimidation, humiliation, discrediting, and isolation, it is also referred to as malicious, nonsexual, nonracial, general harassment.[49]
Mobbing can take place in any group environment such as a workplace, neighbourhood or family.
Narcissistic abuse
Narcissistic abuse is a term that emerged in the late 20th century, and became more prominent in the 2000s decade. It originally referred specifically to abuse by narcissistic parents of their children, but more recently has come to mean any abuse by a narcissist.
Neglect is a passive form of abuse in which the perpetrator is responsible to provide care for a victim who is unable to care for oneself, but fails to provide adequate care to meet the victim's needs, thereby resulting in the victim's demise.
Neglect may include failing to provide sufficient supervision, nourishment, medical care or other needs for which the victim is helpless to provide for him/her/itself. The victim may be a child, physically or mentally disabled adult, animal, plant, or inanimate object.
Negligence is conduct that is culpable because it falls short of what a reasonable person would do to protect another individual from foreseeable risks of harm.
Nurse abuse or nursing abuse
Online abuse
Parental abuse by children
Abuse of parents by their children is a common but under reported and under researched subject. Parents are quite often subject to levels of childhood aggression, typically in the form of verbal or physical abuse, in excess of normal childhood aggressive outbursts. Parents feel a sense of shame and humiliation to have that problem, so they rarely seek help and there is usually little or no help available anyway.[50][51]
Parental abuse of children
- See: Abuse#Child abuse
Passive–aggressive behavior
Passive–aggressive behavior is a form of covert abuse. It is passive, sometimes obstructionist resistance to following through with expectations in interpersonal or occupational situations. It can manifest itself as learned helplessness, procrastination, stubbornness, resentment, sullenness, or deliberate/repeated failure to accomplish requested tasks for which one is (often explicitly) responsible.
Patient abuse
Patient abuse or neglect is any action or failure to act which causes unreasonable suffering, misery or harm to the patient. It includes physically striking or sexually assaulting a patient. It also includes withholding of necessary food, physical care, and medical attention. It applies to various contexts such as hospitals, nursing homes, clinics and home visits.[52]
Peer abuse
"Peer abuse" is an expression popularized by Elizabeth Bennett in 2006 to reinforce the idea that it is as valid to identify bullying as a form of abuse as any other type of abuse.[53] The term conveys similar connotations to the term peer victimization.
Persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group by another group. The most common forms are religious persecution, ethnic persecution, and political persecution, though there is naturally some overlap between these terms.
Personal abuse or personal attacks
Physical abuse
Physical abuse is abuse involving contact intended to cause feelings of intimidation, pain, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm.
Police abuse
Police brutality is the intentional use of excessive force, usually physical, but potentially also in the form of verbal attacks and psychological intimidation, by a police officer. It is in some instances triggered by "contempt of cop", i.e., perceived disrespect towards police officers.
Police corruption is a specific form of police misconduct designed to obtain financial benefits and/or career advancement for a police officer or officers in exchange for not pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or arrest.
Police misconduct refers to inappropriate actions taken by police officers in connection with their official duties. Police misconduct can lead to a miscarriage of justice and sometimes involves discrimination.
Political abuse
This section requires expansion. (January 2010) |
Further reading
- Behera, Navnita Chadha Perpetuating the divide: Political abuse of history in South Asia journal Contemporary South Asia, Volume 5, Issue 2 July 1996, Pages 191–205
- Birley, J. Political abuse of psychiatry Psychiatry, Volume 3, Issue 3, Pages 22–25
- Bonnie, Richard J. Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the Soviet Union and in China: Complexities and Controversies J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 30:136–44, 2002[54]
- Zwi, AB. The political abuse of medicine and the challenge of opposing it. Soc Sci Med. 1987;25(6):649-57.
A prejudice is a preconceived belief, opinion, or judgment toward a group of people or a single person because of race, social class, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, age, disability, political beliefs, religion, line of work or other personal characteristics. It also means a priori beliefs (without knowledge of the facts) and includes "any unreasonable attitude that is unusually resistant to rational influence."[55] Although positive and negative prejudice both exist, when used negatively, "prejudice" implies fear and antipathy toward such a group or person.
Prison abuse or prisoner abuse
Prisoner abuse is the mistreatment of persons while they are under arrest or incarcerated. Abuse falling into this category includes:
- Physical abuse: hitting, beating, or other unauthorised corporal punishment.
- Psychological abuse: taunting, sleep deprivation, or other forms of psychological abuse, occasionally white noise
- Sexual abuse: forced intercourse, genital mutilation, or other forms of sexual abuse.
- Other abuse: refusal of essential medication, humiliation, etc.
- Enhanced interrogation: methods implemented in the War on Terror purportedly needed to extract information since other techniques would not yield results.
- Torture: any act by which severe pain, whether physical or psychological, is intentionally inflicted
Professional abuse
Professional abusers:[56]
- take advantage of their client or patient's trust
- exploit their vulnerability
- do not act in their best interests
- fail to keep professional boundaries
Abuse may be:
Professional abuse always involves:
- betrayal of trust
- exploitation of vulnerability
- violation of professional boundaries
Further reading
- Dorpat, Theodore L. Gaslighting, the Double Whammy, Interrogation and Other Methods of Covert Control in Psychotherapy and Analysis (1996)
- Penfold, P. Susan Sexual Abuse by Health Professionals: A Personal Search for Meaning and Healing (1998)
Psychological abuse
Psychological abuse, also referred to as emotional abuse or mental abuse, is a form of abuse characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another to behavior that is psychologically harmful. Such abuse is often associated with situations of power imbalance, such as abusive relationships, bullying, child abuse and in the workplace.
Racial abuse
Racism is abusive attitudes or treatment of others based on the belief that race is a primary determinant of human traits and capacities. It is a form of pride that one's own race is superior and, as a result, has a right to "rule or dominate others," according to a Macquarie Dictionary definition. Racism is correlated with and can foster race-based prejudice, violence, dislike, discrimination, and oppression.
Racism along with extreme nationalism and ethnic bias was a common trait of fascist regimes such as Nazi Germany in the 1930s and early 1940s, led by Adolf Hitler who orchestrated the Holocaust against 6 million Jews. The Nazi party promoted racism and antisemitism to blamed German Jews and Jews for Germany's economic, social and political woes, including Germany's surrender to the allies by the Treaty of Versailles ended World War I (1918). Hitler thought Jewish intellectuals, communists and capitalists alike, were responsible and he started World War II in 1939 but he fell into defeat in 1945 by the Soviets (Russia) and the same countries (Britain, France and the USA) whom defeated Germany before.
Ragging is a form of abuse on newcomers to educational institutions in India, Sri Lanka, and Australia. It is similar to the American phenomenon known as hazing. Currently, Sri Lanka is said to be its worst affected country in the world.[57][58]
Rape, also referred to as sexual assault, is an assault by a person involving sexual intercourse with or without sexual penetration of another person without that person's consent.
The rate of reporting, prosecution and convictions for rape varies considerably in different jurisdictions. The U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1999) estimated that 91% of U.S. rape victims are female and 9% are male, with 99% of the offenders being male.[59] In one survey of women, only two percent of respondents who stated they were sexually assaulted said that the assault was perpetrated by a stranger.[60] For men, male-male rape in prisons has been a significant problem.[61][62]
Relational aggression
Relational aggression, also known as covert aggression[63] or covert bullying[64] is a type of aggression in which harm is caused through damage to relationships or social status within a group rather than physical violence.[64][65] Relational aggression is more common and more studied among girls than boys.[65]
Religious abuse
Religious abuse refers to
- use of religious teachings in an abusive manner that causes psychological harm .
- harassment or humiliation on the basis of the victim's religion, see religious discrimination
- misuse of a religion for selfish, secular or ideological ends, see
- religion and politics
- abuse of a clerical position to perpetrate non-religiously motivated abuse, such as in the Catholic sex abuse cases.[66]
- any form of religious violence, including
- human sacrifice
- violent initiation rites
Resident abuse
- See: Resident abuse
Rudeness (also called impudence or effrontery) is the disrespect and failure to behave within the context of a society or a group of people's social laws or etiquette.
Satanic ritual abuse
Satanic ritual abuse (SRA, sometimes known as ritual abuse, ritualistic abuse, organised abuse, sadistic ritual abuse and other variants) was a moral panic that originated in the United States in the 1980s, spreading throughout the country and eventually to many parts of the world, before subsiding in the late 1990s.
School bullying
School bullying, is a type of bullying that occurs in connection with education, either inside or outside of school. Bullying can be physical, verbal, or emotional and is usually repeated over a period of time.[67][68]
Sectarian abuse
Self-destructive behaviour is a broad set of extreme actions and emotions including self-harm and drug abuse. It can take a variety of forms, and be undertaken for a variety of reasons. It is most visible in young adults and adolescents, but it may affect people of any age.
Sexual abuse
Sexual abuse is the forcing of undesired sexual behavior by one person upon another, when that force falls short of being a sexual assault. The offender is referred to as a sexual abuser or (often pejoratively) molester.[69] The term also covers any behavior by any adult towards a child to stimulate either the adult or child sexually. When the victim is younger than the age of consent, it is referred to as child sexual abuse.
Sexual bullying
Sexual bullying is "any bullying behaviour, whether physical or non-physical, that is based on a person's sexuality or gender. It is when sexuality or gender is used as a weapon by boys or girls towards other boys or girls – although it is more commonly directed at girls. It can be carried out to a person's face, behind their back or through the use of technology."[70]
Sibling abuse
Sibling abuse is the physical, emotional, and/or sexual abuse of one sibling by another.
It is estimated[71] that as many as 3% of children are dangerously abusive towards a sibling, making sibling abuse more common than child abuse by parents, and more common than spousal abuse.
Smear campaign
A "smear campaign", "smear tactic" or simply "smear" is a metaphor for activity that can harm an individual or group's reputation by conflation with a stigmatized group. Sometimes smear is used more generally to include any reputation-damaging activity, including such colloquialisms as mud slinging.
Societal abuse
Spiritual abuse
Spiritual abuse occurs when a person in religious authority or a person with a unique spiritual practice misleads and maltreats another person in the name of God or church or in the mystery of any spiritual concept. Spiritual abuse often refers to an abuser using spiritual or religious rank in taking advantage of the victim's spirituality (mentality and passion on spiritual matters) by putting the victim in a state of unquestioning obedience to an abusive authority.
Spousal abuse
Stalking is unwanted attention by individuals (and sometimes groups of people) towards others. Stalking behaviors are related to harassment and intimidation. The word "stalking" is used, with some differing meanings, in psychology and psychiatry and also in some legal jurisdictions as a term for a criminal offence. It may also to refer to criminal offences or civil wrongs that include conduct which some people consider to be stalking, such as those described in law as "harassment" or similar terms.
Structural abuse
Structural abuse is sexual, emotional or physical abuse that is imposed on an individual or group by a social or cultural system or authority. Structural abuse is indirect, and exploits the victim on an emotional, mental and psychological level. It could manifest itself through any situation within a cultural or social framework.
Substance abuse
Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods neither approved nor supervised by medical professionals. Substance abuse/drug abuse is not limited to mood-altering or psycho-active drugs. If an activity is performed using the objects against the rules and policies of the matter (as in steroids for performance enhancement in sports), it is also called substance abuse. Therefore, mood-altering and psychoactive substances are not the only types of drugs abused. Using illicit drugs – narcotics, stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens, cannabis, even glues and paints, are also considered to be classified as drug/substance abuse.[72] Substance abuse often includes problems with impulse control and impulsive behaviour.
Surveillance abuse
Surveillance abuse is the use of surveillance methods or technology to monitor the activity of an individual or group of individuals in a way which violates the social norms or laws of a society. Mass surveillance by the state may constitute surveillance abuse if not appropriately regulated. Surveillance abuse often falls outside the scope of lawful interception. It is illegal because it violates peoples' right to privacy.
A taunt is a battle cry, a method in hand-to-hand combat, sarcastic remark, or insult intended to demoralize the recipient, or to anger them and encourage reactionary behaviors without thinking.[citation needed] Taunting can exist as a form of social competition to gain control of the target's cultural capital (i.e. status).[citation needed] In sociological theory, the control of the three social capitals is used to produce an advantage in the social hierarchy as to enforce one's own position in relation to others. Taunting is committed by either directly bullying, or indirectly encouraging others to bully the target. It is also possible to give a response of the same kind, to ensure one's own status. It can be compared to fighting words and trash-talk.
Teacher abuse
- See: Teacher abuse
Teasing is a word with many meanings. In human interactions, teasing comes in two major forms, playful and hurtful. In mild cases, and especially when it is reciprocal, teasing can be viewed as playful and friendly. However, teasing is often unwelcome and then it takes the form of harassment. In extreme cases, teasing may escalate to actual violence, and may even result in abuse, potentially meeting the legal definition of child abuse or even murder. Children are commonly teased on such matters as their appearance, weight, behavior, abilities, and clothing.[73] This kind of teasing is often hurtful, even when the teaser believes he or she is being playful. One may also tease an animal. Some animals, such as dogs and cats, may recognize this as play, but as in humans, teasing can become hurtful and take the form of bullying and abuse.
Telephone abuse
- See: Nuisance call
Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion.[74] At present, there is no internationally agreed definition of terrorism.[75][76] Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a lone attack), and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants (civilians). it is sometimes sponsored by state policies...when a country is not able to militarily prove itself to another enemy country.
Torture is any act by which severe pain, whether physical or psychological, is intentionally inflicted.
Transgender abuse or trans bashing
Trans bashing is the act of victimizing a person physically, sexually, or verbally because they are transgender or transsexual.[77] Unlike gay bashing, it is committed because of the target's actual or perceived gender identity, not sexual orientation.
Umpire abuse
Umpire abuse refers to the act of abuse towards a umpire, referee, or other official in sport. The abuse can be verbal abuse (such as namecalling), or physical abuse (such as punching).
Verbal abuse or verbal attacks
Verbal abuse is a form of abusive behavior involving the use of language. It is a form of profanity that can occur with or without the use of expletives. Whilst oral communication is the most common form of verbal abuse, it includes abusive words in written form.
Verbal abuse is a pattern of behavior that can seriously interfere with one's positive emotional development and can lead to significant detriment to one's self-esteem, emotional well-being, and physical state. It has been further described as an ongoing emotional environment organized by the abuser for the purposes of control.
Whispering campaign
A whispering campaign is a method of persuasion in which damaging rumors or innuendo are spread about the target, while the source of the rumors seeks to avoid being detected while spreading them (for example, a political campaign might distribute anonymous flyers attacking the other candidate).
Workplace abuse or workplace bullying
Workplace bullying, like childhood bullying is the tendency of individuals or groups to use persistent aggressive or unreasonable behavior against a co-worker. Workplace bullying can include such tactics as verbal, nonverbal, psychological, physical abuse and humiliation. This type of aggression is particularly difficult because unlike the typical forms of school bullying, workplace bullies often operate within the established rules and policies of their organization and their society. Bullying in the workplace is in the majority of cases reported as having been perpetrated by a manager and takes a wide variety of forms.
Characteristics and styles of abuse
Some important characteristics and styles of abuse are:[78]
- overt abuse
- covert (or controlling) abuse
- unpredictability
- disproportional (exaggerated) reactions
- dehumanization and objectification
- abuse of information
- impossible situations (setting up to fail)
- control by proxy
- ambient abuse (gaslighting)
This section requires expansion. (January 2010) |
Telltale signs of abuse
Telltale signs may include:[79]
- isolation
- irrational jealousy
- subtle presence of physical violence
- discounting, minimizing, and trivializing
- criticizing
- withholding
- blaming.
This section requires expansion. (January 2010) |
Psychological characteristics of abusers
In their review of data from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (a longitudinal birth cohort study; n = 941) Moffitt et al.[80] report that while men exhibit more aggression overall, gender is not a reliable predictor of interpersonal aggression, including psychological aggression. The study found that whether male or female, aggressive people share a cluster of traits, including high rates of suspicion and jealousy; sudden and drastic mood swings; poor self-control; and higher than average rates of approval of violence and aggression (in American society, females are, on average, approved[clarification needed] of violence against males). Moffitt et al. also argue that antisocial men exhibit two distinct types of interpersonal aggression (one against strangers, the other against intimate female partners), while antisocial women are rarely aggressive against anyone other than intimate male partners.
Male and female perpetrators of emotional and physical abuse exhibit high rates of personality disorders.[81][82][83] Rates of personality disorder in the general population are roughly 15%–20%, while roughly 80% of abusive men in court-ordered treatment programmes have personality disorders.[84] There are no similar statistics on female perpetrators of family violence due to bias[citation needed] in the data gathering procedure. The only statistics available are the reports on child maltreatment,[85] which show that mothers use physical discipline on children more often than fathers, while severe injury and sexual abuse are more often perpetrated by men.[86]
Abusers may aim to avoid household chores or exercise total control of family finances. Abusers can be very manipulative, often recruiting friends, law officers and court officials, even the victim's family to their side, while shifting blame to the victim.[87][88]
Effects of abuse on victims
English et al.[89] report that children whose families are characterized by interpersonal violence, including psychological aggression and verbal aggression, may exhibit a range of serious disorders, including chronic depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, dissociation and anger. Additionally, English et al. report that the impact of emotional abuse "did not differ significantly" from that of physical abuse. Johnson et al.[90] report that, in a survey of female patients (n = 825), 24% suffered emotional abuse, and this group experienced higher rates of gynecological problems. In their study of men emotionally abused by a wife/partner (n = 116), Hines and Malley-Morrison[91] report that victims exhibit high rates of post traumatic stress disorder and alcoholism.
Namie's study[92] of workplace bullying found that 31% of women and 21% of men who reported workplace bullying exhibited three key symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (hypervigilance, intrusive imagery, and avoidance behaviors). A 1998 study of male college students (n = 70) by Simonelli & Ingram[93] found that men who were emotionally abused by their female partners exhibited higher rates of chronic depression than the general population.
A study of college students (n = 80) by Goldsmith and Freyd[94] report that many who have experienced emotional abuse do not characterize the mistreatment as abusive. Additionally, Goldsmith and Freyd show that these people also tend to exhibit higher than average rates of alexithymia (difficulty identifying and processing their own emotions).
Jacobson et al.[95] found that women report markedly higher rates of fear during marital conflicts. However, a rejoinder[96] argued that Jacobson's results were invalid due to men and women's drastically differing interpretations of questionnaires. Coker et al.[97] found that the effects of mental abuse were similar whether the victim was male or female. Pimlott-Kubiak and Cortina[98] found that severity and duration of abuse were the only accurate predictors of aftereffects of abuse; sex of perpetrator or victim were not reliable predictors.
Analysis of a large survey (n = 25,876) by LaRoche[99] found that women abused by men were slightly more likely to seek psychological help than were men abused by women (63% vs. 62%).
In a 2007 study, Laurent, et al.,[100] report that psychological aggression in young couples (n = 47) is associated with decreased satisfaction for both partners: "psychological aggression may serve as an impediment to couples development because it reflects less mature coercive tactics and an inability to balance self/other needs effectively." A 2008 study by Walsh and Shulman[101] reports that psychological aggression by females is more likely to be associated with relationship dissatisfaction for both partners, while withdrawal by men is more likely to be associated with relationship dissatisfaction for both partners.
Power and control in abusive relationships
In abusive relationships, violence is posited to arise out of a need for power and control of one partner over the other. An abuser will use various tactics of abuse (e.g., physical, verbal, emotional, sexual or financial) in order to establish and maintain control over the partner.
Abusers' efforts to dominate their partners have been attributed to low self-esteem or feelings of inadequacy, unresolved childhood conflicts, the stress of poverty, hostility and resentment toward women (misogyny), hostility and resentment toward men (misandry), personality disorders, genetic tendencies and sociocultural influences, among other possible causative factors. Most authorities seem to agree that abusive personalities result from a combination of several factors, to varying degrees.
A causalist view of domestic violence is that it is a strategy to gain or maintain power and control over the victim. This view is in alignment with Bancroft's "cost-benefit" theory that abuse rewards the perpetrator in ways other than, or in addition to, simply exercising power over his or her target(s). He cites evidence in support of his argument that, in most cases, abusers are quite capable of exercising control over themselves, but choose not to do so for various reasons.[102]
An alternative view is that abuse arises from powerlessness and externalizing/projecting this and attempting to exercise control of the victim. It is an attempt to 'gain or maintain power and control over the victim' but even in achieving this it cannot resolve the powerlessness driving it. Such behaviours have addictive aspects leading to a cycle of abuse or violence. Mutual cycles develop when each party attempts to resolve their own powerlessness in attempting to assert control.
Questions of power and control are integral to the widely utilized Duluth Domestic Abuse Intervention Project. They developed a "Power and Control Wheel" to illustrate this: it has power and control at the center, surrounded by spokes (techniques used), the titles of which include: coercion and threats, intimidation, emotional abuse, isolation, minimizing, denying and blaming, using children, economic abuse, and male privilege.[103] The model attempts to address abuse by challenging the misuse of power by the perpetrator.
The power wheel model is not intended to assign personal responsibility, enhance respect for mutual purpose or assist victims and perpetrators in resolving their differences. Rather, it is an informational tool designed to help individuals understand the dynamics of power operating in abusive situations and identify various methods of abuse.
Critics of this model argue that it ignores research linking domestic violence to substance abuse and psychological problems.[104] Some modern research into the patterns in domestic violence has found that women are more likely to be physically abusive towards their partner in relationships in which only one partner is violent,[105][106] which draws the effectiveness of using concepts like male privilege to treat domestic violence into question; however, it may still be valid in studying severe abuse cases, which are mostly male perpetrated.[106] However, modern research into predictors of injury from domestic violence finds that the strongest predictor of injury by domestic violence is participation in reciprocal domestic violence, and that this pattern of domestic violence is more often initiated by the female in the relationship.[105]
Victim blaming
Victim blaming is holding the victims of a crime, an accident, or any type of abusive maltreatment to be entirely or partially responsible for the unfortunate incident that has occurred in their lives.
Cycles of abuse
This section requires expansion. (December 2009) |
Intergenerational transmission of abuse
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (March 2010) |
Abuse cases
- Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
- Catholic sex abuse cases
- Catholic sexual abuse scandal in the United States
See also
- Abuse defense
- Abuse prevention program
- Aggression
- Anger
- Child grooming
- Destabilisation
- Dissociation
- Exploitation
- Forced labor
- Human trafficking
- International Federation for Human Rights
- Narcissistic rage
- Pejorative
- Rage (emotion)
- Re-victimization
- Slavery
- Social undermining
- Terms of abuse
- Victimisation
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- ^ Carney MM, Buttell FP (July 2004). "A multidimensional evaluation of a treatment program for female batterers: A pilot study" (PDF). Research on Social Work Practice (Sage Publications) 14 (4): 249–258. doi:10.1177/1049731503262223.
- ^ Henning K, Feder L. (April 2004). "A comparison of men and women arrested for domestic violence: Who presents the greater risk?". Journal of Family Violence (Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers) 19 (2): 69–80. doi:10.1023/B:JOFV.0000019838.01126.7c. Retrieved 7 December 2013. (subscription required)
- ^ Dutton, D.G. (Summer 1994). "Patriarchy and wife assault: The ecological fallacy" (PDF). Violence and Victims (Springer Publishing Company) 9 (2): 167–82. PMID 7696196. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
- ^ "CDC – Injury – Child Maltreatment Home Page". Cdc.gov. 1 September 2009. Retrieved 2013-12-07.
- ^ "Child abuse and neglect by parents and other caregivers" (PDF). World Report on Violence and Health. World Health Organisation. August 2002. p. 67. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
- ^ Bancroft, L (2002). Why does he do that? Inside the minds of angry and controlling men. G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-399-14844-2.
- ^ Moore, Thomas Geoffrey; Marie-France Hirigoyen; Helen Marx (2004). Stalking the Soul: Emotional Abuse and the Erosion of Identity. New York: Turtle Point Press. pp. 196. ISBN 1-885586-99-X.
- ^ English DJ, Graham JC, Newton RR, Lewis TL, Thompson R, Kotch JB, Weisbart C (May 2009) [2008]. "At-risk and maltreated children exposed to intimate partner aggression/violence: what the conflict looks like and its relationship to child outcomes" (PDF/HTML). Child Maltreatment 14 (2): 157–71. doi:10.1177/1077559508326287. PMID 18984806. (subscription required)
- ^ K Johnson, R John, A Humera, S Kukreja, M Found, S W Lindow (July 2007). "The prevalence of emotional abuse in gynaecology patients and its association with gynaecological symptoms". European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology 133 (1): 95–99. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.04.035. PMID 16757091.
- ^ Hines, D. A., & Malley-Morrison, K. (August 2001). Effects of emotional abuse against men in intimate relationships. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA
- ^ Namie, G. (October 2000). U.S. Hostile Workplace Survey 2000. Paper presented at the New England Conference on Workplace Bullying, Suffolk University Law School, Boston.
- ^ Simonelli, C.J.; Ingram, K.M. (December 1998). "Psychological distress among men experiencing physical and emotional abuse in heterosexual dating relationships" (PDF/HTML). Journal of Interpersonal Violence 13 (6): 667–681. doi:10.1177/088626098013006001. (subscription required)
- ^ Goldsmith, R.E.; Freyd, J. (2005). "Effects of emotional abuse in family and work environments" (PDF). Journal of Emotional Abuse 5 (1). doi:10.1300/J135v5n01_04. Archived from the original on 16 April 2011.
- ^ Jacobson, N. S.; Gottman, J. M.; Waltz, J.; Rushe, R.; Babcock, J.; Holtzworth-Munroe, A. (1994). "Affect, verbal content, and psychophysiology in the arguments of couples with a violent husband". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 62 (5): 982–988. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.62.5.982. PMID 7806730. Retrieved 7 December 2013. (subscription required)
- ^ Dutton, D. G. (2006). Rethinking domestic violence. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
- ^ Coker, A. L.; Davis, K. E.; Arias, I.; Desai, S.; Sanderson, M.; Brandt, H. M.; Smith, PH (2002). "Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women". American Journal of Preventive Medicine 23 (4): 260–268. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00514-7. PMID 12406480.
- ^ Pimlott-Kubiak, S.; Cortina, L. M. (2003). "Gender, victimization, and outcomes: Reconceptualizing risk". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 71 (3): 528–539. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.71.3.528. PMID 12795576.
- ^ Laroche, D. (2005). "Aspects of the context and consequences of domestic violence. Situational couple violence and intimate terrorism in Canada in 1999." Quebec City: Government of Quebec.
- ^ Heidemarie K. Laurent, Hyoun K. Kima, Deborah M. Capaldi (December 2008) [2007]. "Interaction and relationship development in stable young couples: Effects of positive engagement, psychological aggression, and withdrawal". Journal of Adolescence 31 (6): 815–835. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.11.001. PMC 2642009. PMID 18986697.
- ^ Welsh, Deborah P.; Shmuel Shulman (December 2008) [2008]. "Directly observed interaction within adolescent romantic relationships: What have we learned?". Journal of Adolescence 31 (6): 877–891. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.10.001. PMC 2614117. PMID 18986697.
- ^ Bancroft, L (2002). Why does he do that? Inside the minds of angry and controlling men. Berkley Books. ISBN 0425191656.
- ^ "Power and Control Wheel" (PDF). Ncdsv.org. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
- ^ Twohey, Megan (2 January 2009). "How can domestic abuse be stopped?". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
- ^ a b Whitaker, D. J.; Haileyesus, T.; Swahn, M.; Saltzman, L. S. (2007). "Differences in Frequency of Violence and Reported Injury Between Relationships with Reciprocal and Nonreciprocal Intimate Partner Violence". American Journal of Public Health 97 (5): 941–947. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2005.079020. PMC 1854883. PMID 17395835.
- ^ a b Straus, Murray A (23 May 2006). "Dominance and symmetry in partner violence by male and female university students in 32 nations" (PDF). Trends in Intimate Violence Intervention. New York University. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
Further reading
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abuse. |
- Abuse at the Open Directory Project
- The different types of abuse (Archived at the Wayback Machine)
- Help for Abused and Battered Women


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December 21, 1926 - January 22, 2012 State College, Pennsylvania | Age 85
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"May God cradle you in his arms during this time of sorrow until the day comes when only good memories remain."
"Thanks, Coach. You were an inspiration, even to non-athletes like me."
"one of the greats. hope u rest in peace. we are ....penn state. go lions."
"Just wish he had called the police...that's all. So sad that he had to leave this earth after such a glorious run as a great coach, only to have that career end this horrible way. I know he must have had such regrets about not calling the police."
"One Great Man; My husband looked up to Joe,My husband was a High School Coach in Lewisburg and we had Season Tickets every year for the Penn state games and to see Joe Paterno.Joe you will be Missed,walk with God, May God Bless you and your Family"
"Dear Joe,
I am very sorry for your loss. I am almost 50, and have been a Penn State Football fan of yours ever since i was a Kid. I live in Kentucky, however, loved Penn State football. I know you are in a better place, however, are very much missed. I also know, that you would still be alive today if it weren't for those IDIOT board of trustees. Even though you had lung cancer, PSU football would have kept you going Sir for alittle longer!! Well, hopefully I will get to meet you in Heaven. Until then, bye for now
Mike Sloan"

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Just a quick note to folks local to Portland, Oregon area. The movie "Revenge of the Electric Car" that is a follow on to "Who killed the Electric Car" will be shown starting Friday, 11/4/2011 at 7pm and 7:30pm at the Hollywood Theater. There is a EV Road rally scheduled just prior to the showing (I plan on driving my TWIKE). The director Chris Paine will be attending and doing a Q & A after the shows.
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If you want to participate in the EV Road Rally, PM me for all the details.


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The hotel is good for the price or a quick stay, the owners are really nice and even offer shuttle service. Location is pretty good with just a short bus ride to the main attractions. Clean room and friendly staff was exactly what we were looking for during our weekend stay. Great hotel if you want to save $ and... More
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My guy and I stayed here for 3 nights while we skied Red Mountain. We got to meet the whole family, all who were extremely accommodating and friendly! Even the donkeys! haha Our room was a very nice big size, we had an on suite bathroom which was perfect! Loved our stay and would definitely recommend it to anyone! Hope... More
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Utter those words to any of the kids in my old neighborhood in West Orange, Texas around 1984 and they would either burst with excitement or shiver in fear.
Big John was a very polarizing character you see.
Looking back, that is an impressive feat for an alligator garfish that allegedly lived in a tiny branch of Adams Bayou that crossed under Newton Street we simply called the "The Gully".
Big John was very much like Bigfoot as sighting reports traveled quickly and the eyewitnesses met with a mixture of skepticism and fanfare.
Claiming you saw Big John would garner you a following among the dozen or so boys in the neighborhood and jeers from the girls who all thought we were off our rockers for pursuing such a thing if it did indeed exist.
This gully is where I spent much of my after school time and during summer vacation. And while the fishing was rarely outstanding; we did catch our fair share of spotted gar, grinnel, sun perch and mud cats.
At times, it was quite the social gathering as it was common for at least half a dozen of us to be wetting our lines and talking about whatever the current hot topic was.
One day it might be whether Gene Simmons from Kiss really had a cow's tongue implanted to replace his own so he could look cool wagging it onstage and the next it could be a heated debate over who was going to win the title at the next Wrestlemania.
The conversation, however, would always drift to Big John and his latest exploits.
One kid swore to have seen him attack a calf that came to drink on the water's edge while another claimed to have had his rod broken by the beast on three occasions. None of these occurrences ever happened when we were together, but no one questioned them aloud.
The stories gave us something to talk about and looking back, a unique means of bonding.
I never had an official sighting but once a kid named Joey was fishing with a hand line from the bridge that crossed the gully. I was on the other side of the road with two big lines set out when I heard frantic splashing in the water.
Joey was clinging on to his line and as I rushed over to see what was going on, his line snapped. I could see a large, dark shape move through the water as whatever it was swam off with Joey's bait. That could have been many things, but of course, we thought Big John had struck again.
Big John was not the only legend in our gully. There was Catfish Charlie, a massive catfish spotted by me and a couple of other kids as it snapped my cane pole in two and took off with the live goldfish I was fishing. Looking back, it was obvious this catfish was a flathead, probably in the 30 to 40 pound class, but to us it had to have been 100 pounds at least. One of the kids fishing with me named the fish Catfish Charlie because he saw a tub of bait at the tackle shop with a big catfish on the label that said "Catfish Charlie".
The name stuck.
This was in the middle of the Big John hysteria in our neighborhood and word of Catfish Charlie spread.
One of the girls in the neighborhood lost her teacup chihauha and all of the boys figured it went down to the gully and either Big John or Catfish Charlie got hold of it.
A boy from an adjoining neighborhood said he battled Catfish Charlie for an hour in the deep pool, a spot where the gully ran under the railroad tracks. He said the fish was six feet long and had whiskers longer than his arms.
By the next morning, the deep pool was covered with boys in the neighborhood brought multiple rods to try to catch the phantom fish. I even threw out a few jug lines but caught nothing more than a big red-eared slider turtle.
Not long after that, some high school boys came up with the idea of tying a nylon rope to the end of a truck, baiting it with a whole chicken attached to a shark hook and floating it out under a jug.
When the jug went under, they would crank up the truck and pull the behemoth ashore. All of the elementary school boys thought that was the greatest idea anyone had ever concocted.
The only problem was they were going to do it at the big pond on the high school agriculture department's property where only Ag students could tread without getting in serious trouble.
Catfish Charlie hung out there too and fed on the turtles that would fall off of the logs in the pond or so we thought. This pond connected to our gully and the consensus was that Big John hung out there most of the time and left when the tides got high.
We would have to watch from the road and hope they could fit the creature in the bed of their truck so we could get a glimpse.
Half a dozen or so of gathered at the gully that day to do some fishing and of course see which of these legendary fish was going to take the bait. We just did not see how they could resist a whole chicken. There were two camps. One was pro Big John and the other pro Catfish Charlie. I must admit I thought Big John was cooler but Catfish Charlie's legend began with me so I had to stick with him. After all, his mouth was big enough to eat a whole chicken.
After a couple of hours, we heard the truck crank up and drive forward. Our hearts raced as we wondered if they really had captured the fish that had captured our imagination for so long.
We could see that the small crowd of Ag students that gathered to see the capture of Big John were scattering like ants. They were running all over the place.
Were our fabled fishes so humongous they would run from it? Did it attack one of the bystanders?
Our imaginations ran wild.
It turned out, they had pulled in a nine-foot long alligator that was not very happy at being hooked and pulled behind a truck. I am not sure what happened to the oversized reptile, but our dreams of catching Big John came crashing down quickly.
If the big boys could not catch him, how could we?
As time passed on, our interest in fishing at the gully waned along with banter of Big John and Catfish Charlie.
Chasing girls, high school sports and fast cars now dominated the lives of the boys in my part of West Orange. For a while, I would still occasionally fish down there, but when I got a car, it made more sense to drive out to Lake Sabine or the Neches River. The angling prospects were vastly superior there.
Last week I drove by that gully on the way to my parent's house and stopped for a brief look. Now, there is a "No Fishing" sign on the bridge and there were no kids there angling for garfish and dreams. No matter what happened in our lives, we always found sanctuary down at the gully fishing for Big John and Catfish Charlie. Wealthy, poor and middle class kids got along just fine with our attentions focused on finding our own white whale of sorts in this murky East Texas bayou branch.
As I drove off, I adjusted my rearview mirror and caught a glimpse of a large splash in the water. It was probably a school of mullet or perhaps one of the resident alligators playing around.
I would however like to think it was Big John, out on the hunt and making some commotion to say hello to an old friend while Catfish Charlie swam below. I would like to think that very much.
Although this wasn't caught in my beloved gully, this cat I caught in 2005 in Spain's Segra River was a true dream fish. From being a little boy dreaming about catching a big catfish in a tiny bayou tributary in West Orange to catching one of my all-time dream fish (all seven feet of it) across the Atlantic shows dreams can come true. If I can do it, I know all of you can. God is good.


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Terrific place to stay, always comforable and safe, would not stay anywhere else when we are in the Indianapolis area.
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stone wrote:Ya, sry man still not following in regards to your thoughts there. Havent checked out the link yet but it might clear something up.
All I'm saying is if I'm 1rep max is 475 IE I am not currently strong enough to move the weight up any higher and get a rep there is no fucking way I'm gonna be able to put 480 on the bar and rep it our 4 or 5 times.
yeah, i gotta agree here. i lift heavy and i work out 6 days a week. my max is my max. and if my max is 305, then there is no way in fuck that i'm doing 4 sets of anything with 310lbs. i understand you are supposed to push yourself and increase your max. and i do that everyday. but if you are able to throw up four or five sets of 5 reps of 310, then your max is not 305. it's probably much higher.


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The PSP is an elegant portable device that excels at playing games and is a good music player, video player, and photo viewer. Regrettably, Sony continues to rely on propriety removable media formats to deliver the content.
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37-year-old Tam Huynh went fishing around 8 a.m. Saturday. His boat was found running, with the throttle at half thrust, and unmanned around 5 p.m. Search and rescue teams have been out on the water looking for him ever since, but the windy conditions Monday made their search extremely difficult.
Sgt. Eldon Packer with the Utah County Sheriff's Office explained, "The wave action on this lake, it's very shallow so the wave come up quite high in an instant almost and so it's one thing we get concerned about our searchers another thing it also hampers our sonar efforts. You really can't run sonar in the wave action; it becomes very difficult."
The waves also push around objects on the bottom of the lake which is why search crews are repeatedly going over locations they have already searched.
"We're still confident that we're in the right area, we just haven't located the individual yet," said Sgt. Packer. "We also don't know exactly where he came out. We're guessing basically."
Packet told ABC 4 News if the dive teams and the air crews didn't find anything by the end of the day Monday, they're moving on to their last resort plan.
"If things don't progress like we like them we'll actually start a drag operation and check the area that way," said Sgt. Packer.
They've put off the drag operation as long as they could because it turns up the already murky lake and because it's hard on the family. After Monday, it's likely recovery efforts will be scaled back.


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" The base is cooked up on the stove with lots of spices, condensed milk, and egg until thick and creamy. Pumpkin puree is folded in, and then this rich filling is poured into a graham cracker crust. The fridge does the rest. Garnish with whipped cream and candied ginger."
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CHARLOTTE – Lt. Gov. Walter Dalton said if North Carolinians want a world-class economy, they need to make the right choices.
"I think that we can have a great future if we make the right investments," he said Tuesday morning during a speech at the Charlotte Chamber.
The Democratic candidate for governor said some of those investments have to be in economic development incentives.
"If you don't have that incentive as a tool you're not going to be able to recruit or grow businesses within the state of North Carolina."
Dalton said Virginia's governor and legislature embraced $50 million in incentives to lure jobs there.
North Carolina needs something, he said, to remain competitive.
"We don't have to have the best incentive package in the nation but we have to have a competitive incentive package."
Josh Oakhurst, who works for a Charlotte software company, said social issues -- like the controversial marriage amendment voters backed this year -- are a distraction.
"We need to market the state as a progressive haven," he said after Dalton's speech.
He said he asked the candidate to focus on the state's economy.
"The biggest thing that they could do to help our company of 35 software developers in Charlotte is to let everyone know that North Carolina is a great place to live and work," Oakhurst said.
Dalton agreed.
"When we're facing the worst economy we've ever seen since the Great Depression, should we not be working on things to provide you that qualified workforce?" he asked.
Dalton never mentioned his Republican opponent, former Charlotte Mayor Pat McCrory, by name. But he did draw distinctions between them.
"We view North Carolina differently," Dalton said. "I do believe that undue cuts to education and economic development will hurt our future."
McCrory plans a similar speech to the Charlotte Chamber Aug. 27. News 14 Carolina plans to cover that speech as well.


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1958 Plymouth Belvedere 4dr Sedan always pampered and garaged. Only 81k actual miles. No rust even, nice desirable Lavender finish. Nice chrome and stainless... More
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