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One week later and I'll say this…my first review was a bit off the mark. With about 20 listens, I can give you a better review.…
Added by Justin Hoenke [honkey doorie] on September 16, 2010 at 8:46am — No Comments
Added by Justin Hoenke [honkey doorie] on September 9, 2010 at 12:23pm — No Comments
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Ireland could use more snow magic this Christmas
Posted on Tuesday, December 20, 2011 at 09:21 AM
Recent Posts
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Satellite picture of Ireland – Dec 2010 |
It was cold, but different. Kind of exciting. This December's been boringly normal.
So far all we've had is the usual chilly, damp and, especially, windy weather that is typical of an Irish winter. This despite the fact that during the fall we had dire warnings of a repeat – more frigid weather was going to make a mess of our airports, roads and sidewalks. Getting around was going to be a chore again come winter time.
The difference this year was that everyone was ready for another terrible blast of ice and snow.
Local governments drew up action plans and bought in enough sand and salt to see them through a winter worse than last. Hats and gloves were in every store, supermarkets and hardware stores were urging us all to get our bags of salt and snow shovels to be ready for the onslaught of another vicious winter. Toy stores were ready with loads of sleds, hoping to convince kids to trade up from the plastic trays and politicians' signs that made do as sleds last December.
Read More:
White Christmas is off the cards for Ireland as temperatures rise
Pogues' Fairytale is not a good Christmas song
Love it or hate it - a traditional Irish Christmas mince pie recipe
So far the salt, shovels and sleds have been mostly left in storage. There has been some snow in the north and for a couple of hours last week excited Irish tweets were describing 1cm (0.4") of snow on the ground across a large chunk of the midlands, but the #sneachta (Irish/Gaelic for snow) tweets petered out as quickly as the snow did. It was a desperate attempt to rekindle some of last year's magic.
Snow made a mess of Dublin's roads but it looked great. |
As a lot of people found out when last year's snowy Christmas arrived, not being able to go anywhere actually made Christmas better, more relaxing. It's a sentiment I've heard a number of times the past few days. I suspect that there's more to it than just the bit about Christmas being more relaxing. A lot of people - adults as well as children - really liked the snow. Not just shirkers, happy to use the snow as an excuse not to turn up at work. The snow made for a nice change.
Ireland looked fantastic last December. The beauty of the snow-covered Irish landscape, urban as well as rural, relieved the gloom caused by the country's money problems.
Many Irish people would love to have the snow back this year, only with a functioning transport system and shoveled sidewalks so that old people wouldn't again be trapped at home for weeks. This December Ireland is dull and dark.
What last year's snow hid that this year's weather cannot is that far fewer people are lighting up their houses with colored lights and Santas and snowmen and the like. Too expensive to buy or light up, I suppose. Some town centers are going without Christmas lighting this year due to teh cost.
There are houses around us that used to be lit up like Times Square that are now pitch black. From some you can see the faint glow of a television coming through the blinds. From others not even that.
This was true last year too, but the assumption - hope is probably better - was that the cold and the ice stopped people decorating outside. Now it can't be denied - the dismal economy has made our Christmas darker. We could use some natural decoration.
3 comments
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Ajreaper | Dec 21, 2011, 10:17 AM EST
Snow is great- as long as you are not driving or traveling! I do believe its far more enjoyable when its a novelty and not the norm.
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bogsidebunny | Dec 21, 2011, 08:22 AM EST
Not much chance of snow this year. That's good cause snow covers the dog-pood and human vomit. Can't see it for the snow, so you step in it. No snow is bad, cause we're back to the 8-degree Celsius, dark, dank, moldy, windy, rainy usual weather.
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RedBranch | Dec 20, 2011, 10:06 AM EST
Last year had 435% more sunshine. I'd trade that for the cold anyday...
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subset: commoncrawl


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This Spa is amazing! The amenities are very luxuries and you can spend the whole day here! They have a large relaxation lounge with a fireplace where you can get cozy with a blanket, drink tea, enjoy there homemade granola bars and read a book. The wet area includes a steam room, sauna, whirlpool and cold shower where you can... More
- Also Known As:
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This review refers to the Bank of Fleet restaurant. Here you will find a spacious, bright and pleasant restaurant area, with access to a beer garden. The staff are friendly, efficient and accommodating. The food is very nice andextremely generous in its portions (too much for us!). If you are after simple, honest, no-nonsense bar food, this is the place... More
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Degraded craters, fractures and disrupted terrain in Cassini mosaic of Enceladus's north polar region. The two prominent craters above the middle terminator are Ali Baba (upper) and Aladdin. The Samarkand Sulci grooves run vertically to their left.
Discovery | |||||||||
Discovered by | William Herschel | ||||||||
Discovery date | August 28, 1789 [1] | ||||||||
Designations | |||||||||
Pronunciation | /ɛnˈsɛlədəs/ en-SEL-ə-dəs | ||||||||
Alternative names | Saturn II | ||||||||
Adjective | Enceladean, Enceladan [a] | ||||||||
Orbital characteristics | |||||||||
Semi-major axis | 237,948 km | ||||||||
Eccentricity | 0.004 7 [2] | ||||||||
Orbital period | 1.370 218 days[3] | ||||||||
Inclination | 0.019° (to Saturn's equator) | ||||||||
Satellite of | Saturn | ||||||||
Physical characteristics | |||||||||
Dimensions | 513.2×502.8×496.6 km [4] | ||||||||
Mean radius | 252.1 ± 0.2 km [4] (0.0395 Earths) | ||||||||
Mass | (1.080 22 ± 0.001 01)×1020 kg [5] (1.8×10−5 Earths) | ||||||||
Mean density | 1.609 ± 0.005 g/cm³ [4] | ||||||||
Equatorial surface gravity | 0.114 m/s² (0.011 3 g) | ||||||||
Escape velocity | 0.239 km/s (860.4 km/h) | ||||||||
Rotation period | synchronous | ||||||||
Axial tilt | zero | ||||||||
Albedo | 1.375 ± 0.008 (geometric) or 0.99 (Bond) [6] | ||||||||
Apparent magnitude | 11.7 [7] | ||||||||
Atmosphere | |||||||||
Surface pressure |
trace, significant spatial variability [10][11] |
Composition | 91% Water vapor 4% Nitrogen 3.2% Carbon dioxide 1.7% Methane [9] |
Enceladus is the sixth-largest of the moons of Saturn.[12] It was discovered in 1789 by William Herschel.[13]
Enceladus seems to have liquid water under its icy surface. Cryovolcanoes at the south pole shoot large jets of water vapor, other volatiles and some solid particles (ice crystal, NaCl etc) into space (total approximately 200 kg per second).[14] Some of this water falls back onto the moon as "snow", some of it adds to Saturn's rings, and some of it reaches Saturn. The whole of Saturn's E Ring is believed to have been made from these ice particles. Because of the apparent water at or near the surface, Enceladus may be one of the best places for humans to look for extraterrestrial life. By contrast, the water thought to be on Jupiter's moon Europa is locked under a very thick layer of surface ice.
Until the two Voyager spacecraft passed near it in the early 1980s very little was known about this small moon besides the identification of water ice on its surface. The Voyagers showed that the diameter of Enceladus is only 500 kilometers (310 mi), about a tenth of that of Saturn's largest moon, Titan, and that it reflects almost all of the sunlight that strikes it. Voyager 1 found that Enceladus orbited in the densest part of Saturn's diffuse E ring, indicating a possible association between the two, while Voyager 2 revealed that despite the moon's small size, it had a wide range of terrains ranging from old, heavily cratered surfaces to young, tectonically deformed terrain, with some regions with surface ages as young as 100 million years old.
In 2005 the Cassini spacecraft performed several close flybys of Enceladus, revealing the moon's surface and environment in greater detail. In particular, the probe discovered a water-rich plume venting from the moon's south polar region. This discovery, along with the presence of escaping internal heat and very few (if any) impact craters in the south polar region, shows that Enceladus is geologically active today. Moons in the extensive satellite systems of gas giants often become trapped in orbital resonances that lead to forced libration or orbital eccentricity; proximity to Saturn can then lead to tidal heating of Enceladus's interior, offering a possible explanation for the activity.
Enceladus is one of only three outer Solar System bodies, with Jupiter's moon Io's sulfur volcanoes and Neptune's moon Triton's nitrogen "geysers" where active eruptions have been observed. Analysis of the outgassing suggests that it originates from a body of subsurface liquid water, which along with the unique chemistry found in the plume, has fueled speculations that Enceladus may be important in the study of astrobiology.[15] The discovery of the plume has added further weight to the argument that material released from Enceladus is the source of the E ring.
In May 2011 NASA scientists at an Enceladus Focus Group Conference reported that Enceladus "is emerging as the most habitable spot beyond Earth in the Solar System for life as we know it".[16]
Enceladus is named after the Giant Enceladus of Greek mythology. The name Enceladus—like the names of each of the first seven satellites of Saturn to be discovered—was suggested by William Herschel's son John Herschel in his 1847 publication Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Cape of Good Hope.[17] He chose these names because Saturn, known in Greek mythology as Cronus, was the leader of the Titans.
Features on Enceladus are named by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) after characters and places from Burton's translation of the Arabian Nights.[18] Impact craters are named after characters, while other feature types, such as fossae (long, narrow depressions), dorsa (ridges), planitia (plains), and sulci (long parallel grooves), are named after places. 57 features have been officially named by the IAU; 22 features were named in 1982 based on the results of the Voyager flybys, and 35 features were approved in November 2006 based on the results of Cassini's three flybys in 2005.[19]
Distance (km)
February 17, 2005 | 1,264 |
March 9, 2005 | 500 |
March 29, 2005 | 64,000 |
May 21, 2005 | 93,000 |
July 14, 2005 | 175 |
October 12, 2005 | 49,000 |
December 24, 2005 | 94,000 |
January 17, 2006 | 146,000 |
September 9, 2006 | 40,000 |
November 9, 2006 | 95,000 |
June 28, 2007 | 90,000 |
September 30, 2007 | 98,000 |
March 12, 2008 | 52 |
June 30, 2008 | 84,000 |
August 11, 2008 | 54 |
October 9, 2008 | 25 |
October 31, 2008 | 200 |
November 8, 2008 | 52,804 |
November 2, 2009 | 103 |
November 21, 2009 | 1,607 |
April 28, 2010 | 103 |
May 18, 2010 | 201 |
August 13, 2010 | 2,554 |
November 30, 2010 | 48 |
December 21, 2010 | 50 |
January 30, 2011 | 60,000 |
February 20, 2011 | 68,000 |
September 13, 2011 | 42,000 |
October 1, 2011 | 99 |
October 19, 2011 | 1,231 |
November 5, 2011 | 496 |
November 23, 2011 | 35,000 |
December 11, 2011 | 20,000 |
Enceladus was discovered by Fredrick William Herschel on August 28, 1789, during the first use of his new 1.2 m telescope, then the largest in the world.[22][23] Herschel first observed Enceladus in 1787, but in his smaller, 16.5 cm telescope, the moon was not recognized.[24] Its faint apparent magnitude (+11.7m) and its proximity to much brighter Saturn and its rings make Enceladus difficult to observe from Earth, requiring a telescope with a mirror of 15–30 cm in diameter, depending on atmospherical conditions and light pollution. Like many Saturnian satellites discovered prior to the Space Age, Enceladus was first observed during a Saturnian equinox, when Earth is within the ring plane; at such times, the reduction in glare from the rings makes the moons easier to observe.
Prior to the Voyager missions the view of Enceladus improved little from the dot first observed by Herschel. Only its orbital characteristics were known, with estimations of its mass, density and albedo.
The two Voyager spacecraft obtained the first close-up images of Enceladus. Voyager 1 was the first to fly past Enceladus, at a distance of 202,000 km on November 12, 1980.[25] Images acquired from this distance had very poor spatial resolution, but revealed a highly reflective surface devoid of impact craters, indicating a youthful surface.[26] Voyager 1 also confirmed that Enceladus was embedded in the densest part of Saturn's diffuse E-ring. Combined with the apparent youthful appearance of the surface, Voyager scientists suggested that the E-ring consisted of particles vented from Enceladus's surface.[26]
Voyager 2 passed closer to Enceladus (87,010 km) on August 26, 1981, allowing much higher-resolution images of this satellite.[25] These images revealed the youthful nature of much of its surface, as seen in Figure 1.[27] They also revealed a surface with different regions with vastly different surface ages, with a heavily cratered mid- to high-northern latitude region, and a lightly cratered region closer to the equator. This geologic diversity contrasts with the ancient, heavily cratered surface of Mimas, another moon of Saturn slightly smaller than Enceladus. The geologically youthful terrains came as a great surprise to the scientific community, because no theory was then able to predict that such a small (and cold, compared to Jupiter's highly active moon Io) celestial body could bear signs of such activity. However, Voyager 2 failed to determine whether Enceladus was currently active or whether it was the source of the E-ring.
The answer to these and other mysteries had to wait until the arrival of the Cassini spacecraft on July 1, 2004, when it went into orbit around Saturn. Given the results from the Voyager 2 images, Enceladus was considered a priority target by the Cassini mission planners, and several targeted flybys within 1,500 km of the surface were planned as well as numerous, "non-targeted" opportunities within 100,000 km of Enceladus. These encounters are listed on the left. The flybys have yielded significant information concerning Enceladus's surface, as well as the discovery of water vapor and complex hydrocarbons venting from the geologically active South Polar Region. These discoveries prompted the adjustment of Cassini's flight plan to allow closer flybys of Enceladus, including an encounter in March 2008 which took the probe to within 52 km of the moon's surface.[20] The extended mission for Cassini included seven close flybys of Enceladus between July 2008 and July 2010, including two passes at only 50 km in the later half of 2008.[28]
The discoveries Cassini has made at Enceladus have prompted several studies into follow-up missions. In 2007 NASA performed a concept study for a mission that would orbit Enceladus and would perform a detailed examination of the south polar plumes.[29] The concept was not selected for further study.[30] The European Space Agency also recently explored plans to send a probe to Enceladus in a mission to be combined with studies of Titan.[31]
The Titan Saturn System Mission (TSSM) is a joint NASA/ESA proposal for exploration of Saturn's moons, including Enceladus. TSSM was competing against the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) proposal for funding. In February 2009 it was announced that ESA/NASA had given the EJSM mission priority ahead of TSSM,[32] although TSSM will continue to be studied for a later launch date.
Enceladus is one of the major inner satellites of Saturn. It is the fourteenth satellite when ordered by distance from Saturn, and orbits within the densest part of the E Ring, the outermost of Saturn's rings, an extremely wide but very diffuse disk of microscopic icy or dusty material, beginning at the orbit of Mimas and ending somewhere around the orbit of Rhea.
Enceladus orbits Saturn at a distance of 238,000 km from its center and 180,000 km from its cloudtops, between the orbits of Mimas and Tethys, requiring 32.9 hours to revolve once (fast enough for its motion to be observed over a single night of observation). Enceladus is currently in a 2:1 mean motion orbital resonance with Dione, completing two orbits of Saturn for every one orbit completed by Dione. This resonance helps maintain Enceladus's orbital eccentricity (0.0047) and provides a heating source for Enceladus's geologic activity.[2]
Like most of the larger satellites of Saturn, Enceladus rotates synchronously with its orbital period, keeping one face pointed toward Saturn. Unlike the Earth's Moon, Enceladus does not appear to librate about its spin axis (more than 1.5°). However, analysis of the shape of Enceladus suggests that at some point it was in a 1:4 forced secondary spin–orbit libration.[2] This libration, like the resonance with Dione, could have provided Enceladus with an additional heat source.
Interaction with E Ring[edit]
The E Ring is the widest and outermost ring of Saturn. It is an extremely wide but very diffuse disk of microscopic icy or dusty material, beginning at the orbit of Mimas and ending somewhere around the orbit of Rhea, though some observations suggest that it extends beyond the orbit of Titan, making it 1,000,000 km wide. However, numerous mathematical models show that such a ring is unstable, with a lifespan between 10,000 and 1,000,000 years. Therefore, particles composing it must be constantly replenished. Enceladus is orbiting inside this ring, in a place where it is narrowest but present in its highest density. Therefore, several theories suspected Enceladus to be the main source of particles for the E Ring. This hypothesis was supported by Cassini's flyby.
There are actually two distinct mechanisms feeding the ring with particles.[33] The first, and probably the most important, source of particles comes from the cryovolcanic plume in the South polar region of Enceladus. While a majority of particles fall back to the surface, some of them escape Enceladus's gravity and enter orbit around Saturn, since Enceladus's escape velocity is only 866 km/h. The second mechanism comes from meteoric bombardment of Enceladus, raising dust particles from the surface. This mechanism is not unique to Enceladus, but is valid for all Saturn's moons orbiting inside the E Ring.
Size and shape[edit]
Enceladus is a relatively small moon, with a mean diameter of 505 kilometers (314 mi), only one-seventh the diameter of Earth's own Moon. In diameter Enceladus is small enough to fit within the length of the island of Great Britain. It could also fit comfortably within the states of Arizona or Colorado, although as a spherical object its surface area is much greater, just over 800,000 square kilometers (310,000 sq mi), almost the same as Mozambique, or 15% larger than Texas.
Its mass and diameter make Enceladus the sixth most massive and largest satellite of Saturn, after Titan (5150 km), Rhea (1530 km), Iapetus (1440 km), Dione (1120 km) and Tethys (1050 km). It is also one of the smallest of Saturn's spherical satellites, since all smaller satellites except Mimas (390 km) have an irregular shape.
Enceladus is a scalene ellipsoid in shape; its diameters, calculated from pictures taken by Cassini's ISS (Imaging Science Subsystem) instrument, are 513 km between the sub- and anti-Saturnian poles, 503 km between the leading and trailing poles, and 497 km between the north and south poles.[2] This is the most stable orientation, with the moon's rotation along the short axis, and the long axis aligned radially away from Saturn.
Voyager 2, in August 1981, was the first spacecraft to observe the surface in detail. Examination of the resulting highest-resolution mosaic reveals at least five different types of terrain, including several regions of cratered terrain, regions of smooth (young) terrain, and lanes of ridged terrain often bordering the smooth areas.[27] In addition, extensive linear cracks[34] and scarps were observed. Given the relative lack of craters on the smooth plains, these regions are probably less than a few hundred million years old. Accordingly, Enceladus must have been recently active with "water volcanism" or other processes that renew the surface. The fresh, clean ice that dominates its surface gives Enceladus probably the most reflective surface of any body in the Solar System with a visual geometric albedo of 1.38.[6] Because it reflects so much sunlight, the mean surface temperature at noon only reaches −198 °C (somewhat colder than other Saturnian satellites).[8]
Observations during three flybys by Cassini on February 17, March 9, and July 14 of 2005 revealed Enceladus's surface features in much greater detail than the Voyager 2 observations. For example, the smooth plains observed by Voyager 2 resolved into relatively crater-free regions filled with numerous small ridges and scarps. In addition, numerous fractures were found within the older, cratered terrain, suggesting that the surface has been subjected to extensive deformation since the craters were formed.[35] Finally, several additional regions of young terrain were discovered in areas not well-imaged by either Voyager spacecraft, such as the bizarre terrain near the south pole.[2]
Impact craters[edit]
Impact cratering is a common occurrence on many Solar System bodies. Much of Enceladus's surface is covered with craters at various densities and levels of degradation. From Voyager 2 observations, three different units of cratered topography were identified on the basis of their crater densities, from ct1 and ct2, both containing numerous 10–20 km-wide craters though differing in the degree of deformation, to cp consisting of lightly cratered plains.[36] This subdivision of cratered terrains on the basis of crater density (and thus surface age) suggests that Enceladus has been resurfaced in multiple stages.
Recent Cassini observations have provided a much closer look at the ct2 and cp cratered units. These high-resolution observations, like Figure 6, reveal that many of Enceladus's craters are heavily deformed through viscous relaxation and fracturing.[37] Viscous relaxation allows gravity, over geologic time scales, to deform craters and other topographic features formed in water ice, reducing the amount of topography over time. The rate at which this occurs is dependent on the temperature of the ice: warmer ice is easier to deform than colder, stiffer ice. Viscously relaxed craters tend to have domed floors, or are recognized as craters only by a raised, circular rim (seen at center just below the terminator in Figure 6). Dunyazad, the large crater seen in Figure 8 just left of top center, is a prime example of a viscously relaxed crater on Enceladus, with a prominent domed floor. In addition, many craters on Enceladus have been heavily modified by tectonic fractures. The 10-km-wide crater right of bottom center in Figure 8 is a prime example: thin fractures, several hundred meters to a kilometer wide, have heavily altered the crater's rim and floor. Nearly all craters on Enceladus thus far imaged by Cassini in the ct2 unit show signs of tectonic deformation.
Voyager 2 found several types of tectonic features on Enceladus, including troughs, scarps, and belts of grooves and ridges.[27] Recent results from Cassini suggest that tectonism is the dominant deformation style on Enceladus. One of the more dramatic types of tectonic features found on Enceladus are rifts. These canyons can be up to 200 km long, 5–10 km wide, and one km deep. Figure 7 shows a typical large fracture on Enceladus cutting across older, tectonically deformed terrain. Another example can be seen running along the bottom of the frame in Figure 8. Such features appear relatively young, as they cut across other tectonic features and have sharp topographic relief with prominent outcrops along the cliff faces.
Another evidence of tectonism on Enceladus is grooved terrain, consisting of lanes of curvilinear grooves and ridges. These bands, first discovered by Voyager 2, often separate smooth plains from cratered regions.[27] An example of this terrain type can be seen in Figures 6 and 10 (in this case, a feature known as the Samarkand Sulci). Grooved terrains such as the Samarkand Sulci are reminiscent of grooved terrain on Ganymede. However, unlike those seen on Ganymede, grooved topography on Enceladus is generally much more complex. Rather than parallel sets of grooves, these lanes can often appear as bands of crudely aligned, chevron-shaped features. In other areas, these bands appear to bow upwards with fractures and ridges running the length of the feature. Cassini observations of the Samarkand Sulci have revealed intriguing dark spots (125 and 750 m wide), which appear to run parallel to narrow fractures. Currently, these spots are interpreted as collapse pits within these ridged plain belts.[37]
In addition to deep fractures and grooved lanes, Enceladus has several other types of tectonic terrain. Figure 9 shows sets of narrow fractures (still several hundred meters wide) that were first discovered by the Cassini spacecraft. Many of these fractures are found in bands cutting across cratered terrain. These fractures appear to propagate down only a few hundred meters into the crust. Many appear to have been influenced during their formation by the weakened regolith produced by impact craters, often changing the strike of the propagating fracture.[37][38] Another example of tectonic features on Enceladus are the linear grooves first found by Voyager 2 and seen at a much higher resolution by Cassini. Examples of linear grooves can be found in the lower left of the figure at top and Figure 10 (lower left), running from north to south from top center before turning to the southwest. These linear grooves can be seen cutting across other terrain types, like the groove and ridge belts. Like the deep rifts, they appear to be among the youngest features on Enceladus. However, some linear grooves appear to be softened like the craters nearby, suggesting an older age. Ridges have also been observed on Enceladus, though not nearly to the extent as those seen on Europa. Several examples can be seen in the lower left corner of Figure 7. These ridges are relatively limited in extent and are up to one km tall. One-kilometer high domes have also been observed.[37] Given the level of tectonic resurfacing found on Enceladus, it is clear that tectonism has been an important driver of geology on this small moon for much of its history.
Smooth plains[edit]
Two units of smooth plains were also observed by Voyager 2. These plains generally have low relief and have far fewer craters than in the cratered terrains and plains, indicating a relatively young surface age.[36] In one of the smooth plain regions, Sarandib Planitia, no impact craters were visible down to the limit of resolution. Another region of smooth plains to the southwest of Sarandib, is criss-crossed by several troughs and scarps. Cassini has since viewed these smooth plains regions, like Sarandib Planitia and Diyar Planitia at much higher resolution. Cassini images show smooth plain regions to be filled with low-relief ridges and fractures. These features are currently interpreted as being caused by shear deformation.[37] The high-resolution images of Sarandib Planitia have revealed a number of small impact craters, which allow for an estimate of the surface age, either 170 million years or 3.7 billion years, depending on assumed impactor population.[2][b]
The expanded surface coverage provided by Cassini has allowed for the identification of additional regions of smooth plains, particularly on Enceladus's leading hemisphere (the side of Enceladus that faces the direction of motion as the moon orbits Saturn). Rather than being covered in low relief ridges, this region is covered in numerous criss-crossing sets of troughs and ridges, similar to the deformation seen in the south polar region. This area is on the opposite side of Enceladus from Sarandib and Diyar Planitiae, suggesting that the placement of these regions is influenced by Saturn's tides on Enceladus.[39]
South polar region[edit]
Images taken by Cassini during the flyby on July 14, 2005 revealed a distinctive, tectonically deformed region surrounding Enceladus's south pole. This area, reaching as far north as 60° south latitude, is covered in tectonic fractures and ridges.[2][40] The area has few sizable impact craters, suggesting that it is the youngest surface on Enceladus and on any of the mid-sized icy satellites; modeling of the cratering rate suggests that some regions of the south polar terrain (SPT) are possibly as young as 500,000 years, or younger.[2] Near the center of this terrain are four fractures bounded on either side by ridges, unofficially called "tiger stripes". These fractures appear to be the youngest features in this region and are surrounded by mint-green-colored (in false color, UV–green–near IR images), coarse-grained water ice, seen elsewhere on the surface within outcrops and fracture walls.[40] Here the "blue" ice is on a flat surface, indicating that the region is young enough not to have been coated by fine-grained water ice from the E ring. Results from the visual and infrared spectrometer (VIMS) instrument suggest that the green-colored material surrounding the tiger stripes is chemically distinct from the rest of the surface of Enceladus. VIMS detected crystalline water ice in the stripes, suggesting that they are quite young (likely less than 1000 years old) or the surface ice has been thermally altered in the recent past.[41] VIMS also detected simple organic compounds in the tiger stripes, chemistry not found anywhere else on Enceladus thus far.[42]
One of these areas of "blue" ice in the south polar region was observed at very high resolution during the July 14 flyby, revealing an area of extreme tectonic deformation and blocky terrain, with some areas covered in boulders 10–100 m across.[43]
The boundary of the south polar region is marked by a pattern of parallel, Y- and V-shaped ridges and valleys. The shape, orientation, and location of these features indicate that they are caused by changes in the overall shape of Enceladus. Currently[update], there are two theories for what could cause such a shift in shape. First, the orbit of Enceladus may have migrated inward (from the article: "the lack of any plausible mechanism for increased flattening"), leading to an increase in Enceladus's rotation rate. Such a shift would have led to a flattening of Enceladus's rotation axis.[2] Another theory suggests that a rising mass of warm, low density material in Enceladus's interior led to a shift in the position of the current south polar terrain from Enceladus's southern mid-latitudes to its south pole.[39] Consequently, the ellipsoid shape of Enceladus would have adjusted to match the new orientation. One consequence of the axial flattening theory is that both polar regions should have similar tectonic deformation histories.[2] However, the north polar region is densely cratered, and has a much older surface age than the south pole.[36] Thickness variations in Enceladus's lithosphere is one explanation for this discrepancy. Variations in lithospheric thickness are supported by the correlation between the Y-shaped discontinuities and the V-shaped cusps along the south polar terrain margin and the relative surface age of the adjacent non-south polar terrain regions. The Y-shaped discontinuities, and the north-south trending tension fractures into which they lead, are correlated with younger terrain with presumably thinner lithospheres. The V-shaped cusps are adjacent to older, more heavily cratered terrains.[2]
The first Cassini flybys of Enceladus revealed that it has a significant atmosphere compared to the other moons of Saturn besides Titan. The source of the atmosphere may be volcanism, geysers, or gasses escaping from the surface or the interior.[44][45] The atmosphere of Enceladus is composed of 91% water vapor, 4% nitrogen, 3.2% carbon dioxide, and 1.7% methane.[10][11]
Following the Voyager encounters with Enceladus in the early 1980s, scientists postulated that the moon may be geologically active based on its young, reflective surface and location near the core of the E ring.[27] Based on the connection between Enceladus and the E ring, it was thought that Enceladus was the source of material in the E ring, perhaps through venting of water vapor from Enceladus's interior. However, the Voyagers failed to provide conclusive evidence that Enceladus is active today.
Thanks to data from a number of instruments on the Cassini spacecraft in 2005, cryovolcanism, where water and other volatiles are the materials erupted instead of silicate rock, has been discovered on Enceladus. The first Cassini sighting of a plume of icy particles above Enceladus's south pole came from the Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) images taken in January and February 2005,[2] though the possibility of the plume being a camera artifact stalled an official announcement. Data from the magnetometer instrument during the February 17, 2005 encounter provided a hint that the feature might be real when it found evidence for an atmosphere at Enceladus. The magnetometer observed an increase in the power of ion cyclotron waves near Enceladus. These waves are produced by the interaction of ionized particles and magnetic fields, and the frequency of the waves can be used to identify the composition, in this case ionized water vapor.[10] During the next two encounters, the magnetometer team determined that gases in Enceladus's atmosphere are concentrated over the south polar region, with atmospheric density away from the pole being much lower.[10] The Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) confirmed this result by observing two stellar occultations during the February 17 and July 14 encounters. Unlike the magnetometer, UVIS failed to detect an atmosphere above Enceladus during the February encounter when it looked for evidence for an atmosphere over the equatorial region, but did detect water vapor during an occultation over the south polar region during the July encounter.[11]
Fortuitously, Cassini flew through this gas cloud during the July 14 encounter, allowing instruments like the ion and neutral mass spectrometer (INMS) and the cosmic dust analyzer (CDA) to directly sample the plume. INMS measured the composition of the gas cloud, detecting mostly water vapor, as well as minor components like molecular nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide.[9] CDA "detected a large increase in the number of particles near Enceladus", confirming Enceladus as the primary source for the E ring.[33] Analysis of the CDA and INMS data suggest that the gas cloud Cassini flew through during the July encounter, and observed from a distance with its magnetometer and UVIS, was actually a water-rich cryovolcanic plume, originating from vents near the south pole.[46]
Visual confirmation of venting came in November 2005, when ISS (Imaging Science Subsystem) imaged geyser-like jets of icy particles rising from the moon's south polar region.[2] (As stated above, the plume was imaged before, in January and February 2005, but additional studies of the camera's response at high phase angles, when the Sun is almost behind Enceladus, and comparison with equivalent high-phase-angle images taken of other Saturnian satellites, were required before this could be confirmed.[47]) The images taken in November 2005 showed the plume's fine structure, revealing numerous jets (perhaps issuing from numerous distinct vents) within a larger, faint component extending out nearly 500 km from the surface, thus making Enceladus the fourth body in the Solar System to have confirmed volcanic activity, along with Earth, Neptune's Triton, and Jupiter's Io.[46] Cassini's UVIS later observed gas jets coinciding with the dust jets seen by ISS during a non-targeted encounter with Enceladus in October 2007.
Additional observations were acquired during a flyby on March 12, 2008. Data on this flyby revealed additional chemicals in the plume, including simple and complex hydrocarbons such as propane, ethane, and acetylene.[48] This finding further raises the potential for life beneath the surface of Enceladus.[49] The composition of Enceladus's plume as measured by the INMS instrument on Cassini is similar to that seen at most comets.[48]
The intensity of the eruption of the south polar jets varies significantly as a function of the position of Enceladus in its orbit. The plumes are about four times brighter when Enceladus is at apoapsis (the point in its orbit most distant from Saturn) than when it is at periapsis.[50][51] Geophysical modeling of tidal stresses indicates that at apoapsis the Tiger Stripes region is in a state of maximum tension, which would tend to open the fissures, while compression is maximal at periapsis.[52]
Mimas–Enceladus paradox[edit]
Mimas, the innermost of the round moons of Saturn and directly interior to Enceladus, is a geologically dead body, even though it experiences stronger tidal forces than Enceladus. This apparent paradox can be explained by temperature-dependent properties of water ice (the main constituent of Mimas and Enceladus interior). The tidal heating is given by the formula: q = 63ρr3n5e2/(38μQ) where ρ is the density of the satellite, r is the radius of the satellite, n is mean orbital motion, e is the orbital eccentricity of the satellite, μ is the shear module, Q is dimensionless dissipation factor. The material parameters μ and Q are temperature dependent. At high temperatures (close to the melting point) μ and Q are low, so tidal heating is high. Consequently, tidal heating is low in a cold body (like Mimas), but high in the hot Enceladus. So the theory predicts a low-energy thermal state for Mimas (values of μ and Q are high) but an excited, high-energy thermal state for Enceladus values of μ and Q are low), despite Enceladus being further from Saturn.[why?][53]
Prior to the ammonia discovery[edit]
The combined analysis of imaging, mass spectrometry, and magnetospheric data suggests that the observed south polar plume emanates from pressurized subsurface chambers, similar to geysers on Earth.[2] Because no ammonia was found in the vented material by INMS or UVIS, which could act as an anti-freeze, such a heated, pressurized chamber would consist of nearly pure liquid water with a temperature of at least 270 K (−3 °C), as illustrated in Figure 14. Pure water would require more energy to melt, either from tidal or radiogenic sources, than an ammonia-water mixture. Another possible method for generating a plume is sublimation of warm surface ice. During the July 14, 2005 flyby, the Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) found a warm region near the South Pole. Temperatures found in this region range from 85–90 K, to small areas with temperatures as high as 157 K (−116 °C), much too warm to be explained by solar heating, indicating that parts of the south polar region are heated from the interior of Enceladus.[8] Ice at these temperatures is warm enough to sublimate at a much faster rate than the background surface, thus generating a plume. This hypothesis is attractive since the subsurface layer heating the surface water ice could be an ammonia-water slurry at temperatures as low as 170 K (−103 °C), and thus not as much energy is required to produce the plume activity. However, the abundance of particles in the south polar plume favors the "cold geyser" model, as opposed to an ice sublimation model.[2]
Alternatively, Kieffer et al. (2006) suggest that Enceladus's geysers originate from clathrate hydrates, where carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen are released when exposed to the vacuum of space by the active, tiger stripe fractures.[54] This hypothesis would not require the amount of heat needed to melt water ice as required by the "cold geyser" model, and would explain the lack of ammonia.
Ammonia discovery[edit]
In July 2009 it was announced that ammonia had been discovered during flybys in July and October 2008.[55]
Internal structure[edit]
Prior to the Cassini mission, relatively little was known about the interior of Enceladus. However, results from recent flybys of Enceladus by the Cassini spacecraft have provided much needed information for models of Enceladus's interior. These include a better determination of the mass and tri-axial ellipsoid shape, high-resolution observations of the surface, and new insights on Enceladus's geochemistry.
Mass estimates from the Voyager program missions suggested that Enceladus was composed almost entirely of water ice.[27] However, based on the effects of Enceladus's gravity on Cassini, its mass was determined to be much higher than previously thought, yielding a density of 1.61 g/cm³.[2] This density is higher than Saturn's other mid-sized icy satellites, indicating that Enceladus contains a greater percentage of silicates and iron. With additional material besides water ice, Enceladus's interior may have experienced comparatively more heating from the decay of radioactive elements.
Castillo et al. 2005 suggested that Iapetus, and the other icy satellites of Saturn, formed relatively quickly after the formation of the Saturnian subnebula, and thus were rich in short-lived radionuclides.[56] These radionuclides, like aluminium-26 and iron-60, have short half-lives and would produce interior heating relatively quickly. Without the short-lived variety, Enceladus's complement of long-lived radionuclides would not have been enough to prevent rapid freezing of the interior, even with Enceladus's comparatively high rock–mass fraction, given Enceladus's small size.[57] Given Enceladus's relatively high rock–mass fraction, the proposed enhancement in 26Al and 60Fe would result in a differentiated body, with an icy mantle and a rocky core.[58] Subsequent radioactive and tidal heating would raise the temperature of the core to 1000 K, enough to melt the inner mantle. However, for Enceladus to still be active, part of the core must have melted too, forming magma chambers that would flex under the strain of Saturn's tides. Tidal heating, such as from the resonance with Dione or from libration, would then have sustained these hot spots in the core until the present, and would power the current geological activity.[59]
In addition to its mass and modeled geochemistry, researchers have also examined Enceladus's shape to test whether it is differentiated or not. Porco et al. 2006 used limb measurements to determine that Enceladus's shape, assuming it is in hydrostatic equilibrium, is consistent with an undifferentiated interior, in contradiction to the geological and geochemical evidence.[2] However, the current shape also supports the possibility that Enceladus is not in hydrostatic equilibrium, and may have rotated faster at some point in the recent past (with a differentiated interior).[58]
Possible water ocean[edit]
In late 2008, scientists observed water vapor spewing from Enceladus's surface, and it was later discovered that this vapor trails into Saturn.[60] This could indicate the presence of liquid water, which might also make it possible for Enceladus to support life.[61] Candice Hansen,[62] a scientist with NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab, headed up a research team on the plumes after they were found to be moving at ~2,189 kilometers per hour (1,360 miles per hour). Since that speed is difficult to attain unless liquids are involved, they decided to investigate the compositions of the plumes.[63]
Eventually it was discovered that in the E-ring about 6% of particles contain 0.5–2% of sodium salts by mass, which is a significant amount. In the parts of the plume close to Enceladus the fraction of "salty" particles increases to 70% by number and >99% by mass. Such particles presumably are frozen spray from the salty underground ocean. On the other hand, the small salt-poor particles form by homogenous nucleation directly from the gas phase. The sources of salty particles are uniformly distributed along the tiger stripes, whereas sources of "fresh" particles are closely related to the high-speed gas jets. The "salty" particles move slowly and mostly fall back onto the surface, while the fast "fresh" particles escape to the E-ring, explaining its salt-poor composition.[64]
The "salty" composition of the plume strongly suggests that its source is a subsurface salty ocean or subsurface caverns filled with salty water.[65] Alternatives such as the clathrate sublimation hypothesis can not explain how "salty" particles form.[64] Additionally, Cassini found traces of organic compounds in some dust grains.[64][66] Enceladus is therefore a candidate for harboring extraterrestrial life.[67]
The presence of liquid water under the crust implies that there is an internal heat source. It is now thought to be a combination of radioactive decay and tidal heating,[68][69] as tidal heating alone is not sufficient to explain the heat.
See also[edit]
Notes and references[edit]
Explanatory notes
- ^ Used with roughly equal frequency
- ^ Without samples to provide absolute age determinations, crater counting is currently the only method for determining surface age on most planetary surfaces. Unfortunately, there is currently disagreement in the scientific community regarding the flux of impactors in the outer Solar System. These competing models can significantly alter the age estimate even with the same crater counts. For the sake of completeness, both age estimates from Porco Helfenstein et al. 2006 are provided.
- ^ Jodra, Serge (2004). "Imago Mundi – La Découverte des satellites de Saturne (in French)". CosmoVisions.com. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Porco, C. C.; Helfenstein, P.; Thomas, P. C.; Ingersoll, A. P.; Wisdom, J.; West, R.; Neukum, G.; Denk, T.; Wagner, R. (10 March 2006). "Cassini Observes the Active South Pole of Enceladus". Science 311 (5766): 1393–1401. Bibcode:2006Sci...311.1393P. doi:10.1126/science.1123013. PMID 16527964.
- ^ [1]. Retrieved March 22, 2006.
- ^ a b c Roatsch, T.; Jaumann, R.; Stephan, K.; Thomas, P. C. (2009). "Cartographic Mapping of the Icy Satellites Using ISS and VIMS Data". Saturn from Cassini-Huygens. pp. 763–781. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9217-6_24. ISBN 978-1-4020-9216-9.
- ^ Jacobson, R. A.; Antreasian, P. G.; Bordi, J. J.; Criddle, K. E.; Ionasescu, R.; Jones, J. B.; Mackenzie, R. A.; Meek, M. C.; Parcher, D.; Pelletier, F. J.; Owen, Jr., W. M.; Roth, D. C.; Roundhill, I. M.; Stauch1, J. R. (December 2006). "The Gravity Field of the Saturnian System from Satellite Observations and Spacecraft Tracking Data". The Astronomical Journal 132 (6): 2520–2526. Bibcode:2006AJ....132.2520J. doi:10.1086/508812.
- ^ a b Verbiscer, A.; French, R.; Showalter, M.; Helfenstein, P. (9 February 2007). "Enceladus: Cosmic Graffiti Artist Caught in the Act". Science 315 (5813): 815. doi:10.1126/science.1134681. PMID 17289992. Retrieved 20 December 2011. (supporting online material, table S1)
- ^ Observatorio ARVAL (April 15, 2007). "Classic Satellites of the Solar System". Observatorio ARVAL. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
- ^ a b c Spencer, J. R. et al. (2006). "Cassini Encounters Enceladus: Background and the Discovery of a South Polar Hot Spot". Science 311 (5766): 1401–5. Bibcode:2006Sci...311.1401S. doi:10.1126/science.1121661. PMID 16527965.
- ^ a b Waite, J. H. et al. (2006). "Cassini Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer: Enceladus Plume Composition and Structure". Science 311 (5766): 1419–22. Bibcode:2006Sci...311.1419W. doi:10.1126/science.1121290. PMID 16527970.
- ^ a b c d Dougherty, M. K. et al. (2006). "Identification of a Dynamic Atmosphere at Enceladus with the Cassini Magnetometer". Science 311 (5766): 1406–9. Bibcode:2006Sci...311.1406D. doi:10.1126/science.1120985. PMID 16527966.
- ^ a b c Hansen, C. J. et al. (2006). "Enceladus' Water Vapor Plume". Science 311 (5766): 1422–5. Bibcode:2006Sci...311.1422H. doi:10.1126/science.1121254. PMID 16527971.
- ^ Planetary Body Names and Discoverers. Retrieved March 22, 2006.
- ^ Herschel, W.; Account of the Discovery of a Sixth and Seventh Satellite of the Planet Saturn; With Remarks on the Construction of Its Ring, Its Atmosphere, Its Rotation on an Axis, and Its Spheroidical Figure, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 80 (1790), pp. 1–20
- ^ Lovett, Richard A. "Secret life of Saturn's moon: Enceladus". Cosmos Magazine. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
- ^ Cassini Images of Enceladus Suggest Geysers Erupt Liquid Water at the Moon's South Pole. Retrieved March 22, 2006.
- ^ Lovett, Richard A. (31 May 2011). "Enceladus named sweetest spot for alien life". Nature (Nature). doi:10.1038/news.2011.337. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ As reported by William Lassell, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 42–43 1848 January 14
- ^ Blue, J.; (2006) Categories for Naming Planetary Features. Retrieved November 16, 2006.
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- ^ a b Planetary Society, Cassini's Tour of the Saturn System. Retrieved March 31, 2006.
- ^ Cassini Solstice Mission: Saturn Tour Dates: 2011. Saturn.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved on 2011-06-28.
- ^ Herschel, W. (1795) Description of a Forty-feet Reflecting Telescope, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 85, pp. 347–409 (reported by M. Arago (1871), Herschel, Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, pp. 198–223)
- ^ Frommert, H.; and Kronberg, C.; William Herschel (1738–1822). Accessed May 29, 2006
- ^ Soylent Communications, William Herschel. Accessed May 29, 2006
- ^ a b Voyager Mission Description. Accessed May 29, 2006
- ^ a b Terrile, R. J.; and Cook, A. F.; (1981); Enceladus: Evolution and Possible Relationship to Saturn's E-Ring. 12th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Abstract 428
- ^ a b c d e f Rothery, David A. (1999). Satellites of the Outer Planets: Worlds in their own right. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512555-X.
- ^ Moomaw, B.; Tour de Saturn Set For Extended Play, Spacedaily.com, February 5, 2007. Retrieved February 5, 2007.
- ^ Missions to Saturn, Cassini, NASA, Retrieved March 2, 2008.
- ^ Planetary exploration newsletter Volume 1, Number 36 (December 23, 2007), Retrieved March 2, 2008.
- ^ TandEM (Titan and Enceladus Mission) Workshop, February 7, 2008; Retrieved March 2, 2008.
- ^ Rincon, Paul (2009-02-18). "Science & Environment | Jupiter in space agencies' sights". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
- ^ a b Spahn, F. et al. (2006). "Cassini Dust Measurements at Enceladus and Implications for the Origin of the E Ring". Science 311 (5766): 1416–1418. Bibcode:2006Sci...311.1416S. doi:10.1126/science.1121375. PMID 16527969.
- ^ NASA (2007-05-16). "Cracks on Enceladus Open and Close under Saturn's Pull".
- ^ Rathbun, J. A.; et al.; (2005); Enceladus's global geology as seen by Cassini ISS, Eos Trans. AGU, Vol. 82, No. 52 (Fall Meeting Supplement), abstract P32A-03
- ^ a b c Smith, B. A.; Soderblom, L.; Batson, R.; Bridges, P.; Inge, J.; Masursky, H.; Shoemaker, E.; Beebe, R. et al. (1982). "A New Look at the Saturn System: The Voyager 2 Images". Science 215 (4532): 504–37. Bibcode:1982Sci...215..504S. doi:10.1126/science.215.4532.504. PMID 17771273.
- ^ a b c d e Turtle, E. P.; et al.; Enceladus, Curiouser and Curiouser: Observations by Cassini's Imaging Science Subsystem, Cassini CHARM Teleconference, 28 April 2005
- ^ Barnash, A. N.; et al.; (2006); Interactions Between Impact Craters and Tectonic Fractures on Enceladus, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Vol. 38, No. 3, presentation no. 24.06
- ^ a b c Nimmo, F.; Pappalardo, R. T. (2006). "Diapir-induced reorientation of Saturn's moon Enceladus". Nature 441 (7093): 614–616. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..614N. doi:10.1038/nature04821. PMID 16738654.
- ^ a b Enceladus in False Color. Retrieved March 22, 2006.
- ^ Cassini Finds Enceladus Tiger Stripes are Really Cubs, 30 August 2005. Retrieved May 29, 2006.
- ^ Brown, R. H. et al. (2006). "Composition and Physical Properties of Enceladus's Surface". Science 311 (5766): 1425–1428. Bibcode:2006Sci...311.1425B. doi:10.1126/science.1121031. PMID 16527972.
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- ^ Spotts, P. (2013-07-31). "What's going on inside Saturn moon? Geysers offer intriguing new clue.". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
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- ^ Czechowski, Leszek (2006). "Parameterized model of convection driven by tidal and radiogenic heating". Adv. Space Res. 38: 788–793. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..788C. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.013.
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- ^ Castillo, J. C.; et al.; (2006); A New Understanding of the Internal Evolution of Saturnian Icy Satellites from Cassini Observations, 37th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Abstract 2200
- ^ a b Schubert, G; Anderson, J; Travis, B; Palguta, J (2007). "Enceladus: Present internal structure and differentiation by early and long-term radiogenic heating". Icarus 188 (2): 345. Bibcode:2007Icar..188..345S. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.012.
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- ^ ESA (2011). Enceladus rains water onto Saturn. http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMNGHFTFQG_index_0.html
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External links[edit]
Find more about Enceladus at Wikipedia's sister projects | |
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary | |
Media from Commons | |
Learning resources from Wikiversity | |
Quotations from Wikiquote | |
Source texts from Wikisource | |
Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Enceladus Profile at NASA's Solar System Exploration site
- Calvin Hamilton's Enceladus page
- Enceladus page at The Nine Planets
- The Planetary Society: Enceladus information
- Cassini Mission Enceladus Page. Contains catalog of released Cassini Images of Enceladus
- CHARM: Cassini–Huygens Analysis and Results from the Mission page, contains presentations on recent Enceladus results
- Paul Schenk's 3D images and flyover videos of Enceladus and other outer solar system satellites
- Cassini images of Enceladus
- Images of Enceladus at JPL's Planetary Photojournal
- Movie of Enceladus's rotation from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
- Enceladus global and polar basemaps (February 2010) from Cassini images
- Enceladus atlas (May 2010) from Cassini images
- Enceladus nomenclature and Enceladus map with feature names from the USGS planetary nomenclature page
- Small Bodies Atlas: Enceladus. Phil Stooke's Atlas page for Enceladus containing a catalog of Voyager Enceladus images as well as maps based on Voyager Images


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Fixed bottom navigation.
Jesus, what a mess. You don't have to use position: fixed; and z-index for stuff inside the bottom bar. Having the bar set will automatically take care of all content.
Exactly what result are you trying to get? You had a div labelled "serverjoin" which had no content at all, and text saying "Join Server" inside another div. I'd suggest just having one link that says "Join Chat". Having a link that says "Chat" and non-linked text that says "Join Server" is a bit confusing. People might be inclined to click on the latter if they aren't familiar with the setup.
As a first guess at what you want, I'd suggest using this for the markup. Using a ul for the main bottom bar container makes more sense than a div. Both are block level elements and behave the same way, but a ul is more suitable for what you want to put inside it (namely a list of links).
--- Code: --- // Show the load time?
if ($context['show_load_time'])
echo ''. $txt['page_created'], $context['load_time'], $txt['seconds_with'], $context['load_queries'], $txt['queries'], '';
echo '
// This is where the ul for the bottom bar is going.
echo '

Steam Group

Join Chat

--- End code ---
Putting it here in the template makes more sense than putting it in the header. Either will work with the fixed positioning, but I prefer to keep markup in roughly the right order as I find it makes things easier to follow.
For the css, this should be close for a first guess:
--- Code: ---#bottombar
background: url(../images/custom/floatbarbg.png) repeat-x;
position: fixed;
bottom: 0px;
left: 0px;
height: 21px;
width: 100%;
list-style: none;
#bottombar li
font-size: 16px;
text-transform: uppercase;
font-family: 'Allerta Stencil', sans-serif;
line-height: 20px;
height: 21px;
float: left;
--- End code ---
It will still need paddings and margins sorted on the li's.
It doesnt work they way i want it. I just removed it... too much of a hassle thanks anyways.
What doesn't work about it?
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By Mayo Clinic staffGenital warts are one of the most common types of sexually transmitted infections. At least half of all sexually active people will become infected with the virus that causes genital warts at some point during their lives.
As the name suggests, genital warts affect the moist tissues of the genital area. Genital warts may look like small, flesh-colored bumps or have a cauliflower-like appearance. In many cases, the warts are too small to be visible.
Like warts that appear elsewhere on your body, genital warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Some strains of genital HPV can cause genital warts, while others can cause cancer. Vaccines can help protect against certain strains of genital HPV.
- Habif TP. Genital warts. In: Habif TP. Clinical Dermatology: A Color Guide to Diagnosis and Therapy. 5th ed. Edinburgh, U.K.; New York, N.Y.: Mosby Elsevier; 2010. http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-7234-3541-9..00020-1&isbn=978-0-7234-3541-9&sid=1095050809&type=bookPage§ionEid=4-u1.0-B978-0-7234-3541-9..00020-1--s0020&uniqId=229999267-4#4-u1.0-B978-0-7234-3541-9..00020-1--s0020. Accessed Dec. 13, 2010.
- Genital HPV infection: Fact sheet. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/std/HPV/STDFact-HPV.htm. Accessed Dec. 13, 2010.
- Breen E, et al. Condylomata acuminata (anogenital warts). http://www.uptodate.com/home/index.html. Accessed Dec. 13, 2010.
- Douglas JM. Papillomavirus. In: Goldman L, et al. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2008. http://www.mdconsult.com/das/book/body/191371208-2/0/1492/0.html#. Accessed Dec. 13, 2010.
- Making sense of your Pap and HPV test results. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/pap/default.htm. Accessed Dec. 14, 2010.
- Special procedures: The Pap test. American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. http://www.acog.org/publications/patient_education/bp085.cfm. Accessed Dec. 15, 2010.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, et al. Recommendations on the use of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in males — Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recommendations and Reports. 2011:60;1705.


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Jennifer Calhoun
I've lived in Fayetteville now for the past six years and nine months.
But now, I'm leaving for another stage in my life.
Don't worry about the column, however. For the next few weeks, "Retail Therapy" will be in the fantastic hands of Rebecca Logan, who is well-known and respected for our late business column "Off the Rack."
Yes, you heard right: Becky's back! Unfortunately, we have her for only a short time until we can find a full-time replacement.
The whole thing is bittersweet for me, however.
I hate to leave my warm, sandy life here, especially when all these shops and restaurants are opening all over town.
For example, did you hear Pasarellas has opened downtown?
If you remember, Pasarellas is that fabulous jewelry and accessories shop that used to be in Hope Mills. Prices are inexpensive, and the store is just really well-done and upscale looking.
A few days ago, I decided to buy something to remind me of Fayetteville. I had heard about the new "Fayetteville" ornaments at the Peacock's Eye, 218 Hay St.
The ornament is gorgeous, hand-painted and hand-stamped with "Fayetteville." The one I bought was red, white and blue, with stars and stripes - appropriate, no? But the shop has blue and white ones, as well. The stars and stripes ornaments are $13.50, and the blue and white ones are $12.
Courtney McConnell, who owns the shop with her soldier husband, John, said she started the business a couple of years ago after moving from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.
The shop sells all manner of Polish pottery, including dishes, serving bowls, doorknobs and just about everything else. Plus, it's just a cute place to walk through.
If you've got a canine friend you're shopping for, head to Woof! Boutique & Barkery ASAP. The upscale pet boutique, which also carries freshly baked dog treats, will be closing its doors today, and everything is marked down considerably, according to the store's Facebook page.
The store has been at 4011 Sycamore Dairy Road in the Sycamore Station Shopping Center since 2010.
But don't worry. You'll still have the opportunity to get those oh-so-cute accessories for your pups. The store is switching to a website for all its sales, including those gourmet treats, starting next year and will have free delivery for most items. You can find details at woofbb.com.
"So many of you have been so kind and some of my loyal customers are upset, so I decided this was an easy and great way to keep the store open - online!," owner Kim Allison wrote on the store's Facebook page Nov. 16. "Stay posted, I have been busy with the transition ... ."
In the meantime, Christmas stockings, art, gourmet treats, sweaters and other designer dog accessories are going fast, and the prices are cheap. For example, faux fur stoles are 2 for $9.99, which is perfect for those cold winter nights.
The store is open from noon to 3 p.m. today. Go to the store's Facebook page for updates.
Well, it's starting to look a lot like Christmas - all except the weather this week, that is. So, if you're still scrambling for last-minute gifts, Kohl's and Kohls.com might be another place to check out.
Kohl's just sent me a news release saying its fine and silver jewelry are 50 percent to 60 percent off through Dec. 24.
There were lots of other things, but way too many to mention. You can find out more at Kohls.com.
You know, I received a few comments after I posted a blurb about shopping needs on the Ramsey Street corridor.
Frankly, there are quite a few gems over there - Grapes & Hops, anyone? - and the numbers have climbed since I moved to Fayetteville.
Despite the steady growth, it seems the Ramsey corridor dwellers are getting restless. One reader said it's time for Ramsey Street to go big-time: She wants a Starbucks. Alert reader Josette Alvarez said the area around Methodist University and Kings Grant really, really needs the java joint. Like, now.
"No fun driving downtown for a latte," Alvarez opined in an email.
I hear you, J. I hear you.
Well, let me sign off. I had a good time. Enjoy your Saturday!
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The good folks at Sprint have partnered with us to do something awesome for the holidays,and we're giving away a great Samsung phone or tablet every day for 12 days.
Today's prize is a Sprint Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini. Everything you love about a premium Android experience, in a smaller package, and Sprint Spark ready.
For all the details, head over to this blog post and leave a comment to enter.
Good luck!


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FEI Dressage Horses For Sale, Young Prospects, & Dressage Schoolmasters
List your dressage horse for sale to a very targeted dressage buyer. Our premium dressage horse classifieds include 6 photos, optional video, page counter, & link to your web site. Sale horse listings remain active until you mark them sold-no photo or ad renewal fees.
Training LevelsNot TrainedTraining Level First Level Second Level Third Level Fourth Level Prix St. Georges I-1 I-2 Grand Prix Horses by BreedAmerican WarmbloodsAndalusians Arabians Bavarian Warmbloods Belgian Warmbloods Canadian Warmbloods Cross Breds Danish Warmbloods Dutch Warmbloods Friesians German Warmbloods Hanoverians Holsteiners Hungarian Warmbloods Irish Sport Horse Lipizzans Lusitanos Morgans Oldenburgs Ponies Selle Francais Swedish Warmbloods Thoroughbreds Trakehners Welsh Ponies Westphalians Other Quarter Horse Dressage Horses by PriceUnder
10k Horses by StateAlbertaArkansas British Columbia California Colorada Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Massachusetts Maryland Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Montana Missouri New Mexico New Hampshire North Carolina New Jersey New York Ohio Oklahoma Ontario Oregon Pennsylvania Saskatchewan Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia Wisconsin Washington (WA) |


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All prices listed are in USD.
All orders will be shipped from our warehouse in Findlay, OH.
View the UPS Ground Transit Map for estimated delivery times to your area.
UPS, the UPS Shield trademark, the UPS Ready mark, the UPS OnLine Tools mark and the Color Brown are trademarks of United Parcel Service of America, Inc. All Rights Reserved. |


text:
Find the Perfect Gift
Please select an age range or price range.
Select an Age Range Birth-12 Months 12-24 Months 2 Years 3 & 4 Years 5-7 Years 8-11 Years 12-14 Years Big Kids
Select a Price Range under $10 $10 - $20 $20 - $30 $30 - $40 $40 - $50 $50 - $75 $75 - $100 $100 and up
Both Girl Boy
Up to 25% Off
Despicable Me 2 Action Figures, Play Sets & Role Play
Buy 1 Get 1 40% Off
ALL Ever After High Dolls
Buy 1 Get 1 50% Off
regular-priced Crayola
Save $25
Skylanders Swap Force Starter Pack
Sale $15
Disney Infinity Starter Packs
Clearance Blast!
Up to 70% off in our OnlineClearance Store
Up to 50% Off
selected Christmas Items - Online Only
Spider-Man & Iron Man Action Figures, Play Sets & Role Play
Sale $11.99
Cra-Z-Loom Shimmer 'N Sparkle Bracelet Maker
20% Off
Schwinn Bikes
regular-priced Mega Bloks Sets
Sale $27.99 ea.
Journey Girls 18" Articulated Dolls
Sale $99.99 ea.
Tabeo e2 8" Tablet
Sale $99.99
Imaginarium Mountain Rock Train Table
25% Off
Fast Lane R/C - Online Only
Save $124.99
when you buy both Xbox 360 E 4GB Kinect Holiday Bundle & Disney Infinity Xbox 360 Starter Kit
Usually leaves warehouse in 1 - 2 full bus. days. Details
Gift wrap is available for this item. (Details)
Product is available for shipping internationally. (Details)
One Direction is the #1 band in the World! With their hit songs "You Don't Know You're Beautiful,"One Thing" and "Live While We're Young," Liam, Niall, Harry, Louis and Zayn are breaking records and hearts! Decorate your locker or your fridge with these colorful and fun One Direction magnets! Sold in sets of four. Five sets to collect! (each sold separately) These 1D Laser Magnets feature:
"R"Web#: 266472
Manufacturer #: 7124
Product Weight:0.1 pounds
Product Dimensions (in inches):4.3 x 2.3 x 0.7
Shipping Info:
Product availablitiy and pickup options will be displayed for this store. You can change this store anytime using the Store Locator or My Store Link.
© 2013 Geoffrey, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Use of this site signifies your acceptance of Toys''R''Us Website Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.


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Remember When
140 years ago
There's gold in them thar hills! On Dec. 31, 1869, a group of prospectors from Yreka discovered gold in what would later be called Hayden Hill.
They were searching for the fabled Lost Cabin Mine, which they never found.
But a member of the party cleaned a spring and found a golden, glittering substance too prevalent to be gold which he thought was mica. Turns out, when the mineral was assayed, it really was gold.
86 years ago
A man was caught traveling 20 miles per hour through the heart of Susanville in an early model Ford. Sheriff's officers arrested the man and sentenced him to one day in jail.
The newspaper used the occasion to issue a strict reminder to its readers that no one was allowed to go faster than five miles per hour in any motor vehicle traveling through town.
110 years ago
Merchants in Susanville must have been pleased with the holiday shopping rush as the paper reported "quite a good crowd of people from the valley were in town last Saturday, some of them doing their Christmas shopping." According to the paper, shoppers came from Buntingville, Janesville, Standish and the Tules.
"The weather of the week has been at peace with the season," the paper reported. "Monday a continuous rain fell all day, Tuesday and Wednesday were pleasant enough for May, except that Tuesday night gave promise of ice-making weather. Wednesday night, a slight fall of snow and today an unsettled condition generally."
110 years ago
The more things change, the more they stay the same. A hundred years ago a Lassen County newspaper editor complained, "the vagaries of California legislation are remarkable. They might be said to be laughable if they did not cost the people so much hard cash."
The editor railed about expensive highway laws which could not be enforced, a countywide ordinance prohibiting the shipment of game out of the county — despite the fact such laws had been declared unconstitutional by the state supreme court — and a new voter registration law set to go into effect on Jan. 1, 1900. The editor referred to this legislation as "bungling."
More Articles...
Page 50 of 51


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Enough Is Enough®; (EIE), a non-partisan, 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, emerged in 1994 as the national leader on the front lines to make the Internet safer for children and families. Since then, EIE has pioneered efforts to confront online pornography, child pornography, child stalking, sexual predation, and other forms of online victimization. By leveraging its expertise, growing national partnership network, and positive reputation among the public, media, law enforcement, and Internet industry, EIE continues to advance innovative initiatives and effective communication strategies to protect children online.
The Enough Is Enough® mission is to Make the Internet Safer for Children and Families
EIE has a three-pronged, preventative approach to create and sustain a safe, entertaining, and informative Internet environment, free from sexual predators, the intrusion of unwanted sexual material, and other harmful and exploitative online threats by:
Education: Raising public awareness of the threat of illegal pornography, sexual predation, and other Internet dangers in order to empower and equip parents and other child caregivers to implement safety measures;
Industry: Encouraging the technology industry to implement viable technological solutions and family- friendly corporate policy to reduce online threats; and,
Enforcement: Promoting legal solutions by calling for aggressive enforcement of existing laws and enactment of new laws to stop the exploitation and victimization of children using the Internet.
In September 2005, EIE received support from the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice, and other partners to begin a new program--Internet Safety 101--to educate and empower parents, guardians, and other adult caregivers to implement Internet safety rules and software tools (Rules 'N Tools) and provide communities with information and resources to support local action to markedly increase the safety of children online.
The Internet Safety 101 multimedia program was created to prevent Internet-initiated crimes against children through educating, equipping and empowering parents, educators and caring adults with the knowledge and resources needed to protect children from online pornography, sexual predators and cyberbullies, as well as cyber security risks and dangers related to social networking, online gaming and mobile devices. The proven evidence-based curriculum motivates and equips adults to implement both safety rules (non-technical measures) and software tools (technical measures) on youth's Internet enabled devices.
Visit our Internet Safety 101 site for more about our Award-winning Internet Safety 101 Program here.


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A Child's Christmas- Soiree
12/12/2013Join the Cameo Players for another of their popular Christmas soirees.
Festive Farmers and Crafts Market
22/12/2013Your last chance to pick up fresh produce for your festive celebrations.
Seven Little Dreams
22/12/2013Dreams Theatre School Chelmsford Branch present their exciting and amazing variety show.
Chelmsford city FC New Years Eve Party 2013
31/12/2013Chelmsford City FC New Years Eve Party 2013 is here
Lockdales Coins and Collectables Free Valuations and Buying-In Event
09/01/2014Lockdales Coins and Collectables Free Valuations and Buying-In Event
Burlesque Jems 8 week dance course
15/01/2014Dance classes for ladies who enjoy a giggle & a wiggle!
CAODS Presents 'The Witches of Eastwick'
25/02/2014CAODS is proud to present its latest production of the acclaimed musical ' The Witches of Eastwick,'.


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Microsoft Visual Basic Queues
David Waldo
This module describes the very basics of Micorsoft Visual Basic queues and also the AutoResetEvent event.
Some Rights Reserved
Protests in Libya
Amateur footage of supposed protests in Libya on YouTube uploaded day after deadly clashes.
Smuggled Ivorian cocoa enters Ghana
The increased traffic of contraband Ivorian cocoa beans following the country's export ban is starting to impact neighbour Ghana's cocoa industry.
MIT's Entrepreneurial Development and Impact Over the Past 50 Years
Ed Roberts reviews the effects of entrepreneurship within MIT and the relation of MIT entrepreneurship to larger communities.
Much of the research under discussion comes from a 2006 study of MIT alumni conducted by Roberts and Charles Eesley of the Sloan School. The study polled MIT alumni about companies they had
Stateless protest in Kuwait
Stateless Arabs in Kuwait come under fire as security forces use flares to disburse crowds, as they demonstrate for citizenship. Deborah Lutterbeck reports.
La médecine et la négation de la mort (video)
Didier Sicard évoque les différents aspects de la mort, comme la mort évacuée, celle des autres. La mort est absente du cursus universitaire, elle fait d'ailleurs fuir les étudiants. La mort est un tabou et l'hôpital est un lieu où la mort est escamotée. Les soins palliatifs qui sont en régression en 2005 posent aussi parfois le problème du respect de l'intimité du patient avec la mort.
La conférence
Undefined Terms: Point, Line, and Plane
In Geometry, there are three undefined terms: point, line, and plane. This video describes these terms and explains how all other terms in Geometry can be defined from these three undefined terms. (3:24)
Liberty`s Kids: "The Intolerable Acts"
This video gives a good fictional account of the Intolerable Acts. Taxation, Boston, Ben Franklin, Red Coats, and Tea Party all all key words discussed in this video. This is a wonderful teaching resource for a unit on the history of the US. It certainly helps to build background knowledge on lifestyle, clothing, transportation, etc. during colonial times (10:51).
Volcanic Activity: Vesuvius Buries Pompeii
Vesuvius' Eruption That Buried Pompeii - Vesuvius' most early eruption, is now its most famous. (01:24)
Postulate, Axiom, and Conjecture
Three words that are used seemingly interchangeably in Geometry are postulate, axiom, and conjecture. This video explains how each word is different and describes the subtle implications of using each word. These terms are especially important when working with Geometry proofs. (2:06)
Global Challenges for Europe and America
Nicholas Burns is Professor of the Practice of Diplomacy and International Politics at the Harvard Kennedy School. He is Director of the Future of Diplomacy Project and Faculty Chair for the Programs on the Middle East and on India and South Asia. He also serves on the Board of Directors of the School's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. He was a visiting Scholar at the Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars in summer 2008.
People Power and the End of the Cold War
Was the end of the Cold War a victory for power politics, or for people power? Twenty years after the opening of the Berlin Wall, debate continues about what factors sealed the fate of the Soviet system in eastern and central Europe, and eventually in the Soviet Union itself. Non-violent popular movements -- especially in Poland, East Germany and Czechoslovakia -- played a significant part in the events. How did they relate to other forms of power, and what was their effect on the shaping of the
CNIPsy 2010 Marseille - La modification de la catégorie « Autisme » : enjeux sociaux et cultu
CNIPsy 2010 Marseille : 7ème Congrès National des Internes en Psychiatrie (CNIPsy). Thème : «Mauvais genre»
Session : Péripéties dans l'histoire de la psychiatrie.
Titre : CNIPsy 2010 Marseille – La modification de la catégorie « Autisme » : enjeux sociaux et culturels.
Résumé : On pourrait croire la psychiatrie atteinte d'amnésie antérograde, oubliant à mesure les chemins qui l'ont conduite au présent. Et son histoire, elle la réécrit parfois ave
Lower Intermediate S6 #5 - Japanese Calculations and Good Conversation
Learn Japanese with JapanesePod101.com! A trip to the gym in Japan isn't in the cards for you today: you just got your workout by lifting box after box of heavy produce at the Japanese greengrocer. You pause to add up the various weights you've lifted, and your calculations come to more than a thousand pounds! [...]
L'embryon humain sujet de savoir, objet de passions - René FRYDMAN (audio)
Conférence du 23 janvier 2000 par René Frydman.
La maîtrise de la reproduction est centrée sur l'embryon humain. Elle est l'objet de nombreux investissements passionnels, aussi bien lorsqu'il s'agit d'espacer les naissances et d'éviter les conceptions non désirées, que lorsqu'il s'agit d'essayer d'obtenir un enfant. Dans une première partie, un rappel historique permet d'exposer les concepts aboutissant à la définition de la "personne humaine". Dans une seconde
Korea: The Unfinished War
To fully grasp the ongoing tensions between the United States and North Korea, it is important to understand the war that ended fifty years ago this summer. John Biewen and Stephen Smith of American RadioWorks examine the often-overlooked war that helped define global politics and American life for the second half of the 20th century.
Advertisement for Midwest Crushed Stone Company
This advertisement appeared in A History of the Columbia Club. It illustrates the variety of businesses located in the Traction Terminal Building. [1925]
Hug by Jez Alborough-Read Aloud
In this brief video, Jez Alborough's book Hug is read aloud. This wonderfully drawn tail tells the story of a little monkey looking for one simple thing -- a hug. How can it be that a book with only one word-hug-repeated throughout, can be so good? This book shows a baby chimpanzee on the hunt for his mum and a cuddle. Our little friend wanders through
Big Ideas Fest Interviews
Fest 2011 in Half Moon Bay. This conference was help in December 2011 and hosted by the Institute of Knowledge Management in Education. There were participants form K-12, Higher Ed, educational non-profits, foundations and start-up companies. The keynote speaker was Dr. Sugata Mitra.
American Experience: The Panama Canal
On August 15, 1914, the Panama Canal opened connecting the world's two largest oceans and signaling America's emergence as a global superpower. The story of the canal features a delightful cast of colorful characters ranging from an indomitable President to visionary engineers to tens of thousands of workers from around the world, rigidly segregated by race. (01:22:11)


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UITP is the international network for public transport authorities and operators, policy decision-makers, scientific institutes and the public transport supply and service industry. It is a platform for worldwide cooperation, business development and the sharing of know-how between its 3,400 members from 92 countries. UITP is the global advocate of public transport and sustainable mobility, and the promoter of innovations in the sector.
UITP and KMK organise an online press conference on 4 December. This will will be the ideal opportunity to get an exclusive preview of some of the IT solutions that will be unveiled at IT-TRANS 2014 and that are helping to transform the urban mobility landscape. This press conference is also open to delegates and exhibitors. Registration is free.
UITP took part in the EU-China Urbanisation Partnership Forum in Beijing on 20-21 November which brought together 1,000 local leaders and business executives from Europe and China. Fast urbanisation, economic development and motorisation imposed urban mobility as one of the Forum's priorities. UITP moderated a panel on public transport which brought together local leaders, operators, experts and academics. This Forum was a good opportunity for UITP to advance its policy agenda and probe business opportunities for its members in China. Read the full report.
Re-think transport and climate change
The Transport Day 2013 will be held on 17 November in Warsaw, Poland. It is a joint initiative of the Bridging the Gap Initiative (BtG) and the SLoCaT Partnership – UITP is a partner of both initiatives. Over the next 3 years the BtG and SLoCaT will bring together decision makers, thinkers and implementers on transport and climate change at a full day event to help ensure that the UNFCCC climate change talks better reflects the critical role of public transport in mitigating, and adapting to, climate change.
Fourth railway package: limit the revision of Regulation 1370/2007 to what is necessary for the opening of the domestic rail passenger market.
UITP, EMTA and EPTO have joined forces to warn of the dangers of unnecessary and too far-reaching changes to the legal framework for local public transport in Europe currently being discussed in the European Parliament
91 towns, regions and industry members took part in UITP's worldwide campaign! For an overview of the campaign pictures and messages, key figures and press coverage, visit the campaign in action
23 January 2014, Brussels, Belgium
UITP-LTA Training Programme on Public Transport Fundamentals
17-19 February 2014, Singapore
IT-TRANS 2014 - IT Solutions for Public Transport
18-20 February 2014, Karlsruhe, Germany
Contracting for better public transport
9-11 April 2014, Munich, Germany
MENA Transport Congress and Exhibition
Grow your city with public transport
27-30 April 2014, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
"Investing in public transport infrastructure and services creates direct jobs but is also a fantastic generator for wider business activity and indirect jobs for city economies"
Alain Flausch, UITP Secretary General
Read the press release
The World Annual Report produced by the UITP Observatory of Automated Metros is now available! Discover updated statistics on many aspects of UTO, as well as the latest developments and forecasts for automation.
This new issue is truly international with articles on the Metro Assembly and Automated Metro Seminar held in London in September, an international workshop in Johannesburg, four Training Programmes organised by the UITP MENA Center for Transport Excellence and many other activities worldwide. EU projects are also high on the agenda with a new project on Next Generation of Train Control systems, a survey on bus systems strategies launched by 3iBS and the SECUR-ED midterm conference. Read our newsletter to find out more!
New issue: Getting the right funding mix
This issue is devoted to the different ways of financing public transport, including articles by experts on:
- What is a healthy business model for public transport?
- Funding opportunities
- Fare regulation
- Earmarking of taxes and charges for public transport (case study: Gothenburg and the West Swedish Agreement)
- Private investment
UITP Grow with Public Transport campaign: all together for public transport growth
To coincide with European Mobility Week (16-22 September 2013), UITP members across the globe displayed the rallying slogan 'Grow' on and in public transport vehicles, stations, stops, websites and social media. Why? To call for more and better public transport as a motor for sustainable economic growth.
Here's an overview of the different campaign pictures, messages and media used by UITP members during the week to convey the same message: 'Grow with Public Transport'! Find more information on www.growpublictransport.org


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EWU, Oregon State Winners in NW |
Colleges - Men's DI College | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
By RUGBYMag.com Staff (Eric Populus scored 19 for EWU. Alex Goff photo) Oregon State and Eastern Washington both recorded their first victories of the Northwest Collegiate Rugby Conference Saturday. OSU defeated Simon Fraser University in an impressive display, 39-0. Captain Zach Heath was the big star with three tries. The Beaver Ruggers stuck to their game plan by keeping long periods possesion within their forward pack, which resulted in their forwards scoring six of the team's seven tries. Tighthead prop Jake Helbling recorded a double to go with Heath's three, and flanker Mike Gamm added one. The scoring was rounded out by a try from inside center Robert Kennedy and two conversions from Nick Cutrell. Cutrell, a freshman flyhalf for OSU, may have struggled in the wind with hyis conversion kicks, but his kicking from the hand for space was effective and kept SFU pinned in their own half. Heath was player of the game and led from the front. Meanwhile Eastern Washington got 19 points from Eric Populus with two tries, three conversions and a penalty as he led EWU to a 24-13 win over Washington. Populus was named NCRC Player of the Week, and set a new single-game scoring record for the fledgling competition. Oregon State moves to 1-0, while EWU improves to 1-1. This coming weekend is the busiest so far in the NCRC as 1-0 Oregon State is at 0-1 Western Washington. Washington State (1-0) visits University of Washington (0-2) and Central Washington (1-1) visits 0-1 University of Oregon.