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Jamie Zawinski's public service backup announcement starts off with a bang:
Option 1: Learn not to care about your data. Don't save any old email, use a film camera, and only listen to physical CDs and not MP3s. If you have no possessions, you have nothing to lose.
This is obviously meant as satire, but it's disturbingly close to reality for me. I suppose everything in my life that's worth capturing... well, let me put it this way: you're reading it. When I said make it public, I really meant it. Still, I'm fairly sure Jamie was kidding, and while Google may be a great service, it's only a so-so backup mechanism. Let's proceed to option 2, which goes something like this:
1) You have a computer. It came with a hard drive in it. Go buy two more drives of the same size or larger. If the drive in your computer is SATA2, get SATA2. If it's a 2.5" laptop drive, get two of those. Brand doesn't matter, but physical measurements and connectors should match.2) Get external enclosures for both of them. The enclosures are under $30.
3) Put one of these drives in its enclosure on your desk. Name it something clever like "Backup". If you are using a Mac, the command you use to back up is this:
sudo rsync -vaxE --delete --ignore-errors / /Volumes/Backup/
If you're using Linux, it's something a lot like that. If you're using Windows, go f*ck yourself.
Yeah! Take that, Windows users! Hey, wait a second. I use Windows. Did I mention that Jamie is a funny guy? Moving on.
I've long been a fan of inexpensive hard drive enclosures. Jamie's advice confirms my long held opinion that multiple hard drives are the most effective and easy backup process you'll ever find. The rsync
command is more than a simple copy; it actually does a block-by-block comparison, only copying the differences. So instead of backing up the entire contents of your hard drive (again), you only back up the parts that changed since your last backup. This is commonly known as incremental backup.
Incremental backups only have value if you're doing them regularly, so it's only natural to schedule this as a recurring task.
4) If you have a desktop computer, have this happen every morning at 5AM by creating a temporary text file containing this line:
0 5 * * * rsync -vaxE --delete --ignore-errors / /Volumes/Backup/
and then doing
sudo crontab -u root that-file
If you have a laptop, do that before you go to bed. Really. Every night when you plug your laptop in to charge.
5) If you're on a Mac, that backup drive will be bootable. That means that when (WHEN) your internal drive scorches itself, you can just take your backup drive and put it in your computer and go. This is nice.
6) When (WHEN) your backup drive goes bad, which you will notice because your last backup failed, replace it immediately. This is your number one priority. Don't wait until the weekend when you have time, do it now, before you so much as touch your computer again. Do it before goddamned breakfast. The universe tends toward maximum irony. Don't push it.
7) That third drive? Do a backup onto it the same way, then take that to your office and lock it in a desk. Every few months, bring it home, do a backup, and immediately take it away again. This is your "my house burned down" backup.
What I like about Jamie's approach is that it's totally KISS, yet it touches all the cornerstones of a solid backup strategy:
And for the dissenters, although I can't imagine too many with the minimalist backup process Jamie outlined, there's this bon mot:
"OMG, three drives is so expensive! That sounds like a hassle!" Shut up. I know things. You will listen to me. Do it anyway.
I'm not sure Windows users have a direct equivalent of rsync. There is, of course, RoboCopy, and it looks like someone has ported rsync to Windows. But let's face it. I'm a Windows user. When I have a problem, I buy software. That's why, after hearing so many great things about it, I recently purchased a copy of Acronis True Image.
Acronis does a lot of things, but most of all it's drive imaging software, a fancy GUI over the rsync
command. With Jamie's recommended two external hard drives in tow, I can use Acronis to create a bootable mirror image of my hard drive. If anything at all goes wrong, I simply swap hard drives, and I'm back in business. I can even create those backup images incrementally and on a schedule. You don't even technically need a second or third hard drive; if you have a large enough primary drive, Acronis will allow you to create a new, hidden partition to store a complete backup image. You can restore these disk images from within Windows proper, during pre-boot, or from bootable USB or optical media. It is very cool, a logical evolution of the more primitive drive imaging products I've used for years.
Of course, as much as I am enamored of it, you don't have to spend thirty bucks on Acronis and even more for two external hard drives to have a decent backup strategy. Lots of people use completely internet based backup services, like Mozy, Carbonite, or JungleDisk, with varying degrees of success. One thing's for sure: until you have a backup strategy of some kind, you're screwed, you just don't know it yet. If backing up your data sounds like a hassle, that's because it is. Shut up. I know things. You will listen to me. Do it anyway.
No love for Windows Complete PC Backup and Restore? ;)
What's that quote? "There are two kinds of people in the world: Those who have experienced catastrophic hard drive failure, and those who *will* experience catastrophic hard drive failure."
I have been using acronis for several years now, but with a simpler strategy than outlined in the article. I simply backup everything to an external usb drive every afternoon using an Acronis scheduled job (Acronis Workstation). Acronis' ability to mount a backup image as a disk has bailed me out a few times too. Like when I've changed some source code I really didn't want to change either inadvertently or with extreme stupidity. Just mount yesterday's backup and replace the damaged files.
Coach24 on January 29, 2008 4:57 AMHonestly, I had no idea that Windows Complete PC Backup and Restore even existed:
a href="http://www.bleepingcomputer.com/tutorials/tutorial145.html"http://www.bleepingcomputer.com/tutorials/tutorial145.html/a
Vista Business, Ultimate, Enterprise, and Smoky Bacon Edition have the full feature evidently.
a href="http://www.microsoft.com/windows/products/windowsvista/features/details/backup.mspx"http://www.microsoft.com/windows/products/windowsvista/features/details/backup.mspx/a
Jeff Atwood on January 29, 2008 5:05 AMMy backup strategy? I post my important data in base64-encoded little chunks in the comments on the blogs of people who actually take the necessary steps to backup their data.
I know it's usually described as NOT to be used for backups but RAID does the trick pretty well.
No hassle nor cron job to launch rsync / rdiff-backup scripts, data always in sync.
With 3 drives if you're really concerned you can for instance get a 2 HDD raid 1 array with 1 spare that would go online if one of the main drives were to fail.
Don't know about windows or mac but on linux it's fairly easy to set up using mdadm.
Mine is pretty simple. I commit everything to my LOCAL SVN repository, which is on a different disk. Periodically I back up the repository. If the repository dies, I have my working copy on a different disk -- all I lose is the history of my directory reorganizations and deletions. If my working copy dies, I get a new version from the repo. I periodically move my repository directory to a portable drive which I give to my father, and he stores it at his place. Offsite backups.
Dave Markle on January 29, 2008 5:22 AMWhy, oh why, didn't MS include the image tool for Home users? It really would be nice.
I have the OS on a different drive than my data, and I only backup the data drive. First to another internal drive with SyncToy, then online with Mozy, and I feel safe. (That is, after the initial 2 week upload.) If my Raptor with the OS fails, I'm looking at reinstalling my apps which is a pain, but I can deal with it.
Lance Fisher on January 29, 2008 5:22 AMA RAID might die if the PSU messes up, or the controller dies spectacularly. That's probably the main reason people recommend not to use it - it isn't very safe for any purpose other than protecting against mechanical failure.
LSnK on January 29, 2008 5:25 AMMy backup strategy? I have this dongle called a MacBook Pro, it runs Leopard, which in turn includes Time Machine, which in turn backs my drive up to an external drive once an hour.
Reg Braithwaite on January 29, 2008 5:27 AMWow. It's like putting the contents of your hard drive in a CVS repository, except easier.
Jonathan Paul Madrid Abaca on January 29, 2008 5:28 AMI use Mozy with great success for my wife's computers. I've even tested the restore! Although time consuming, it works. I'm a Mac user, so Time Machine is a great tool for me. I can't boot off the Time Machine disk, but I have history, which is nice, and I can restore my machine almost completely from a fresh install using a Time Machine backup. I've done it from bare drive to fully functioning machine in just about 3 hours.
Mike on January 29, 2008 5:41 AMI have used rsync to do a remote copy. Machine A running Windows 2000, cygwin, and rsyncd; machine B running Windows XP, cygwin, and rsync. I copied data from A into B before getting rid of A (and buying C :D).
So there, rsync works on Windows, and if it worked remotely with a rsync *server* both sides being Windows, it definitely works locally.
Isn't this basically the same thing as RAID-1, but allowing up to 24 hours of data to be lost, since the drive is only mirrored once per day?
I do think the advice to keep a copy in a physically separate location is very sound.
Jake Cohen on January 29, 2008 5:46 AMI use PathSync (http://www.cockos.com/pathsync/) to backup the important bits of 3 different computers to a little western digital USB powered drive. I do this regularly and once a week I go to my safety deposit box and swap with the other WD.
It's manual (which sucks) but it puts all the files I care about on something I know is safe.
Only problem I ever have is that PathSync doesn't play nice with certain non-ascii filenames.
Gonna have to look at Mozy, though.
Michael Kohne on January 29, 2008 5:49 AMI have a two-tier backup system. I do a daily backup to a NAS, with weekly backups to an offsite location with Mozy. It works like a charm, the few times I've needed to replace/reformat my hard drive, I've been able to quickly get back on my feet.
Dan on January 29, 2008 5:50 AMA local archive, while a good first step, is not a complete Backup Strategy. The data you care about needs to be moved off-site.
Get yourself a friend that has some space to share and buy a copy of CrashPlan (http://www.crashplan.com). It's multi-platform and will do compressed, encrypted, versioned, incremental backups over the wire to multiple destinations.
Disclaimer: I work on the product. Let that dissuade you if you will. Better to try it for free yourself.
Peter on January 29, 2008 5:57 AM"But let's face it. I'm a Windows user. When I have a problem, I buy software."
True that - if you Windows users have a problem, you just chuck some $$$ at it :D
I used to be one of those people, but CLI rsync is so, so nice ;)
l33t3r on January 29, 2008 5:57 AMmy favorite backup related website:
It makes some good points about backup strategies and is humorous as well.
The 7 heads of the Tao of Backup:
1. Coverage: back up ALL your data
2. Frequency: back up Frequently
3. Separation: Take some backups offsite
4. History: Keep some old backups
5. Testing: Periodically test your backups
6. Security: Secure your backups
7. Integrity: Make sure the data you are backing up is correct!
I typically back up to two other drives. My secret weapon? Unison - which can be found through Google or through my site. Unison is multi-platform, GUI based and it rocks. It too performs incremental backups - like a charm, letting you decide which changes to propagate. It uses multiple tools to make one application(including rsync).
I truly feel bad for those that feel that buying software is their only choice.. *cough* Jeff. :) Maybe not you... but folks, look before you pay! .. that is, unless you're growing a money tree in your backyard.
Patrick on January 29, 2008 5:58 AMI've got software sitting in my system tray that copies any new files over to my linux home server (as a mapped network drive) every 30 minutes. Every night at 5 am, that machine uploads any new or changed files to a massive amount of FTP storage I got for cheap. Before it uploads the files, it compresses and encrypts them, for safe offsite storage. (It uses file hashes to check for changed copies).
It's nice having that setup because if I accidentally delete a file, it's right at my fingertips on my server, but yet if my house burns down I have a complete and safe offsite backup. At the same time, the FTP uploading, which is slow, is handled by my server so I can feel free to shutdown my power-guzzling desktop at night.
It's worked out really, really well. I needed a backup solution that would be complete, secure, do it's thing, and leave me alone. It's done exactly that.
Bob Somers on January 29, 2008 5:58 AMAn internet backup service such as Carbonite or Moxy is my preferred solution. I'm super-lazy, and these are pretty much install-and-forget type of programs. As long as I have an internet tube and the software is still installed, it's working.
That's unlike my previous solution, where...oh, did I forget to turn the external backup drive on? Did I temporarily unplug the backup drive to test my new camera? Etc.
And in case of a disaster (fire, hurricane, theft, etc.) my data is still safe.
The only downside is it costs money.
Michael Gebis on January 29, 2008 6:00 AMWindows Home Server has been working a treat for me, haven't encountered much that works as simply with so little effort for automatic backups.
Chris Mayer on January 29, 2008 6:02 AM
"I'm a Windows user. When I have a problem, I buy software."
As linux user, I don't have this problem much. dd and/or rsync with a simple shell script executed as the last thing before shutdown. No fuss at all. However, I am not opposed to paying for software when needed. What I find funny is that Windows seems to lack( or have really shitty built-in versions ) basic, important stuff that you have to shell out extra for. For the license of Windows, it should include things like this.
That said, I see Vista finally has something, Windows Complete PC Backup and Restore, but of course it's in the tiered pricing lameness... Again, this kind of things should be core software across all Windows.
I have a box here with Vista Ultimate( thanks work! ) that I haven't bothered backing up( the important data is safe, yes ). I shall have to try Windows Backup and see how well it works.
The Foo on January 29, 2008 6:02 AMBacking up my entire hard drive would be ridiculously stupid. 99.9% of my space (yes, really) is stuff I can replace with an internet connection and an hour or two to waste. A single DVD can handle all my backups for six months. Not that I would restrict myself to a single DVD, like you restrict yourself to a single HDD.
J. Stoever on January 29, 2008 6:13 AM"I'm a Windows user. When I have a problem, I buy software."
Why? Ever heard of xcopy and task scheduler? Runs on my box at 3am daily. Works like a champ, even easy to restore from. Best of all, it has come with MS OS's since the glory days of DOS 5, if I recall correctly.
FortyPoundHead on January 29, 2008 6:17 AM+1 for robocopy;
I've been using robocopy on Vista with a lot of success, although it isn't quite as awesome as rsync from the block level, it does a very good job of running every night for me.
Jeff on January 29, 2008 6:24 AMI used backup my data to DVD. Then one day, my DVD was unreadable, DOH!
I used USB hard drives for a while, but it was too unstable: USB kept disconnecting then reconnecting at the slower speed.
My Backup Plan:
I built 2 identical linux machines (NAS1,NAS2). Each with 1 TB of RAID 0 drives.
I use Samba on NAS1 to share files with my Windows machine. Acronis True Images backups my Windows machine to the NAS1 Samba Share. Then, daily I rsync NAS1 to NAS2.
So I have a complete backup of my backup NAS. I have spare drives on hand to replace a failed drive.
My data could be lost if 1 drive in NAS1 and NAS2 failed within 6hrs (time to rebuild 1 NAS) of each other.
derby on January 29, 2008 6:26 AM
I used to just stick with CD/DVD backups. Does the job, if a bit inelegantly (where'd the disc from last week go, in this pile of a thousand discs!). I've since moved on, largely because my work made it rather obvious what a bad backup system can do.
Find a spare computer. They're *cheap* these days; drop by a college during their annual garage sale, and you can probably pick one up for less than ten bucks, or you can use an older one that you don't need anymore. A PCI RAID controller is optional, but it'll cost you less than twenty bucks. Three hard drives, one with an external enclosure, depending on how much space you actually need, will put you back a hundred or two. Unless you do a [i]massive[/i] amount of imagery or video editing, eighty gigabytes a drive will be more than enough. You don't need to back up your operating system and game files every day; you should have one or two DVDs worth of BartPE or your local operating system's worth of DriveXML data, and leave that so you don't have a thousand corrupted backups when a virus takes your system out or a hard drive scratch means you don't own a Mac any more.
Combine with OpenSSH (through Cygwin, for Windows users), SVN (there's a Windows version), and your operating system's favorite shell scripting and automatic timed start system, and you've got all you need to have a network-accessible, versioned, highly secure system with several points of failure.
If you really want to go nuts, a decent high-watter power-conditioning UPS will put you back less than sixty bucks, add longevity to your monitors, and make things even more secure, and combine that with 9 bucks a month worth of web storage with your web host, but chances are good even that would be unnecessary.
gattsuru on January 29, 2008 6:34 AMOMG... I have not backed up for a while... let me do it fast.
NIYAZ PK on January 29, 2008 6:36 AMFor Macs, SuperDuper (http://www.shirt-pocket.com/SuperDuper/SuperDuperDescription.html) is a great app that makes an exact, bootable copy of your HD to an external drive. The basic version is free, and if you like it you can pay a few bucks to upgrade to the full version (which does nice things like copy only changed files on subsequent backups so the job runs faster). It runs right in OS X so you don't need downtime to reboot.
Andrew on January 29, 2008 6:42 AMI use Time Machine for automatic, local, versioned backups and rsync to my remote server for my offsite backup. I'm also using rsync+OSXCrypt for a USB thumb drive backup of document scans.
I've played with JungleDisk to S3, but it was flaky and now with so many GBs of data, S3 is not so cheap.
David Avraamides on January 29, 2008 6:58 AMOh, and for those who think RAID's useless :
The average lifespan of a hard drive is, depending on manufacturer and type, five years. This is an *average*. In practice, hard drives tend to follow a "bathtub curve" of failure; new drives have a higher risk of failure because there is a known potential for manufacturing errors to creep in and result in lost data. While this is fairly rare, it is not an unknown. Moreover, these early failures tend to be catastrophic, rather than minor; large scratches rather than single bad sectors.
Nothing says fun like losing days or weeks worth of backup data (if you have a secondary backup) or, worse, losing all of it, a few months after putting your system into place. RAID set-ups are cheap, and they're quite effective against hard drive death.
gattsuru on January 29, 2008 7:00 AMI was lucky to have made a snapshot of a large and critical code repository the day before a laid off employee deleted the entire source tree in vengeance. Backups were spotty and scarce, but I learned the lesson the easy way (and in my first week on the job right out of college!).
I've rarely had to restore from backup due to a hardware failure, but corruption of data, brain farts, and even malicious behavior have caused many a restore.
Now if I only had a backup of my 250GB external USB drive from two months ago, I wouldn't be reconstructing my data from the many smaller, dated backups on aged hard drives. :-(
Lesson learned.... again.
Eric on January 29, 2008 7:02 AMI use FolderShare to copy important stuff (actually, whole "My Documents") to 2 other computers, one of same location and another is on different contienent.
I don't really care too much on when the data is backed up, if they are important, they should have sit on my computer for long time. They should sit long enough that FolderShare should already kicked in and do the backup for me.
I agree with J.Stoever, most of the stuff I got on my PC can be installed from Internet (except Visual Studio). If my harddisk is down, I don't see that urgent to get my PC working again within 5 minutes. Rather, I could rebuild my PC with software over the Internet within 5 hours. And what I get is the miracle of reinstallation: your PC with its best performance!
Compulim on January 29, 2008 7:05 AM"Acronis will allow you to create a new, hidden partition to store a complete backup image"
The point being? You can lose your real data _and_ your backup all at once when your drive fails, hooray! Backing up to the same drive is little more than Windows Restore Points, it's certainly not a backup plan.
Dav on January 29, 2008 7:10 AMMike Rubel has a nice article on his site explaining how to do Apple Timemachine style snapshots using rsync.
Darren on January 29, 2008 7:21 AMThis is a timely discussion. A member of my extended family phoned on Sunday saying their windows xp machine won't boot, with an error message about a disk problem. The most recent backup was 1 year old. I was able to boot into knoppix and recover most of the files they cared about (I probably could have used WinPE if I was 3133t). Now that the files are backed up I'll probably try a boot-to-xp and "repair" (but I wanted to have the files before I tried this). Makes me want to re-visit my SVN-based backup strategy to make sure it is rock-solid.
JosephCooney on January 29, 2008 7:28 AM"Did I mention that Jamie is a funny guy?"
From http://www.jwz.org/xscreensaver/download.html:
"Microsoft killed my company, and I hold a personal grudge."
I use second copy. I configure it to backup my documents directory every couple of hours. I have it configured to do a simple copy and it replaces new and changed files. It also supports more complex sync's like deleting files in the backup that are deleted in the source. I have a USB drive as my backup. My important files like Quicken I also backup into a second directory and then use Nero to do an incremental backup to a CDR.
a href="http://www.secondcopy.com/"http://www.secondcopy.com//a, $30 for a single license.
asm on January 29, 2008 7:38 AMI really need to get into the habit of maintaining a disciplined backup routine. It's never really been my strong point. Honestly, I think there's something to be said for actually going through a catestrophic loss of data; all my friends who have done that once in their lives now have a bullet-proof backup strategy. I haven't been burned yet, and thus it's tough for me to get serious about getting a backup plan in places, even though intellectually I know that odds are I'm due for a crash. As jamie says, "the universe trends towards maximum irony".
Ethan Vizitei on January 29, 2008 7:45 AMI'm shocked you don't use the standard Vista Imaging stuff, or Windows Home Server. There's lots of options.
Scott Hanselman on January 29, 2008 8:11 AMMicrosoft SyncToy (powertoy downloadable from their website) is also a snazzy GUI tool I use for weekly backups.
Doug Large on January 29, 2008 8:13 AMmore like an advertisement of Acronis :D
On Winodws I don't backup at all...important files are already under version control...
It always feels nice (if necessary) to wipe out everything and do a fresh install.
XDelta is a CLI backup similar to rsync but with improved compression and speed, plus works across all platforms. Too bad it's not included natively in anything. ;_; That rsync gui is neat.
Mozy is my offsite. If my house burns down, I have more important things to worry about than having every single thing I ever downloaded, let alone all the ginormous working files. But a local drive does back that up, it's reasonably fast. Finally convinced myself after a few near-misses that it's insane not to.
Foxyshadis on January 29, 2008 8:24 AMOh yeah, the trouble with user-mode windows backups (anything CLI especially) is that you won't get the registry while it's in use, as well as any other files exclusively opened or you don't have permission to see. Offline backups are way too much hassle, so make sure you get something that uses Volume Shadow Services.
Foxyshadis on January 29, 2008 8:25 AM"If you are using a Mac, the command you use to back up is this:
sudo rsync -vaxE --delete --ignore-errors / /Volumes/Backup/
If you're using Linux, it's something a lot like that. If you're using Windows, go f*ck yourself."
Haha! class :)
armandino on January 29, 2008 9:06 AMFunny thing is, even after several failures, I do not regularly back up my data.
W^L+ on January 29, 2008 9:18 AMAnother Mozy user here... it works ok for me. I do not back up everything... just the data that cannot be replaced. Right now I have about 90GB of that and Mozy backs that up just fine. Just be patient when it does the initial backup.
Since Mozy will only back up one computer (technically local drives + USB connected drives on the local PC), something you can do is to sync all your files the PC that has Mozy (use Synctoy, SyncBackSE, etc.)
Chinh Do on January 29, 2008 9:28 AMI'm in the process of storing everything I ever own (digitally, of course) on to Amazon S3, using S3 Backup for Windows. I believe there's a well written ruby script for it too if you're on *nix.
I dislike JungleDisk because it is a lock-in. JD has it own conventions for naming data on S3, so if the author ever pulls support, it'll be a hassle.
RAID-1 is actually the best insurance against hard drive failures. I'm currently running RAID-5 on an array of 4 250 GB drives right now and rather paranoid about the controller dying and not being able to find an exact replacement.
Mythokia on January 29, 2008 9:47 AMI use Windows XP. I backup anything I wook on daily to a second HD in each PC. Weekly I backup to 2nd HDs on other PCs and external drives. Every once in a while I do an image of my C drive (operating system and installed software, all data is on D or elsewhere).
- Beyond Compare
- Ghost
- Various source control softwares, depending on the project and client, some local, some off site
- SQL Server built-in backup
I used to back up documents and even databases to source control, but it just seemed like an extra step for something that can't be usefully compared anyway. Now I just keep the folders backed up to other drives. The exception to this is project documentation, which I keep with the source, regardless of type, and which may have useful comments tied to the check-in.
Oh, once every couple of months (I hope -- I should really make a set schedule for this) I take a hard disk (and sometimes a DVD or 2) to a safety deposit box at my local bank for off-site backup.
Dennis on January 29, 2008 9:58 AM1. Buy a Windows Home Server machine (mine's the HP MediaSmart Server).
2. Install client app on each PC.
3. Sleep soundly knowing each PC is backed up fully every night.
Seriously, the WHS machine is the best investment I've ever made because while I can go through setting up scheduled tasks and installing various software bits and configuring various things I'm too lazy (and my time is better spent on paying projects) and setting up WHS took all of 10 minutes, plus I have a full backup of all the machines in my house with a restore so easy my wife can do it even if I'm not around to help.
Shawn Oster on January 29, 2008 10:00 AMI can't get myself to use online data storage for backing up sensitive personal data, such as credit card info, accounts and passwords, etc. I read about breaches and leaks too often.
Dennis on January 29, 2008 10:00 AMMy backup strategy for my code at work (all automated I might add):
1. All projects are in Subversion repositories on a dedicated server.
2. The Subversion server locally makes zipped archives of all repositories daily, and keeps rolling weekly and monthly copies as well.
3. The Subversion server is backed up to tape.
4. My checkouts of those repositories on my development PC are backed up daily as zip archives.
5. Those zip archives are copied to a NAS, which is also backed up to tape.
6. Those zip archives are weekly uploaded to my home server.
7. The deployed code on the production application server is also backed up as zip archives and backed up to tape.
I never thought about it, but when I type it out, it seems paranoid... :-)
Joshua Curtiss on January 29, 2008 10:18 AMOS X Leopard users can just use Time Machine. Plug in an external drive, click the "Ok, use this drive for time machine button" and that's about it.
Although SuperDuper is still useful as a bootable backup (I have a 10.4.10 bootable partition, a partition for the Aperture library backup and a few other things like my completed video-projects and one for the bootcamp backup image)
Aside from the laptop OS backup, I generally just copy important files to several drives, and sometimes to DVDs
dbr on January 29, 2008 10:19 AM"5) If you're on a Mac, that backup drive will be bootable. That means that when (WHEN) your internal drive scorches itself, you can just take your backup drive and put it in your computer and go. This is nice."
Good quote. Thank you for quoting that.
"7) That third drive? Do a backup onto it the same way, then take that to your office and lock it in a desk. Every few months, bring it home, do a backup, and immediately take it away again. This is your "my house burned down" backup."
Good quote. Thank you for quoting that.
"You don't even technically need a second or third hard drive; if you have a large enough primary drive, Acronis will allow you to create a new, hidden partition to store a complete backup image."
Oh. Um. Out of curiosity, why did you quote those two previous bits of advice?
Back to the past on January 29, 2008 10:44 AMI keep disk images of a clean OS installs that can be restored onto my MacBook Pro in a few minutes. Every major OS X version except 10.0, one Vista and an XP I probably still have my 98SE image.
Also a bootable 500GB TimeMachine disk, another spare/unused 500GB disk that could be used for backups whenever I start needing it. Nothing offsite tho, if my house burns down I have more important stuff to care about than my data.
When my harddisk fails I'm can theoretically be up and running again in 15 to 30 minutes. I learned my lesson at the last harddrive that went suicidal on me.
kris on January 29, 2008 11:33 AM You don't even technically need a second or third hard drive; if you
have a large enough primary drive, Acronis will allow you to create a
new, hidden partition to store a complete backup image.
You must be crazy :)
Storing the backup on the same harddrive from where that backup is made? That's by far the worst backup-strategy ever and should not even be mentioned in any case (as someone might take it seriously).
Samuli on January 29, 2008 11:37 AMWindows Home Server. No work necessary.
1) each night it does a incremental backup of all 4 computers
2) i can backup the backups to an external USB drive and take to work once a month
3) use Mozy/Carbonie for critical files (like my life would be ruined if I lost them)
4) use FolderShare to replicate C:\users\omars\documents to all my computers
I created a robocopy script that copied all my data to external drive. I do this full backup every month or so, then I take to work and keep it there, so it doesn't get lost when my home burnes or computer is stolen.
For intermittent hard drive problems, I have RAID 5 built from 4 400 GB SATA II drives, so I don't care if one of them blows up.
Jakub Kocureq Anderwald on January 30, 2008 1:02 AMThis seemed a little off to me:
"You don't even technically need a second or third hard drive; if you have a large enough primary drive, Acronis will allow you to create a new, hidden partition to store a complete backup image."
Backing up your disk on the same disk just protects you from user fuckups where you delete something you shouldn't have deleted.
If your disk fails, and your backup is on that disk too, well...
I'm using 2 external disks at home with some bat files :)
David Cumps on January 30, 2008 1:24 AMMy MacBook+TimeMachine+external USB HDD
wonderful, easy, fast.
I just keep my fingers crossed.
GUI Junkie on January 30, 2008 1:32 AMMy personal backup strategy is "back up data files offsite when they change meaningfully, and locally much more often".
A live whole-drive backup is nice, but not worthy my effort.
Other people's mileage, of course varies.
(The only things I'd lose if I lost one of my machines by itself, would be game saves or recent email - and I don't care about my email nearly that much.
Now, a house fire, that would hurt more, but the important stuff, my music and longer-term files, would all be safe in off-site DVD piles.
Safe as optical media can be, at least, but there's no guarantee a hard drive will work in ten years, either, in terms both of raw function and having a computer that can physically connect to it and possibly even read the filesystem.
When was the last time you even SAW a computer with an MFM connector? Or, for the old-time Mac users, unless you have a Mac Pro, how're you going to connect an old SCSI drive to a modern machine?
Compromises all around, really. All flesh is grass, and all data is eventually toast.)
Sigivald on January 30, 2008 1:34 AMunison and cheap NAS also does the trick. unison runs with or without gui, so use it without gui and as scheduled task in windows.
i only backup data. with wpkg you can do automated installaion of the system again and again.
offler on January 30, 2008 1:42 AMBackup strategy:
Windows Home Server + JungleDisk for WHS.
Set it and forget it.
Andrew on January 30, 2008 1:43 AMThe week before last, some undesireable got into my house and stole my laptop and my work laptop, much to my irritation and triggering a shortlived desire to kill everything within arm's reach.
Fortunately all the data on those machines is stored in the following places:
1. The computer upstairs that they didn't get
2. My server upstairs which they wouldn't be able to carry
3. rsync.net
4. Work
So when I get a new one I just have to copy the data back again and continue where I left off.
The offsite backup strategy is so important now we're all slightly obsessed with owning laptops. You can make mirror images of your HDD to hidden partitions and use the "undo" feature of your favourite OS's filesystem... but it's not much help if your laptop is in someone else's house being erased and re-installed or sold in the local pawn shop.
So the offiste backup isn't incase your house burns down, it's incase someone steals your computer, or you lose it.
Just watch that incremental backups don't cure against "user is a moron and deleted stuff without realising for a few days" disease. Your automated backup will faithfully propagate your error.
James on January 30, 2008 1:44 AMWindows Home Server makes a good in-house caching device for uploading to the Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3). Currently, I'm using the JungleDisk plug-in.
I have about 110 GB of data backed up remotely for about $15 a month.
Seem to work pretty well.
Timothy Lee Russell on January 30, 2008 1:47 AMChristopeher Finke wrote: ...base64-encoded little chunks...
LOL! But where /is/ your suitcase...?
Vista has "Backup and Restore" capability. Look in the control panel.
Toby on January 30, 2008 2:26 AMHuge issue in South Africa is that we pay-for-use with bandwidth. You pay for xGb per month with DSL. This pretty much does away with offsite backups over the net - simply way to expensive ito bandwidth.
At friend of mine lives not too far away. I've setup a $200 WLAN with directional antennas and Linksys WRTs. We each have a spare (old) workstation at each other's houses which are used as offsite backup. I don't have a pressing need for a drive mirror with OS and everything, so we both have scheduled jobs which FTP new and changed files repeatedly. As soon as the job is finished, it starts again.
Works like a dream.
Chris on January 30, 2008 2:44 AMBackup strategy? What backup strategy? OH SHI-
WurdBendur on January 30, 2008 2:52 AMI have become very paranoid about backups in the last year, having had lost so much data to disk errors or in some cases, stupidity. The problem for me is that I work with terabytes of image data. It's actually getting to a point now where it's cost-effective to use external disks for that volume of data, but in truth I have a system which is a hybrid of the above techniques. I mirror long term stuff to an external disk using synctoy everyday. I use jungledisk for smaller crucial stuff, like project files, and this also keeps six months worth of revisions. The CVS I use (which in itself is a backup system of sorts) is backed up to LTO3 tapes once a month. And finally I use time machine, but this is purely for the system disk.
Jack on January 30, 2008 3:11 AMThis is all good, but the problems begin again once your valuable data exceeds the size of your drives. Say, you work with digital video, you will regularly run into this situation. Then you can either replace all of your drives with bigger drives, or you have this whole mess with special backup HDDs, piles of DVDs that might become unreadable over time, etc.
Sam on January 30, 2008 3:21 AMI'm using rsync with a nice (self-written) script that at first wakes up the destination computer via wol and then backups different dirs.
It's scheduled via crontab.
Kai on January 30, 2008 3:27 AMrsync is not like incremental backup.
It's more like efficient full backup.
I.E. after you do the rsync you only have the latest version.
Here is the rsync command I use to backup over the company LAN:
One can do incremental backups with the rsync protocol using:
I find doing a full backup from my laptop to external disk
is more flexible using tools other than rsync:
Regarding SuperDuper! for Macintosh, please bear in mind that it's still not Leopard Compatible (Dave is working hard to make sure it works). Alternatively you can try Carbon Copy Cloner (google for it) which will do the same (for free), yet with less features.
For Windows, I have been using SyncBack for ages and it just works. I use the freeware version: http://www.2brightsparks.com/freeware/freeware-hub.html but there's a more powerful version available.
It's funny that nobody mentioned the most basic backup tool available in Windows: "ntbackup". For all intent and purpose, ntbackup just works.
NTBackup can backup and restore Windows System State, Registry Clusters, Active Directory, Exchange Server Databases, it supports Volume Shadow Copy (VSS), ASR (Automated System Recovery) and can use tapes easily. It's also easy to schedule and script via the commandline and can perform Differential, Incrementals and Full backups. NTBackup is just like the UNIX dump(backup/fbackup/mksysb etc) commands. Powerful, always there and always ignored.
The good part about ntbackup is that most systems have it (and you can get the .msi for the others), so restoring shouldn't be an issue.
If you are using Windows Vista Windows (Business, Enterprise or Ultimate), Complete PC Backup and Restore will works similar to Norton Ghost along side Automatic Backup and System Restore.
I should also note that rsync (or ROBOCOPY) are NOT backup tools. rdiff/rsnapshot/rsync with snapshots or rsync-snapshot do come closer to that concept though. Just cloning files isn't enough. You need to archive and store them (or use a snapshot capable filesystem).
Also, you shouldn't rely on just one layer of backups. You don't need something like bare metal recovery (eg: Ghost) to restore just 1 deleted file. You don't want to wait 8 hours to restore a disk image just for a failed disk. It's a combination of high availability technology (RAID) with file backup features like VSS or System Restore , your backup server / media that will backup individual files and the bare metal recovery media (stuff like Acronis, Ghost, Windows Complete PC Backup, etc).
Just a word of caution though: backups aren't important. Restoring them is what counts :-). So it's generally a good idea to test your backups, see if they actually do what they're supposed to. Create a backup policy, test it then stick to it.
Criveti Mihai on January 30, 2008 3:45 AMOne thing that pushed me towards a bootable mirror of my main disk was the time it takes to restore my system from the install disks. It took me the best part of a day to wipe and reinstall my iMac, and that was without restoring my data. I have better things to do with my time than watch progress bars all day!
I settled on SuperDuper in the end. The longer story is here:
Now with Leopard I like the look of Time Machine, but I'll probably still keep a mirror around, perhaps off-site.
Stephen Darlington on January 30, 2008 3:55 AMjwz said: Option 1: Learn not to care about your data. Don't save any old email, use a film camera, and only listen to physical CDs and not MP3s. If you have no possessions, you have nothing to lose.
jeff said: This is obviously meant as satire
Actually, it's not satire, it's a concept in Buddhism. Losing stuff makes you suffer, and the goal's to eliminate suffering.
Rob Janssen on January 30, 2008 3:57 AMLOL @ Christopeher Finke
clever :)
Jibbers42 on January 30, 2008 4:00 AMWhy do so many people think RAID mirroring etc provides even remotely suitable backup? Drive failure is only a relatively infrequent cause for me having to do restores for people. It's usually due to corruptions, deletions, viruses, stupidity, dangerous-users*, etc, and a RAID will cheerfully reproduce that across the whole array.
*for example, someone cataloging all their images in Picasa/Lightroom/etc and then deleting all the jpegs off their PC
JAL on January 30, 2008 4:07 AMI agree with Samuli.
You must be crazy :)
Not using a secondary drive, you might just as well not backup at all.
Hardware will fail.
I'm a Windows user. When I have a problem, I buy software.
I'm a Windows user too. If I have a problem, I find a freeware alternative (and if I'm feeling really generous, I donate a few bugs).
I'm a Windows user. When I have a problem, I buy software.
I'm a Mac user, and I often do the same thing. I'll second the votes for SuperDuper. I had a go at making rsync do my back-up stuff for me, but I couldn't figure it out enough to trust it.
SuperDuper saved my ass when my hard drive did go south.
pauldwaite on January 30, 2008 4:48 AMI've used Acronis for years to keep 3 or 4 computers backed up. Images to an external hard drive are fast and reliable. It's a good idea to have a cloned HD handy too, because one day your external HD will also fail and you'll lose all of your backup images and data. (Of course, we all hope we just don't lose everything at once.)
Just last night, my most important software stopped loading. Reinstalling it didn't help, so I restored an Acronis image from about 6 weeks ago. Took about 15 minutes for the restoration and all updates.
Acronis True Image is without a doubt, Best In Class.
Hose on January 30, 2008 5:12 AMcwRsync is a handy packaging of rsync/rsyncd if you want to run rsync on Windows, but don't want to have any other cygwin applications.
Also, backing up to "another partition of a single drive" is only half a backup. It protects you from basic stupidity, but not mechanical failure. The important thing to remember is that a $100 external drive from your favorite computer store is a lot less than a $5000 data recovery attempt which comes with no guarantees. If your data is worth $100, then buy another drive and back up to it.
sapphirecat on January 30, 2008 5:14 AMIMO, Mozy FTW. It's easy to install, cheap, capacious, and pretty close to foolproof. If you're paying for massive amounts of bandwidth, why not use a smidge of it to give you secure, managed offsite backups rather than rolling your own? If there's a house fire, the guy with two extra drives on his desk is screwed, while all I have to do is go to Mozy.com with my new PC and pull down all my critical files.
Matt Wigdahl on January 30, 2008 5:24 AMDaily backup copy of my current work folder on a thumbdrive, and an every Sunday evening backup of everything on a Western Digital My Book.
PaulG. on January 30, 2008 5:32 AMSo far I have not found a good online backup system. Some people say Mozy is good but if you do some searching there are many horror stories of people having trouble restoring from it. Also, the client software sucks.
At the moment I use a script with SyncToy (free from Microsoft) and Truescrypt to back up to an encrypted external drive. I used to use DriveImage XML for imaging my system drive, but switched to Ghost. It's old but very reliable. It doesn't pollute your system like Acronis does either.
An ideal solution would be a wifi link to a neighbour, with whom you can exchange backups. Problem is I don't know anyone living close enough who I trust enough to do it with :(
MoJo on January 30, 2008 5:32 AMI think a backup strategy (including off-site) should be used in combination with RAID 1 to protect against hard drive failures. Of course, I figured this out after my hard drive died. You can read more about my experience at
Concerning RAID: You learn quickly how good a RAID (no matter which level) will serve for backup purposes when you discover that it will not only mirror your data in milliseconds, but also your deletions. So, after an accidental del /s *.* or rm -rf * in the wrong directory, you'll be crying for a _real_ backup, not a RAID.
I prefer TrueImage for a system drive image (always divide into at least 2 partitions - one for system programs, one for data) every some weeks (beats dd by compression), unison to keep a copy on the fileserver up to date and rsync (cwrsync, only needs one cygwin dll to be operative) to backup incrementally to three external USB disks.
I'm using a handy script called rsyncbackup.vbs from a computer magazine which will - on NTFS formatted external disks - make rsync hardlink all files which are already present. So you get a full backup for the cost of an incremental one. Cool, but only commented in german: ftp://ftp.heise.de/pub/ct/listings/0609-126.zip
Backing up the windows registry:-
I was told the best way to do this is to install windows again on the machine and make it dual boot to a different windows home.
Then boot to this windows install and back everything up.
Restore becomes, create vanilla windows in the alternate home, restore backup, dual boot it back.
I've never done this but it's how a friend used to back his windows machines up.
Francis Fish on January 30, 2008 5:35 AMHey Now Jeff,
This was a real good PSA. I also like to make data DVD's of personal media file (pix flix) in addition to an extra drive. Some day everyone will have a home server.
Coding Horror Fan,
Jumping on the dog pile toward the end, it's always good to see data backup getting more air time. Few conversations are as awkward as when your less technically inclined friends lose data and expect you to fix it.
Paraphrasing an actual conversation I've had:
"Hey, I can't access my pictures any more, it just pauses for a while and then gives me some error. Can you help?"
"Sure, has your computer done anything else unusual lately? Started making odd sounds, or having other errors?"
"No, nothings changed, I just turned it one today and nothing works!"
*Examine the computer, notice loud and painful noises coming from the area of the hard disk.
"Sounds like your hard disk is dying"
"Ohh, that noise? It can't be that, it's been making that noise for months!"
The only thing more painful than the above is when they *still* won't consider a backup solution. Because "what are the odds of it happening again? I mean, it's never happened to me before."
1) If your running Linux, there is no reason not to use RAID1. None. Hard disks are inexpensive enough to make it affordable for your primary drive, and additionally, you will get improved performance in most common tasks.
For example, application startup is usually constrained by disk seek performance. The Kernel MD driver is smart enough to interleave requests between disks. So not only do you get improved data security and less hassle when your disk(s) fail, your day-today usage will be faster as well.
2) RAID1 is not a backup strategy. Here's a hypothetical, take two HDDs manufactured at the same time on the same production line. Put them in the same operating environment, and expose them to nearly identical usage patterns. How independent do you think their failures will be?
I've seen it happen many times, to myself and others. It's not an absolute of course, but it's a lot more probable than you'd expect simply considering independent failure.
3) Offsite backup services are plentiful, give serious consideration to it. Many offer the additional convenience of remote access to your files, which can be a plus if you ever need emergency access to your data.
There are dozens, if not hundreds, of ways to do offsite backup of your data. For example, my company (Zettabyte Storage) offers what is essentially a Linux based NAS device with offsite backup of all the data stored on it. It's extremely simple to use, ranges from ~$1.50 to $0.30 per GB per month, and has capacity between 30GB and 690GB. Use it like an external HDD, point your preferred backup application to it, and you've got offsite backup with essentially zero additional work.
Whatever your needs are for backup, there is almost certainly something out there that can satisfy you. Whether it's writing your own backup solution, using a software OTS solution, or using a hardware OTS solution like ours, there is pretty much no excuse for losing the data which is meaningful to you.
Unless you plan on taking the initial suggestion made in the article, do your self a favor and find a way to backup your data. Sure it generally costs a few dollars a month, but recovering data, or taking the time to recreate it all, isn't exactly free either.
Vietor on January 30, 2008 5:36 AMAnyone have any tips on how to make those backup drives encrypted, such that all normal operations (such as rsync) work as normal? If I was to keep a backup drive at work (or in my car, or any other place it could get lost or stolen), I'm going to want that encrypted.
Anyway, I've always just burned selected files that are truly important to CDs (which, if the surface is protected, are immune to magnetic and kinetic damage, though they will probably degrade over time). And I've never had a sudden catastrophic failure of a drive, it was always gradual or had warning signs [:knocks vigorously on wood:]. (RAID1+ helps here!)
Reed on January 30, 2008 5:37 AMAlso, is it worth it to use external SATA connections to drives? I'd be inclined to just use USB even on a desktop. Even if it's slow, the backup write will be running in the background.
Reed on January 30, 2008 5:40 AMInstead of a complete hard drive backup (since most of the stuff on the hard drive is applications I can easily re-install) I just backup my important data every night to smaller media such as a DVD-R or USB thumb drive. I then place my backup in my fire/water proof lock box.
Billkamm on January 30, 2008 5:49 AMMight I humbly suggest HoboCopy? I wrote it to be a very simple version of Robocopy with the added benefit that it can copy files that are in use. Useful if, like me, you can never remember to close Outlook when you're done for the night.
Craig Andera on January 30, 2008 5:51 AMThe comments to this entry are closed.
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Need additional assistance? Contact the Davis Library staff:
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To set aside; to void. As in "to quash a motion" or "quash evidence."
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Definition from Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary
To annul or set aside. A motion to quash asks the judge for an order setting aside or nullifying an action, such as quashing a service of summons when the wrong person was served.
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Print from the Malmö University homepage edu.mah.se
The programme is conducted by highly qualified teachers with excellent teaching capabilities. We learn various concepts about the manner by which nation-states operate with each other in the international realm. We have seminars to discuss historical and contemporary issues pertaining to these concepts. Mithun Manojkumar.
World politics is constantly evolving. The preconditions for international peace and security as well as human security are changing. New patterns of cooperation and conflict are developing on the regional as well as the global level. The bachelor's programme in International Relations develops your skills in analysing and reflecting upon central questions in current international relations.
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Name: Mithun Manojkumar
Age: 24
Study: International Relations
Origin: Singapore
About studying in Sweden
I had always wanted to study abroad and I have many Swedish friends back home in Singapore that provided advice on the education in Sweden. Furthermore, Swedish universities are held in prestigious regard internationally. Many people complain about the climate here, but I must say that I really do like the weather.
About studying at Malmö University
I would say that Malmö University is unique in its way of practicing a multidisciplinary approach. Malmö bridges Scandinavia to continental Europe and it is an international city with many different nationalities. And should you step into my classroom, you would come across at least 30 different nationalities. This opportunity wouldn´t be found in any other university in any other part of the world. And then there is the fact that there are no other Swedish universities that offer full undergraduate programmes in English.
About the living situation in Sweden
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About studying International Relations
The programme is conducted by highly qualified teachers with excellent teaching capabilities. We learn various concept about the manner by which nation-states operate with each other in the international realm. We have seminars to discuss historical and contemporary issues pertaining to these concepts.
About the future
Professionally, I´m aspiring to become a diplomat and hopefully I will be able to pursue a Master's programme within the region. Perhaps I will seek out a job here in Sweden first before I decide on which Master I intend to pursue, though I´m definitive going into politics. There is always the language question when it comes to job application here, but having personally learnt Swedish I can duly say that it´s not impossible. Furthermore, there are many multinational companies that use English as the language of profession.
Jennie Silis is 29 years old and a graduate of the former programme Peace, Conflict and International Relations. She got her degree from Malmö University in 2007 and now she has published her first book, "En hedersam kvinna" (An Honourable Woman).
Mahjouba Edbouche who founded Oum El Banince. (Photo by Jennie Silis) |
In 1976 Mahjouba Edbouche, 24 years old and heavily pregnant, is riding in a car with her husband and their five children. It's July and on a road north of Agadir in southern Morocco her husband suddenly loses control of the vehicle. Mahjouba survives, along with her unborn child and the other children, but her husband is killed. It soon becomes clear that Mahjouba is worth nothing on her own. As a single woman and mother of six you are regarded as a burden in Morocco.
This tragic event becomes the starting point for Oum El Banine, a small, local organisation in Agadir, devoted to supporting pregnant, unmarried women and single mothers and their children, founded and run by Mahjouba. And it is Mahjouba's story that becomes the foundation for Jennie Silis's book.
– When Mahjouba told me about her life and said you could write a book about every woman at Oum El Banine I thought – I can write a book about her. That's how I decided I wanted to write a book.
Jennie has just been to pick it up and is holding a very first copy of the book in her hand.
– It feels unreal. It's a great feeling seeing your work in this format, as a printed book.
Jennie Silis has written the book "En hedersam kvinna" (An Honourable woman). She has always loved writing and is hoping to keep up writing. (Photo by Celanders) |
But to understand how Jennie ended up writing this book we need to go back in time ten years. When Jennie Silis is 19 years old she moves from Linköping to Malmö to start studying at Malmö University:
–Little did I know it would prove to be the best decision of my life.
Jennie thinks the programme is very good, but it's theory-based. So when an opportunity to do an internship turns up, she decides to go to Morocco.
– I wanted to do something substantial and practical within my field of study. All I knew was that I really wanted to go to North Africa and work with women's rights.
On her first trip to Morocco in 2006 she just wants to get to know the country, but comes across Oum El Banine by chance. She does her internship in 2007, both in Agadir and at home in Sweden. In Morocco she follows the organisation, which runs a day care centre, provides protective housing for the women and children and does preventive work with young women. In Sweden she builds a website for Oum El Banine, in Swedish, English and French.
Since she graduated in 2007, Jennie has held several different jobs at the same time as she has been working on the book. She travelled to Morocco eight times and paid for the whole project on her own. The book was completed a year ago and she has worked on getting it published since then.
– That in itself is a lengthy process. But then Celanders contacted me in March and were interested in publishing it.
Oum El Banine is situated in Agadir. Here's a picture from the Atlas mountains to the East where many of the women seeking shelter come from, most of them poor and illiterate. (Photo by Jennie Silis) |
The book describes the legal system in Morocco: how sharia law works, what family law looks like and what the consequences of the system are. But it is also reportage, a description of the living conditions of Moroccan women. It's a slice of reality that gives a voice to the women and their dramatic stories, an image of Morocco that is not often displayed.
– Before the Arab spring, this region was hardly ever represented in the Media. And the debate about 'honour' violence is often limited to discussions of religion, predominately Islam, while the underlying factors such as poverty, patriarchal structures and power relations are rarely considered. From the outside the country seems quite stable. But as a tourist you only meet and hear men. I wanted to describe what the reality is like for women.
Jennie hopes that teachers, students and other people who are interested will read her book. She also hopes to have it translated into English.
This programme provides a good foundation for further studies at the master's level. You will also be able to work with a whole array of issues related to international relations, such as foreign policy, international aid, development, international cooperation, conflict prevention and human rights. Potential employers could be the diplomatic service, local and national administrations, non-governmental organisations and international organisations.
At the Department of Global Political Studies, students have the opportunity to undertake an internship during one semester.
Read more about the course Internship
The programme was established 30 November 2006.
This programme syllabus (version 9) was approved 07 November 2012 by the Board of Studies at Faculty of Culture and Society.
The syllabus is valid from 02 September 2013.
Replacement for programme syllabus ratified 15 December 2011.
Ingrid Alexandersson, Student Services Assistant
Phone: 040-66 57331
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Johan Modée, Programme Coordinator
Phone: 040-66 57586
E-mail: email@example.com


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Older Americans Act
The Pump Handle
Tag archives for Older Americans Act
An overwhelming majority of seniors want to remain in their own homes as long as possible. Residing with a family member or friends may not be an option, and assisted living facilities may take too big a chunk out of a senior's fixed income. Older Americans, and I'd argue most of us, feel more independent…


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I was wondering how difficult it would be for a newbie like me to learn how to use Reaper & the RB plug-ins to author vocal charts. I'm not in a band myself but thought it might be something I could do as a freelance sort of thing for bands or for someone like RhythmAuthors if they needed anyone that specializes in vocals.
I'm mainly interested in the vocal part of it, since it's my favorite RB "instrument" and I imagine there already are (or will be) a bunch of people that focus on the guitar/bass/drums and lighting/animation side of things.


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Heather Armstrong co-anchors the weekday 6 & 10 PM reports. She is responsible for producing the 5 PM news cut-ins and the 6 PM show.
Heather started at WXOW, News 19 in November of 2010.
Before coming to News 19, Heather was a TV Host/Reporter/Producer in Los Angeles and a Reporter at KBAK in Bakersfield, CA. She has won various awards but most recently an 2010 Emmy for the PSA, "Kids Finance" which she produced/directed.
Offered a weekend Anchor position right out of school from WTAJ-TV in Altoona, PA Heather declined and went back to New York City where she began a career on Wall Street as a Sales Assistant for a top investment firm. After being offered a job in Beverly Hills, California with their top producer Heather made the move to the west coast but shortly thereafter began taking various jobs to pursue News.
She interned at CNN, CBS, CBS Sports and Fox Sports Net, where she was later hired.
Heather is active in the community and is an advocate for people with disabilities.
Heather is passionate about people and believes everyone has a story.
She can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.
All content © Copyright 2000 - 2013 WorldNow and WXOW. All Rights Reserved. For more information on this site, please read our Privacy Policy, Terms of Service and Mobile Privacy Policy & Terms of Service. Persons with disabilities who need assistance with issues relating to the content of this station's public inspection file should contact Administrative Assistant Theresa Wopat at 507-895-9969. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, at 888-835-5322 (TTY) or at firstname.lastname@example.com. |


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How to Treat Open Facial Pores
By Athena Rahl
Clogged facial pores are a skin problem because they allow bacteria, sebum (oil), and dead skin to collect in them easily. This then results in acne, whiteheads, and blackheads, which can give your skin an imperfect appearance.
To counteract these skin problems, facial pores should be deep cleansed both on a daily basis and regularly. After, the pores should be minimized to decrease the chance of the pores being clogged. A few products that can be used to deep cleanse the pores could be a daily cleanser, astringent, facial mask, face wash, and a facial scrub. Depending on your daily beauty routine, you can choose one or two different products to cleanse your skin.
A good daily cleanser is the basis for healthy skin, no matter what your skin type or how large your pores are. Cetaphil Daily Facial Cleanser, $11.99, drugstore.com is an all-around good cleanser. An affordable facial wash specifically for those with clogged pores is the Aveeno Active Naturals Smart Essentials Pore Purifying Facial Wash, $6.99, drugstore.com.
Dickinson's Original Witch Hazel Pore Perfecting Toner works to refine pores as well as remove all traces of excess dirt, oil, and makeup. It is a natural formula that is oil free, will not dry out skin, and is safe for all skin types. It is dermatologist recommended. To use, first wash your face like normal, then, using a cotton ball, apply the toner in a gentle, circular motion. An astringent also kills bacteria that causes acne.
A facial mask can be used once or twice a week to deep clean pores. One affordable one to try is Queen Helene Grape Seed Extract Peel Off Masque, $4.71, drugstore.com.
There are a lot of products available to help pore minimization, such as the Kiss My Face Potent and Pure Pore Shrink, $14.99, drugstore.com. Another product that is helpful is cleansing open facial pores is the Bliss Pore-Perfecting Facial Polish, $30.00, drugstore.com.
There are professional clinical treatments to minimize open facial pores, such as microdermabrasion, chemical peels, and laser resurfacing. These treatments can be expensive and require visits to a dermatologist or medi-spa. All these professional treatments remove the dead skin, unclog pores, and boost collagen production. These treatments also remove fine wrinkles, age spots, skin discolorations, and blemishes.
At-home microdermabrasion kits are available that can give you a good result. A good product is the Olay Regenerist Microdermabrasion & Peel System, $21.59, drugstore.com.
One final option is to go makeup-free once a week to give your skin a rest. After washing your face, plan to go makeup-free for the day. This gives your skin a chance to breathe. When you have large pores, this gives them a break from heavy makeup, which can cause blemishes. If you can't imagine going out in public without any cosmetics, opt for mascara and a colorful lip gloss.
Next Article: Pore Minimizer Tips: Reduce Your Pore Size Now


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1 866 873 3846 Mon-Fri 8am - 4:30pm MDT
home » urban yards » raspberry
We are now closed to online orders for the remainder of 2013.
Our 2014 season will start in January.
Rubus sp.
(new stock expected: Jan 2014)
Our Raspberries produce large quantities of robust, great tasting fruit. We offer a variety of cultivars suitable for both home and commercial growers alike.
Developed by the University of Saskatchewan Fruit Program, SK Red Bounty was the highest-yielding cultivar in their 1984 trials. It produces large rich red berries. It is also more cold hardy than older raspberry cultivars. Red Bounty is a well-established cultivar suitable for the home garden or commercial production. Price includes $0.10/plant University of Saskatchewan propagation royalty. Stock Type: Tissue Culture minipot Age: 1+0
OUT OF STOCK(new stock expected: Jan 2014)Notify me when this product is restockedOr call 1-866-873-3846 to request this product when it becomes available
Wyoming is a blackberry/raspberry hybrid. It is a vigorous grower, with canes reaching up to 8 feet tall, which may require support if they are heavily laden with fruit. The fruit is a deep purple to black drupe, with a flavour between blackberry and raspberry. It is more cold hardy than other black raspberry cultivars, suitable to cold hardiness zone 3a. Wyoming black raspberry is non-suckering, making it suitable for the small home garden. Stock Type: Tissue Culture minipot Age: 1+0
Zone: 2aHeight: 1.8 m (6 ft)Spread: 1.2 m (4 ft)Moisture: dry, normalLight: anyFall colour: yellowBerries: red to purple drupes, sweet tastingGrowth rate: fastLife span: shortMaintenance: lowSuckering: highPollution tolerance: medium
A huge assortment of trees, shrubs, and berry seedlings at prices garden centers, tree farms, and nurseries just can't match.
Click here to see how it all works.


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SMF Development > Bug Reports
Another paid subscriptions bug?
Hi All,
I needed the paid feature as well and did have some spare time to look into the paypal code. Actualy the code is pretty good as far as i can see.
The issue on my install why payments did not work all was because in sandbox mode the curl test statement failed which resulted in a fallback to plain http (fsockopen) which is not really bad either btw. But the problem i uncoverred here is that the verify request is done with a non ssl request on port 80 to paypal which at least for me did not verify in the sandbox. After changing the curl test to fixed sandbox and SSL port 443 the verify works like a charm.
--- Code: --- if (function_exists('curl_init') && $curl = curl_init('https://www.sandbox.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr'))
// Set the post data.
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_POST, true);
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDSIZE, 0);
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $requestString);
// Fetch the data returned as a string.
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
// Fetch the data.
$this->return_data = curl_exec($curl);
// Close the session.
// Otherwise good old HTTP.
--- End code ---
I did not feel like fixing the sandbox check for now, i am now testing signing up of subcriptions and recurring payments which both seems to work flawless now. And yes you do get some IPN's which are not used about the subcription, but that is because SMF does not actualy know about the existence of the recurring payment, it just adds the amount of payed time to you current payment which had the effect of extension like a recurring subcription. If you do not receive a payment it will automaticly stop the subscription as well.
I hope this helps a but in fixing this issue.
Hi Restor,
Welcome too! ...great first post :)
I will add this to the test forum later today that Krash and I have been messing with and try.
Have you still been selecting 'Allow user to auto-renew this subscription' ? with this working?
Also have you tried a live payment, not in sandbox? we were testing live with a .10c payment set up
Thank you ;)
FWIW I've had very little luck with auto renewing subscriptions. Frankly even the initial subscription has been spotty in terms of confirming payment back from PayPal etc.
I'm constantly having to cross reference PayPal email addresses to my members to confirm who is subscribing but of course they aren't always the same.
At minimum having the Member Name show up in the payment transaction, as well as the bloody useless 'an error has occurred' email I get when it doesn't work (what use is getting an error message email with absolutely NO useful information in it?).
I've completely stopped promoting paid subscriptions largely because it's not worth the effort involved.
So is this topic dead? Iam using SMF 2.0.2 and cant seem to get Paid Subs working.
Arantor Beeblebrox the First:
I've never had a problem with paid subs to be honest... the big problem with this topic and similar ones is that too many people have never had a problem with it and can't reproduce it either in order to debug it.
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The Berkshire Scholar is a new publication that features select academic essays produced for English and History classes during the 2010-11 school year. It represents a robust cross-selection of the intellectual work produced by Berkshire students in all four forms. Click here to learn more and read the inaugural issue.
The Green and Gray is the student newspaper. Click here to read the latest issues.
The eDome is the student online literary and arts magazine. It is published twice a year and includes fiction, poetry, and personal narrative, as well as multimedia including photos, podcasts, videos and audio files. Click here to view the latest issue. Click here to view past issues.


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- Filter
- Showing 3 posts filed under: Apology [–] published between Mar 01, 2010 and Mar 31, 2010 [Show all]
Police apologise over child murders probe
from the article on BBC News:
Scotland's largest police force has apologised for a series of failures in its handling of a double child murder.
Strathclyde Police said that it was "extremely sorry" for the way Giselle Ross was treated after the deaths of her sons, Paul, six, and Jay, two.
The children were murdered by their father Ashok Kalyanjee at a beauty spot in the Campsie Fells in May 2008.
Mar 31, 2010 Police, Apology, Offender, Community, Region: Europe, Country:England&Wales, Conflict
Crime victims get right to apology
from Bob Roberts' article in the Mirror:
Criminals could be ordered to say sorry to victims in face-toface meetings as part of their sentence.
Gordon Brown wants those who have had offences committed against them to be given the right to a personal apology.
Criminals would also have to explain why they broke the law and offer some way of putting it right. The plans to shame them would be on top of any prison or community sentence handed out.
Mar 23, 2010 Country:England&Wales, Region: Europe, Apology, Offender
Africville apology is a start, not an end
from Mike Barber's entry on Internet Health Info:
This week's apology by city of Halifax Mayor Peter Kelly, for the evictions and razing of the African-Canadian community of Africville in Nova Scotia during the 1960s, marks a small but significant moment in the history of slavery and racism in Canada. The official apology issued February 24, 2010, made on behalf of Halifax Regional Council and Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM), was accompanied by terms of the 2005 agreement reached between the municipality and the Africville Genealogy Society, which, along with a formal acknowledgment of loss, included:
- $3 million (CAN) contributed towards the reconstruction of the Seaview United Baptist Church which will serve as a memorial to Africville;
- 2.5 acres of land at Seaview Park to be provided to the Africville Heritage Trust Board;
- a park maintenance agreement to be established between Africville Heritage Trust and HRM for the lands known as Seaview Park;
- and, the establishment of an African-Nova Scotian Affairs function within HRM.
Mar 03, 2010 Country:Canada, National Reconciliation, Apology, Offender


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Nuratrim is available since November 2011 and is becoming a great hit in the UK and America.
Users are reporting the first positive results after using Nuratrim.
Before and After pictures of Nuratrim users Beth and Diana.
Diana lost almost 4 stones and kept the weight of ever since. Her much flatter Belly is the thing she likes most about Nuratrim.
Beth wasn't really happy with her old look so she tried Nuratrim. It helped her loosing weight and now she is able to were skirts again. A real confidence boost.
Learn more what you can achieve with Nuratrim. Click here
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How to Implement STEM Effectively
A viable approach to increasing STEM starts with empathy
Tweet |
When Watson defeated two all-time champions on the beloved American quiz show Jeopardy, it was a triumph not only for the robot but also for the IBM scientists who developed the machine. Watson took 25 researchers four years to develop, with no promise of payoff. And there are plenty of failed unnamed robots where Watson came from -- failures, perhaps, from the market's perspective.
But that's the nature of R&D, said IBM Chairman Samuel Palmisano, during his keynote at today's Innovation Summit. As Palmisano explained, it's worth it.
Investing in R&D constitutes one of the key principles that Palmisano laid out for competing in what he called a "new world." It's probably worth taking his advice --after all, IBM, according to the playful lead a recent New York Times piece "has become so successful ... [it's] almost boring."
But IBM has never drawn yawns.
The computing giant consistently innovates, embodying another of Palmisano's four principles for competititveness: Delivering unique value.
"You have to be better at something," he said. He used not his company but rather his country as the example of this mantra. Palmisano explained that the US is a hub of innovation because of the "value proposition" of fair capital markets, great universities, and political stability.
Countries have everything to do with business's success in Palmisano's "new world" -- not only because of business's demand for infrastructure, security, education, and research -- but also because of policy's direct impact on business. Innovation doesn't just happen: it's nurtured. In Palmisano's equation, government's role is crucial, which means funneling talent to government is crucial.
Though the political discussion about government is dominated by the question "bigger or smaller," Palmisano thinks that debate is off-point."It's about becoming smarter."
Steve Clemons, the Washington Editor-at-Large for The Atlantic, who stepped in to interview Palmisano after his 30 minutes speech, agreed.
"America is the GM of countries," he joked, describing the country as a behemoth that looks good from the outside, but that is perhaps soon to be overshadowed by the future's looming superpowers. Needless to say, China came up.
But the picture Palmisano painted was hardly grim, and the promise of his recipe for competitiveness is, not unexpectedly, hugely ambitious: Widely shared economic growth and gobal citizenship.
- A love of all things innovation is what first drew Laura to Ashoka, where she works to identify and connect leading social entrepreneurs--innovators applying new solutions to some of the oldest and most entrenched societal problems. She also serves as managing editor of Ashoka's StartEmpathy, the forthcoming online home of a movement focusing on educational innovation. Before coming to Ashoka, Laura worked as Communications Director of a mobile health technology start up building products to bring primary care into the 21st century.
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A viable approach to increasing STEM starts with empathy
Learning about innovation from the DIY solutions of hobbled citizens


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Hi everyone! This thread is dedicated to Slater Young and Divine Maitland-Smith's blossoming friendship inside the house. We're not actually pairing them as a loveteam but focusing more on their closeness as good friends inside the house.
I know some of you are kinikilig sa interactions nilang dalawa sa loob ng house. Everyone's entitled naman with their own opinion and ok lang naman kiligin kasi ang cute nila together
Anyways, if you love them both feel free to post sa thread