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With the coming of a new year, many of us make make resolutions to lose weight, exercise and eat better. Now the Grand Rapids Public Library and the YMCA of Grand Rapids can help you reach one of those goals by offering patrons the opportunity to participate in Cooking Matters. Cooking Matters is a national […]
December 11, 2013 | 317110 Commentshttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.grpl.org%2Fhealthy-eating-2014%2FHealthy+Eating+in+20142013-12-11+15%3A39%3A20Jeanhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.grpl.org%2F%3Fp%3D31711
Healthy Eating in 2014
I Wanna Grow Up To Be A Shipwreck Hunter
I don't know about you, but I'm a HUGE fan of shipwrecks (I know that doesn't sound right but you know what I mean). Being born and raised in a peninsular state with a long, colorful history of ships going down will do that to a gal. Anyway, one ship that's long been lost to […]
December 6, 2013 | 316040 Commentshttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.grpl.org%2Fspilled-ink-goes-digital-2%2FSpilled+Ink+Goes+Digital2013-12-06+19%3A54%3A08Angelahttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.grpl.org%2F%3Fp%3D31604
Spilled Ink Goes Digital
I'm excited that Spilled Ink kicked off this week. A read-all-you-can book buffet with prizes is one of my favorite things to do. If you haven't had a chance to register yet you'll be pleasantly surprised to discover some of the changes we've made. For the first time since Spilled Ink began you'll be able […]
December 3, 2013 | 315600 Commentshttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.grpl.org%2Fspilled-ink-time%2FIt%27s+Spilled+Ink+time%212013-12-03+21%3A36%3A49Drewhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.grpl.org%2F%3Fp%3D31560
It's Spilled Ink time!
Our annual adult book club, Spilled Ink, is about to begin its 2013 session. It's a great way for grown-ups to beat the winter blues, and it is completely free and open to the public! Kick Off- December 5th Spilled Ink officially begins on December 5th this year, and we will be kicking it off with […]
Celebrate the Holidays with Mrs. Claus
Come hear holiday stories, help decorate holiday cookies, sing, and enjoy hands-on fun!
December 2, 2013 | 315350 Commentshttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.grpl.org%2Faffordable-care-act%2FAffordable+Care+Act2013-12-02+17%3A13%3A51Hannahhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.grpl.org%2F%3Fp%3D31535
Affordable Care Act
Information and Enrollment Sessions – Get your questions answered.
Things you might not have known about Sojourner Truth
"If the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together ought to be able to turn it back, and get it right side up again! And now they is asking to do it, the men better let them." Isabella Baumfree, who later renamed herself […]
November 23, 2013 | 314990 Commentshttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.grpl.org%2Fsantas-workshop-2%2FSanta%27s+Workshop2013-11-23+22%3A28%3A24Susanhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.grpl.org%2F%3Fp%3D31499
Santa's Workshop
Over 300 people came to the Main Branch of the Grand Rapids Public Library on Saturday, 11/23/13 for Santa's Workshop. Many came directly from the Art Van Santa Claus Parade to warm up and have some Holiday fun! Children made Christmas trees out of recycled Christmas Cards and Christmas stockings out of paper, yarn, and […]
November 23, 2013 | 314560 Commentshttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.grpl.org%2Fhappy-50th-doctor%2FHappy+50th+Doctor+Who2013-11-23+14%3A00%3A59Katehttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.grpl.org%2F%3Fp%3D31456
Happy 50th Doctor Who
Doctor Who has made it to its 5oth anniversary this year. Tonight the much anticipated 50th Anniversary Special will be premiering to the delight of Whovians everywhere. Whether you watch Doctor Who or not you have to admit a TV show staying on the air for 50 years is pretty brilliant. What's even more impressive […]
Meeting Notice: Legislative Committee, November 22
The Board of Library Commissioners' Legislative Committee has scheduled a meeting for Friday, November 22, 2013, at 9:30 a.m. in the board room on the 5th level at the Main Library (111 Library St NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503). State Representative Brandon Dillon is scheduled to be in attendance. This meeting is open to the […]
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MONTEREY, Calif. -- A local program sponsored by the Monterey Bay Aquarium is helping inspire young women to conserve the ocean. Dozens showed up for the "Young Women in Science" program on Thursday to kayak on the Monterey Bay.
More than 45 girls between the ages 10 and 12 got a chance to explore the ocean up-close. Women from the Salinas and Watsonville area went out on the water to learn about the health of the ocean.
The program introduces middle school aged students to ocean conservation issues and efforts and teaches them about the ocean's ecosystem. The students also got a chance to explore the wildlife in the Monterey Bay.
The camp is presented in both English and Spanish. The women will also get to participate in crab monitoring and scuba diving. Several additional trips have been planned for the summer.

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Chylothorax represents an often missed diagnosis and difficult management problem. In this article, we review the cross-sectional anatomy of the thoracic duct, the predisposing causes for chylothorax, and we discuss the role of imaging in evaluation and management of chylothorax.
Chylous effusions develop as a result of disruption of the thoracic duct, thus presenting a difficult management problem. The diagnosis often is initially missed, as chylothorax is an uncommon entity. Delayed diagnosis and treatment of chylothorax may lead to profound nutritional, immunological, and cardiopulmonary compromise. Imaging of chylothorax may be problematic, and a combination of the lymphangiogram and CT scan are often needed to diagnose and locate a leak from the thoracic duct. Management remains controversial, with proponents of early surgical intervention contending with supporters of conservative therapy and nutritional support.
There has been little literature generated regarding chylothorax, particularly in the radiological journals. A brief review of the anatomy of the thoracic duct, as well as a review of the causes, diagnosis, and management of chylothorax, follows.
Materials and methods
Between 1993 and 1996, we performed a retrospective review of ten patients with chylothorax. The patients (6 male and 4 female) ranged in age from 8 to 81 years, with a mean of 44 years. Lymphangiograms were performed for seven of the ten patients. During the filling or vascular phase of the lymphangiogram, the flow of the contrast was followed under fluoroscopy, and permanent films were obtained. Delayed 24-hour frontal and lateral radiographs were filmed during the storage phase to further identify, localize, and quantify the potential lymphatic leak.
In three of the seven patients for whom lymphangiograms were performed, postprocedural CT scans of the body were obtained. Routine CT scans of the body were obtained in five of the ten patients, either without an associated lymphangiogram or prior to lymphangiography. Serial axial scans through the abdomen or chest and abdomen were obtained using helical scanning with contiguous 10-mm slices. Six of the ten patients had surgery for ligation of the thoracic duct. The remaining four patients responded to conservative measures.
The lymphangiograms demonstrated chylous leaks in each of the seven patients. The actual site of the leak was shown in three of the seven lymphangiograms. No significant complications developed following the lymphangiograms.
CT scans of the patients who had not had recent surgery were helpful, yielding information concerning the underlying process integral to the development of the chylous effusion. A large retrosternal thyroid goiter extending into the retroaortic space caused obstruction of the thoracic duct in one patient. Another CT scan of the chest revealed thickening of the interlobular septa and bronchovascular bundles, consistent with diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis. A third chest CT scan demonstrated diffuse small cysts scattered homogeneously throughout the lung parenchyma, consistent with lymphangioleiomyomatosis. A fourth chest CT scan revealed lymphadenopathy in a patient with lymphangiectasia. The case of idiopathic chylothorax showed an empyema on CT imaging.
Surgical causes for the chylothorax included esophagectomy, nephrectomy, and spinal fusion. Nonsurgical etiologies included thyroid goiter, diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, lymphangiectasia, and idiopathic. The chylothoraces were bilateral in three cases and unilateral (5 left and 2 right) in seven cases. There were associated chylous ascites in three patients and chylopericardium in one patient.
Ligation of the thoracic duct was performed in six of the ten patients. The remaining four patients had conservative therapy consisting of a thoracentesis for one patient and chest tube drainage for the other three patients. In all ten patients, the chosen therapy was successful in treating the chylothorax. One of the ten patients expired secondary to unrelated causes, specifically hemorrhage.
Case 1
A 61-year-old man developed a right chylous pleural effusion following a transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma. Conservative management, which included no oral intake, no jejunostomy tube feedings, and hyperalimentation, was not successful in less-
ening the chylous effusion. A lymphangiogram obtained 14 days following surgery showed a leak of the thoracic duct at a level immediately superior to the carina (figure 1A). Following a thoracotomy for ligation of the thoracic duct, the patient had an uneventful recovery. A follow-up CT scan through the lower chest and upper abdomen showed residual Ethiodol in the retroperitoneum and a dilated thoracic duct proximal to the ligation (figures 1B and 1C).
Case 2
A 52-year-old man with metastatic renal cell carcinoma of the lungs underwent a left radical nephrectomy and secondary lumbar (L2) hemicorpectomy with Ll-L3 anterior spinal fusion for resection of a tumor mass. A left pleural effusion developed eight days following surgery. Thoracentesis yielded 2400 cc of a transudate which was low in triglycerides (40 mg/dl) and devoid of chylomicrons. The patient improved symptomatically, and was subsequently discharged, though his stable chest radiographs showed a small left pleural effusion.
The patient was readmitted five days later for management of his increasing complaints of shortness of breath. A second thoracentesis revealed a left chylous effusion, and a chest tube was placed (figure 2A). Conservative therapy including no oral intake and total parenteral nutrition was initiated. The patient's abdominal girth was increasing, consistent with ascites. A lymphangiogram demonstrated two separate leaks within the abdomen, one in the right para-aortic bifurcation region and the second overlying the left pedicle of L4 (figure 2B). A CT scan three days later demonstrated residual Ethiodol in the retroperitoneum and pleural spaces (figure 2C). The patient developed chylous ascites which ascended transdiaphragmatically. He eventually recovered fully with conservative therapy.
Case 3
A 32-year-old woman underwent a bilateral lung transplant for lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Her preoperative chest radiograph showed bilateral chylous pleural effusions and diffuse interstitial lung disease compatible with lymphangioleiomyomatosis (figure 3A). Bilateral chylous effusions present at the time of the procedure reaccumulated following lung transplantation, along with chylous ascites.
A trial of total parenteral nutrition was unsuccessful. A lymphangiogram was unfruitful in demonstrating the site of the leak, as the dye extravasated into the pelvis. However, diffusely abnormal lymphatics compatible with the patient's underlying lymphangioleiomyomatosis were demonstrated.
Follow-up CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis showed residual Ethiodol in the pleural spaces and retroperitoneum, and ascitic fluid in the lower pelvis (figures 3B and 3C). Pleurodesis of the right pleural space and several treatments of periaortic radiation to fibrose the lymphatics diminished the chylous fluid slightly. A CT scan of the chest showed loculated pleural effusions with residual Ethiodol in the right pleural space (figure 3D). Denver shunts and surgical ligation of the thoracic duct were subsequently performed. This patient expired due to exsanguination from her tracheostomy site.
Case 4
A 32-year-old man presented with idiopathic bilateral chylothoraces. A PA chest radiograph showed bilateral chylothoraces (figure 4A). A left thoracotomy with attempted ligation of the thoracic duct was performed. Six years later, the patient redeveloped a right chylothorax. Subsequent thorascopy and placement of a chest tube was not successful. A right thoracotomy, complete pleurectomy, and rubbing of the diaphragm kept the patient asymptomatic for the next six months. A CT scan of the chest later revealed loculated pleural effusions with attenuation measurements equivalent to water (Hounsfield units of -0.9).
Two years later, a high-resolution CT of the chest was performed for evaluation of the patient's progressive symptoms. In addition to the bilateral chylothoraces and pericardial effusion, CT now showed thickening of the interlobular septa and bronchovascular bundles, compatible with diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis (figure 4B). A lymphangiogram revealed normal pelvic and abdominal lymphatics to the level of the aortic hiatus.
Multifocal spillage into the pleural space and parenchymal tissue was noted in the chest near the confluence of the right internal jugular vein and superior vena cava (figure 4C). The patient then underwent an exploratory laparotomy for ligation of the thoracic duct/cisterna chyli, a pericardial window, and drainage of the left pleural space. Lymph node biopsy performed during the surgery revealed lymphogranulomata and dilated sinuses. Follow-up CT scan of the chest and abdomen showed residual small, loculated pleural, mediastinal, and pericardial fluid collections with persistent Ethiodol (figure 4D).
Most commonly, the thoracic duct arises from the cisterna chyli, anterior to the first or second lumbar vertebral bodies. The duct courses cephalad through the aortic hiatus, and continues cephalad just to the right of midline between the aorta and azygous vein. It crosses the midline anterior to the fifth vertebral body, coursing posterior to the esophagus, and continuing cephalad just to the left of the esophagus. The duct then empties into the venous system near the junction of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins (figure 5).1
Thoracic duct anatomy is constant only in its variability. Two or more main ducts are present in up to 50% of patients,2 and each may consist of up to eight separate channels.3,4 In one study, multiple ducts were more common than single ducts, and at the level of the diaphragms, where therapeutic ligation is performed, one-third of thoracic ducts were doubled.5
Disruption of the thoracic duct results in chylothorax or chylous ascites. The thoracic duct crosses from right to left in the mid-dorsal region. Injury of the thoracic duct inferior to the T5-6 level usually produces a right chylothorax, whereas disruption superior to this level results in a left chylothorax.6-9 Bilateral chylothoraces occur in multilevel disease, as seen in diffuse lymphatic anomalies.
Causes of chylothorax are categorized as neoplastic, traumatic, idiopathic, or miscellaneous. Overall, the most common cause of chylous effusion is lymphoma, followed by surgical trauma, in particular coarctation repair and esophagectomy. The cryptogenic variety occurs in the neonatal period, comprising the most common cause of a pleural effusion in this age group. Miscellaneous causes comprise four broad categories: impaired venous drainage, scarring, developmental anomalies, and transdiaphragmatic passage of chylous ascites. Some diffuse lymphatic anomalies producing chylothorax include lymphangioma, diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, and lymphangiectasia.10
Lymphangiomas usually present as discrete, focal masses of abnormal lymphatic channels within the mediastinum or occasionally within the lung. Diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis represents another pathologically distinct lymphatic anomaly, with an increased number of communicating lymphatic channels demonstrating smooth thickening of the bronchovascular bundles and interlobular septa. Associated CT findings include diffuse increased attenuation of the mediastinal fat, mild bilateral perihilar infiltration, and pleural effusions or pleural thickening.11 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis, another lymphatic anomaly, has characteristic CT findings of small parenchymal cysts dispersed uniformly throughout the lungs. Pathologically, there is hamartomatous proliferation of smooth muscle adjacent to pulmonary lymphatics, thought to represent a forme-fruste of tuberous sclerosis. The fourth anomaly, lymphangiectasia, represents dilatation of otherwise normal lymphatic vessels. The imaging of lymphangiectasia by CT has not been described, according to recent literature.
The diagnosis of chylothorax is determined through analysis of the pleural fluid. The hallmark of chylous fluid is a triglyceride level above 110 mg/dl. Another diagnostic feature of chyle is the presence of chylomicrons, which give it a milky appearance; however, during fasting, as in the perioperative state, chyle may appear clear. It is important to expediently identify an effusion as chylous, as continued loss of chyle may result in serious complications including nutritional imbalances, immunosuppression, and cardiorespiratory decompensation.1
Imaging of chylothorax by plain film or CT is often nondiagnostic, as the chylous nature of the fluid cannot be determined. Only a single report noted chyle to be lower in density by CT, apparently due to its fat content.12 However, CT may reveal a mediastinal mass or pulmonary abnormalities that may provide the underlying etiology for the chylothorax. Lymphangiography maintains a useful role in the evaluation of chylothorax, providing information regarding the presence, location, or source of a leak. Lymphangiography also is valuable in delineating the anatomy of the thoracic duct, which may vary considerably, particularly at the level of the diaphragm. Others advocate nuclear lymphangiograms, using technetium-99m antimony colloid as the agent, as a useful diagnostic examination for the identification of the leak.13
Chylothorax is often managed conservatively with cessation of oral intake, chest tube drainage, and total parenteral nutrition administration, sometimes with medium-chain triglycerides to reduce chyle flow. Surgical ligation of the thoracic duct is usually recommended when: (1) drainage exceeds 1500 ml/day for adults or 100 mL/yr-age/day for children greater than 5 years of age, (2) drainage exceeds 14 days, or (3) metabolic complications develop.14 The traditional operative approach is to ligate the thoracic duct at a point approximately 5 cm above the diaphragm through a thoracotomy. Rich collaterals and anastomoses along the course of the thoracic duct allow for safe ligation without sequelae, preventing the development of diffuse lower extremity edema. Alternative therapies include pleurodesis, pleuroperitoneal shunts, mediastinal radiation, intrapleural fibrin glue, and pleurectomy.
A limited number of patients have undergone alternative therapies. Pleuroperitoneal shunts enable lymph to be shunted to the greater absorptive surface area of the peritoneal cavity. The aim of this method of treatment is to decompress rather than to seal the fistulous leak. Pleuroperitoneal shunts provided excellent results in two of the larger series, for 12 of the 16 (75%) and 10 of 12 (90%) pediatric patients, respectively.15,16 Another case report of two patients revealed good results, with shortened hospital stays of several weeks following pleuroperitoneal shunting for chylothorax related to Fontan procedures.17 A single congenital chylothorax and a single chylothorax secondary to filariasis were both successfully treated with pleuroperitoneal shunts.18,19 Three patients were successfully managed as outpatients using external pleuroperitoneal shunts.20
Another larger study revealed success in 12 patients: eight with talc pleurodesis, two with shunting, one with talc pleurodesis and gluing the thoracic duct closed, and one with gluing the thoracic duct closed alone.21 In one study, intrapleural fibrin glue was used successfully in the treatment of chylothorax after pulmonary resection for lung cancer.22,23 Additionally, a premature neonate with massive chylothorax following patent ductus arteriosus repair was successfully managed with fibrin glue.24 There is also a single reported case of chylothorax related to lymphangiomatosis of the bone that was subsequently controlled with parietal pleurectomy and an application of fibrin glue.25
Three reported cases of persistent chylothorax, related to lymphoma,
lymphosarcoma, and thoracic aortic aneurysm, were successfully treated by talc pleurodesis.26,27 Additionally, a single case report of a patient with pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis demonstrated successful treatment of recurring chylothorax using tamoxifen and tetracycline pleurodesis.28 A review of four patients with generalized lymphangiomatosis and chylothorax showed that one of the four responded to surgery (pleurectomy) and tetracycline pleurodesis. The surgeries included a surgical pleurodesis, two pleurectomies, and a decortication.29 Another patient with chylothorax following radical nephrectomy responded to tetracycline sclerosis of the retroperitoneum, with resolution of the chylothorax.30
Chemical pleurodesis with the streptococcal preparation OK-432 is another method that has been shown to be successful in managing postoperative chylothorax.31,32 A single report cited bilateral pleurectomy in addition to thoracic duct ligation as treatment for bilateral chylothoraces associated with intestinal lymphangiectasia.33 Another article describes successful treatment of chylothorax related to lymphosarcoma with radiation to the main masses in the abdomen and lower mediastinum, respectively.34 One patient with metastatic ovarian carcinoma to the mediastinum and secondary chylothorax was initially responsive to radiotherapy, but later died.12
In evaluating chylothorax, lymphangiograms maintain a role in determining the anatomy of the thoracic duct, revealing a leak of the thoracic duct, and possibly locating the source of that leak. In patients with chylothoraces refractory to conservative measures, a lymphangiogram should be performed. CT imaging may be reserved for patients with diffuse lymphatic anomalies detected on lymphangiogram, or for staging purposes of those with suspected lymphoma. AR
1. Valentine VG, Raffin TA: The management of chylothorax. Chest 102:586-591, 1992.
2. Van Mulders A, Lacquet LM, Van Mieghem W, Deneffe G: Chylothorax complicating pneumonectomy. Thorax 39:954-955, 1984.
3. Van Pernis PA: Variations of thoracic duct. Surgery 26:806-809, 1949.
4. Rosenberger A, Abrams HL: Radiology of the thoracic duct. AJR 111:807-820, 1971.
5. Kausel HW, Reeve TS, Stein AA, et al: Anatomic and pathologic studies of the thoracic duct. J Thorac Surg 34:631-642, 1957.
6. Beesome LN, Ferguson TB, Buford TH: Chylothorax. Ann Thorac Surg 12:527-550, 1971.
7. Bower GC: Chylothorax. Dis Chest 45:464-468, 1964.
8. Sassoon CS, Light RW: Chylothorax and pseudochylothorax. Clin Chest Med 6:163-171, 1985.
9. Orringer MB, Bluett M, Deeb GM: Aggressive treatment of chylothorax complicating transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy. Surgery 104:720-726, 1988.
10. Armstrong P, Wilson AG, Dee P, Hansell DM: Imaging of diseases of the chest, 2nd edition, pp 681-685. St Louis, Mosby-Year Book, Inc., 1995.
11. Swenson SJ, Hartman TE, Mayo JR, et al: Diffuse pulmonary Iymphangiomatosis: CT findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 19:348-352, 1995.
12. Lawton F, Blackledge G, Johnson R: Co-existent chylous and serous pleural effusions associated with ovarian cancer: A case report of Contarini's syndrome. Eur J Surg Oncol 11:177-178, 1985.
13. Rice TW, Kirsch JC, Schacter IB, Goldberg M: Simultaneous occurrence of chylothorax and subarachnoid pleural fistula after thoracotomy. Can J Surg 30:256-258, 1987.
14. Selle JG, Snyder WH, Schreiber JT: Chylothorax: Indications for surgery. Ann Surg 177:245-249, 1973.
15. Murphy MC, Newman BM, Rodgers BM: Pleuroperitoneal shunts in the management of persistent chylothorax. Ann Thorac Surg 48:195-200, 1989.
16. Rheuban KS, Kron L, Carpenter MA, et al: Pleuroperitoneal shunts for refractory chylothorax after operation for congenital heart disease. Ann Thorac Surg 53:85-87, 1992.
17. Sade RM, Wiles HB: Pleuroperitoneal shunt for persistent pleural drainage after Fontan procedure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 100:621-623, 1990.
18. Hartmann H, Samuels MP, Noyes JP, et al: A case of congenital chylothorax treated by pleuroperitoneal drainage. J Perinatal 14:313-315, 1994.
19. Kitchen ND, Hocken DB, Greenhalgh RM, Kaplan DK: Use of the Denver pleuroperitoneal shunt in the treatment of chylothorax secondary to filariasis. Thorax 46:144-145, 1991.
20. Cummings SP, Wyatt DA, Baker JW, et al: Successful treatment of postoperative chylothorax using an external pleuroperitoneal shunt. Ann Thorac Surg 54:276-278, 1992.
21. Graham DD, McGahren ED, Tribble CG, et al: Use of video-assisted thoracic surgery in the treatment of chylothorax. Ann Thorac Surg 57:1507-1512, 1994.
22. Akaogi E, Mitsui K, Sohara Y, et al: Treatment of postoperative chylothorax with intrapleural fibrin glue. Ann Thorac Surg 48:116-118, 1989.
23. Morita R, Akaogi E, Suzuki Y, et al: (A case of postoperative chylothorax successfully treated by thoracoscopic fibrin gluing) (Japanese). Nippon Kyobu Geka Gakkai Zasshi 38:2465-2468,
24. Nguyen DN, Tchervenkov CI: Successful management of postoperative chylothorax with fibrin glue in a premature neonate. JCC 37:158-160, 1994.
25. Canil K, Fitzgerald P, Lau G: Massive chylothorax associated with Iymphangiomatosis of the bone. J Pediatr Surg 29:1186-1188, 1994.
26. Frey IG, Tschopp JM: (Chylothorax: treatment using talc pleurodesis) (French). Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschnft. J Suisse de Medecine 117:1624-1627, 1987.
27. Adler RH, Levinsky L: Persistent chylothorax: Treatment by talc pleurodesis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 76:859-864, 1978.
28. Luna CM, Gene R, Jolly EC, et al: Pulmonary Iymphangiomyomatosis associated with tuberous sclerosis. Treatment with tamoxifen and tetracycline-pleurodesis. Chest 88:473-475, 1985.
29. Shah AR, Dinwiddie R, Woolf D, et al: Generalized Iymphangiomatosis and chylothorax in the pediatric age group. Ped Pulm 14:126-130, 1992.
30. Cespedes RD, Peretsman SJ, Harris MJ: Chylothorax as a complication of radical nephrectomy. J Urol 150:1895-1897, 1993.
31. Shimizu J, Hayashi M, Oda M, et al: Treatment of postoperative chylothorax by pleurodesis with the streptococcal preparation OK-432. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 42:233-236, 1994.
32. Nakano A, Kato M, Watanabe T, et al: OK-432 chemical pleurodesis for the treatment of
persistent chylothorax. Hepato-Gastroenterol 41:568-570, 1994.
33. Barret DS, Large SR, Rees GM: Pleurectomy for chylothorax associated with intestinal lymphangiectasia. Thorax 42:557-558, 1987.
34. Lowe DK, Fletcher WS, Horowitz IJ, Hyman MD: Management of chylothorax secondary to lymphoma. Surg Gynecol Obstet 135:35-38, 1972.
Dr. Knisely and Dr. Kuhlman are with the Department of Radiology at the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics in Madison, WI.


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David Capps, Associate Professor
David Capps, Associate Professor and Assistant Director of Dance Program
David Capps recently returned to New York City to join the faculty of Hunter College, after 13 years at the University of Colorado/Boulder. He danced, taught and choreographed in New York City 1978-93, performing with a variety of choreographers, including David Gordon, Gus Solomons, Jr., Bertram Ross, Clarice Marshall, and, for ten years, Elise Long/Spoke the Hub Dancing.
His choreography has appeared in New York at Danspace at St. Mark's Church, the 92ndStreet Y, the Gowanus Arts Exchange, the Cunningham Studio, the Living Room and in Prospect Park, and abroad in Italy, Costa Rica and Switzerland. In Colorado, he presented work at the Changing Scene, the Space for Dance, the University of Colorado, the Denver Center for the Performing Arts and other venues in the Denver metropolitan region and around the state. He received the Colorado Federation of the Arts Innovation Award in 1994. He has received commissions from Musique des Lumieres (Switzerland), The Dance Experience (Switzerland), Toby Hankin, Polly Motley, MA Dance, the Boulder Ballet, Mary Wohl-Hahn, the University of Iowa, Sam Houston State University and the University of Kansas.
He has taught full-length courses at New York University School of the Arts, the 92nd Street Y, and several training centers in Brooklyn; and master classes or workshops at numerous colleges and universities in the US, and at festivals in Italy and San Jose, Costa Rica
- Contemporary Dance Technique 1
- Production 1
- Choreographic Project
- Composition
- Senior Seminar
- Teaching Methods
- Improvisation


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Where's Rudolph? Inside the Decline of Alaska's Caribou
The antlered herd's population is declining – what's going on in the Alaskan wilderness?
- By Molly Loomis
- Smithsonian.com, December 20, 2012, Subscribe
As Christmas approaches, young eyes will be focused on the sky searching for a glimpse of Santa and his reindeer—or are they caribou? The differences between the two are mostly taxonomic—both are subspecies of Rangifer tarandus, but Jim Dau of Alaska's Department of Fish and Game is quite familiar with the subtleties of the antlered cousins.
Dau studies the Western Arctic caribou herd, among the largest in the world at 300,000 strong, that ranges over an area about 143,000 square miles in northwestern Alaska. While those figures might sound impressive, the caribou population has been steadily declining since 2003, when the herd peaked at nearly half a million. The decline is a source of concern for biologists studying the trend's effects on the food chain, as well as for the more than 40 native villages that rely on the animals for food and as a cultural centerpiece.
The herd's calving grounds are located within the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska, also home to North America's largest coal deposit. Currently, the Bureau of Land Management, which oversees the NPR-A, is in the last stages of finalizing the NPR-A's new management plan—a document that will be instrumental in dictating the future of the Western Arctic caribou and to what degree energy development might infringe on the caribou's turf.
Dau has spent the last 25 years living in remote Arctic villages in order to study the regal beasts.
Aside from the fact that caribou aren't employed to haul Santa's sleigh, what's the difference between reindeer and caribou?
In North America, reindeer can be privately owned while caribou are wild animals that are public resources.
There are also biological differences between North American reindeer, which were transplanted to northwestern Alaska from Europe beginning in the late 1800s, and caribou. For example, the whole annual cycle of reindeer is one month ahead of that for northern Alaska caribou—for example they rut a month earlier and give birth a month earlier.
As well, there are physical and behavioral differences between them. Caribou tend to be taller and rangier than reindeer; as a result, caribou can run much faster than reindeer. Female reindeer tend to be heavier with larger and more fully developed antlers than adult cow [female] caribou. For bulls, these differences are reversed. Although most reindeer are colored similarly to caribou, reindeer are occasionally white or spotted while the pelage of caribou rarely varies. Caribou are generally much less trusting of man than reindeer, although the latter quickly become increasingly wild when untended by herders.
The Western Arctic Caribou herd's annual migration may not be as famous as the reindeers' mythical trip on Christmas Eve, but it's amazing in its own right.
During the fall migration caribou are often spread throughout most of their range. For the Western Arctic Caribou Herd this encompasses about 143,000 square miles. An individual caribou from this herd may migrate 300 to 500 straight-line miles from the beginning to the end of its migration. Of course, caribou don't move in straight lines, for more than several seconds anyway, and an individual may travel several times that distance during the course of a migration as it searches for food, evades predators and seeks out other caribou.
In two different years, during the height of the fall migration, I've watched as the entire herd stopped. Not for four or six hours but for two to three weeks. Then, within a several-day period, they resumed the fall migration. They must have keyed off some large stimuli, such as weather. But I don't think it was just that because their halt and resumption of travel were so synchronous. It seemed like caribou that were separated by tens of miles and large geographic features, such as mountains, were somehow aware of each other's movements. I don't know how they could do that, but I suspect we grossly underestimate the sensory capabilities of caribou.
Rut happens during the fall migration, which is really an exciting time. Group sizes tend to get a little bigger during rut, and bulls become totally obnoxious chasing cows, other bulls; they pose to show off their antlers and grunt continually. It's the only time of year that bulls vocalize.
In the spring, pregnant cows start migrating north about three weeks ahead of the bulls, and it's pretty much a steady plod with these big long lines written out in the snow. It's just beautiful to see these almost serpentine trails weaving out over the hills and mountains.
The Western Arctic Herd is the largest in the United States—aside from bragging rights, what's the significance?
The herd's ecological importance is incredible. It affects the entire food chain, all the way from bacteria to the biggest predators, such as wolves and brown bears. They affect the vegetation not just by what they remove with their lips by but trampling. They not only remove nutrients and energy from the environment, but contribute back towards the whole cycle with their feces and urine. They shed antlers and eventually their bodies and skeletons after death.
Subscribe now for more of Smithsonian's coverage on history, science and nature.


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Media Contact:
Alicia BattinelliUniversity Relations
202 Hofstra Hall
Phone: 516-463-6818
Fax: 516-463-5146
Send an E-mail
Date: Nov 06, 2009
Town of Hempstead Declares November 7, 2009 "WRHU Day"
Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY – In honor of WRHU, Radio Hofstra University's 50th anniversary celebration, November 7, 2009 will be declared "WRHU Day," Town of Hempstead Supervisor Kate Murray announced today."Our township offers heartfelt congratulations to the distinguished alumni and dedicated students who have contributed time and talent to the successful growth of WRHU," reads the proclamation which was presented to WRHU General Manager Bruce Avery today.
The official celebration of the milestone will take pace November 6-8, 2009 when members of WHCH (Hofstra College Hempstead) and WVHC (Voice of Hofstra College), two predecessors to the current radio station, as well as WRHU (Radio Hofstra University) alumni will gather. The Hofstra Radio Alumni Association (HRAA) will host a variety of events and activities including a silent auction and alumni brunch. The main event will be a gala on November 7, 2009 when the HRAA will induct its first members into the Hofstra Radio Hall of Fame.
"Radio Hofstra University is a proud member of the Hempstead community – we have been providing the home town of Hofstra University with informational and entertainment programming since signing on the air in 1959," Avery said. "The station is honored to be given a day by Hempstead celebrating our 50 years of broadcast service."
WRHU, Radio Hofstra University, is Long Island's oldest non-commercial radio station, broadcasting 24 hours a day, seven days a week on 88.7FM and online at www.wrhu.org. Founded in 1950 as a club, WHCH was limited to the Hofstra campus. In 1959, the station received an FCC broadcast license and became WVHC, the Voice of Hofstra College. In 1983 the station expanded its broadcast range and became WRHU. Now, with a staff of more than 175 members, and a program schedule that includes 42 varying formats, the award winning radio station prides itself on pre-professional broadcast training and development. WRHU is an integral part of Hofstra's School of Communication.
Hofstra University is a dynamic private institution where students can choose from about 150 undergraduate and more than 160 graduate programs in liberal arts and sciences, business; engineering; communication; education, health and human services; and honors studies, as well as a School of Law. The Hofstra community is driven, dynamic and energetic, helping students find and focus their strengths to prepare them for a successful future.


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FORT WORTH Police are continuing their investigation this morning into the fatal shooting of a 25-year-old man in far east Fort Worth Monday afternoon.
The victim, whose identity had not been released as of this morning, had apparently been involved in an altercation with another man outside a building in the 5200 block of Mosson Road shortly before 5 p.m., said Sgt. Pedro Criado, a police spokesman."During the altercation, the victim was shot one time in the chest," Criado said.Criado said the victim ran to the 5300 block of Mosson, where a bystander called 911.The victim was taken to John Peter Smith Hospital where he was pronounced dead a short time later.The suspect was still at large as of this morning.


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News Search Results
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April 1, 2012 | Journal Article
PIER offers a new model for community health education that, in contrast to traditional mental health education, strengthens capacity for proactive engagement of key stakeholders in youth mental health.
January 1, 2013 | Journal Article
This article offers an in-depth review of studies on the clinical high-risk (HR) state for psychosis.
April 1, 2012 | Journal Article
The theory behind and current status of treatment for psychotic disorders demonstrates that both family psychoeducation and psychoeducational multifamily groups have shown promising outcomes.
April 1, 2012 | Journal Article
The Early Detection, Intervention and Prevention of Psychosis Program (EDIPPP) is a large clinical trial funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, to test whether Family-Aided Community Treatment (FACT) can delay or prevent the onset of psychosis in at-risk young people.
April 1, 2012 | Journal Article
The authors argue that existing evidence justifies early identification and prevention of psychosis as routine clinical practice.
April 1, 2012 | Journal Article
An introduction to a special issue of Adolescent Psychiatry describes the relevance of its focus on topics relative to prodromal symptoms or to individuals at clinical high risk for a first psychotic episode.
July 1, 2007 | Journal Article
The college setting presents an important opportunity for health promotion during a critical developmental stage for weight gain. This study is the first to examine prevalence, trends and social disparities in overweight, obesity and class II obesit ...


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Give her what she wants with this cool knee-high sneaker inspired by Disney's Shake It Up! It features a quality canvas upper with glitter accents and rainbow laces, zipper for easy on/easy off, padded insole for comfort, and a built-up, non-marking rubber outsole. Fabric, rubber and manmade materials.
Clean upper with a damp sponge. We also recommend: Rain & Stain Guard to protect the canvas from water, stains and dirt; Athletic Shoe Cleaner to clean canvas and mesh; and Shoe Shampoo to remove soil from leather, canvas, nylon and fabric.


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24 January 2010
Saturday Night Genealogy Fun - Other Interests
"It's Saturday Night - time for more Genealogy Fun!!
Your mission, should you decide to accept it, is to:
* Tell us about your "other" hobbies or interests outside of genealogy and family history research, writing, speaking, etc."
So, I have decided to accept this week's mission. Hmm, hobbies that aren't genealogy, yeah I guess I might have some of those. ;-)
My biggest interest is spending time with my family. I know, cliche, but it is true.
Then there is my interest in computers, which has morphed over the years. I was a computer science major in college, and have spent most of my career in IT support. Now, I love doing web design and development.
I also love reading - anything from magazines to novels to historical nonfiction and more.
Speaking of history, my family and I do Civil War re-enacting. We dress in clothing from the period, do activities from the era, and the men fight a re-enacted battle. We even camp in the style of the period.
We also go camping in our RV. There's nothing better than food cooked over the camp fire. And, of course, we have to make S'mores every night. We even bring our cat and dog with us.
I also love crafts, but I don't have much time for them any more. I do cross stitch, needlepoint, crochet, scrapbooking, and many more.
I love to travel, and wish I could do it more often. We have been on three Caribbean cruises; one of which was just my husband and I, to celebrate our 20th anniversary. We have been to Disney World many times, and to Washington D.C. for a weekend. But, the kids still consider our 2-week trip driving out west to be our best vacation. We went to Mt. Rushmore, Yellowstone, the Black Hills, Custer State Park, the Grand Tetons, Deadwood (an old west town, complete with a shoot-out), and a few other places that escape my mind right now. We did have a fabulous time, and the kids didn't fight at all.
Well, I do have some other interests and hobbies, but I need to leave something to talk about later, so I'll end here. As you can see, I'm never bored!
3 comments:
- GrannyPam said...
We do some camping, too. The driving trip with your family sounds like a lot of fun, we never did anything like that when our kids were small and at home.
- Sun Jan 24, 06:14:00 AM CST
- Carol said...
I enjoyed your post, we have so much in common, the love of computers (but you are much more computer literate than I would ever hope to be), crafts, RVing. Have not done the CW reinactment, YET, still would like to get hubby to try it, he is resisting!
- Sun Jan 24, 07:07:00 PM CST
- A rootdigger said...
wow what a way for your children to see a renactment of history. There may be some games on line too of that. I know there are things like that with Napoleon wars. Famous Battles.Some reneactments mentioned on line. Such as the one near my families origination. By Sueschendorf and Oldendorf they recreate the battle of 1813 that involved the Napoleon troops. This was the one of the famous Elenore who inspired the composer to honor her.
What great memories you have made for your children. - Thu Feb 25, 10:08:00 AM CST


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ROME—Prime Minister-designate Enrico Letta unveiled Italy's new government on Saturday—a cabinet of different-striped politicians, economic experts and fresh faces that marks a rare attempt to give emerging leaders the chance at cooperation governing that has so often eluded this country's long-serving political caste.
Italy's new government, which ends two months of political stalemate since inconclusive February elections, includes Bank of Italy's deputy chief Fabrizio Saccomanni, a man close to European Central Bank Gov. Mario Draghi, as economy minister and Enrico Giovannini, the head of statistical agency Istat, at the helm of the labor ministry—a post that includes pension policies and is a crucial brief in a country where the unemployment rate has soared and social tensions are rising. Former European commissioner and human-rights activist Emma Bonino will take the foreign affairs ministry, and Enzo Moavero Milanesi will keep the European Affairs brief he held in the outgoing administration.
But other than these internationally known figures, the new government is packed with new names like Cecile Kyenge, a Congo-born doctor who is Italy's first black cabinet member, as integration minister and Flavio Zanonato, the left-wing mayor of Padua, the heartland of small companies that make up the country's industrial fabric, as development minister. There are a record number of women and several fortysomethings—a response by Mr. Letta, who is 46, to Italians' growing frustration with the country's old political guard.
Angelino Alfano, the 42-year-old politician who runs Silvio Berlusconi's People of Freedom Party, will be deputy premier and interior minister—a clear nod to the influence that Mr. Berlusconi's party has in parliament and a testament to Mr. Letta's own reputation as a conciliator. Though Mr. Letta's center-left Democratic Party and its allies came out ahead in Italy's February elections, Mr. Berlusconi's forces came in close behind, as did the Five-Star Movement of Beppe Grillo. There are other ministers from the right, the center and the left.
Italian Prime Minister Delegate Enrico Letta announces his cabinet Saturday. European Pressphoto Agency
Italy's Next Goverment
Key Players
Take a look at some of the players on the two-month political stalemate that followed February's general election.
Mr. Letta's balancing act—such a grand coalition government had not existed in Italy since 1946—is a last-ditch effort to find a solution that would avoid the country going back to the polls after February's elections. An early vote would plunge Italy into a full-blown political crisis that wouldn't likely be forgiven by international investors, possibly threatening Italy's access to sovereign-bond markets. Eighteen months ago, such a threat prompted the collapse of Mr. Berlusconi's conservative government and ushered in the emergency technocratic administration of Mario Monti, which restored market confidence in the country.
Now, Italy's new government needs to reverse a deep recession and kick-start job creation, while keeping the outgoing government's steady fiscal policies intact. The new administration also needs to embark on a number of institutional reforms, including changing an electoral law that has sown political instability for years.
"Our country and Europe could not wait any longer" for a government to come into existence, Italian President Giorgio Napolitano told reporters after Mr. Letta unveiled his cabinet.
Mr. Letta's new government, which is due to be sworn in on Sunday, needs to win confidence votes in both houses of Parliament in order to get its start. The votes, which are expected to be successful, are due to take place early next week.
Mr. Letta's task won't be easy. The strength of his government—namely the clear exclusion of Italy's older and still influential political guard—is also a liability. Mr. Berlusconi, as well as longtime leftist politicians, still hold sway within their parties and could end up undermining the government, especially when it comes time to vote on touchy issues such as a controversial property tax.
"This is a government that's young, qualified and has a good political chemistry. Many are of a generation that doesn't espouse the divisive, civil-war politics that has marked the Berlusconi era," says Marcello Sorgi, a top editorialist for La Stampa newspaper. "Yet this is also the new government's greatest point of weakness."
Another problem, said Mr. Sorgi, lies in the divisions within Mr. Letta's own Democratic Party, whose failed efforts to form a government since the February elections exposed major rifts between warring factions. Pier Luigi Bersani, who led the party through elections, resigned this month after the party also failed to elect its candidate for president. As long as the party is rudderless, it can't be a solid base of support for the new government.
Moreover, Matteo Renzi, the mayor of Florence and one of the party's potential new leaders, is of a different faction than Mr. Letta's within the party. "Good, this government is very good," Mr. Renzi said on a Saturday-evening talk show. "It sends a generation of 'big guns' into retirement."
Mr. Letta's government will also face strong—and likely very vocal—parliamentary opposition by lawmakers in Mr. Grillo's Five Star Movement. The party won one out of four votes in the elections, and has tapped into many of the long-standing frustrations of Italians, especially young people, toward the country's political class and excesses. In his blog, Mr. Grillo called Italy's new grand coalition "obscene."
All of this comes against the backdrop of one of Italy's most dire economic situations in decades. Though the country's fiscal accounts are in better shape than most advanced economies, its unemployment rate reached a record high of 11.7% in January, and its public debt woes—debt is 126% of gross domestic product—have been a major concern for Italy's European partners for years. The deeper problem, as Mr. Saccomanni, the new economy minister, said last week at the International Monetary Fund meetings in Washington, is weak economic growth—and only government policies can solve that.
Mr. Letta will lay out the vision of his new government ahead of parliament's two confidence votes. Shortly after being nominated, however, Mr. Letta—who is one of Italy's most pro-Europe politicians—quickly made it clear that the continent needed to revisit its austerity agenda in favor of more growth-oriented policies.
Though his coalition government is stepping into uncharted waters, Mr. Letta can rely on the crucial support of Mr. Napolitano. The 87-year-old Italian president, who was re-elected last week for a second term, has proved the country's key power-broker over the past couple of years. He had been urging the country's political leaders since March to take stock of the elections' inconclusive nature and share power in a new government. Now that he has gotten his way, Mr. Napolitano will be the new government's watchdog. "This is the only possible government," Mr. Napolitano told reporters. "It is a political government conforming to our parliamentary democracy."
—Christopher Emsden contributed to this article.


text: 17th-ranked Tigers win third straight meet Email Tweet October 15, 2005 October 15, 2005, Kenosha, Ind. - The 17th-ranked Tigers won their fourth meet of the year and their third straight as they finished first at the Wisconsin-Parkside Invitational. DePauw totaled 55 points and finished 13 points ahead of runner-up University of Chicago. Centre was third with 79 points. Jaren Mann finished third in 25:43, while Chad Bennett was fifth in 25:56 and Dusty Kime finished 14th in 26:17. Ben Stallsworth placed 21st in 26:24 and Drew Wyant rounded out the DePauw scorers in 23rd in 26:26. Complete results are available here. Back


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30 things at 30
On the 5th of January of 2012, Fabricio Lima turned 30. After feeling weird and lost, as we all do on our 30th birthdays, he made a list of 30 things he knew about himself so far. Then he created a GIF animation for each one of them.
Joy and I turned 30 at 10:00 and 10:01 on January 9th, 2013, but all we did was high five, have some drinks and move on. I find Fabricio's GIF animations to be a much more productive alternative.
Fabricio is a designer/director from São Paulo who also writes and contributes with Motionographer.
Music: The Rhombus


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Take a Stroll Through New Orleans
Explore the French Quarter, chow down on jambalaya, and check out historic sites such as Oak Alley Plantation in New Orleans.
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Michaels told Local 2, "The high pH in the water itself helps permanently deactivate or permanently turn off that pepsin and that's where you get relief."
Wendy Nielsen, wife for former Houston Oilers quarterback Giff Nielsen, added, "Water is so important. You need to drink a lot of water and it needs to be high pH."
Wendy Nielsen has also adopted what's known as the low-acid Alkaline Diet.
She explained, "Just every single part of my health has improved as a result of the way I eat and the way I sleep and I need to exercise, of course. It's not magic. But as I drink lots of this pure water and as I eat things that are much healthier, I feel better. I feel lighter. I have more energy."
She and her daughter-in-law, Taylor, co-author a blog called pHabulife.
Taylor told Local 2, "Drinking really, really, good water was really important and just having really, healthy, whole, organic food, just nothing really processed, nothing too sugary, just helped me feel the energy that I needed."
A typical Alkaline Diet lunch is homemade pasta sauce, whole wheat pasta and lots of salad with low acid dressing, even crepes for dessert.
Wendy Nielsen said, "It's good, common sense: organic, whole, local."
Wendy Nielsen used to suffer from a chronic cough, which can be a symptom of GERD.
She explained, "It was debilitating. It got to where I'd have to look for exits everywhere because I'd start choking. My goal was to manage it and to make it better. Within three months, I was feeling so much better that I started to make it a way of life."
Dupont agreed that for many GERD sufferers, changes in diet can sometimes help.
He said, "The theory is if you can decrease the acid level, you decrease the activity of this enzyme and so symptomatically, you may be better with the decrease of acid level and this enzyme as well. The jury's still out on these kinds of things, but it certainly can't hurt."
He said despite lifestyle changes, 10 to 15 percent of patients still need long term treatment.
Dupont told Local 2 that by the time patients make an appointment to see him.
"It's gotten to point where they've failed the 'water test,' so we usually have to try other things," he said.
Dupont said there are new medications, even surgical options currently being developed.
But, if you're experiencing vomiting, weight loss, bleeding or have suffered from chronic reflux for at least five years, you'll need an endoscopy to make sure there is no long term damage.


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Senate Committee Approves Expanding Background Checks For Gun Sales
by Scott Neuman
The committee, controlled by Democrats, is likely to approve expanding background to private transactions and to debate a renewed assault weapons ban.
The Two-Way posts about Crime
by Scott Neuman
The committee, controlled by Democrats, is likely to approve expanding background to private transactions and to debate a renewed assault weapons ban.
by Scott Neuman
Julio Acevedo, who had eluded authorities since the crash Sunday, turned himself in at a Pennsylvania convenience store.
by Scott Neuman
The suspects are accused of stealing the boat from a marina in Sausalito, Calif., and running it aground 20 miles south in Pacifica.
Support The Programs You Love
by Scott Neuman
The lead-up to the execution of Naw Kham and three accomplices accused of murdering 13 Chinese sailors in 2011 is carried live on national television.
by Scott Neuman
Bruce Reynolds hid out in Mexico and Canada before returning to England in 1968, where he was promptly arrested and sentenced to 25 years in jail.
Indian news outlets report bombs were placed near a bus stop in a manner to inflict the maximum amount of damage.
The explosion in Quetta is aimed at Shiite women and children; two bombings last month killed nearly 120 Shiites in the same city and injured scores more.
by Padmananda Rama and Bill Chappell
The documentary Raising Adam Lanza seeks a more complete view of Nancy Lanza and her son, a young man who was described as smart and awkward as a teen — and who later killed 27 people in Newtown, Conn. The documentary is built on the work of PBS Frontline and The Hartford Courant.
Jennifer Kirkland tells Dr. Phil McGraw she forgave Jimmy Lee Dykes at the beginning of the ordeal, because if she was filled with hatred, she couldn't have coped with the frightening hostage situation involving her kindergarten son, Ethan.
Federal marshals suspect Christopher Dorner tried to steal a boat to sail to Mexico and may have placed a call to the father of a woman he's accused of killing.
by Padmananda Rama
A Super Bowl ad produced by a group backed by New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg uses old video of the NRA chief calling for limited background checks. The ad, which will air in some markets during the third quarter of the Super Bowl, comes amid a heated debate over guns.
Russell Wasendorf, Sr. admitted bilking clients of his Peregrine Financial Group out of millions of dollars; the scheme came to light last year when he tried to kill himself and confessed his crime in a suicide note.
by Melisa Goh
The hacker-activist group says it took down the U.S. Sentencing Commission website Saturday to avenge the death of Internet activist Aaron Swartz.
President Obama's choice to head the Securities and Exchange Commission has prosecuted terrorists and mobsters. If she's confirmed, Mary Jo White's next challenge will be tackling reckless behavior on Wall Street. The success of this get-tough push will depend on changing the SEC's culture, analysts say.
by Melisa Goh
Four people are dead inside an Aurora, Colo., home Saturday following a standoff with an "armed and dangerous" man holding hostages, police say. Aurora is the Denver suburb where a gunman opened fire in a movie theater last July, killing 12 and injuring many more.
Millions of dollars worth of stolen maple syrup was recovered and three men suspected of the theft were expected in court on Tuesday.
by Scott Neuman
Police say the gunman had multiple magazines with a capacity of 30 rounds for each of the three weapons he used in the Newtown, Conn., assault.
by Padmananda Rama
Many watching the news out of Connecticut do not have personal connections to those murdered in Friday's school shootings. But much of the nation is looking for ways to process their grief.
Zimmerman's lawsuit alleges NBC deliberately altered 911 calls he placed to a dispatcher; by rearranging the conversation, he claims the network wrongly smeared him as a racist.
Serial rape suspect Aaron Thomas is to appear in a Virginia court next week to plead guilty to at least two counts of rape.


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Hockey stars must play the waiting game (From Hereford Times)
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London Olympics 2012 - Latest News RSS Feed
Hockey stars must play the waiting game
11:38am Friday 8th June 2012 in London Olympics 2012 - Latest News
Surbiton's hockey stars have done all they can to make sure they will be at the Riverbank Arena when the Olympic hockey tournament kicks off in August, writes Colin Pike.
The Sultan Azlan Shah Cup, where GB finished fourth last week, was the last chance for the likes of Richard Alexander, James Tindall, Rob Moore, Ken Forbes and Matt Daly, as well as Wimbledon's Ben Hawes, to stake their claim for a spot in the Olympic squad – which will be unveiled in three weeks times on June 27.
Although India staged a second half recovery to win the bronze medal match 3-1 against GB in Malaysia last week, all five of Surbiton's GB training squad members and Hawes had reason for optimism.
Hawes scored in the pool game against India, Moore was on target against Malaysia, Alexander and Daly combined to score what proved to be the winning goal against eventual champions, New Zealand, and, although Tindall was only able to play in the first two games due to an ankle injury, he is expected to be fit in time for the Olympics.
Even Forbes, back in the UK after being left out of the cup squad, can take consolation that not all of the 27 training squad members could play in Malaysia.
Team GB will wonder what might have been, as a win instead of a draw against either Malaysia or Korea would have earned them a place in the final. As it was, their victory over Pakistan in their last pool game left them a point short of qualification as Argentina qualifying for the final, which they lost 1-0 to New Zealand.
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News Updates
Staying "rural" in Tulsa
Adding trees and landscape design to future multifamily developments may be helpful in keeping a part of southwestern Tulsa distinct from the asphalt and concrete of other parts of the city.
But will that be enough to satisfy the goals of a new small-area plan for the West Highlands/Tulsa Hills neighborhood -- or the area's residents?
Just weeks after an outcry by residents against a proposed apartment complex, city officials on Jan. 17 released a draft of a small-area plan calling for "design solutions that maintain the 'rural' character of the area". Perhaps best known for a large retail corridor constructed about five years ago, the neighborhood's boundaries include West 61st Street and West 91st Street, to the north and south, respectively. South 33rd West Avenue forms a western boundary, while a jagged eastern boundary includes Elwood Avenue.
The "design solutions" called for by the plan include "maintaining tree cover" as well as "maintaining significant amounts of open space, through clustering, land banking, conservation easements, or other strategies."
However, Lindsey Management, the Arkansas-based developer interested in building a large complex northeast of West 71st Street and South Union Avenue, still found resistance from residents even after presenting a design that included extensive tree cover and large "green belt" setbacks from public roads.
Residents expressed concern about traffic and crime should such a large complex be built.
Before the apartment proposal, the city began working with area residents in March to draft the small-area plan, holding a series of public meetings.
The draft plan notes that "perhaps the most frequent statement which came out of public involvement was opposition to any new multifamily construction."
The plan includes some thoughts on how such construction might be made more palatable to the community. It notes that "one product of the visioning effort is a frontage or alternative access road along" U.S. Highway 75, thus drawing "traffic away from Union Avenue, relieving congestion and providing apartment residents direct access" to the highway.
The plan goes on to state that "concentrating multifamily housing" along U.S. Highway 75 would "mitigate traffic and noise issues for those living in the quieter areas further from the highway." Lastly, the plan notes that "smaller scale multifamily, such as townhomes or duplexes, would better integrate into the existing neighborhoods than, for example, monolithic brick structures."
The draft plan is at planitulsa.org/smallareaplans/tulsahills.
Online Ticket Payments Fixed
An online system to pay court tickets now is back up and running.
City spokeswoman Michelle Allen confirmed that the E-Payment system for paying tickets was fixed Jan. 10. It had not been working since mid-September.
The online payment system, first started by the city in 2008, allows people to pay traffic tickets and other fines related to infractions handled by Tulsa Municipal Court.
URL for this story: http://www.urbantulsa.comhttp://www.urbantulsa.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A56263


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Moderators: Moderators General, Magistrates, Prelates
The 62-foot tall statue of Jesus constructed out of styrofoam, wood and fiberglass resin caught on fire after the right hand of the statue was struck by lightning.
meatyochre wrote:And yea, verily the forums crowd spake: "Teehee!"
Shivahn wrote:I am a motherfucking sorceror.
felltir wrote:I HAVE SOME OF THOSE
It Should Be Real wrote:Fuck the wizard.
We're doing this manually.
dhokarena56 wrote:Andrew Schafly and the Conservative Insights would make a good band name.
Amie wrote:Cathy, I now declare you to be an awesome person, by the powers vested in me by nobody, really.
yurell wrote:We need fewer homoeopaths, that way they'll be more potent!
Cathy wrote:http://www.nativis.com/drug-signal-technology/
poxic wrote: Take a source of light and cook it up until it lases -- now you have a laser.
darknut wrote:Cathy wrote:http://www.nativis.com/drug-signal-technology/
read that 3 times, if asked to summarizes; dont think i could do it.
theres a drug, does...something. and no side effects, i dont know
Shivahn wrote:I am a motherfucking sorceror.
PhoenixEnigma wrote:darknut wrote:Cathy wrote:http://www.nativis.com/drug-signal-technology/
read that 3 times, if asked to summarizes; dont think i could do it.
theres a drug, does...something. and no side effects, i dont know
I think, if I'm reading it right, they're proposing taking existing drugs and beaming holograms of them inside you. Or something. Maybe with lasers?
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General_Norris wrote:I notice a lack of counter-arguments and a lot of fisting.
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A double-billing issue affecting residents of the Willow Creek subdivision in Oldham County has reached a formal resolution.
According to Oldham County Magistrate Bob Dye, whose district includes the Willow Creek Subdivision, the Metropolitan Sewer District (MSD) in Louisville has agreed to a process to stop their billing and provide refunds of up to two years to residents affected by the double billing.
"It's a conclusion," Dye said. "It solves a problem. As people are aware, Willow Creek is unusual."
The stores of Prospect Point, located at U.S. 42 and River Road, will celebrate the beginning of the holiday season on Dec. 5 with Light Up Prospect at the Point.
The all-day event will be marked with events at each store at the Point.
"They'll be lots of giveaways, free food, games, prizes and things going on at each store," said Terry Chambers of Prospect Jewelers.
An unforeseen relocation has led to a time of transition in one Oldham County city.
Former Orchard Grass Hills Mayor Darlene Yarberry resigned her office at the town's October meeting, due to her family moving to Mississippi. At that same meeting, the city's six council members elected one of their own to be interim mayor until Yarberry's term ends in December 2014.
Interim Mayor Doug Lalli has been on the job roughly one month, after spending three years on the Orchard Grass Hill's city council.
Discover Downtown LaGrange will host its 4th Annual La Grange Railroad and Bluegrass Festival this weekend in historic downtown LaGrange. Admission is free to the public and will feature a variety of downtown activities including music entertainment Friday night and throughout the day Saturday, Farmer's Market, Model Train and Toy Swap Meet, kid's miniature train rides, workshops, a cardboard box train parade, and two first time events, the La Grange Railroad Festival Beauty Pageant and Club Car Invitational Cornhole Tournament.
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The City of La Grange settled its lawsuit against former mayor Elsie Carter almost three years after she left office.
After roughly seven years of work, Pewee Valley's Central Park officially opened Sunday with a concert and dedication.
The park, located behind Pewee Valley City Hall, features a walking path, gazebo and mural of an old stone mill, painted by local artist Carol Logan with help from Emily Mintman, a Pewee Valley resident.
Sunday's dedication included music from local band Whiskey Bent Valley, as well as brief remarks from Mayor Bob Rogers.
On Saturday, Sept. 14, Main Street in La Grange will be closed between First Street and Walnut Street from 8am to 6pm for Antiques & Primitives on the Track. Vendors will be setting up booths along Main Street. For more information, please contact Nancy Griffin, director of Discover Downtown La Grange, at 502-269-0126.
Local artists Carole Logan and Emily Mintman have just completed the mural of the old stone mill on the back of Pewee Valley Town Hall facing Central Park. The actual stonemill is also on display. The mural, stonemill and newly installed waterfall feature are part of the continuing development and enhancement of Central Park. Pewee Valley resident Paula Kennedy voluntarily coordinates the park development.


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This car is show condition and complete restored,including the pain,chrome,interior seats complete leather,original color car sandalwood new carpet new interior thunk,new # 4 tire... More
By the beginning of the 1930s, Cadillac had established itself as a premium automaker. Cadillac was the first automaker to mass-produce V8s, which became... More
1954 Cadillac Eldorado Convertible. Arguably the Best in the World, after 4,000-hour open-checkbook restoration with NOS parts only. 100% matching numbers, $28K "Apollo Gold" bare... More
VIN - 6422878 SUMMARY DESCRIPTION: This beautiful "Classic" has so much to offer! The Cadillac was purchased in 2005 by the father, and later in 2007... More
Have a look at this amazing 1959 Cadillac Coupe de Ville Custom. This 1959 Cadillac has a LS3 producing 434 horsepower back up by... More
Cadillac Automobile Company celebrated its 50th Anniversary in 1952, and as such, all vehicles produced were considered Golden Anniversary Cadillac's! No significant changes to... More
Only 18,414 of these made. This outstanding Coupe De Ville "Series 62" is the recipient of a ground up restoration with only 2000 km... More
When selecting the most elegant, and also the most extravagant, car produced in American auto manufacturing, judges would arguably agree that the 1959 Cadillac... More
Gorgeous 1959 Cadillac Convertible for sale. This rare cruiser is in show-ready condition. When they say nothing drives like a Cadillac, this car is... More
1940 Cadillac Series 62 Convertible Coupe, 200 built, twelve surviving, Harbor Mist Gray, black Haartz top, blue & cream two-tone leather interior. Rebuilt engine.... More
Absolutely concourse 1949 Cadillac Series 75 Custom Limousine. Just completed a 2 year ground up full restoration. The best of 1949 class with some... More
A splendid year came about for Cadillac designers in 1940. It would be an opportunity to reveal brand new models, and say goodbye to... More
1959 Cadillac Eldorado Seville, This car is the result of more than 3500 hours of painstaking attention to detail and nothing has been overlooked.... More
This 1951 CADILLAC SERIES 62 COUPE is a complete restoration with some of the nicest upgrades for not only performance, but also comfort and... More
1958 Cadillac Fleetwood Sixty Special. Frame off professional restoration. Power windows, vents, seats, antenna, steering and brakes. Air-conditioner and power trunk closure. This car... More


text: O Irin Carmon on Jezebel Wedding Bells Gay couple today show Gay Marriage Today Show marriage equality Gay Rights Glaad 8/23/10 1:18pm 8/23/10 1:18pm Edit2,813g138LEShare to KinjajFacebookiTwitterkTumblrK No Gay Couples Make The Cut For Today Show WeddingAlthough gay couples were eligible for Today's wedding contest after some agitating by GLAAD, not one was chosen by producers to be among the four finalists. They probably don't have any heartwarming stories about overcoming adversity! Oh, wait. LDiscuss


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Peculiar Pataki
I am stunned by the announcement of Dede Scozzafava that she is dropping out the race in NY's 23rd. I think the last straw was the endorsement of Doug Hoffman by George Pataki. Pataki has never been considered a right of center Republican much less a Conservative. In New York, however, the political game is a little more complex. New York is one of the few states | Read More »


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- Home >
Aid available to Allen County students
Trine, Questa partnering on loan forgiveness, repayment
An agreement between Trine University and Questa Foundation for Education in Fort Wayne will reduce the cost of a Trine education for qualifying Allen County students while retaining talented graduates in northeast Indiana.
The Questa-Trine partnership will allow for up to 75 percent debt forgiveness and repayment of $20,000 in college loans.
Questa Foundation sponsors the Questa Scholars 1/2 Back Loan Program that allows qualified Allen County high school students to borrow $20,000 for college over four years. Questa offers forgiveness of up to 50 percent of a Questa Scholar's loan if the student graduates from college with a 2.75 GPA and chooses to reside and work in northeast Indiana for at least five years after graduation. Under the terms of the agreement, Trine University will pay back to Questa an additional 25 percent of a student's loan balance for Questa Scholars who graduate from Trine.
Two Questa Scholars now attend Trine University and are eligible for the additional 25% pay back program offered by the university. Other Allen County students selected for the Questa Scholars program who choose to attend Trine University also are eligible for the loan payback program.
The partnership underscores a strong Trine University commitment to providing financial aid to students. Last year, the university dedicated over $15 million to need-based grants and scholarships for deserving students. In July, the university offered additional funding to offset a gap in State Student Assistance Commission of Indiana funding for incoming students with financial aid impacted by the reduction in state assistance. As a result of these and other efforts, U.S. News & World Report has listed Trine among Midwestern colleges whose students graduate with the least debt.
"We continually search for ways to reduce cost for our students, and are pleased to partner with Questa Foundation for Education to provide financial aid to Allen County students," said Trine University President Earl D. Brooks II.
"Trine University's partnership with Questa Foundation will make a high-quality Trine education more affordable for Allen County students and their families. Our collaboration also provides incentive for well trained graduates to remain in northeast Indiana, adding to our region's highly skilled workforce," said Christina Smith, executive director of Questa Foundation.
For more information on the loan payback agreement, contact Trine University Chief Financial Aid Administrator Kim Bennett at firstname.lastname@example.com or 260.665.4438 or Smith at firstname.lastname@example.com or 260.407.6494.
Questa Foundation for Education, based in Allen County, is committed to expanding educational opportunities and financial freedom of Allen County students with financial need by providing affordable college loans and generous scholarships that reward academic success and retain graduates in northeast Indiana. For more about Questa Foundation for Education, visit www.questafoundation.org.


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Department Chair
ANTONIO CANDAU, Ph.D. (University of Massachusetts); Associate Professor of Spanish; Department Chair.
CHRISTINE M. CANO, Ph.D. (Yale University); Associate Professor of French.
DENISE CATERINACCI, M. A. (Kent State University); Instructor in Italian.
MAN-LIH CHAI, M.A.(University of Illinois). Lecturer in Chinese.
GABRIELA COPERTARI, Ph.D. (Georgetown University); Associate Professor of Spanish.
MARGARETMARY DALEY, Ph.D. (Yale University); Associate Professor of German
YORAM DAON, MBA (Keller Graduate School of Management); Lecturer in Hebrew.
GILBERT DOHO, Ph.D. (Sorbonne University Nouvelle, Paris III); Associate Professor of French. Academic Representative in French
LINDA C. EHRLICH, Ph.D. (University of Hawaii/East-West Center); Associate Professor of Japanese, Director of College Scholars.
M. ELENA FERNÁNDEZ, M. A. (Cleveland State University); Lecturer in Spanish.
MARGARET M. FITZGERALD, M. A.(Ohio State University, Columbus); Lecturer in Japanese.
CHRISTIAN GOMEZ O., M.A. in General Literature, Universidad de Chile (1995-1998); PhD. in Spanish, University of Iowa (2003-2009)
TAKAO HAGIWARA, Ph.D. (University of British Columbia); Associate Professor of Japanese.
RAMEZ ISLAMBOULI, Lecturer and section head of Arabic language
JUTTA ITTNER, Ph.D. (University of Hamburg); Associate Professor of German, Director of German Studies.
YOSHIKO KISHI, M. A. (New York University); Lecturer in Japanese
MARIE LATHERS, Ph.D. (Brown University); Elizabeth M. and William C. Treuhaft Professor of Humanities and French, Director of Graduate Studies.
CLARA LIPSZYC-ARROYO, M. A. (University of Western Ontario); Lecturer in Spanish and Portuguese.
ENNO LOHMEYER, Ph.D. (University of Kansas); Lecturer in German.
OLIVIER MARTEAU, Ph.D. (University of Louisiana at Lafayette); Lecturer in French.
JACQUELINE C. NANFITO, Ph.D. (University of California, Los Angeles); Associate Professor of Spanish.
CAROLINA PERERA, M. A. (University of South Florida); Lecturer in Spanish.
FABIENNE PIZOT-HAYMORE, M. A. (Universite Paul Valery, Montpellier III); Lecturer in French.
DAMARIS PUNALES-ALPIZAR, Ph.D. (Iowa); Assistant Professor of Spanish.
CHERYL TOMAN, Ph.D. (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign); Associate Professor of French. Academic Representative in French.
SUSANNE VEES-GULANI, Ph.D. (University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign); Assistant Professor in Comparative Literature and German.
PETER JIANHUA YANG, Ph.D. (University of Utah); Associate Professor of German.
TATIANA ZILOTINA, Ph.D. in Russian (University of Virginia); Instructor in Russian.
ARMANDO F. ZUBIZARRETA, Ph.D. (University of Salamanca, Spain); Emeritus Professor of Spanish.


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Welcome to OMS!
News & Announcements2013-2014 School Year Information***PARENTS - Time to complete PE Uniform order forms for Semester 2****You want this!!! Remind 101 Text Message service for everyone, 6th grade, 7th grade and 8th grade! Sign up for grade level AND everyone. ***December 6th - Dessert Theatre Performance "Truly Yours Jack Frost" 6:30pmLake Kennedy Senior Center***December 10th - PTO Meeting 6:30pm - Café***December 11th - Drama Classes "One Act Performances" Café 6:30pm***December 17th - Aerospace Club Meeting 2:30pm Café***December 18th - Student Council Meeting 2:30pm***December 19th - Early Dismissal 11:30am***December 20th - Early Dismissal 11:30am***December 23rd - January 7th Winter Break - SCHOOL CLOSEDView Calendar of Events |
Welcome to Oasis Middle School - home of the Mighty Iguana!!! Oasis Middle School was founded in 2005 and is part of The City of Cape Coral Charter Authority. The Authority is comprised of 4 schools, Oasis Elementary, Oasis Middle School, Christa McAulliffe Elementary, and Oasis High School. Currently Oasis Middle School serves 800+ students. System wide our total enrollment is approximately 2900 students.
At Oasis Middle School students experience a rich Core Knowledge Curriculum based upon Dr. E.D. Hirsch's exhaustive research on child development. Students also may experience two foreign languages, art, technology, choir drama, physical education, choir, general music, and health. Oasis Middle School also offers a host of afterschool clubs including Builders Club, Student Council, SING club, drama, TV Production, and many others. Students may also participate in competitive athletics after school. We offer soccer, volleyball, basketball, tennis, golf, and cross-country. Rest assured that students attending Oasis Middle School are receiving a tremendous education.
Our primary method of communication to families is through our Cape Coral Charter School Authority K12 Alerts System. Please be sure to sign up so that you can receive updated information.
What is the Oasis STEM Academy? STEM stands for science, technology, engineering and mathematics. The goal of the STEM academy is to bridge the gap between math and science and use elements of these subjects to solve unique problems. Students in the Oasis STEM Academy will be challenged to think creatively to solve engineering problems using their knowledge of math and science. Students will be actively engaged in the engineering process and will work with classmates to create solutions to unique problems. Students in the program will be engaged in a discovery learning program.
Oasis Middle is proud to offer a full roster of student sports teams throughout the school year and is a member of the Gulf Coast Athletic Conference. The Iguanas participate in the North Division with rival schools from around the county.
Tour OMS
Our school opened in August, 2006, and was built to accomodate 600+ students, grades 6-8. Security cameras operate 24/7 in our halls and outside the structure. Parents and the general public must check-in at the office where they receive an ID badge before being admitted. All employees and parent volunteers are background checked.
Click on the links below to take a tour of our state-of-the-art facility:


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By Nancy K. Matthis | Wednesday, February 10th, 2010 at 10:46 am
The new "global warming" wind turbines in Minnesota are frozen:
…11 newcomers to Minnesota are having a hard time adjusting to our winters. They are wind turbines, erected last fall by 11 metro and outstate cities. The green-energy machines were expected to be spinning before Christmas, but so far their blades have been largely motionless, apparently paralyzed by frigid weather.
The turbines sit idly in Anoka, North St. Paul, Chaska, Shakopee, Buffalo and six other cities, all members of the Minnesota Municipal Power Agency (MMPA). The refurbished, 115-foot towers had operated on a California wind farm, where they didn't have to worry about cold hydraulic fluid turning to gel and oil lubricants getting too sluggish. … the relatively small turbines, bought with federal renewable energy bonds, demonstrate the 11 cities' support for green energy….
Quite often, the federal bureaucrats' good intentions lead to unintended consequences. And in this venture, the intended consequences failed to materialize:
New Wind Farms in the U.S. Do Not Bring Jobs
Millions Have Been Invested in Wind Farms, but That Hasn't Brought JobsDespite all the talk of green jobs, the overwhelming majority of stimulus money spent on wind power has gone to foreign companies, according to a new report by the Investigative Reporting Workshop at the American University's School of Communication in Washington, D.C.
Nearly $2 billion in money from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act has been spent on wind power, funding the creation of enough new wind farms to power 2.4 million homes over the past year. But the study found that nearly 80 percent of that money has gone to foreign manufacturers of wind turbines.
Using the US job crisis as an excuse, the Obama administration is plunging our country into a downward spiral of insurmountable debt and using the borrowed money to enrich foreign interests. It is easy to conclude that Obama has a Marxist agenda to impoverish us as a prelude to leveling our playing field with European socialism.
Nancy Matthis is the publisher and executive editor of the weblog format news magazine and multimedia outlet American Daughter Media Center.
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Filed under: Energy Tags: debt, Energy, foreign, frozen, green jobs, job crisis, manufacturers, Minnesota, money, stimulus, turbine, turbines, wind, wind farm, wind farms, wind turbine, wind turbines |


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Alfred Clebsch entered the school of mathematics at the University of Königsberg in 1850. In this school, founded by Jacobi, he was influenced by Jacobi through his teachers Hesse and Friedrich Richelot who were both students of Jacobi. In fact although he never met Jacobi, who died one year after Clebsch entered the University of Königsberg, Jacobi was to influence him both through these two teachers and also directly through the fact that Clebsch was to collaborate in the production of the Collected Works of Jacobi. At Königsberg Clebsch was taught mathematical physics by Franz Neumann.
After graduating in 1854 Clebsch went to Berlin where he taught at various schools. His first academic appointment was in 1858 when he was appointed to the University of Berlin. He left after a short spell and, still in 1858, he took up an appointment at the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe.
Clebsch had submitted a doctoral dissertation to Königsberg on hydrodynamics. At the start of his research career his topics were mainly concerned with hydrodynamics and elasticity. He remained in Karlsruhe until 1863 but before he left Karlsruhe the direction of his research had changed. The end of his work on applied mathematical topics is perhaps most clearly defined by the publication of Theorie der Elastizität fester Körper in 1862 which was a major work on elasticity.
Pure mathematics became Clebsch's main research topic when he began to study the calculus of variations and partial differential equations. Clebsch moved to Giessen in 1863 and there he collaborated with Paul Gordan. Their joint work culminated in a major work on abelian functions Theorie der Abelschen Funktionen in 1866. The Clebsch-Gordan coefficients used in spherical harmonics were introduced by them as a result of this cooperation. Clebsch helped build a school of algebraic geometry and invariant theory at Giessen which included Gordan, Brill, Max Noether, Lindemann and Lüroth.
Hesse had advised Clebsch to investigate the algebraic geometry of Cayley, Sylvester and Salmon and he was particularly attracted to the contributions that Aronhold had made to their theories. Clebsch went back to Abel's approach to algebraic geometry and considered an algebraic approach rather than Riemann who used a geometric approach. His interpretation of the works of Cayley, Sylvester and Salmon in this way led Clebsch to a brilliant new interpretation of Riemann's function theory.
Clebsch's work on algebraic geometry Über die Anwendung der Abelschen Functionen in der Geometrie is described in [3] as the:-
birth cry of modern algebraic geometry.
In 1868 Clebsch was appointed to Göttingen. There with Carl Neumann, the son of his former teacher at Königsberg, he co-founded Mathematische Annalen, a mathematics journal of major importance.
Sadly Clebsch's brilliant career came to a sudden end in 1872 when he died of diphtheria. Max Noether and Brill, who were among his students at Giessen, continued his work on curves. Two volumes of his lectures on geometry were published after his death in 1876 and 1891. A second edition of part of one of these volumes, with Clebsch as joint author, was published in three parts in 1906, 1910 and 1932.
W Burau, writing in [1], makes the following comments about Clebsch's work:-
... Clebsch described the plane representations of various rational surfaces, especially that of the general cubic surface. Clebsch must also be credited with the first birational invariant of an algebraic surface, the geometric genus that he introduced as the maximal number of double integrals of the first kind existing on it.
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Click on this link to see a list of the Glossary entries for this page
List of References (4 books/articles) | |
A Poster of Alfred Clebsch | Mathematicians born in the same country |
Honours awarded to Alfred Clebsch (Click below for those honoured in this way) | |
LMS Honorary Member | 1871 |
Cross-references in MacTutor
Other Web sites | |