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IB92059: Civilian Nuclear Waste Disposal July 30, 2001 CONTENTS
Management of civilian radioactive waste has posed difficult issues for Congress since the beginning of the nuclear power industry in the 1950s. Although federal policy is based on the premise that nuclear waste can be disposed of safely, new storage and disposal facilities for all types of radioactive waste have frequently been delayed or blocked by concerns about safety, health, and the environment. Civilian radioactive waste ranges from the highly radioactive spent fuel from nuclear power plants to the far-less-radioactive uranium mill tailings that result from the processing of uranium ore. Most of the debate over civilian waste disposal focuses on spent fuel and on "low level" waste from nuclear power plants, medical institutions, civilian research facilities, and industry. The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 (NWPA) calls for disposal of spent nuclear fuel in a repository in a deep geologic formation that is unlikely to be disturbed for thousands of years. NWPA established an office in the Department of Energy (DOE) to develop such a repository and required the program's civilian costs to be covered by a fee on nuclear-generated electricity, paid into the Nuclear Waste Fund. Amendments to NWPA in 1987 restricted DOE's repository site studies to Yucca Mountain in Nevada. DOE is studying numerous scientific issues in determining the suitability of Yucca Mountain for a nuclear waste repository, which must be licensed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Questions about the site include the likelihood of earthquakes, volcanoes, groundwater contamination, and human intrusion. NWPA's goal for loading waste into the repository was 1998, but DOE does not expect to open the facility until 2010 at the earliest. DOE issued a Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Yucca Mountain site in July 1999 and plans to apply for an NRC license in 2003 to build the repository. DOE is requesting $445 million for the program in FY2002, an increase of more than $50 million from the FY2001 base appropriation. The House approved all but $2 million of the request in the FY2002 Energy and Water Development Appropriations Bill (H.R. 2311), but the Senate voted to cut the program to $275 million. An omnibus energy bill (H.R. 4) introduced July 27, 2001, would take the Nuclear Waste Fund off budget. Low-level waste sites are a state responsibility under the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act of 1980. Pursuant to that act, 10 regional compacts for disposal of low-level waste have been approved by Congress, most recently a compact among Texas, Maine, and Vermont. But only three commercial low-level waste sites are currently operating, in the states of South Carolina, Utah, and Washington. The Washington facility is accepting waste just from within the Northwest and Rocky Mountain regional compacts, and the Utah site accepts only the least-concentrated class of low-level waste, although it has received preliminary approval to accept the other major low-level waste classes as well. Omnibus energy legislation introduced July 27 (H.R. 4) would take the Nuclear Waste Fund off-budget, potentially allowing higher appropriations for the Department of Energy (DOE) civilian nuclear waste management program. The bill also would establish a DOE program to conduct research on "recycling" nuclear spent fuel. The nuclear waste provisions in the omnibus bill were taken from separate energy bills approved by the House Energy and Commerce Committee July 19 (H.R. 2587) and the House Science Committee July 18 (H.R. 2460). H.R. 4 is scheduled for House floor action before the August recess. President Bush's FY2002 funding request, submitted to Congress April 9, includes $445 million for the DOE civilian nuclear waste disposal program, which is studying the Yucca Mountain site in Nevada as a permanent waste repository. The House voted June 28 in the Energy and Water Development Appropriations bill (H.R. 2311) to provide all but $2 million of the request. However, the Senate version of the bill, approved July 19, cut the program's funding to $275 million, a level that critics warned would lead to further program delays. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued long-delayed environmental standards June 6 for a permanent underground nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain. The final standards are similar to those proposed by EPA under the Clinton Administration, including a controversial separate standard for groundwater protection. The Department of Energy (DOE), which is studying the Yucca Mountain site, had opposed the proposed standards as unnecessarily stringent but has indicated that the site can probably meet them. Comprehensive energy legislation (S. 388) introduced by Senator Murkowski February 26, 2001, includes provisions on nuclear waste management and disposal. One provision would prevent "irreversible action relating to the disposal of spent nuclear fuel" until Congress had determined whether to permanently bury the spent fuel as waste or to extract plutonium and uranium from the spent fuel to make new nuclear fuel. S. 388 also would establish a waste research program similar to that of H.R. 4. Similar provisions are included in a nuclear energy bill (S. 472) introduced March 7 by Senator Domenici. Nuclear waste has sometimes been called the Achilles' heel of the nuclear power industry; much of the controversy over nuclear power centers on the lack of a disposal system for the highly radioactive spent fuel that must be regularly removed from operating reactors. As a result, progress on nuclear waste disposal is widely considered a prerequisite for any future growth of nuclear power. Under the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 (NWPA) and 1987 amendments, the Department of Energy (DOE) is studying the suitability of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, for housing a deep underground repository for spent nuclear fuel and other highly radioactive waste. The state of Nevada has fought DOE's efforts on the grounds that the site is unsafe, pointing to potential volcanic activity, earthquakes, water infiltration, underground flooding, nuclear chain reactions, and fossil fuel and mineral deposits that might encourage future human intrusion. However, DOE contends that the evidence so far indicates that Yucca Mountain is likely to prove suitable and that studies of the site should continue. A "viability assessment" issued by the Department December 18, 1998, concluded that "no show stoppers have been identified to date at Yucca Mountain." A Draft Environmental Impact Statement completed by DOE in July 1999 reiterated those findings, recommending that the project proceed as planned http://www.ymp.gov/timeline/eis/deis.htm. The planned Yucca Mountain repository is not scheduled to open until 2010 at the earliest, more than a decade later than the 1998 goal specified by NWPA. (For more information on the Yucca Mountain scientific studies, see CRS Report RL30190 (pdf), Proposed High-Level Nuclear Waste Repository: Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Progress.) The safety of geologic disposal of highly radioactive waste, as planned in the United States, depends largely on the characteristics of the rock formations from which a repository would be excavated. Because many geologic formations are believed to have remained undisturbed for millions of years, it appeared technically feasible to isolate radioactive materials from the environment until they decayed to safe levels. "There is no scientific or technical reason to think that a satisfactory geological repository cannot be built," according to the National Research Council. But, as the Yucca Mountain controversy indicates, scientific confidence about the concept of deep geologic disposal has turned out to be difficult to apply to specific sites. Every high-level waste site that has been proposed by DOE and its predecessor agencies has faced allegations or discovery of unacceptable flaws, such as groundwater flow or earthquake vulnerability, that could release radioactivity into the environment. Much of the problem results from the inherent uncertainty involved in predicting waste site performance for the 10,000-year period that nuclear waste is to be isolated. Opponents of geologic disposal have urged greater emphasis on new or alternative technologies that might allow entirely different approaches to high-level radioactive waste management. Other Programs. Other types of civilian radioactive waste have also generated public controversy, particularly low-level radioactive waste, which is produced by nuclear power plants, medical institutions, industrial operations, and research activities. Civilian low-level waste currently is disposed of in large trenches at sites in South Carolina and Washington state, and the Washington facility does not accept waste from outside its region. The lowest-concentration class of low-level radioactive waste is also accepted by a commercial disposal facility in Utah, which is applying for a license to receive all major classes of low-level waste. Threats by states to close their disposal facilities led to congressional authorization of regional compacts for low-level waste disposal in 1985, although no new sites have been opened by any of the 10 authorized disposal compacts. Nuclear utilities, which pay for most of the high-level waste disposal program through a fee on nuclear power, have sued DOE for failing to begin the removal of spent nuclear fuel from commercial reactors by January 31, 1998, the deadline established by the Nuclear Waste Policy Act. In response to a utility lawsuit, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled November 14, 1997, that DOE would be liable for unspecified damages to nuclear utilities if it missed the 1998 deadline. DOE was ordered to work out a remedy with the utilities under the procedures of the standard disposal contract signed by all nuclear utilities pursuant to NWPA. In the first set of rulings on breach-of-contract suits filed by several utilities, the U.S. Court of Federal Claims decreed on October 29, 1998, that DOE must pay fuel storage costs for three closed commercial reactors. Those costs are to be determined by future trials; the three utilities are claiming damages of $2.4 billion. Damage claims were denied to Northern States Power by another Court of Federal Claims judge on April 6, 1999, but that ruling was reversed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit on August 31, 2000. The Appeals court decision cleared the way for nuclear power companies to proceed with lawsuits in the Court of Federal Claims against DOE. Industry officials contend that total damages for missing the 1998 disposal deadline could eventually reach tens of billions of dollars, assuming that no disposal ever takes place. DOE has been negotiating with various reactor owners since 1999 on the missed nuclear waste deadline and reached its first settlement agreement with a nuclear utility, PECO Energy Co., on July 19, 2000. The agreement allows PECO to keep up to $80 million in nuclear waste fee revenues during the next 10 years and may result in DOE's taking title to waste and storage facilities at PECO's Peach Bottom plant in Pennsylvania. In return, PECO agreed not to sue DOE over the missed disposal deadline. Several utilities expressed opposition to the agreement, but DOE said others are considering similar settlements. Although some of the delays have been blamed on poor program management, DOE contends that tight funding has been a major barrier. DOE cannot spend the nuclear industry's mandatory waste fees without congressional approval, and only about half the total fees collected have been appropriated to the program so far. However, some surplus in the fund may be necessary to pay future nuclear waste disposal costs after today's nuclear plants have ceased operation. Nuclear Spent Fuel Legislation The nuclear industry and its supporters have urged Congress to require DOE to build an interim storage facility that could begin receiving spent fuel from nuclear power plants as soon after the missed 1998 deadline as possible. Such a facility, consisting of storage casks on concrete pads or in surface-based bunkers, could reduce spent fuel storage costs, increase safety, and fulfill the federal government's legal obligations, supporters contend (see NEI perspective at http://www.nei.org/index.asp?catnum=1&catid=14). But environmental, anti-nuclear power, and other groups warn that interim storage would result in earlier transportation of unprecedented quantities of nuclear waste; they contend it would be safer to leave the waste in place until a permanent solution can be found (see Nuclear Information and Resource Service perspective at http://www.nirs.org/fctsht.htm). (For more on the controversy over nuclear waste transportation, see CRS Report 97-403 (pdf), Transportation of Spent Nuclear Fuel.) The Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board, an independent scientific advisory body established by NWPA, recommended in March 1997 that selection of an interim storage site be deferred until Yucca Mountain's suitability as a permanent repository had been determined. The Board contends that DOE should place top priority on the underground repository, rather than interim storage. (For more background on nuclear waste storage, see CRS Report 96-212, Civilian Nuclear Spent Fuel Temporary Storage Options.) The outlook for major nuclear waste legislation in the 107th Congress remains unclear, with no stand-alone waste bills yet introduced. Omnibus energy legislation introduced July 27, 2001 (H.R. 4) would take all expenditures and receipts of the Nuclear Waste Fund off-budget; the provision was taken from an energy bill (H.R. 2587) approved by the House Energy and Commerce Committee July 19, 2001. In analyzing the same provision in a Committee-passed nuclear waste bill in the 106th Congress (H.R. 45), the Congressional Budget Office concluded that it "could ease the way for increased federal spending by exempting such spending from budgetary controls." The nuclear industry and other program supporters have long contended that funding constraints have slowed the program's progress. Opponents of the program, particularly the State of Nevada, contend that increased spending should not be directed to the Yucca Mountain site, which they view as fundamentally flawed. H.R. 4 also includes a provision to establish a spent nuclear fuel "recycling" research and development program, for which $10 million would be authorized for FY2002 and "such sums as necessary" for the following two years. The provision is based on language in an energy bill (H.R. 2460) ordered reported by the House Science Committee July 18, 2001. Supporters of such research contend that new technologies could reduce the volume and long-term toxicity of nuclear waste, particularly by destroying plutonium in the waste through nuclear fission. Opponents note that such treatment requires reprocessing of spent fuel to at least partially separate its major constituents, such as uranium and plutonium, and that separated plutonium could be used for nuclear explosives. Such a program, opponents contend, could undermine U.S. nuclear nonproliferation efforts aimed at discouraging other nations from separating plutonium from spent nuclear fuel. H.R. 4 specifies that technologies pursued by the program should be "proliferation-resistant." Some aspects of the nuclear waste issue are also addressed by a comprehensive energy bill (S. 388) introduced by Senator Murkowski February 26, 2001. The legislation would prevent "irreversible action relating to the disposal of spent nuclear fuel" until Congress had determined whether to permanently bury the spent fuel as waste or to extract plutonium and uranium from the spent fuel to make new nuclear fuel. S. 388 also would establish a nuclear waste research program similar to that in the House Science Committee bill and H.R. 4. Similar provisions are included in a nuclear energy bill (S. 472) introduced by Senator Domenici March 7, 2001. In the 106th Congress, comprehensive legislation to rewrite NWPA and require construction of an interim storage facility near Yucca Mountain was approved by the House Commerce Committee April 21, 1999, by a vote of 40-6 (H.R. 45, H.Rept. 106-155). In addition to mandating interim storage, the bill would have modified the licensing standards for a permanent underground repository, revised the program's funding mechanism, and authorized DOE to take title to spent fuel stored at commercial reactor sites. The Clinton Administration's primary stated objection to H.R. 45 and similar bills introduced in the previous two Congresses was that nuclear waste should not be stored temporarily near Yucca Mountain before the site had been found suitable for permanent underground disposal. Supporters of the interim storage legislation contend that the December 1998 viability assessment, which found "no show stoppers" at Yucca Mountain, should have been sufficient to overcome the Clinton Administration's major concerns. However, Administration officials subsequently indicated that more study was necessary before the veto threat would be lifted. The Clinton Administration also threatened a veto over provisions in the bills that would have given NRC sole authority to set radiation protection standards for the repository, eliminating EPA's role. Faced with continued Clinton Administration opposition to interim storage at Yucca Mountain during the 106th Congress, the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee set aside a comprehensive nuclear waste bill that had been referred to the panel (S. 608) and instead reported an original measure (S. 1287, S.Rept. 106-98) that concentrated on storage at reactor sites. Under S. 1287 as approved by the Committee, DOE would have been authorized to take title to spent fuel at reactor sites and to begin receiving waste at Yucca Mountain as soon as possible after NRC granted a construction permit for a permanent underground repository. In addition, the Committee-passed bill included the elimination of EPA's authority to set environmental standards for the repository, drawing continued veto threats. On the Senate floor, the provision authorizing DOE to take title to waste at reactor sites drew substantial opposition from a number of states with nuclear power plants. Opponents of the "take title" provision contended that once nuclear utilities had handed their waste over to DOE, the pressure to continue progress on a permanent repository would decrease, and the spent fuel could remain at reactor sites indefinitely. To ease those concerns, the provision was dropped from the bill before the final vote. Supporters of the legislation attempted to address the Clinton Administration's objections to the elimination of EPA's standard-setting authority by instead prohibiting EPA from issuing final standards for the repository before June 1, 2001, but the Administration responded with a further veto threat February 8, 2000. With those changes, the Senate passed S. 1287 February 10, 2000, by a vote of 64-34. The House passed S. 1287 without amendment on March 22, 2000, by a vote of 253-167, sending it to the President's desk. As promised, President Clinton vetoed the bill April 25, 2000. The Senate attempted to override the veto on May 2, 2000, but fell three votes short of the necessary two-thirds majority (64-35). Characteristics of Nuclear Waste Radioactive waste is a term that encompasses a broad range of material with widely varying characteristics. Some is barely radioactive and safe to handle, while other types are intensely hot in both temperature and radioactivity. Some decays to safe levels of radioactivity in a matter of days or weeks, while other types will remain dangerous for thousands of years. Major types of radioactive waste are generally defined by DOE and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) as follows: Spent nuclear fuel. Fuel rods that have been permanently withdrawn from a nuclear reactor because they can no longer efficiently sustain a nuclear chain reaction (although they contain uranium and plutonium that could be extracted through reprocessing to make new fuel). By far the most radioactive type of civilian nuclear waste, spent fuel contains extremely hot but relatively short-lived fission products (fragments of uranium and other fissile elements) as well as long-lived radionuclides such as plutonium, which remains dangerously radioactive for tens of thousands of years. High-level waste. Highly radioactive residue created by spent fuel reprocessing (almost entirely for defense purposes in the United States). High-level waste contains most of the radioactive fission products of spent fuel, but most of the uranium and plutonium usually has been removed for re-use. Enough long-lived radioactive elements remain, however, to require isolation for 10,000 years or more. Transuranic waste. Relatively low-activity waste that contains more than a certain level of long-lived elements heavier than uranium (primarily plutonium). Shielding may be required for handling of some types of TRU waste. In the United States, transuranic waste is generated almost entirely by nuclear weapons production processes. Because of the plutonium, long-term isolation is required. Low-level waste. Radioactive waste not classified as spent fuel, high-level waste, TRU waste, or byproduct material such as uranium mill tailings (below). Four classes of low-level waste have been established by NRC, ranging from least radioactive and shortest-lived to the longest-lived and most radioactive. Although some types of low-level waste can be more radioactive than some types of high-level waste, in general low-level waste contains relatively low amounts of radioactivity and decays relatively quickly. Low-level waste disposal facilities cannot accept material that exceeds NRC concentration limits. Uranium mill tailings. Sand-like residues remaining from the processing of uranium ore. Such tailings have very low radioactivity but extremely large volumes that can pose a hazard, particularly from radon emissions or groundwater contamination. Mixed waste. High-level, low-level or TRU waste that contains hazardous non- radioactive waste. Such waste poses serious institutional problems, because the radioactive portion is regulated by DOE or NRC under the Atomic Energy Act, while EPA regulates the non-radioactive elements under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). When spent nuclear fuel is removed from a reactor, usually after several years of power production, it is very hot and highly radioactive. The spent fuel is in the form of fuel assemblies, which consist of arrays of metal-clad fuel rods 12-15 feet long. A fresh fuel rod, which emits relatively little radioactivity, contains uranium that has been slightly enriched in the isotope U-235. But after nuclear fission has taken place in the reactor, many of the uranium atoms in the fuel rods have been split into a variety of highly radioactive fission products; others have absorbed neutrons to become radioactive plutonium, some of which has also split into fission products. Radioactive gases are also contained in the spent fuel rods. Newly withdrawn spent fuel assemblies are stored in large pools of water adjacent to the reactors to keep them from overheating and to protect workers from radiation. The approximately 40,000 metric tons of spent fuel discharged from U.S. commercial nuclear reactors through 1999 is currently stored at about 70 power plant sites around the nation. (Some is also held at two small central storage facilities.) As long as nuclear power continues to be generated, the amounts stored at plant sites will continue to grow until an interim storage facility or a permanent repository can be opened -- or until alternative treatment and disposal technology is developed. A typical large commercial nuclear reactor discharges an average of 20-30 metric tons of spent fuel per year -- about 2,000 metric tons annually for the entire U.S. nuclear power industry. As a result, the total amount of spent fuel is expected to reach 60,000 metric tons by 2010, the earliest feasible date for opening the Yucca Mountain repository, and almost 80,000 metric tons by 2020. Large amounts of new storage capacity at nuclear plant sites will obviously be required if DOE is unable to begin accepting waste into its disposal system for another 12 years. Most utilities are expected to construct new dry storage capacity for their older fuel. On-site dry storage facilities currently in operation or planned typically consist of metal casks or concrete modules. NRC has determined that spent fuel could be stored safely at reactor sites for up to 100 years. Low-level waste disposed of in commercial sites makes up about a third of all accumulated low-level waste in the United States; the remaining two-thirds has been generated by DOE activities and sent to DOE-owned disposal sites. About 320,000 cubic feet of commercial low-level waste was shipped to disposal sites in 1997. The volume of commercial low-level radioactive waste peaked in 1980 and fell sharply in the 1990s, primarily because of escalating disposal fees. The vast majority of commercial low-level waste typically consists of the least hazardous "Class A" waste. In 1997, nuclear utilities generated nearly two-thirds of the volume of commercially disposed low-level waste, industrial activities accounted for about a fourth, government for less than 10%, academic activities for about 2%, and medical institutions for less than 1%, according to DOE. About 85% of the radioactivity came from utility waste. Nuclear utilities' share of total volume and radioactivity is expected to rise when current reactors are decommissioned, because significant numbers of components have become radioactive during operation and will be disposed of as low-level waste -- some of it relatively long-lived. Spent fuel and high-level waste are a federal responsibility, while states are required to develop disposal facilities for commercial low-level waste. In general, disposal requirements have grown more stringent over the years, in line with overall national environmental policy and heightened concerns about the hazards of radioactivity. Current Program. The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 (NWPA, P.L. 97-425) established a system for selecting a geologic repository for permanent disposal of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste and created a DOE office to carry out the program, the Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management (OCRWM). The Nuclear Waste Fund, consisting of a fee on commercial nuclear power and federal contributions for emplacement of high-level defense waste, was established to pay for the program. DOE was required to select three candidate sites for the first national high-level waste repository. After much controversy over DOE's implementation of NWPA, the Act was substantially modified by the Nuclear Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1987 (Title IV, Subtitle A of P.L. 100-203, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987). Under the amendments, the only candidate site DOE may consider for a permanent high-level waste repository is at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. If that site proves unsuitable, DOE must return to Congress for further instructions. The 1987 amendments also authorized construction of a monitored retrievable storage (MRS) facility to store spent fuel and prepare it for delivery to the repository. But because of fears that the MRS would reduce the need to open the permanent repository and become a de facto repository itself, the law forbids DOE from selecting an MRS site until recommending to the President that a repository be constructed (which is not scheduled to take place until 2001) although the search for an MRS site may begin at any time. In addition, construction of an MRS facility may not begin until NRC has granted a construction license for the permanent repository, and construction or operation of the MRS must cease if repository construction is interrupted. No more than 10,000 metric tons of waste may be stored at the MRS before the permanent repository begins operating, and no more than 15,000 metric tons thereafter. Waste Facility Schedules. DOE's most recent nuclear waste program schedule calls for the repository to begin operating by 2010 -- 12 years later than the law's target date. According to a draft Civilian Radioactive Waste Program Plan issued in May 1996, the 2010 opening can be achieved despite severe budget cuts imposed for FY1996. The major activity at the Yucca Mountain site is the excavation of an "exploratory studies facility" (ESF) with a 25-foot-diameter tunnel boring machine. The ESF consists primarily of a five-mile tunnel with ramps leading to the surface at its north and south ends. The tunnel boring machine began excavating the north ramp in October 1994 and broke through to the surface at the south entrance April 25, 1997. Underground studies are being conducted at several side alcoves that have been excavated off the main tunnel. DOE completed a "viability assessment" of Yucca Mountain in December 1998, which was followed by a draft environmental impact statement (EIS) for the project in July 1999, which was updated in May 2001. Upcoming major milestones for the program, however, have been pushed back by DOE's FY2002 budget request. Under the new schedule, if the Yucca Mountain site appears acceptable, DOE would issue a final EIS and recommend approval by the President in FY2002, rather than FY2001 as previously planned. Upon presidential approval, DOE plans to submit a license application to NRC in FY2003, instead of FY2002. DOE then hopes to receive the necessary NRC construction permit and operating license in time to allow waste disposal in the repository to begin in 2010. The repository is to be permanently closed in 2116, according to the DOE viability assessment. The DOE Total System Life Cycle Cost Report, issued in May 2001, estimates that the entire program will cost $49.3 billion (in constant 2000 dollars) from 2001-2119. The report says the program spent $6.7 billion in year-of-expenditure dollars through FY2000. Interim Storage. Delays in the federal nuclear waste program have prompted interest in a private interim storage facility. A utility consortium signed an agreement with a Utah Indian tribe on December 27, 1996, to develop a private spent fuel storage facility on tribal land. The Private Fuel Storage (PFS) consortium submitted a license application to NRC June 25, 1997. Project officials told NRC in March 1997 that the dry-cask storage facility would be located on 98 acres of the sparsely populated reservation of the Skull Valley Band of Goshute Indians, about 70 miles southwest of Salt Lake City. The initial lease for the site would run for 25 years, with possible renewal for another 25 years. The facility's capacity would be 40,000 metric tons, available to any U.S. nuclear utility in addition to the eight consortium members. The facility, strongly opposed by the State of Utah, would not require DOE assistance or congressional or state approval. PFS estimates that construction of the facility could start by 2002 and spent fuel shipments could begin in 2004 if an NRC license is granted by late 2001. Regulatory Requirements. NWPA requires that high-level waste facilities be licensed by the NRC in accordance with general standards issued by EPA. Under the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (P.L. 102-486), EPA was required to write new standards specifically for Yucca Mountain. NWPA also requires the repository to meet general siting guidelines prepared by DOE and approved by NRC. Transportation of waste to storage and disposal sites is regulated by NRC and the Department of Transportation. NRC's repository licensing requirements, at 10 CFR 60, require compliance with EPA's standards and establish a number of other performance criteria that DOE must meet. For example, waste packages and other engineered barriers must provide "substantially complete" containment for at least 300 years and must not release radionuclides (radioactive material) above specified rates. Another key NRC requirement is that radionuclides must be prevented from reaching the accessible environment for at least 1,000 years. The NRC licensing requirements will have to be made consistent with EPA's new site-specific repository standards. DOE's repository siting guidelines, at 10 CFR 960, developed with NRC concurrence, establish the criteria DOE will use in determining the suitability of the Yucca Mountain site. DOE proposed changes to the suitability criteria November 30, 1999, drawing severe criticism from environmental groups. The proposal would replace numerous individual disqualifying conditions, such as a high rate of water movement through the repository, with an analysis of "total system performance," in which previously unacceptable conditions could be mitigated by other factors. Upon finding Yucca Mountain suitable, the Secretary of Energy would recommend the site to the President, who if he concurred would submit the recommendation to Congress. The President's recommendation could then be "vetoed" by the state or Indian Tribe hosting the proposed repository, but that veto could be overridden by a congressional resolution signed by the President. Once the President's siting recommendation took effect, DOE could apply to NRC for a license. The Energy Policy Act of 1992 (P.L. 102-486) made a number of changes in the nuclear waste regulatory system, particularly that EPA must issue new environmental standards specifically for the Yucca Mountain repository site. General EPA repository standards previously issued and subsequently revised no longer apply to Yucca Mountain. DOE and NRC had complained that some of EPA's general standards might be impossible or impractical to meet. The new standards, which would limit the radiation dose that the repository could impose on individual members of the public, must be consistent with the findings of a study by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), which was issued August 1, 1995. The NAS study recommends that the Yucca Mountain environmental standards establish a limit on risk to individuals near the repository, rather than setting specific limits for the releases of radioactive material or on radioactive doses, as under previous EPA standards. In the 106th Congress, S. 1287 would have established a risk limit, while H.R. 45 would have established a dose limit. The NAS study also examined the potential for human intrusion into the repository and found no scientific basis for predicting human behavior thousands of years into the future. Pursuant to the Energy Policy Act, EPA published its proposed Yucca Mountain radiation protection standards on August 27, 1999. The proposal would have limited annual radiation doses to 15 millirems for the "reasonably maximally exposed individual," and to 4 millirems from groundwater exposure, for the first 10,000 years of repository operation. EPA calculated that its standard would result in an annual risk of fatal cancer for the maximally exposed individual of seven chances in a million. NRC has proposed a Yucca Mountain standard of 25 millirems, with no separate groundwater standard. The nuclear industry criticized the EPA proposal as being unnecessarily stringent, particularly the groundwater standard. On the other hand, environmental groups contended that the 10,000-year standard proposed by EPA was too short, because DOE had projected that radioactive releases from the repository would peak well after that period. EPA issued its final Yucca Mountain standards on June 6, 2001. The final standards include most of the major provisions of the proposed version, including the 15 millirem overall exposure limit and the 4 millirem groundwater limit. The most significant changes in the final rules were to require that compliance be demonstrated about one mile closer to the repository and to double the amount of groundwater that would be analyzed. NRC plans to change its rules to conform to the EPA standards. Despite their opposition to the EPA standards, DOE officials have indicated that they still expect the Yucca Mountain site to be able to meet them. Alternative Technologies. A number of alternatives to the geologic disposal of spent fuel have been studied by DOE and its predecessor agencies, as well as technologies that might make waste disposal easier. However, most of these technologies involve large technical obstacles, uncertain costs, and potential public opposition. Among the primary long-term disposal alternatives to geologic repositories are disposal in deep ocean trenches and transport into space, neither of which is currently being studied by DOE. Other technologies have been studied that, while probably not replacing geologic disposal, might make geologic disposal safer and more predictable. Chief among these is the concept of "burning" long-lived plutonium and other radionuclides in a special nuclear reactor or particle accelerator, converting them to faster-decaying fission products. The FY2001 Energy and Water bill establishes an Advanced Accelerator Applications program, with $3 million earmarked for spent fuel research in Nevada. No new funding for the program was included in the DOE FY2002 budget request or the House-passed version of the Energy and Water Development Appropriations bill (H.R. 2311), but the Senate-passed version provides $70 million. The spent fuel recycling program authorized by H.R. 4 would be related to the waste transmutation research. Funding. DOE requested $445 million for the civilian nuclear waste program in FY2002, more than $50 million above the program's FY2001 base appropriation of $390 million. Table 1. DOE Civilian Spent Fuel
Management Funding
Sources: DOE FY2002 Congressional Budget Request, Appropriations reports, Congressional Record * Subcategories not specified. The House-passed FY2002 Energy and Water Appropriations bill (H.R. 2311, H.Rept. 107-112) would provide all but $2 million of the Administration request. However, the Senate voted to cut the program to $275 million (S.Rept. 107-39), a move that drew controversy during floor debate. Senator Murkowski warned that the reduction would delay the program by several years and force layoffs of 650 federal and contractor personnel working on the Yucca Mountain project. In response to such criticism, Senator Reid, Chairman of the Energy and Water Appropriations Subcommittee, added a Sense of the Senate resolution to H.R. 2311 that urged Senate conferees to "ensure that the levels of funding included in the Senate bill for the Yucca Mountain program are increased to an amount closer to that included in the House-passed version. . . ." As Table 1 indicates, about half of the FY2001 funding for the program final bill comes from the Nuclear Waste Fund, with the rest coming from the defense waste account. The FY2002 request would fund more than two-thirds of the program from the defense waste account. Although nuclear utilities pay fees to the Nuclear Waste Fund to cover the disposal costs of civilian nuclear spent fuel, DOE cannot spend the money in the fund until it is appropriated by Congress. Through the end of FY2000, utility nuclear waste fees and interest totaled $15.2 billion, of which about $5.5 billion had been disbursed to the waste disposal program, according to DOE, leaving a balance of $9.6 billion in the Nuclear Waste Fund. Another $2.3 billion was owed by utilities for spent fuel generated before 1983. The nuclear waste program's appropriations for FY1983-FY2000 total about $6.7 billion, according to DOE, including $1.2 billion for defense waste disposal. The FY2001 Energy and Water Development Appropriations bill, signed by President Clinton October 27, 2000 (P.L. 106-377), provides an additional $10 million if needed to prevent program delays. The $10 million comes from $85 million appropriated in FY1996 for interim storage, which had been contingent on enactment of the interim storage legislation vetoed by President Clinton. The remaining $75 million of the interim storage funding was rescinded by the FY2001 appropriations bill. Current Policy. Disposal of low-level radioactive waste, which generally consists of low concentrations of relatively short-lived radionuclides, is a state responsibility under the 1980 Low-level Radioactive Waste Policy Act and 1985 amendments. Most states have joined congressionally approved interstate compacts to handle low-level waste disposal, while others are developing single-state disposal sites. Under the 1985 amendments, the nation's three (at that time) operating commercial low-level waste disposal facilities could start refusing to accept waste from outside their regional interstate compacts after the end of 1992. One site is currently using that authority, leaving only one open to nationwide disposal of all major types of low-level waste. A third site, in Utah, has since become available nationwide for most Class A low-level waste. The Utah site's operator, Envirocare, applied to the State on November 1, 1999, for a license amendment to accept Class B and C waste as well. Utah regulators announced preliminary approval of the request January 2, 2001. Despite the 1992 deadline, no new disposal sites have been opened. A facility in California's Ward Valley to serve California, Arizona, North Dakota, and South Dakota received a state operating permit in 1993. However, the site is on federal land, which the Department of the Interior would not transfer to the state as had originally been expected. As a result, California Governor Davis established an advisory committee in June 1999 to explore alternatives to the Ward Valley disposal site. Texas is to develop a disposal site under a recently approved compact with Maine and Vermont. Legislation providing congressional consent to the compact was signed by President Clinton September 20, 1998 (P.L. 105-236). However, the future of the new compact's disposal program was thrown into uncertainty by the October 22, 1998, rejection of a proposed disposal site near Sierra Blanca, Texas, by the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission. The Midwestern Compact voted June 26, 1997, to halt development of a disposal facility in Ohio. Nebraska regulators rejected a proposed waste site for the Central Compact December 21, 1998, drawing a lawsuit from five utilities in the region. Most other regional disposal compacts and individual states that have not joined compacts are making little progress toward finding disposal sites, largely because of public opposition and the continued availability of the disposal facilities in South Carolina and, for most Class A waste, Utah. "Presently, no state or compact is trying to identify a site for a disposal facility," according to a September 1999 report by the General Accounting Office. Only one disposal facility, at Barnwell, S.C., is currently accepting all Class A, B and C low-level waste from most states. The Barnwell facility had stopped accepting waste from outside the Southeast Compact at the end of June 1994. Then the Southeast Compact Commission in May 1995 twice rejected a South Carolina proposal to open the Barnwell site to waste generators outside the Southeast and to bar access to North Carolina until that state opened a new regional disposal facility, as required by the Compact. The rejection of those proposals led the South Carolina General Assembly vote in 1995 to withdraw from the Southeast Compact and begin accepting waste at Barnwell from all states but North Carolina. North Carolina withdrew from the Southeast Compact July 26, 1999, a move that prompted a lawsuit from the Compact on July 10, 2000. South Carolina joined the Atlantic Compact (formerly the Northeast Compact) with Connecticut and New Jersey on July 1, 2000. Under the compact, South Carolina can limit the use of the Barnwell facility to the three compact members. A state law enacted in June 2000 phases out acceptance of non-compact waste through 2008. The only other existing disposal facility for all three major classes of low-level waste is at Hanford, Washington. Controlled by the Northwest Compact, the Hanford site will continue taking waste from the neighboring Rocky Mountain Compact under a contract. States barred from access to existing disposal facilities are likely to require low-level waste generators to store their waste on site until new disposal sites are available, particularly for Class B and C waste. However, the Envirocare site in Utah could provide nationwide disposal if its Class B and C license is approved. Regulatory Requirements. Licensing of commercial low-level waste facilities is carried out under the Atomic Energy Act by NRC or by "agreement states" with regulatory programs approved by NRC. NRC regulations governing low-level waste licenses must conform to general environmental protection standards and radiation protection guidelines issued by EPA. Transportation of low-level waste is jointly regulated by NRC and the Department of Transportation. Most states considering new or expanded low-level waste disposal facilities, including Texas, California, and Utah are "agreement states" -- states authorized by NRC to license the handling of low-level waste and certain other radioactive materials. Most states, both agreement and non-agreement, have established substantially stricter technical requirements for low-level waste disposal than NRC's, such as banning shallow land burial and requiring concrete bunkers and other engineered barriers. NRC would issue the licenses in non-agreement states. H.R. 4 (Tauzin) H.R. 2072 (Berkley)
H.R. 2460 (Boehlert)
H.R. 2587 (Tauzin)
S. 388 (Murkowski)
S. 472 (Domenici) CONGRESSIONAL HEARINGS, REPORTS, AND DOCUMENTS U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Commerce. Subcommittee on Energy and Power. Status of the Department of Energy Program to Develop a Permanent Geologic Repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Hearing, 106th Congress, 2nd session. June 23, 2000. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 2000. 165 p. "Serial no. 106-151" ---- Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1999. Hearings, 106th Congress, 1st session. February 10 and March 12, 1999. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1999. 245 p. "Serial no. 106-17" U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Nuclear Waste Litigation. Hearing, 106th Congress, 2nd session. September 28, 2000. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 2001. 58 p. S. Hrg. 106-918 ---- Nuclear Waste Storage and Disposal Policy. Hearing, 106th Congress, 1st session. March 24, 1999. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1999. 99 p. S. Hrg. 106-105 League of Women Voters Education Fund. The Nuclear Waste Primer. Washington, D.C., 1993. 170 p. Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board. Report to the U.S. Congress and the U.S. Secretary of Energy. April 2001. 118 p. U.S. Department of Energy. Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management home page; covers DOE activities for disposal, transportation, and other management of civilian nuclear waste. http://www.rw.doe.gov U.S. General Accounting Office. Nuclear Waste: Impediments to Completing the Yucca Mountain Repository Project. GAO/RCED-97-30. January 1997. 56 p. ---- Low-Level Radioactive Wastes: States Are Not Developing Disposal Facilities. GAO/RCED-99-238. September 1999. 104 p. U.S. Geological Survey. Yucca Mountain as a Radioactive-Waste Repository. Circular 1184. 1999. 19 p. Return to CONTENTS section of this Issue Brief. |
National Council for Science and the Environment 1725 K Street, Suite 212 - Washington, DC 20006 202-530-5810 - firstname.lastname@example.com |


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- September 8, 2012
- 9:27 a.m.
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completion writes:
my beliefs is the fact that Speaker Harrel should set down with Richard Harpootytang and discuss the racial slurs that come out of harpootytang's mouth,, he is a RACIST with a slight hint of a SEXIST , i belive the people of Harpooytangs discrict deserve better leadership than this.
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subset: commoncrawl


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- Club Dada is one of the oldest and most varied clubs in Deep Ellum. On any given night, the crowd may include Dead Heads, Beatles fans celebrating a 'Hard Night's Day', or the mic will be open for new bands, comics or poets. For a funky diversion tour the Far Bar Art Gallery, which contains work by local artists. There are two indoor stages, one outdoor stage and a large landscaped patio. Recently, the club has featured Internet band broadcasts, which are live on stage as their songs waft out over the Internet simultaneously.
- © wcities.com 2013
Ask a local about Club Dada
Locals have answered 4 questions about Dallas.
Ask Dallas Locals about Club Dada
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- tel: +1 214 744 3232
- 2720 Elm Street
- Dallas, TX 75226
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Note: Incident from 'Lessons to prevent death during hot work in, around tanks'
Pennzoil Refinery
Rouseville, Pa., October 16, 1995
5 killed
While this case was not investigated by the CSB because the agency was not yet funded and operational, the catastrophic nature of this hot work accident and the lessons learned from it support the case's inclusion in this bulletin. An explosion and fire resulted during hot work activities, killing five employees; the ensuing fire forced the evacuation of the refinery and nearby residents.
The EPA investigated the incident and found that a welding operation was in progress on a service stairway located between two liquid storage tanks that contained mixtures of waste hydrocarbons and water. The explosion was attributed to the ignition of flammable vapor from one of the tanks. The EPA report found that "the tanks containing combustible or flammable vapors were not thoroughly isolated from the hot work site. … Although combustible gas testing prior to the start of hot work early in the morning indicated vapors were not present, gradual warming could make the presence of combustible vapors more likely."16According to the report, gas monitoring was apparently not repeated during the midmorning hours when the explosion occurred. The EPA recommends that facilities evaluate the need for continuous combustible gas monitoring during hot work activities.
Applicable key lessons: Analyze the hazards; monitor the atmosphere; test the area.
If you wish to be redirected to the webpage where this article appears click here. The content is displayed on our website as links often break.


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Okay, so … this episode was much better than the last couple and I would even say it was a good episode, and it sort of feels like we're getting back on track, BUT. You knew it was coming, right? The but is that I don't think I have forgiven the show yet for the New Orleans episode. That shit seriously pissed me off (as you know) and I felt betrayed as a viewer, and it will just take some time to win me back. And really, if the finale weren't next week, I'm not sure I'd still be recapping it right now, just because I feel like me and this show need a little break, where I don't talk about it on the internet and I maybe let it pile up on my DVR and instead of spending time with it, watch How I Met Your Mother instead. You know, like a real "taking a break" in a relationship, minus the part about piling up on my DVR. If the person you're trying to avoid is on your DVR and must be ignored, you have much more exotic problems than me.
Anyway, just because I don't have a lot of enthusiasm for this episode, which is a bummer because I SHOULD, doesn't mean I have anything bad to say either, really. So let me just hit the high points here and then y'all can talk about it in the comments (and again, plenty of Wade, so I'm looking forward to the gif linking fest that's sure to ensue). Ready? Let's do it.
- Gary Cole is always a high point. I like his relationship with Zoe and how he tries to look out for her and do what's best for her, even with the awkward situation.
- Lots of Wade! Of course, part of that was him fucking up his bank loan meeting, but part of it was also bromance with Lavon, which I always love.
- LAVON! Just being a good friend and generally awesome guy to everyone. NBD.
- Zoe getting some comeuppance for being such a careless bitch lately.
- Actual character development for Brick.
- The return of Annabeth with an actual story. Man, I love her. She might even be my favorite secondary character, although I do love Tom and his damn puppy sweater and adorable relationship.
- Lemon using tennis as a euphemism for sex. Hahahahaha! So southern, and yet I also had a roommate in college who used "tennis" also, but really just to be funny.
- I also liked Lemon's dumb friend. She reminded me of Karen in Mean Girls. I wonder if next week her boobs will have ESPN and she'll tell us if it's already raining.
More on the meh side … I didn't care too much about Rose manipulating Magnolia's fear of hell, and of course I could give a shit about George and Lemon. Or Lemon getting her head stuck in a bed, which … hello, when Full House beat you to the punch, it's bad. What's next, Lemon decides she's not skinny enough and passes out after running on a treadmill and only eating ice cubes for four days? Please.
I just realized … this show really needs Kimmy Gibbler. All shows do, really.
Alright, what did you guys think? Are you still mad at the show, or have you forgiven it mostly except you're dragging out the stage where it has to suck up to you and bring chocolate and stuff? And by chocolate, I of course mean more Wade. Any favorite moments or thoughts? And who's looking forward to next week? I am, in spite of myself. God help me, I cannot resist a stormy barn scene. I blame this on The Wonder Years.
Comments people! I'm going to need all the juice I can get to help me through the finale!
Tags: Hart of Dixie


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With the advancement of technology nowadays people do not need to work extra hard to get a girlfriend. It is just one Nintendo DS away. Continue reading »
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When being "normal" takes time
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Which Harry Potter character do you like the most?
Most people would love Harry. Or Hermione. Or Ron. Some would love Dumbledore. Some might choose Draco, or maybe the Weasley twins. I choose Severus. Continue reading »
5 lessons I've learned from blogging
Blogging was an accidental thing that I stumbled upon and love, and a passion that I've nurtured for over two years. There are some highs and lows, but it's been wonderful journey nonetheless. Here are my top five lessons that I've learned from blogging. Continue reading »
Tutorial 101
It was Friday, 9am. I was a first year student, in the first week of my first semester. I held the university map and studied it like the Bible, and brought four different subject guides to every class. So what could possibly be a worse way to enter your first tutorial? Oh yeah, being the only Asian in the room. Continue reading »
long vs short hair
To start at the end, I miss my long hair. To start at the beginning, I hate my ex-long hair. When I was young(er), I have decided to not cut my hair and just let it grow longer and longer. My hair is black, straight, and I love it. But it is annoying, really, really … Continue reading »
US 2011 (1): New York, Washington DC, Philadelphia, Boston, and Niagara Falls
Here's the part one of my US trip. It is just a summary, for writing in details will mean that I will never make the post about my holiday at all. I enjoyed my holiday, and I believe one day I'll be back with my own money, perhaps with my husband, or even children! New … Continue reading »
An insider's guide to picking a cafe in Melbourne
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Hardware Societe (cafe review)
mp's rating: coffee – 4/5, food – 4/5 The Hardware Societe (120 Hardware Ln, Melbourne) is located right at the heart of the Melbourne city, and it has been a popular brunch spot for quite a long time. Although I have heard much about it, I haven't really got the time to search for the … Continue reading »
3 ideas for a first date
Published on Meld Magazine on November 2, read the original article here. 3 ideas for a first date WANT to impress that cute girl? Meld reporter Marcella Purnama drops some not-so-subtle hints for guys wondering what to do on the first date. FIRST DATES are scary. You only have one chance to make a good … Continue reading »
Tesselaar Tulip Farm 2011
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I needed a quick dress to wear to a wedding. i made the size 34 with 1/4 seam allowances. i added twill tape to the shoulder seams and shortened the dress by 2.5"
my blog entry with more details is at http://knottygnome.blogspot.com/2012/07/emergency-dress.html
organic cotton jersey from fabric.com
Jul 2, 2012, 06.26 PMby Mary Athey
Lovely dress. xx
Jul 2, 2012, 03.09 PMby SassyT
Looks fab
Editors' Pick
Sweet dresses, an outfit for a doll, and cute embellishments are fun for the holidays!
Meg's Magazine Mash Up!
Check out Meg's latest mash up of our Straight Skirt, and how she made it look so yummy!
Member Project of the Week
The latest Elie Saab collection inspired this hand-beaded dress by chanel2005.
Editors' Pick
Celebrate with lovely dresses, sparkly dolman tees, and an embellished peplum skirt.
Backstage Report
This week's new BurdaStyle Videos release is "Sewing a Thread-Chain Belt Loop." Check it out!


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"Breakdown" is a song co-written by American singer Mariah Carey and Stevie J. for Carey's seventh album, Butterfly (1997). Co-produced by Carey, Stevie and Puff Daddy, it features raps by Bone Thugs-n-Harmony (with an emphasis on rapped parts from Krayzie Bone and Wish Bone).
Slant Magazine called "Breakdown" "the song of Carey's career... where the lyrical strokes are as broad and obvious as they are naked... This is the height of her elegance and maybe hip-hop-soul's, too." In their review Billboard magazine called it a "wickedly infectious ditty", and Allmusic said that it "ranks among her best. The LA Weekly mentioned that "Breakdown" "took signature elements of new-millennium R&B — breathy vocals, rap star cameo, lyrics about heartbreak — and did what almost no one else who's used the formula has been able to do: trip onto that rarefied plane where music, words and voice all converge into pure emotion", going on to call it a "sublime recording" and "one of the best R&B performances of the decade."
Since its release, "Breakdown" has become a favorite among several fans of Carey and Bone Thugs-n-Harmony, and Carey commented in a 2006 interview with MTV Overdrive that "Breakdown", along with other songs from Butterfly, was one of her favorite of her songs. She mentioned in the liner notes of her hits compilation #1's (1998) that she intended the track to be included on a future "greatest hits" release. She suffered a physical and emotional breakdown in 2001, and consequently the song was not included on her compilation album, Greatest Hits, released later that year. It featured on her remix collection The Remixes (2003).
The single's video (released in March 1998) was directed by Carey with the assistance of Diane Martel. It sees her take on the role of various "casino girl" roles, including the cabaret girl, showgirl, cowgirl and lucky charm, and members of Bone Thugs-n-Harmony make appearances in the video. A different edit of the song, titled "The Mo' Thugs" remix, features longer raps from Krayzie & Wish Bone and an intro and verse from Layzie Bone, who was absent from the original mix. This version can be found on Bone Thugs-n-Harmony's compilation The Collection Volume One.
Chart (1998) | Peak position |
Australian ARIA Singles Chart | 38 |
U.S. ARC Weekly Top 40 | 15 |
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Airplay | 53 |
U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay | 13 |
U.S. Billboard Rhythmic Top 40 | 18 |


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Darini Restaurant Cuisines: Continental / African, Zanzibari Email Address: Click to Email Website: Go to Website |
Entering the Kisiwa House restaurant Darini is like stepping into a past of refinement and self-indulgence.
With its fine décor, amber-hued lighting and antique fixtures, specifically designed to create a warm and relaxed ambiance, you will immediately feel at ease.
Darini is a unique yet distinctive restaurant featuring both traditional and continental specialties inspired by the island's aromatic spices and flavours, revealing a fascinating cuisine.
Tantalize your palate with our Chef's true Zanzibar Delights while enjoying a breathtaking view of Stone Town and the Indian Ocean.
572 Street Stone Town Zanzibar
Next to Dhow Palace Hotel and opposite Madeira / DHL.


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- January 24, 2013
- 10:45 p.m.
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25percenter writes:
Why don't we just jack up the nuke plant like we jacked up all those homes in Sewall's Point? Is all it takes is a little OPM (Other People's Money.) Right Eve?
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You can also RSVP on Eventbrite or by clicking here
Confused about all of the terms being thrown around? Crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, equity funding?
Do you want to invest, but are afraid most patforms currently out there are not answering your questions about equity crowdfunding? Are you a service provider frustrated that you cannot raise money on a product based rewards platform because their is no tangible product? Then you have come to the right place.
Crowdfunding is the ideal solution for entrepreneurs to gain access to funds and investors who are looking to get a finanical gain on their investment, Unlike rewards based platforms, equity platforms offer investors and entrepreneurs a real opportunity for growth. Instead of simply pre selling a product, you are building a long lasting company.
This event will show you the truth about equity crowdfunding, what you have to look out (including scams and fraud), and who are the main players in the space.
Did you ever hear that 50 percent of businesses fail in the first year and 95 percent fail within five years?
Not true! According to statistics published by the Small Business Administration (SBA), only seven out of ten businesses survive at least two years, and just 51 percent survive at least five years. This is contrary to the long-held popular belief that 50 percent of businesses fail in the first year and 95 percent fail within five years.Get the facts,
Event sponsorship opportunities are available, contact us for more details at firstname.lastname@example.com
6:00 PM - 6:15 PM: Registration + Cold Beer
6:15 PM - 7:15 PM: Equity Crowdfunding discussion (What is Equity Crowdfunding?)
7:15 PM - 8:00 PM: Networking with Smart Money Entrepreneurs Founders (speak to us about your thoughts and comments regarding this exciting industry)
Jeremy Andrews, Founder and CEO of Smart Money Entrepreneurs
$10 (*You must RSVP to be added to attendee list in order to enter the event)
Thanks to L.E.S. (http://www.projective.co) for helping make this an exciting event.
Coming soon...
Coming Soon...
As the founder and CEO of a soon to be lauched crowdfunding platform, Jeremy's and his team bring extensive knowlegde and expertise about the pending SEC regulations and what it means for both the accredited and unaccredited investors alike.
Having worked for various startups, small businesses and corporate finance and marketing departments, Jeremy's coaches entrepreneurs in various capacities to build their business. This is Jeremy's third startup as founder.
This class hasn't been reviewed yet.


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Chevron plans to start Romania shale gas exploration
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BUCHAREST May 9 (Reuters) - U.S. oil major Chevron said on Thursday it plans to start exploration for shale gas in Romania, where the government has sounded increasingly amenable to allowing mining by fracking.
The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates Romania and neighbouring Bulgaria and Hungary could have 538 billion cubic metres of shale gas between them, slightly more than Europe's annual consumption and enough to cover Romania's for almost 40 years.
Chevron will conduct a 2D geophysical study near the Black Sea and plans to drill exploratory shale wells further north in Vaslui county, spokeswoman Sally Jones said. The company did not give a specific date for starting work.
"The exploration phase has a multi-year timeframe. The results of the exploration stage will determine, in cooperation with the Romanian government, the commencement of any potential exploitation activities," Jones said in a statement.
Chevron has rights to explore for shale in three blocks of 670,000 acres (270,000 hectares) near the Black Sea, and has also bought the concession in Vaslui for an undisclosed amount.
The extraction of shale gas requires hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, a method that involves injecting water and chemicals at high pressure into underground rock formations. Experts say that if it is done according to best practice it is environmentally safe, but the technology still provokes public concern.
Initially opposed to shale gas, the leftist coalition government of Victor Ponta has shifted its stance since gaining power in 2012 and now supports exploration, in pursuit for energy independence for Romania.
It has stopped short of approving exploitation of shale wells and thousands protested against shale gas exploration across Romania last month, asking the government to ban drilling due to environment concerns.
"To reach exploitation we need to see if we have this resource and where we have it," Environment Minister Rovana Plumb said last week.
"From the point of view of the environment ministry there is no environmental risk in terms of exploration as the hydraulic fracturing technology is not being used."
Romania is already the least dependent on Russian gas among its central and eastern European neighbours due to its conventional reserves and imports only about a quarter if what it uses.
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- Fed cuts bond buying in first step away from historic stimulus |


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Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino,
Las Vegas
Planet Hollywood Restaurant
The Perfect View of Fireworks to Countdown to 2014 is from the Balconies of Planet Hollywood Restaurant inside the Forum Shops...
Las Vegas las vegas events new years events
Vegas Fireworks New Years 2014
Tuesday, Dec 31
HustlaBall Las Vegas 2014
Sunday, Jan 19
Share Nightclub,
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The Return Of
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Presented by Rentboy...
Las Vegas: Listings by Christmas
Friday, Dec 13
Las Vegas Library,
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December 13, 2013
10:30am to 12:30pm
LAS Vegas Library
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3 Hours Of Free Listing TRAINING
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New Years Eve Week at The Light Vegas
Monday, Dec 30
Las Vegas
Just wanted to let you know about The Light Las Vegas' NYE Lineup! Info below and flyer is attached
New Year's Eve 2014
Tuesday, Dec 31
Hyde Nightclub at Bellagio,
Las Vegas
Ring in New Years Eve 2014 in Las Vegas at the ultra-exclusive Hyde Bellagio. Located on the Bellagio fountains with unparalleled strip views and under the glow of the New Years Firework Show...
Vegas! The Show
Tuesday, Dec 31
Saxe Theater,
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"Vegas! The Show" is all that you love about the old days of Vegas presented the only way that Vegas knows how, an incredible music driven spectacular...
New Years Eve at Pure
Tuesday, Dec 31
Pure Nightclub at Caesars Palace,
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More Info@http://tinyurl.com/psgdjey
PURE Nightclub inside Caesars Palace welcomes clubgoers to ring in the New Year hosting an unforgettable affair Tuesday, December 31...
A Bottomless New Years Eve
Tuesday, Dec 31
Koi Restaurant and Lounge,
Las Vegas
Koi Ultra Lounge, located on the mezzanine level of Planet Hollywood Hotel & Casino presents NYE 2014...
NamesCon Las Vegas 2014
Thursday, Jan 16
Tropicana Hotel & Casino,
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With over 400 attendees expected, NamesCon will be the largest Conference dedicated exclusively for the Internet Name Industry...
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Chateau Nightclub & Gardens,
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Chateau New Years Eve 2014
Chateau Nightclub & Gardens inside the Paris Hotel & Casino ring in 2014 featuring premier talent and electrifying beats that will have partygoers popping bubbly as they ...
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Diablo's Cantina,
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Witness the best outdoor party from our balcony and dance the night away as we host the wildest New Year's Eve blow-out in Las Vegas...
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Tuesday, Dec 31
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PURE Nightclub inside Caesars Palace welcomes clubgoers to ring in the New Year hosting an unforgettable affair Tuesday, December 31...
New Year's Eve Celebration
Tuesday, Dec 31
House of Blues Las Vegas,
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Ring in the New Year with Foundation Room!
Dinner packages, lounge packages and open bar packages are now available...
5th Annual Midnight in Venice New Years
Tuesday, Dec 31
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Spouses/Children: Dame Maud D' AVRANCHES
Ancestral File Number: 9FTN-7Q. User ID: 37819394.
ANCESTRAL FILEAncestral File Ver 4.11 9FTN-7Q De Curcy Born Abt 1095, 8Q7P-MN DECURCY Born Abt 1090, IGI Birth 7510804 -79-1058058 William DE COURCY, TG3Z-19 William De COURCY Born Abt 1107 Oxford- shire.INTERNATIONAL GENEALOGICAL INDEXIGI Birth 7510804-79-1058058 William DE COURCY Father Robert DE COURCY 1090 Devon England.
William married Dame Maud D' AVRANCHES, daughter of Robert D' AVRANCHES and Emma De Doll BRIONNE, about 1132 in , Oxfordshire, England. (Dame Maud D' AVRANCHES was born about 1097-1111 in , Oxfordshire, England and died on 21 Sep 1173.)
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This Web Site was Created 27 Mar 2002 with Legacy 4.0 from Millennia


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We've gathered new recipes just in time for the holiday season. Add these to your family cookbook and experience these delicious dishes.
From all of us at RLTV, wishing you and your family a joyous holiday season.
Two new books, including one from Deepak Chopra, insist weight loss starts in the mind
Cold temps, lightning and other common phenomena can impact how you feel
Low-cost housing is just one lure of these Latin America and Southeast Asia locales
A new study finds big differences in how these three generations contribute to their favorite causes
Accepting a stepparent can be hard — but the rewards can be inestimable
Jewelry, Gems, Pocket Watches & More
Reinventing Nursing Homes/Green Houses/Seniors in the Fast Lane-Autocross
Tom Brokaw
In & Out Makeovers


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Skip to main content
From e-prescribing to disease blogs, advances in technology are fast transforming the quality of healthcare and the way families access it.
Electronic medical records (EMRs) hold the promise of improving healthcare by increasing the efficiency of everything from accessing a patient's medical history to tracking medical errors. Meanwhile, Internet innovations and a rapid expansion of health-related websites have made more medical information accessible to parents and families. As consumer-directed health plans put more decisions about medical care in families' hands, parents increasingly turn to the Internet for advice, support, and information. In one recent survey, more than half of adults said that what they found on the Internet had an impact on how they care for themselves or someone else.
Advances in technology are producing new ways to deliver health information for consumers and doctors. These changes could give parents more freedom, flexibility, and responsibility when it comes to meeting family medical needs. However, it will be more important than ever for doctors to work with their patients to ensure that the information derived from the burgeoning array of media sources is relevant and appropriate for their kids. No matter what, consumer-driven healthcare is here to stay ― and more changes are in the offing.
Talking to Your Doctor Figuring Out Health News
How to Talk to Your Child's Doctor Your Child's Checkups Making Sense of Medical News
Go to the next Issue to Watch
View the entire list of Issues to Watch Return to Main Page
Note: All information is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor.
© 1995-2009 The Nemours Foundation/KidsHealth. All rights reserved.
Find out by selecting your child's symptom or health condition in the list below:
Download Fall 2013 (PDF)
Mark Fadool, clinical director of mental health services at Odessa Brown Children's Clinic, provides early warning signs of mental health issues in kids and teens and urges us all to notice the signs and act early.
In this 30-second video, learn why children should ride in the back seat in a rear-facing car seat until they are age 2, or until they reach the upper weight or height limit for their seat.
En este video de 30 segundos aprenda por qué los niños deben ir en el asiento trasero mirando hacia atrás hasta los 2 años o hasta que lleguen al límite de estatura o de peso para su asiento.


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CNS News. Fitch: Italy and other euro countries could see credit ratings downgrade this month, too much debt.
January 10th, 2012
Planned Parenthood 91% Abortions
Life News. Planned Parenthood: 329,445 abortions, prenatal care to only 31,098, 841 adoption referrals.
January 10th, 2012
2nd Debate in 2 Days, No Big Deal
Hot Air. The rest of the field let Mitt off the hook.
January 10th, 2012
Iran Has Underground Site for Nuclear Enrichment
Voice of America. Iran to launch 2nd uranium enrichment facility at an underground site protected from air strikes.
January 10th, 2012
Poll: Romney leads, Santorum surges into top 3
CBS News. Romney 19%, Gingrich 15%, Santorum 14%.
January 10th, 2012
Obama Defense Cuts Not Enough
Hot Air. Prediction: Obama and Congress will make the mandatory cuts somewhat "less mandatory".
January 10th, 2012
Gary Bauer Endorses Santorum
Christian Post. Saturday, in South Carolina, Gary Bauer endorsed Rick Santorum.
January 10th, 2012
Casino mogul dumps $5M in Gingrich super PAC
Washington Post. $5 million from Casino billionaire Sheldon Adelson to a super PAC supporting Newt Gingrich. The Las Vegas donor plans millions more.


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Mini-Sliders: Burgers With a Twist!
by Michelle Karam
Every now and then, I like to mix it up a bit when it comes to making burgers.
Take these tasty "mini burgers" - they're perfect for a party or just a fun twist on a traditional meal that's great any night of the week. Not only are they super easy to make, but the variations are simply endless!
My family loves "sliders night" and I think your family just might too!
Michelle's Mini Sliders
- 1 pound of ground beef, turkey or chicken
- 1 small can of smoked chilies
- 2 tablespoons Worcestershire sauce
- ½ teaspoon liquid smoke
- ¾ teaspoon garlic powder
- ½ teaspoon salt & pepper
- 1 egg
Combine all ingredients together in a bowl. Pat into small patties and either cook in the oven on broil or make your life simple, throw them on a Foreman grill. They take under 10 minutes to cook, so if you're feeling extra fancy, or it's not too cold outside where you live... throw them on the BBQ for a tasty treat in a matter of minutes.
(King's Hawaiian Rolls are actually the perfect size for these "mini" burgers! They're soft, slightly sweet and they're one of my faves... my kids too!)
Sauté some mushrooms, add some avocados and finish off with the condiment of your choice. Blue Cheese dressing is nice or make a great easy sauce with ketchup, mayonnaise & a couple dashes of hot sauce or red chili flakes!


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Every day finds WHISPER
somewhere new. Follow the trail of the luxury charter yacht WHISPER
and her crew through the Captain's Log.
Whisper in New England for the Summer 2007
Whisper's charter season is very busy and so is her racing schedule. Whisper will be participating in the Newport Bucket in June, the IYRS Regatta in July, and the Shipyard Cup in Maine in September. She will be based out of Newport, Rhode Island where the breezes are always constant and the sailing is always fun! |
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Archive for August 2012
MONSIGNOR: A Title of Contradiction
During the Investiture of two priests from the Archdiocese of Lingayen-Dagupan, Msgr. Manuel S. Bravo Jr. and Msgr. Oliver E. Mendoza, as Papal Chaplains of Pope Benedict XVI, 14 August 2012, the Most Rev. Socrates B. Villegas, DD., Archbishop of Lingayen-Dagupan, stressed, in his homily, that the title "Papal Chaplain" or "Monsignor" has two contradictory or opposing meanings.
Firstly, it is a very important title because it comes from the Pope; it comes from the Holy See. Thus, it is proper that we give respect as Catholics. It is a very important title because, as we prepare for the Golden Jubilee of Lingayen-Dagupan, two of our priests from Lingayen-Dagupan can be considered world class. The title Monsignor is important not only for the lives of the two priests, but in the life of the Church. It is a recognition of human efforts.
Secondly, it is not important, because at the sunset of our lives, the Lord will not ask us how many red buttons we have worn, but how much love we have given. Therefore, in less than a minute, the red sash was covered by the surplice, because we are being told by the Church not to dwell on the sash. It is covered by the surplice which is the liturgical vestment of prayer, for divine service.
The Archbishop then turned to the honorees with the admonition that they were being honored with the title Monsignor so they would be challenged to pray more, to strive more, to love more; to stress right in the Liturgy that this title is important and yet not the most important, because in heaven there are no monsignori. In heaven, only those who loved much will be able to see the face of God.
Your clerical garb has been sprinkled with a few red buttons. It is a challenge for you that should there come a time in your life when your own priestly vestments will be sprinkled with blood, your own blood, because you have to die for the Lord, do not ever withdraw from a good fight, because that is what those purple buttons mean. And if there should come a time when you will be challenged to stand up, and your life is threatened for the sake of the Lord, your being a monsignor will be completed only by laying down your life for the Church.
The sash, the buttons, the red bindings, are all challenges for us to love more, to give up your blood, your life even more. Do not allow it to enter your head. Let it dwell in your heart. Let the buttons pump in more blood in your heart. Let the sash pump in more love in your ministry. May this title, honor from the Pope make you holier, closer to the heart of Jesus. Amen.
Oratio Imperata for Deliverance from Calamities
"Almighty Father, we raise our hearts to You in gratitude for the wonders of creation of which we are part, for Your providence in sustaining us in our needs, and for Your wisdom that guides the course of the universe.
"We acknowledge our sins against You and the rest of creation.
"We have not been good stewards of Nature.
"We have confused Your command to subdue the earth.
"The environment is made to suffer our wrongdoing, and now we reap the harvest of our abuse and indifference.
"Global warming is upon us. Typhoons, floods, volcanic eruption, and other natural calamities occur in increasing number and intensity.
"We turn to You, our loving Father, and beg forgiveness for our sins.
"We ask that we, our loved ones and our hard earned possessions be spared from the threat of calamities, natural and man-made.
"We beseech You to inspire us all to grow into responsible stewards of Your creation, and generous neighbors to those in need.
The Youth and the Birth Control Quarrel
Message to My Beloved Youth
My dear youth of Pangasinan,
I know how much it saddens you to see your parents fight in front of you—at the dinner table, in the car or anywhere in the house. I know how much such quarrels between your parents confuse you, disillusion you and discourage you deeply yet quietly.
As it is at home so it is in community, in society, in the country. As your Church parents and parents in government "quarrel" again in public over issues of contraception, abortion and birth control, I am worried that you might be left on the fringes as usual to be voiceless spectators. You might start to say "Here they go again!" and walk away angry, confused and misled. You might start to get rebellious against authority and grow cynical about society because we your adults cannot agree.
If our rallies and exchange of harsh words hurt you, please forgive us your elders. It is surely not our intention to cause you distress or to lead you to get discouraged. Believe me my dear sons and daughters, we your Church elders stand against contraception and abortion because we love you, we love God and we love His commandments. Maybe our fault is that we have not clarified it earlier that we are not fighting to win over the other. This quarrel is not for us. It is for you. I am standing to defend you. We are fighting error because you might be misled. We are battling against contraception because we know it can harm your soul. Believe me. Contraception harms your soul. Contraception is corruption.
You heard then candidate now President Noynoy Aquino during his campaign "Kung walang corrupt, walang mahirap!" He was elected in a landslide victory because he spoke what we carried in our hearts. Corruption is the cancer of the Philippines that prevents us from growing. When he called us his "Boss", we cheered. When he banned "wang wang" in the streets and the moral "wang wang" in the bureaucracy, we followed his vision.
My dear youth, contraception is corruption. The use of government money, taxpayers' money, to give out contractive pills is corruption. Contraceptive pills teach us this "It is alright to have sex with someone provided you are safe from babies. Babies are a nuisance." A culture of contraception looks at babies as reasons for our poverty. Birth control, they say, means more food, more classrooms, more houses and better health for mothers. If more babies are the cause of poverty, are we now saying "Kung walang anak, walang mahirap?" It does not rhyme because it is not correct. We can have more classrooms, more food, more jobs and more hospitals if we would be less corrupt. Send out the corrupt officials not the babies! My dear youth, your birth was not a mistake. Your birth was God's gift to us your elders. You are not the problem. You are our blessing. The problem is the corruption of your elders, we your elders. We your elders must change so your future can be brighter. Pardon those who say children are a nuisance. No! No! No! You are a blessing and I embrace you all and I love you all!
Contraception always fails like all human inventions. When contraception fails, a birth control generation will give birth to an abortion generation. A contraceptive pill is to be considered an essential medicine. If it is a medicine, what sickness is it curing? Is pregnancy a sickness? If it is a medicine that is supposed to cure, why do healthy women get sick with cancer after taking the contraceptive pills? My dear youth, contraception makes healthy people sick. It makes pure people corrupt. It makes us look at babies as nuisance not gifts. My dear youth, anyone who treats you as nuisance, I will fight. I am against contraception because I am pro-child. I am against contraception because I am pro mother. I love you my dear children. Thank God for mothers who give birth to jewels like you!
I know that many of you my dear youth do not believe in the Church anymore. You thank the Church does not understand. The Church is autistic—"may sariling mundo! The bishops are not listening. The bishops preach from their ivory towers. The bishops are not aware of what the majority of the people undergo. They are distant and unreachable."
You are somehow correct but not fully.
Matanda na kami! Totoong matanda pero ang matanda ay tagapag paalala sa mga bata. Kung puro bata na lang tayong lahat, wala ng magtuturo at magpapaalala sa mga gintong aral ng kahapon. There is
a wisdom that only age and experience can give. We are old but God made us old so we can be reminders for you not to forget our Filipino values, the commandments of God and the rules of good character. You have jokingly told me to dye my hair so I can look young and handsome. Jokingly yet truthfully I told you, I will not. It took me fifty one years to have this. I am proud to be gray haired and old. Being old makes me different from you but it also gives me a chance to be a reminder of the silver lessons of the past and the golden promises of the life to come. Ang matanda ay tanda! Ang matanda ay living reminder.
When we teach you that contraception is corruption, we are not being insensitive to the challenge of modernity or deaf to surveys of social behaviour. Rather, we are just being protective of you because we know it can destroy you sooner that you think. Europe is on the downtrend. It is losing its soul because it now relies on the influx of migrants to keep it afloat. They are facing a severe wintertime in their child births. It is losing its identity because it does not have children and youth to carry the torch. They started with contraception, they embraced abortion and now they are killing their weak and sick grandparents. Paul VI prophesied that artificial contraception could open wide the way for marital infidelity and a general lowering of moral standards. And it is happening in Europe. We your elders plead with you do not follow that path to moral corruption. Dare to be different. Dare to be better!
We want to be a tiger economy in Asia like our neighbour countries. What is a tiger without teeth? What is progress without giggling children? For whom do we envision progress—just for ourselves? What is victory at the expense of our immortal souls? Matanda na kami. Kaya kami tumanda para mayroon kayong tanda sa buhay.
Mga apo, mga anak, mga pamangkin at mahal sa buhay. There is no Tagalog or Pangasinan word for contraception because it is not only ungodly, it is also unFilipino.
Contraception is corruption. Contraception is the mother of abortion. Contraception makes sex pleasure cheap without responsibility. Contraception says babies and children are annoying. Contraception is contra youth. Contraception is contra children. Contraception is against us.
Fight contraception or we perish as a godly nation. Youth of Pangasinan, youth of the Philippines, I love you. Because I love you, I will fight contraception. This battle is for you and I fight for love of you.
From the Cathedral of Saint John the Evangelist, Dagupan City, August 4, 2012
Archbishop of Lingayen Dagupan
Apostolic Administrator of San Fernando de La Union
Circular 2012-23: Jubilee of 2013 and 2021
August 1, 2012
St. Alphonsus de Ligouri
Circular 2012-23
RE: Jubilee of 2013 and 2021
My dear brother priests and religious sisters:
I am pleased to send you the program of activities for the Jubilee of Farmers, Fishermen and Laborers for the month of August as part of our preparation for the golden jubilee of LIngayen-Dagupan as a metropolitan archdiocese.
Enclosed too is the musical score and CD of the song "Live Christ, Share Christ" the official hymn approved by the Philippine bishops for the quincentennial of the first Mass and baptism in the Philippines due to take place on March 16, 2012. Please encourage our parish and school choirs to learn the song as a sign of our communion in faith with the rest of the nation.
I avail of this opportunity to assure you of my sentiments of fraternal esteem and pastoral affection. Thank you.
Sincerely yours,
Archbishop of LIngayen-Dagupan
August 2012: Jubilee of Farmers, Fishermen and Laborers
August 5, 2012, Sunday: Launching Sunday (Parish Level)
Celebration of the Holy Eucharist (Ecology Mass)
Simultaneous Praying of the Holy Rosary for the Environment at 3:00 PM.
August 9-17: Techno Skills Training
August 9, 9AM: Sustainable Agriculture, at the St. Dominic Parish, San Carlos City
August 10, 9AM: Sustainable Fishing Training, at BFAR Office, Dagupan City.
August 13, 9AM: Food Processing Training, at PSU, Binmaley Campus
August 15, 9AM: Organic Food Technology Training, at St. Hyacinth Parish, San Jacinto, Pangasinan
August 17, 9AM: Waste Management Training at St. Ildephonse Parish, Malasiqui, Pangasinan.
Note: Each parish must send two (2) representatives per Training Schedule. No Registration Fee. Participants must bring their own baon for lunch and snacks and their writing materials.
August 17-19: Vicariate EXPO
Vicariate Exhibit Centers
Vicariate of Sts. Peter and Paul at Sts. Peter and Paul Parish, Calasiao
Vicariate of the Epiphany of Our Lord, at Epiphany of Our Lord Parish, Lingayen
Vicariate of St. Thomas, at St. Thomas Parish, Mangaldan
Vicariate of St. Dominic at St. Dominic Parish, San Carlos City
Vicariate of St. Vincent Ferrer at St. Ildephonse Parish, Malasiqui
Note: Parishes may showcase their local products in their respective Vicariate Exhibit Center.
August 25: Famers, Fishermen and Laborers Congress
6:30 AM, Fluvial Parade from Calmay Babaliwan to NBI Dagupan City.
7:00 AM, Karakol from NBI Dagupan to St. John's Cathedral
8:00 AM, Opening of Archdiocesan Trade Fair, St. John Cathedral Compound
8:30 AM, Farmers, Fishermen and Laborers Forum at St. John's Cathedral School
1:00 PM, Penitential Service at the St. John Cathedral
3:00 PM, Holy Mass
4:00 PM Pistay Baley, St. John Cathedral Compound


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Hi, I know that you've heard this maybe a thousand times before, but i've checked sum of the other topics and couldn't rly understand it.
So i'm just trying to make my own
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East and West Find A Common Ground In Expanding Trade; East and West Are Discovering Common Ground in Wider Trade
By RICHARD E. MOONEY Special to The New York Times ();
January 21, 1966,
, Section Europe-Mideast Economic Survey, Page 67, Column , words
PARIS--A meeting in Luxembourg. Murmurs in London. Reforms in Prague and Budapest and Warsaw. Reshuffling in Paris. From the Washington end, bridgebuilding.
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Priority tiger landscapes
- Have globally important tiger populations
- Represent the range of ecological adaptations of tigers to the different habitats they occur in
- Include other important facets of Asian biodiversity, including many endangered species.
Managing metapopulations
Conservationists agree that conservation of tigers as isolated populations in small reserves will not work. Instead, wild tigers need to be managed as metapopulations within large tiger conservation landscapes.This involves managing core protected areas linked by habitat corridors that allow sub-adults to move away from their birth area and mix with other populations. This helps prevent isolation of small tiger populations.
Buffers around the core habitat help prevent or minimize conflict between tigers and people.
Conserving prey
Across Asia, the tiger's natural prey is also being heavily poached. Not enough food can prevent tiger populations from growing. So conservation efforts need to focus on prey species as well as tigers.Land-use planning and management
Clearly, judicious land-use planning and management is needed to separate areas used by people from core wildlife habitat, provide corridors between core areas, and ensure that land-use is compatible with tiger conservation.In addition to creating new protected areas and restoring habitat, we are also promoting community-managed lands that promote local stewardship and the involvement of business and industry operating in priority tiger landscapes.
Innovative funding
Tiger conservation is expensive, especially at landscape scales. This means innovative and sustainable funding mechanisms are needed to support conservation long-term.One such source is economic returns from habitat and ecological services, including potential carbon markets. This can provide opportunities to restore habitat, especially in critical corridors, and create more space for tigers while providing economic returns to stakeholders ranging from national governments to local communities.
Priority Tiger Landscapes
Bengal tiger: Indochinese tiger: Malayan tiger: Sumatran tiger: