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Check the City Room blog for the latest news about the M.T.A.
Not Native to N Train, a Shark Hitches a Ride
The three-foot shark, quite dead and very ripe, was left under a subway seat south of Canal Street, amusing or repelling riders.
August 8, 2013, ThursdayOn R Train, Unwelcome Reminder of Storm's Impact
A disruption in service to fix damage caused by Hurricane Sandy has been difficult for regular passengers to accept.
August 5, 2013, MondayThe Price of 'Made in China'
Products manufactured in China and purchased in the United States steal American jobs and harm the environment, among other hidden costs.
August 5, 2013, MondayRepairs to a Storm-Damaged Tunnel Will Disrupt R Line Service for a Year
A damaged subway tunnel between Manhattan and Brooklyn will be closed for work expected to last until October 2014 and to cost over $300 million.
August 3, 2013, SaturdayL.I.R.R. Train Hits Two in Queens, Killing Them
Two people who were on an elevated track in Hollis were struck by a westbound train, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority said.
July 30, 2013, TuesdayA Straphangers' Campaign
The New York City mayoral candidates need to build on Mayor Michael Bloomberg's transit improvements, in every borough.
July 29, 2013, MondayM.T.A. Says Hurricane Sandy Put Budget Into Flux
The authority sounded a cautious but optimistic tone in its $13.7 billion preliminary budget for 2014.
July 25, 2013, ThursdayM.T.A. Ponders Transit for a New Generation
As part of an overview on transit strategies for the next 20 years, officials built a detailed profile of the travelers of the "millennial" age group — travelers born after 1980.
July 23, 2013, TuesdayM.T.A. Unveils Plans to Restore and Improve Service
For the second time in two years, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority will enhance or restore service that had been cut in 2010 amid a budget shortfall.
July 23, 2013, TuesdayMetro-North to Resume Normal Schedule After Derailment
All the debris from the accident on Thursday in the Bronx hasn't been cleared, but a track that serves the area will reopen.
July 22, 2013, MondaySEARCH 2496 ARTICLES ABOUT THE N.Y. METROPOLITAN TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY :
A Derailment in the Bronx
Four were killed and more than 60 were injured as a Hudson line train went off the tracks while rounding a bend just north of the Spuyten Duyvil station.
Site of Metro-North Train Crash
Several cars on a train headed south from Poughkeepsie, N.Y., left the tracks around 7:20 a.m. near the Spuyten Duyvil station under the Henry Hudson Bridge.
Metropolitan Transportation Authority Service Improvement Plan
Read the full presentation from the Metropolitan Transportation Authority on their plans to improve service in New York City.
A K-9 Graduation
A ceremony marked the completion of training for eight police dogs and they went on active duty with the Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
Transit Workers Union to New York City Transit
In a letter to Thomas F. Prendergast, the president of New York City Transit, John Samuelsen, president of Transport Workers Union Local 100, has proposed measures to reduce the number of deaths on New York City subway tracks.
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Changes in Outcomes for Internal Medicine Inpatients after Work-Hour Regulations
July 17, 2007 | Journal Article
Reduce fatigue-related errors, but may raise risk by increasing transfers of responsibility for patients.
You are now viewing 1 - 10 of 39 results
July 17, 2007 | Journal Article
Reduce fatigue-related errors, but may raise risk by increasing transfers of responsibility for patients.
October 1, 2006 | Journal Article
Many patients with chronic childhood diseases are now living to be adults. Some continue to use pediatric hospitals, despite recommendations by medical associations that they transition into adult-care systems. This study examined hospital use, incl ...
September 1, 2013 | Journal Article
Understanding the readmission rates for homeless patients can provide communities with important information on caring for the homeless population and reducing hospital use.
July 16, 2013 | Human Capital Blog Post
Deverick Anderson discuses a study he led that finds small community hospitals have higher rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia than larger hospitals, even though they use ventilators less frequently.
April 1, 2013 | Journal Article
Interdisciplinary research teams create synergies to solve problems and improve health care.
March 19, 2013 | News Release
New study reveals striking understaffing for critically ill babies compared with national guidelines.
March 18, 2013 | Journal Article
Understaffing of nurses in NICUs associated with an increased risk of nosocomial infection among very low birth weight infants.
February 25, 2013 | Human Capital Blog Post
RWJF Interdisciplinary Nursing Quality Research Initiative grantees will present their research on a nurse-led plan to manage delirium in critically ill adults in a webinar on February 28.
November 12, 2012 | Journal Article
Intensive care units should take a rigorous and nuanced approach to planning patient handoffs to improve patient safety and quality of care.
September 26, 2012 | Journal Article
Using observation units in hospitals to provide care to certain patients can be more efficient than admitting them to the hospital and can result in shorter lengths-of-stay and lower costs.

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As you're going through lesson plans this summer and prepping for the upcoming school year, you might be surprised to know that some of the most advanced educational tools for developing creativity … are right in your kids' toy bin. Read more »
5 dangerous things you should let your students do
Now that school's out, your students are going to have plenty of time on their hands to go exploring. Should you be concerned? Read more »
Are you in the 99%?
Did you know that teachers work 99% as many hours as the average full-time employee—but in 25% less time? And that 46% of teachers work over 20 hours per week outside of the classroom, doing unpaid tasks like grading papers and running extracurricular activities? Read more »
Teacher Appreciation Week
This week is National Teacher Appreciation Week—a time in which we can all reflect on those teachers in our lives who made us who we are today. At Imagine Learning, we know that a dedicated teacher can make all the difference in the life of a child. There is perhaps no pursuit more noble in this life.
To kick things off, here's one of our favorite videos about the teachers who made a difference in our lives. Take a minute to watch the video, and then help us start out our week of appreciation by leaving a comment thanking the teacher who made the greatest impact on your life.
Watch on YouTube.
Who was one of your favorite teachers, and why?
You've been taking care of them. But who's taking care of you?
Teaching can be a labor of love. It's challenging, time-consuming, and frustrating. But it's also one of the most rewarding jobs on the planet. Yet, it requires a tremendous amount of time, both in and outside of the classroom. Which means that your personal time … can sometimes get skipped over. But don't worry—we've listed a few simple tips to help you lower the stress and increase the fun. Read more »


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WSDA To Host Hospitality Room Prior To WDS Annual Meeting On November 21
On November 21, WSDA will again host a hospitality room with snacks and beverages from 4:30p.m. - 6:30 p.m. in the Northwest 1 room of the DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel/Seattle Airport for all dentists attending the WDS Annual Meeting. The WSDA room will provide a relaxing and private place for attending dentists to congregate, socialize, have a snack, and discuss the meeting.
Registration for WDS voting begins at 5:00 p.m. and closes at 6:00 p.m. WDS Members in good standing will be asked to show photo identification in order to receive voting materials and be admitted to the meeting.


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Jupiter will be in Gemini this month and exert a strong influence on your home and family life. Experiences will be oriented toward growth. You'll take the high road if there are any misunderstandings. Saturn in Scorpio will bring a serious outlook, and you may make plans to travel or further your education. You'll take your budget and circumstances into consideration, however. Several planets moving through Aquarius will heighten your interest in technology and science as well as things like metaphysics and astrology. Your intuition will be strong, and you may dream about the future.
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- Glo's Latest Obsession: Daily Holiday Giveaway
10 Worst Packing Mistakes You're MakingFind The Perfect Holiday Beauty Gift For MomEx-Boyfriend Revenge Kit for $1,85010 Crazy Christmas Houses9 resolutions that are doomed to fail10 Perfect Outfits For Awkward SituationsGlo's Latest Obsession: Daily Holiday Giveaway10 Worst Packing Mistakes You're Making


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Crime & Safety News
Syracuse and Central NY Police, Courts, Fire & Rescue News
Ohio man, 81, dies in Carrier Circle crash
April 30, 2009, 9:15PM
DeWitt, NY -- An elderly Ohio man was killed this evening after his Grand Marquis crashed into a tractor trailer on Carrier Circle, according to Onondaga County Sheriff's deputies. John B. Dempsey II, 81, of Cleveland, Ohio, sped through the toll plaza at the Thruway exit about 5:30 p.m., said Sgt. John D'Eredita. Without slowing down, he entered the traffic... Full story »
One-car accident in Syracuse slows traffic on Interstate 690
April 30, 2009, 6:41PM
Syracuse, NY -- A man suffered minor injuries this evening when his yellow coupe crashed into the bumper of a guardrail at the Interstate 690 westbound exit ramp to West Street. The car came to rest about 5 feet from where it first hit the guardrail, its crumpled hood intertwined with the guard rail. The crash occurred at about... Full story »
Three police agencies track, arrest Seneca County sex offender
April 30, 2009, 9:43AM
Seneca Falls, NY -- Seneca Falls village police have charged a Level 1 sex offender for failing to register his address. Antonio Ramos, 66, of 25 Peterman Road, Apt. C-3, Seneca Falls, was arrested at 9:18 a.m. Wednesday. Ramos was arraigned in Seneca Falls Town Court, where bail was set at $5,000 cash or $10,000 bond. He is being held... Full story »
Syracuse woman drives over former lover with van, police say
April 29, 2009, 6:24PM
Syracuse, NY -- A Syracuse woman was accused this afternoon of using her van to run over a man who fathered her child. Larisha Boyd, 28, of 330 Gifford St., was charged with felony assault after she drove over Willie Harrell, 27, of Park Street, with her 1998 van, said Lt. Joe Cecile. Boyd told police she stopped over for... Full story »
East Syracuse man acquitted in fatal stabbing but guilty of evidence tampering
April 29, 2009, 5:52PM
Syracuse, NY - A County Court jury has acquitted Carl Otts of murder and manslaughter charges in the fatal stabbing of Wesley Valentine outside a North Salina Street bar last year. That verdict, delivered shortly after 5:30 p.m., appears to indicate the jurors accepted the defense theory that Otts was defending himself and a friend from an attack by Valentine... Full story »
Syracuse man dies in I-81 crash in Broome County
April 29, 2009, 2:12PM
A Syracuse man died this morning after his car went off of Interstate 81 in Broome County, state police said. Reinaldo S. Olivero, 33, of Syracuse, was pronounced dead Wilson Regional Medical Center, Johnson City, troopers said. Olivero's car left the right side of the highway shortly after 8 a.m., traveled more than 400 feet and struck a tree, troopers... Full story »
Four adults homeless after fire in Oswego
April 29, 2009, 1:15PM
Oswego, NY -- The smoke detectors in a four-family home that was damaged by fire late this morning had been disabled, according to a city fire chief. The fire, at 263 Syracuse Ave., left four people homeless. It was called in at 11:41 a.m. and was under control by 11:57 a.m., according to a dispatcher at the county's 911 center.... Full story »
Syracuse man admits guilt in New Year's Eve double murder
April 29, 2009, 1:15PM
Syracuse, NY - A Syracuse man accused of gunning down two men in a city park on the afternoon of New Year's Eve suddenly admitted his guilt in an unscheduled court appearance this afternoon. John D. Gilchrist, 28, of 712 Court St., pleaded guilty to a single count of first-degree murder, admitting he shot and killed Jodie Cohens, 24, of... Full story »
Vehicle strikes, injures man in Park Street driveway
April 29, 2009, 12:25PM
Syracuse, NY -- A man was injured this afternoon when he was struck by a van in a driveway in the 800 block of Park Street, Syracuse police said. The man was taken by ambulance to University Hospital with leg injuries and one person was in police custody, police said. The man was struck by the van about 12:30 p.m.... Full story »
Madison County plane crash victim was president of the company that made the plane
April 29, 2009, 11:48AM
Canadian man who died in crash was flying from Florida to Canada. He had stopped due to windy conditions, but than continued his trip. Full story »
Grand jury clears Syracuse police officers in fatal shooting
April 29, 2009, 11:21AM
Both officers were injured; police won't say who fired the bullet that killed James Tyson. Full story »
Condition improves for clerk stabbed in Syracuse market
April 29, 2009, 11:15AM
Syracuse, NY -- The medical condition of a store clerk who was stabbed in the chest Monday has been upgraded, a University Hospital spokesman said. Mohamed Badwin, 26, of North Syracuse, was upgraded to serious condition today. Badwin was brought to the hospital in critical condition Monday night. Badwin was stabbed while closing the Middle East Market at South State... Full story »
Syracuse police identify man shot Tuesday night
April 29, 2009, 11:13AM
A man who was shot twice Tuesday evening is Rayshawn Days, 19, of Bruce Street, the Syracuse police said today. Days was shot in the arm and buttocks about 9:10 p.m. in front of the Green Ale Market on East Fayette Street, police said. Days walked into University Hospital for treatment of the wounds, which police said were not life... Full story »
Jury to decide case of man accused in fatal stabbing outside Syracuse bar
April 29, 2009, 10:50AM
Syracuse, NY -- An Onondaga County Court jury was expected to begin deliberations this afternoon in the trial of Carl Otts for the fatal stabbing of Wesley Valentine outside a North Side bar a year ago. Chief Assistant District Attorney Christine Garvey urged jurors in her closing argument this morning to convict Otts as charged of intentional second-degree murder. She... Full story »
Water main repairs to shut down part of East Seneca Turnpike
April 28, 2009, 2:31PM
Syracuse, NY -- The westbound lane of East Seneca Turnpike from East Brighton Avenue to South Salina Street, will be closed Wednesday to repair a water main, according to City Hall. Traffic will be permitted for both east and west bound travelers, however motorists are encouraged to find an alternate route to avoid delays and congestion. Full story »
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Dr. Strangeglove: On Seeing the Ex
Posted by Michael Baumann, Fri, July 01, 2011 08:00 PM | Comments: 10
Dr. Strangeglove, Opinion, Posts
I've long been fond of comparing my relationship with baseball to religion, or to romance; in short, subjects that are supposed to carry the life-changing importance and inspire the fanatical devotion that sports carry for people like us. While most sports fans root for the name on the front of the jersey, rather than the back, we still develop attachments to our favorite players, feel like we know them well, and expect them to reciprocate the affection we so eagerly heap upon them.
So when relationships with athletes end, there is always a sense, of loss, but as with romantic relationships, that sense of loss varies. Sometimes, a happy relationship goes stale, and it's just time to move on, like when the Eagles traded Donovan McNabb. Sometimes, it's a relationship that brings you nothing but hurt, and when it ends, you feel freed, like when the Phillies got rid of Eric Bruntlett. And sometimes, someone you love is snatched away from you with no warning, and all you can feel is heartbreak.
This is what happened to me when the Flyers traded Mike Richards to Los Angeles last week. That kind of sudden separation is rare, both in real life and in the sporting world, and regardless of the return, or whether you think everyone might be better off in the long run, it still hurts. And when, on October 15, Richards returns to Philadelphia, we'll have to figure out out, as fans, how to welcome him back.
Tomorrow afternoon, Blue Jays fans will figure out how to answer that question when Roy Halladay makes his first start in Toronto since joining the Phillies.
I never understood the hate that fans heap on players who leave their city for a better professional situation. Scott Rolen still gets booed here despite taking less money to leave a moribund franchise for a regular playoff contender. LeBron James–less money, better city to live in, team with a more competent basketball operations staff and a better chance to contend long-term. Okay, I understand it, but I don't agree with it. Fans hate the Rolens and LeBrons of the world because of the idea that a player's relationship with a city's fans has the deep emotional attachment and is a two-way affair.
Occasionally, a city worships a player, and the player loves the city back just as much. Look at Cliff Lee in Philadelphia, or Mike Sweeney in Kansas City, or Chipper Jones in Atlanta. This is really the exception rather than the rule, and it ought to be. Professional athletes are out to 1) make money, because they're professionals and 2) win, because they're athletes, so we shouldn't have this notion that Cleveland somehow "owned" LeBron, because he played there. Regardless of where LeBron was born, or played, he was a free agent, and he was well within his rights to ply his trade elsewhere, if he so chose.
The same goes for Jayson Werth–he left Philadelphia for more money. He'd already won a World Series, and, in his early 30s, was in a position to make a ton of money, perhaps for the last time in his career. The Nationals offered him that money, and the Phillies chose not to match. Werth, who, by sheer luck, wound up on the NL franchise perhaps best set up to win consistently over the next decade, is certainly better off for taking his $18 million, and the Phillies are certainly better off for not extending him a comparable offer.
Some say that LeBron is only so hated in Cleveland because of the tactless way he went about announcing his decision to leave. We'll never know, of course, but I suspect that this isn't true. As Yahoo! Sports columnist Jeff Passan once put it, if a girl dumps you and throws a drink in your face, it's the getting dumped that hurts, not the drink in the face.
Sorry to bring up old news, but it's a roundabout way of saying that we absolutely develop these unrealistic expectations of emotional attachment from our players, and it's a real heartbreaker when the illusion is destroyed. When a player leaves, your team is either not good enough or not rich enough, or you have treated him badly, and all of those seem like a personal judgment against you and the team you love.
The only way to avoid that, it seems, is to do what Roy Halladay did–leave a team after a long period of service, take less money from an obvious contender, and compliment your old organization all the while. I caught a bit of the Blue Jays-Pirates radio broadcast last night (side note: anyone who drives a lot and has a smartphone ought to get the MLB At Bat app) and those crazy Canucks seemed more excited about seeing Roy Halladay again than Canada Day.
Ultimately, seeing the ex again ought not to be too great an occasion. If the two of you liked each other a lot, and the good times outnumbered the bad, and the breakup was amicable, by all means, grab a cup of coffee when she's in town. I imagine that Jays fans will greet their former ace warmly, to let him know there are no hard feelings, then get down to hoping he gives up seven runs in the first inning. You're certainly entitled to look back on the good times, but remember: there's a reason that the two of you aren't together anymore.
Posts: 0 bacardipr05
good thinking tavian i think it was discussed somewhere not sure if it was on this blog or not…i think the conclusion was is he worth 2 top prospects? Now RAJ is back on his we dont need a hitter kick although he could just be blowing smoke never know with him..
Posts: 0 bacardipr05
I have a feeling they are going to wait an do a Sweeney thing. Ive already heard Cameron tossed around on the radio. I think its a bad idea do we really need an even worse version of Ibanez. Nothing against Mike Cameron but we dont need aging deteriorating guy out there we already have Raul/Schneider.
Posts: 0 bacardipr05
PS….the article left out a specially hated player JD DREW!
Posts: 0 John Kruk
Once again…just LOVE this series of articles, excellent work, always. Keep 'em coming.
As far as the topic at hand…I don't have a source ready, but I remember Roy Halladay saying, when asked why he would sign with Philadelphia when he could get more money elsewhere, that free agency is a chance to choose where you want to play, not just to get as much money as possible. That seems to be what he did. It's what Cliff Lee did. And dammit, those seem to be (insomuch as anyone who's never met them could ascertain) two standup, good dudes.
Posts: 0 bacardipr05
True within reason John Kruk i bet lets say the Braves (also a legitimate contender)r offer Roy half of what he making with the Phls he wouldnt have taking it. Just keeping everything in perspective. Money still plays a part of it.
Posts: 0 TheDipsy
I think if players leave (Werth, etc), I hate their guts. When they get traded, its different. They never had the choice. @Tavian – I think Melky Cabrera would be fine. Its more about getting Ibanez out then the player you put in. If you put an average major league pro in LF, then you have upgraded the lineup. Melky is just that.
The Dipsy
Posts: 0 Lefty
Doc has fond memories of the Toronto organization and fans. Reading the Toronto Globe and Mail, it seems they will always have fond memories of him too. From this morning-
"If Roy Halladay had his way, Saturday would likely be no different than the other 363 times he has taken the mound in a major-league baseball game. But it won't be; it can't. Fifty thousand fans at Rogers Centre won't let him forget the 12 seasons he spent in a Toronto Blue Jays uniform."
Will Doc let this affect the way he pitches? I doubt it, but I guess it could. There is a human inside that cape and mask.
Posts: 0 tavian
Doc may pitch even better against the Jays. Perhaps he will be motivated to give the fans something special.


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- November 28, 2012
- 11:31 p.m.
- Suggest removal
- Reply to this post
GloryDays writes:
in response to DwayneElizondoMountainDewHerbertCamacho:
"Golden to UT."
If this is true, then I'm done giving money to UT athletics. Al Golden is a more experienced version of Derek Dooley. You can pretty much disregard anything that he has done at Miami and just look at his time with Temple. He made Temple mediocre instead of horrible...whoopty poop. We might as well have kept Dooley if all we're going to get is Dooley 2.0.
I mean, Bobby Petrino will come in and he will win. That's all he's done at other programs. He's a better Xs and Os coach than any other SEC head coach. He will win with our guys. Maybe he's gone in 3 or 4 years, but that will be a good 3 or 4 years. Al Golden will spend the next 8 years turning UT into a rich man's Miss State. I thought we wanted more for this program.
Waking up to find Golden is our coach would be the equivalent of getting a new Blackberry for Christmas.
Several differences between Dooley and Golden. Dooley has never won anywhere, everything he has was given to him by his daddy. Golden took a terrible Temple team and won 8-9 games. Miami is on probation and a mess, no fan base, poor administration. Golden is a good recruiter, good coach, can slap donors on the back and kiss babies. He looks young and distinguished, competitive, and wants to make more money and win. This is a destination stop for him. He needs good assistants and a break or two and he will get the Vols back on track. Winning 10 games may not happen next year but there will be some signature wins and something we hadn't seen in 3 years, "improvement". Give him a chance and Get on the band wagon.
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Morgan Data Solutions, LLC (MDS) was founded in November of 2001 to provide not for profit and small business organizations data management solutions. Solutions include use of top Industry products of iMIS Not For Profit Software and Microsoft Great Plains Accounting Software. Since 2001 Morgan Data has grown to include full service association services for groups that desire experienced management and the latest in technology without the overhead of full time staff, benefits and office space.
Our offices and conference room on Madison's east side provide excellent space for training, board and committee meetings.
Heather Dyer, CAE, Managing PartnerHeather L. Dyer is Managing Partner of Morgan Data Solutions, LLC, a consulting firm providing data and web solutions for associations, not for profit and small business. Before starting her own firm in 2001, Heather spent eight years in the association field providing technology assistance. Over 30 Wisconsin associations have utilized her services to plan and implement their data infrastructure. This includes work process flow, training of employees, report writing and infrastructure support. In today's market technology, resources and people are ever changing. Morgan Data Solutions, LLC provides stability in the process. Heather holds a Bachelors Degree in Political Science with an Accounting Minor from Western Illinois University Heather is certified/knowledgable in the following programs:
Customer Service, Honesty & Integrity are the reasons that clients come back for more. In today's market technology, resources and people are ever changing. Morgan Data Solutions, LLC provides stability in the process. |
Christopher Dyer, PartnerSince 1991 Christopher Dyer has spent his career in all aspects of the meeting planning & Association Management Industry. Christopher holds a Bachelors degree in Hospitality Management with a minor in business and marketing from Western Illinois University. With previous experiences including Hyatt Hotels, Seed Restaurant Group and Wisconsin Builders Association, Christopher provides unique insight from both the association and supplier perspective. Christopher keeps in touch with his volunteer side by serving The Village of Cottage Grove as a Trustee in 2000-2001 and continues as a member of the Personnel Committee and Chairperson of the Village Utility Commission. |
Leah Wiemann, Account ManagerLeah Wiemann joined Morgan Data Solutions, LLC in 2008 and has spent her career as a business to business contact for financial institutions statewide & working with non-profit associations. With previous experiences including the State Bar of Wisconsin & managing Financial Institution credit card portfolios. Leah is an active member in Madison's area MAGNET group (Madison's Next Generation of Leaders) & SHRM (Society of Human Resource Management). Leah holds an associate's degree in Business Management from Madison Area Technical College & is continuing her education through the University of Wisconsin – Stout. |
Jere M. Foley II, owner DreamvelopmentJere has been developing websites and writing/delivering web-training since 1996. He distinguished himself as the team leader in designing and delivering national and global on-line training programs to high-profile clients like American Family Insurance and GE Medical. In 2000, Jere turned his focus to associations, shifting his focus to website design geared towards both staff and members. Jere prides himself on being the "tech guy" who can speak plain English. He has guided Association Boards of Directors in improving web-based communication since the inception of Dreamvelopment. |


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History of the Carrot Part Two
Origins and Development - Neolithic to AD 200
Chapters in the history rooms:
Full History - "If History without Chronology is dark and confused, Chronology without History is dry and insipid."Abiel Holmes.
The Beginnings
The above-ground parts of plants are showy, but often the roots are hidden from view. Though roots are endowed with the beauty of nature, they are enmeshed with the mystery of the unknown. Roots have been both boon and hazard to humans. They have been used as drugs and poisons and as food. They have been the sources of comfort in myths of fairies and forest nymphs, as well as a source of fear in popular legends of devils and curses. A rich association has existed between people and roots throughout and before the development of "civilized" societies. This relationship was most often one of dependence on roots as a source of food, then medicine. But sometimes because of their appearance, colour, odour or actual chemical properties roots were given a special importance by ancient peoples.
To unravel the long history of the Carrot you have to go back a very long way. Fossil pollen from the Eocene period (55 to 34 million years ago) has been identified as belonging to the Apiaceae (the carrot family). It is said (with no documentary evidence) that the carrot dates back about 5,000 years ago when the root was found to be growing in the area now known as Afghanistan. Temple drawings from Egypt in 2000 BC show a purple plant, which some Egyptologists believe could have been a purple carrot. However Egyptian papyruses containing information about treatments with seeds were found in pharaoh crypts but there is no direct or documentary reference to carrot.
Historians believe the ancient Greeks and Romans cultivated carrots, they are mentioned by Pliny the Elder and were prized by the Emperor Tiberius.. However most ancient writings from Asia Minor, Greece and Rome do not mention carrots specifically, even though wild carrots have a long history of presumed medicinal use. Parsnip is often mentioned in the writings and often the words for parsnip and carrot were initially interchangeable. In classical writings both vegetables seem to have been sometimes called pastinaca yet each vegetable appears to be well under cultivation in Roman times.
Throughout the Classical Period and the Middle Ages writers constantly confused carrots and parsnips. This may seem odd given that the average carrot is about six inches long and bright orange while a parsnip is off white and can grow 3 feet, but this distinction was much less obvious before early modern plant breeders got to work. It is thought that the orange carrot was developed and stabilised in the 16th century probably in the Low Countries. Its original colour varied between dirty white and pinkish purple. Both vegetables have also got much fatter and fleshier in recent centuries, and parsnips may have been bred to be longer as well. In other words early medieval carrots and parsnips were both thin and woody and mostly of a vaguely whitish colour. This being the case, almost everyone up to the early modern period can perhaps be forgiven for failing to distinguish between the two, however frustrating this may be for the food historian. (The Road to Domestication and the colour orange is discussed here with some compelling images from way before 1500).
plants were not confused on purpose, but since we have in many cases only the
written word, if the Medieval writer called plants "pastinaca", without
reference to colour in particular it is impossible to know if they were carrots
or parsnips.
It is
believed that the Carrot originated some 5000 years ago in Middle Asia around
Afghanistan, and slowly spread into the Mediterranean area. The first carrots
were mainly purple, with some white or black - not orange. The Orange
colour so familiar today was not clearly mentioned although some interpretations
of early manuscripts and literature leave that possibility open. Its roots were thin and
turnip shaped.
Temple drawings from Egypt in 2000 BC show a purple plant, which
some Egyptologists believe to be a purple carrot. Egyptian papyruses containing
information about treatments with seeds were
found in pharaoh crypts, but thee is no direct carrot reference. The Carrot Museum has
visited several tomb paintings in the Valleys of Luxor and some images are
compelling. It known that ancient Egyptians did use other members of the
Apiaceae family (carrot) including anise, celery and coriander. None of
these plants would have been used as root crops, but were rather leaf, petiole or
seed crops.
Since most vegetables leave little archaeological trace, it is difficult to construct a complete picture of what was grown in prehistoric times. Many of those recorded in classical literature are likely to have been grown in earlier times, and green and root vegetables native to Europe were gathered long before they were brought into cultivation. Occasional discoveries of seeds show that cabbages were grown in southern England in the Bronze Age and oil-seed rape, turnips, and carrots in the Iron Age; celery, carrots, cabbages, and turnips were also among the plants used by the Neolithic and Bronze Age inhabitants of the Swiss lake villages
Carrot seeds have been found in prehistoric Swiss lake dwellings in Ronbenhausen giving clear evidence of human consumption. There is however no evidence of cultivation at this stage, more likely they were used for medicinal purposes. Similar findings appear also in ancient Glastonbury. Neolithic people savoured the roots of the wild carrot for its sweet, succulent flavour.
One of the first written pieces of evidence come from Theophrastus (371-287bc) - the father of botany. His two surviving botanical works, Enquiry into Plants and On the Causes of Plants, were an important influence on medieval science. Theophrastus states, in the ninth book of his History of Plants, that carrots grow in Arcadia, but that the best are found in Sparta. Much of the information on the Greek plants may have come from his own observations, as he is known to have travelled throughout Greece, and to have had a botanical garden of his own; but the works also profit from the reports on plants of Asia brought back from those who followed Alexander the Great:
The ancients liked a good dose of vegetables in their pillls! - archaeobotanists have found after analyzing plant DNA in Greek-made pills from a 130 BC shipwreck. Archaeological researchers have started to analyse the drugs found onboard. Using the GenBank genetic database as their guide, they have found that the pills appear to contain carrot, parsley, radish, alfalfa, chestnut, celery, wild onion, yarrow, oak, and cabbage.
Geneticist Robert Fleischer of the Smithsonians National Zoological Park says that many of the ingredients match those described in ancient texts. Yarrow was meant to slow blood coming from a wound, and carrot, as described by Pedanius Dioscorides, a pharmacologist in Rome, was thought to ward off reptiles and aid in conception. Read more here.
Early written references come from the early Romans. Mithridates VI, King of Pontius (120bc-63bc) was in constant fear of poisoning. The king is said to have taken a potion daily to render his body safe against danger from poison, this contained the seeds of the Cretan carrot.
He concocted one of the most well-known antidotes in antiquity, called mithridatium, possibly with the help of his court physician Crateuas). Experimenting with different formulations and trying them out on condemned prisoners, he compounded various antidotes to produce a single universal one, which he hoped would protect him against any poison. A hundred years after the death of Mithridates, 100 years later, Celsus (see below) recorded the formulation, which comprised thirty-six ingredients, all of which are derived from plants, except for honey to mix them and castor to enhance the aroma. The concoction is estimated to have weighed approximately three pounds and to have lasted for six months, taken daily in the amount the size of an almond. Celsus said "Against poisoning, a piece the size of an almond is given in wine. In other affections an amount corresponding in size to an Egyptian bean is sufficient. "
Krateuas (Crateuas) 120 B.C. was physician in ordinary to Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus (died 63 B.C.). Krateuas described as well as illustrated plants. Some fragments of his writings have been recognised in the Anicia Codex of Dioscorides in the Vienna State Library to which reference has been made later in the Carrot Museum - the first Orange carrot illustration.
An examination of the pharmacology of Mithridates' original
formulation shows a conscious effort to select plants thought to be useful, many
of which have a strong scent and are from the family Apiaceae: Cretan carrot,
assafoetida ("gum"), galbanum, sagapenum, opopanax, parsley, anise, hartwort
("saxifrage"). They do, in fact, reduce inflammation.
The King
Mithridates is said to have taken it daily in an attempt to render his body safe
against danger from poison. This worked, and when he tried to poison himself
(rather than be slain by his enemies through the sword) his suicide attempt
failed, as he had previously, over many years, dosed himself with his
Celsus - "The most famous antidote is that of Mithridates, which that king is said to have taken daily and by it to have rendered his body safe against danger from poison. It contains costmary 1.66 grams, sweet flag 20 grams, hypericum, gum, sagapenum, acacia juice, Illyrian iris, cardamon, 8 grams each, anise 12 grams, Gallic nard, gentian root and dried rose-leaves, 16 grams each, poppy-tears and parsley, 17 grams each, casia, saxifrage, darnel, long pepper, 20.66 grams each, storax 21 grams, castoreum, frankincense, hypocistis juice, myrrh and opopanax, 24 grams each, malabathrum leaves 24 grams, flower of round rush, turpentine-resin, galbanum, Cretan carrot seeds, 24.66 grams each, nard and opobalsam, 25 grams each, shepherd's purse 25 grams, rhubarb root 28 grams, saffron, ginger, cinnamon, 29 grams each. These are pounded and taken up in honey. Against poisoning, a piece the size of an almond is given in wine. In other affections an amount corresponding in size to an Egyptian bean is sufficient." Celsus, De Medicina (V.23.3) Source here |
When King Mithridates was defeated by the Romans they got the recipe for Antidotum Mithridates, a universal antidote created by Mithridates himself. Emperor Nero let his physician Andromachus study the antidote. Andromachus changed a few ingredients, most importantly he added snake flesh and increased the amount of opium. The antidote got the name Theriac derived from the Greek which means 'wild or venomous animal', it is also called triacle (modern day treacle). It was originally concocted to cure snake bites, later it became an antidote for all poisons. Theriac had a very complicated formula and failure to follow the recipe with fresh and precisely measured ingredients meant that the concoction did not work.
Carrots, parsley and wild onions were among the samples preserved in clay pills on board the merchant trading vessel that sank around 120 BC. It's believed the plants were used by doctors to treat intestinal disorders among the ship's crew. Such remedies are described in ancient Greek texts, but this is the first time the medicines themselves have been discovered. Read more here.
The use of carrot seeds is recorded in the famous work "De medicina" by Aulus Cornelius Celsus written between 25bc-50ce . A carrot poultice was used at the time - see modern version here.
Celsus was a Roman encyclopaedist, known for his medical work, De Medicina, which is believed to be the only surviving section of a much larger encyclopaedia. The De Medicina is a primary source on diet, pharmacy, surgery and related fields, and it is one of the best sources concerning medical knowledge in the Roman world. (read the translation here). It is a disputed question whether the author of the work was a practising physician or not. It may be remarked in passing that in ancient times there was not such a sharp distinction between the professional and the amateur as there is to‑day. The amount of medical knowledge was not so great as to be out of the range of an ordinary, educated man of average intelligence. On the one hand, it may be said that a work so complete and so accurate as the De Medicina must have come from the pen of a man with professional experience. On the other hand, several reasons may be urged making the other view more probable.
The seeds of Daucus Creticus; Athaminta Gretensis, Cretan or Candy carrot is mentioned in an ingredient of an antidote,( II. 56). It also included, amongst other things, poppy, parsley, pepper, acacia and saxifrage. The ingredients were pounded and taken up in honey.
"Against poisoning, a piece the size of an almond is given in wine. In other affections an amount corresponding in size to an Egyptian bean is sufficient."
Read more about the pills containing crushed carrots, found in a Greek shipwreck from around 125 BC.
Carrots are said to have been recognised as one of the plants in the garden of the Egyptian king Merodach-Baladan in the eighth century B.C. There is no documentary evidence for this and the Clay tablet, held in British Museum, with cuneiform inscription; gives a list of plants in the garden of an earlier Babylonian king, Marduk-apla-iddina, the Biblical Merodach-Baladan, who reigned at Babylon in 721710 and 703 BC. It would probably have been placed, not in the list of ordinary vegetables but amongst the aromatic herbs along with fennel, suggesting that the root was discounted, using only the pleasantly scented flowers and leaves in cooking. Merodach Baladan was the king of Babylon in 702 b.c., a Chaldean and father of Nabopolassar and grandfather of Nebuchadnezzar. The current plant list is shown here (British Museum) and many remain to be identified. The exact lineage of carrots remains difficult to trace as it was often confused by early horticulturalists who used the name "pastinaca" for either carrot or the parsnip, its close relative. |
Greeks and Romans Carrots were well known to both the Greeks and Romans.
Medieval and particularly Renaissance gardening was heavily influenced by the
writings of the ancient Greeks and Romans:
Columella (On Agriculture)
Varro (On Agriculture: Rerum rusticarum)
Cato (On Agriculture: De re rustica)
Palladius (On Husbandry)
Pliny the Elder
Dioscorides Pedanius, of Anazarbos.(De Materia Medica)
During the first century, the Greeks cultivated a variety of root crops that included leeks, onions, radishes, turnips, and a poorly developed variety of carrots. The unpleasant tasting carrots were rarely eaten but were applied medicinally. Though the Greeks excelled in cultivating many food plants, they never succeeded in developing the carrot into a flavourful vegetable. Even Galen, the 2nd century physician at the court of Marcus Aurelius, stated that the wild carrot is less fit to be eaten than the cultivated variety. They cultivated carrots in their kitchen gardens. These varieties are thought to have been 'forked' with white roots, not unlike the roots of today's wild carrot.
The Romans often ate carrots raw, dressed in oil, salt and vinegar or they cooked them with a sauce made from cumin, salt, old wine and oil. The Romans invading Britain in the second century AD brought leeks, onions, garden carrots, garlic, fennel, mint, thyme, parsley and coriander to name but a few. The Greeks called the carrot "Philtron" and used it as a love medicine to make men more ardent and women more yielding. The Carrot is mentioned by Greek and Latin writers under various names however it was not always distinguished from the Parsnip and Skirret, which are closely allied to it. The name Pastinace was used for both at the time of Pliny the Elder and is based on the verb pastinare - to dig up. Galen in the 2nd century attempted to distinguish the two by giving the wild carrot the name Daucus Pastinaca.
The Greeks had three words each of which could be applied to the properties of the carrot: "Sisaron", first occurring in the writings of Epicharmus, a comic poet (500 B.C.); "Staphylinos", used by Hippocrates (430 B.C.) and "Elaphoboscum", used by Dioscorides (first century AD).
Hippocrates (430BC) The physician and scholar is well known and revered as the father of modern medicine and formalised many herbal cures. Less known is the stress he placed on diet in maintaining health. In medical science, people basically thought the mind and the body was an inseparable thing and the moral view of disease was that diseases were a punishment for a sin. On the other hand Hippocrates saw that diseases occur by natural causes.
The assertion of Hippocrates, a doctor from Cos Island in Greece and that of his followers remains and his complete works have commanded universal admiration for a long time as the highest scriptures in the field of medical science. Even today the sublime spirit of Hippocrates serves as pattern for others, so every person seeking for the occupation of doctor is bound to swear the Hypocratical oath at least once.
Hippocrates said "Let food be your medicine and medicine your food". In the following description of cooking methods, his primary concern is to counteract the potentially harmful effects of strongly flavoured foods with the ultimate goal of easing their digestion and passage through the body. He also reveals some of the basic preferences of ancient Greek cuisine.
"The powers of foods severally ought to be diminished or
increased in the following way...Take away their power from strong foods by
boiling and cooling many times; remove moisture from moist things by grilling
and roasting them; soak and moisten dry things, soak and boil salt things,
bitter and sharp things mix with sweet, and astringent things mix with oily."
For example, foods like cabbage, carrots and turnips were boiled several times,
fish or lamb would have been grilled, and an herb like sorrel would have been
dressed with oil.
Columella (1st century AD) briefly mentions the carrot. He talks of the field parsnip and a cultivated variety which bears the name and which the Greeks called "staphylinos". He also mentions that the unopened flowers were collected and stored as herbs. Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus - (b. 1st century AD, Gades, Spain) was a Roman soldier and farmer who wrote a twelve volume treatise on all aspects of Roman farming and extensively on agriculture and kindred subjects in the hope of arousing a love for farming and a simple life. He became in early life a tribune of the legion stationed in Syria, but neither an army career nor the law attracted him, and he took up farming in Italy.
Tiberius Claudius Nero (42BC-37AD), second Emperor of Rome, was, according to Pliny the Elder, so much in love with the carrot root that he ordered it to be brought yearly from the Castle of Geluba standing on the river Rhine in Germany. Pliny the Elder called him tristissimus hominum, "the gloomiest of men".
Apicius Czclius, (ad 14-37) a wealthy Roman merchant
of the reign of Tiberius, whose real name was Marcus Gavio, was the greatest
expert of gastronomy in antiquity and devoted his life and own money to the art
of cooking. He taught haute cuisine under Augustus and Tiberius and enjoyed the
reputation of a wealthy and decadent gourmet.
Stories of his legendary wealth and excesses abounded and he
passed in to history as a kind of croesus of the kitchen. Apicius is primarily
remembered as a deranged, sadistic and extravagant tyrant. The historian Aelius
Lampridius depicts him feasting on flamingo's' brains, the heads of parrots,
sow's udder and vegetables seasoned with precious jewels.
His work "De Re Coquinaria" (on cookery) is the most
important cooking treatise in Latin. It is divided into 11 Chapters and reveals
the evolution of taste in terms of food and lifestyle of the Roman upper class
up to the Fall of the Roman Empire. This work is reputedly the oldest cookbook
in the world and captures for all time the essence of what was best in the art
of Roman cooking. Chapter III of Apicius' book was "The Gardener - Cepuros -
Vegetables". This chapter describes meals eaten across civilised Europe during
the centuries of Roman domination. They constitute the foundations of western
cookery, shorn of food additives and artificial preservatives.
These recipes specifically include carrots:
1. Caroetae Frictea: oenogaro inferuntur - which
was fried carrots served with oenogerum.
2. Aliter Caroetas: sale, oleo puro et aceto -
Another method: (raw or cooked) with salt, pure oil and vinegar.
3. Caroetas Elixatus: concisas in cuminato oleo modico
coques et inferes. - Boil the carrots and chop. Cook in cumin sauce with
a little oil and serve - for those who have colic.
4. Carotae et Pastinacae (Carrots and Parsnips) -
carrots and or parsnips fried in a white wine sauce. Presumably the vegetable(s)
are fried first, and then served with the sauce. An important note here that
carrots of the Roman time were NOT orange in colour. This colour wasn't
developed until around the 15th-16th centuries. The correct colours for carrots
in Roman times were white or purple.
Interestingly several of the Apicius recipes are very poisonous and should not
be re-created!!
Find out more here.
His recipes rarely included any indication of quantities, and ingredients were
often enumerated without any direction on how they should be used. This means
that his books were probably only used by experienced cooks. One tip in this
Book is "How to cook all vegetables the colour of emeralds is to cook them with
Here is what appears to be a carrot, accompanying olives and a little bowl of dip, from a wall painting in a Roman tavern in Ostia (Caseggiato del Termopolio). Compliments of Bill Thayer (Lacus Curtius) the real expert on Roman antiquities. See his site here. |
In Roman times more civilized early Mediterranean communities
knew about the carrot and supplies were specially imported from Germany for the
table of Tiberius. The Romans often ate carrots raw, dressed in oil, salt and
vinegar or they cooked them with a sauce made from cumin, salt, old wine and
oil. The Romans invading Britain in the second century AD brought leeks, onions,
garden carrots, garlic, fennel, mint, thyme, parsley and coriander to name but a
few. Roman soups could be quite complicated affairs. Perhaps the oldest
surviving soup recipe in the world appears in Apicius' fourth century cook book,
based on the notes of a cook who had died three centuries earlier. The soup in
question is Pultes Iulianae, or Julian Pottage, and the recipe is as follows:
First prepare a wheat gruel by boiling up some pre-soaked wheat with water and a
little olive oil, and stir vigorously to thicken. Then pound up half a pound of
minced meat in a mortar, with two brains, some pepper, lovage and fennel seed,
and add wine and liquamen (fermented fish sauce, a little like modern South East
Asian versions). Cook the mixture in a metal vessel, add some stock, and add the
result to the wheat gruel. Voila!
The Romans transported and stored their liquids, including their much prized wine and oil (for cooking carrots) in vessels called amphorae. These were large, two-handled pottery jugs often in red brown sandy ware. (The word amphora is Greek for "two ears".) In Roman times the amphora was used as a unit of liquid measure containing 2 urnae, 8 congii, or 48 sextarii (the latter, equivalent to a pint). One amphora thus equalled about 6 gallons or 24 litres. The amphora was also used as a measurement of ship tonnage, equivalent to 80 Roman pounds. Literally millions of pottery amphorae were used in commerce throughout the empire. Vessels and shards of Roman amphorae, commonly found at archaeology sites, thus serve as a ready means of tracing the spread of the wine trade in and beyond the empire (for example, in Britain and Gaul prior to Caesar). Interestingly enough one amphora is called the carrot amphora because of its shape!.
The lower class Romans (plebeians) might have a dinner of porridge made of vegetables, or, when they could afford it, fish, bread, olives, and wine, and meat on occasions.
Apicius was the classical glutton, his colossal banquets eventually drove him to bankruptcy and suicide, but he left behind a cookbook so prized that it has been preserved, in numerous editions, down to the 21st century. The Martial Epigrams quote: "After you spent 60 million sesterces on your stomach, Apicius, 10 million remained. An embarrassment you said, fit only to satisfy mere hunger and thirst. So your last and most expensive meal was poison. Apicius you never were more a glutton than at the end."
The Latin word "sphondyli" has two meanings in the work of Apicius. Sometimes it refers to carrots or artichokes and in others it refers to mussels. The ancients cultivated the species "Heracleum Sphondylium" which is the parsnip a similar plant to carrots.
Apicius wrote two cook books and a special book on sauces and his name is linked to several culinary inventions.
Emperor Caligula (A.D. 37-51) a renowned crazed megalomaniac given to capricious cruelty and harebrained schemes, including attempting to make his horse, Incitatus, a consul. He is purported to have once ordered the senate to convene and then fed the entire he assembled dignitaries a banquet only of carrot dishes, believing their aphrodisiac powers would get people in the mood and produce a delightful orgy for his viewing pleasure
The Roman emperor Caligula, believing these stories, forced the whole Roman Senate to eat carrots so he could see them "in rut like wild beasts."
Pliny the Elder, (A.D. 23-79) a Roman Historian and scientist refers to a plant grown in Syria resembling a parsnip, called in Italy Gallicam and in Greece Daucon. Pliny's rich encyclopedia "Naturalis Historia" (Natural History) deals with medicinal plants and described their therapeutic effects. Pliny's work includes a discussion of all known cultivated crops and vegetables, as well as herbs and remedies derived from them.
Pliny said: "There is one kind of wild pastinaca which grows spontaneously; by the Greeks it is known as staphylinos. Another kind is grown either from the root transplanted or else from seed, the ground being dug to a very considerable depth for the purpose. It begins to be fit for eating at the end of the year, but it is still better at the end of two; even then, however, it preserves its strong pungent flavour, which it is found impossible to get rid of." In speaking of the medicinal virtue he adds "the cultivated form has the same as the wild kind, though the latter is more powerful, especially when grown in stony places. Pliny called its root "pasticana gallica" : "food for Gauls", but it was not eaten as a vegetable prior to the Middle Ages.
Pliny speaks of four kinds of wild carrot (Daucus), some of which grow everywhere on earthy hills and cross-paths having leaves like those of coriander, a stem a cubit high and round heads.
In Latin, pastinaca refers to the parsnip or the carrot. Related words in that language are pastinare, 'to dig', and pastinum, a two-pronged digging fork or dibble, which probably lent its name to these vegetables because they so often formed forked roots in the ground. In archaic English pastinate, means 'land prepared for planting'. Pliny also said "It has become quite a common proverb that in wine there is truth."
Pliny died in A.D. 79 while observing the famous eruption of Mount Vesuvius. In A.D. 77 he wrote the first encyclopaedia, Historia Naturalis, in which he "set forth in detail all the contents of the entire world." . It was composed of 37 books on natural history in all its phases including meteorology, zoology, geography and botany. This work contains a large amount of information found nowhere else. Headless people were among the many marvels it reported. He reported that it involved 2000 volumes but if so, most have been lost. This work had a profound influence on biology throughout the Middle Ages and practically until the end of the 18th Century. In fact it was the basis for the encyclopaedias of Bartholomaeus Anglicus, Konrad of Megenberg and others.
The drawing of a Pompeii wall painting now destroyed (Pittore di Ercolano, vol 2, p52,pl8) depicts four bunches of vegetables. Helbig (1868, no 1669) identified a bunch of asparagus, various radishes, and two bunches of yellow Ruben (carrots). (Source:The natural history of Pompeii - By Wilhelmina Mary Feemster Jashemski, Frederick Gustav Meyer). The leaves of Wild Carrot, and many flowering umbels were found in the carbonised hay at Oplontis (a town close to Pompeii).
Read an extract from a translation of Pliny's Natural History here. Showing references to carrot and the remedies to bodily ailments it recommends.
It is Greek physician Pedanius Dioscorides (c. 20-c. 70) who catalogued over 600 medicinal plant species during his first century travels as a roman army doctor and who accurately describes the modern carrot. The Greek herbal of Pedanios Dioskurides, latinized as Pedanius Dioscorides (2070 CE), is entitled Peri Ylis Ialikis (PYI) and latinized as De Materia Medica, On Medical Matters, was written about the year 65. It was destined to be one of the most famous books on pharmacology and medicine but is also rich in horticulture. This non-illustrated work contained descriptions of about 600 plants, 35 animal products, and 90 minerals emphasizing their medicinal uses.
The third book of Dioscorides the Greek Roots - sets out an account of roots, juices, herbs, and seeds suitable both for common use and for medications. Read more on the next page including some translations of his work and illustrations of the Orange Carrot. Here
He was from Anazarbus, a small town near Tarsus in what is now south-central Turkey. As a surgeon and physician with the Roman army of Emperor Nero, Dioscorides travelled through Italy, Gaul, Spain, and North Africa, recording the existence and medicinal value of hundreds of plants. He compiled an extensive listing of medicinal herbs and their virtues in about 70 A.D. Originally written in Greek, Dioscorides' herbal was later translated into Latin as De Materia Medica.
Dioscorides knew three kinds of Daucus, the third of which could be probably identified with the wild carrot, having coriander leaves, white flowers, top and seeds similar to dill and terminal umbels like parsnip.
It remained the standard reference and authority on medicinal plants for over 1500 years. Dioscorides said that the Greeks used carrot leaves against cancerous tumours. He may have learned his medicine by practical experience while in the legions and he most certainly relied on an earlier work by the physician Crateuas. His work describes some 600 plants and their possible medical use. Pedanius Dioscorides described the carrot as a panacea for a number of problems. "They say that reptiles do not harm people who have taken it in advance; it also aids conception," he wrote around 60 AD.
Dioscorides wrote "Ye root ye thickness of a finger, a span
long, sweet-smelling, edible being sodden [boiled]. Of this ye seed being
drank...and it is good for ye [painful discharge of urine] in potions, and for
ye bitings and strokes of venomous beasts; they say also, that they which take
it before hand shall take no wrong of wilde beasts. It co-operates also to
conception, and it also being [diuretic], both provoketh [poison], and being
applied; but the leaves being beaten small with honey, and laid on, doth cleanse
rapidly spreading destructive ulceration of soft tissues." He recommended the
seeds of Wild Carrot for the relief of urinary retention, to stimulate
menstruation and to "wake up the genital virtue." Read more on
the next page including some translations of his work and illustrations of the
Orange Carrot. Here
Claudius Galen of Pergamum
(130-200?) was the most outstanding physician of antiquity after
Hippocrates. He served at the court of Marcus Aurelius. Galen's medical writings
(comprising nearly a hundred treatises) became the standard source of medical
knowledge for centuries. His experimental work was pioneering: he demonstrated
the function of the nervous system by cutting animals' spinal cords at different
points and observing their resulting paralysis. He was the first to consider the
diagnostic value of taking a subject's pulse, and was the first to identify
several muscles.
He also studied the heart and urinary system, and proved that the arteries are full of blood. He believed that blood originated in the liver, and sloshed back and forth through the body, passing through the heart, where it was mixed with air, by pores in the septum. His anatomical studies on animals and observations of how the human body functions dominated medical theory and practice for 1400 years. Galen was born of Greek parents in Pergamum, Asia Minor, which was then part of the Roman Empire.
A shrine to the healing god Asclepius was located in Pergamum,
and there young Galen observed how the medical techniques of the time were used
to treat the ill or wounded. He received his formal medical training in nearby
Smyrna and then travelled widely, gaining more medical knowledge. In about 161
he settled in Rome, where he became renowned for his skill as a physician, his
animal dissections, and his public lectures.
Galen commanded "garden Carrots higher to break the wind,
yet experience teacheth they breed it first, and we may thank nature for
expelling it. The seeds expel wind indeed and so mend what the root marreth".
The name Daucus pastinaca was given to the wild carrot by Galen in attempt to
distinguish it from parsnip. Galen said that the wild carrot "is less fit to be
eaten than the cultivated variety".
Extract from Galen on Food and Diet Mark Grant (2000) -
Carrot, wild carrot and caraway The roots of these plants are eaten, but these provide less nutrition than turnips and less in fact than the taro from Cyrene. They are clearly heating and display a certain aromatic quality. As with other roots they are difficult to digest. They are diuretic and, if used excessively, supply an average amount of bad juice. Caraway root contains better juices than the carrot. Some people call the wild carrot daucus, since it is more diuretic, of greater medicinal value and in need of lengthy cooking, if it is intended to be eaten. The nutrition from the plants mentioned above When forced through shortage of food, people often boil and eat pellitory, water parsnip, alexanders, fennel, wild chervil, chicory, gum succory, daucus gingidium, wild carrot, and the tender shoots of most bushes and trees; some of these are even eaten when there is no shortage of food, like the top of the date palm which is called the heart. |
From the Collection Bertarelli, Milan Medicatrina, A Clinic Scene (left).
This illustration accompanying Galens work shows the surgical procedures
described by Galen--on the head, eye, leg, mouth, bladder and genitals--still
practiced in the 16th century.
The name Carota for the garden Carrot is found first in the writings of Athenaeus (A.D. 200), and in the book on cookery by Apicius Czclius. It was Galen the Greek physician (second century A.D.) who named the wild carrot Daucus pastinaca (adding the name Daucus) to distinguish the Carrot from the Parsnip, though confusion remained steadfast until botanist Linnaeus set the record straight in the 18th century with his system of plant classification.
The scientific name he gave the carrot is Daucus carota, the parsnip Pastinaca sativa.
Although human dissections had fallen into disrepute, he
always stressed to his students the importance of practicing on humans and
recommended that students practice dissection as often as possible. Galen
believed everything in nature has a purpose, and that nature uses a single
object for more than one purpose whenever possible. He maintained that "the best
doctor is also a philosopher," and so advocated that medical students be
well-versed in philosophy, logic, physics, and ethics. To learn more about Galen
visit this site.
Galen also said "All that's old shall be new again." Galen was physician to the
Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius. He remains most famous for his codification of
Hippocrates's 'four humors' as personality traits (a concept later adopted by
Adler in his 'Four Lifestyle Theory'). He was the first to identify the
brain-mind relation, the basic working structure of the eye and ear, as well as
distinguishing differences between motor and sensory nerves (i.e., so-called
affective and effective impulses). Did you know Galen is credited with
investigating increased physiological activity amongst lovers? The next time you
are near to your lover check to see whether your pulse races and pupils dilate!
Athenaeus, of Naucratis, Egypt, the garrulous
scholar from 200ad, considered the carrot and the parsnip the same vegetable or
at least interchangeable.
The problem of classification was finally resolved by the master classifier,
Linnaeus, who put the parsnip in a genus of its own, but refused to recognise
the cultivated carrot as specifically distinct from its wild cousin Queen Anne's
Lace. Both are known as Daucus Carota. His anthological work, the Deipnosophistae (Banquet of the Sophists), is a collection of anecdotes, after
dinner stories, memorabilia and excerpts from ancient writers whose works are
otherwise lost.
Athenaeus wrote:
1. "A change of meat is often good, and
those who are wearied of common food take new pleasure in a novel meal," and
2. " Every investigation which is guided by principles of Nature fixes its
ultimate aim entirely on gratifying the stomach".
Extract of The Text of Athenaeus
(referencing carrot) Athenaeus, whose Deipnosophistae, or The Sophists at Dinner, is the oldest cookery book that has come down to us, was a native of Naucratis in Egypt. He lives in Rome at the end of the second and the beginning of the third century after Christ. We know nothing more of his life and activities than his own work reveals. The Carrot.85 - "This is pungent," says Diphilus, "harsh, tolerably nourishing and fairly wholesome, with a tendency to loosening and windiness, moderately good for the stomach; not easy to digest, very diuretic, . It is not without some influence in prompting men to amatory feelings, calculated to rouse sexual desire; hence by some it is called 'love-philtre.'
(evidently from a list of antidotes; carrot-seed is here mentioned as a cure for the bite of the seps, a kind of lizard-snake. Nic. Ther. 843, Diosc. III.54 (59). Diocles, in the first book of his Hygiene (or Treatise of the
Wholesomes), calls the carrot (staphylinus not astaphylinus. (It
appears he is trying to distinguish the parsnip from the carrot) Source: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Athenaeus/9A*.html |
It is said that the Roman invaders fed carrot broth to their female hostages in hope of unfettering their straight-laced demeanor!
The breakdown of the Roman Empire resulted in social disturbances, destruction of the large cities, and a general decline in culture, a period often referred to as the Dark Ages. This is evidenced in the deterioration in the accuracy and content of plant illustrations. Scribes continued to reproduce and embellish previous manuscripts, rather than observing and representing the existing native plants, and a dogmatic scholasticism that stifled original investigation.
The carrot was certainly cultivated in the Mediterranean area
before the Christian Era, but it was not important as a food until much later.
There is a long gap of about 900 years between the writings of the Greeks and
Romans of the first to third centuries and the next clear records about the
Turn the pages of history to find out what happened next in the Carrot's journey
after the demise of the Roman Empire.
Continue your time travel - A.D. 200 to 1500
History Wild Carrot Today Nutrition Cultivation Recipes Trivia Links Home Contact - SITE SEARCH


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Royal appointment for Herefordshire musicians (From Hereford Times)
Get involved! Send your photos, video, news & views by texting HT NEWS to 80360 or e-mail us
Herefordshire musicians have the chance to perform in front of The Queen
11:52am Friday 20th April 2012 in News By Mark Bowen
HEREFORDSHIRE musicians are being offered the chance to perform before the Queen.
County musicians can volunteer to perform in front of Her Majesty on Herefordshire Diamond Day on Wednesday July 11.
As part of the day groups from across Herefordshire will be at the King George V Playing Field in Hereford to take part in an all-day gala.
The event will include parades and presentations, plus a special performance sequence before the Queen and Prince Philip.
Musical director for Diamond Day is David Evans, director of music at Hereford Cathedral School.
"We're using the occasion to form a Jubilee Band, and we need woodwind and brass musicians to come forward who can join us on this great day", said David.
Musicians must be at grade five or higher. Volunteer musicians can email email@example.com or call 01432 261837.
Comments are closed on this article.


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Back to basics law: how to balance risk and choose the right construction contract
Barristers Kim Franklin and Sue Lindsey look at the balance of risk between employer and contractor in common construction contracts
Subscribe to the AJ from £3 per week
For less than the cost of a pint you can have the magazine, iPad edition, full access to TheAJ.co.uk and the amazing AJBuildingsLibrary.co.uk. Subscribe now and experience architecture from a British perspective. The AJ - it's your journal.


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Health Tip: At Risk for Hip Fracture?
Factors that make it more likely
(HealthDay News) -- Hip fractures are common among seniors, and their risk increases with age.
The American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons says risk factors for hip fractures include:
- Being 65 or older.
- Being female.
- Having a slender build, being Asian or white, or having a family history of hip fracture.
- Getting insufficient dietary calcium.
- Having poor balance, arthritis, vision problems or being frail.
- Having dementia or another issue with memory.
- Taking certain medications that lead to side effects including dizziness or weakness.
- Vitamin D Supplements Won't Help Prevent Disease: Review
December 05, 2013 - Health Tip: Returning to Normal After Hip Replacement
December 03, 2013
Learn More About Sharp
Sharp HealthCare is San Diego's health care leader with seven hospitals, two medical groups and a health plan. Learn more about our San Diego hospitals, choose a Sharp-affiliated San Diego doctor or browse our comprehensive medical services.
Copyright © 2011 HealthDay. All rights reserved.


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Tony Stewart has not ruled out the possibility of adding a third car to his Stewart Haas Racing team next year, amid speculation linking his squad to running Kasey Kahne in 2011, before he joins Hendrick Motorsports.
The two-time NASCAR Sprint Cup champion is currently in his second season as a team owner in the series. Last year both Stewart and his teammate Ryan Newman made it into the Chase in the team's debut campaign.
Following this week's announcement of Kahne's multi-year deal with Hendrick Motorsports from the 2012 season, Stewart's team has been tipped as the leading option for Kahne in 2011, as he is set to leave Richard Petty Motorsports at the end of this year. SHR currently runs chassis and engines provided by Hendrick Motorsports, while it assembles its cars independently at its own shop.
Stewart said on Friday at Texas Motor Speedway that he only learned about the news of Kahne's Hendrick deal this week and that there has not been any talk about him driving for SHR next year. But he added that he would feel comfortable about adding a third car to his lineup, if the right opportunity came along.
"We would definitely with the right opportunity," he said. "Our focus obviously is to keep Ryan's car and our car going well right now. But if the right opportunity and the right driver and the right sponsor came along, we would be definitely interested in a third team as we've said that all along."
Stewart added that Kahne faces the chance of a lifetime by joining the Hendrick roster of drivers, and was full of praise for the 30-year-old, and noting that he had assisted Kahne's passage into the Sprint Cup by suggesting his name to Ray Evernham, Kahne's first boss at NASCAR's top level.
"I think it's a great opportunity for him," said Stewart. "Only Kasey knows what he wants... I know what I've learned in the short amount of time being in the Hendrick system and getting to work with Hendrick Motorsports.
"I've always liked him," he added of Kahne. "I was the one who sat with Ray Evernham and talked to him in the infield at Bristol years ago. So I think it's a great opportunity for him."
Last week at Phoenix Newman scored SHR's first victory of the season, and his first since joining the team last year.


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Project Description:
We need an ecomerce website built, both design and programming skills needed.
This website should have a homepage, products page, FAQ page, About us/contact us (a form and google map) page. We will provide all the writing of course.
It must support online payment solutions (paypal). Because our service includes a one-off set up fee and a subscription fee, so by clicking "buy now" button or "add to cart button", two products should be added automatically (meaning, once the customer click "add to cart", two products should appear--a one off fee and a subscription option). Alternatively, when customers click "buy now", they will be automatically taken to a page where they are asked to select a subscription plan. So candidates must have experience with paypal payment solutions.
We have our own logo, so the website should match it in colour scheme.
We don't want an elaborate website, just a simple, elegant and most imortantly, functional website. And we want this website to be built as soon as possible.
We expect you to upload the website to our domain and walk us through the basic process.
Additional Project Description:
09/17/2012 at 10:19 BST
We would appreciate it if this website can be built within 10 days. Since it's a pretty basic website, we think it definitely can be done.
Reply with the word "kiwi" so that we know you have read through the description.
Thank you for your interest in our project.
09/17/2012 at 12:18 BST
As an after thought, we need a portfolio page as well, which means a CMS will be required, as we'll constant update our portfolio and add new services and products.
09/18/2012 at 5:48 BST


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Unlike in many states, Florida businesses usually need general business licenses at the state, county and city levels. Additionally, Floridians can expect significant numbers of licenses and permits at the state and county levels, while cities usually minimally regulate. Florida has particularly extensive healthcare and food licensing and includes regulation over specialties such as kosher foods.
In Florida, governments at all levels – federal, state, county and city – need supplies and services. Governments do a significant amount of business with the private sector and can be fantastic clients and customers to businesses in many industries. Any business can apply to do business with any governmental body through a vendor registration process.


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The brand employs a full-time environmental manager in Europe an 3 employees in the USA. Other person are working only on the environmental footprint.
Training to green procurement policy.
Visioconference betwenn Europe and the USA.
Environmental training for all new employees and increase awareness through cleaning days in Annecy's Lake.
Common Threads Initiative : importance to reduce our consumption, don't buy unnecessarily, encourage consumers to reduce, reuse, repair or recycle to give a second life to their products.
Monthly newsletter for all retailes (670 in Europe whose 80 corner shops) to inform them about environmental and social actions. Ads in shops is in recycled paper and print with water based and natural ink (paper bags, take back boxes, brochures…)
The objective is to have 100% of bluesign partners in 2014.
In 2010, 90% of he supply chain was audited with a focus on wastes management, chemicals and recycling.
100% of suppliers fulfil a questionnaire about energy, water and air and corrective actions are implemented.
Certifications: Distribution center (Reno, in Nevada) was build with according to HQE : the lighting system is managed by motion sensors, mirrors rooftop reflect light inside the building, parking is equipped with an oil / water separator, the carpet is 100% recycled polyester. Energy savings are generated annually from 30 to 35%. This building has been extended and the extension has been certified Gold LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design).
Sustainable Apparel Coalition with other brands to create a share index to help designers and stakeholders in designing products and integrate environmental settings in all supply chain. This index uses a LCA approach and was tested by Patagonia. LCA's have been realized to measure impact of some products and for this new edition, the approach developed by the Sustainable Appareal Coalition, The Higg Index, will be used. Footprint Chronicles present environmental and social profiles for all products.
Patagonia is working on the implementation of a collective repair center in Rhône Alpes to increase the rate of reparations of products of outdoor brands.
Shoes are in reycled and recyclable cardboards boxes.
Only technical products have a packaging in recycled cardboard.


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Always a good sign when Mr Data, Kitty Extraordinaire, is up to climbing up the stairs to the couch, over the computer and onto the kitchen table (that's Data's typing above). He still worries me though as I found today he's lost a pound in the last month. Which I know is related to many things...the CRF, Diabetes, possibly the anemia or blood pressure, but it still hits me hard to see him so thin...because a year ago, he was 13 lbs. Today he was a little over 8 lbs. He's got a little less oomph and a little less spunk than he did a year ago. And there's not much we can do about it. What he has, at least with the CRF, is progressive. So it's up to us now to make him happy and comfortable. Give him whatver he will eat that won't irritate his IBS. And above all, keep from freaking out as that will just upset Data. We could have a long time. We may have less than that. But worrying about what will happen down the road will get in the way of enjoying time with him today.
So to keep my mind off worrying I cleaned. I cleaned and rearranged and organized. I have a very workable kitchen now with everything I use most in one area instead of scattered around. I have a fairly clean carpet free from little Data gifts. I can now see most of my loveseat (which is the reciprocal for all things clutter).
Time to think happy thoughts. Data is eating his fancy feast. He's made a few litterbox visits in time the past few days. And he's crawling around the computer, sitting on the keyboard, deleting applications and making my entire computer scream.
Today, that puts all the other worries in life in perspective.
My journey in learning how to grow up, enjoy life and have some fun baking along the way.
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
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DH and DW do function in very similar ways, but the effect of the rez adaption algorithm confuses the issue here.
If you start changing DH or DW, for example you can pass a size where you reach another precize multiple of the rez requested by the game, and then the borders can vanish. But if you increased the value beyond the physical borders of the screen you instead lose visibility of some part of the game screen. And if you decreased the value to less than the visibile screen, then that will create a black border of its own.
There is no 'gradual stretching' of the picture scaling for small changes of either DH or DW, since the only scale adaption we can make is done by changing the MAGH and MAGV magnification factor integers. And since they are integers, fractional scaling is impossible.
That is because the game has a 'native' 1080i mode, meaning that the game is working directly with a frame buffer dimensioned for that purpose, and can fill as much or as little of it as it pleases. When both the game (or other main program) and the GS chip agree on using a specific rez, then that rez can always be used without any borders.It can't be a limitation of the GS chip at 1080i because Gran Turismo 4's 1080i mode fills MOST but albeit not all of the height of the screen, certainly more than the GS program.
But in this project we are normally forced to deal with a framebuffer holding data suitable for direct display in 640x448 or thereabouts (640x512 for PAL), and the only way we can adapt that to 1080i or another enforced video mode is by integer multiplication. The 1920 widht of 1080i allows for perfect integral magnification of 640 pixels by the factor 3, so DH will be perfect. But 1080/448 is appx 2.41, while 1080/512 is appx 2.11, so the truncated integer factor is 2, using only 896 or 1024 of the 1080 lines, with the remainder being black borders.
Best regards: dlanor


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Indicted attorney accused of tampering with records
In the housing authority case, the allegations against the former head of the state bar are much different than the charges against the other defendants
Three men indicted Friday in the housing authority case face felony charges including fraud and money laundering that could land them in prison for decades if they're convicted.
But the fourth defendant in the case, an Albuquerque attorney and former head of the State Bar of New Mexico, faces a much different allegation — that he destroyed, changed, fabricated or hid two invoices and a promissory note with the intention of preventing the apprehension, prosecution or conviction of himself or someone else.
David N. Hernandez, who was a contract attorney for the Region III Housing Authority, is charged with one count of tampering with evidence, according to the indictment. It's a fourth-degree felony that carries a maximum prison sentence of 18 months.
While tampering with records may not carry as long a prison sentence as the charges against the other defendants, it's an important part of the housing authority case. The allegations in the case center on the misuse of millions of dollars in bond money, and officials have complained for years that the investigation was hampered by the high volume of missing documentation.
Some officials have said they believe someone destroyed government documents related to the case, while others say it's not clear whether the documents were destroyed, taken or simply not created in the first place.
No one but Hernandez has been charged with tampering with records in the case. The attorney general's office isn't commenting, so whether additional charges against Hernandez or others are forthcoming isn't known.
Hernandez's attorney, Ryan Villa, says his client is innocent. He pointed out in an interview that Hernandez is accused of tampering with three documents, not the volume of missing records officials have complained about. And he said conviction on the tampering with evidence charge requires proof that there was specific intent to evade prosecution or obstruct justice.
"I think the government's going to have a very difficult time proving David did anything with the intent to evade prosecution or to obstruct justice," Villa said.
Hernandez 'served with distinction'
Villa defended his client as an "upstanding citizen" and a "well-respected attorney," referring to his service as head of the state bar association in 2001.
"You don't get that kind of job or that kind of appointment without being well-respected in the legal community," Villa said.
Las Cruces attorney Mary Torres, who followed Hernandez as president of the state bar in 2002, said in a statement released by the organization that Hernandez "served the state bar well as president and served with distinction," and said he was "very active, reaching out to local and voluntary bar associations."
"He is innocent until proven guilty, and I believe he will be grateful for the opportunity to respond to the allegations," Torres said. "The justice system will be fair."
An employee with the state Supreme Court's disciplinary board said Hernandez has never been disciplined for misconduct in his position as an attorney.
1 Comment
Missing documents cases are probably difficult to prove. I was reading a Ruidoso News article about a problem the county had with a bank:
"… In another issue, [county manager] Stewart told commissioners that he is irritated by the handling of some projects by the state Department of Finance and Administration.
"The DFA sends out a letter after we've completed (project financial reports) listing requirements, most of which we have done anyway," he said.
…. "I referred them to their five files. They said they can't find them. I had to redo all the documentation."Link to the article is http://www.ruidosonews.com/ci_12674012
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