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Tomlinsonia stichkania sp. nov., a permineralized grass from the Pliocene to(?) Pleistocene China Ranch beds in Sperry Wash, California. William D. Tidwell and E. M. V. Nambudiri Botanical Gazette (Chicago) (June 1990), 151(2):263-274; BOT.GAZ.151(2):263-274. 1990. © 1990by The Universityof Chicago. All rights reserved. 0006-8071/90/5102-0009$02.00 TOMLINSONIA STICHKANIA SP. NOV., A PERMINERALIZED GRASS FROM THE PLIOCENE TO (?)PLEISTOCENE CHINA RANCH BEDS IN SPERRY WASH, CALIFORNIA WILLIAMD. TIDWELLAND E. M. V. NAMBUDIRI Departmentof Botany and Range Science, BrighamYoung University, Provo, Utah 84602; and Energy Research Unit, Universityof Regina, SaskatchewanS4S OA2, Canada Permineralizedspecimensof grasses assignableto Tomlinsonia as a new species Tomlinsonia stichkania occur in the China Ranch beds of Pliocene to possible Pleistoceneage in Sperry Wash m the Alexander Hills of southeasternCalifornia. The round culm of these grasses is generally solid or occasionallyhollow with collateral vascular bundles in a distinct outer and indistinct inner rings. Two-ranked leaf sheaths alternately encircle and overlap the culm. Ridges and furrows occur in the abaxial su;races of the sheaths. The epidermisof the leaf sheaths is similar to that of the culm. The leaf lammaconsIstsof a three-layered mesophyll. Long and short cells cannot be distinguishedin the leaves, and hg~les are not present. Based upon its leaf anatomy and its low 313C/2C ratios of -.24.6%0, th~ssp~cles IS proposed as a C3 grass. 1'omlinsonia stichkania is also importantbecauseof the ranty of permmeralIzedgrasses. It ISonly the second or third grass species describedfrom specimenswith this type of preservation. Introduction The fossil record of the Gramineae is incomplete (GOULDand SHAW 1983), and according to THOMASSON (1980, 1987b), most fossil grasses described prior to 1927 were based on little factual evidence. However, paleoagrostology has come a long way since the 1920s and recent studies of fossil grasses based on micromorphological features have increased considerably the reliability of their taxonomic determinations (THOMASSON1980, 1984, 1987a; THOMASSONet a1. 1986). Based on the distribution of extant grasses, some investigators have postulated that grasses may have had their beginnings during the Upper Mesozoic (BROWN and SMITH 1972; BRAZIER 1973). Although grass pollen may have occurred in the Maastrichtian (KEDVES 1971), the earliest generally accepted record of fossil grasses is based on monoporate, grass-like pollen in the Paleocene of Brazil, Africa, and Australia (HARRIS 1965; PAREZRlGALI et a1. 1974; ADEGOKEet a1. 1978; MULLER 1981). Plant megafossils of Gramineae do not appear in the geologic record until the Paleocene / Eocene (LITKE 1968; CREPET and FELDMAN1989) and grass anthoecia of Oligocene, Miocene, and Pleistocene age have been reported from various sites in the United States (THOMASSON 1987a, 1987b). The permineralized grasses described in this report were collected on the surface in a small valley along Sperry Wash in the Alexander Hills near the southeastern edge of Death Valley National Monument, California (fig. I). The rocks containing the grass plants were eroded from the sediments of the Manuscript received May 1989; revised manuscript received January 1990. Address for correspondenceand reprints: WILLIAMD. TIDWELL, Departmentof BotanyandRangeScience,BrighamYoung University,Provo, Utah 84602. surrounding hills, which are referred to as the China Ranch beds (MASON 1948; WRIGHT 1954). They are 5,000 ft (1,538 m) or more in thickness and are unconformably overlain in some nearby areas by conglomeratic lake deposits of Pleistocene age (NOBLEand WRIGHT 1954). The China Ranch beds have been correlated with the Funeral Formation (NOBLE 1941), and consist mostly of beds of fanglomerate and siltstone, some of which are ?ypsiferous. The upper beds also include marly hmestones and tuffs (WRIGHT 1954). In the Funeral Peak Quadrangle, which occurs northwest of the Alexander Hills, the Funeral Formation unconformably overlies the Greenwater volcanics, which, in tum, rests with an angular unconformity on the Furnace Creek Formation (DREWES 1963; FLECK 1970). A radiometric date of 5.4 ± 0.2 Ma for the Vitrophyre Member of the Greenwater volcanics P!Ovides a maximum age for the Funeral FormatIon (FLECK 1970), and thus, the China Ranch beds. Both DREWES (1963) and FLECK (1970) considered the Funeral Formation to be Late Pliocene to Pleistocene(?) in age. Based on pollen analysis, a Pliocene age was also inferred for part of the Funeral Formation (AXELROD and TING 1960; HUNT and MABEY 1966). According to WRIGHT(1954), with the except~on of wood fragments and a few bird tracks, the Chma Ranch beds were considered to be unfossiliferous. STRONG (1966) later reported permineralized tree ferns, palm axes, cycads, rootlets, and material she called petrified bog from this locality. She mentioned large logs buried in soft, clay-like ash, one of which was subsequently identified as Populus sp. (PAGE 1969), and in our recent collections, another as Betula sp. Fossil tree ferns or cycads were not collected from this locality, and based on the paleoecology of this site, it is very unlikely they were ever present. However, poorly preserved palm bases that superficially resemble cycad stems were 263 264 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [JUNE Death Valley NM NEVADA 15 km FIG. I.-Map illustrating collection site of Tomlinsonia slichkania FIG. 2.-Reconstruction of a culm with ensheathing leaf bases, x 35. uncovered in these beds. Other evidence of fossil palms at this locality, such as numerous roots, axes, and flowers, are also associated with the fossil grasses described in this report. Fronds of a fossil palm similar to Washingtonia sp. occur as impressions on the marly limestone beds. Material and methods The permineralized grass specimens referred to in this paper were first brought to our attention by EVE STICHKAand JAMESSTICHKAof Walnut Creek, California, who had discovered them in Sperry Wash during an earlier collecting trip. A subsequent trip was made to this area to locate additional material and to detennine other associated fossil plant types. These other plant remains are essentially palmaceous and consist mainly of palm roots, which in some areas are so numerous as to literally form a large portion of several low hills. Thin-section slides of the specimens of fossil grass were used to study the anatomy of the plants. Some grass specimens were also dissolved in HCl and HF to remove the silicates and obtain organic material that was collected, freeze-dried, combusted to CO2, and then analyzed for its fl I3Cj'2C ratios. The result was a value of -24.6%0 indicative of C3 photosynthesis. Systematics FAMILY.-Gramineae GENUS.-ToMLINSONIA TIDWELLANDNAMBUDIRI SPECIEs.-ToMLINSONIA STICHKANIASP. NOV. (FIGS. 2-23) 1990J TIDWELL & NAMBUDlRI-TOMLINSONIA STICHKANIA SP. NOV. 265 FIG. 3.-Transverse sections of culms with leaf sheaths. A, Solid culm, x 40. B, Hollow culm x 20 DIAGNOSlS.-Plants herbaceous; rhizome underground; culm erect, length unknown, solid or hollow, margins wavy to round; epidermis single layered, rectangular cells, collateral vascular bundles in distinct outer and indistinct inner rings; vascular bundles round to oval, bundle sheaths in three to six layers, vessels one to two, protoxylem several tracheary elements to lacunate; ground tissue parenchymatous; sheathing leaf bases, alternate, overlapping around culm, margins free, broad at middle, tapering to margins, generally rounded keel, two to three layers of vascular bundles in midrib, vascular bundles small and large, similar to culm bundles, abaxial ridges and furrows present; leaf lamina mesophyll three-layered, ligules unknown. HOLOTYPE.-Brigham Young University 3192. PARATYPE.-Brigham Young University 3193. LOCALlTY.-Sperry Wash, Alexander Hills, California. HORIZON.-China Ranch beds. AGE.-Pliocene or Pleistocene (?). ETYMOLOGY.-The specific epithet honors EVE SncHKA and JAMES SnCHKA of Walnut Creek, California, for donation of most of the fossils. Description The rhizome of Tomlinsonia stichkania studied (fig. 6) is 6 mrn in diameter and consists of a poorly preserved epidermis surrounding a three-layered hypodermis, a single indistinct ring of large vascular bundles near the rhizome center, and numerous smaller bundles scattered throughout the parenchymatous ground tissue. Oblique bundles appear to connect with bundles in the culms. The central solid to hollow culms are surrounded by alternating leaf sheaths (figs. 2, 3, 5). Sheaths are broader in their middles, tapering toward their margins (fig. II), which although overlapping around the culm are free from one another. A distinct keel is present in one leaf sheath (fig. 16). The culms, .5-1 mm in diameter, are circular or oval with a wavy outline of ridges and grooves (figs. 2, 3, 5). Squarish, four-sided, and moderately thick-walled epidermal cells form a single layer around the culm (fig. 13). They are about as long (3.5-4 J.Lm)as wide (2.5-3 J.Lm),sometimes longer. No hairs are present, or at least, none have been observed, and no definite girders or sclerenchyma occur below the epidermis (figs. 12, 13). The hypodermal region is composed of up to three layers of moderately thick-walled, squarish cells that vary from 9-24 J.Lmlong by 7-12 J.Lmwide. Culms of these permineralized grasses have vascular bundles arranged in a more or less regular circular pattern (figs. 3, 5, 8) with an outer ring of up to 35 small bundles surrounding irregularly arranged one to three inner rings with each ring consisting of six to ten bundles. Inner bundles are often free and scattered throughout the moderately thick-walled, parenchymatous ground tissue (figs. 15, 16). Parenchyma cells of this tissue are 15-35 266 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [JUNE FIas. 4-8.-Illustrations of specimens and transverse section of culm. Fig. 4, Specimen before thin-sectioning. Note the numerous grass plants. Specimen no. 3193 (X 1). Fig. 5, Transverse section of a culm with surrounding leaf sheaths. Note the vascular bundle arrangement in the culm and the sheaths. Specimen 3192 (X 18). Fig. 6, Transverse section of a specimen containing several grass plants. Specimen 3192 (X 2). Fig. 7, Longitudinal view of the culms (a) and transverse sections of the rhizomes (b) of figure 6 (X 2). Fig. 8, Close-up of vascular bundles of the culm in figure 2; illustrating bundle distribution (X 25). I-lm in size. Usually the ground tissue at the center of the culm is solid with indistinct circles of bundles embedded in its peripheral part. Only one culm has a central cavity. No air canals are present. Outline of the vascular bundles is oval with the semicircular phloem pole occupying about one-third the height of the bundle (figs. 17, 18). The xylem poles of large bundles have one or two wide, angular to generally oval metaxylem vessels on either flank of the bundle, and a lacuna occurs in some bundles where the protoxylem appears to have disintegrated (figs. 14, 17). Leaf sheaths with ridges and grooves on their abaxial sides are dorsiventrally flattened in a half19901 TIDWELL & NAMBUDlRI-TOMLINSONIA STICHKANIA SP. NOV. 267 FIGs. 9~ 13.- Transverse sections of culms and leaves. Fig. 9, Part of a leaf lamina around culm in transverse section. Adaxial epidermis (a), elongated parenchyma (b), larger mesophyll cells (c), smaller mesophyll parenchyma cells (d), palisade-like cells (e), abaxial epidermis (fl, and bundles (g). Specimen 3192 (X 100). Fig. 10, Enlargement of the parenchyma cells in transverse section of the middle section of mesophyl1. The darker areas are poorly preserved bundles (X 120). Fig. 11, Leaf sheath with rounded keel around culm in cross section. Note the ridges and furrows on the abaxial surface of the sheath. Specimen 3193 (X 25). Fig. 12, Furrow of a culm in transverse section and the distribution of the small and larger vascular bundles beneath it. Specimen 3192 (X 120). Fig. 13, Furrow and ridges of a culm in transverse section. Note the parenchyma cells of the outer ground tissue and the four-sided cells of the epidermis. Specimen 3192 (X 120). moon shape around the culm (fig. 19). An abaxially projecting midrib with a round keel and complex vasculature is present (fig. 11). Around one culm, a distinct, subcircular keel is present (fig. 21). No lacunae occur in the parenchymatous ground tissue of the midrib or the mesophyll of the lamina. The epidermal cells of the leaf and leaf sheath are uniseriate, four-sided, straight, moderately thickwalled, as long as wide or longer. They are similar to the epidermal cells of the culm. 268 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [JUNE FIGS. 14-18.~Fig. 14, Vascular bundles in the middle section of the mesophyll of a leaf sheath in transverse section. Specimen 3192 (X 120). Fig. 15, Enlargement of the parenchyma cells of the inner ground tissue of culm in cross section. Specimen 3192 (X 200). Fig. 16, Distinct, subcircular-shaped keel of a leaf sheath in transverse section. Specimen 3193 (X 25). Fig. 17, Inner vascular bundle in a culm. Metaxylem vessels (a), phloem (b), bundle cap (c), and protoxylem lacuna (d). Specimen 3192 (X 200). Fig. 18, Close-up of vascular bundles of the outer ring of the culm in transverse section. Note the confluence of the bundle sheaths. Specimen 3192 (X 200). The vascular bundles are embedded in parenchymatous tissue of the leaf sheaths (figs. 14, 20, 23) and the leaf lamina (fig. 9). The large primary bundles have a well-developed abaxial cap of sclerenchyma (15 fJ..m high) but no definite girders linking them to the epidermis. The sclerotic tissue surrounding the phloem is separated from the epidermis by cells of the mesophyll. Primary bundles are ovate (80-120 fJ..mlong by 40-80 fJ..mwide) with broader sides generally abaxial. Sometimes a lysigenous cavity (15 fJ..m)is present at the position of the protoxylem, and sometimes one, but gen1990] TIDWELL & NAMBUDlRI-TOMLINSONIA STlCHKANIA SP. NOV. 269 FIGs. 19-23.-Fig. 19, Portion of leaf sheath showing bundle distribution and the rings and furrows on its abaxial surface. Note the smooth adaxial surface in cross section. Specimen 3193 (X 30). Fig. 20, Leaf sheath illustrating elongate parenchyma and the smaller cells of the mesophyll with cell contents in transverse section. Specimen 3193 (x 60). Fig. 21, Enlargement of figure 20. Cell contents of abaxial smaller me sophy II cells and poorly preserved bundles (X 240). Fig. 22, Close-up of the elongated cells with contents in transverse section. Specimen 3193 (X 120). Fig. 23, Portion of leaf sheath toward the margins of figure 20 (X 20). erally two, circular metaxylem vessels (7-10 fLm) with moderately thickened walls occur on each flank of the bundle and to the right and left of the protoxylem (fig. 14). The bundle sheath is three to six cell layers thick. The hexagonal and elongated tangential cells of each layer are small and about the same size. Their walls are relatively thin and do not appear to be sclerotic. No bundle sheath extensions are present and no sclerenchyma occurs between the bundles. Minor bundles are subcircular in outline and their xylem and phloem tissues are difficult to distinComparisons, as drawn in table I, suggest that T. stichkania differs from the Late Miocene T. thomassonii Tidwell and Nambudiri (TIDWELL and NAMBUDIRI1989) in that the former has more bundles in the outer ring of its culm. It also has ridges and furrows in the abaxial surface of its leaf sheaths and more distinct keels in its leaves. The latter features are lacking in T. thomassonii. In several modem grasses (i.e., Setaria and Ptychophyllum species), the leaf lamina is convolute as in T. stichkania. Unlike T. thomassonii, the internodes in culms of T. stichkania do not show a groove on one side. A groove is normally found on the side of the culm where a bud is developing (BOR 1960). Leaf anatomy has been used to distinguish C4 and C3 grass species (BROWN 1975; HATfERSLEY and WATSON 1976). Many C3 species are characterized by a chlorenchymatous mesophyll and a double-layered bundle sheath, the inner layer of which is generally of thick-walled cells. Based on its leaf anatomy and low 013C/12C ratios of -24.6%0, which falls within the range of -20 to -40%0 for C3 plants (LARCHER 1983), T. stichkania is proposed as a grass with a C3 photosynthetic pathway. TIDWELL and NAMBUDIRI (1989) described T. thomassonii from the Upper Miocene Ricardo Formation of California. This species has Kranz anatomy and high o13C/2C ratios (-13.7%0) that indicates a C4 photosynthetic pathway (NAMBUDIRIet al. 1978). Assigning fossil C4 and C3 species to the same genus (Tomlinsonia) is not unique and has precedent in modem grass floras. For example, there is no taxonomic reason for separating the C4 and C3 species of Neurachne into distinct genera (HATTERSLEY 1987), and Alloteropsis semialata from southern Africa has intraspecific photosynthetic pathway variations (ELLIS 1974; BROWN 1975; FREAN et al. 1983) with its C4 and C3 types being assigned to the subspecies semialata and eckloniana (GIBBS RUSSELL1983). Other genera that contain both C4 and C3 species are Panicum and Erogrostis (ELLIS 1984; HATfERSLEY 1987). Discovery of these permineralized grasses from the China Ranch beds and the Ricardo Formation is significant not only from the viewpoint of their micromorphological features but also because they allow speculation as to the distribution of different photosynthetic pathways in southwestern United States. BROWN and SMITH (1972) postulated that non- Kranz grasses originated during Late Mesozoic time and spread into the temperate regions of Laurasia and Gondwanaland. They assumed that panicoid grasses were the fIrst Kranz species. It is well known that C4 species have greater efficiency for water (EDWARDSand WALKER 1983) and CO2 (GOLDSWORTHY1975) usage than do C3 species. This capability has led to the speculation that C4 photosynthesis is an adaptation for warm, arid, subtropical 270 BOTANICAL GAZETTE guish from one another. Minor bundles also lack girders or any other sclerotic connecting link to the epidermis. The mesophyll of the leaf lamina can be divided into three sections (fig. 9). An adaxial section consists of three to six layers of tangentially aligned cells that are 5 IJ-m wide by 8 IJ-mlong. They parallel and are adjacent to the epidennis (figs. 22, 23). The middle portion is composed of large, moderately thickened, angular parenchyma cells (8- 15 IJ-macross), which do not radiate from the bundles, and the parenchymatous abaxial section, made up of smaller cells than the others, is six to eight cell layers wide (figs. 21, 23). The cells of the outennost layer adjacent to the abaxial epidermis, although not palisades, are oriented like this tissue. They are 2.5 IJ-m wide by 3.5 IJ-m long, vertically oriented, and tightly packed. No arm cells, fusoid cells, or cavities are present. The abaxial epidennis is similar to the adaxial epidermis. Bullifonn cells, stomata, macrohairs, prickles, and minute papillae are not present on either epidennis, and short cells, silica cells, and long cells cannot be distinguished. Slight to moderately tall, rounded ribs (100-250 IJ-m) and shallow to moderately deep furrows (20-50 IJ-m) occur only on the abaxial side of the leaf. Comparison and discussion Vegetatively, grasses are generally distinguished by round or flattened, often hollow, jointed culms with solid nodes and alternate, two-ranked leaves (CHASE 1964). Sedges are the only plants that can be reasonably mistaken for grasses. Their culms are solid or pithy, not jointed, and commonly triangular, and the sheaths of the three-ranked leaves of sedges are generally closed (CHASE 1964; METCALFE 1971). With the exception of several hollow culms, the false stems of Tomlinsonia stichkania are solid. Culms of com, sugarcane, sorghum, and related grasses are also solid and pithy. Rarely in grasses is there a differentiation of the mesophyll as in T. stichkania. It also differs from other grasses in having two to three layers of vascular bundles in the midribs of its leaf sheaths. In the laterally flattened leaves of some species of funcus, the bundles may occasionally appear to be two-layered, similar to T. stichkania. However, a large bundle can usually be seen at one angle, and two smaller marginal bundles occur at the opposite angle of the keel of these funcus leaves (CUTLER 1969), thus giving the appearance of being two-layered. The bundles are embedded more or less centrally in the flatter leaves of funcus and are more peripheral in leaves that are circular or oval in section. The shape and composition of the vascular bundles of some members of funcus are similar to those of the fossil, but the remainder of the plant is not. TABLE I COMPARISON OF FEATURES IN TOMLlNSONIA THOMASSONll TIDWELL AND NAMBUDIRI AND TOMLlNSONIA STlCHKANIA SP. NOV. Character Tomlinsonia stichkania (this paper) Tomlinsonia thomassonii Tidwell and Nambudiri (1989) Rhizome . Culm: General . Epidermis Hypodermis Ground tissue . Vascular bundles . Leaf sheath: General . Epidermis . Ground tissue .. Vascular bundles Leaf lamina: General . Epidermis . Mesophyll tissue. Vascular bundles . Root .. Photosynthetic pathways (813Cj"C ratios) . Underground, 3 x 3.3 mm, Vascular bundles in alternate rings. Primary vasculature of rhizome supply branches to sheathing leaf bases. Epidermis of rectangular cells, hypodermis of 6 layers of thick-walled cells, vascular bundles in two rings 170-200 f.Lmin diameter, solid, smooth or wavy with ridges and grooves, vascular bundles arranged in rings, one culm notched Uniseriate, rectangular cells, 10 f.Lmin size 5-1ayered, polygonal, moderately thickwalled parenchyma. Vascular bundles occasionally embedded in hypodermis Thin-walled, round or oval parenchyma, diameter 20-30 f.Lm,thick-walled ground tissue around small vascular bundles 2 metaxylem (7-12 f.Lm)and 5 protoxylem (5-7 f.Lm)vessels, triangular to rounded; phloem area (25 f.Lmwide) with round to polygonal cells (2-4 f.Lm) Phyllotaxy alternate, abaxial surface wavy, adaxial surface smooth, margins free Moderately thick-walled cells (2-5 f.Lm). Hypodermis 5-6 rows Laterally elongated around hypodermis, otherwise rounded or oval parenchyma Outer bundles surrounded by up to 8 rows of thick-walled cells, inner vascular bundles with thinner sheaths. 2 metaxylem and up to 10 protoxylem vessels. Phloem present. Small and large bundles alternating Dorsiventral, mesophyll parenchymatous, midrib lacking Uniseriate with a hypodermis of up to 3 layers of parenchyma cells Round, oval or laterally elongated parenchyma cells, 3-5 cells between bundles Major veins alternate with minor bundles Diameter 790 f.Lm,cortex divided into a hypodermal zone, a middle aerenchyma tissue and up to 3 layers of polygonal parenchyma forming inner cortex. Stele, 156 f.Lm,with uniseriate endodermis and pericycle. Metaxylem vessels 6, round to oval. Protoxylem and phloem indistinguishable -13.7 (C4) Underground, 6 mm wide; single indistinct row large bundles; numerous scattered smaller bundles; parenchymatous ground tissue. Epidermis indistinct, hypodermis 3-layered 50-264 f.Lmin diameter, circular to oval, wavy with ridges and grooves generally solid, some with central cavity Uniseriate, rectangular thick-walled cells 3-layered, moderately thick-walled squarish cells (90-145 f.Lmlong by 72-98 f.Lm wide) Moderately thick-walled parenchyma cells, diameter 15-35 f.Lm 1-2 wide, angular or oval metaxylem vessels, protoxylem represented by lacuna; phloem region semicircular Alternate phyllotaxy, abaxial surface with ridges and grooves, midrib with rounded keel on abaxial side Uniseriate, cells rectangular, moderately thick-walled Parenchymatous, non lacunar Similar to those in leaf lamina Shallow ridges and grooves on abaxial epidermis, adaxial epidermis smooth. Mesophyll differentiated into outer, middle, and inner Uniseriate, cells rectangular and moderately thick-walled Mesophyll cells on the adaxial epidermis tangentially elongated. Mesophyll in the middle part of the leaf of moderately thick-walled angular parenchyma cells. Cells similar to palisade tissue along the abaxial side and small parenchyma subtending these cells Major bundles with proto xylem lacuna. Minor bundles lack girder cells or any connection with the epidermis Unknown -24.6(CJ 272 BOTANICAL GAZETTE (JUNE to tropical areas (SMITH1976). According to MOORE (1983), C4 and CAM plants are better suited to increasing aridity and higher temperatures due to their water efficiency. In low temperate regions, C4 photosynthesis is considerably retarded. GOLDSWORTHY( 1975) proposed that C4 photosynthesis evolved when CO2 and O2 atmospheric levels reached present-day ratios. The theory of an oxygen- rich and a COz-depleted atmosphere through geological time suggests that oxygen levels were relatively low during the Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic (TAPPAN1968). Consequently, C3 photosynthesis was the first to evolve because in the low oxygen atmosphere the most efficient method of photosynthesis was the conversion of ribulose diphosphate to 3-phosphoglyceric acid in the presence of the enzyme RuDP carboxylase (SMITH 1976). However, in an oxygen-rich atmosphere phosphoglycolates are produced from RuDP and efficient use of CO2 is considerably retarded. It is conceivable, therefore, that C4 photosynthesis evolved when the atmospheric oxygen levels reached the present-day concentration. Oxygen levels fluctuated during Jurassic and Cretaceous periods and an atmosphere with higher oxygen level was proposed for the mid-Cretaceous, declining toward the K-T boundary (TAPPAN 1968; ODUM 1971). Atmospheric enrichment of CO2 during the Late Cretaceous (70 Ma) could easily have been achieved through widespread volcanism (CLOUDand GIBOR 1970; MOORE1983) throughout North America. It is possible, therefore, that C4 photosynthesis originated prior to this increase in atmospheric CO2• However, all reported occurrences of C4 fossil grasses are in Miocene and younger strata (NAMBUDIRIet a1. 1978; THOMASSONet al. 1986; TIDWELLand NAMBUDIRI1989). Therefore, evidence for the actual age for the beginning of C4 photosynthesis, particularly in grasses, must await discovery of earlier fossils. The appearance of grass pollen in the Green River Formation of Utah and Colorado in association with members of the Leguminosae, Sapindaceae, and Anacardiaceae implies the existence of a savanna woodland vegetation in the area during the Eocene (MACGINITIE1969). WOLFE(1985, pp. 357-375), however, considered the Green River plant assemblages to be more similar to a megathermal or very warm mesothermal semideciduous forest. Although plant communities of varying composition and physiognomy constitute savannas, their vegetation typically includes a continuous grass cover with trees and shrubs (COLE 1986). The possible existence of Eocene savannas in the western United States is also supported by data on faunal adaptations to savanna living conditions (WEBB 1977, p. 359). According to RETALLACK(1988), however, fossil soils suggest that despite the associated maladapted faunas, the origin of the grasslands was most likely during the Oligocene. There is evidence from faunal remains (BLACK and DAWSON 1966) that the Rocky Mountain savannas extended into California where seasonal aridity induced rapid growth and expansion of the Madro- Tertiary Geoflora (AXELROD1950; ADDICOTT1970). Until recently, there were no reports of an open prairie in the Miocene grasslands in the United States (MACGINITIE1962; AXELROD1985; WOLf'E 1985, pp. 357-375). However, a diverse fauna of Miocene ungulates with adaptations for coarse fodder intake suggests an extensive grassy vegetation. This coincided with a time span of extensive grass fossils in central North America (ELIAS 1942; THOMASSON 1980, 1984, 1987a) and California (TIDWELLand NAMBUDIRI1989). It is known that a major part of the arid to semiarid southwestern United States was covered by a steppe by Pliocene time (WEBB 1977). Sediments associated with the plants of T. stichkania may provide a clue to the environment in which they grew. The fanglomerates in the China Ranch beds were originally formed as alluvial fans (LAWSON1925; BULL 1972) that had accumulated during the Late Pliocene. They vary in texture from coarse boulders and megabreccias to pebbles lacking sorting and stratification (NOBLEand WRIGHT 1954). According to BULL (1972) and ETHRIDGE (1985), alluvial fans are conspicuous features in semiarid and arid regions where streams dwindle rapidly in size after they leave mountain canyons and immediately drop their larger material, whereas in humid regions, fans normally consist of finer sediments and more gently sloping surfaces. Alluvial fans readily develop in regions of steep slopes rather than where slopes are gentle. The marly limestones in which some of the fossils occur are siliceous and suggest the presence of a small, possibly ephemeral, lake or oasis affiliated with some volcanism (PETTIJOHN1957). The grasses probably grew around this lake, associated with numerous Washingtonia-like palms, poplars, and birch trees, in a valley that was surrounded by relatively steepsloped mountain ranges. This postulated streamside or lakeside environment is similar to the present native environment of Washingtonia palms, which is riparian (SMITH 1958). They grow natively in desert canyons and around oases in southern California, adjacent Arizona, and Baja California (SMITH 1958). AXELRODand TING (1960) projected a 25-inch (63.5 cm) rainfall with both summer and winter storms for the Nova flora in the Funeral Formation (HUNT and MABEY 1966) from the west flank of the nearby Central Panamint Range. Based on the above inferences, this rainfall amount seems high. With regards to the postulated climatic conditions 1990] TIDWELL & NAMBUDIRI- TOMLINSONIA STICHKANIA SP. NOV. 273 for this region by AXELRODand TING (1960), it is interesting that FENNEMAN(1931, pp. 348-349), in comparing Minnesota with Nevada and the Great Basin, noted that if Minnesota had an arid climate like Nevada, it would have desert basins and lakes with only interior drainage. Conversely, if Nevada had the rainfall of Minnesota (20-32 inches or 50.9- 81.4 cm), all the basins would fill and eventually overflow to the sea. There is no evidence of the latter happening during the Late Pliocene in the Great Basin. Apart from the speculative arrival of grasses during Upper Mesozoic times (BROWN and SMITH 1972), the likely route of C4 grass species into western North America is migration of old world species through Beringia (McKENNA 1975; RUSSEL and ZHAI 1987). Another possibility is through waif dispersal between North and South America before the Panamanian land bridge was in place ca. 3 Ma (MARSHALL 1988). Acknowledgments The authors extend their appreciation to EVE STICHKAand JAMES STICHKAfor donating most of the specimens; to Professor BRUCE SMITH and NAOMIHEBBERTof Brigham Young University for aid with the photosynthesis analysis; to DOUG MOORE of Glendora, California, BILL ROBERTSONof Fontana, California, THOMASBLACKof Brigham Young University, and LEITH TroWELL of Provo, Utah for assistance with fieldwork and collecting; to Professors J. KEITHRIGBY,J. R. THOMASSON,and S. R. ASH for reviewing the manuscript; and a special thanks to BRIANBROWNof China Ranch for allowing us access to the ranch property. LITERATURE CITED ADDlCOIT, W. 1970. Tertiary palaeoclimatic trends in the San Joaquin Valley, California. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 644:1-19. ADEGOKE,O. S., R. E. JAN Du CHENE, and A. E. AGUMANU. 1978. Palynology and age of the Kerri-Kerrir Formation, Nigeria. Rev. Esp. Micropaleont. 10:267-283. AXELROD,D. I. 1950. Evolution of desert vegetation in western North America. Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub I. 590:215- 306. ---. 1985. Rise of the grassland biome, central North America. Bot. Rev. 51:163-201. AXELROD,D. I., and W. A. TING. 1960. Late Pliocene t10ras east of the Sierra Nevada. Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 39:1- 118. BLACK, C. c., and M. R. DAWSON. 1966. A preview of Late Eocene mammalian faunas from North America. Am. 1. Sci. 264:321-349. BOR, N. L. 1960. The grasses of Burma, India and Pakistan. International Series of Monographs on Pure and Applied Biology, Division of Botany, vol. I. Pergamon, New York. BRAZIER,M. D. 1973. Grass roots at the base of the Neogene. Nature 243:342. BROWN, W. V. 1975. Variation in anatomy, associations and origins of Kranz tissue. Am. J. Bot. 62:395-402. BROWN, W. V., and B. N. SMITH. 1972. Grass evolution, the Kranz syndrome, 8"C/12C ratios, and continental drift. Nature 239:345-346. BULL, W. B. 1972. Recognition of alluvial fan deposits in the stratigraphic record. Pages 63-83 in J. K. RIGBYand W. K. HAMBLIN,cds. Recognition of ancient sedimentary environments. Special Papers, no. 16. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa, Okla. CHASE, A. 1964. First book of grasses. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. CLOUD, P., and A. GlBOR. 1970. The oxygen cycle. Sci. Am. 233: 110-123. COLE, M. M. 1986. The savannas, biogeography and geobotany. Academic Press, London. CREPET, W. L., and G. D. FELDMAN. 1989. Paleocene/Eocene grasses from the southeastern USA. Am. J. Bot. Suppl. 76(6):161. CUTLER, D. F. 1969. Anatomy of the monocotyledons. IV. Juncales. Clarendon, Oxford. DREWES, H. 1963. Geology of the Funeral Peak Quadrangle, California on the east flank of Death Valley. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 413:1-78. EDWARDS,G., and D. WALKER. 1983. C3, C4 mechanisms and cellular and environmental regulation, photosynthesis. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. ELIAS, M. K. 1942. Tertiary prairie grasses and other herbs from the High Plains. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Paper 41:1- 176. ELLIS, R. P. 1974. The significance of the occurrence of both Kranz and non-Kranz leaf anatomy in the grass species Alloteropsis semialata. S. Afr. 1. Sci. 70: 169-173. ---. 1984. Eragrostis walteri-a first record of non-Kranz leaf anatomy in the sub-family Chloridoideae (Poaceae). S. Afr. J. BoL 3:80-386. ETHRIDGE,F. G. 1985. Modern alluvial fans and fan deltas. Pages 101-126 in R. M. FLORESet aI., eds. Recognition of fluvial depositional systems and their resource potential. Short Course no. 19. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa, Okla. FENNEMAN,N. M. 1931. Physiography of western United States. McGraw-Hili, New York. FLECK, R. J. 1970. Age and tectonic significance of volcanic rocks, Death Valley area, California. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 81:2807-2816. FREAN,M. L., D. R. BARREIT, D. ARIOVICH,M. WOLFSON,and C. F. CRESSWELL.1983. Intraspecific variability in Alloteropsis semialata (R. Br.) Hitchc. Bothalia 14:901-913. GIBBS RUSSELL,G. E. 1983. The taxonomic position of C3 and C4 Alloteropsis semialata (Poaceae) in southern Africa. Bothalia 14:205-213. GOLDSWORTHY,A. 1975. Photorespiration in relation to crop yield. Pages 329-348 in U. S. GUPTA, ed. Physiological aspects of dryland farming. Allanheld, Osmun & Co., Montclair, N.J. GoULD, F. W., and R. B. SHAW. 1983. Grass systematics. Texas A&M University Press, College Station. HARRIS, W. K., 1965. Tertiary microfloras from Brisbane, Queensland. Geol. Surv. Queensland, Report no. 10: 1-7. HAITERSLEY, P. W. 1987. Variations in photosynthetic pathway. Pages 49-64 in T. R. SODERSTROM,K. W. HILN, C. S. CAMPBELL,and M. E. BARKWORTH,eds. Grass systematics and evolution. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. HAITERSLEY,P. W., and L. WATSON. 1976. C4 grasses: an anatomical criterion for distinguishing between NADP-malic enzyme species and PCK or NAD-malic enzyme species. Austr. 1. Bot. 24:297-308. HUNT, C. B., and D. R. MABEY. 1966. General geology of 274 PErruoHN, F. J. 1957. Sedimentary rocks. 2d ed. Harper & Brothers, New York. RETALLACK,G. 1. 1988. Down-to-earth approaches to vertebrate paleontology. Palaios 3:335-344. RUSSEL, D. E., and R. J. ZHAI. 1987. The Paleogene of Asia: mammals and stratigraphy. Me. Mus. Nat. Hist. Natur., Sci. de la Terre 52:1-488. SMITH, B. N. 1976. Evolution ofC. photosynthesis in response to changes in carbon and oxygen concentrations in the atmosphere through time. BioSystems 8:24-32. SMITH, D. 1958. The California habitat of Washingtonia filifera. Principes 2:41-51. STRONG, M. F. 1966. Desert gem trails-a field guide to the gem and mineral localities of the Mojave and Colorado Deserts, and adjacent areas of Nevada and Arizona. Gembooks, Mentone, Calif. TAPPAN,H. 1968. Primary production, isotopes, extinctions and the atmosphere. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 4:187-210. THOMASSON,J. R. 1980. Paleoagrostology: a historical view. Iowa St. J. Res. 54:301-317. ---. 1984. Miocene grass (Gramineae: Arundinoideae) leaves showing external micromorphological and internal anatomical features. BOT. GAZ. 145:204-209. ---. 1987a. Late Miocene plants from northeastern Nebraska. J. Paleo. 61:1065-1079. ---. 1987h. Fossil grasses: 1820-1986 and beyond. Pages 159-167 in T. R. SODERSTROM,K. W. HILN, C. S. CAMPBELL, and M. E. BARKWORTH,ed. Grass systematics and evolution. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. THOMASSON,J. R., M. E. NELSON,and R. J. ZAKREZEWSKI. 1986. A fossil grass (Gramineae: Chloridoideae) from the Miocene with Kranz anatomy. Science 233:876-878. TIDWELL,W. D., and E. M. V. NAMBUDlRL1989. Tomlinsonia thomassonii, gen. et sp. nov., a new permineralized grass from the Upper Miocene Ricardo Formation, California. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 60: 165-177. WEBB, D. S. 1977. A history of savanna vertebrates in the New World. I. North America. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 8:355- 380. WOLFE, J. A. 1985. Distribution of major vegetational types during the Tertiary: the carbon cycle and atmospheric CO,: natural variation Archean to present. Geophysical Monograph no. 32. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C. WRIGHT, L. A. 1954. Geology of the Alexander Hills area, Inyo and San Bernardino Counties. Map sheet 17 in R. H. JAHNS,ed. Geology of southern California. Calif. Div. Mines Bull. 170. Division of Mines, San Francisco. BOTANICAL GAZETTE Death Valley, California-stratigraphy and structure. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 494-A:AI-AI65. KEDVES, M. 1971. Presence de types sporomorphes importants dans les sediments prequaternairees Egyptiens. Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17:371-378. LARCHER,W. 1983. Physiological plant ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York and Tokyo. LAWSON,A. C. 1925. The petrographic designation of alluvial fan formation. Univ. Calif. Pub. Geol. Sci. 7:325-334. LITKE, R. 1968. Uber den Nachweis tertiarer Gramineen. Sond. Monat. Deutsch. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 18:462-471. MACGINlTIE, H. D. 1962. The Kilgore nora: a Late Miocene nora from northern Nebraska. Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 35:66-158. ---. 1969. The Eocene Green River nora of northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah. Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 83:1-203. MCKENNA, M. C. 1975. Fossil mammals and Early Eocene North Atlantic land continuity. Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. 62:335- 353. MARSHALL,L. G. 1988. Land mammals and the great American interchange. Am. Sci. 76:380-388. MASON, J. F. 1948. Geology of the Tecopa area, southeastern California. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 59:333-352. METCALFE,C. R. 1971. Anatomy of the monocotyledons. V. Cyperaceae. Clarendon, Oxford. MOORE, P. D. 1983. Plants and the palaeoatmosphere. J. Geol. Soc. London 140:13-25. MULLERJ. 1981. Fossil pollen records of extant angiosperms. Bot. Rev. 47:1-142. NAMBUDlRI, E. M. V., W. D. TIDWELL, B. N. SMITH, and N. P. HEBBERT. 1978. A C. plant from the Pliocene. Nature 276:816-817. NOBLE, L. F. 1941. Structural features of the Virgin Spring area, Death Valley, California. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 52:941- 1000. NOBLE, L. F., and L. A. WRIGHT. 1954. Geology of the central and southern Death Valley region, California. Pages 143- 160 in R. H. JAHNS, ed. Geology of southern California. Calif. Div. Mines Bull. 170. Division of Mines, San Francisco. ODUM, E. P. 1971. Fundamentals of ecology. 3d ed. W. A. Saunders, Philadelphia. PAGE, V. M. 1969. Gems and minerals handbook: how to identify fossil wood. VI. Identification plates. Gems and Min. 385:33-36. PAREZ-RIGALl, M. D. S., N. MESUGUI, and A. D. S. SANTOS. 1974. Palynologia dos sedimentos meso-cenozoicas do Brasil (I). Bol. Tecn. Petrobas., Rio de Janeiro 7:177-191.
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text:
This Man's Story Is Wildly Inspiring
Description:Born in Australia without arms or legs, 30-year-old Nick Vujicic has become an international symbol of triumph against all odds. In this clip from "Oprah's Lifeclass," Nick talks with Oprah and Pastor Rick Warren about his road to self-acceptance. "It's a lie to think that you're not good enough," he says. "It's a lie to think that you're not worth anything." Hear more his story on "Oprah's Lifeclass" Jan. 13 at 9 p.m. ET on OWN. (5:20)
Source: OWN
Tags: a inspiring story , inspirational story , inspiring life story , Inspiring Stories

subset: commoncrawl


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You'll always find the widest selection, exclusive products and friendly, expert associates at your neighborhood Hallmark Gold Crown store.
Get rewarded for buying the things you love.
Buy Hallmark cards anywhere and earn rewards.
Buy the things you love at Hallmark stores and get rewards.
Forty years of making memories that last a lifetime.
2013 marks the 40th anniversary of Hallmark Keepsake Ornaments. It's a time for us to reflect on the past, celebrate the present and look forward to the new memories the future will bring. Lucky for us, that's what we do best. Join us in celebrating four decades of turning memories into magic!
Discover the craftsmanship and artistry of Keepsake Ornaments year-round. Approximately once a month, we take a peek at several of the ornaments designed by an artist for this year and hear their thoughts behind the designs.
See this month's featured artist
Get them something that lets them know you really get them. No matter what they're into, you're sure to find a Keepsake Ornament that will fit their tree to a T. Whether it's a favorite movie or athlete, or helping them celebrate a milestone, it's not just a gift you're giving—it's a memory you're creating.
Some fans get into certain characters, series or artists, while others just love them all. Because it's always more fun to do what you love with friends, many collectors join our Keepsake Ornament Club. Club members get insider information, behind-the-scenes looks, artist interviews and KOC-exclusive collectible ornaments each year like these shown at left. Sign up online for a membership now. Or, new members who sign up to join KOC at their Hallmark Gold Crown store can save on shipping costs! Contact your local Hallmark Gold Crown store for details.
Learn more about KOC
KOC Member sign in
Prepare for a jolly old visitor by starting family traditions you'll look forward to year after year. Each unique ornament includes an element of surprise that brings the magic of Christmas to life.
In honor of Keepsake's 40th anniversary, we've put together highlight videos, organized by decade, featuring artist interviews and a look at the ornaments and collections that kept you coming back for more for the last 40 years. Watch the first two now and come back soon to see the next two decades of fun and magic!
Thanks to everyone who entered our #Keepsake40 Sweepstakes sponsored by Hallmark Channel last month. We had so many wonderful photos and stories shared by Keepsake collectors, we wanted to show one right here:
"This past Christmas season, my one-year-old daughter, Sadie, received the Nativity Story ornament from her grandmother in early December. My husband and I hung it in a special place low on the tree so she could press the button and hear all about Jesus' birthday! She absolutely loved it and had to show everyone that came over! When we think of Sadie's 2nd Christmas, that is one memory that will always come to mind as that ornament brought her so much joy – us, too, as it never got old watching her face light up every time she pushed the button! I can't wait to pull the ornament out year after year and remind Sadie about the special memories it brought from the 2012 Christmas season! And, I'm sure many more Christmases to come :)"
—Sara W. H.
See more stories and photos
The new 2013 Keepsake Ornament Dream Book is now available at stores and online
Check out all the new 2013 Keepsake Ornaments in our annual Dream Book available in stores now. If you just can't wait to get to a store, browse through it here and download the Wish List to keep track of all your must-haves.
The big guy is all ears in this free desktop wallpaper featuring Tell Santa by Kristina Gaughran. And be sure to check back in 2014 for more free wallpapers featuring different ornaments.Download the Tell Santa wallpaper
Here's a look at the new 12-piece PEANUTS® series by Keepsake Artist Jim Kemme. A new ornament will be released monthly for a whole year of collecting fun. Each ornament features a member of the PEANUTS® gang celebrating the season in their own special way.
Find one at your local Hallmark Gold Crown store.
Available to purchase online.
You will need Adobe® Acrobat® Reader to view all downloads. If you don't already have it, click the icon on the left to download a free copy.


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5 CFR 3101.103 - Prohibition on purchase of certain assets.
§ 3101.103
Prohibition on purchase of certain assets.
(a) General prohibition.
Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, no employee of the Department of the Treasury shall purchase, directly or indirectly, property:
Owned by the Government and under the control of the employee's bureau (or a bureau over which the employee exercises supervision); or
(b) Exceptions.
The prohibition in paragraph (a) of this section does not apply to the purchase of Government securities or items sold generally to the public at fixed prices, such as numismatic items produced by the United States Mint or foreign gifts deposited with the Department pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 7342 that an employee may purchase pursuant to 41 CFR part 101-49.
(c) Waiver.
An employee may make a purchase otherwise prohibited by this section where a written waiver of the prohibition has been given to the employee by an agency designee with the advice and legal clearance of the DAEO, or the appropriate Office of Chief or Legal Counsel. Such a waiver may be granted only on a determination that the waiver is not otherwise prohibited by law and that, in the mind of a reasonable person with knowledge of the particular circumstances, the purchase of the asset will not raise a question as to whether the employee has used his or her official position or inside information to obtain an advantageous purchase or create an appearance of loss of impartiality in the performance of the employee's duties.
Employees of the OCC and OTS are subject to additional limitations on the purchase of assets that are set out in bureau-specific rules contained in §§ 3101.108 and 3101.109
Title 5 published on 2013-01-01
no entries appear in the Federal Register after this date.
This is a list of United States Code sections, Statutes at Large, Public Laws, and Presidential Documents, which provide rulemaking authority for this CFR Part.
This list is taken from the Parallel Table of Authorities and Rules provided by GPO [Government Printing Office].
It is not guaranteed to be accurate or up-to-date, though we do refresh the database weekly. More limitations on accuracy are described at the GPO site.
Executive Order ... 12674
Executive Order ... 12731


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Allegro non tanto
Allegro non tanto is an Italian musical term which means "fast, but not too fast" which is how I try to live my life these days. I wear many hats: wife, mother of four, piano teacher, avid reader and gardener. When my youngest daughter was diagnosed with cancer in 2007, I decided that life was way too precious not to live out my dream of becoming a writer. So now I''m wearing a blogging hat, and it's so comfortable, I may never take it off.
Contact Me
Cell Phone


text: In article <4D75738F.1000504 at gmail.com>, Jules Richardson <jules.richardson99 at gmail.com> writes: > > I don't think the multiply implementation in the IBM 701 was shift/add > > microcode variety. That wouldn't have been very performant for its > > intended purpose (scientific computing). > > I'll have to have a look online and see if I can find any details. I see > that Booth's algorithm was 1951 - much earlier than I expected and a year > before the 701. I'm not sure when Wallace trees showed up... There's quite a bit of documentation on the 7090 on bitsavers; not sure about the earlier models, though. For the 701 it could be that shift/add was the best they had at the time. By the time we hit the 7090 I suspect they were doing better things, but I'm by no means any sort of expert on IBM stuff. I only recently learned about the 7090. -- "The Direct3D Graphics Pipeline" -- DirectX 9 draft available for download <http://legalizeadulthood.wordpress.com/the-direct3d-graphics-pipeline/> Legalize Adulthood! <http://legalizeadulthood.wordpress.com>


text:
BIOSTAT® Cplus reliable industrial Sterilizable-In-Place (SIP) fermentor/bioreactor system
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Johannes Tebbe Status: See all reviews Member since 2013 Organization: Ostwestfalen-Lippe University of Applied Sciences Read more » | 4.7 RATING:
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text:
Present - Jurassic Anomaly
1,314pages on
this wiki
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Redirected from Prospero Industries Anomaly
No image available | |
Led from | 2011 |
Led to | Jurassic period |
Who/what went through | A swarm of Anurognathus |
Appearances | None |
The Present - Jurassic Anomaly is an Anomaly linking the present day with the Jurassic period. It opened during Convergence, and a swarm of Anurognathus came through. The Anomaly was presumably closed by the New Dawn Machine with the other Anomalies that had opened for Convergence. (Episode 5.5)
- Although this Anomaly was never seen and its exact location never officially confirmed, it has been speculated by fans that it was located near or in the skies above the New Dawn Facility (as this was where the Anurognathus which came through the Anomaly were first seen).


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Winning can feel like life or death for athletes at every level. But, for those who have faced their own mortality, competing on an international stage provides the opportunity to spread hope.Time spent on the water is part of the physical and mental recovery for a Vermont team composed of breast cancer survivors. Turns out, it's also the path to victory.Monday night, family and friends gave the Dragonheart Sisters a hero's welcome as they walked through Burlington International Airport. The team races dragon boats, and returned from one of the sport's biggest international events with silver and gold."This is the bravest group of people I've ever known in my life and I'm so proud of them and all of us," said team member Liz Stanton.They train on Lake Champlain, but faced much tougher seas as they competed in Hong Kong's busy bay. "Our practice we had our first time on the water was, shall we say disastrous," said Dragonheart founder Linda Dyer. But, the team quickly found its stroke."These ladies faced their fears of gong in the waters and came out paddling with more heart than I've ever seen before." said Dyer.The team of Vermonters found its success in the 200 and 500 meter categories as more than 4,700 competitors from 22 countries tried to paddle to victory. "This just shows that a group of ladies and a man who survived breast cancer can do anything that they set their minds to do," said Stanton.As cancer survivors, the team members say they secured victory before ever entering the water. They say competing is about spreading their message of hope "I think our message rang loud and clear," said Dyer.The Dragonheart sisters managed to be among the fastest in the water, but ironically, their return flight got a bit delayed this evening. Victory can make an 18-hour plane ride feel a bit shorter.
PO Box 4508 Burlington, VT 05406-4508 Primary Phone: 802-652-6300 Primary email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Posted on Aug. 3, 2012. Listed in:
MasterCard has announced the results of the latest Mobile Payments Readiness Index. New Zealand ranked 17th out of 34 countries surveyed. According to the results there is a strong willingness amongst Kiwis to adopt mobile payment methods, but familiarity with mobile payments is low suggesting that more can be done to educate consumers.
- New Zealand earned an overall score of 32.7, just below the index average of 33.2 on a scale of zero to 100
- The most advanced market in the Index, Singapore, attained a score of 45.6, with Canada, the United States, Kenya and South Korea the next most prepared markets
- The challenge for NZ is to replicate the Australian experience where there are already 75,000 contactless terminals in market
- What's remaining here is the roll out of the NFC infrastructure – which we are likely to see in Q1 2013.
Albert Naffah, MasterCard New Zealand Country Manager believes there is a big opportunity for the industry to get behind consumer education and communicate the richness that mobile payments offer, along with benefits like speed and security – as we continue to progress to a world beyond cash. Industry partnerships will greatly accelerate progress and the recent TSM NZ Joint Venture announcement is a good example of the fast moving mobile payments environment.


text:
Fia Salon/Spa Coupons and Deals
Humans are obsessed with their own faces, which is why four different presidents carved themselves into a mountain. Flaunt your façade with this Groupon. Choose Between Two Options $45 for one roughly one-hour custom facial (up to an $85 value) $110 for three roughly one-hour custom facials (up to a $255 value) Though Fia Salon/Spa sometimes features a discounted price online, this Groupon still offers the best deal available.


text:
ArgentinaAustraliaBelgiumBosnia and HerzegovinaCanadaAlberta, Halifax, Hamilton, Montreal, Niagara, Ottawa, Toronto, Victoria, Winnipeg ColombiaCroatiaCzech RepublicFranceGermanyGuyanaIndiaBengaluru, Chandigarh, Chennai, Mumbai, Pathankot, IsraelIranIrelandItaly |
KoreaMexicoNepalNew ZealandSouth AfricaPolandTurkeyUnited KingdomBelfast, Birmingham, Edinburgh, Gwynedd , London, Sheffield, University of London, Vancouver, West Yorkshire United StatesAppalachian Ohio, Athens GA, Atlanta, Berkeley, Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Columbia MO, Des Moines, Durham & Chapel Hill, Fredericksburgh VA, Houston, Los Angeles, Muncie IN, New York City, NYU, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Richmond VA, San Francisco, Tucson, Twin Cities |
This past summer, July 25th, 2013 to be exact, the Hollaback! team held a conference in NYC…the HOLLA::Revolution! It was "the first ever international conference on street harassment" and brought together Hollaback! site leaders from across the globe, important speakers, supporters and even hosted workshops. You can read all about it through the link posted above or what the heck….click here too.
Hermie was one of the viewers excitedly streaming the entire event online that day! She certainly looks forward to planning attendance at next year's conference. What an awesome combo deal of inspiring speakers, good laughs and excellent research! One item that was shared during the conference was the reading of a "Dear John" letter by the author. Hollaback! has a collaborative tumblr filled with more entries.
An empowering perspective those of you who avoid the gym for similar reasons:
Dear John,
You're not working out. Literally—you're not working out, you're just standing there watching me workout. Your eyes scan my body, taking it in against its will. I came to the gym for me, but instead you stand there, gawking as if I'm here for your entertainment. My movements are awkward, stunted even. I hardly move because I feel like you think every bend, every twist, every stretch is for your enjoyment, as opposed to being for my own self-improvement. But what do you care?
Despite the earbuds planted firmly in my ears, you try to say something to me. The battery on my phone has died so I can hear you, but I pretend that I can't. The words, "Damn girl, you look tight" drip with so much sexual innuendo that I fear I might be covered in it. I look past you, at my reflection in the mirror. "It's about me. This is for me, not him," I remind myself. You lick your lips and I still ignore you. Then you get mad. You call me a "stuck up bitch" who thinks "she's too good" for you, because to you, my presence in public is an implicit offering of myself to the first guy willing to approach me. I shouldn't have standards, preferences or pride. I'm here for you to pick up, and when that fails, for you to put down.
I debate whether or not I should just move to another area of the gym. Or should I just go home, cutting my me-time short? I think, "I came here to become stronger, so why do I feel so weak?" This just isn't working out—I'm not working out.
Just as I get ready to give up and go home I see that you've gone back to your workout. You're performing push-ups, your back dipping, revealing your spinelessness. Your workout, your life, your day goes on, unaffected by my presence or rejection. "Fuck this," I think. I put my stuff back into the locker and get ready to finish my workout, because at the end of the day, my presence at this gym—really, in any public place—is for me.
So John, you may think that you're rendering me powerless with your stares, your name-calling and your obscene gestures, but really, all you're doing is making yourself weaker. All of that wasted effort has taken away from your "you-time", and it shows.
Forever Not Yours,
We are so proud to be on this list of new sites today! Some of you may have been following us for a while as we are one site that is in fact re-launching. The founding launch for Hollaback! Houston was in 2011 and after a brief pause, it is back! Also, don't forget we are celebrating soon so check out our Facebook event page and join us on December 15th.
Here's the latest from Hollaback! HQ below about what's going on this sunny # GivingTuesday:
This # GivingTuesday we are celebrating the launch of 14 new Hollaback! sites: Austin,Bangalore, Chapel Hill, Guyana, Houston, Iran, Mumbai, Muncie, Pittsburgh, Korea,Niagara, Tucson, University of London, and Vancouver. Celebrate #GivingTuesday and show your support for our new site leaders and for the millions of people that will be street harassed today by making a gift to Hollaback.
Here are two great ways that you can support Hollaback! this season:
1) Give the gift that keeps on giving: become a monthly sustainer! With a recurring donation of as little as $10 a month, you can support long term projects, new innovations, and training for movement leaders globally. Become a recurring donor this #GivingTuesday and your gift will be matched by board member Raphi Rosenblatt.
Raphi writes, "I give because I want to live in a world where I never have to worry about being harassed for being gay. Until that day comes, I hollaback!." Let us know why you Hollaback!. Any amount you donate today will be matched by Raphi, doubling your donation and your impact!
2) Support the movement and fill out your holiday gift list by picking up some HOLLAwear. Proceeds from HOLLAwear go directly to supporting Hollaback! and the movement to end street-harassment and they look great too! Check out The Vanity Project's soft, stylish, and sweat-shop free Hollaback! V-neck shirts, (seen on our site leaders above). If you're looking for some HOLLA jewelry, pick up our supporter 80/20 Jewelry's HOLLA necklace and wear your dedication to end street harassment close to your heart. And, if someone on your list LOVES hot pink, check out supporter Gina Tron's "Hot Pussy is No Way to Say Hello" T-shirt.
Thank you for your support. Every single action helps. Donate today!
- The Hollaback Team
A recent article in the Washington Post titled,
showcased more great ground work being done by Collective Action for Safe Spaces in the DC Metro area. A strong partner in education and support for individuals who experience street harassment, we truly aspire to foster this strong level of involvement and commitment in Houston.
Hollaback! Houston loves cyclists! Not only is our Director a daily cyclist commuter, but so are some of our volunteers and supporters! We know what it's like to enjoy the freedom and exhilaration of self-propelled transport. We also feel stressed, scared and angry sometimes at the way cyclists tend to be treated as an "other". An annoyance, an inconvenience or one of those lawless ne'er-do-wells. Even the success of Houston's new Safe Passing Ordinance tends to be overshadowed by the perpetuation of an us vs. them mentality depending on the slant the story is given.
As the cycling community in Houston grows, there is potential for people who had not previously encountered harassment on a normal work commute to unfortunately begin collecting stories. So, on top of worrying about general safety, add to that dreading regular verbal harassment or intentional physical harm/intimidation and you can imagine why some people still haven't warmed up to the idea of a regular bike/pedestrian commute. Some of us don't have the choice or means to own a motor vehicle; whether for disability or economic reasons or we simply prefer not to for simplicity's sake. No matter what the reason, we can all agree that opting to go out into the world does not mean we deserve or are asking for harassment and violence.
Of the many user comments that seemed to be in denial about the current state of the streets (from the Washington Post article), this assumption in particular was one that seemed to be a reoccurring sentiment:
"A lot of women face harassment by strange men, including unwelcome comments on their bodies. It has nothing whatsoever to do with bicycling or pedestrians."
"nothing whatsoever to do with bicycling or pedestrians"
We hope this myth will not be pervasive as we reach out to our Houston communities. Statistics directly from the article reference "A CASS study in May found that 90 percent of women and members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community had experienced some form of harassment while biking".
Anyone that has ridden a bike or walked any small stretch can tell the difference one feels in exposure to ALL environmental elements compared to being in a personal motor vehicle. Street harassment = harassment on the street/ public spaces…it's that simple. That's not to say that motorists don't experience their fair share of road aggression directed at them, however data collected by Hollaback! has distinctly concluded that "There are street harassment "hotspots" in most cities often centered around high pedestrian traffic areas".
We are currently collaborating to host our own version of a workshop for Houston bike/ped commuters in the new year! Stay tuned and feel free to send us feedback as well at email@example.com
Mark your calendars, friends!! Our day to celebrate the relaunch of Hollaback! Houston has been set. We are so excited to really get down to business after all the hours we've put in with preparation of this website and planning for the event. It will be a well deserved moment for us to collect on some very much needed hugs and high fives from one and all!
The event, "Holla from the Rooftop" will be all-ages and run from 5 pm – 10 pm at Khon's rooftop (2808 Milam St.) and include an introduction to the Hollaback! Houston organization, overview of new website resources and free mobile app, guest speakers, local artists, empowering activities, a fun photobooth, partner organizations and live music!
Jeff Hunter with Local Live Houston Radio will be broadcasting live from the event from 8 pm-11 pm!!!
In case you can't join us in person, you can listen online or download the mobile app, TuneIN at: http://locallivehouston.com/
***Graphic Artist Sarah Welch will be in attendance with some of her artwork. In particular be sure to chat with her about her illustrations in "Pedestrians" where she recounts some of her amusing to uncomfortable and completely relatable encounters on public transit in Chicago and Austin.
http://sarahwelch.info/***Also meet local printer Mystic Multiples at Sarah's table and find out about their services and see examples of their beautiful work. "We're a full service letterpress and risography publishing service located in Houston, Texas. Begun in 2013, Mystic Multiples exists to produce challenging, new work in print for designers and artists."
http://mysticmultiples.com/***Photo Booth will be provided by professional smile-maker and photographer, Sindy Lagunas of Photo Libre!!
https://www.facebook.com/photolibre***Super Duper Special Guest Partner organizations: More TBA
Meet more hard-working people in our community and learn how you can get involved in their mission as well*Local Live Houston Radio
http://locallivehouston.com/*Texans Together
http://www.texanstogether.org/*Better Future Project / Ride for the Future
http://rideforthefuture.org/*Houston Clinic Defense Team
https://www.facebook.com/HoustonClinicDefense***Rad Music Schedule
6pm: Brown Velvet
7pm: Amazing Technology (https://soundcloud.com/jonathan-perez-66)
8pm: Caffeinated
9pm: KoséAll of our bands will have 30 minute sets and we will have presentations in between!
If you are an artist, non-profit or writer with some words to say and you want to show your support and have a presence, email Hermie at firstname.lastname@example.com with questions and ideas.
CLICK HERE to go to the Facebook event page where, if you have a Facebook account, you shall promptly click "Join" and then feel giddy with anticipation for the celebration!
Hello Hollabackers!
In the past week Hollaback! was featured by New York Observer, Stop Street Harassment, Impower You, Vitamin W, She Finds, Huffington Post, Jezebel, Yahoo, Daily Collegian, PR Daily, NewsFix, CTV Primetime, The Loop, AOL online, Total Beauty, Feminist Wednesday and The Prospect, who wrote a great piece on the normalization, embarrassment, confusion and reporting complications of public harassment.
Hollaback! started a petition requesting Burt's Bees change its crudely written labeling. The change.org petition reached 2,000 signatures in only a few days and became a story noted across the blogosphere. We won! Burt's Bees and Gud eventually offered a sincere apology for their offensive marketing and agreed to no longer put such offensive language on future products. Check out the storify here!
Here's what the HOLLAs around the world have been up to:
Hollaback! Boston hosted their last Take Back The Bar event of the year and had a great turnout. They facilitated a workshop at the New England Women's Center Conference about how story sharing contributes to the creation of safer spaces. They're also hosting workshops at two colleges this week: Emerson College last night (Emerson also hosted a HB-themed photoshoot this weekend) and at Tufts University.
Hollaback! Appalachian Ohio delivered four lessons to the 8th graders at Vinton Middle School in McArthur Ohio. HB!AO was featured on Athens Community Television. Devin and Sarah were invited onto an interview show where they spoke on the Sexual Assault Prevention Program, Hollaback Appalachian Ohio!, the 4 D's of self defense and Athens Rock Camp for Girls. It's an hour long, and in two segments, the interview is available on YouTube, as well as being aired EVERY DAY for two weeks starting on Nov 30!
Hollaback! Ottawa held its Cosplay =/= Consent event!
Hollaback Melbourne held a free self defense workshop!
Hollaback Belfast was featured in The Tab and represented at the Outburst Arts Queer Arts Festival. On Sunday, Helen Mcbride of HB!B spoke on a panel discussion about activism following a showing of the movie Lesbiana. As a part of the festival, the team also published a zine!
Hollaback! Alberta was featured on CTV's Alberta Primetime, who hosted an interview with Lauren and Renee on street harassment.
Hollaback! Bosnia & Herzegovina also had an amazing win this week with the first case of street harassment properly reported to police and processed in a court room! A huge step for Sarajevo city!
Congratulations, everyone! Great Work!
HOLLA and out!
-The Hollaback! Team
(from ihollaback.org home page 11/23/13 )
I am not the sensitive type. In fact, I pride myself on being thick-skinned. But this morning, I've had it.
Not to go all "Samantha Brick" on everyone, but I'm a pretty young woman, and I often get told as much. But that doesn't mean that I deserve to be harrassed.
Just minutes ago, I was leaving the Wal-Mart on Silber Road in Houston. The Target on Gessner was closed, and I was picking up some Easter Grass and Cadbury's for the gift bags that I'm making for a family event in a few hours. (Yes, I'm finishing up last minute. Sorry, Mom.)
I'd never been to a Wal-Mart in Houston, so I'd even taken the liberty of googling "nicest Wal-Mart in Houston" before my trip, and finding out from Yelp! where best to do my shopping. So when a nicely dressed young man in a dark-colored Corvette was driving slowly behind me as I walked to my car, I noted it — but didn't think twice.
It's 9:45 in the morning on Easter Sunday, and I'm in the parking lot of a damn Wal-Mart. Like I said: didn't think twice.
About ten seconds later, he's driving right next to me. I can tell that he's looking at me, but, seriously — I have gift bags to fill. I'm not wearing my Easter outfit yet. My hair isn't fixed. I have my morning Diet Coke waiting for me in the car, from which I'm not far. I have a night job (in addition to my 9-to-5 writing gig) that keeps me up until 3 AM on weekend nights. It's so early for me, I'd even shopped in my oversized sunglasses. I even considered for a moment that it might be someone I know.
And then he spoke. Ugh, I think.
"Hey there."
I keep walking.
"Hey there, beautiful."
I purposefully turn my head slightly diagonal in the other direction, hoping he'll get the hint that I'd really just like to ignore him and go back to my thoughts of bunnies and brunch.
"What are you gettin' into today?"
Easter candy, asshole. I think. I hold my tongue.
My instincts are twofold: I'm clearly nonplussed, and clearly annoyed. I do not suffer fools well.
"You wanna hang out with me?"
Finally, a question I'm willing to answer. I'm fairly close to my car, but (I really, really hate to admit) my heart rate has risen a bit. And my D-Bag Creep Radar is out, guns a-blazin'.
"No. I don't," I say. Pause.
"Fuck you, dude." I pressed the "Lock" button on my car, so that I could follow the sound and get there expressly.
I stop dead in my tracks to punctuate the remark, and he keeps on driving.
When I got to my car, I drank some Diet Coke and griped via phone to a few friends about it. I'm aware that this is not the end of the world. And it's not that I was particularly frightened (go back to the golf course and reading Maxim, I believe, was my precise assessment to my peeps). It's that I wanted to be thinking about something else.
I don't deserve to have to deal with this guy just because he thinks I'm hot (or vulnerable, or a bit of parking lot harassment fun, or whatever the hell he was thinking, if anything). It's not my job to be the source of anyone's testosterone-fueled entertainment just because I'm doing some late errands for an event on the morning of. I was simply buying Easter grass, for Christ's sake. (…Literally.)
And I'm posting about this instead of curling my hair because I believe it's that important.
I recently posted about the #IDidNotReport phenomenon that @LondonFeminist began, and I've been thinking a lot about what's worth reporting, and what's not.
I accepted the position as a co-director of Hollaback! Houston because I'm a feminist (a humanist, really), and because I care deeply about everyone feeling safe. I love having fun, and I've been known to get rowdy my own self — but I want everyone out there to feel free to have fun, to go where they want, and to feel as secure as possible doing so. Not to mention just being able to go about our business without feeling threatened or wasting our precious time and energy dealing with assholes that have woefully immature priorities.
We live in a great city, in a great state, in a magnificent country, in a beautiful world. We should be extremely proud of this, and I believe that we should also be mindful of maintaining, at the very least, some civility.
That being said, I often have to justify Hollaback! Houston to my family and friends, of all genders and lifestyles. Most of the time, people just roll their eyes.
Sometimes they ask, "Is it really that bad?"
Most of the people that know me know that I'm far more concerned with structural sexism and pay disparities. They know that I'm not a whiny woman who wears the label of feminist but makes ill-crafted arguments and assessments about the state of things. I care about feminism academically. I care about feminism politically. I care about social and economic policy, and I live a life that relishes in and fosters the sharing of women's narratives. I don't really give two shits if someone whistles at me.
Also, this is Texas. Teenage cowboys in trucks are probably always gonna holler.
So this is when I always say something like, "Yes. It's that bad. Am I going to get mad if some construction worker whistles at me while I'm on my way to work? It's not my favorite thing in the world, but no. And do I think that male attention is bad? Absolutely not. But are there people who get groped, or feel unsafe, or flat out verbally abused sometimes? Yes. And do I think that we should all have to pay the price for that? No."
Recently, I've been adding in a schpiel about #IDidNotReport. Female, male, or otherwise — we should all have a chance to share our stories. And we should always speak out when something is wrong. Should we bitch and complain? No. That's bad for the movement, and it's not a particularly life-giving way to conduct ourselves. But should we let people know when something bothers us? Yes. Should we warn other people if we've been endangered on a hyperlocal level? Absolutely. Should we do everything we can to legitimize our voice, and show would-be harassers and those that are complacent that it's not OK, and it's not good enough for us, and it's not decent behavior, and it's not acceptable? Yes. Yes. One thousand times, yes.
I am not the fun police. I am not a man-hater. And I am definitely not a prude.
But I am a director of an anti-street harassment campaign in my city, and if I don't speak up — who will?
Sorry 'bout it, Corvette. You hassled the wrong chickie this Easter.
Fondest Wishes,
Although it's always bittersweet to hear stories of liberation and empowerment after harassment, the #IDidNotReport phenomenon is making proof positive waves on the web. In case you haven't heard, the latest meme in the social media-fueled culture of the sexual assault narrative (the Hollaback, if you will) is to attach the hashtag #IDidNotReport to personal stories of harassment and assault. Oftentimes, those that report these heinous acts are immediately dismissed and not believed.
#IDidNotReport is changing that, tweet by tweet.
Originally started as a frustrated tweet by a UK woman that was the victim of harassment, it's nearly two weeks later and the stories just keep rolling in. The hashtag has been translated into several, and has become a true worldwide phenomenon. The originator of the meme is LondonFeminist's Julian Norman, who explains: In a spontaneous moment, I tweeted, "#ididnotreport the commuter who stroked my bottom on the central line" – an event from only the previous day. It was just one example that popped into my mind; I could have used a number from the last month or so. I invited others to share, using the hashtag. And so it was born – of nothing more than frustration at the levels of disbelief and a sadly large supply of material.
Where it's easy for commenters to dismiss one woman as a liar, it's less easy to dismiss thousands of accounts, and thousands there were — 500 in the first 24 hours, climbing to over three thousand.
We here at Hollaback! Houston are thankful for the frustration of LondonFeminist. Through venting to a social media outlet, you've created a platform for people to share their stories because you refused to be quiet. That's the first step in demanding change, and we stand in solidarity with you, from 4,860 miles (7,821 km) away. Yours is a victory for the movement.
We here at Hollaback! Houston want to remind you that, like #IDidNotReport, we're so that you can share your story. And we're locally focused for Houston residents specifically, and we're proud to represent our city in the movement. Find more information about what's available to you below:
- #IDidNotReport: The Tweet That Empowered. Julian Norman. 27 March 2012.
- #ididnotreport #webelieveyou. LondonFeminist.Com. Julian Norman. 13 March 2012.
- pasdejusticepasdepaix. A French site that rose to popularity at about the same time as the #IDidNotReport hashtag. 16 March 2012.
- Twitter "I did not report" gives victims a voice. Jessica Fairley. Fox 31 Online: Albany, Georgia. 29 March 2012.
- I Did Not Report…. AllisonLeotta.com. Allison Leotta. 19 March 2012. (This link has a good sampling of tweets from others.)
- IDidNotReport Twitter Aggregator. (@ididnotreport1 is a public Twitter account for the stories, quotes, and articles of or related the hashtag — for those that want to be heard, but anonymously.)
- the 'i did not report' hashtag: stories of unreported sexual assault. LipMag.Com. Kaylia Payne. 28 March 2012.
- Tumblr's Tag of #IDidNotReport. Tumblr.Com Aggregator.
We Want You To REPORT!
- Share Your Story, right here — with us.
- Donate to Hollaback! Vote with your dollars. Speak up with your support!
- NeverWalkAlone.Com, featuring the bSafe app.
- Myths about Street Harrassment. Hollaback!
Fondest Wishes,
B. Rae
Whoever wrote the August 2004 Craigslist posting, "I Grabbed Your Boobs on Sunset" is a bona fide Hollaback! hero. Posted at 1AM from Los Angeles, the post details what happens when the male wrtier grabs a woman's breasts while she's out having a fun evening with her girlfriends. Hilarious and to the point, we've got one word for all you would-be harassholes: exactly.
Have a laugh, and read the full text of the posting here: http://www.craigslist.org/about/best/lax/39483432.html.
Fondest Wishes,
B. Rae Perryman
Co-director Ricki here… I stumbled across The Arkh Project yesterday while bumbling around on the net, and thought it would be worth checking out and supporting.
The Arkh Project is a project to create a 3D RPG video game that "focuses on queer people and people of color as main characters" and is currently being developed and designed by queer folks and POC. Any money donated goes to the development of the game, as all volunteers and coordinators are donating their free time to the project. How cool!
Check it out and support if you can, you can also follow them on Facebook and Twitter.
Plus, if you're into linear RPGs… it looks pretty awesome
Happy New Year, Hollaback! Houstonians!
Meredith and Lindsay have both had their hands full with moving, and Ricki just recently finished up all her finals. Combined with the holidays and all of the co-directors have certainly had quite a busy month. Fortunately, with the excitement finally giving way to normalcy, we're close to coming up with more solid plans for our 2012 offerings!
In the meantime, Meredith recently had to read Tom Bissonette's Sexual Civility for her day job at OEDB.org. Normally she wouldn't plug her other projects here, but this one actually resonates with our goals here at Hollaback! Houston. Specifically, the education and prevention of sexual assault and rape. Sexual Civility acts as a sex-positive, LGBTQIA-supportive, victim-blaming-free guide for college-level academic professionals attempting to raise awareness of this tragically common reality. Bissonette's very thorough distinctions between "rapers" and "rapists" especially caught our co-director's eye, and she's wanting to hear more opinions over whether or not they can or should be made. In addition, he also cites traditional gender roles and an entitlement-heavy society as largely at fault for the traumatic horrors.
For legal reasons, we are unable to reprint the entire review here, but you can read it at the following link:
We're eager to hear your input on Bissonette's writings! Have any of you read the book? Are any of you interested after reading this review?


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Nov 20th, 2005, 02:17 PM
I hope she will get win!... :worship: :lol: :lol:
Maria Sharapova Cheering thread!!Piggy Nov 20th, 2005, 02:17 PM I hope she will get win!... :worship: :lol: :lol: waratahsrock Nov 21st, 2005, 05:19 AM C'mon Maria! Suchada Nov 24th, 2005, 03:53 PM Good luck to maria! !!!--Duiz--!!! Nov 27th, 2005, 05:25 AM very interesting thread name... :haha: !!!--Duiz--!!! Dec 6th, 2005, 07:30 AM Davai Masha! Martyś Dec 6th, 2005, 01:47 PM Yea, best luck ;) Davai, Dawaj i zagość kiedyś w Warszawie :D bellascarlett Dec 6th, 2005, 02:12 PM Yup yup best of luck to Maria! Hope she wins the AO this time!!! :) Andy. Dec 7th, 2005, 06:30 AM I have a really good feeling about this Aussie Open a feeling a havent had going into a slam for a while i have a feeling this will be Masha's slam good luck Masha Derek. Dec 27th, 2005, 06:25 AM I hope she will be 100% for it. :) Give it your all Masha! :rocker2: Shoulderpova Dec 27th, 2005, 07:17 AM defend your pts Masha :unsure: :scared: Go Masha go :bigclap: :bigclap: :bigclap: msharafan Dec 29th, 2005, 04:41 PM YOU CAN DO IT MARIA! :worship: :worship: :worship: :worship: just get well soon and in time! :bounce: :bounce: :bounce: Maria Croft Jan 1st, 2006, 09:49 PM Hope she is healthy and ready to play in a few weeks Davai Maria! !!!--Duiz--!!! Jan 1st, 2006, 10:49 PM Kill 'em Maria!!! !!!--Duiz--!!! Jan 1st, 2006, 10:49 PM defend your pts Masha :unsure: :scared: Go Masha go :bigclap: :bigclap: :bigclap: No quality points... she is going down... Andy. Jan 1st, 2006, 11:00 PM Year but everyone else has quality points to lose to so its not going to be that bad. I just hope she can play. |


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Keeping the Faith
A remembrance for Robin
Ronnie McBrayer is responsible for this content, which is not edited by the Wilson County News or wilsoncountynews.com.
February 15, 2011
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There is a word and condition I have grown to hate like few others: Cancer. The mere mention of the name produces in me a kind of muted, frustrated resentment, that kind of feeling you get when you hear the name of someone against whom you hold a grudge.
Cancer was named by Hippocrates, first treated by the ancient Egyptians, and today is warred against by chemotherapy, radiation, and clinical trials. It has been a longstanding enemy worthy of our scorn.
When I was young, I paid cancer little attention, blissfully unaware of its dangers. I thought cancer was something that only struck old people, a penalty for living too long in the first place, because everyone I knew who had cancer was as old as Methuselah.
Even after my brother spent months in a children's hospital and I was exposed to the bald heads, IV poles, and fuzzy cartoon slippers of those my own age being treated for malignancies, leukemia, and other diseases, strangely, I still viewed these cases as unique and accidental. Now in midlife, I realize that cancer is no respecter of persons.
As a church pastor and former hospital chaplain, I have seen the grim effects of cancer on far too many families and individuals. Not the least of whom was a young, life-and-love-filled woman named Robin. Robin, my friend of two decades, was a wife, mother of four school-age children, and one of the loveliest people I have ever known.
Before her death this winter, she asked me to speak at her memorial service and comfort her family. It was an impossible task, as I needed comfort myself, for her six-year ordeal with cancer perplexed me. It was so unjust and unfair.
Now, I don't believe for a minute that God was responsible for Robin's cancer, but the sovereign God and I sure did wrestle about these things (and we still do). I have shaken my fist, finger, and prayers at him about it, and that's okay. He's not intimidated by me. I throw all my frustrations at Him because I can't take it -- not sitting down any way -- yet He can.
And while I have a place to cast my exasperating questions, I know I'm not going to get any answers for Robin's death in this current life. I have to live with the question mark and must accept that countless numbers of good and godly people -- like Robin and her family -- have suffered inexplicable injustice. Why? Because they possessed an inferior faith, a faith not big or strong enough to get them out of trouble? No.
They suffered because of their good and great faith, not an absence of it. The writer of the book of He-brews concludes that those who suffer this way are "too good for this world." As C.S. Lewis once asked and answered: "Why do the godly suffer? Well, why not? They are the only ones who can handle it."
In this life, we will not experience the healing of every cancer, the reversal of every injustice, the correction of every wrong, or an answer to every question. All of creation -- cancerous bodies, broken-hearted families, widowed husbands, grieving children, those of us with more questions than answers -- all must wait for God's new creation and redemption to come.
Our faith informs us that one day God will set all things right. He will exercise complete justice and mercy, and the "knowledge of the Lord will fill the earth like the waters cover the sea." At the end of our lives, even at the end of this world, it will not be the end at all. Through the resurrection of our bodies and the recreation of heaven and earth, it will be the beginning.
There will be no more cancer patients, no more doctor visits, no more hospice consultations, no more anguished families, and no more unanswered questions. The Father himself will "wipe every tear from our eyes," and there will be no more death, mourning, crying, or pain, and no more words worth hating.
Ronnie McBrayer is the author of Leaving Religion, Following Jesus. He writes and speaks about life, faith, and Christ-centered spirituality. Visit his website at
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With all the time it didn't take to clear customs we had enough time to motor up to Vero Beach. As we approached Vero we could see an impressive lightning show in the dark ominous clouds ahead of us. The radar showed them to be about 2 miles ahead. Luckily, we only saw a few drops of rain before we picked up our mooring in the Vero Municipal Marina mooring field. Melbourne airport (about 30 miles north) reported a record 1.8 inches of rain and 53 mph gusts in the squalls that just missed us.
The view from our mooring in Vero. Nice view, good laundry & showeres - easy access to town on the free shuttle. Delicious breakfast at TooJays Deli - maybe the best deli south of NYC. |
Here I am posing with some of the original people of the City of Cocoa. |
I loved the redneck wineglasses but not enough to buy one in Cocoa Beach. |
We had heard that the City of Cocoa was worth a visit so we headed there - 8 hours away. It was worth the visit. We landed at a lovely waterfront park and after a very short walking tour had a wonderful breakfast at Ossarios.
Ossario's threat to inattentive parents. Great breakfast - pastries to die for. |
We decided to do a shorter hop north to Titusville to give us time to do an oil and oil filter change. The fan belt is problematic since it can't be aligned perfectly so we find ourselves doing adjustments on it every couple of days. Our engine maintenance chores went smoothly.
We are trying to push north as fast as we can but after our 7+ hour motor with nice currents pushing us up to 8 knots we decided to take a lay day in St. Augustine. We did a tour today at Flagler College, formerly the Ponce de Leon Hotel.
The setting that the Flagler students have is unbelievable. Their college was built as a luxury hotel for the wealthy elite of the East Coast back in the late 1800's. In its heyday you had to have a written invitation from Mr. Flagler to be allowed to pay him the minimum 3 month stay in the hotel. If you did not have the proper social standing you had to look elsewhere.
Our guide at Flagler College. Her dining room is nothing like any other college I have seen - Tiffany windows, tiffany chairs, and elaborately painted ceilings. |
A detail of the dome at the entrance to Flagler. This woman is supposed to represent adventure. Do you see any resemblance to Maryanne? |
St. Augustine Lighthouse ca 1874 |


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Limestone ledges rise 20 to 30 above Lake Michigan, etched with caves and overhangs from eons of scouring ice and crashing waves in this park. On many days, Lake Michigan's waves crash into the rock with a resonant boom and explosion of spray. Bring a picnic to this small (19-acre) park to enjoy the show. A trail in Cave Point County Park connects with more extensive trails in the adjacent Whitefish Dunes State Park. (920) 746-9959; map.co.door.wi.us/parks/
Cave Point County Park
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