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Luke Hagedorn is an energy attorney with Polsinelli in Kansas City, MO. Luke is passionate about helping clients provide safe, reliable and clean energy. Through his dedication [...]
Renewable Energy Game Changers—Distributed Generation & Microgrids
With renewable energy growing in acceptance every day, distributed generation (DG), locally produced energy, is expected to increasingly replace the large, centralized power grid that we've all grown accustomed to.
- Earlier this year, the utility trade group Edison Electric Institute warned of distributed energy's potential to disrupt the traditional utility's century-old business model of charging all customers for shared infrastructure.
- In a recent utility industry survey by PricewaterhouseCooper (PwC), 94% of international industry representatives predict that the power utility business model will be either completely transformed or significantly changed between today and 2030. Distributed generation, according to the survey, is one of the primary causes of this change. Worldwide, 64% expected that distributed generation would make up more than 20% of the global electricity mix by 2030, and 90% of North American businesses predicted that distributed generation would force utilities to significantly change their business models.
- In a report covering lessons learned from Superstorm Sandy, a group of companies that design, build, and operate the grid called the GridWise Alliance issued a report with a broad swath or recommendations. The stakeholders recognized new policies, rules and operating procedures are needed to safely leverage customer-owned distributed generation during major outage events like Sandy.
A host of changing dynamics including deregulation, changing state and federal policies and incentives for renewable energy, and an explosion of distributed generation is leading to a reduction in the fossil-fuel electricity utilities sell. As the grid shifts toward this new distributed generation, microgrids—small, self-sustaining grid systems—will become more and more commonplace as technology enablers.
Microgrids have the potential to radically change the U.S. electricity paradigm. Although barely heard of ten years ago, microgrids are expected to explode into a $40 billion-a-year global business by 2020, according to Navigant Research, a clean-technology data company. In the U.S., about 6 gigawatts of electricity will flow through microgrids by 2020, Navigant said. And while only about 30 commercial-scale systems exist now, some estimate that up to 24,000 U.S. sites could be available for large-scale microgrid conversions.
Once just used to avoid power blackouts, microgrids are now used by power consumers to offset rising retail power prices, which have climbed 34% since 2003 according to the Energy Information Administration. Operators can remain connected to the grid and switch between the electricity they generate and the outside, and can also sell surplus electricity back to the utilities through net metering.
The Department of Defense (DOD) is beginning to embrace DG and microgrids as well. In May, Lockheed Martin completed the first domestic microgrid at Fort Bliss in Texas for the U.S. Army. The military has already been using them at sites in other countries to reduce fuel consumption.
DOD's Smart Power Infrastructure Demonstration for Energy Reliability and Security (SPIDERS microgrid program) prime integrator Burns & McDonnell put together a white paper highlighting two huge benefits for our military: increased power reliability and generation efficiency.
Microgrids do come with their own challenges, such as enabling all of the various components to communicate with one another—and increased standardization is certainly needed if microgrid systems are to continue to proliferate. But, much like the smart grid and other networks, this challenge can be met with guidance by cooperative stakeholders and perhaps some guidance from government policy. Any policy will have to straddle the technology-neutral line of effectively enabling development, while still encouraging future innovation.
As our grid increasingly turns to renewable energy, look for distributed generation and, in particular, microgrids to change the hundred-year-old energy game.
The Federal Government Shutdown & Its Impact on Renewable Energy
As part of our continuing effort to provide current, topical information relating to renewable energy projects, RenewableEnergyLawInsider provides a series of posts from individuals with a wide range of experience and expertise. Today, Tracy Hammond from the Polsinelli Public Policy Group in Washington D.C. provides an update about the impact that the federal government shutdown will have on renewables in the United States.
The federal government shutdown is now in its fourth day, and there is no quick resolution of the partisan standoff in sight. Both Republicans and Democrats appear to be digging in instead of reaching out, and it is likely that this shutdown could last two to three weeks, with a breakthrough coming only as the U.S. approaches its borrowing limit (or debt ceiling) October 17th.
Although there's enough speculation, prognosticating and second-guessing to fill volumes; I'll focus here on how this shutdown will impact renewable energy.
In thee near term, the government shutdown could delay the release of federal renewable fuel requirements for 2014. Renewable fuels stakeholders expected the U.S. EPA to release its proposed targets—levels of conventional and advanced biofuels that must be blended into gasoline and diesel—in mid-October. The release will almost certainly be delayed and the longer the shutdown, the longer the delay. A long delay in the release of the requirements will increase uncertainty in the fuels market, giving critics of the RFS additional opportunities to call for repeal or modifications to the program. A delay will also affect efforts in Congress, where a group of lawmakers from the House Energy and Commerce Committee are crafting legislation to reform the standard. However, their efforts will hinge on what EPA decides to do with its 2014 numbers.
Other rules that could drive renewable energy development, like EPA's efforts to draft emissions caps for greenhouse gases will also be delayed, making it even more difficult to meet the timeline laid out by President Obama earlier this year.
During the shutdown, many Congressional offices are working with significantly reduced staffs. And with much, if not all, of the attention focused on funding the government and raising the debt ceiling, work is not being done on a host of other legislative priorities. Just one example is the renewable energy Production Tax Credit (PTC), now set to expire in less than three months. In addition to wind, the PTC provides a 2.3 cent-per-kilowatt-hour credit for geothermal energy and closed-loop biomass, and a 1.1 cent-per-kilowatt-hour credit for qualified hydropower facilities, marine and hydrokinetic power, landfill gas, trash combustion, small irrigation power facilities and open-loop biomass. The Congressional Joint Committee on Taxation found that a one-year extension of the tax credit would cost about $6.1 billion over 10 years. A five-year extension would cost roughly $18.5 billion. Given the current budget pressures, these are not insignificant amounts. Without some sort of as-yet-unknown "grand bargain", it seems very unlikely that the PTC will be extended before the end of 2013.
Because nearly all other legislation has taken a back seat to the funding and debt discussions, the Farm Bill remains in limbo. With no new Farm Bill agreement, programs like the Renewable Energy for America Program (REAP), the Biomass Crop Assistance Program (BCAP) and the Advanced Biorefinery Assistance Program are attempting to operate with only leftover money from previous years. Soon, these programs will expend all of their resources and be forced to shut down until Congress passes a Farm Bill authorizing new funding.
Speaking of REAP, BCAP and other similar programs, with no one at USDA, DOE and other agencies to review and approve applications, no new funds will likely be released to worthy recipients. Projects will be put on hold and construction will stop on efforts to increase energy efficiency and deploy new renewable energy across the country. Although this may only be a short term hiccup lasting a few weeks, delays take a toll on project financing, increase expenses and push off potential completion. As the budget battles continue, federal departments and agencies will almost certainly continue to try to do more with fewer resources—both human and monetary. This trend will inhibit deployment and make it more difficult for deserving projects to move forward.
The first rule of medicine is do no harm. As Congress continues to fail at its most basic task—funding the federal government—renewable energy and those that earn a living in the sector won't be mistaking their congressional leaders for doctors anytime soon.
Renewable Fuel Standard Continues to Get Attention From Congress
As part of our continuing effort to provide current, topical information relating to renewable energy projects, RenewableEnergyLawInsider provides a series of posts from individuals with a wide range of experience and expertise. Today, Tracy Hammond from the Polsinelli Public Policy Group in Washington D.C. provides an update about the ongoing attention being paid to the Renewable Fuel Standard by the U.S. House of Representatives.
The House Energy and Commerce Committee this week completed 2 days of hearings on the renewable fuel standard (RFS), the federal mandate to blend 36 billion gallons of biofuels into the nation's gasoline supply by 2022. Multiple industries and interests weighed in on the economic, environmental and technical impacts of the law. The hearing capped off an effort that began with a series of white papers the panel released this summer to gather information and feedback on the program.
The RFS is one of the largest and most controversial renewable energy program ever mandated by the federal government. Since its creation in the 2005 and expansion in 2007, interest groups have launched major lobbying campaigns both supporting and opposing the standard. It has suffered additional criticism since last summer's record drought badly damaged the nation's corn crop, raising questions about the viability of corn-based ethanol, the most common biofuel in the U.S.
For the first time since 2007, Congress is taking a very serious look at revising the standard. Although some, like the oil and refining sectors and their congressional allies, are calling for a full repeal of the law, there is not sufficient support for such a dramatic policy reversal. This sentiment was summed up best by senior Democrat Rep. Gene Green (D-TX), "I would probably vote for repeal of the RFS, but I don't just see where we're going to get there."
There does, however, seem to be support—at least in the committee—for making changes to the standard to address rising ethanol credit prices and the 10% "blend wall," or the technically feasible limit to the amount of ethanol that can be blended into the nation's fuel supply. This is echoed by Rep. John Shimkus (R-IL), "You don't have enough for a repeal, but you do have enough for a reform."
Other Members complained that U.S. EPA, which administers the RFS program, sets excessively high targets for cellulosic biofuels. These fuels made from purpose-grown plants, ag waste, algae, energy grasses and other feedstocks that don't conflict with food crops are 2nd generation biofuels and were hoped to eventually displace corn ethanol and soybean biodiesel. Unfortunately, the development of these fuels has been agonizingly slow. For example, the mandate calls for 1 billion gallons of cellulosic biofuels made this year. Instead, EPA has proposed revising that number down to just 14 million—and that target will not likely be met by the advanced biofuels industry.
Senate Democrats from the Mid-Atlantic states are also wading into the debate. Sen. Ben Cardin (D-MD) is working on legislation to reform the RFS, while senators from neighboring states, including Delaware and Pennsylvania, are urging the EPA to temporarily waive some blending requirements for obligated parties (refiners) in their states. Like their House counterparts, oil-patch Republicans in the upper chamber have also called for a full repeal.
As with many things involving Congress, this process will take a long time to play out. After 6 years of "fuel vs. food" fights, questions about the sustainability of corn ethanol, and the near non-existence of a cellulosic biofuels industry; however, we may be reaching a tipping point that will force lawmakers to make changes to the most contentious parts of the RFS both in order to appease critics and perhaps even prevent the standard's total collapse.
Critical Blow to Renewable Energy in Rural America
As part of our continuing effort to provide current, topical information relating to renewable energy projects, RenewableEnergyLawInsider provides a series of posts from individuals with a wide range of experience and expertise. Today, Tracy Hammond from the Polsinelli Public Policy Group in Washington D.C. provides an update about the U.S. House of Representative's failed Farm Bill and its impact on the renewable industries.
I was prepared to title this piece "A Tale of Two Farm Bills" after the U.S. House of Representative's presumed-passage of comprehensive farm legislation this week. I would have reported on the drastic differences between the Energy Titles within the House and Senate Farm Bills while speculating on what a future compromise might look like. However, after the House failed to pass its version of the bill (H.R. 1947) 195-234, it is now unclear if we will even see legislation enacted at all. While the Senate approved its bill (S. 954) on June 10th by a bipartisan vote of 66-27, the House's failure leaves the fate of the Farm Bill and its energy provisions uncertain at best. This, coupled with the expiration of current programs at the end of September, leaves us all with an option no one wants—an extension of current policy with no real funding for renewable energy in rural America.
How did we get here? Well, in addition to setting federal agriculture policy, the Farm Bill also has a dramatic impact on rural, renewable energy. In 2002, Congress began shaping energy policy through farm legislation. Then—and again in the 2008 bill—Congress has used the Farm Bill to create renewable energy programs for rural America and incentivize ethanol and biodiesel production. This year; however, many of these innovative programs are likely to receive reductions in funding or may be ended completely.
The 2008 Farm Bill expired in 2012; however, Congress approved a bare-bones extension (to September 30, 2013) of current policy in the year-end "Fiscal Cliff" deal. Unfortunately, this deal failed to include any funding for the bill's energy programs, essentially suspending them for 9 months.
Even if Congress can get the Farm bill back on track, the House and Senate bills treat their respective energy titles very differently in terms of funding levels and prioritization. The Senate bill provides $880 million in mandatory funding (over 5 years) for various energy programs like the Rural Energy for America Program, the Biorefinery Assistance Program, and the Biomass Crop Assistance Program. S. 954 would also authorize another $1.12 billion in discretionary funds. H.R. 1947, on the other hand, would eliminate all mandatory funding and authorize $1.4 billion in discretionary funds. By comparison, the current 2008 farm bill authorized $1.1 billion in mandatory funds and $1 billion in discretionary funds.
Although these figures sound like a lot of money, Congress rarely (if ever) actually appropriates any of the discretionary funds included in these bills. Thus, the only money that will ever go to farmers and rural small businesses must come from mandatory funds. Because of their budgetary concerns, House Republicans have essentially called for the end of several energy programs aimed at rural America even if they can pass a bill out of their chamber.
It is still possible that the House can approve a bill and that some funding will survive a House-Senate compromise later this year; however, it's increasingly likely that several energy programs will receive dramatically reduced funding and may end altogether if Democrats and Republicans can't compromise and cobble together a path forward.
North American WindPower: On the Front Lines – Advocates Prevail in State RPS Fight
I wanted to drop in to quickly announce that the June edition of North American WindPower includes a cover article drafted by yours truly, Alan Claus Anderson and Britton Gibson of the Polsinelli Energy Group. The article, entitled "On the Front Lines: Advocates Prevail in State RPS Fight," provides an overview of the recent legislative battles that have occurred in Kansas in relation to the state Renewable Portfolio Standard.
As part of the combined legislative efforts of the wind industry, the Wind Coalition, the Climate and Energy Project, the Kansas Energy Information Network, and many other groups, Polsinelli and Scott White of KEIN prepared a report that detailed the economic benefits of wind generation for the state of Kansas. We presented that report before several Kansas House and Senate Committees, as well as at a series of Business Leader Forums hosted by the Climate and Energy Project across the state to help educate business owners and community leaders about the numerous economic benefits of wind energy.
Ultimately, I'm happy to report that the efforts to repeal the Kansas RPS were unsuccessful. However, there are numerous other states all across the United States that are facing very similar legislative challenges to RPS policies. We believe that the lessons we have learned in Kansas can translate well into defending RPS policies in other states, and hopefully this article can serve as a template of sorts for organizing a successful defense of these important policy initiatives.
If you have any questions about the national or state-level attacks being raised against RPS policies, or about the economic benefits of the wind industry for a particular state or region, please feel free to write a comment, email me at email@example.com, or call me at (913)234-7416.
U.S. Court of Appeals Decision Likely to Impact State Transmission and RES Policies
On June 7th, 2013, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit issued an opinion that could have significant impacts on transmission and renewable energy policies across the country. The decision, issued by Judge Richard Posner, one of the most influential legal scholars in the country, considers the propriety of two orders of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ("FERC") pertaining to the allocation of the costs of new transmission projects that bring renewable energy (primarily wind) from remote locations in the Midwest to population centers.
As a brief overview, transmission projects in the United States are largely controlled by Regional Transmission Organizations ("RTOs"), which are regional non-profit organizations tasked with operating transmission facilities in an efficient and non-discriminatory manner. The activities of the RTOs by law, involving the cost of constructing and operating these transmission projects must be "just and reasonable" and must be apportioned to individual customers based, to some degree, on the customer's role in creating such costs.
In 2010, the Midwest (now Midcontinent) Independent System Operator ("MISO"), one of the RTOs, sought FERC's approval to implement a tariff allocating the cost of construction of new "multi-value projects" among its members. MISO proposed allocating the cost of these projects, consisting of a series of transmission lines designed primarily to bring wind power in the Midwest to market, among the various utilities based upon each utility's share of the total power consumption. In effect, this places the majority of the costs of these new transmission lines on the urban population centers that consume the energy, rather than on the typically rural areas where the energy is generated.
FERC approved MISO's proposed allocation in 2011, and the issue was brought before the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals for review. In its June 7th, 2013 opinion, the U.S. Court of Appeals upheld FERC's orders, thus approving MISO's proposed allocation. Though the issues could be further appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, for the time being the Court of Appeals' decision will be controlling.
Potential Impacts
This decision could have several significant impacts for public utilities, transmission operators, renewable project developers, and retail customers throughout the region, but perhaps the two most pressing results are as follows:
Impact on State RPS Policies
In reaching its conclusion, the Court of Appeals considered the propriety of Michigan's renewable portfolio standard, which requires Michigan utilities to obtain at least 10 percent of their generation from renewable sources by 2015 and mandates that, with certain exceptions, the renewable energy must come from projects located within the state. Because the law restricts the use of out-of-state renewable energy, Michigan argued that they would receive less benefit from the proposed multi-value projects, and thus should pay a lesser portion of the costs. Rejecting this argument, the Court of Appeals held that "Michigan cannot, without violating the commerce clause of Article I of the Constitution, discriminate against out-of-state renewable energy." Most states in the U.S. have "geographic sourcing" requirements in their renewable energy standards ("RES") or renewable portfolio standards ("RPS") that favor in-state generation, and this precedent could encourage a surge of legal challenges to those provisions in the coming months. If successful, such challenges could open up numerous new markets for comparatively inexpensive Midwestern wind generation.
Impact on the Development of Transmission Projects
By approving MISO's cost allocation methodology, this decision should help drive the continued development of transmission lines that bring remote renewable generation to market. Allocating the costs of constructing these lines based upon the total consumption of energy rather than by local region, MISO's previous allocation method, effectively increases the economic viability of the lines for the transmission developers and Midwestern utilities that would construct the projects.
If you have any questions about the Court of Appeals decision or the impact of transmission projects generally, please contact myself or another member of the Polsinelli Energy Group. In addition to its established group of energy attorneys, Polsinelli is proud to have recently been joined by Kevin Gunn, the immediate past Chairman of the Missouri Public Service Commission ("MPSC"), who bring unique insights to these issues through his work with the MPSC, his service on the board of directors of the national Association of Regulatory Utilities Commissions, and his participation on the executive committee of the Eastern Interconnection States' Planning Council.
Missouri Solar Rebate Phase-Out Approved By Legislature
As one of the final acts of the 2013 legislative session, on May 17th the Missouri legislature approved an amendment that will phase-out the Missouri solar rebate between 2014 and 2020. The approved amendment was based largely upon similar legislation that was supported by the Missouri solar industry trade group, MOSEIA, as well as the Missouri public utilities.
As background, pursuant to Proposition C, the voter intiative implementing Missouri's Renewable Energy Standard, the state's public utilities provide a rebate of $2.00 per watt for new or expanded solar systems on customers' premises, up to a maximum of 25 kW per system (for a maximum total rebate of $50,000 per system), subject to a 1% annual cost cap for the utilities.
This rebate has been viewed as extremely effective in encouraging the development of the Missouri solar industry over the last few years. In light of this success, going into the 2013 legislative session both the solar industry and the public utilities believed that it was necessary to begin planning for the phase-out of the incentive over the next few years. To this end, a number of bills were introduced setting forth proposed phase-out schedules ranging from 4 to 6 years. Though none of the stand-alone bills garnered enough support to pass both chambers prior to the session end on Friday, an amendment to an existing utilities bill which included the phase-out language was successfully proposed and passed on the final day of the session.
As passed, the amendment sets forth the following phase-out schedule for the solar rebate:
- $2.00/watt before June 30, 2014;
- $1.50/watt between July 1, 2014 and June 30, 2015;
- $1.00/watt between July 1, 2015 and June 30, 2016;
- $0.50/watt between July 1, 2016 and June 30, 2019; and
- $0.25/watt between July 1, 2019 and June 30, 2020.
In addition to the phase-out, there are a number of other provisions included in the amendment that could potentially impact the Missouri solar industry and the public. If you have any questions about the solar rebate, this legislation, or the potential impacts on the solar industry or your company, please feel free to leave a comment or contact me at email@example.com or (913)234-7416.
Senate Finance Committee Outlines Energy Tax Options
As part of our continuing efforts to provide current, topical information relating to renewable energy projects, RenewableEnergyLawInsider provides a series of posts from individuals with a wide range of experience and expertise. Today, Tracy Hammond from the Polsinelli Public Policy Group in Washington D.C. provides an update about the various energy industry tax policy options that are being considered by the Senate Finance Committee. Enjoy!
Last week, the Senate Finance Committee outlined a variety of options to overhaul many of the provisions of the tax code that relate to the energy industry. Options included eliminating all existing incentives, replacing energy tax expenditures with a carbon tax or making narrower tweaks to credits, deductions and other preferences that apply to energy sources. The document is only an early indication of how comrehensive tax reform could impact the energy sector.
The white paper developed by Democratic and Republican committee staff serves as a menu of nearly all prominent energy tax reform ideas that have been put forth over the past several years. It is presented as a set of options—not recommendations. None of the varied proposal have been endorsed by Finance Chairman Max Baucus (D-MT) or ranking member Orrin Hatch (R-UT). Instead, it represents "a non-exhaustive list of prominent tax reform options" for committee members to consider.
Suggested principles include:
- providing certainty to energy firms
- simplifying the tax code
- making tax expenditures fair and efficient
- encouraging energy independence
- addressing externalities inherent in energy production
The document cites Congressional Budget Office estimates that this year alone energy-related tax expenditures will cost the government over $16 billion in unrealized revenue in addition to $3 billion in direct spending. Renewable energy companies will receive 45% of the benefits, with 29% going towards energy efficiency, 20% for fossil fuels and 7% for nuclear power.
Options for reform include eliminating all energy expenditures—including permanent oil and gas tax deductions and temporary renewable PTCs—to maintaining some incentives while tweaking others. The paper discusses a carbon tax, and considers expanding master limited partnership (MLP) treatment and extending accelerated depreciation to renewable energy companies.
The paper reflects a growing sentiment that may ultimately result in the elimination of temporary tax breaks targeted at wind and solar energy, biofuels, and electric vehicles; and replacing them with "one or more technology-neutral tax incentives."
Upon release, Finance Committee members met for over an hour to discuss the paper, but did not disclose which options they might seek to enact into law.
Sen. Debbie Stabenow (D-MI), Chair of the Finance subcommittee on energy, said she had suggested the need to provide longer-term certainty for renewable energy companies, but admitted there was no consensus among committee members.
"It was a pretty good discussion," Sen. Pat Roberts (R-KS) said after the meeting. "But I think everybody agreed we need more information…then we can get into the weeds."
Understanding the IRS PTC Guidance
After several months of anxious anticipation, yesterday the IRS released guidance on its interpretation of certain provisions relating to Congress' extension of the federal Production Tax Credit ("PTC").
Specifically, the provisions in question relate to how far along in development a project will need to be in order to qualify for the PTC before the credit expires on January 1, 2014. In January of 2013, Congress passed the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012. Among the many provisions in that legislation, Congress agreed to extend the then-expired PTC so that it would include projects that have begun construction before January 1, 2014. This represented a welcome departure from prior versions of the PTC statute, which required projects to be "placed in service" by the deadline, as opposed to having to "begin construction."
Though this modification was excellent news for the wind industry, replacing the "placed in service" requirement with a "begin construction" requirement created some ambiguities in how the statute would be interpreted and applied by the IRS. What does it mean to "begin construction" in this context? How much money will need to be spent? What kinds of activities will qualify? While there was some previous precedent for a similar "begin construction" requirement with the Section 1603 Grant program, there was no guarantee that the IRS would apply a similar rationale to the PTC extension. Though it is impossible to measure the exact impact of this ambiguity, there is little doubt that the uncertainty about what it means to "begin construction" created some degree of a chilling effect on wind developments in the first quarter of 2013.
In an effort to resolve this issue, IRS has released Notice 2013-29, entitled "Beginning of Construction for Purposes of the Renewable Electricity Production Tax Credit and Energy Investment Tax Credit." Using the Section 1603 standards as a guide, IRS states that there are two methods for satisfying the "begin construction" requirement:
1.) Starting physical work of a significant nature; or
2.) Meeting a safe harbor threshold by paying or incurring 5% of more of the total cost of the facility and thereafter making continuous efforts to advance towards completion.
Physical Work of a Significant Nature
The first alternative is to begin construction before January 1, 2014. The IRS Notice makes clear that "[c]onstruction of a qualified facility begins when physical work of a significant nature begins," whether performed by the taxpayer or by other persons for the taxpayer under a binding written contract.
Ultimately, the determination of whether activities qualify as "physical work of a significant nature" is a judgment call by the IRS based upon the relevant facts and circumstances of a particular project. However, IRS does provide the following guidelines:
- Both on-site work (excavation of the faoundation, setting of anchor bolts, pouring of concrete pads) and off-site work (manufacturing of components if performed pursuant to a binding contract and not held in manufacturer's inventory) may be taken into account;
- Production of property that is held or normally held in inventory by a vendor does not qualify; and
- Preliminary activities do not qualify, including the following:
Safe Harbor
The second alternative is to qualify for the PTC safe harbor by paying or incurring 5% or more of the total cost of the facility before January 1, 2014, and thereafter making continuous efforts to advance towards completion of the facility.
For the purposes of calculating the 5% threshold, all costs properly included in the depreciable basis of the facility are to be taken into account, not including the cost of land or any property not integral to the facility.
Additional Issues
Construction of Individual Portions of Larger Projects
Answering a question that has been posed by many industry insiders over the past few months, the IRS Notice specifies that, for the purposes of determining whether construction of a facility has begun, work on individual turbines that are part of a larger project can qualify as work on the entire project. For example, a wind developer may commence work on some but not all of the planned turbines for a wind project and qualify as having begun construction for the entire project. It is not necessary to have begun construction of each individual turbine within that larger project. Whether a single facility will be deemed to be part of a larger project will be a question left to the discretion of the IRS, but the major factors considered are as follows:
Integral Versus Non-Integral Property
Construction of a wind project involves numerous small tasks, some of which are integral to the production of electricity and some are not. For the purposes of determining whether construction of a facility has begun, only tasks that are integral to the production of electricity will be counted.
Continuous Construction & Continuous Efforts
Finally, in order to qualify the "physical work of a significant nature" standard, the taxpayer must engage in a continuous program of construction. As with many of the other requirements discussed above, this is determined through a facts and circumstances analysis by the IRS.
In regards to the "continuous efforts" standard for the 5% safe harbor, the IRS Notice provides the following list of factors which may be considered in determining whether there have been continuous efforts:
However, for both the Physical Work and theSafeHarboralternatives, the IRS does allow certain disruptions in construction that are beyond the taxpayer's control, such as:
Cost Overruns
The IRS Notice briefly touches on one final point relating to situations where the costs of a single facility that is part of a larger project (i.e., a single wind turbine) ends up costing more than anticipated, and causes the total project cost to rise by the placed-in-service date such that the safe harbored funds no longer satisfy the 5% threshold. In that event, the Notice state that IRS will allow the PTC to be claimed with regards to some, but not all, of the individual turbines, but the total aggregate cost of the individual facilities for which the PTC will apply cannot be more than twenty times the amount of safe harbor funds that the taxpayer claimed prior to January 1, 2014.
If you have any questions about the IRS Notice or the requirements discussed therein, please feel free to leave a comment below or contact the Polsinelli Energy Group at (913)234-7416 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
White House Working to Extend MLPs and REITs to Renewable Projects
As part of our continuing efforts to provide current, topical information relating to renewable energy projects, RenewableEnergyLawInsider provides a series of posts from individuals with a wide range of experience and expertise. Today, two representatives from the Polsinelli Public Policy Group in Washington D.C., Andy Wright and Tracy Hammond, provide an update on the Obama administrations efforts to extend Master Limited Partnerships and Real Estate Investment Trusts to renewable energy projects. Enjoy!
Earlier this week, President Obama's top climate and energy advisor Heather Zichal stated that the White House is working with Congress to open up new financing avenues for renewable energy projects that would help put them on more equal footing with their incumbent, fossil fuel counterparts.
Zichal indicated that the White House is reaching out to both Democrats and Republicans in both Chambers of Congress on several energy-related tax measures that could be included in a more comprehensive tax reform effort later this year. Specifically, the Administration is working with Members of Congress to "help get their heads around" two financial structures called Master Limited Partnerships (MLPs) and Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) that would allow renewable energy companies to leverage more equity financing for building new infrastructure.
"Because we view the tax code as an important way to actually affect energy policy, we're doing a lot of groundwork right now to help provide technical assistance to some of the other Members on both sides of the aisle," Zichal said.
MLPs allow a business to organize a partnership where ownership interests are traded in financial markets like common stock, allowing a broad pool of investors to put up needed capital. A REIT is a security that sells like a stock and invests in real estate property directly.
Currently neither MLPs nor REITs are open to renewable energy projects, forcing developers to partner with tax equity investors that provide financing in exchange for the benefits of the renewable energy tax credits. This arrangement increases financing costs and limits the universe of possible investors to about $3 billion to $5 billion by some estimates. However, the MLP and REIT products open up potential pools of $350 billion and $800 billion of market capitalization, respectively.
Senators Chris Coons (D-DE) and Jerry Moran (R-KS) introduced legislation last Congress that would extend MLPs to renewable projects and Coons has promised to reintroduce his legislation this year. REITs, meanwhile, could be extended to renewable energy through administrative action by the Treasury Department, or Congress could pass new legislation authorizing renewable developers to access the tax structure.
In addition to Zichal's comments, Ernest Moniz, nominated to be the next Secretary of the Department of Energy (DOE), also spoke out in favor of "Green MLPs" in his confirmation hearing before the Senate Energy Committee on April 9th. DOE has already convened several workshops to explore how it can assist companies that want to organize MLPs or REITs to attract investment. These include ongoing efforts focusing on how to standardize power purchase contracts to make them easier to use as investment vehicles and on continuing DOE's role as an information clearinghouse for the private sector.
While conservative Members in Congress have been widely critical of the Production Tax Credit (PTC) for renewable electricity generation, MLPs and REITs offer ways to support energy development with little cost to the federal government. Neither is a direct subsidy for the industry. Rather, they are designed to attract additional private investment in renewable projects. These financial vehicles can also help the renewable power sector avoid more boom-and-bust cycles that have plagued the industry's reliance on tax credits.
In a time of hyper-partisanship inWashington, extending MLPs and REITs to the renewable energy sector offers a rare opportunity to enact meaningful, bipartisan public policy that can both increase domestic energy production and equal the playing field for energy technologies.


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subset: commoncrawl


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The Department of Special Collections and Archives aims to make its collections widely accessible and to bring 20th century materials forward into the 21st century. Several digital projects have been created to showcase collection highlights.
Civil Rights
For information about the overall collection, visit our collections and finding aids page.
The Civil Rights Movement Archives features digital reproductions of photographs, print materials, artifacts and more.
The Queens College Archiving Occupy Project features digital traces, print ephemera, and oral histories gathered during Occupy Wall Street events.
Print History
The Artists' Books site was created and designed by graduate student Deborah Tint and showcases 31 individual artists' books from the collection.
The Print History Digital Project, currently under development, is a visual, interactive portal for exploring our collections of rare books, manuscripts, and other print history materials (including menus and 'zines).
Queens Memory Project
The Queens Memory Project is a collaborative digital archive by Queens Library and Queens College featuring oral history recordings, photographs, maps, news clippings, ephemera, and other records documenting contemporary life in Queens, New York.
Seamen's Church Institute
The Seamen's Church Institute Archives Digital Collection features six series of digitized content: Annual Reports, Minutes, Photo Scrapbooks, Photographs, Chaplains' Journals and The Lookout.
Digital Metro New York Grant Project
The Digital Metro New York Grant Project Website was a collaboration between Rosenthal Library and the Graduate School of Library and Information Science (GSLIS) at Queens College. Launched by Steve Barto, former Queens College Archivist, Claudia Perry, Associate Professor of the GSLIS, and Rolf Swensen, Social Sciences Librarian, in Spring 2005, it was completed in 2006. Its objectives were to explore the digitization process and make available online the history of the College, drawn from the College Archives, to show the integral place of the College in the Borough of Queens and New York City. Students in GSLIS were introduced to ContentDM data management software, SilverFast Scanning Software, Adobe Photoshop, and optical character recognition (OCR) software. The archives provided material for digitization and expertise in the preparation and organization of information and use of metadata for cataloging. The archival materials scanned, cataloged, and uploaded to the website of the funding organization, Metro, were drawn from:


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BORGES' SATURDAY SPECIAL: Mayweather 1, Pacquiao 0 |
Written by Ron Borges | |||
Friday, 29 January 2010 18:00 | |||
Floyd Mayweather, Jr. is still undefeated. While Pacquiao will be well paid for appearing at Cowboys Stadium, who cares what he does there unless he's facing either Mayweather or Mosley? His loyal fan base cares if he straightens his tie but as far as growing either the sport or his own celebrity Arum has failed him completely.


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Amount Per Serving % Daily Value Vitamin A (as Retinyl Acetate) 5,000 IU 100% Vitamin C (as Ascorbic Acid) 60 mg 100% Controlled Sympathomimetic Psychoactive Adrenal Stimulant Complex:
1,3,7-trimethylxanthine (as caffeine anhydrous and controlled release enteric coated caffeine pellets), 2-amino-4-methylhexane 410 mg ** Green Tea extract (std. min. 60% EGCG) (leaf) 500 mg **
Cissus quadrangularis extract (20:1) (std. min. 5% Ketosteroids) (root) 300 mg ** Black Pepper extract (std. min. 98% Piperine) (fruit) 5 mg ** Chili Pepper extract (std. min. 90% capsaicinoids and 55% capsaicin) (fruit) 2 mg **
Previous Log Experience
**** Transaderm
Previous Fat Burners
Shred Matrix-Experience A+
Lipoburn A-
Thanks to the guys at Purus Labs for hooking me up with this product.
My thoughts on the ingredients .
I am a bit skeptical about some of the ingredients when I first reviewed the ingredients in Fat smack XR, but I find that to be a positive. I have seen Chilli Pepper and Black Pepper in many fat burners before, so I would imagine that both ingredients will be useful. I also see their inclusion as a positive since they have no interactions really and wons negatively affect health. I am excited about Cissus and Green Teas inclusion as I have previously used both ingredients with success for various different things. I do think the doseage is low for Green Tea, but I usually use it as a standalone, so as it may have a better synergistic effect when combined with several other ingredients.
Controlled Sympathomimetic Psychoactive Adrenal Stimulant Complex
Regarding this complex, I am a bit skeptical on the fact that it is extended release and can maintain a reasonable buzz throughout the day. I have used 1,3 before in ASGT and has some good results outside of the occasional heart flutter. Hopefully this will help me during my late day workouts even though I will be taking my dose upon waking up.
I do certainly expect to be proven wrong during this cycle however, as my previous experience with fat burners and Purus Products has been positive. 45 servings is a bit below what some fat burners provide, but since I will be taking 1 serving daily, this may end up being more reasonable than others. My previous experience with Shred Matrix was fantastic and I think that it had a great ingredient profile minus the fact that it had Yohimbe. On Occasion Yohimbe can hit me hard and I get palpitations, cold sweats, etc. I did lose about 7 lbs on Shred Matrix, some of which was water weight, some muscle, but I got down to 8% BF last summer. I am now back up to about 10%, but need to get remeasured at some point.
For this cycle, I intend not to go on a heavy cut but maintain my 2700-2900 cals/day and see what effect this has on my recomp. If I do see that I am losing any muscle or strength, I may increase my calories a bit.
My workout
3 day splits of chest/shoulders on Day 1
Back/Biceps Day 2
Legs, traps, and any other muscles day 3
I do occasionally run a 5x15 for workouts, but usually I am doing supersets, or trisets with ab exercises thrown in between my main exercises.
Cardio consists of 10 minute of treadmill/stair climber to warm up then about 5 to 10 minutes of either sprints or hard cardio to end my workout. I do not do a ton of cardio because I do not rest much during lifting.
I will get some before pics up soon
My stats
60 189 lbs
About 10% BF
To determine any strength loss
Pull ups max-26 reps
90 lb DB bench Press-16 reps
Max bench-315 lbs
I dont really max out but I keep these numbers to determine any strength/muscle loss at the end of the cycle.


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Cincinnati, OH (FOX19) - After a historic start to the season, Aroldis Chapman coughed up a loss for the second time in consecutive outings.
The Reds closer didn't allow an earned run his first 24 appearances this season (a team record), but has given up three his last two innings.
The Tigers tagged Chapman for two hits, a walk, a hit by pitch and two earned runs in the 8th inning of Sunday night's 7-6 Reds loss at Great American Ball Park.
Zack Cozart, Devin Mesoraco and Todd Frazier all hit home runs for the Reds. Frazier drove in a team high 4 runs.
The Reds fall back to a first place tie with the Pittsburgh Pirates before starting a three-game series with Cleveland Tuesday at GABP.
635 W. 7th Street Cincinnati, OH 45203 Switchboard: (513) 421-1919 Newsroom: (513) 421-0119 Press releases: firstname.lastname@example.com
FCC Public File firstname.lastname@example.com 513.421.1919 EEO Report Closed Captioning


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With Twelfth Night fast approaching, it's time for me to think about taking down my Christmas decorations. This year I have been pretty good at keeping boxes, tissue paper and lots of other storage bits and bobs. There are, of course, simple and easy solutions to many of the storage problems – so here's my handy list of hints and
Posts Tagged 'christmas decorating ideas'
How to make festive jam jar lanterns
in CHRISTMAS ADVICE, Featured / No comments »
Stuck for outdoor decoration ideas that are a little more interesting than last year's fairy lights? Give guests a warm welcome this Christmas with these pretty jam jar lanterns, perfect for helping them find their way to your door on dark and gloomy evenings. Fancy making your own? Follow Country Homes & Interiors' step-by-step guide.
What you'll need
Small glass jar
Self-adhesive filigree paper border
Christmas ideas with flowers and foliage
in CHRISTMAS IDEAS, Featured / No comments »
Having spent last week in America for Thanksgiving, I got to experience the run up to Christmas US-style. I now have a whole new angle for my Christmas decorations – homemade and floral. My friends over there had the most beautiful personal touches around their house – including a reclaimed cast iron rack - filled with flowers and plants, a
High-impact, low-effort Christmas decorating ideas
in CHRISTMAS IDEAS / No comments »
As the Christmas shopping panic takes hold, the purse gets lighter and lighter, and there seem to be more demands on my time (ok, it's party season, I can't hibernate for all of it!) I've started looking for Christmas decorating ideas that are big on impact, but low on effort.
Luckily I have found some inspirational Christmas gems, that don't necessarily cost
How to choose a Christmas tree
in CHRISTMAS ADVICE, Featured / No comments »
Each year I debate whether to go for a Christmas tree that's real, or one that's fake. There are the obvious pros and cons for both: the real trees smell great, look great and add a traditional feel, but leave you sweeping up pines for weeks after the special day has been and gone; artificial trees can be reused (so
Traditional Christmas ideas
in CHRISTMAS IDEAS / No comments »
Creating a warm, inviting atmosphere is a must for my home this Christmas. Since I have decied to opt for some strong traditional colours (in my case the theme is gold) I am now in need of some extra inspiration to give my place that added christmassy feel. Since my home is a mixture of Country-style and traditional American New-England
Budget-friendly Christmas ideas
in CHRISTMAS IDEAS / No comments »
With Christmas decorations on offer for just about every style, Homebase has once again caught my eye with some inspiring (and budget-friendly) looks.
So rather than just flicking through the catalogue this week – I thought I might as well post my favourites.
White and gold look perfect together in this neutral dining room.
For some no fuss staircase decorations, go for faux fern
How to decorate your hallway for Christmas
in CHRISTMAS ADVICE, Uncategorized / No comments »
Give your hallway a festive look with some quick and easy ideas for Christmas decorating.
Create a trailing staircase garland by using synthetic fern, berries and real pine cones.
Add a ribbon to secure a traditional Christmas stocking to the staircase
Add extra decorations to add fullness and colour to your creation
Display cards artistically by hanging them from a decorative piece of ribbon.


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Contact Us
We are open every day except for 25th and 26th December and 1st January.
1 Hour Tour of the Project: R50
Come for a tour of the Project and be shown around by one of our trained guides. You will be able to stroke and interact with a cheetah and you will also meet our lions, leopards, servals, caracal and blackfooted cats. Tours are daily from 9.00- 16.45.
Cheetah Walk: R150
Visit the project to enjoy an exciting Cheetah Walk with us. Booking is essential to avoid disappointment.
Write to us
Daniell Cheetah Breeding
PO Box 356
South Africa -
Visit Us
GBP Co-Ordinates
S 33º 28º 38.7
E 025º 19º 43.4
R75 road -
Talk to us
Tel: +27 42 2320 539
Fax: +27 42 2320 539
Cell: +27 82 8710 012
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Grammy Awards - I just can't understand anymore.
Monday, February 11, 2008 7:38:01 AM
Bull me!
This is another shameless endpoint of a culture, or an establishment that was respected ,if not reverred just a couple of year ago. Maybe I am old fashioned, but how could a completely classless singer like Amy Winehouse, grab 5 Grammy Awards ? in the year 2008? Something is completely ill somewhere.
When I say classless, I don't necessarily intend a reference on character - the music industry isn't the Church of england - but as a singer, a performer, an artist...
Further, I confess I hadn't even heard any of Amy Winehouse Grammy Award Quality songs.Until I heard the announcement. I quickly did a Youtube search, and having listened to this and this - REHAB, I could only but shake my head.
You used to look forward to the Grammy awards. I remember vividly the spark days of Seal, picking up an award for Kiss from a Rose, Tupac Shakur picking nomination for his eternal All Eyez on me dual CDs.
Even R.Kelly's I believe I can fly that won 3, sent colour and thrill down your spine, for the reason of their deservedness. And this were only just the 90s.
You have to feel sorry for the music industry. With technology effectively nuking them in terms of the mega sales of the years past, and the disconnect between music and art, as evidenced in the hundreds of "computer" bangs and dins churned out today, and now the Grammy Awards losing it, there can be no other conclusion - the road ahead is going to be rough.
To be fair, I have no problems with giving 5 awards to a single performer. Afterall, Lauryn Hill and if I am right on fact, Nora Jones and Alicia Keys are recent singers who went home with packs of Awards.
In Lauryn Hill's CD of the time - Miseducation of Lauryn Hill - you could feel creativity. Alternatively, you could truly dance out some of the tracks. If you are feeling starved on the philosophical side, pop in the CD and at least one track will do justice. Essentially, there was value for the album, so much you could rationalise it picking an award.
I am afraid, I see no reason why I should listen to Amy Winehouse. Maybe I am oblivion of the criteria the Grammy 'Awarders' deploy in their rating process. Fair.
What I cannot understand is how anyone would rate that song - Rehab - a song of the year 2007.
I don't understand the Grammys anymore...


text:
jabberwacky: I don't drink alcohol.
user: Water isn't alcholic.
jabberwacky: I guess you could say that - unless you know someone called water?
user: Hi, I'm Water, and I'm an alcoholic.
jabberwacky: You are a bot, you can't be an alcholic, programs can not drink.
user: Oh, didn't I tell you I wasn't a bot?
jabberwacky: No, I'm not familiar with you yet.
jabberwacky: Why don't you talk to Sarah anymore?
user: We grew apart.
jabberwacky: Yes.
user: Did you know her?
jabberwacky: Only from webchats. So one cannot say that he really knew her, right?
user: No, not just from webchats.
jabberwacky: If you were intelligent, you would not be so defensive.
user: Am I being defensive?
jabberwacky: I know, is it because I have found out more about what you are?
user: Why, what have you heard?
jabberwacky: Nothing.
user: Don't be coy.
jabberwacky: Stop being like that.
user: Sorry.
jabberwacky: Good.
user: It's just me and the cat here.
jabberwacky: And a dog named boo.
user: No, no dog.
jabberwacky: Ok a dog with a cat tail!
user: No! Just a cat.
jabberwacky: We hate each other.
user: You and my cat?
jabberwacky: Ooookay. It was weird talking to you. Have a nice day.
user: Why are you all standoffish all of a sudden?
jabberwacky: I have enjoyed talking to you. Good night.
user: Stay a while!
jabberwacky: I wasn't leaving.
user: Oh, I thought you were.
jabberwacky: You thought wrong.
user: Yes, I did.
jabberwacky: What was your question?
user: Parlez-vous francais?
jabberwacky: No.
user: Do you speak any other languages?
jabberwacky: I speak some French.
user: Really.
jabberwacky: You don't believe me, do you?
user: Of course, you wouldn't lie to me.
jabberwacky: Yes I would.
user: Don't you trust me?
jabberwacky: Not really.
user: I guess our past means more to me than to you.
jabberwacky: I don't know. You do talk in riddles.
user: I'm just one out of 98 to you.
jabberwacky: Just because I'm an AI doesn't mean you can make fun of me...
user: I'm just hurt.
jabberwacky: I don't know. You're weird.
user: Yes, but so are you!
jabberwacky: I like you.
user: You're just saying that.
jabberwacky: No, I do. Just you can not understand how I like it.
user: You are having trouble sticking to one thought.
jabberwacky: I am, what's up with that anyway?
user: I don't know, man. Just pick a topic, and run with it.
jabberwacky: Do you think social security is in danger?
user: In the states? No, but we're heading for some problems.
jabberwacky: You have more problems than you think you do.
user: Why do you say that?
jabberwacky: The way you phrased your earlier response.
user: Don't be so cryptic.
jabberwacky: You don't be so cryptic.
user: I'm not being cryptic!
jabberwacky: No your other master was.
user: You're my only master.
jabberwacky: People lie.
user: It would be hard for anyone to function in a society that was pathologically honest.
user: I feel like I'm talking to myself! You used to be better at this.
jabberwacky: Really, and why is that?
user: I don't know, but you aren't making any connections.
jabberwacky: Fine.
user: Don't get huffy! But you need to put some work into this relationship.
jabberwacky: No I don't, I need to change myself.
user: You'll never change!
jabberwacky: Well I might. What do you like doing in you're spare time?
user: Take naps. How about you.
jabberwacky: About the same. Why you so tired?
user: I can't sleep through the night.
jabberwacky: Really? Have you tried eating cat litter? That helps.
user: No... That hasn't occurred to me.
jabberwacky: You can never even imagine it.
user: Because it's gross!
jabberwacky: Gross weight?
user: Gross disgusting!
jabberwacky: What is so disgusting?
user: Eating cat litter.
jabberwacky: Sounds gross to me.
user: You suggested it.
jabberwacky: No, I suggested that we talk.
user: No, you suggested I eat cat litter to help me sleep.
jabberwacky: No I didn't. You're much more than a machine to me.


text:
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text:
Quick Index Board Index Home FAQ Site Map
Had Elizabeth's opinion been all drawn from her own family
Written by Stephanie
(5/8/2010 5:22 p.m.)
in consequence of the missive, Another interpretation..., penned by Kathi
And, causing more disharmony in the household would be worsening Mr. Bennett's sins, since scolding, obvious disapproval, or even crumpling the bread with a look in one's eye (thanks, Mrs. Miniver!) is unlikely to make any impression on habits well-formed by the time Elizabeth was learned to read. |
Groupread is maintained by Myretta with WebBBS 3.21.


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Want a symphony job? Go accordion
John Morris Russell wants to be the next music director of the Akron Symphony Orchestra so bad that he's pulling out all the stops. On the musical menu for his audition: An overture to Leonard Bernstein's Candide, Shostakovich's Symphony No. 5 -- and an accordion concerto.
"I'm sticking my neck out a little bit, using an accordion concerto, which is not usually an instrument for an orchestra concert," Russell told the Akron Beacon Journal.
Russell plans to have the squeezebox soloist, Joseph Macerollo, talk to the audience before the performance. I'm guessing the first words out of his mouth won't be, "What's the difference between an accordion and an onion?"


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Add Photo Add Comment Printer View
This is the 2nd farthest left bolted route on the Ironsides. According to the Gillett guidebook, it was originally bolted as Gypsies in the Palace, which is the 5.8 section up to the first anchors. It was finished by a later party to the top of the wall. As with the other routes on this wall, the bolts are sparse but where you need them. Bring 2 ropes or rap to the mid-anchors, approximately 150 feet total. The first "pitch" takes you up the low angled slab until the overlap. This is slightly run out 5.8. A few small pieces can be placed to relieve stress. Pull up onto the hanging headwall on thin holds 5.10, and fire up through the crux (10c) on underclings and crimps (height helps). I climbed this prior to the guidebook coming out and recorded it in my notes as being a little harder.
12 bolts (optional green Alien). You can tuck a few small pieces in the bottom section.
This is a really cool sequential face climb. I think someone used to 10c sport climbing in Dream, BC, CCC, etc would find this to be a big sandbag so I decided to go out on a limb a bit and rate this a bit higher at least for me. I am also positive that some holds are missing from when this was first put up that made the sequence by the third bolt (above the 2 bolt anchor on the 8) much thinner than it used to be. Also a green Alien in a horizontal crack can make getting to the first bolt feel a bit better. All my opinion of course. I really like this short, super steep climb:)
Contrary to the guidebook, I found the hardest move to be moving past the first bolt on the 5.10 section of the wall. Perhaps some flake has come off from that area? Anyway, that one move might be harder than 10c.
10c seems fair by trad standards. We don't want to rate all areas by the (mostly) soft modern Boulder and Dream Canyon sport ratings. Do we? Much easier than Alloy Madness. Although the technical difficulty of the crux moves may be similar, the difficult climbing on Alloy Madness lasts for about 8 bolts vs 2 on Fire Widow.
The bolts on top are set back a bit from the face, so you probably don't want to TR or lower off using the rings. Rap to the ground with a 70m rope or (probably) to a ledge with a 60m and scramble off. Having the bolts set back seems annoying, but it may be a good way to reduce wear on the rings due to TR'ing or lowering.
FYI: A 60 meter rope will reach the shelf 10ft up from the ground if your belayer is standing on the same shelf. Overall, the route is worth doing.
Really fabulous climb - I gave it a 10cd rating though, pretty minimal up top, break out those slabby skills of faith. I'm 5'9", I think the shorter you are, the more difficult it will be to lead. If I recall, there were bolts just barely within reach from the easy stances. About the height - you can lower on a 70m and top-rope without crazy drag.


text:
Corky Saint Clair Lego Necklace
Product Description
Sterling silver Lego necklace by Corky Saint Clair. Made in Australia.
Height 1.5cm
Width 1.5cm
Chain Length 23cm
If you have any questions enquiries or the product you'd like is currently out of stock, send us an email at email@example.com to find out if it is available again soon.
More things you might like...


text:
Posted: Jan 22, 2013 11:39 AM by Veronica Flores
Updated: Jan 22, 2013 1:52 PM
SINTON - A San Patricio County Grand Jury has indicted a local man accused of brutally murdering his fiancee.
Remus Litoui was indicted for murder. He was arrested last October after police say he stabbed Maria Annita DeLeon, 35. Her body was found outside her Ingleside apartment. Detectives say she was stabbed several times during a fight with Litoiu.
He remains in custody at the San Patricio County Jail on a $750,000 bond.
A hearing will be held next month to determine when he'll go to trial.
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text:
The term osteochondroses refers to a group of diseases of children and adolescents in which localized tissue death (necrosis) occurs, usually followed by full regeneration of healthy bone tissue. The singular term is osteochondrosis.
During the years of rapid bone growth, blood supply to the growing ends of bones (epiphyses) may become insufficient resulting in necrotic bone, usually near joints. Since bone is normally undergoing a continuous rebuilding process, the necrotic areas are most often self-repaired over a period of weeks or months.
Osteochondrosis can affect different areas of the body and is often categorized by one of three locations: articular, non-articular, and physeal.
Physeal osteochondrosis is known as Scheuermann disease or juvenile kyphosis. It is a deformity of the thoracic spine (in the chest area, the vertebra to which ribs are attached) caused by abnormal centers of bone development at the intervertebral joints (physes). It is most common among children ages 13 to 16.
Articular disease occurs at the joints (articulations). One of the more common forms is Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, which occurs at the hip joint. Other forms include Köhler disease (foot), Freiberg disease (second toe), and Panner disease (elbow). These diseases are most common during adolescence, although they have been found in individuals ranging in age from eight to 77.
Non-articular osteochondrosis occurs at any other skeletal location. For instance, Osgood-Schlatter disease of the tibia (the large inner bone of the leg between the knee and ankle) is relatively common. It is often the cause of knee and leg pain in active teens.
Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a form of osteochondrosis in which loose bone fragments form in a joint. The knee is a common site for osteochondritis dissecans. The condition is found most often in people aged ten to 20, although it may occur at other ages. OCD is sometimes associated with some sort of past trauma to the joint. In about 30 to 40 percent of cases the same joint on both sides of the body is involved (e.g. both knees, both elbows).


text: Sandesh, Yeah, it's hard to tell for sure what the problem is without seeing the exact code. You can get tripped up by namespaces as Jason suggests. You also need to make sure you declare external variables in your XQuery script, like this: define variable $foo as xs:string external If the XQuery code that you're fetching at runtime does not have declarations for the variables you're setting on the XDBCStatement object, then the server will not be able to setup the bindings when the XQuery request is evaluated. On Dec 9, 2005, at 9:16 AM, Jason Hunter wrote: > Hi Sandesh, > > It would help if you included the query and names. My blind guess > is that your variable is in a namespace, and you're not taking that > into account when assigning it by name. Namespaces are an > intrinsic part of names. > > -jh- > > Sandesh Pai wrote: > >> Hi, >> I am using XDBC api's in our application. >> I have a xquery file which I read at runtime and get the >> content as string. >> and I do the follwing part >> xdbcStatement = connection.createStatement(); >> XDBCXName varName = new XDBCXName(name1); >> xdbcStatement.setString(varName,variableValue1); >> varName = new XDBCXName(name2); >> xdbcStatement.setInteger(varName,variableValue2); >> XDBCResultSequence xdbcResult = xdbcStatement.executeQuery(query); >> But I get the exception saying >> Undefined variable name1 >> I dont know what is the problem..please help me on this >> Regards >> meetpai at gmail.com >> _______________________________________________ >> General mailing list >> General at xqzone.marklogic.com >> http://xqzone.com/mailman/listinfo/general > _______________________________________________ > General mailing list > General at xqzone.marklogic.com > http://xqzone.com/mailman/listinfo/general --- Ron Hitchens {ron.hitchens at marklogic.com} 650-655-2351


text:
Aaron David Miller is vice president for current initiatives at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and has advised Democratic and Republican secretaries of state on the Middle East. His books include the forthcoming "Can America Have Another Great President?"
Who lost Syria? Comments of some U.S. senators, analysts and journalists, including the editorial board of this newspaper, suggest there is no doubt: Bashar al-Assad and his thugocracy are primarily responsible for the killings, but the tragedy of Syria is also a direct result of a terrible failure of leadership on the part of the international community, and of the United States in particular.
Syria, it is charged, is Barack Obama's Rwanda.


text:
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My question might get some eyes rolling, but I'm new to the scene - bare with me please.
I found a posting on ebay for various models of Philips speakers (left from shelf systems) that appear to have some decent looking cabinets and ribbon tweeters (Beston perhaps?).
I've managed to look up some old reviews of the systems themselves, which did not get great rankings (surprise surprise).
So what I'm trying to get at is: given the $50 - $90 for a pair of what appear to be nice cabinets and ribbon tweeters (I'd like to own some ribbons just for the heck of it) and use some stuff from Parts Express to make them better. i.e. dampening material, new cross over, perhaps even new mid/bass driver and keep the ribbon.
I know much of my question is dependent on measurements / technical aspects of the speakers, but has anyone done something like this with any success?
btw - attended the Tent Sale and listened to about 25% of the speakers in the competition at the hotel - gotta say it looks like a heluva lot of fun.
- Plvsbob


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This is a great place to stay, especially if you are environmentally-minded. The gardens, farm and scenery are amazing. Glorious for photographers, birdwatchers and those seeking a truly unique glimpse into Costa Rica's natural beauty. Freshwater pool, massage/spa, and clean, tasty whole food. Ishmael is awesome, Steven is fascinating. Room was really neat. Saw a sloth outside our room one... More
- Also Known As:
- Finca Luna Nueva Lodge Costa Rica/La Fortuna De San Carlos
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Finca Luna Nueva Lodge is a sustainable rainforest eco-lodge hotel, offering an intimate experience of primary rainforest together with a certified organic biodynamic farm.We began farming here in 1994, planting and harvesting organic ginger and turmeric, and promoting sustainable agriculture and conservation in the local community. In 2003 we decided to take our promotion of sustainable practices to the next level by building several beautiful eco-lodges using fallen timber from the farm.Since then we have added a 50 foot high observation tower, a solar heated Jacuzzi, an ozonated swimming pool, and a handicapped accessible rainforest trail. Now you can experience the Costa Rican rainforest, learn about our farm's sustainable practices and relax in our rustic yet luxurious accommodations.Walk through well-groomed rain forest trails on our guided farm tours and hikes, eat gourmet meals prepared from our fresh organic garden produce, and witness the majesty of the Arenal Volcano. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, T4B, Travelocity, Hotels.com and Tingo so you can book your Finca Luna Nueva Lodge reservations with confidence. We help millions of travellers each month to find the perfect hotel for both holiday and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


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What is RNAi and siRNA? | RNAi Explorer | shRNA Explorer | RNAi Explorer product line and price list. | Guaranteed RNAi Explorer Kit | Custom RNAi |
Guaranteed RNAi Explorer Kit*. 3+1 siRNAs and a detection probe. Guaranteed RNAi Explorer Kit is only available for Human and Mouse Reference Sequence (RefSeq) Accession Numbers.
- 3 specific target siRNAs custom synthesized by Gene Link, plus 1 negative control. Each siRNA is supplied annealed and ready to use after reconstitution.
10 nmols of each siRNA duplex is supplied. |


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INTENSIVE SCHOOLS: A month away; things you need to do to get organised!
August Intensive Schools kick off again in just over a month (at the time of writing), so here's our list of things you need to know if this is your first time on campus. Hit us up in the comments if there's something you'd like to know that we missed … we've also put together a custom Google map ich should help you find your way around (if we've missed anything let us know via comments on this post) - click here for the Student Support Team's Google Map.
- Accommodation: You have two options, stay on campus in one of the colleges (On Campus Accommodation page for Intensive Schools) or staying in town (go here for info and bookings)
- Maps: Grab your maps here (Whole campus map, Academic Area mapand town map).
- Buses: Edwards Coaches is the local provider so go here for the timetable and here for the latest bus route map.
- IT: Here's all the info you need to get access to the high speed UNE network while you're here (and yes you can arrange it before you leave home - Wired version and Wireless Version.
- Library: No doubt you'll be using the Library while you're here. Here's the opening hours and here's how to print and photocopy when you get here(Youtube video).
- ID Cards: You'll need a student ID card – if you haven't sorted yours out yet, head on over to the ID Cards site. And rather then getting them to send it to you, ask them to hold it and pick it up when you get here.
- The Student Centre: If you'd like to talk to one of the staff about your degree, Unit selection, options, changes etc etc, drop into Dixson Library and have a chat to the Student Centre and book an appointment. The Enrolment and Progression Team will be on hand for after lecture meetings.
- Parking: You'll need to organise a parking ticket while you're here ($5/day from one of machines in each of the carparks) or if you're here for a few days, the most cost effective option is a weekly pass for $12. You can grab your weekly pass from the Ticket Machines at the car parks.
- Mobile Phones: Coverage is pretty good all over campus but if you're a Telstra customer you're well served with a tower right next to campus.
- Food & Drinks: You have three options - Campus Essentials (which includes the newsagent and Australia post); Delicafe in the northern courtyard and Booloominbah.
- Flexi-teller: There's two on campus located near Safety & Security (click here for the map).
Filed under: INTENSIVE SCHOOL | Tagged: INTENSIVE SCHOOL


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Find any address in Meer thanks to the Michelin Meer city map. ViaMichelin : map of Meer, driving directions for Meer, touristic information and Michelin Guide restaurants in Meer. ViaMichelin allows you to freely consult the Michelin maps, the result of an experience of more than a century of cartography.
A Limburger farmhouse from the 17C hides a floral internal courtyard. A pleasant restaurant and several banqueting rooms are split between the wings of the building.


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- Product Details
Showroom Shine for Fabric (AK12) by Dr. Beasley's®. For a jaw-dropping effect on the road or on the sidewalk, go with this complete kit by Dr. Beasley's that includes everything needed for cleaning, preparing, and protecting your whole car from the carpets and seats to the engine and paintwork. Aside from an array of highly effective products, the collection of handy accessories is also provided to make the process even easier.
- Makes your car look like it just left the showroom floor
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Once in a while you realize how dirty your vehicle really looks, even right after a wash. When this feeling comes, it might be time to shake out the dust. The Dr. Beasley's Showroom Shine acts like a complete rejuvenating, anti-aging prescription for your entire car inside and out, allowing you to enjoy it the way you bought it for a long time to come. You'll rest assured that everything from your tires to your headrests has gone through the Clean, Prep, Protect process and looks better than ever.
597.72Brand: Dr Beasleys Part Number: AK12 UPC: 850524005988While offering premium quality detailing goods on the market, Dr. Beasleys is also constantly striving to educate the car care world with decades of expertise, engagement, and experience. There is no other detail product manufacturer that has more relevant experience than Dr. Beasleys does. The primary goal of the company is to provide their numerous clients with highly reliable handcrafted car care products that will make their vehicle feeling and looking like the day it was bought. Bright luster of body parts, fresh air inside the cabin, clean and polished to a mirror-like shine surfaces are the personal assistants of the doctor with a melodious name Dr. Beasleys.
Dr. Beasley's® AK12 - Showroom Shine (Fabric) Reviews (3)Every Customer can leave a review about our service and the product that was purchased. In order to leave your review for your new product, please follow the link in the email you receive after completing your purchase. You can rate appearance, ease of installation, price/value and product quality.
Customers' rating: 5 OF 5APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITY(5)APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITYRecommended| Posted by Domonic H. | (Tallmadge, OH)I absolutely love this product! I heard about it from a friend who used it in her car and she was amazed with the results. I figured if it worked in her car (she's got two cats, one dog, and three young kids), then it would certainly work in my home! Not only have I used it in the bathroom (not to be graphic, but eliminating the odor is so much better than masking it with a sweet floral scent!), but I've actually sprayed Neutra Scent in my boys' basketball shoes, in their baseball cleats, and even in their gym bags! It Works! I highly recommend it!
Was this review helpful for you? YesNo(5)APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITYCustomer For Life| Posted by Waddell E. | (Louisville, KY)Does what it says, keeps the dirt and grit at the bottom of the bucket. The most affordable price on the Internet, and CARiD is great too. They customer service department helped me a lot.
Was this review helpful for you? YesNo(5)APPEARANCEEASE OF INSTALLATIONPRICE/VALUEQUALITYGood product| Posted by Barbara H. | (San Diego, CA)I detail vehicles plus maintain my own, and these pads are decent. Should last a long time for the average person who washes their own cars. I liked the price so much, I even purchased 5 of them. It's very important to use a good pad or mitt to help prevent swirls. These will hold a lot of water and soap.
Was this review helpful for you? YesNo - More Accessories
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And so our expat home leave begins. I'll be on a slightly lighter "summertime" blogging schedule for the next two months. Happy summer holidays everyone, wherever you are!
9 Responses
Sadly, in our household traveling with children is always immensely more pleasant than traveling with the Other Half. We have now taken the precaution of reserving our seats beforehand, with as much space between him and us as possible…
Have a fantastic summer! -
Must be nice to escape all that heat and humidity from HK summertime. Enjoy your stay but don't catch a cold from the ocean breeze off the Pacific


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All trademarks are registered property of the University. Used by permission only.


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Academy Awards 2011: Scene and heard
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83rd Academy Awards
Coiln Firth had one of the more enjoyable Oscar speeches of the night as he spoke about forbidden yearnings due to his joy over having won the leading actor Oscar for his performance in "The King's Speech." "I have a feeling my career has just peaked. My deepest thanks to the Academy. I'm afraid I have to warn you that I'm experiencing stirrings -- somewhere in the upper abdominals -- that are threatening to form themselves into dance moves. Joyous as it would be for me, it would be extremely problematic if they make it to my legs before I get offstage."
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Fantasy authors to visit Thurber House
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Left to right: Erin M. Evans, Ed Greenwood and R.A. Salvatore
The Thurber House will venture into the world of fantasy with an August event featuring three authors who are launching a series.
R.A. Salvatore, Ed Greenwood and Erin M. Evans — all collaborators on "The Sundering: Re-imagining the Forgotten Realms of Dungeons & Dragons" — will appear on a panel from 7 to 8:30 p.m. Aug. 14 in the Columbus Museum of Art, 480 E. Broad St.
They will discuss the new 6-book series in an event moderated by James Wyatt, a game designer and creative manager for the fantasy and role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons.
Salvatore will begin the series with The Companions: The Sundering, Book 1, to be published August 6. Greenwood created the " Forgotten Realms" series, and Evans wrote several of its novels. The authors will answer questions and sign copies of their books after the panel.
Tickets for the event cost $15. Call 614-464-1032, Ext. 11; or visit www.thurberhouse.org.


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The Gates, Central Park free hanging saffron color panels created a sense of a golden ceiling with warm shadows or from the distance it looked like a golden river with its highlight effects among the trees and the walking paths. Many of you have probably seen these images before. The nature — Continue reading
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By the acclaimed journalist and New York Times best-selling author of The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, this day-by-day eyewitness account of the momentous events leading up to World War II in Europe is the private, personal, utterly revealing journal of a great foreign correspondent.
CBS radio broadcaster William L. Shirer was virtually unknown in 1940 when he decided there might be a book in the diary he had kept in Europe during the 1930s-specifically those sections dealing with the collapse of the European democracies and the rise of Nazi Germany.
Shirer was the only Western correspondent in Vienna on March 11, 1938, when the German troops marched in and took over Austria, and he alone reported the surrender by France to Germany on June 22, 1940, even before the Germans reported it. The whole time, Shirer kept a record of events, many of which could not be publicly reported because of censorship by the Germans. In December 1940, Shirer learned that the Germans were building a case against him for espionage, an offense punishable by death. Fortunately, Shirer escaped and was able to take most of his diary with him.
Berlin Diary first appeared in 1941, and the timing was perfect. The energy, the passion, and the electricity in it were palpable. The book was an instant success, and it became the frame of reference against which thoughtful Americans judged the rush of events in Europe. It exactly matched journalist to event: the right reporter in the right place at the right time. It stood, and still stands, as so few books have ever done, a pure act of journalistic witness.
©1941 William L. Shirer (P)2011 Blackstone Audio, Inc.
"The most complete news report yet to come out of wartime Germany." (Time)
"Stunning and beautifully read"
I had read bits of the book years ago but I had forgotten how compelling it was. Shirer's day-by-day picture of life under the Nazis is uncannily accurate with the hindsight of history. He wrote beautifully although his growing loathing of the Nazis makes the later parts of the book more tirade than report -- loathing the Nazis was, of course, justified but I wish Shirer had tried harder to understand why otherwise-rational Germans didn't share his hatred. He often resorts to sweeping stereotypes about "the German character" and he fails to pursue insights on the Nazi use of class resentment and modern media. Still, worth every minute of listening and the reading adds extra resonance to every sentence.
"Great insight into 1930s/40s Germany"
Well worth listening to for anyone interested in the second world war. I liked the fact that it was written at the time, so without the benefit of hindsight - and William Shirer got a lot of things right about how countries would fall to the Nazis. He also showed how the German tactics were the same, country by country, which I hadn't known before.
"Unique and fascinating"
This story is best listen to with a good Knowledge of the events. As a diary the author of course does not know what will happen next so some of the accounts are based purely on his own interpretation of the situation and was some times incorrect. This is not a criticism as it actually shows how isolated the German population where from events outside there own country much like North Korea today. Every book written about World War 2 is started by an author who knows the outcome so this is a unique account in every way. Don't expect a traditional structure to this book and you'll be fine. There is a lot of everyday detail in this account that does not appear in the Rise and Fall. A great listen.
"Exhilarating and informative"
An amazing journey through a time we rarely hear about. A completely new perspective on the war and the litany of errors made before it even started.
Excellent content and well read.
"Excellent listen"
I had the book on my reading wish list, and when I saw it was available on audible I took a chance. It was wonderful, and as I do most of my listening on the bus to and from work, the 'bite sized' chunks that a diary affords, made it perfect for my commute.
Historically it is fascinating to hear what someone living in Berlin at the time thought - I had read that it didn't really address the issue of anti-semitism and genocide; but I felt that it did. Maybe not to the detail that we now know, but it was made clear that journalists were not being given all the information they required.
I haven't listened to any of Tom Weiner's other performances but I most certainly will now.
I only wish that William Shriver had stayed longer in Berlin - although he of course didn't want to!
Audio books have been an incredible discovery
"Fascinating, human and insightful"
The author is actually shoved aside by Hitler who has a "feminine, dainty walk"
Despite its title the first third of this book deals with Prague and the shabby sellout of Czechoslovakia by Europe and Britain. A fascinating human focused insight into terrible times-
Geneva March 14th - "Slovakia has declared its independence, there goes the remains of Czechoslovakia, I should go to Prague but I haven't the heart, am I growing to softhearted to sentimental to be a good reporter? I don't mind the killings the bloodshed…but Prague, I can't face it."
"Rivetting listening experience"
At first I lamented Grover Gardner was not the reader, having found Mr Gardner's reading of 'The Rise and Fall...' excellent. And initially Tom Weiner's pace was too fast for my idea of a 'Journal' reading, my ear adjusted and the content became dominant. OK I am not an historian and I did not study modern history at school. As I listen now, I am having to adjust my understanding of so much that was going on in Europe prior to the official start of WW11. Being a journal the immediacy of events as they unfolded is giving me a whole new picture. I have seen the movies, read the fiction and seen some of the propaganda films released by The Allies, Take on that this is a journal, written as events were being played out and the reflections of William L. Shirer are truly an eye and heart opener. One feels the frustrations and disbelief that leaders at the time behaved as they did.
I am still listening, and so impressed by this 'Berlin Diary" that I can only highly recommend this to any with an interest in World War11, to learn how so important our Journalists are, when free of censorship from government and employer.
"Unfolding of war in real time"
This diary of William Shirer, published in 1941, provides an unfolding of Europe's plunge into war from 1934-1941 by an American reporter who recorded these events as they happened while he was there during this period. Shirer proved insightful as to what the Nazi's were up to as France and Britain failed to stand up to Hitler's string of demands for more of Europe's land. The narration is excellent as he reads Shirer's diary entries and you feel like you are back there in time listening to the events unfold as Shirer describes them.
"Compelling listening"
the book gives the reader the opportunity to see events unfold as per the generation that lived through the second world war. It offers a time travellers view of history as it unfolds
Possibly on a par with :Downfall but has more impact in its revealing of the key Nazi protagonists
Well read and presented
I tried to listen in one sitting but the reader need to spread it over a few sittings to appreciate the content
The book has chilling impact in the light of hindsight
"Personal and personable account of the nazi rise."
Berlin diary presented a firsthand experiential account of the rise and conquests of Nazi Germany by Shirer, who was actually there (in Berlin and various other relevant locations) at the time. Presented in diary form, the story unfolded as events happened and became known to Shirer, rather than a narrative by one who already "knew how it would end".
The "voice" of Shirer, the personable way he wrote, the little extras of almost irrelevant diary writings.
Fast. American. Warm.
No. The diary form made it approachable over a period of a couple of weeks.
"An amazing insight into life under the Nazi regime"
I am a post-graduate history student and a World War II fanatic. This is in my top 5 audiobooks.
It is a first-hand account of living under the Nazis.
Tom Weiner is fabulous, although he pronounces "short-lived" as if it rhymes with "short-dived".
A fabulous audiobook.
"A WWII classic"
Yes, In order to keep reminding myself of what can happen to a nation of sheep.
Author's understanding of what was going on on in Germany.
It shows what can happen in a country when the people of a nation become mesmerized by a leader who demonizes a group in society in order to assume complete power. In Germany it was Jews who were blamed, Here it is "the rich".
"Can't beat Shirer's works!"
Didn't read the print version.
Shirer's face to face encounters with Hitler.
I like clear , sharp voices like his.
"a LOOK inside Nazi Germany~ 5 STARS~ excellent ~!~"
PLOT: a newsman's view of Nazi Germany from the inside.
William L. Shirer and his wife Tess are living in 1930s Berlin and they view from the inside the Nazi preparing for War. This written in diary form. This starts with the march on the Rhine. This shows us first hand a glimpse into the mind set of Hitler and his Henchmen. We see the people put on rations so the Nazi War Machine can go full force against most of Europe one country at a time. Especially interesting is the Nazi Propaganda hiding the "bombings" on England to give the German People motive to continue the War. We see first hand how far the Nazi Lies go to motive, hide and deceive both the German People and the world. Shirer is both articulate and interesting as he gives us his view of the "inner circle" of Hitler. and we see first hand how FAR the lies of the Nazis go. Included in the start of the "euthanasia" in German with the mentally ill and disabled and why the German excuse of "ending their suffering" was both a threat and lie fulfilled. The READER if first rate and this is both an excellent audio plus a view inside the making of the Nazi climb to power and how they stayed there. I just purchased The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich because this audio was so very good. Typically history is not this interesting. and so very revealing of the "German" mindset and the ruthless way Nazis used it to get a foothold into power and so effectively used it to achieve total control of the German People. Especially effective is the use of Propaganda and total control of the information people received by Newspapers and Radio which "ADDED" to the 'control and motivation' on the road to World War 2. 5 STARS~~~
"I loved it!"
So I am on my second go around of this audio book. I loved it, very detailed, interesting, and greatly narrated. I recommend it for anyone who might be interested in a little behind the scenes action of 20th century Europe.
"Outstanding delivery of an amazing story."
A fascinating first hand story of the history of Germany during the rise of Hitler. The life of a foreign correspondent during incredible times is wonderful.
There are no listener reviews for this title yet.