text:
I have been told by NMC that if I fulfill my Lifeboatman requirement, they will clear me to resit for my 3rd mates, unlimited, which will also give me my ABs. I live in Woods Hole, does anyone know where I can find this course? I am not looking for the longer AB/Lifeboatman, as that is not required, because I am a maritime graduate with recent sea days. The courses I have found are the combined course (6+days/$1,100). I have been told that the Lifeboatman component should only be 2 days. Thanks to anyone who can help!
James D. Cavo
U.S. Coast Guard
Mariner Credentialing Program
Policy Division (CG-5434)
Robert (May 11th, 2012)
Northeast Maritime Institute in Fairhaven is where I did mine.
Let them who know not how to pray, go to sea.
Did they let you take just a two day lifeboat course, or did you have to take the entire 5 day course for over $1,000?
See my earlier caution. Also, although I have been away from course approvals at NMC for two years, I am pretty sure that there are extremely few Copast Guard approved 2-day lifeboatman exam only courses, and none of them wil get you STCW Proficiency in Survival Craft. As of two years ago, there could not have been more than 3 or 4 of them. Ask to see the copurse approval letter for the course (the letter, not the certificate) before you commit. You mentioned you are looking to sit for 3rd Mate, you need STCW Proficiency in Survival Craft to qualify fopr STCW Officer in Charge of a Navigation Watch (OICNW). While you can get tjhe 3rd Mate license without OICNW, I would think your emplyment options would be very few without it.
James D. Cavo
U.S. Coast Guard
Mariner Credentialing Program
Policy Division (CG-5434)
This is all still pretty confusing to me. It seems like the NMC's approved courses list doesn't have all the courses listed, not even Northeastern Maritime Institute.
New England Maritime offers the 2 day course in Hyannis and 2 other schools I can find Marine Training solusions in WA and Vineyard aritime in Rockland, ME. New England Maritime's course earlier this month was cancled because of low enrollment.
Can some one help clarify which course I need, the 2 or 4 day? I want to get my 200 or 500 Ocean. I will never really use the AB side of things since I'm in the private sector with a 200 NC. From what I can tell from the checklists is that all I need is any AB including the restricted. It looks like the 2 day cousre restricts me to only life rafts and not also lifeboats. If thats the case I would rather save the extra money on the course since there aren't to many 200-500 ton vessels I would se myself on that have a dedicated lifeboat.
Note: I have already taken an STCW a couple months ago in St. Maarten that I hope meets my requirements.
Thanks for any input.
Lifeboatman is a 4 day class. Have you tried one of the Maryland training centers?
Sent from my SeaPhone using gCaptain.
New England Maritime Institute has cancelled every class that I have tried to sign up for due to low enrollment. They must be actually running some kind of classes, but I don't know what.
MPT claims that they never cancel classes.
USCG approved STCW classes are offered in St. Maarten ? ? ?
I'd love to take classes in St. Maarten, but as far as I know the USCG has not approved any foreign STCW courses.
Downeast Maritime offers their 4 day Lifeboatman class at Maine Maritime Academy.
Proficiency in Survival Craft (PSC) "Lifeboatman"
4 Days $900.00
Schedule: 2012
July 24th-27th at MMA
This is actually a two part course. The first two days is are our PSC restricted course. This course would be the same as above except it limits you to vessels without lifeboats.
The second two day are almost all practical training. Using Maine Maritime Academy's training ship we will conduct actual lifeboat drills until all are proficient in whatever weather is presented to us. We also have a bit of rowing to do. Dress appropriately! All with act as the PIC Coxswain giving rowing commands in 11 man training boats. It can be a lot of fun with the right attitude.
USCG Approval description:
Any applicant who has successfully completed your 31 ½ hour Proficiency in Survival Craft course will satisfy the Survival Craft training requirements of Section A-VI/2 and Table A-VI/2-1 of the STCW Code and 46 CFR 12.10-3(a)(6) for any endorsement as Lifeboatman; AND if presented WITHIN ONE YEAR of the completion of training, the written and practical examination requirements of 46 CFR 12.10-5 for a Lifeboatman endorsement (exam module 481xx) and written "Survival Craft" examination requirements for service on vessels not equipped with lifeboats (exam module 441xx or 706xx)
The drop down menu thing on the USCG website is not very good. If you look for lifeboatman you get one thing or lifeboat/psc another. It is definitely missing a lot of approved schools just because of the way they are described. It does not list several schools that I know personally that offer approved courses. But in terms of being close to where you are http://www.northeastmaritime.com/cou...FW4Z4SG4008OCC
And yes the course is close to, but not over $1000.
Those of you who think you know it all are really annoying to those of us who do.
Northeast Maritime Institute in Fairhaven, Mass is the school that has cancelled every class that I have tried to sign up for due to low enrollment. I won't be wasting much more time on them.


text:
Professional Experience 3
This unit of study provides the final professional experience for music education students. The program consists of a nine-week teaching block in a New South Wales secondary school. Students will be required to teach both junior and senior secondary school music classes and undertake the daily responsibilities and activities of a music teacher. It is envisaged that in the final weeks of this unit students will be responsible for a music teacher's full day teaching program. This last practice teaching experience enables the student music teacher to put into practice theoretical and practical content of all previous music education courses completed in their four year degree. It provides experiences, through which student teachers further develop an understanding of the ethical and professional requirements of being a teacher, successfully communicate with their students and fellow teaching colleagues and become independent, self-motivated practicing music teachers.
Unit of study details
Unit of study level: Senior
Credit points: 12
Commencing semesters: 1, 2
Further unit of study information
Unit of study handbook: MUED4633
Costs and scholarships information: Costs and Scholarships
Final dates to withdraw from units of study: Census Dates
Available for study abroad and exchange: No

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Wow - we have so much planned we are starting even earlier at 5pm ET
Let the football fans have the tv, we are going to party Scrap Girls style!
Come join us to chat until we drop! Lots of digi friends, silly noises, and tons of laughs are on the agenda! Just bring your chatty fingers and have the snacks ready for loads of fun!
Chatting, chocolate, and Scrap Girls - who could ask for anything more!
5 - 7pm ET - Super chat with lots of games and prizes!
7pm ET - Jan Hicks' ATC (Artist Trading Card) Class!
8pm ET - Elizabeth Taylor's Backyard Bar-b-que Challenge!
9pm ET - Angie Briggs' Ad Inspiration Challenge!
Edited by sprinklz, 02 February 2007 - 04:59 PM.


text:
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text:
Visitors to VTC.com will be able to view all introductory videos for each training course.
Free Trial Members will gain access to first three chapters for each training course.
Full Access Members have full access to VTC.com�s entire library of video tutorials.
Now it's time for skin treatment on mom and let me just say from the very beginning that for everyone who does skin treatment in Photoshop, you're going to have a different method for getting from point A to point B. Now, my way is not the be all and end all to skin treatment. It's an art form, kind of like saying, this is how you paint a picture of a house. You can learn the tools and the basic processes for doing it but the final result is your own unique application of what you've learned, of what you've observed from other people, what you've put together for yourself through experimentation and partly from what I give you and you come out with your own personal process. So it is a very subjective process and as long as you know that going in, we can go forward. Now, since we have in this image a little unique situation to where we have two different requirements for skin treatment, we're going to separate mom from her daughter Cailey and we do that by going to get the lasso tool and we make a selection here and we go to the layers palette and we get one, two, three. We have three layers for a particular reason. This bottom layer is going to receive a filter from the Unsharp Mask, strangely enough. And it's that way for a reason. And that's going to stay where that is. Right here what we're going to do, and let's zoom in so that we can see just a little better. We're going to start with Filter, blur, Surface Blur. And Surface Blur you should get used to because that is a really, really good process for softening skin because it does a real good job on contiguous tones and then it ignores sharp, contrasty areas such as eyes, hair, lips and nose. So it's a very, very good place to start. And we're going to be a little aggressive. We're going to get a nice, real nice, aggressive result here. Then we're going to come up and add an S-curve to the very same place. Then we're going to adjust our opacity. And it's just about there. Ok? Now we're going to get a layer mask here and we're at 69 percent opacity. Let's bring that down to about 40. We're going to do one basic swipe to bring back those eyes, the nostril area and then the lip area. Just do one more swipe over the eyes. Ok. Now we're going to go to the top area, get another layer mask and then we're going to increase the size, our opacity at 39 percent. Then we're just going to blend in what is below us. And it's actually better if you look at it in this context so that when you're taking out areas you can make sure you haven't missed anything because sometimes it's hard to tell on these skin areas, you might not get everything that you wanted to. Then you can bring those back and look at how they look. Ok, that's looking real fine. So far so good. Just to touch up a little bit. Now, I'm going to take these three layers and we're going to merge them, establish another two layers and then here on the bottom we're going to throw on an enormous Gaussian blur. Then we're going to drop the opacity. Let's bring this down and rather than do the blend, let's just do a plain, old, everyday, another S-curve. Trying to maintain our contrast. There we go. That's got it.
Course: | Adobe Photoshop CS3 for Photographers |
Author: | Phil Hawkins |
Release Date: | 2008-07-23 |
Duration: | 7.5 hrs / 127 lessons |
Captions: | Available on CD and Online University |
Minimum Requirements: |
WIN XP SP3, OS X 6+, Android 4, iOS 4, Linux Flash 10 |


text:
Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution - Introductory Course
Duración del evento:
Event focal point email:
Otros detalles del evento:
The expansion of international trade, particularly in recent decades, has spawned a large number and type of international disputes. Resolving those disputes without agreed procedures for doing so, can prove to be time-consuming, frustrating and even pointless. Arbitration, a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), is a legal technique for the resolution of disputes outside the courts, wherein the parties to a dispute refer it to one or more persons (the "arbitrators", "arbiters" or "arbitral tribunal"), by whose decision (the "award") they agree to be bound. It is a settlement technique in which a third party reviews the case and imposes a decision that is legally binding for both sides. Although arbitration was traditionally perceived as serving the interests of industrialized countries, since the 1970s there has been a surge in the participation in arbitration by developing countries and emerging economies. Reliance on arbitration as an international and alternative dispute resolution mechanism has only increased over the last five years. This course aims to expose participants to the various methods available for the effective and efficient resolution of international commercial disputes other than Courts, such as arbitration, mediation, and conciliation. It will also provide an overview of the leading national and international arbitration institutions engaged in providing the services and fora for the resolution of such disputes. Finally, it is hoped that this course will provide participants with a deep insight regarding the latest legal developments on important issues involving arbitration and its intersection with domestic courts.
Objetivos de Aprendizaje
At the end of the course, the participants should be able to:
• Describe the kinds and the need for alternative methods for resolution of disputes;
• Recognize issues and problems in the various stages of international arbitration and alternative dispute resolution;
• Identify the leading national and international arbitration institutions that provide services and fora for the resolution of a dispute;
• Summarize the various methods available for the effective and efficient resolution of international commercial disputes; and
• Evaluate agreements and clauses for alternative dispute resolution.
Contenido y Estructura
The course consists of the following modules:
• Module 1: Need for Alternative Dispute Resolution Methods
• Module 2: Kinds of Alternative Dispute Resolution Methods
• Module 3: International Arbitral Organization
• Module 4: Agreement for Alternative Dispute Resolution
• Module 5: Drafting Agreements/ Clauses
• Module 6: Arbitral Tribunals
In order to ensure the best possible outreach, the course will be delivered through e-learning. Through a multiple-instructional setting, the goal is to achieve the learning objectives by means of learning technologies that match personal learning styles and by the inclusion of non-linear learning that aims at the development of just-in-time skills of adult learners. At the same time, in order to allow participants maximum flexibility of scheduling , the learning will be conducted in an asynchronous manner. Using a state-of-the-art training architecture, UNITAR will combine self-learning with assessments and online discussions. The pedagogy - adapted specifically to professionals in full-time work - will help train participants through various experiences: absorb (read); do (activity); interact (socialize); reflect (relate to one's own reality).
The intended audience for this course includes: lawyers and laypersons wanting to learn about arbitration mediation, and conciliation; actors in commercial disputes; officials of international business organizations or entities involved in a commercial disputes; government and private sector lawyers engaged in providing legal services; government officers and public sector managers; and officials from trade ministries and investment organizations.
Información Adicional
A certificate of completion will be issued by UNITAR to all participants who complete the course-related assignments and assessments successfully. Course schedule is subject to change. Course fee is non-refundable but transferrable to another course or participant and subject to change as per UNITAR's policy on pricing.
Registration Mode
- Public - by registration
- Public - by application
- Private - by invitation
- Open to register/apply
Modelo de Aprendizaje
- Cara a cara (presencial)
- On-line
- Blended
- Otro
- Árabe
- Chino
- Español
- Francés
- Inglés
- Japonés
- Portugués
- Ruso
- Otro


text:
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Debbie Steinbach
Flash Player 8 (minimum) required Download here
Your short game is a vital piece of your golf game so why wouldn't you want to take it to the next level? Watch as pro golfer Debbie Steinbach demonstrates techniques that the pros use to lift their own level of play, to keep you from "coming up short".
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Qigong is the ancient Chinese Art of Energetic Healing.
It involves the regular Practice of Meditation and a series of gentle, graceful movements which can easily be incorporated into daily life. .....
Qigong is a Chinese Program of Physical training, Philosophy, Spiritual Development and Preventative Health Care.
Qi is our Vital Life Force. Qi is the energy that awakens us to this very moment.
The syllable 'Gong' refers to power, knowledge, self discipline or mastery. So Qigong refers to Awareness of Qi and Practice of Qi. Thus Qigong training leads us to Awareness and Mastery of our Life Force.
Qigong in fact is a way of living. Through the daily practice of Qigong one becomes more aware of self, relationships and surroundings and then one makes conscious choices which lead to full, vibrant health and enjoyment of life.
Over 5000 years ago the ancient sages researched and developed many practices to attain happiness and immortality. After using external alchemy techniques such as gems, elixirs, crystals, flower essences and drugs they turned their attention inwards to uncover the mysteries surrounding their internal Qi or life force.


text: New Red Roof Logo By Joe DiNardo January 23, 2012 12:04 PM Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Category: Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! More From WYRK Tyler Szpara Is Our Good Kid Of The Week Garth Brooks On With The WYRK Breakfast Club [INTERVIEW / AUDIO] Would You Donate To These Bell Ringers? [VIDEO] Gore Defeated By Hanging Chads Best of the Web ZergNet


text:
Sick of it All
Fuck Tumblr! I'm sick of this Anon! Didn't you get it the first time?
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text:
Anchorage Weather
Watershed Protection Goal of USDA, Coca-Cola PactThe U.S. Department of Agriculture and Coca-Cola are teaming up to restore watersheds that have been damaged or altered by development, wildfires and agriculture. by
Associated Press
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PollTonight on Your Alaska Link |


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text:
Our state legislators' websites all look the same: Pictures with seniors, children and, sometimes, pets or stray animals. There are glowing reports about legislation banning text messaging while driving (but not requiring hands-free calling) and the voter identification law (disenfranchising a group of people who probably wouldn't be voting for the current administration, anyway).
But you don't see much about House Bill 1950, now Act 13, that Gov. Corbett describes as "represent(ing) the most comprehensive rewrite of Pennsylvania's Oil and Gas Act in nearly three decades."
Because most people don't talk about what happens behind closed doors, and that's where this bill was signed.
If you ask directly, you'll get Corbett's canned written endorsement of the gas industry's dream bill. The specific "achievements" he touts are sorry: Setbacks are minimal in an activity that is wrought with safety and environmental issues; household appliances have longer warranty periods than that of a gas company's liability for impairing water quality; and it's likely that you hold a personal liability policy well in excess of the bond that a drilling operator will be asked to produce.
Sample what isn't being said:
• Act 13 opens the door to gas drilling and other activities in every zoning district in the state. Residential areas, where every other form of commercial and industrial activity, or even a house of worship, is prohibited, will now become home to almost every activity associated with extracting natural gas. Pipelines to move the gas to market and likely export will traverse the state. And maybe your backyard.
• First-year well failures were 6.2 percent in each of 2010 and 2011, as reported by the DEP, and the failure rate increases precipitously in each year following a well's initial year.
• A provision buried in Act 13 requires disclosure of the chemicals used in drilling activities to any health professional requesting the information if to diagnose or treat a patient potentially exposed to a hazardous chemical. But it also requires the health professional to sign a confidentiality agreement prohibiting him or her from releasing that information to anyone else — not even the person being treated.
And that's just the beginning. An amazing piece of legislation from the party claiming it's anti-big government.
Most of Bucks County straddles a geological formation known as the Newark Basin. The Newark Basin includes the upper three-fourths of Bucks County into Montgomery County, and extends into other states. The formation is known to contain methane gas, but the economic potential isn't yet known. The drilling permit application pending on the Cabot property, an environmentally compromised area in Nockamixon Township, is likely a test well to determine how much of the Newark Basin is worth drilling.
With Act 13, we are all at risk for the nightmare playing out elsewhere in the state.
News you can use? Behaving like sheep attracts wolves. And the wolf is at our door.
Katherine Throckmorton is an attorney. She lives in Kintnersville.


text:
The girls champions are: Second and Third Grade Girls, Division A, coached by David Hancock at North Lee; Second and Third Grade Girls, Division B, coached by Jill Spann at E.L. Ross; Fourth and Fifth Grade Girls, Division A, coached by David Hancock at North Lee; and Fourth and Fifth Grade Girls, Division B, coached by Adam McCracken at Taylor Elementary.
The boys champions are: Second and Third Grade Boys, Division A, coached by Brian Collins at E.L. Ross; Second and Third Grade Boys, Division B, coached by Darrell Kibler at Oak Grove Elementary; Fourth and Fifth Grade Boys, Division A, coached by David Moses at Prospect Elementary; and Fourth and Fifth Grade Boys, Division B, coached by Rod Dunn at Blythe Bower.
I want to congratulate the winners and all the teams for their good sportsmanship and fair play. I commend the parents for encouraging their children to take advantage of team sports in Bradley County. As Bradley County mayor, I also want to express my appreciation to the administrators and parents of North Lee, Taylor, E.L. Ross, Prospect, Oak Grove and Blythe Bower schools for hosting the annual tournament which would not be possible without the schools' cooperation.
January was a busy month for the Parks and Recreation staff. In addition to supervising the basketball tournament which involved 116 games in eight days, the staff began preparing for the spring baseball/softball season. This year they also had the added responsibility of overseeing repairs to Blue Springs Park as well as meetings with the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation to review construction bids for Elrod Park.
Preparations for the new season are on schedule. The coaches have been given the registration dates and have ordered uniforms for both leagues. Registration is now under way so look for flyers and signs with the registration dates.
Just in case you missed it, registration will continue through Feb. 18. Girls softball registration is being held at Bradley County Park on Urbane Road. Other registrants are to go to the park in which they wish the child to play. The dates and times are: Feb. 16 & 17 from 6 to 8 p.m. and Feb. 18 from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.
The baseball season's opening day is scheduled for April 2 with team practice beginning March 5 through March 31. The staff will be busy with umpire meetings for baseball on Sunday, March 11. The meetings are scheduled for 2 p.m. at the County Recreation Park. The department has scheduled a League Shopping Day at Dick's Sporting Goods on Saturday, March 10, beginning at 10 a.m.
Bradley County BMX will begin racing on March 24. Sign-up and registration will be from 6:30 to 7:30 p.m. for all new riders and established riders.
A lot of what is accomplished in the Bradley County Parks and Rec Department is made possible through the efforts of dedicated volunteers and, of course, the sponsors. I am proud of the Bradley County Parks and Recreation Department which has been providing team sports opportunities for county residents since 1983.
Parks and Recreation Director Paul Wyrick and his staff maintain more than 200 acres of recreation facilities. That acreage will increase when Elrod Park is complete on Minnis Road.
The mission of Bradley County Parks and Recreation is to provide professional, safe recreational programs and facilities for the citizens of Bradley County. We are fortunate to have nice parks for our children to play in and a variety of programs for their enjoyment. When you and your family participate in these team activities you are helping the department promote health through physical activity and connect children with the outdoors.
For more information on any of the programs offered by the department, please call Director Paul Wyrick at 728-7035 or visit their website at the Parks and Recreation page at www.bradleyco.net.


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"We are excited to offer these float trips," said Erik Magnus, owner of Grand Canyon Water Rafting. "These are one-of-a-kind activities that will make your trip to the Park even more unforgettable."
The smooth-water trips run from March through November. High season is the summer months, a time when tours often sell out.
"I regularly remind clients to book these trips weeks in advance," Magnus said. "There's a finite number of these rafts available and each is limited to 19 people."
South Rim float tours depart from Grand Canyon National Airport in Tusayan, a small town located minutes from Grand Canyon Village. Guests are required to arrange their own transportation to the terminal.
Two trips are available at South Rim. The most popular and affordable comes with a bus tour to Page, AZ, home of Glen Canyon Dam, the starting point for all float tours. The other includes an airplane flight to Page, a Jeep tour to Antelope Canyon and then the 15-mile raft tour.
"It's an incredible three-hour journey from the Glen Canyon Dam to Lee's Ferry," Magnus said. "You'll see Horseshoe Bend, ancient Indian rock art, secret side canyons and Eden-like waterfalls."
The West Rim trip, which is perfect for Las Vegas-based travelers, combines a helicopter ride to the bottom of the Grand Canyon, a bus trip to the base of iconic Hoover Dam and an 11-plus-mile rafting trip to Willow Beach in Arizona.
"Vegas travelers are in for a real treat," noted Magnus. "The trip kicks off with a 3,500-foot helicopter descent to the canyon's base. Then, just when you think you've seen it all, the raft segment kicks in!"
These float tours are one-day events and involve no whitewater rapids. Trips are open to visitors of all ages, and, because the water is smooth, children as young as 4 years of age are allowed.
"Smooth-water rafting is great for groups and families," Magnus said. "There's not fitness or height requirements, which makes them perfect for seniors and kids. Plus these trips are all-inclusive. The key things you need to remember to pack are sunglasses, sun block, a hat and a set of dry clothes."
Grand Canyon National Park comprises more than 1 million acres of wilderness. The Colorado River, which splits the canyon into South Rim and North Rim, created the gorge, which is one mile deep and up to 18 miles wide. The West Rim, which is located some 120 miles from Las Vegas, NV, encompasses a 100-mile swath of Mojave Desert owned by the Hualapai Indian tribe. This rim's largest draw is the Grand Canyon Skywalk, a glass bridge that lets intrepid visitors walk 70 feet past the edge.
"The scope of the canyon is epic," Magnus noted. "Sure, you can check it out from a lookout point on the rim. But if you really want to sense how gargantuan this place is, take a rafting tour."
For more details about these trips, please visit:
]]>Did a pit stop at Willow Beach, AZ, the end point for all Grand Canyon rafting trips that start at the base of Hoover Dam. These pontoon boat rides are seasonal and run from April to November. This video was shot end of January. New parking lots and some picnic structures were being built and will be up an ready in time for the summer. I'd say about six pontoon boats were docked. The clip doesn't really show how huge these watercraft are. Hang tight – I'll be posting up some pictures shortly.
I've reviewed this terrific one day Grand Canyon rafting trip and to my mind it's one of Las Vegas' best activities. The complete package includes an awesome helicopter tour to the bottom of the West Rim (this is the only place you can do this), then transport to the base of the Dam for the 11-mile smooth water float ride down the famous Coloardo River. If you get a chance to do this puppy, go for it!
]]>Go here for the complete skinny on this awesome Las Vegas rafting combo package…


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Utilizing ANSI-107 compliant materials, the Safety M-Pact glove provides high-visibility impact protection for hazardous working environments. Fluorescent, moisture wicking TrekDry material wraps the top of your hand and 3M reflective ink provides luminance. When the going gets rough, sonic welded molded rubber impact guards extend from your knuckles to your fingertips for critical impact and pinch point protection. The high-visibility palm features Armortex grip panels for control and high impact PORON XRD palm padding for comfort and relief day in and day out.
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Sermon Search Results for Born Again
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What is this about a snake in the wilderness? And what can that tell me about the fact that God so loved the world that He sent His only begotten Son?
Contributor: Jeff Strite (668 sermons shared)
Denomination: Christian/Church of Christ
Scripture: John 3:1-3:21
Shared: 11/24/2013
When we accept Christ we are born again, with all of the rights of a citizen of Heaven.
Contributor: Jason Besse (2 sermons shared)
Denomination: Church of God
Scripture: Acts 22:25-22:29
Shared: 11/22/2010
What treasure are you collecting, is it the wealth of this world or heaven
Series: TRUTH FOR THESE TIMES
Contributor: Robert F Collins (32 sermons shared)
Denomination: Seventh-day Adventist
Scripture: Matthew 19:16-19:22
Shared: 5/14/2010
Contributor: Niles Lloyd (16 sermons shared)
Denomination: Baptist
Scripture: John 3:1-3:7
Tags: Commitment To Christ
Shared: 12/3/2001
What is the new birth?
Contributor: Gerald Flury (479 sermons shared)
Denomination: Baptist
Scripture: John 3:1-3:16
Shared: 3/9/2002
If you're born once, you die twice; if you're born twice, you die once!
Contributor: Robert Leroe (310 sermons shared)
Denomination: Congregational
Scripture: John 3:1-3:8
Tags: Salvation
Shared: 4/7/2003
When a caterpillar becomes a butterfly, it becomes a new creature; this is a perfect picture of the eternal security of the believer.
Contributor: Benny Horn (8 sermons shared)
Denomination: Baptist
Tags: Apologetics General
Shared: 10/29/2001
This sermon deals with discipleship. It focuses on how walking with Jesus us a choice that we make, "Do you want to be well?" and the requirement of obedience to the commands of God.
Series: I'veBeen Born Again! Now What?
Contributor: Barry Robinson (41 sermons shared)
Denomination: Methodist
Scripture: John 5:1-5:15
Tags: Disciplines General
Shared: 5/20/2003
What is the meaning of "born again?" How can I know that I am born again and how does this take place?
Series: Salvation
Contributor: Marilyn Murphree (232 sermons shared)
Denomination: Methodist
Scripture: John 3:1-31:7
Shared: 1/9/2005
Does it matter if matter if we change Bible terminology? If we add to God's thinking because we think we can "improve" upon His Word? Consider these thoughts.
Series: Whatsa Motto U.
Contributor: Jeff Strite (668 sermons shared)
Denomination: Christian/Church of Christ
Scripture: Proverbs 30:1-30:6
Shared: 4/23/2007


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SEC Chief Enforcement Officer Fields Offers from Law Firms
FBN's Charlie Gasparino on SEC Chief Enforcement Officer Robert Khuzami's future once he leaves the agency.
Jan 30, 2013
You're watching...
FBN's Charlie Gasparino on SEC Chief Enforcement Officer Robert Khuzami's future once he leaves the agency.
Jan 30, 2013
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Weiner are what is the biggest bidding war on Wall Street know it is not the deal to take Dell product that.
It's the deal to take KH UZ private as in Robert Kuhn is on me if I yeah I -- yeah I didn't think and I thought so.
We like we he's three SEC's enforcement division -- a private practice Charlie Gasparino ticker symbol KH using he's taking.
Private as in private -- that's right.
But what you incumbent in my time -- 'cause I don't like today you too many strikes only I was gonna amateur I was gonna change pressure approximately shut up but it's okay.
They're trying to buy today placed a here's what we know about Kazaa -- because -- is a very experienced lawyer he was a long time US attorney.
Assistant US attorney were for Mary Jo White adjusting their joys and the big over at the SEC.
-- that the SEC now as the head of the enforcement division for four years he's gonna resign -- very.
Well we understand is that there's an interest in bidding war a lot of -- a lot of firms are interested in hiring Bob is only for obvious reasons that what we know -- -- He's likely to go to a New York based law firm may -- -- Washington office maybe stays -- -- what's likely to be a US -- -- New York based law firm.
As opposed to going back.
To a -- high is that he from what we we we and his from people close to -- he's very worried.
About the sort of -- the conflict of interest -- Working for Wall Street firm even though when you work for one of these major law firms right -- -- -- -- representing no well recognized that he doesn't wanna go back -- mean he got a little little look.
He got some criticism because he works for Deutsche Bank right before he came to the SE -- -- General Counsel Deutsche Bank.
At a time when you know the financial crisis going on so what I understand his first stop.
He may go back to Wall Street but his first at least this is what he's talking who knows when to draw a lot of money -- people if they do crazy things.
Is a law firm.
Preferably in new York and who's he gonna be replaced by at the SEC -- -- we keep hearing is -- I think George canals he's his assistant that would interest in about this.
At the SEC I remember a recovering if -- now offers that would cover Wall Street over twenty years.
They usually had a lot of homegrown talent particularly go to the enforcement division like.
Steve Cutler.
Became -- force -- director after build the glucose and Dave walker they all came through the ranks of the enforcement division.
This is different which you have now is guys like canals used to work for Mary Jo White as a US attorney's office -- sounds like it.
The -- level it it is like the US attorney's office for -- has taken over enforcement division.
At the SEC it's kind of an -- -- dynamic it's you know people talk about it's a little bit of insider baseball but what does that mean.
For for investors -- -- mean for the company you know you're gonna see.
A much more you can be it'll be continue to be very activist agenda there particularly enforcement actions -- up his army.
Ramp up the enforcement actions I believe they had record years in 2000 -- Maybe even this evening may -- in 2012.
-- -- likely to see because he brought a prosecutorial.
Sort of you know sort of this position -- -- was highly regarded highly regarded although we got something -- some rollback -- some stuff with Deutsche Bank but nothing ever proven but.
You know he worked for big Wall Street -- With canals and there are likely to be appointed has not been finalized -- and Mary Jo White has been appointed by the vice -- Obama she's been confirmed that -- by the senate.
That -- gonna see that same mindset continue Wall Street should expect these enforcement actions to you know the -- -- keep costs.
Of that do you think this part of it should change because I've seen a lot of questions about this.
That the SEC when they -- certain Wall Street firms they get their fines but there's no admission of guilt or -- Anything like that China or denial that it's just here's -- money leave I want you do realize what that change.
Don't know any -- it is too is a look at added if now you really do want the Wall Street firms to to pay LL Fiat to what the pay up -- -- -- you know if you if they admitted wrongdoing.
That would open the floodgates for civil litigation where they would be put out of business now.
Is that right -- Wall Street evil I mean this is debate that we can we can have all day I will tell you this the financial crisis occurred.
There was some fraud involved so we've been in my opinion but the reality is guess what.
Irrational exuberance is not a crime.
You know that -- was based on a lot of like -- and you know bubble mentality.
And that is usually stupidity not cries and a lot of people got swept up and it's not just the financial firms the one problem is only certain portion -- bail them out so that's the well that's another thing and why they got bailed out is because -- we -- -- banking system but we can debate that Italy about his army.
I'm gonna make a ton of money can fit with he's always welcome on the show admiral.
Avalon I like her I can't give the ticker symbol Robert KH UC that I felt they -- -- KE HUZ.
I always likes to that is okay thank you EZ AM on a hot.
Current okay -- shirt tie and the job at rock that a change in a minute.
Too many starts going I have a -- -- this things I used you know what I'm like these to these European cuts -- of course we look this -- Thank you this -- since the can't look will be right back.
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Experiencing new people and places fuels my adventurous soul.
I am generous, loving, intelligent, sensual, adventurous, funny, independent, elegant, easy going, and most importantly, honest.
Travel is one of my absolute favorites. The more exotic the better.
Sailing, hiking, biking, skiing and kayaking are high on my list.
You can take me anywhere; I adapt easily.


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* Screenwriter mistaken for a terrorist saves his ass by pretending to have written an episode of Scrubs. I totally saw that on 24. [LA Weekly]
* [Heart] anything without legal consequence. [WRAL]
* I declare a moratorium on the word "songstress." [New York Post]
* If you're a fan of the "long-lost classic" Killer of Sheep, or if, indeed, you have ever heard of such a film, you are in luck. [Info/Law]
- Beyonce, Celebrities, Copyright, Intellectual Property, Movies, Non-Sequiturs, Television, Trademarks, War on Terror
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The Bartlett School of Planning is concerned with how societies plan for the multiple spaces they occupy. But societies and their manifestation in space are becoming infinitely more complex, making the challenge for those responsible for their planning, design and development an evermore demanding one.
In the UK, the introduction of spatial planning recognises that planning can no longer limit itself to matters concerning land use and supply, but instead needs to pursue a more integrated agenda, cutting across previously fragmented and often aspatial policy remits. On a global scale, urbanisation continues at a relentless pace, bringing to many people a new mobility but also associated problems of social fragmentation and environmental decline. In advanced economies, as traditional incremental modes of development are replaced by comprehensive ones, questions of cultural associations with particular types and uses of space, issues of design quality, and questions of the liveability of space all come to the fore.
These are just some of the challenges for planning. They are the challenges we address head on at the Bartlett School of Planning through our research and our range of innovative teaching programmes. Our teaching programmes reflect a range of strong beliefs about how planning should be taught:
- The different dimensions of the subject are best taught in an integrated fashion, with the complexity exposed and addressed from the start of planning education
- The different objectives, agendas, approaches and limitations of planning can be explored in, and made real through, a variety of problem-solving activities and real life scenarios
- Adequate opportunities for debate and reflection on the theory and practice of planning are required
- Students should be exposed, as far as possible, to situations where planning problems are addressed as part of a team, and in a collaborative fashion with other built environment professionals
- Planning is a discipline concerned with delivering positive physical, social and environmental change, requiring individuals capable of thinking in creative, critical and analytic modes, and coursework designed to encourage the development of these aptitudes
- Enthusiasm for the subject and its potential, and the drive to carry on learning about it after formal education are more important than the particular sets of skills and knowledge that students leave university with
- Students choosing to learn within the setting of a research-led institution such as UCL should also be given the opportunity to engage with, and benefit from, the research specialisations of academic staff, as well as to conduct personal research of their own
- Planning education needs to engage with the increasingly international nature of the discipline and of planning theory and practice, and therefore that an international perspective in teaching and research and cultural diversity in our student body is to be welcomed.
All our programmes are underpinned by our
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Melungeon-L Archives
Archiver > Melungeon > 2002-10 > 1034008711
Subject: [Melungeon] Vardy Gump
Date: Mon, 7 Oct 2002 12:38:31 EDT
You mean Vardy Gump? I wonder poor Suze will EVER go back to Vardy!!
Was a grrrrrrrrrrrrrreattttttttttttttt time!!!!
Off to the salt mine to earn a buck for the next trip! More about the
weekend tonight!
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[Melungeon] Vardy Gump by |


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Introducing the HDJ-1500, a professional DJ headphone that promise to deliver excellent sound reproduction in a stylish cosmetic design intended for pro DJs. Providing unmatched audio performance, the HDJ-1500 utilizes high quality components, large drivers, high quality construction and a new sound isolation technology to achieve exceptional performance in demanding environments. The new HDJ-1500 is available in deep silver and black chrome versions.
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I use this for Mobile DJ. They are for my personal use only, , since headphones I find to be pretty particular and for hygienic reasons each of my employees have their on set. This product is very comfortable on your ears, isolates the sound when mixing pretty good. It has deep rich Bass that will make you smile!! yup you know that feeling. I consider it lightweight and the looks of it A+......don't regret one bit choosing these rather then all Hype Dr Dre.
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These headphones are good for the price. The isolation is good and the fit is pretty comfortable. The sound seems a little flat. The bass comes in well, but the other frequencies seem to be less crisp.
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School Address: W23597 US Hwy 10 Strum, WI 54770-8609
Welcome to our Eleva-Strum Class of 2010 page. Our website was created for Eleva-Strum Alumni and School Faculty. Register here to reunite with classmates, plan class reunions or to share school information.
• Tom Berry '83
• Randy Klopp '78
• Lloyd Olsen '53
• Karen Hager '64
• Jesse Susa '08
• Karen Sanders '74
• Greg John '84
• Gern Blamstad '92
If you are planning your class reunion or looking for reunion information please use the below link to visit our Eleva-Strum Alumni Site. You can search for information from all class years:
posted Dec 10, 2013:
I hope all the class of 2010 Cardinals are healthy, happy and doing well. I look forward to seeing everyone at our next class reunion.
Complete one of the surveys which have been created, or create your own survey for your class!


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- Newsarama is the best source for comic book and genre entertainment news online. Find out everything there is to know about Superman and stay updated on the latest Superman news with the comprehensive articles, interactive features, and Superman images an
EXPLORE Superman
TIM DALY discusses reprising role of Superman for JUSTICE LEAGUE: DOOM
In this new clip from Justice League: Doom, the all-new animated movie coming February 28, 2012, the Justice League arrives just in time to confron...
What 10 characters are the ones to watch in the new year from Marvel, DC, and beyond? Here are Chris Arrant's picks
Reviews of Steel's debut in ACTION COMICS #4, Zeb Wells and Joe Madureira's AVENGING SPIDER-MAN #2, plus plenty more
A preview look at all the solicits from the BATMAN & SUPERMAN titles coming from The New 52 in March 2012.
ACTION COMICS is getting backups written by Sholly Fisch starting in December, featuring Steel, Ma and Pa Kent and more
You take the good, you take the bad, and here we present 10 things that aren't quite working for us in DC's THE NEW 52
Two months into DC's "The New 52" relaunch, the Newsarama staff shares 10 things they like about the DCnU
Justice League: Doom finds the Justice League on their heels when a team of super villains discover and implement the Dark Knight's "contingency pl...
We heard a few new details about Perez's Super-departure this weekend at NYCC, along with confirmation that he's drawing something else for DC.
When Keith Giffen and Dan Jurgens take over SUPERMAN, what will the book be like? The artist fills us in.
Up, Up and Away with everything you know- Superman's all-new and we have the details straight from DC!
Wonder Woman's new origin sees her gaining a family number, prompting us to look at some weird and wonderful comic book clans
FLASHPOINT artist Andy Kubert joins the Grant Morrison-written Superman title for a two-issue stint starting in January
SPIDER-MEN means a crossover once thought impossible is now happening - here's a look at some that were similarly unexpected
All 52 of DC's newly relaunched titles are now out in the world, and here are our questions from the last round of #1s
Newsarama has learned that George Pérez is no longer SUPERMAN writer as of issue #7, to be replaced by another comics veteran
Superboy gets a new look in the DCnU, and we take a look at his past styles, good and bad in this week's new Agent of S.T.Y.L.E.!


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Terrence E. Young, Jr.
Summer Seminar
July 2004
Terrence "Terry" Young, Jr. is a teacher ... both in the classroom and in the school library media center. He received a BS in Science Education and a M.Ed. in Curriculum & Instruction from the University of New Orleans, and an MLS from Louisiana State University. In the classroom he has taught Biology Honors, Environmental Science, General Science and Biology. He is a prolific writer on science issues and the school library media center with articles appearing in Library Media Connection, Book Links, Science Books & Films, The Book Report, Library Talk, and Knowledge Quest. He is the E-Reference columnist for School Library Journal and the NetWorth columnist for Knowledge Quest, the official journal of the American Association for School Librarians. Behind the scenes he is on the Library Advisory Boards for Scholastic Library Publishing, Linworth Publishing and Facts on File; and the Science Advisor for Compass Point Books. Currently he is a school library media specialist at West Jefferson High School and an Adjunct Professor of Library Science at the University of New Orleans.


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VIDEO: Brighton busker is no muppet as Rowlf costume proves hit with punters (From The Argus)
Get involved: Send your news, views, pictures and video by texting SUPIC to 80360 or email us.
VIDEO: Brighton busker is no muppet as Rowlf costume proves hit with punters
10:00am Friday 30th August 2013 in News By Neil Vowles
Here's a shaggy-dog story about the most tail-ented of performers who always receives a round of a-paws.
Joss Peach has been bow-wowing crowds in Brighton with his busking performance dressed as Muppets star Rowlf the dog.
Such is the success of Mr Peach's performances he has businesses battling it out to have him perform outside their premises.
As well as being a success on the streets, Mr Peach is also booked up until next summer to perform at weddings as well as birthday, Christmas and garden parties.
The 37-year-old, from Cowfold Road in Brighton, has been performing in spots around Brighton including outside The Dorset pub in Gardner Street, Brighton, for the last four months.
As well as dropping coins into his feed-me watering can, passers-by have been rewarding Rowlf in more unconventional ways by buying him pints of beer and fresh basil, while one performance inspired a man to take off his own trousers and give them to Rowlf.
Mr Peach's musical credentials are bone-a fide having performed as professional jazz pianist for 20 years, earning him a living writing library music featured on TV shows including Embarrassing Bodies and Location, Location, Location.
The idea for Rowlf came to Mr Peach during a six month camper van holiday with his wife Josie Peach, 38, and daughter Poppy Peach, 5, when he was inspired by a busker using a piano on wheels in the South of France.
When he returned to Brighton, he bought a piano on Gumtree and had a friend attach wheels to the piano.
The second part of the act, the Rowlf costume, was recovered from a friends' studio.
Mr Peach said: "When I said to him that I had got a piano and I was going to perform in Brighton he said you have got to go as Rowlf, people will absolutely love it.
"When people see me in the costume, they just can't help smiling.
"I wish I had done it years ago, I had the costume but sometimes it takes just one amazing moment for an idea to come together."
The one drawback for Mr Peach is that his performances can leave him dog tired.
He said: "I have to set up in the shade because it gets very, very hot and I have to finish at 1.30pm before the sun gets really hot.
"When I take my break and take off the head, I am red in the face and drenched in sweat.
"I am also not able to see the keys very well but having been a professional for 20 years, I don't need to look at them that much."
To book Rowlf the dog for an event visit josspeachmusic.com.
See the latest news headlines from The Argus:
- Boxing clever on Brighton's homeless crisis
- Woman subjected to "serious sexual assault" on beach
- Brighton's Blind Tiger Club asking punters to save it from closure
- First World War medals burgled
- Plumpton Green family go five weeks without electricity after tumble dryer fire
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Comments (4)
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10:07am Fri 30 Aug 13
PaulOckenden says...
11:03am Fri 30 Aug 13
Take it Personally says...
12:51pm Fri 30 Aug 13
Wiggsy says...
PaulOckenden wrote:Why? It's the Muppet character's actual name.
Rowlf? Bet he's starting to regret that name! P.
1:34pm Sun 1 Sep 13
Col. Joshua John-Ward says...
Comments are closed on this article.


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Neil Gaiman angry he hasn't won a Pulitzer
You can follow me on Twitter or go ahead and hire me.
You can follow me on Twitter or go ahead and hire me.
A bit like the Republican party, they are white, seemingly indestructible and bad for the environment. But after an absence of four years, foam plastic coffee cups have made a comeback in the basement coffee shop of the United States Congress building after Republicans began reversing a series of in-house green initiatives undertaken by Democrats.
Republicans recycle an old idea: the foam plastic coffee cup
You can follow me on Twitter or on Facebook
"I am not all bad," writes the Twitter handle @demonsheep. "For instance, I enjoy flying kites. Kites made from the skin, bones and sinew of small children."
The account issued its first tweet about 20 hours ago, shortly after the launch of the now Internet-famous Demon Sheep ad created by the Carly Fiorina campaign. In that time it's amassed over 850 followers and is quickly growing. Quite frankly, it's hilarious.
The account is run by a 30-year-old conservative named Shayne Rivers. The Twitter user, who also runs his own personal account, works in health care, though he said he didn't want to divulge too much information about himself.
"When the Carly ad exploded on Twitter, one of my followers, @rjhornsby, snatched up the @demonsheep username," Rivers told me via email. "He asked @leonwolf, a blogger at RedState.com, to help him manage it. In turn, @leonwolf recruited me(@knifework), and the three of us started mocking Demon Sheep to the best of our ability. We had over 300 followers in under 7 hours. The fact that the #demonsheep hashtag started trending on Twitter did not hurt."
Rivers said that all three of the people involved with the account are conservatives.
"And as conservatives, we are skeptical of all politicians and don't mind mocking any of them…no matter their political affiliations."


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Regulatory Decisionmaking:
Public and Private Standards in Action
Given these differences in regulatory philosophy, public and private standards-setting systems, even when they address the same general subject, seem somewhat like regulatory apples and oranges. Though similar in form and purpose, they are difficult to compare in substance. Economists and policy analysts, unfazed by this predicament, look to the bottom line. They compare the seemingly incomparable by thinking in terms of aggregate costs and benefits. This approach facilitates the normative comparison of outcomes, an important element in evaluating public and private standards, but it obscures the nature and workings of the decisionmaking process. The private sector almost never engages in cost-benefit analysis. In contrast, the public sector produces plenty of cost-benefit analysis—it is required to by law—but mandated analysis tends to provide rationalizations rather than bases for decisions. The task is further complicated, of course, by the uncertainties attendant to complex regulatory decisions.
This chapter examines the outcomes of public and private standards-setting and the nature of the underlying decisionmaking process, with the goal of evaluating the relative performance of the two systems. The cases partially confirm the conventional view that public standards are stricter than private ones and are sometimes prone to overzealousness. But there are contrary indications as well, suggesting that the private sector is more diverse than is commonly presumed. The private sector even exhibits surprising tendencies toward strictness on occasion. Un-
derstanding these patterns of behavior is critical to predicting how the private sector might act in the future. This chapter analyzes the cases in two ways: first, in terms of the tendencies of each sector in handling the uncertainties about regulatory costs and benefits; second, on the basis of overall reasonableness, making some important assumptions explained below. Both approaches suggest that private standards-setting is more diverse than is often imagined. Various explanations for this regulatory behavior are ventured in chapter 9.
Decision Rules and Routines
Within the constraint of regulatory philosophy there is considerable room for discretionary judgment. Given the inherent uncertainties in setting safety standards, however, it is unclear how standards-setters structure and exercise this discretion. In other words, what are the rules of evidence, formal and informal? Some version of cost-benefit analysis is the formal answer in the public sector, although agencies are often accused of circumventing the requirement. The mystery widens in the private sector, where cost-benefit analysis is almost never done. Private safety standards often precede any information on accidents or injuries. UL listed woodstoves for decades without the benefit of any injury estimates. So what does the private sector do instead? How does it actually make decisions? The cases suggest that heuristics and other standard operating procedures have evolved to simplify the resolution of these complex safety questions in the private sector.
One technique is to defer to "professional judgment" within certain constraints. In other words, so long as particular provisions do not cost too much, engineers are given free rein in making the decisions. This strategy requires only rough estimates of costs and not necessarily any formal assessment of benefits. It also results in a substantial amount of guesswork. UL prefers to call this "engineering judgment." Others use the phrase "educated guess," with the stress on educated . In either case, the implication is that guesses are guided by a combination of education, experience, and values. This explains both the importance of engineering ethics and the potential for unreasonably strict (but economically inexpensive) provisions in private standards. More costly and salient issues are not resolved so informally; they are subject to the political process described in the next chapter.
A related approach that also does not require extensive information about costs and benefits is to concentrate on ominous hazards such as
electrocution and amputation. As a staff engineer at NFPA put it: "I can tell you how to protect against a hazard. I can't tell you how likely it is to happen." With ominous hazards, the probabilities are unimportant. Participants in both public and private standards-setting express the sentiment that certain hazards are obviously worth regulating. "One case can give you the answer," explains a UL employee. "Somebody loses a finger, let's fix it. I don't need information on a thousand cases." A former CPSC employee agrees: "If the problem is really significant, like the amputation of fingers or hands in the snowblower, you don't have to do a cost-benefit analysis to say that a twenty dollar control is going to pay for itself."
"Through almost intuition you can come up with cost-benefit analysis," explains an NFPA employee, who boasts that this intuition resulted in the requirement for ground-fault circuit interrupters. These devices, added to the National Electric Code in 1975, automatically trip the circuitbreaker when there might otherwise be serious or fatal shock. The irony is that a subsequent cost-benefit analysis conducted by the National Bureau of Standards casts doubt on the wisdom of the standard, concluding that the cost per life saved could exceed $7 million.[1]
Considering these tendencies in two dimensions—that is, separating estimates of cost from evaluations of benefits—suggests that there are different patterns of preference in the public and private sectors concerning whether and when to err on the side of safety. Four combinations of estimation errors are possible. Two of these patterns are suggestive of regulatory outcomes; the other two are ambiguous. A standards-setting system might tend to under estimate costs and over estimate benefits. Because both estimation errors favor regulation, the resulting standards, relative to other combinations of estimation errors, would tend to be the strictest, bordering on overly protective (see table 6). Public standards-writing is generally thought to have these characteristics. Conversely, a standards-setting system in which costs are over estimated and benefits under estimated would tend to be most lenient, with a danger of being too lax. That is the conventional wisdom about private standards-setting. The other combinations of estimation errors are ambiguous because the errors are in different directions.
Two caveats are necessary before carrying this analysis further. First, these descriptions are not meant to be pejorative. Overestimation, in this context, is not deliberate puffery, nor is underestimation intentionally deceptive. Rather, these terms describe tendencies that are akin to
legal rules of evidence—they encompass various presumptions and informal rules concerning the burden of proof and the resolution of scientific disputes under uncertainty. Second, the typology illuminates differences in the direction, not the magnitude, of these tendencies. Standards classified in any of the four quadrants might be socially desirable, depending on the magnitude of the errors. Even with this ambiguity, the observed tendencies in the two sectors are quite revealing.
Moving first to how costs are estimated in both sectors, it is widely assumed that private standards-setters err on the high side, while government generally errs on the low. Private organizations have first-hand knowledge of costs and are likely to be sensitive to them, erring in the direction of the industry's concerns about profitability. In contrast, government lacks this first-hand knowledge and is likely to discount industry estimates of costs for fear they have been exaggerated for strategic purposes. Government also has no direct interest in, and often little actual concern about, how regulations affect profitability.
This much of the conventional wisdom is largely supported by the case studies. Government probably underestimated costs in all four cases. OSHA's estimates of the costs of the grain elevator rule were widely criticized as being too low. The cost estimates in the other cases, although much closer to the industry consensus, involved various minor errors in the "low" direction. The CPSC used a low figure for testing costs in the woodstove proceeding. The FAA assumed that airlines would buy the most inexpensive smoke detectors and, more significant, did not even calculate the additional training costs of Halon.
As expected, a tendency to underestimate costs does not characterize the four private cases. What occurred instead, however, is not readily apparent from the record. Documentation is scant, and many participants obscure the issues because arguments "against safety" are considered either unsavory or impolitic.[2] The one apparent exception is NFPA 408, where costs were never explicitly discussed. The standard was set practically without regard to cost. Nevertheless, it appears that the NFPA Agricultural Dusts committee tended to overestimate, not underestimate, the cost of safety measures. Members of the National Grain and Food Association surely did so in lobbying OSHA.[3] Manufacturers generally agree that UL and AGA "understand" the cost of various proposals and do not tend to underestimate them.
The surprise is on the benefit side, where it is generally assumed that private standards-setters underestimate benefits while government overestimates them. This characterization appears to fit government. Estimates of benefits in the woodstove labeling case, for example, were wildly exaggerated. W. Kip Viscusi argues that the estimated benefits of the gas space heater standard were also exaggerated, although the mistake was probably not very large.[4] There is good reason to believe that the FAA and OSHA overestimated benefits as well. The private sector, by contrast, did not behave as expected. In only one of the four cases did the private sector play down the benefits of taking additional safety precautions. Members of the NFPA committee for grain elevator safety seem resigned to the notion that few, if any, safety measures can affect the number of explosions. But in the three remaining cases, there was a marked tendency for the private sector to err on the "safe" side. This tendency varied by hazard but was unmistakable in overall terms. There is no substantive basis for believing that most aspects of UL 1482 have any real effect on woodstove safety. Similarly, the AGA/ANSI standard for gas space heaters is filled with requirements that have no obvious effect on safety. The same is true of the NFPA standard for aviation fire extinguishers. All available evidence suggests that the benefits of adding more Halon extinguishers and increasing the training procedures for personnel are likely to be very small. That was not the view of most NFPA committee members, however, who tacitly assumed that the benefits were worth the cost.
In short, government standards-setting was true to form, tending in all cases to the combination of errors that promotes overprotective regulation. By contrast, the private standards-setters were all over the map (see table 7). Only one of the four cases, grain elevators, falls into
the category where underprotective regulation is most likely. In two cases, the results were ambiguous. Although it appears that UL and AGA tend to err in the favor of industry when estimating the cost of safety measures, they also erred on the side of safety in estimating the benefits of various provisions for woodstoves and gas space heaters. Finally, one of the private standards, NFPA 408, falls into the quadrant dominated by government. Based on the available evidence, this standard probably errs farthest in the direction of overprotectiveness, mandating even more than the FAA in an area where the likely marginal benefits are, by any reasonable measure, minuscule. The unexpected diversity of private standards carries over to the normative evaluation of outcomes.
Measures of Overall Performance
Distinct regulatory philosophies confine and direct the task of setting standards. Overlapping but different decisionmaking rules characterize the private and public sectors. But outcomes are not as easily differentiated as the philosophies and operating procedures that produce them. There are four reasons why it is difficult to draw policy conclusions from regulatory philosophy alone. First, regulatory philosophy con-
strains but does not determine outcomes. It leaves plenty of room for discretionary decisions. While regulatory philosophy keeps UL from addressing the creosote problem, it leaves considerable latitude in setting other requirements in the standard. These discretionary decisions result in a variety of outcomes. UL 1482 is probably too strict on glass doors, but too lax on metal grates. Similarly, the stability requirements in ANSI Z21.11.2 are undoubtedly stringent, while the clothing ignition test is not.
Second, however distinct these philosophies, the universe of potential outcomes overlap. The public and private sectors are capable of producing very similar outcomes. The FAA and NFPA, acting practically in isolation of each other, developed several similar provisions for aviation fire safety. There were pockets of agreement in the other cases as well—areas where both sectors agreed on the content of particular provisions. The CPSC approved the basic technical and performance provisions in UL 1482 and most of those in Z21.11.2. OSHA did not quarrel with the NFPA provisions for fire safety in grain elevators.
Third, even when regulatory philosophies dictate distinct regulatory outcomes, the normative implications are unclear. The same regulatory philosophy can perform well in one circumstance and poorly in another. Paternalism led the CPSC to adopt a seemingly desirable standard for gas space heaters, but an ill-advised one for woodstoves. Similarly, refusing to make standards retroactive practically gutted NFPA 61B, but had little adverse effect on NFPA 408 or UL 1482. The only way to evaluate regulatory philosophies, then, is by examining outcomes and seeking to understand the conditions under which they perform best.
Finally, it is difficult to draw substantive conclusions about regulatory philosophy because it is multifaceted and signals sometimes conflict. Safety standards are usually polycentric in nature, raising an assortment of complex issues. Under these circumstances, the manifestations of regulatory philosophy are varied and sometimes contradictory. The engineering ethic, for example, helps explain UL's reluctance to address the creosote problem in woodstoves, but it also explains its more stringent structural requirements. In sum, regulatory philosophy shapes the standards-setting process in several important ways, but the normative implications of these differences cannot be stated in simple terms that clearly favor one form over the other.
What is needed, then, is a measure of overall performance to facilitate the comparison of public and private outcomes. Whether that is possible strikes at the heart of a long-standing debate about process
versus substance. Dispensing with pesky substantive issues, those disposed to the legal perspective turn exclusively to process (that perspective is examined in chapter 11). Those venturing substantive conclusions usually couch the analysis in terms of either strictness or reasonableness. Both concepts encompass important social considerations. Strictness generally refers to absolute benefits; reasonableness, to the relationship between benefits and costs. These frames of reference differ significantly, creating conflicting impressions of many standards. Public standards are usually considered stricter, but less reasonable, than private ones. That is, they probably generate more absolute benefits than private standards, but at a cost higher than many considered acceptable. By contrast, almost no one argues that private standards impose unreasonable costs. But reasonableness is thought to come at the expense of strictness. Obviously, these substantive measures should be merged in some manner. Standards should be compared through an aggregation of strictness and reasonableness.
In theory, cost-benefit analysis facilitates the task. But there are practical and philosophical objections to even the roughest forms of cost-benefit analysis. The dearth of reliable data, particularly on benefits, dims the potential for such analysis. Part of the problem is forecasting. Much depends on implementation. For example, OSHA's "action level" for grain elevator housekeeping will produce benefits if it is implemented through a reasonable inspection scheme. It will foster unreasonableness if implemented poorly. On a more philosophical level, cost-benefit analysis requires that monetary values be placed on life and limb, something both methodologically difficult and politically explosive. Cost-benefit analysis is out of the question for current evaluative purposes. The data necessary to support it are not available. Nothing remotely resembling cost-benefit analysis was undertaken by any of the private standards-setters. And the economic analyses conducted by OSHA, the CPSC, and the FAA are easily faulted for reasons elaborated in the case studies.
One way to evaluate outcomes directly despite the significant uncertainties about costs and benefits is to indulge in liberal evidentiary presumptions and seek only to separate the obviously bad outcomes from the possibly good ones. In those terms, a standard is within the "zone of reasonableness" if there is credible evidence that benefits are (1) nontrivial and (2) not significantly in excess of costs. This overly inclusive notion of "reasonableness" avoids the almost intractable disputes about the precise magnitude of uncertain benefits and costs. This approach also permits a surprising number of normative conclusions
about the cases. The results, based on the summary evaluation in the case studies, are summarized and explained below:
On the public side, two of the standards were clearly too strict. There was no evidence that the CPSC's woodstove labeling rule would result in any measurable benefits; and fire protection engineers agree that the FAA's standard for aviation fire safety is very unlikely to generate benefits in excess of cost. The other two public standards were well within the zone of reasonableness. The need for grain elevator regulation is supported by the evidence, and the OSHA standard, although it could be improved, is reasonable in several respects. The CPSC's standard for gas space heaters is probably the best of the bunch. It seems to be responsible for the widespread use of ODS technology, an inexpensive and effective method for dealing with a problem of uncertain dimensions. The private sector was also divided. Two of its standards were clearly undesirable, although one was too strict and the other too lax. The NFPA went even further overboard than the FAA on aviation safety. NFPA officials privately admit that these standards are not supportable in economic terms. The NFPA also missed the mark on grain elevators, adopting a standard that is so weak that it barely addresses the most serious problem: grain dust.
Two tentative conclusions can be drawn from this normative evaluation. First, neither sector is clearly better than the other. Both sectors appear as capable of failing as they are of succeeding, although the public sector seems more likely to be overly strict, while the private sector is more likely to be too lax. Nevertheless, private standards should not be rejected solely on the theory that they tend to be underprotective . Sometimes they are not. This analysis also suggests that there is no simple answer to the question whether the public or private approach is generally better. Private sector behavior is too varied. NFPA 408 and 61B are cases in point. Second, the cases suggest that particular issues can foster distinct patterns of regulatory behavior. It is
no coincidence that both the public and private standards for aviation fire safety seems "overly strict."
Both of these observations underscore the importance of understanding the reasons behind the observed results—the subject of the next chapter. Given the unusual nature of the "paired" case studies, however, it is appropriate to consider first whether these observations are intrinsic to overlapping standards. In other words, to what extent is the behavior of either sector affected by the activities of the other?
Accounting for Regulatory Overlap
As with most instances of overlapping standards, the private standard came first in all four cases. The most pertinent question, then, is whether the public sector tailored its behavior to the private standard. How the private sector responded to government intervention is also important, given widespread concern that public standards will "drive out" private ones.
In two of the cases, grain elevators and aviation fire safety, the public sector acted almost independently of the private sector. In neither instance was the public sector trying to influence the private. OSHA did not seriously pursue a strategy of trying to improve NFPA 61B, and the FAA did not even know about NFPA 408 until well into its own rulemaking proceedings. Therefore, the observations from those cases can safely be said to represent inherent traits, not ones unique to overlapping standards.
The most curious aspect of these cases concerns the private sector, which apparently did not alter its behavior in response to the threat of public intervention. The NFPA did not respond to the FAA, other than to send a brief letter to the public docket. Several committee members interviewed while the FAA regulation was in the proposal stage knew almost nothing about the regulation. In contrast, committee members considering revisions to NFPA 61B in July 1985 were acutely aware of the proposed OSHA rule. But they, too, took little action aimed at forestalling OSHA regulation. The committee seemed resigned to government regulation and was not willing to enact serious grain-dust controls in order to prevent it. This relatively independent behavior bolsters the conclusions already set forth about public and private standards-setting, but it does not necessarily bode well for public policy. The government's failure to exploit existing standards or to try to in-
fluence them seems wasteful. The FAA's actions certainly violated the OMB directive to consider existing private standards before adopting government ones.
Both cases involving the CPSC were interactive from the start. The agency acted with full knowledge of the relevant private standards, attempting in both cases to supplement them with beneficial government regulation. The private sector responded in both cases as well. To what extent does this interaction alter the conclusions about public and private behavior? It is impossible to know without somehow comparing this "interactive" behavior to cases in which there is no private standard. Some effects are obvious, however. The CPSC tailored its regulations to supplement private standards. Whether it would have proposed more comprehensive standards in the absence of private ones is uncertain, but the agency would have been hard pressed to justify the technical judgments contained in, say, UL 1482. A close examination of these cases suggests that the most significant effects of this interactive behavior went largely unnoticed. In the case of woodstoves, not only did UL alter its warning labels to placate the CPSC, but the percentage of certified woodstoves rose dramatically after the CPSC proposed its regulation. With gas space heaters, significant changes were made in ANSI Z21.11.2. The small porcelain bathroom heater was eliminated as a result of numerous improvements in structural requirements and performance standards. These changes in private standards should rightly be credited to government action, and conclusions about the private sector must be adjusted accordingly.
In sum, the CPSC cases suggest that the power of government to influence private standards is significant. Unfortunately, government's capacity for recognizing these improvements is apparently not as large. In neither case did the government clearly recognize the improvements in the private standards. Instead, driven by an enforcement ethic that was apparently unaffected by the private standards, government went ahead with regulations that produced minimal marginal benefits. The next chapter looks beyond these interactive effects to broader explanations of the differences in decisionmaking and performance.


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Lalo Ecotours
La Puesta del Sol
This pleasant lakeside restaurant, just off Hwy 200 about 2.5km from the eastern end of the lake, has good food (breakfasts M$30 to...
Hidden Voyages Ecotours
Trips are led by knowledgeable Canadian ornithologist Michael Malone, costing M$600 per person including round-trip transportation from...
Lonely Planet review
Based at Las Negras Manialtepec, on Hwy 200 halfway along the north side of the lake, and run by an experienced, English-speaking, local bird guide. Boat trips cost M$500 for up to three people, M$600 for four to six people, and M$100 per person for seven or more; one-/two-person kayaks are M$75/150 per hour. Ask for Lalo Ecotours at Restaurante Flor del Pacífico on the lakeside at Las Negras. It also offers boat trips with round-trip transportation from Puerto Escondido for US$40 per person (leaving Puerto at 7am and 3:30pm); telephone for reservations.