text:
Evergreen State CollegeHometown
North Bend, WashingtonAt a Glance
A sane person in an insane world would still be considered insane by everyone else.Bio
Andrei is probably the most sarcastic person you could ever meet and you should never take him too seriously. You can also follow his snarky views of the world via Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr and Google+Column
Sarcastic, eye-opening observations from someone crazy enough to tell you the truth and leave you questioning your own reality.
Top 5 Sexiest Female Ghosts
The Top 5 Sexiest Female Ghosts, granted their title for no other reason than sheer hotness, regardless of how much their movie or TV show was devoid of substance.
Oct 20, 2013
Oct 20, 2013
A Loon with a View Centennial
Since 2008, I've written 99 articles for Points in Case. So in honor of this here 100th article milestone, I thought I'd take us all on a little trip down memory lane.
Sep 30, 2013
Sep 30, 2013
Lance Armstrong Has Always Been a Douchebag
Lance Armstrong is a an egotistical, home wrecking, hypocritical, lying, cheating, criminal, douchebag, dickhead, drug addict... who also raised money for cancer.
Mar 19, 2013
Mar 19, 2013
Why the Pope Really Resigned
The fact that it's been 600 years since the last Pope quit and every Pope since then has died in office should probably tell you something. He's retiring his moral compass.
Feb 24, 2013
Feb 24, 2013
Things I'm Looking Forward to in 2013
I for one am looking forward to watching The Vampire Diaries while fantasizing about Nina Dobrev without Mitt Romney or Barack Obama interrupting my salacious thoughts.
Jan 16, 2013
Jan 16, 2013
The Illicit Meaning Behind Christmas' Most Seductive Song
It's time to overanalyze another Christmas song that you'll NEVER EVER be able to hear again without your mind going to a very dark place.
Dec 19, 2012
Dec 19, 2012
Five Things That Seem Much Smaller Than They Really Are
Words, ideas and inventions may seem insignificant, but it's often their impact that is way bigger than any shockingly large technological contraption.
Dec 3, 2012
Dec 3, 2012
We Should Recall Stupid People, Not Everyday Products
Every day there is another unnecessary product recall that could have been wholly avoided with the simple addition of just a modicum of common sense.
Sep 26, 2012
Sep 26, 2012
Comedy Wants to Be Politically Incorrect
Comedians need to recognize that the moment they start apologizing for their jokes is the moment they've ceased to be a good comedian. Stop censoring yourselves!
Aug 31, 2012
Aug 31, 2012
The Fifty Shades of Grey Matter
Fifty Shades of Grey proves once and for all that women are by far, THE MORE SEXUAL of the two genders. If you doubt that for a second, just look at the sale demographics of the trilogy.
Aug 7, 2012
Aug 7, 2012
Five Things You Didn't Know About the Amish
I made a trip to Lancaster, PA to learn everything I could about the Amish, because I like to do more than read about stuff on Wikipedia. What I discovered will shock you.
Jul 12, 2012
Jul 12, 2012
Official PIC Contest Result: The Book of Revelation
The stench in the air is only slightly more appalling than the sounds of screams emanating from every horizon. It was here that it began and here that the winner will be decided...
Jun 18, 2012
Jun 18, 2012
The Rapeocalypse: Official PIC Contest Rules
Write something funny and offensive about the "Four Signs of the Rapeocalypse" (preferably containing enough religious references to make the Pope cry) and win a prize pack!
May 8, 2012
May 8, 2012
From First to Last Note: Skrillex Drops It Hard
I've heard a lot of my friends say how dubstep is just a bunch of noise that isn't even remotely music, especially when it comes to Skrillex. So I just want to say, FUCK YOU, WE HAD A PACT!
Apr 18, 2012
Apr 18, 2012
When You See Samantha, You'll Shit a Brick
If you haven't heard of Samantha Brick, she's the woman who's ignited global debates with an article titled: "There are downsides to looking this pretty": Why women hate me for being beautiful.
Apr 6, 2012
Apr 6, 2012
Probably Somebody is Watching
Takeru was taken aback by all the elaborate cosplay costumes and lavish excess of the people in the Capitol. It was a stark contrast from the poverty and starvation that accompanied the thirteen districts.
Mar 23, 2012
Mar 23, 2012
Rolling in Her Deep
I recently got a call from a producer who wanted to meet in California for some kind of brainstorming consultation to get comedic ideas for his next project. The results will surprise you.
Mar 15, 2012
Mar 15, 2012
Black Monday: The Day After the Super Bowl
Just because I have a penis and happen to cross your path today doesn't mean I give two shits about how you watched sweaty men chase other sweaty men around all last night.
Feb 6, 2012
Feb 6, 2012
Things I'm Looking Forward to in 2012
Finally, we can enjoy the fall of North Korea, another plethora of "I Voted" stickers, and the most highly publicized apocalyptic failure in history. You're alright, 2012.
Jan 7, 2012
Jan 7, 2012
The Little Drummer Boy Gets Fucked Again
What better Christmas song to completely twist and misintrept the original meaning than my least favorite, "The Little Drummer Boy." The Catholic Church will not be happy.
Dec 16, 2011
Dec 16, 2011
Five Things That Seem Much Bigger Than They Really Are
With just enough hyper-extreme exaggeration, you can spin just about anything to seem much bigger than it really is. Here are few highlights, including cell phone issues and your appetite.
Dec 1, 2011
Dec 1, 2011
The Idea of the Apocalypse Has Never Been So Wrong
As I lay prone on the ground and wait for the inevitable end of my days, I run the translations again in my mind as the events finally unfold. The Raptor is now upon me.
Oct 20, 2011
Oct 20, 2011
iSorry, But Steve Jobs was a Dick
What Steve Jobs did was create an army of narcissistic, self-centered, self-absorbed, zombie clones by sucking their very souls into his world like Shang Tsung.
Oct 17, 2011
Oct 17, 2011
Facebook Redesign for Dummies
It happened again: Facebook redesigned everything and your mind exploded all over everyone's news feed! Don't worry, I'm here to help you figure out how to navigate all this new Facebook stuff.
Sep 22, 2011
Sep 22, 2011
I Know What You Didn't Do Last Week
Guess which one of the following things I did NOT do while on vacation last week. The first person to guess the right answer wins a Points in Case t-shirt!
Aug 31, 2011
Aug 31, 2011
The Creepy Art of the Female Bathroom Ninja
Here I am sitting on the toilet in a public bathroom in complete darkness and the freakin lights went out. Surely there must be better ninja ways of fooling motion sensors.
Aug 14, 2011
Aug 14, 2011
Google, Plus a Whole Lot of Hype
What can I say about Google+ that hasn't been said before about every other social networking site that has preceded it? Pretty much nothing, it's all EXACTLY THE SAME.
Jul 28, 2011
Jul 28, 2011
Top Ten Most Annoying Drivers
Few things in this world annoy us more than idiot drivers. I don't know what it is that gets our blood boiling so much since we've all been 'that driver' at some point.
Jun 30, 2011
Jun 30, 2011
The Catholic Church Finally Gets Anal About Sexual Abuse
The Vatican recently released a letter telling bishops to report sex abuse to the police, showing the world that they finally mean (unofficial) business when it comes to morality.
May 24, 2011
May 24, 2011
Oh Shit, I'M the Asshole
We've all been there, some of us more than others. It's that moment just after doing something where you realize YOU are actually the asshole, not the other person.
Apr 30, 2011
Apr 30, 2011
I'm Buggin' Over Stink Bugs (Halomorpha halys)
The arch nemesis of this war chronicle is the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, something that looks like it crawled/flew right out of the Jurassic Period. I must kill ten to twenty of these a day.
Apr 15, 2011
Apr 15, 2011
Get Out of My Comment Box
I don't know if this is your first time using the internet or what, but you can't own a comment section, regardless whether it's under your published article or not. So stop pissing and moaning.
Mar 29, 2011
Mar 29, 2011
Why Do Men Still Pee Standing Up?
Mark my words ladies, if you put Tinkle Targets in the toilet at every party you throw, then eventually he'll get the message and pee sitting down from then on.
Mar 20, 2011
Mar 20, 2011
What the Hell is Up with Roadside Memorials?
Roadside memorials seem to be getting bigger, more elaborate, more bizarre, and even more distracting lately, which, ironically, also defeats their purpose.
Feb 24, 2011
Feb 24, 2011
What is the Best Remedy for Dealing with VD?
Pay attention men: Valentine's Day is a holiday where minimal effort can make the woman in your life feel loved and appreciated, thus leading to a night of sex for you.
Feb 9, 2011
Feb 9, 2011
Five People to Mess with in Coffee Shops
From the Line Nazis to the Overly Loving Couple, here are five morning coffee shop crazies and the best ways to mess with them for your morning amusement.
Jan 30, 2011
Jan 30, 2011
Things I'm Looking Forward to in 2011
2011 has the potential to be great. But first we need better WikiLeaks, another apocalypse, a rehabed Lindsay Lohan, and the death of Betty White.
Jan 14, 2011
Jan 14, 2011
Going Down? The Epic Struggle Between God and Lucifer
I was getting into a parking garage elevator when I looked down and saw a tiny little comic book sitting on the floor. I have presented it here for you, with my snarky commentary.
Dec 15, 2010
Dec 15, 2010
Words and Phrases I Often Use Incorrectly
There are certain words and phrases in the English language that, for whatever reason, I just can't bring myself to say correctly. Like, 'for all intensive purposes' and 'mute point.'
Dec 4, 2010
Dec 4, 2010
I'm Buggin' Over Cave Crickets (Rhaphidophoridae)
One of my biggest nemeses in the insect world is the cave cricket, something that quite literally crawled its way out from the depths of the underworld.
Nov 12, 2010
Nov 12, 2010
Top 10 Things Hotels Make Me Want to Do, Part Two
Hotels always make me want to do certain activities that I usually don't do, or in some cases, do certain activities even MORE than I already do. Here are the top 10 activities.
Oct 12, 2010
Oct 12, 2010
Top 10 Things Hotels Make Me Want to Do, Part One
Hotels always make me want to do certain activities that I usually don't do, or in some cases, do certain activities even MORE than I already do. Here is a list
Oct 5, 2010
Oct 5, 2010
An Ode to Ashley Garmany's Pikachu
Sometimes, as a writer, you get inspired by the strangest things. In this case my inspiration was Ashley Garmany peeing in the ocean, and her sand-filled vagina.
Sep 9, 2010
Sep 9, 2010
Pictionary Intervention
I hate playing Pictionary, not because I can't draw, but because it's the one game that people take too seriously, creating an awkward, uncomfortable evening.
Sep 1, 2010
Sep 1, 2010
Top 5 Things I Like to Do When I'm Sick
When I'm home sick there are several activities that take precedence over writing. Things like sleep, daytime soaps, and Barry White impressions.
Aug 13, 2010
Aug 13, 2010
Fuck That Fucking Jacuzzi: The Truth about Mel Gibson
Personally, I've always thought Mel Gibson was a pretty decent actor. Then it occurred to me that he wasn't acting when he played most of those roles.
Jul 23, 2010
Jul 23, 2010
Facebook Events: Apparently I'm Not Invited to Understand Them
I think it's time I finally came clean about it once and for all. I just don't understand Facebook Events and I have no idea what the etiquette is when I get invited to them.
Jul 9, 2010
Jul 9, 2010
Men vs. Women: Which is the More Sexual Gender?
One of the most common beliefs in society is that men are WAY MORE sexual than women, but upon closer inspection, that might not be the case after all.
Jun 30, 2010
Jun 30, 2010
Men vs. Women: Which is the More Emotional Gender?
It is widely accepted in society that women are WAY MORE emotional than men, but what if we factor in anger and tears equally?
Jun 22, 2010
Jun 22, 2010
Don't Worry New Hampshire, You Still Get Blown in a Big Way
According to a new survey by Condomania, New Hampshire is the state with the largest penises in America. Suck on that, America.
Jun 3, 2010
Jun 3, 2010
Marriage Stinks!
No, this isn't another article bashing marriage or praising single life, because I don't believe that crap. This is about the disgusting habit of FARTING in front of your girl!
May 20, 2010
May 20, 2010
Scents and Sensibility: The Lemon-Pine War
I like to secretly believe that there is an all out war going on between the citrus fruits and the trees of this planet, as both are trying to infiltrate every product I use.
May 14, 2010
May 14, 2010
Top 5 Reasons Americans are So Rude
Whether it's politics, cuisine, attitude, or history, one way or another the same question always arises: 'Why are Americans so rude?'
Apr 30, 2010
Apr 30, 2010
5 Gum: Apparently I'm Chewing It Wrong
Advertising in the gum industry has gotten out of control. As much as I would love to journey to outer space, sometimes I just want a piece of gum.
Apr 21, 2010
Apr 21, 2010
How to Get Started @Twitter
In Twitter world, you actually have to be nice and give a shit what other people say, instead of just randomly yapping to the world in bite-sized statements. Who knew?!
Apr 13, 2010
Apr 13, 2010
Guerrilla Knitting? Knitta Please!
It's called Guerrilla Knitting, otherwise known as urban knitting, knit graffiti, yarn bombing, knit tagging, or thread banging. And it's spreading fast.
Apr 1, 2010
Apr 1, 2010
Does Viagra Work on Normal, Healthy Men?
What we really need here is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-tiered, reverse-roofie, Viagra fuck test. Volunteers?
Mar 26, 2010
Mar 26, 2010
The Five Types of Morning Coffee Crazies
A list of people you will find at the coffee preparation station and the best way to fuck with them for your own personal amusement.
Mar 18, 2010
Mar 18, 2010
Don't Worry New Hampshire, You Still Blow in a Big Way
New Hampshire used to pride itself on its world record for the fastest wind gust ever recorded on Earth. That is, until Australia took the wind out of its sails.
Mar 1, 2010
Mar 1, 2010
The Top 5 Things I Don't Understand About Men and Cars
Maybe it's the need for speed, the desire for attention, or just over-compensating for ridiculously tiny penises... whatever it is, I don't understand men and cars.
Feb 10, 2010
Feb 10, 2010
Are You There God? It's Me, Andrei
I understand that you're busy and all, but I just thought you should know that this 'plan' of yours pretty much blows! Leave shit alone down here!
Feb 1, 2010
Feb 1, 2010
Roxxxy, The World's First Lifeless Sex Robot
True Companion has developed the world's first sex robot, a life-size doll designed to engage you in conversation rather than lifelike movement. Uhh... sweet?
Jan 21, 2010
Jan 21, 2010
The Middle East Has a Huge Cock
On January 4th, 2010 the world's tallest building was opened in Dubai, otherwise known as We Want You to Think We Have a Huge Cock Land.
Jan 10, 2010
Jan 10, 2010
2010 Can Suck It
I'm not excited about 2010 at all; in fact, I'm rather disappointed with the progress of the human race in general. Still no flying cars? Really?
Jan 2, 2010
Jan 2, 2010
The Day Jesus Apparently Became a Pagan
A friendly game of Christmas questions at the church turns into an all-out war to win candy canes at any expense: even at the expense of Jesus himself.
Dec 17, 2009
Dec 17, 2009
Fuck The Little Drummer Boy, Pa Rum Pum Pum Pum
If you really listen to The Little Drummer Boy song carefully, it's merely about a poor kid playing a drum for baby Jesus, pa rum pum pum pum.
Dec 11, 2009
Dec 11, 2009
Top Ten Reasons to Panic about Putin
I'm going to admit this at my own risk: I am highly disturbed by Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin's bizarre acts of trying to prove his manliness.
Dec 4, 2009
Dec 4, 2009
You're Not Just Paying for Lip Service
To get all offended that an artist lip syncs on stage is no different than walking out on David Copperfield because he isn't ACTUALLY magical.
Nov 25, 2009
Nov 25, 2009
Ladies, Stop Cutting Your Hair!
Ladies, I'm here to tell you one of a man's innermost secret thoughts whenever we see that you got your hair cut: we wish you didn't.
Nov 13, 2009
Nov 13, 2009
Top Ten Places Sex is Overrated, Part 2
Ten super sultry places that in your mind seem to be sizzling and amazing places to have sex, but in reality aren't all you built them up to be.
Nov 6, 2009
Nov 6, 2009
Top Ten Places Sex is Overrated
Ten super sultry places that in your mind seem to be sizzling and amazing places to have sex, but in reality aren't all you built them up to be.
Oct 29, 2009
Oct 29, 2009
Splitting the Check Makes Me Want to Split Your Skull
There is nothing more awkward than those minutes of complete horseshit after the bill arrives at a group dinner.
Oct 22, 2009
Oct 22, 2009
Cure for the Bible Bump
The doctor x-rayed my wrist and told me that it healed perfectly. Only problem was, I had a stubborn Ganglion Cyst to get rid of.
Oct 16, 2009
Oct 16, 2009
Do You Want to be My Personal Penguin?
I'm officially holding interviews for a personal penguin. Your job is to dress up as a penguin and follow me around to parties and social gatherings.
Oct 9, 2009
Oct 9, 2009
There's Something About Mary Hair Gel Debacle of 1998
For a decade my grandmother scoured the planet trying to find more There's Something About Mary Hair Gel because 'it worked really well' for her.
Oct 3, 2009
Oct 3, 2009
Consumer Reports Wants Me to Kill You
Despite what the classic board game Clue would have you believe, there is really only one place in the house to commit a homicide.
Sep 25, 2009
Sep 25, 2009
Women Really ARE Stupid!
Now that I've chastised men, I figured I would expose some of women's stupidity too, since 'mankind' traditionally means everyone human.
Sep 20, 2009
Sep 20, 2009
The Fire Department Mocks Us!
I'm going to say it: the fire department is blatantly fucking with the general public for their own sick, twisted personal amusement.
Sep 11, 2009
Sep 11, 2009
Spell Chceker is Agiasnt Me!
As a dyslexic person, I rely on spell check. But recently I realized spell check is slowly working against me, even mocking me!
Sep 4, 2009
Sep 4, 2009
Men Really ARE Stupid!
A few important insights from the mind of a sexually secure, enlightened male who actually prefers hanging out with women. Listen up, men.
Aug 29, 2009
Aug 29, 2009
Top Ten Most Annoying Cell Phone Habits
From the tweenie flash texter to the technologically handicapped, the majority of you are completely rude and annoying mobile users.
Aug 20, 2009
Aug 20, 2009
Gillette: The Least a Man Can Expect
I'm tired of the escalation in 'razor technology' and their claims for the closest shave ever. It's time Gillette stops holding back.
Aug 14, 2009
Aug 14, 2009
Raining Tadpoles in Japan? Now That's News to Me!
Over the last two months Japan has been pelted from above by tadpoles, fish, frogs, dragonfly nymphs…even a mummified snake.
Aug 6, 2009
Aug 6, 2009
Daft Thunk: An Open Letter to Anonymous
Dear Anon, I appreciate your elaborate attempts to comment under multiple personalities in order to drive home your point. Unfortunately, you suck.
Jul 30, 2009
Jul 30, 2009
How I Avoided Every Apocalypse Since 1982
I have survived countless foretold apocalyptic horrors to date and the fact that I am actually alive to write this at all is simply mind-blowing.
Jul 23, 2009
Jul 23, 2009
Top Ten Most Disturbing Commercials (And the Companies to Avoid)
A list of the top 10 most disturbing commercials, and by public demonstration of their insanity, the top 10 companies you should certainly avoid.
Jul 16, 2009
Jul 16, 2009
Militant Simians Aren't Just Throwing Shit Anymore
Americans have overlooked the most disturbing and potentially dangerous militant groups this planet has ever seen: the Mexican Monkey Army.
Jul 9, 2009
Jul 9, 2009
The Painful Truth is Out There
Have you ever noticed that on commercials about Aspirin, Tylenol, or Advil people give out the medication still in the box? Nobody does that.
Jul 2, 2009
Jul 2, 2009
McDonald's Fucks You at the Drive-Thru!
In a shaky economy, it is important for any successful company to not just provide a sub-par product but to also suck the life force out of each and every customer.
Jun 25, 2009
Jun 25, 2009
Comedy Articles
Top 5 Sexiest Female ZombiesTo a man, nothing is hotter than the idea of a woman who wants nothing more than to devour him, along with the guarantee that she's going to swallow.
Oct 28, 2012
Oct 28, 2012
My First Day at ChurchAs I walked up to the building for the first time, all of the altar boys in the church started pointing at me and whispering as if I was some kind of a freak.
Sep 22, 2012
Sep 22, 2012
Top 5 Sexiest Witches/CovensWomen have always wielded a magical power over men that can bring us to our knees, even though ironically they often cast those spells while on theirs. Here are TV and movies' hottest female witches.
Oct 27, 2011
Oct 27, 2011
Waxing Serious for Once on Points in CaseFor this special PIC 10th anniversary, I'm going to do something that most people have never actually seen me do here: I'm going to be serious for once. Are you ready for it?!
Jan 6, 2011
Jan 6, 2011
Top 5 Sexiest Female WerewolvesNothing says Happy Halloween like hot sexy women who look like they can and will tear you apart in a blink of an eye. Here are the top 5 female werewolves based on sheer hotness.
Oct 28, 2010
Oct 28, 2010
Giant Sunglasses Do Not Make You a CelebrityHave you noticed how 'normal' people's eyewear is reaching almost novelty store proportions? Unfortunately, celebs are still driving us to ridiculous trends.
May 29, 2009
May 29, 2009
An Open Letter to All SurvivorsAttention all people who have been on or are going to be on the reality TV show Survivor: pay close attention to this article because it may just win you a million dollars someday. Or at the very least, stop you from looking like a total idiot on national
May 11, 2009
May 11, 2009
I am Going to Stab You Repeatedly, In Real LifeSocial networking sites give people a sense of belonging and not being alone in the world. Yet this belonging is a facade and in reality is deteriorating real life human interactions. People are losing the ability to carry on a conversation.
Apr 4, 2009
Apr 4, 2009
Now Discontinued: Everything You LikedHas anyone noticed that to like something these days is to instantly doom it to the realm of discontinued and thus endlessly search for an appropriate replacement? Yes, that includes all your favorite shampoos and TV shows.
Feb 16, 2009
Feb 16, 2009
If There's Ever a Zombie Attack, It Will Start at Home DepotIf there is ever a zombie attack I think the staging ground or headquarters will be at a Home Depot. Just the other day I was told by a staff member doing his best impression of a deranged homeless person, randomly wandering around in a daze, that 'I don'
Dec 12, 2008
Dec 12, 2008
Starbucks' Big InventionThe Starbucks 'Coffee Lid Sip Hole Plug Stopper Starbucks Lid': an ultra-clever little mass-produced piece of plastic designed to plug the tiny little two centimeter hole that you're SUPPOSED to drink your coffee from. Way to go, invention nerds.
Nov 12, 2008
Nov 12, 2008
The Self-Checkout MovementRelieve overburdened employees and join the growing volunteer program at grocery stores everywhere: the self-checkout line!
Aug 24, 2008
Aug 24, 2008


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Definitions for battlefield coordination detachment
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word battlefield coordination detachment
Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms
battlefield coordination detachment
An Army liaison that provides selected operational functions between the Army forces and the air component commander. Battlefield coordination detachment located in the air operations center interface includes exchanging current intelligence and operational data, support requirements, coordinating the integration of Army forces requirements for airspace coordinating measures, fire support coordination measures, and theater airlift. Also called BCD. See also air and space operations center; liaison.
Find a translation for the battlefield coordination detachment definition in other languages:
Select another language:
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"battlefield coordination detachment." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2013. Web. 6 Dec. 2013. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/battlefield coordination detachment>.

subset: commoncrawl


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November 2009
Professor Franzen participated at The 11th International Kyoto Conference on New Aspects
of Organic Chemistry (IKCOC-11) and presented a poster titled "Suzuki cross-coupling using different organoboron derivatives"
venue : Kyoto / Japan, November 9th – 13th.
October 2009
Dr. Victor Paul Raj (Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, "G. Ronzoni", Milan / Italy) visited us 23.10 and had
a lecture titled "Asymmetric Synthesis of Bioactive Molecules and Synthetic Methodologies involving
Arylation using Novel Palladacycles, Cyanation and Esterification of Aldehydes"
The paper titled
"One-Step Synthesis of Diflunisal using a Pd-diamine Complex "
(T. Kylmälä, J. Tois, Y. Xu, R. Franzen)
was published in Central European Journal of Chemistry, 7(4), 818 - 826 (2009)
August 2009
The paper titled
"trans-Tetrakis(pyridine)dichloroiron(II) as catalyst for Suzuki cross-coupling in ethanol and water"
(T. Kylmälä, A. Valkonen, K. Rissanen, Y. Xu, R. Franzen)
has been retracted from Tetrahedron Letters.
(Information available online http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.07.103)
As noticed also by other research groups the role of metal contaminants in catalyses with
iron chloride might explain also our confusing results. The catalyst activity might depend on
the metal salt purity as reported by S. Buchwald and C. Bolm in Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 5586-5587.
July 2009
The laboratory presented two posters at the 16th European Symposium on Organic Chemistry (ESOC-16)
venue : Prague, Czech Republic, July 12th – 16th.
June 2009
The paper titled
"Mutagen Structure and Transcriptional Response: Induction of
Distinct Transcriptional Profiles in Salmonella TA100 by the
Drinking-Water Mutagen MX and Its Homologues "
(W. O. Ward, C. D. Swartz, N. M. Hanley, J. W. Whitaker, R. Franzén, and D. M. DeMarini)
has been accepted for publication in Environ. Mol. Mutagen
The laboratory is participating in the TEKES Pharma programme.
The laboratory in looking for excellent candidates for PhD -, and post-doctoral studies.
More information about the programme at :
For information about the research positions contact Professor Robert Franzen
The laboratory presented three posters at the XI Spring Meeting of the Division of Synthetic Chemistry
(Association of Finnish Chemical Societies)
venue : Helsinki University of Technology, June 8th – 9th.
M.Sc. students Antti Hämäläinen, Teppo Rajala and Jenny Yli-Sissala joined the laboratory
May 2009
The paper titled
"One-Step Synthesis of Diflunisal using a Pd-diamine Complex "
(T. Kylmälä, J. Tois, Y. Xu, R. Franzen)
was accepted for publication in Cent. Eur. J. Chem.
January 2009
Lecturer Ph.D. Jan Tois joined the laboratory.
M.Sc. student Ulla Hämäläinen joined the laboratory.
Previous years
Year 2008


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All the well designed studies done to date have proven the safety of homebirth for low– to moderate-risk women attended by a trained midwife. The midwife's job is to recognize normal so completely that when the abnormal presents, we can refer our clients out to appropriate medical professionals for their further care or transfer to the hospital for appropriate intervention.
Giving birth at home has many advantages in addition to the safety for mother and baby:


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The arena will consist of two "Jumpers," separated by age groups: Jumper 1 (ages 11 and older) and Jumper 2 (ages 10 and under). Each jumping area will have foam pits and offer "AIRobic" classes and dodge ball games. Referees will monitor play at all times.Viewing lounges at eye level with wireless internet are positioned adjacent to jumping areas and an elevated area above the jumping arena will offer 360 degree viewing.
Hang Time will have a cafe and arcade as well.
Here's a video of a similar facility in Florida. We recommend you don't watch this clip if you're hungover. And turn down the volume.
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As a follow up -- here's a virtual event on Windows 7 you all may be able to attend:
On Wednesday, December 12 at 2 pm ET/11 am PT there will be a FREE (and open to the public) virtual roundtable to discuss Windows 7 issues with migration, key concerns for consumers and small business owners, how to know if youre ready to upgrade
The author of Windows 7 for Dummies is a panelist, as well as small business experts Gene Marks, Anita Campbell and Ramon Ray. Theres also a Twitter component by using the hashtag #Win7assist. Heres the link to register might be interesting to see what they have to say -- http://bit.ly/Win7COL
It's hosted by small business experts - Gene Marks, Anita Campbell and Ramon Ray and the author of Windows 7 for Dummies, Andy Rathbone in conjunction with Citrix Online.
Hope that helps!
There are currently 1 users browsing this thread. (0 members and 1 guests)


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Very clean and well kept property. Good choice if you're looking for a place to stay on the East side of Houston.
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, IHG, Priceline, Travelocity, Booking.com, Asiatravel.com Holdings, Hotels.com and Venere so you can book your Candlewood Suites I-10 East reservations with confidence. We help millions of travellers each month to find the perfect hotel for both holiday and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


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PE firm Pangea hires ex-Morgan Stanley exec
05 Nov 2012Pangea Investors, the UK-headquartered private equity firm founded by two former Morgan Stanley executives, has brought in an affiliate partner as it looks to expand its coverage of the Benelux region.
Take a Financial News trial today:
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Standard Chartered suffers emerging problems
Bank's exposure to emerging markets proved a good bet for investors after the financial crisis. But now its bias to the developing world has found it out of fashion
From The Wall Street Journal


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Member # 29978
I have a number of friends and acquaintances who are very active in feminist and LGBT movements. It seems to me that they stick very rigidly to a party line that is big on equality and the freedom to make one's own choices and that sort of thing. However, this rigid code becomes very frustrating to me, because when I try to analyse a situation based on my own experiences instead of what I'm told is the enlightened view, I'm called prejudiced. I'm a bisexual girl - women's rights and LGBT rights are naturally very important to me, both from a personal standpoint and from an objective standard of equality and fairness - but I've begun to question whether my classmates' accusations don't have some sense.
For example: we were discussing a piece in English class wherein the author describes his experiences coming out as a teenager. I analysed what I saw as a fallacy in the writer's argument, and I was told I was homophobic. One time a girl told me that I shouldn't criticise women who choose to wear Playboy bunny costumes for Halloween, because I shouldn't impede a woman's personal choice, and yet she says that because I choose to dress androgynously and because I tend to hang out with guys, I am displaying sexist qualities - and here I was thinking that I was an empowered woman because I was taking advantage of my opportunities to dress how I like and associate with whom I choose.
But I've begun to question a lot of the things I say, and I've stopped speaking up so much in class and in other situations because I'm concerned that from what I'm saying someone might think I'm sexist or homophobic. So who's right? Am I being sexist/homophobic? Should I be careful not to appear prejudiced, or should I speak my mind? Is what I'm experiencing a form of "silencing", or is that only a term that can be applied to people at a far greater disadvantage than me? If I'm to call myself a feminist, a progressive, etc, do I have to subscribe to the same ideals as my classmates do, or is it okay for me to create my own idea of what being feminist or being bisexual or being in favour of equality is?
Apologies for the long-winded post.
[ 11-12-2006, 11:17 PM: Message edited by: echomikeromeo ]
Member # 30201
Well, it's a little difficult to tell from your post what precisely your positions on things are, that are offending other people.
I personally, am very much one for personal choice. So I'll talk about how culture can lead women to objectify themselves by wearing playboy bunny costumes, but I won't tell girls they don't have the right to do so, b/c I think that objectifies them too.
It's true political positions are often more complicated than black or white. Just like "liberal" and "conservative" are fairly subjective/relative/meaningless terms once you start to break them down, "equal rights" can get a bit fuzzy too, with lots of different positions.
I don't think what you're experiencing is a form of silencing. These girls sound very opinionated, but you too sound very opinionated. I think you could say "well, in my opinion, I'm not being at all sexist, and let me explain why..." That's how constructive debates and learning happen.
Member # 94
Just on your heading-- we are all biased. It's impossible to approach any issues without some sort of ideological orientation. The best we can do, to avoid narrow mindedness, is attempt to look at how certain issues might look from a different ideological orientation than our own, as this can highlight flaws in our reasoning.
I don't think it sounds like you are being particularly narrow here, although you haven't given us all the details about your discussions. As iheartdc has suggested, maybe entering into a dialogue about these things is a good idea.
By the way, you might be interested in checking out the
The All Girl Army
and the
The AGA Forums
for some feminist discussion with young women.
[ 11-13-2006, 03:14 PM: Message edited by: Beppie ]
Member # 29978
Thanks for your responses. I always try to keep an open mind and consider the multiple facets of a situation, but I also don't want to disagree with someone if it means that I will be called prejudiced.
A further example: today a mixed group of guys and girls was talking about single-sex colleges. I said that I wouldn't want to go to a single-sex college, listing various reasons (I would miss the opportunity to get to know both guys and girls, it would seem weird to have an all-female class taught by a male professor, it might not really be healthy to have an environment with just women in it, so that you aren't prepared for a real world in which there are guys, etc.). Some of the guys agreed that they wouldn't want to go to a single-sex college, but then one girl said that I was being unreasonable, that I would have plenty of opportunities to see men if I were at a women's college, and that it bothered her when I disregarded opportunities for women like that because it seemed sexist to her.
There's another girl who's one of my few female friends, because I don't get along very well with the whole female "teen scene" and the commercialised aspects of it. I don't know very many girls who are able to exist outside of that media pressure, so most of my friends are guys. I would tell this girl that I was glad she wasn't like other girls in that regard, but she told me it seemed sexist to her that I didn't like girls. I don't know if that was the point, but I'm still concerned that I was behaving in a sexist manner, even though I don't really think so, rationally.
I hope that's a bit more elaboration, then?
Member # 3
you aren't prepared for a real world in which there are guys
This is a side comment, but I do think it's pretty unrealistic to think that women in one gender-limited environment don't have enough exposure to a world with men. After all, that's the whole rest of our world, even when we may have some women-only environments. Heck, even radical lesbian sepratists who earnestly TRY and separate from all men can rarely achieve it.
Saying women in women-only colleges won't get enough exposure to men is like saying that vegetarians may not be exposed to meat in the world: concern about SUCH pervasive influences that we really can't escape even when we want is often misplaced or just not really thought-through.
That aside, look: you're having conversations about provocative topics, about sexism. If you're going to have them, then everyone is going to talk about those topics, and assess everyone's level of sexism in the course of those conversations. So, if someone says to you that something you say or do seems sexist, you get to ask why, and continue discussing it. Or not. You can also just say, "Okay, you think that's sexist of me, and I accept your opinion, though I'm not sure I agree with it."
Point is, it's 100% up to you to participate in those discussions or not, and if you choose to, they don't have to come to a screeching halt when someone says something is sexist: anyone involved gets to ask why and incite further discussion.
But if you don't want to deal with that, or can't deal with having what may be seen as some sexism or internalized sexism brought to the table, the simple answer is to not get involved in the first place, you know?
[ 11-13-2006, 05:10 PM: Message edited by: Heather ]
Member # 29978
Makes sense, Heather, and thanks for responding. Again, there's that "choice" thing - perhaps we underestimate how essential it is sometimes.
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Syria: Despite prime minister's defection, Assad's inner circle intact (+video)
On Monday, following the defection of Syria's Prime Minister Riad Hijab to Jordan fighting continued, particularly in Damascus and Aleppo. Though Hijab's departure was high-profile, it does not appear to be a threat to Assad's closest allies.
Syrian President Bashar Assad's administration struck a defiant tone Monday, renewing its counterattack on rebel forces in the country's largest cities and vowing to stay in place, despite the defection of the country's prime minister.
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The defection of Prime Minister Riad Hijab to Jordan was the highest-profile departure from Assad's government so far, but analysts said it was unlikely to indicate a fatal fissure in his inner circle. Hijab, who'd been appointed just two months ago, is a Sunni Muslim, while Assad's most ironclad allies are fellow members of his minority Alawite sect. Assad appointed a successor within hours.
Sectarian rhetoric has worsened on both sides of the nascent civil war in recent weeks, with the regime portraying the rebels as Sunni terrorists and the rebels calling Alawites heretics and blaming them for Assad's ability to withstand international isolation and sanctions for 17 months. Human rights groups already are raising concern that Alawites will face bloody reprisal attacks should Assad fall.
About five Alawite clans, all linked through intermarriage and business interests, control the real power bases in Syria — such as the security apparatus and the military — and there have been no notable defections from their ranks, said Ammar Abdulhamid, an exiled opposition member who is on the Syria Working Group at the Foundation for the Defense of Democracy, a think tank in Washington.
"They control the key decision-making process in tactical terms," Abdulhamid said of the powerful Alawite dynasties. "The defection shows that the regime has lost control of an old game: the Sunni fig leaf."
Other reported defectors — including at least two more Cabinet ministers, members of the security apparatus, and Syria's first astronaut — were said to have left the regime over the weekend, according to opposition activists. The claims couldn't be independently verified and their strategic significance was unknown. The government denied that others had defected.
Assad's government has lost control of much of Syria's rural north and has been battling opposition guerrillas in at least six urban areas, including the capital, Damascus, since four of the president's top security aides were killed in a bombing at the state security headquarters July 18.
It was difficult to determine, however, who had the upper hand in fighting in Damascus and Aleppo, the country's largest city and its business hub.
Opposition activists and journalists on the ground reported that fighter jets and helicopter gunships pounded rebel targets in Aleppo, and there were signs that the rebels were giving up ground. A reporter for the Turkish newspaper Zaman wrote Monday that rebels had abandoned their headquarters in Aleppo on Saturday after government planes dropped bombs nearby. The reporter said Syrian government aircraft also could be seen bombing the Salahadin neighborhood two miles away, but that it was impossible to reach the neighborhood because of the presence of loyalist troops.


text:
Most Cited Journal of Comparative Pathology Articles
The Pathology and Pathogenesis of Bluetongue
Volume 141, Issue 1, July 2009, Pages 1-16
Maclachlan, N.J. | Drew, C.P. | Darpel, K.E. | Worwa, G.
Bluetongue (BT) is an insect-transmitted viral disease of wild and domestic ruminants and, occasionally, other species. Amongst domestic livestock, BT is most common in certain breeds of sheep whereas asymptomatic BT virus (BTV) infection of cattle is typical in enzootic regions. BT in cattle can be a feature of specific outbreaks, notably the current epizootic in Europe caused by BTV serotype 8. BTV replicates within mononuclear phagocytic and endothelial cells, lymphocytes and possibly other cell types in lymphoid tissues, the lungs, skin and other tissues. Infected ruminants may exhibit a prolonged but not persistent viraemia and BTV is associated with erythrocytes during the late stages of this prolonged viraemia. The pathogenesis of BT involves injury to small blood vessels in target tissues, but the relative contributions of direct virus-induced cytolysis and virus-induced vasoactive mediators in causing endothelial injury and dysfunction are presently unclear. The lesions of BT are characteristic and include: haemorrhage and ulcers in the oral cavity and upper gastrointestinal tract; necrosis of skeletal and cardiac muscle; coronitis; subintimal haemorrhage in the pulmonary artery; oedema of the lungs, ventral subcutis, and fascia of the muscles of the neck and abdominal wall; and pericardial, pleural and abdominal effusions. Transplacental transmission of BTV in ruminants, with subsequent fetal infection, is a property of specific virus strains, especially those propagated in embryonated eggs or cell culture. The outcome of BTV infection of fetal ruminants is age-dependent, with distinctive cavitating lesions of the central nervous system in animals that survive infection in early gestation. Immune competence to BTV arises by mid-gestation, and animals infected in late gestation can be born viraemic and without significant brain malformations. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd.
Histopathological Standards for the Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Inflammation in Endoscopic Biopsy Samples from the Dog and Cat: A Report from the World Small Animal Veterinary Association Gastrointestinal Standardization Group
Volume 138, Issue SUPPL. 1, February 2008, Pages S1-S43
Day, M.J. | Bilzer, T. | Mansell, J. | Wilcock, B. | Hall, E.J. | Jergens, A. | Minami, T. | Willard, M. | Washabau, R.
The characterization of inflammatory change in endoscopic biopsy samples of the gastrointestinal mucosa is an increasingly important component in the diagnosis and management of canine and feline gastrointestinal disease. Interpretation has hitherto been limited by the lack of standard criteria that define morphological and inflammatory features, and the absence of such standardization has made it difficult, if not impossible, to compare results of retrospective or prospective studies. The World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) Gastrointestinal Standardization Group was established, in part, to develop endoscopic and microscopical standards in small animal gastroenterology. This monograph presents a standardized pictorial and textual template of the major histopathological changes that occur in inflammatory disease of the canine and feline gastric body, gastric antrum, duodenum and colon. Additionally, a series of standard histopathological reporting forms is proposed, to encourage evaluation of biopsy samples in a systematic fashion. The Standardization Group believes that the international acceptance of these standard templates will advance the study of gastrointestinal disease in individual small companion animals as well as investigations that compare populations of animals. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Senescence of the Human Immune System
Volume 142, Issue SUPPL. 1, January 2010, Pages S39-S44
Pawelec, G. | Larbi, A. | Derhovanessian, E.
The umbrella term 'immunosenescence' is applied to describe age-associated failing systemic immunity and is believed to contribute to the increased incidence and severity of infectious disease in old animals and people. Very limited studies in man have begun to reveal biomarkers of immune ageing ('immune signatures') increasingly recognized as an 'immune risk profile' (IRP) predicting mortality in the elderly. Even more limited studies in companion animals seem consistent with the idea that most or all other mammals may also show an IRP. It is of practical and scientific interest to more accurately determine the IRP and to devise interventions to modulate immune ageing. In man, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has an enormous impact on biomarkers associated with immunosenescence; it is not clear whether the same is true for a persistent viral infection in other animals. A significant fraction of the human immune system is committed to controlling CMV; this commitment increases with age and may itself cause pathology as a result of maintaining higher systemic levels of inflammatory mediators. It will be interesting to test whether similar phenomena occur in relatively long-lived animals, often sharing a human environment, like cats and dogs, and whether interventions to restore appropriate immunity in companion animals might also be applicable to people. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effects of a Topically Applied Preparation of Epidermal Lipids on the Stratum Corneum Barrier of Atopic Dogs
Volume 138, Issue 4, May 2008, Pages 197-203
Piekutowska, A. | Pin, D. | Rème, C.A. | Gatto, H. | Haftek, M.
Canine atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized ultrastructurally by disorganization of the lamellar lipids (LLs) in the stratum corneum (SC), similar to that seen in the human disease. This study, based on the examination of biopsy samples, was designed to investigate the expression of canine epidermal lipids and to evaluate quantitatively, by means of electron microscopy and ruthenium tetroxide post-fixation, the effect of a new topical skin lipid complex (SLC) on the structural deficit in the skin of five dogs with AD. The non-lesional skin of atopic dogs differed from the skin of healthy dogs in that the LLs were reduced in number and highly disorganized. After repeated applications of SLC to the non-lesional skin of dogs with AD, numerous LLs were observed in the deepest part of the SC, occupying 74% of the inter-corneocyte space, while they accounted for only 31.8% of the inter-corneocyte space in comparable biopsy samples from untreated (control) skin of the same dogs. In contrast, the LLs filled 89.5% of the deepest inter-corneocyte spaces in the SC of healthy dogs. Many keratinosomes were observed at the interface between living epidermis and SC after treatment of non-lesional AD skin. Stacks of short LL discs represented 57.6% of the total LLs found in the newly formed SC compactum in the treated atopic dogs. It is suggested that the treatment with SLC stimulated the production and secretion of endogenous SC lipids, contributing to the formation of an improved epidermal barrier. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Mycobacterium bovis Infection in the Eurasian Badger (Meles meles): The Disease, Pathogenesis, Epidemiology and Control
Volume 144, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 1-24
Corner, L.A.L. | Murphy, D. | Gormley, E.
Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) are an important wildlife reservoir of tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) infection in Ireland and the United Kingdom. As part of national programmes to control tuberculosis in livestock, considerable effort has been devoted to studying the disease in badgers and this has lead to a rapid increase in our knowledge of tuberculosis in this host. Tuberculosis in badgers is a chronic infection and in a naturally-infected population the severity of disease can vary widely, from latent infection (infection without clinical signs and no visible lesions) to severe disease with generalized pathology. The high prevalence of pulmonary infection strongly supports the lungs as the principal site of primary infection and that inhalation of infectious aerosol particles is the principal mode of transmission. However, other routes, including transmission via infected bite wounds, are known to occur. The ante-mortem diagnosis of infection is difficult to achieve, as clinical examination and immunological and bacteriological examination of clinical samples are insensitive diagnostic procedures. Because infection in the majority of badgers is latent, the gross post-mortem diagnosis is also insensitive. A definitive diagnosis can only be made by the isolation of M. bovis. However, to gain a high level of sensitivity in the bacteriological examination, a large number of tissues from each badger must be cultured and sensitive culture methods employed. The transmission and maintenance of M. bovis in badger populations are complex processes where many factors influence within-population prevalence and rates of transmission. Badger social structures and the longevity of infected animals make them an ideal maintenance host for M. bovis infection. Badgers are directly implicated in the transmission of infection to cattle and the inability to eradicate the disease from cattle is, in part, a consequence of the interactions between the two species. A detailed understanding and knowledge of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of the disease are recognized as fundamental for devising new strategies to control infection with a view to limiting interspecies transmission. Vaccination, in spite of formidable challenges, is seen as the best long-term strategy option and studies with captive badgers have shown that vaccination with M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) induces protection when delivered by a variety of routes. Continued research is required to develop effective technologies to control the disease both in badgers and cattle. A combination of strategies, which employ the optimal use and targeting of resources, is likely to make a significant contribution towards eradication of the disease. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Canine Testicular Tumours: a Study on 232 Dogs
Volume 138, Issues 2-3, February 2008, Pages 86-89
Grieco, V. | Riccardi, E. | Greppi, G.F. | Teruzzi, F. | Iermanò, V. | Finazzi, M.
The aim of this study was to provide an up-to-date estimate of the prevalence of canine testicular tumours, an earlier study (reported in 1962) having found a prevalence of 16%. Histological examination of both testes collected at necropsy from 232 dogs revealed that 62 (27%) had one or more testicular tumours, the total number of tumours identified being 110. Of these, 55 were interstitial cell tumours, 46 were seminomas, and nine were Sertoli cell tumours. The results suggest that, as reported in man, testicular tumours in dogs have increased during the past 40 years. Further studies should investigate the possible causative role of environmental pollutants. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
An investigation of the pathology and pathogens associated with porcine respiratory disease complex in Denmark
Volume 143, Issues 2-3, August 2010, Pages 120-131
Hansen, M.S. | Pors, S.E. | Jensen, H.E. | Bille-Hansen, V. | Bisgaard, M. | Flachs, E.M. | Nielsen, O.L.
Respiratory infections are among the most important diseases of growing pigs. In order to elucidate the multifactorial aetiology of porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) in Denmark, lungs from 148 finishing pigs with cranioventral bronchopneumonia (case group) and 60 pigs without lung lesions (control group) were collected from abattoirs. The pathogens involved in PRDC and their interactions were identified and linked to the histopathological diagnosis. The lung samples were cultured for bacteria and tested by multiplex polymerase chain reaction for presence of swine influenza virus (type A), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (both European and US type), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine respiratory coronavirus, porcine cytomegalovirus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyorhinis. All cases had cranioventral lobular bronchopneumonia consistent with PRDC. There was a broad range of microscopical lesions and the cases were characterized as acute (n=10), subacute (n=24) or chronic (n=114) bronchopneumonia. Five bacterial species, five viruses and two Mycoplasma spp. were detected in different combinations. PCV2, M. hyopneumoniae, M. hyorhinis and Pasteurella multocida were detected most frequently among the PRDC affected swine and the diversity and number of pathogens were higher in these animals compared with controls. No clear-cut associations were detected between pathogens and histological lesions or histopathological diagnoses. PRDC occurs more frequently than enzootic pneumonia among Danish finishing pigs and has complex and varied histopathology. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Pathological, Immunohistochemical and Bacteriological Study of Tissues and Milk of Cows and Fetuses Experimentally Infected with Brucella abortus
Volume 140, Issues 2-3, February 2009, Pages 149-157
Xavier, M.N. | Paixão, T.A. | Poester, F.P. | Lage, A.P. | Santos, R.L.
This report describes a pathological, immunohistochemical and bacteriological study of 42 cows and their progeny (aborted fetuses, weak premature calves, and healthy full-term calves) infected at 6-7 months of gestation by conjunctival inoculation with Brucella abortus. Samples were collected at necropsy within 48 h of abortion or parturition. The most significant lesions were necrotizing and suppurative placentitis and lymphohistiocytic mastitis in cows, and fibrinous pleuritis, fibrinous pericarditis and bronchopneumonia in aborted fetuses. B. abortus was isolated more frequently from milk samples than from mammary tissues, and milk samples from cows with mastitis were often infected. Organisms were often demonstrated immunohistochemically and by culture in tissues showing moderate to severe histological changes. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Cytokine Expression by Macrophages in the Lung of Pigs Infected with the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Volume 142, Issue 1, January 2010, Pages 51-60
Gómez-Laguna, J. | Salguero, F.J. | Barranco, I. | Pallarés, F.J. | Rodríguez-Gómez, I.M. | Bernabé, A. | Carrasco, L.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is caused by a virus that predominantly replicates in alveolar macrophages. The aim of the present study was to characterize the production of cytokines by subpopulations of pulmonary macrophages in pigs infected by the PRRS virus (PRRSV). Expression of interleukin (IL) 1α, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α correlated with the severity of pulmonary pathology and the numbers of pulmonary macrophages. Significant correlations were observed between PRRSV infection and the expression of IL-10, between the expression of IL-12p40 and interferon (IFN)-γ, and between the expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ. These findings suggest that PRRSV modulates the immune response by the up-regulation of IL-10, which may in turn reduce expression of cytokines involved in viral clearance (e.g. IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-12p40 and TNF-α). The results also suggest that expression of IFN-γ is stimulated by IL-12p40 and TNF-α, but not by IFN-α. All of these cytokines were expressed mainly by septal macrophages with weaker expression by alveolar macrophages, lymphocytes and neutrophils. There appears to be differential activation of septal and alveolar macrophages in PRRSV infection, with septal macrophages being the major source of cytokines. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd.
Methusaleh's Zoo: How Nature provides us with Clues for Extending Human Health Span
Volume 142, Issue SUPPL. 1, January 2010, Pages S10-S21
Austad, S.N.
As impressive as the accomplishments of modern molecular biologists have been in finding genetic alterations that lengthen life in short-lived model organisms, they pale in comparison to the remarkable diversity of lifespans produced by evolution. Some animal species are now firmly documented to live for more than four centuries and even some mammals, like the bowhead whale, appear to survive 200 years or more. Another group of species may not be as absolutely long-lived, but they are remarkably long-lived for their body size and metabolic rate. These species include a number of bats, some of which live for at least 40 years in the wild, as well as the naked mole-rat, which is the same size, but lives nearly 10 times as long as the laboratory mouse. Together these exceptionally long-lived organisms have important roles to play in our future understanding of the causal mechanisms and modulation of ageing. Bats and naked mole-rats in particular have already contributed in the following ways: (1) they have contributed to the abandonment of the rate-of-living theory and weakened enthusiasm for the oxidative stress hypothesis of ageing, (2) they have helped evaluate how the tumour-suppressing role of cellular senescence is affected by the evolution of diverse body sizes as well as diverse longevities, (3) they have shed light on the relationship between specific types of DNA repair and ageing and (4) they have yielded insight into new processes, specifically the maintenance of the proteome and hypotheses concerning how evolution shapes ageing. The continuing acceleration of progress in genome sequencing and development of more and more cross-species investigatory techniques will facilitate even more contributions of these species in the near future. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Pathology and Pathogenesis of Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma
Volume 142, Issue 4, May 2010, Pages 260-283
Griffiths, D.J. | Martineau, H.M. | Cousens, C.
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), also known as jaagsiekte, is a transmissible lung tumour of sheep caused by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). JSRV induces neoplastic transformation of alveolar and bronchiolar secretory epithelial cells and the resulting tumours can grow to occupy a significant portion of the lung. Tumour growth is frequently accompanied by the overproduction of fluid in the lung, which further compromises normal respiration. The period between infection and the appearance of clinical signs may be several months or years and many JSRV-infected sheep do not exhibit clinical signs at all during their lifespan. This allows the spread of OPA into new flocks through contact with infected but apparently normal animals. OPA was first described in the early 19th century; however, it has still not been possible to devise effective methods for controlling its spread and it remains an important problem in most countries where sheep are farmed. This is due in part to the absence of an immunological response to JSRV in infected animals, which has hindered the development of serological diagnostic tests and vaccines. In addition to its veterinary importance, OPA is regarded as a potential large animal model for human lung adenocarcinoma and this has stimulated research into the pathogenesis of the ovine disease. This work has produced some significant results, including the finding that one of the JSRV structural proteins is directly involved in oncogenesis. The recent advances in understanding JSRV and the pathogenesis of OPA should lead to novel strategies for diagnosis and control of this disease and for its exploitation as a comparative model for human lung cancer. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Canine Inflammatory and Non-inflammatory Mammary Carcinoma
Volume 142, Issue 1, January 2010, Pages 36-42
Millanta, F. | Caneschi, V. | Ressel, L. | Citi, S. | Poli, A.
Inflammatory mammary carcinoma (IMC) is the most aggressive type of mammary tumour in the dog and has been proposed as a model for human inflammatory breast cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate angiogenesis in canine IMC by immunohistochemical assessment of the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Tissues from 19 cases of IMC were compared with tissues from 27 cases of invasive mammary carcinoma without inflammation (non-IMC). Immunohistochemical expression of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER-2 receptor was also assessed. VEGF was strongly expressed in all IMCs and the percentage of VEGF-immunoreactive tumour cells was significantly higher in IMC than in non-IMC (P = 0.02). There was no difference in HER-2 receptor expression between IMC and non-IMC, and no IMC expressed ER or PR. These results suggest that VEGF may contribute to the high angiogenic phenotype of canine IMC and that this expression may underlie the tendency towards local and systemic metastasis of these tumours. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Transplacental Infection with Non-Cytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Types 1b and 2: Viral Spread and Molecular Neuropathology
Volume 138, Issues 2-3, February 2008, Pages 72-85
Bielefeldt-Ohmann, H. | Tolnay, A.-E. | Reisenhauer, C.E. | Hansen, T.R. | Smirnova, N. | Van Campen, H.
Infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) represents a reproducible natural animal model in which to study mechanisms of transplacental viral infection. In the present study, BVDV-seronegative heifers were challenged intranasally with non-cytopathic BVDV of genotype 1b or 2. Fetuses were retrieved by caesarean section 7-114 days post-challenge of the dam and subjected to virological, histopathological and immunohistochemistry(IHC) studies. Gross and histopathological changes were only seen in fetuses infected at gestational age 75-85 days and retrieved at gestational age 190 days. Viral antigen could be detected in most tissues from 14 days post-infection, but the primary target organs for histopathological changes were brain, liver and spleen. In the brain, microscopical changes included leucomalacia and macrophage infiltration of meninges and neuropil. Viral antigen was detected in neurons, oligodendrocyte precursors and infiltrating macrophages. IHC revealed normal to slightly increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in the infected fetuses, with evidence of neuronal apoptosis and induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and phospho-p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). These findings suggest that hypoxia may play only a limited role in the pathogenesis of the neural lesions. By contrast, virus-induced cytokine cascades, as part of the fetal innate immune response, and apoptosis of neurons and glial precursor cells may be central to the development of lesions. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-β1, -β2 and -β3 in Normal and Diseased Canine Mitral Valves
Volume 139, Issues 2-3, August 2008, Pages 97-107
Aupperle, H. | März, I. | Thielebein, J. | Schoon, H.-A.
The pathogenesis of chronic valvular disease (CVD) in dogs remains unclear, but activation and proliferation of valvular stromal cells (VSC) and their transdifferentiation into myofibroblast-like cells has been described. These alterations may be influenced by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a cytokine involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) regulation and mesenchymal cell differentiation. The present study investigates immunohistochemically the expression of TGF-β1, -β2, -β3 and smooth muscle alpha actin (α-SMA) in normal canine mitral valves (MVs) (n = 10) and in the valves of dogs with mild (n = 7), moderate (n = 14) and severe (n = 9) CVD. In normal mitral valves there was no expression of α-SMA but VSC displayed variable expression of TGF-β1 (10% of VSC labelled), TGF-β2 (1-5% labelled) and TGF-β3 (50% labelled). In mild CVD the affected atrialis contain activated and proliferating α-SMA-positive VSC, which strongly expressed TGF-β1 and -β3, but only 10% of these cells expressed TGF-β2. In unaffected areas of the leaflet there was selective increase in expression of TGF-β1 and -β3. In advanced CVD the activated subendothelial VSC strongly expressed α-SMA, TGF-β1 and -β3. Inactive VSC within the centre of the nodules had much less labelling for TGF-β1 and -β3. TGF-β1 labelling was strong within the ECM. These data suggest that TGF-β plays a role in the pathogenesis of CVD by inducing myofibroblast-like differentiation of VSC and ECM secretion. Changed haemodynamic forces and expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may in turn regulate TGF-β expression. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Derlin-1 and Stanniocalcin-1 are Differentially Regulated in Metastasizing Canine Mammary Adenocarcinomas
Volume 141, Issues 2-3, August 2009, Pages 113-120
Klopfleisch, R. | Gruber, A.D.
Derlin-1, stanniocalcin-1, epithelial glycoprotein-2 (EGP-2) and maspin are associated with the metastasis of human breast cancer cells. This study reports the potential role of these molecules in metastasis of canine mammary tumours. Laser microdissected tissue samples were prepared from normal canine mammary gland and from simple adenomas, adenocarcinomas and their lymph node metastases. The expression of genes encoding the molecules of interest in these tissues was determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Most adenomas displayed reduced expression of derlin-1 mRNA. Few adenocarcinomas overexpressed derlin-1 mRNA, but all lymph node metastases overexpressed this gene product. Stanniocalcin-1 mRNA was not expressed within adenomas and was reduced in adenocarcinomas and their lymph node metastases. EGP-2 gene expression did not differ between normal, benign and malignant neoplastic tissues. Maspin gene expression varied markedly among the tumours with reduced or increased expression compared with normal mammary gland. Taken together, these results suggest that malignant behaviour of canine mammary adenocarcinoma is associated with reduced transcription of the stanniocalcin-1 gene and overexpression of the derlin-1 gene. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Distribution and Chemical Coding of Intramural Neurons in the Porcine Ileum During Proliferative Enteropathy
Volume 138, Issue 1, January 2008, Pages 23-31
Pidsudko, Z. | Kaleczyc, J. | Wasowicz, K. | Sienkiewicz, W. | Majewski, M. | Zajac, W. | Łakomy, M.
Enteric neurons are highly adaptive in their response to various pathological processes including inflammation, so the aim of this study was to describe the chemical coding of neurons in the ileal intramural ganglia in porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE). Accordingly, juvenile Large White Polish pigs with clinically diagnosed Lawsonia intracellularis infection (PPE; n=3) and a group of uninfected controls (C; n=3) were studied. Ileal tissue from each animal was processed for dual-labelling immunofluorescence using antiserum specific for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) in combination with antiserum to one of: vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), somatostatin (SOM), neuropeptide Y (NPY) or galanin (GAL). In infected pigs, enteric neurons were found in ganglia located within three intramural plexuses: inner submucosal (ISP), outer submucosal (OSP) and myenteric (MP). Immunofluorescence labelling revealed increases in the number of neurons containing GAL, SOM, VIP and CGRP in pigs with PPE. Neuropeptides may therefore have an important role in the function of porcine enteric local nerve circuits under pathological conditions, when the nervous system is stressed, challenged or afflicted by disease such as PPE. However, further studies are required to determine the exact physiological relevance of the observed adaptive changes. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Expression of Platelet-derived Growth Factor-β Receptor and Bovine Papillomavirus E5 and E7 Oncoproteins in Equine Sarcoid
Volume 139, Issue 4, November 2008, Pages 231-237
Borzacchiello, G. | Russo, V. | Della Salda, L. | Roperto, S. | Roperto, F.
Equine sarcoids are benign fibroblastic skin tumours that are recognized throughout the world. Infection with bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types 1 and 2 has been implicated as a major factor in disease development; however, the cellular mechanisms underlying fibroblast transformation remain poorly defined. The present study further characterizes aspects of the association with BPV in 15 equine sarcoids. BPV DNA was demonstrated in 12/15 tumours collected from different areas of Italy. Nine of these 12 tumours expressed the BPV oncoproteins E5 and E7, but these oncoproteins were not expressed by normal equine cells. The BPV E5 protein is known to bind to the platelet-derived growth factor-β receptor (PDGF-βR) and this molecule was expressed by 11 of the 12 sarcoids in which E5 was demonstrated. These findings add further weight to the theory that BPV and the PDGF-βR may have a role in the pathogenesis of this disease. © 2008.
Experimental Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in the Ferret
Volume 138, Issue 4, May 2008, Pages 189-196
Sigurdson, C.J. | Mathiason, C.K. | Perrott, M.R. | Eliason, G.A. | Spraker, T.R. | Glatzel, M. | Manco, G. | Bartz, J.C. | Miller, M.W. | Hoover, E.A.
Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of North American deer, elk and moose, affects both free-ranging and captive cervids. The potential host range for CWD remains uncertain. The susceptibility of the ferret to CWD was examined experimentally by administering infectious brain material by the intracerebral (IC) or oral (PO) route. Between 15 and 20 months after IC inoculation, ferrets developed neurological signs consistent with prion disease, including polyphagia, somnolence, piloerection, lordosis and ataxia. Upon first sub-passage of ferret-adapted CWD, the incubation period decreased to 5 months. Spongiform change in the neuropil was most marked in the basal ganglia, thalamus, midbrain and pons. The deposition of PrPCWD was granular and was occasionally closely associated with, or localized within, neurons. There were no plaque-like or perivascular PrP aggregates as seen in CWD-infected cervids. In western blots, the PrPCWD glycoform profile resembled that of CWD in deer, typified by a dominant diglycosylated glycoform. CWD disease in ferrets followed IC but not PO inoculation, even after 31 months of observation. These findings indicate that CWD-infected ferrets share microscopical and biochemical features of CWD in cervids, but appear to be relatively resistant to oral infection by primary CWD inoculum of deer origin. © 2008.
Immunity in the Elderly: The Role of the Thymus
Volume 142, Issue SUPPL. 1, January 2010, Pages S111-S115
Aspinall, R. | Pitts, D. | Lapenna, A. | Mitchell, W.
Adjustments to lifestyle including social and medical changes have led to human populations having increased longevity in many countries, producing shifts in the population demographics. Approximately half of the increase in the world's population by 2050 may be accounted for by the prolonged survival of those over the age of 60. It is possible to age in relatively good health, but this is rare and for the majority of individuals, growing old is associated with functional impairment, an increased risk of developing a degenerative condition, an increased susceptibility to disease and an increased risk of death. The ageing human population is one of the most urgent challenges facing us today. Changes in the immune system are considered to have a critical role in the decline seen with age, since many infectious diseases may no longer kill an individual, but may contribute to more subtle overall changes. So the impact of infections in older individuals should not be measured only in terms of direct mortality rates, but also by their contribution to the 'indirect' mortality rate and to changes in the quality of life. Taking a pragmatic approach, we need to understand the drivers for immune decline if we are to consider intervening therapeutically in this process. One of the central drivers to this process is age-linked atrophy of the thymus and reversal of this process may have a considerable role in reversing immune decline. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A review of bovine urothelial tumours and tumour-like lesions of the urinary bladder
Volume 142, Issues 2-3, February 2010, Pages 95-108
Roperto, S. | Borzacchiello, G. | Brun, R. | Leonardi, L. | Maiolino, P. | Martano, M. | Paciello, O. | Papparella, S. | Restucci, B. | Russo, V. | Salvatore, G. | Urraro, C. | Roperto, F.
Four hundred bovine urothelial tumours and tumour-like lesions were classified in accordance with the 2004 World Health Organization (WHO) morphological classification for human urothelial tumours. The spectrum of neoplastic lesions of the urinary bladder of cattle is becoming wider and bovine urothelial tumours share striking morphological features with their human counterparts. A classification system based on the WHO scheme would also be appropriate for the classification of bovine bladder tumours. Bovine urothelial tumours are most often multiple. Four distinct growth patterns of bovine urothelial tumours and tumour-like lesions are recognized: flat, exophytic or papillary, endophytic and invasive. Carcinoma in situ (CIS) is the most common flat urothelial lesion, accounting for approximately 4% of urothelial tumours. CIS is detected adjacent to papillary and invasive tumours in 80-90% of cases. Approximately 3% of papillary lesions are papillomas and approximately 5% are 'papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential' (PUNLMP). Low-grade carcinoma is the most common urothelial tumour of cattle. High-grade carcinomas, and low and high-grade invasive tumours, are less commonly seen. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) infection and ingestion of bracken fern both play a central role in carcinogenesis of these lesions. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd.
Histopathological Classification of Lesions Observed in Natural Cases of Paratuberculosis in Free-ranging Fallow Deer (Dama dama)
Volume 138, Issue 4, May 2008, Pages 180-188
Balseiro, A. | García Marín, J.F. | Solano, P. | Garrido, J.M. | Prieto, J.M.
Ninety-five adult fallow deer, legally hunted in the Regional Hunting Reserve of El Sueve (Northern Spain), were subjected to a post-mortem examination for paratuberculosis, samples being taken from the proximal and distal jejunum, proximal and distal ileum, ileocaecal valve and associated lymph nodes. The lesions were divided into four categories. Focal lesions (n = 19 cases) consisted of small granulomas, mainly in the jejunal and ileal lymph nodes. Multifocal lesions (n = 4) consisted of well-demarcated granulomas in the intestinal lymphoid tissue and also in the intestinal lamina propria. Diffuse multibacillary lesions (n = 2) were characterized by a severe granulomatous enteritis and lymphadenitis. Macrophages and numerous Langhans giant cells containing many mycobacteria were present, resulting in macroscopical changes in the normal gut morphology. These changes were found from the proximal jejunum to the ileocaecal valve, but lesions were always particularly severe in the distal jejunum. In diffuse intermediate (multibacillary-lymphocytic) lesions (n = 3) the infiltrate consisted of lymphocytes, macrophages and Langhans giant cells, with small numbers of mycobacteria. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis was identified by a polymerase chain reaction technique. The widespread occurrence of paratuberculosis in fallow deer in this Reserve represents a potential source of infection for other susceptible species. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Identification of Group 1 Coronavirus Antigen in Multisystemic Granulomatous Lesions in Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)
Volume 138, Issue 1, January 2008, Pages 54-58
Martínez, J. | Reinacher, M. | Perpiñán, D. | Ramis, A.
Tissues from nine ferrets with granulomatous lesions similar to those seen in feline infectious peritonitis were examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically. Four main types of lesions were observed: diffuse granulomatous inflammation on serosal surfaces; granulomas with areas of necrosis; granulomas without necrosis; and granulomas with neutrophils. Other less commonly seen lesions were granulomatous necrotizing vasculitis and endogenous lipid pneumonia. FCV3-70 monoclonal antibody produced immunolabelling of group 1 coronavirus antigen in tissue samples from eight animals, the antigen being present in the cytoplasm of macrophages in the different types of granulomatous lesions. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Expression of Claudin-1, -2, -3, -4, -5 and -7 Proteins in Benign and Malignant Canine Mammary Gland Epithelial Tumours
Volume 139, Issue 4, November 2008, Pages 238-245
Jakab, Cs. | Halász, J. | Szász, A.M. | Kiss, A. | Schaff, Zs. | Rusvai, M. | Gálfi, P. | Kulka, J.
Claudins are tight junction proteins expressed by epithelial and endothelial cells. The present study has evaluated the expression of claudin-1, -2, -3, -4, -5 and -7 in 115 hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the canine mammary gland and compared this expression with that of normal mammary epithelium. The lesions studied included lobular hyperplasia (n = 15), simple adenoma (n = 20), non-infiltrating carcinoma in situ (n = 20) and infiltrating carcinomas of histological grades I, II and III (n = 20 of each). There was strong expression of claudin-1, -3, -4, -5 and -7 by epithelia within examples of lobular hyperplasia and simple adenoma, and strong expression of claudin-3 and -4 by non-infiltrating carcinomas and all three grades of infiltrating carcinoma. By contrast, there was reduced expression of claudin-5 and -7 by non-infiltrating and infiltrating carcinomas and the expression of these two molecules was inversely correlated with histological grade. Claudin-1 was expressed focally within carcinoma in situ, but this molecule was not detected in any invasive carcinoma. Claudin-2 was weakly expressed within areas of lobular hyperplasia and by simple adenomas, but was not expressed by any carcinoma cells. These results suggest that loss or reduction of expression of claudin-1, -2, -5 and -7 may lead to cellular disorientation, detachment and invasion in canine mammary neoplasia. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Age and Long-term Protective Immunity in Dogs and Cats
Volume 142, Issue SUPPL. 1, January 2010, Pages S102-S108
Schultz, R.D. | Thiel, B. | Mukhtar, E. | Sharp, P. | Larson, L.J.
Vaccination can provide an immune response that is similar in duration to that following a natural infection. In general, adaptive immunity to viruses develops earliest and is highly effective. Such anti-viral immune responses often result in the development of sterile immunity and the duration of immunity (DOI) is often lifelong. In contrast, adaptive immunity to bacteria, fungi or parasites develops more slowly and the DOI is generally short compared with most systemic viral infections. Sterile immunity to these infectious agents is less commonly engendered. Old dogs and cats rarely die from vaccine-preventable infectious disease, especially when they have been vaccinated and immunized as young adults (i.e. between 16 weeks and 1 year of age). However, young animals do die, often because vaccines were either not given or not given at an appropriate age (e.g. too early in life in the presence of maternally derived antibody [MDA]). More animals need to be vaccinated to increase herd (population) immunity. The present study examines the DOI for core viral vaccines in dogs that had not been revaccinated for as long as 9 years. These animals had serum antibody to canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) and canine adenovirus type-1 (CAV-1) at levels considered protective and when challenged with these viruses, the dogs resisted infection and/or disease. Thus, even a single dose of modified live virus (MLV) canine core vaccines (against CDV, cav-2 and cpv-2) or MLV feline core vaccines (against feline parvovirus [FPV], feline calicivirus [FCV] and feline herpesvirus [FHV]), when administered at 16 weeks or older, could provide long-term immunity in a very high percentage of animals, while also increasing herd immunity. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
COX-2 Expression in Canine Normal and Neoplastic Mammary Gland
Volume 140, Issue 4, May 2009, Pages 247-253
Dias Pereira, P. | Lopes, C.C. | Matos, A.J.F. | Santos, M. | Gärtner, F. | Medeiros, R. | Lopes, C.
COX-2 expression was examined immunohistochemically in samples of normal canine mammary tissue (n = 22) and benign (n = 36) and malignant (n = 45) mammary tumours including metastases (n = 12). COX-2 was constitutively expressed in normal mammary tissue with membranous apical labelling of glandular epithelium, suggesting a role for this molecule in normal mammary physiology. By contrast, in neoplastic lesions and in adjacent non-neoplastic mammary tissue COX-2 was expressed in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells, suggesting that internalization of the molecule is associated with oncogenesis. Marked expression of COX-2 was observed in 8.3% of benign neoplasms and in 42.2% of malignant neoplasms, mainly in poorly differentiated areas. The majority of metastatic lesions (58.3%) exhibited strong COX-2 labelling and in almost all cases (83.3%) the labelling intensity was similar or stronger to that of the primary neoplasm. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that COX-2 metabolites are important promoters of angiogenesis and invasiveness and therefore contribute to metastatic spread. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


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"Still the same tempting voice in my mind
Losing grip on it all (losing grip on it all)
Carry on through the endless lies
'Cause I can't see a reason why"
That'd be the best example, right there. The voice in his mind is the temptation of ending it all. In the main theme of the song, "The Night" is likely referring to the pleasant darkness of death, escape from the nuclear winter.
"There's no tomorrow for right now will be
The best time of my life"
That would be the goal, of course. Get lost in the world of escape that the drugs are bringing him, as they kill him at the same time. There's no tomorrow.
"Hammering, sickening, torment and pain
Blind ambition to poison my brain
Cheating, lying, begging, stealing day after day
For the one final dose I won't be saving"
This is of course describing the state of the world, and also mentioning the final dose of the drug, and how he's going to go ahead and die now rather than save it for later.
"Pure darkness consuming my life
Don't wanna die here alone (die here alone)
Walk away from reality
Got a date with the enemy"
This part is a little confusing, but I'm sure it can be spinned to fit in with the rest of the song. Perhaps he's still a bit afraid of dying despite his decision to go through with it.


text: The food was very good. I got a very good arroz a la chiclayana de mariscos. Man i wish Id hhad time to come back again at least twice more. Food is the reason I go back to Peru cuz honestly the city itself kinda gives me a headache. I highly recommend this place. Only thing I didn't like, but... More


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All windows are fully warranted against defects in material or workmanship under normal use for as long as you own and reside in your home.
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fresh, veggies, pineapple, organic butter, sunflowers, garlic cloves, sugar free lemon pound cake_137
With a sizable array of tempting home grown delicacies including produce vegetables, apples, quality dairy, flowers, garlic cloves, Alaskan salmon, and tenderloin beef, From the Farm is America's farmer's market that serves every taste, whether the customer is in Los Angeles or in Chicago and searching for beef ribeye or almond pound cake. From the Farm is a farmers markets of mouth-watering natural fruits and vegetables that is open 24 hours a day and serving all the major metropolitan areas including New York, Chicago, and Salt Lake City. All of our organic produce including diet fruits, duck eggs and wild Alaska salmon offered through our online farmer's market has been freshly produced by an independent grower. In addition all shipments are sent directly from the grower to your door, guaranteeing freshness and excellence.
The spectacular list of persons and local businesses who represent From the Farm's producers have spent decades carefully developing and harvesting their organic produce to produce the best pineapple on the market. Buying fresh local produce from our online store enables our clients to test these flavorful foods, but also enables the customer to be a member of a large online network of dedicated farmers and fruit vegetable cultivators who value quality and expertise more than dollar signs. There's absolutely nothing to compare to the experience of biting into a locally grown garlic clove or a navel orange, particularly if you've only tried the chain-store version.
Being able to choose from literally hundreds of distinctive savory fresh local produce, as well as flavored honey, tea, sockeye wild salmon, and apples will keep your kitchen full and stomach happy. Our selection of tropical fruit is extensive and mouth-watering as demonstrated by our outstanding organic navel oranges. If you enjoy a zing of our fresh quail eggs, you are not going to be disappointed. Of course, the capability to purchase fresh produce online can transform an everyday salad into an amazing culinary experience. Adorn your salad with nuts and dried fruits or brighten up your toast with our jam and jelly
A lot of our company's fresh produce contain detailed directions on the most appropriate procedure for preparation or preserving and, in some, instances quick recipes or suggestions for different dishes. Much like a farmers markets, part of the fun of shopping is not only in what you find, but in what you uncover. By sifting through broad inventory of fresh produce, you may be encouraged to attempt something new. Because we ensure that our offerings to be the best, you can feel free to branch out and try new things. If there's ever a issue with any of your orders, call us upon receiving the items and we will ensure you are provided with exactly what you've ordered.
Our company isn't limited simply to produce. Our gorgeous selection of Hawaiian orchids and sunflowers will brighten anyone's morning. Produced on the tropical island of Hawaii, our brightly colored orchids radiate beauty and a tropical essence. Our carefully prepared sunflower Pacific Bounty arrangements are a perfect way to say hello to your children. Our company's exemplary stock of organic produce, loyal farmers, and warm customer service all work together to make the ideal online shopping experience. We're delighted to be able to provide you the the highest quality fresh and organic produce variety every minute of the day.


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[getty id="69281" title="Rehearsals For MTV Europe Music Awards 2005 (Photo by Dave Hogan/Getty Images for MTV)" src="http://cbswomx.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/56058341-277x385.jpg"]
12. Ever wonder what the tattoo on Chris Martin's hand is? Well, it's not actually a tattoo, rather an = sign that he writes on there prior to every show. The "equals" sign represents an organization called Make Trade Fair which works to find "lasting solutions to poverty and injustice."


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Click any word in a definition or example to find the entry for that word
The new sports centre will bring lasting benefit to the community.
Consider the potential benefits of the deal for the company.
The costs involved would outweigh any benefits gained.
Even Liza derived little benefit from the changes.
The town was still reaping the benefits years after the film's release.
Not all competition is of benefit to the consumer.
Molly explained what was happening for my benefit.
He has had the benefit of the best education money can buy.
housing/sickness/disability benefit
There has been an increase in the number of people claiming benefit.
families receiving benefit
She's been on unemployment benefit for six years.
This is the British English definition of benefit. View American English definition of benefit.
Change your default dictionary and thesaurus to American English.
the activity of being impolite in a social situation by looking at your phone instead of paying attention to the person you are with
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a peer-to-peer digital currency that is validated by cryptography
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Item: | Dimensions: | Weight: |
Parker 4-Drawer Dresser | 47.75" H x 37" W x 18" D | 87 lbs |
Dresser Design: | Chest (Vertical) |
Features: | Eco-Friendly |
Number of Drawers: | 4 |
Product Category: | Kids Dressers & Chests |
Style: | Mission/Shaker |
Wood Tone Options: | Dark Wood, Light wood, Medium Wood |
DaVinci Parker 4-Drawer Dresser
Very Happy Lois from Louisiana– Verified Buyer This 4 drawer dresser is working out well. The quality is good and I'm very happy with it. Set up was very easy. |
Worked out for us. Amber from Florida– Verified Buyer My fiance helped me get the dresser set up and it worked out for us! We haven't quite had a chance to put full use on it, but we're hoping it lasts our daughter's childhood! |
Nice Quality, heavy! Anthony Morabito from Ohio Great quality dresser, very heavy construction. Like the color and grain. Assembly will take time, but worth it! Will look at this brand in the future, as it is much better than the nearest product available locally. |
Dresser Anonymou from New Mexico– Verified Buyer The dresser is working out well. It looks great and was a great price. There are a lot of pieces so the assembly took awhile. |
Dresser Shannon from Texas This dresser is perfect! great quality and definitely what I was looking for! I'd recommend it to everyone! We are very happy with it. |
Great look- not great quality Jennifer from Mystic, CT– Verified Buyer This dresser looks great but is cheaply made. The drawers slam shut. It does that job of holding my sons clothes and I love the look but probably not worth the money. |
Love it Kiara from Middleboro, MA– Verified Buyer We love the color, and the drsser was actually bigger than i thought. My husband put it together, it was fairly easy for him. |
Love it Crystal from blandon, PA We got this for our son's nursery. It looks great. He did manage to pull the dresser down on top of himself (he is okay) and I only had to fix one drawer. We plan to buy another for the one on the way. I love that its wood, and it's survived 2 moves |
Great dresser! Christanna from Illinois We like the dresser a lot. It was everything we were wanting and expecting. I think it was a great value for our money. |
Very Good NMLobos from USA– Verified Buyer This is a good quality drawer. I found it extremely easy to put together. It was time consuming but very easy. It is good quality and very solid. Cannot beat the price. This is sold at competitors for up to $400. Very happy with this product and Wayfair. |