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This guide will show you how to use Service Bus topics and subscriptions. The samples are written in Java and use the Windows Azure SDK for Java. The scenarios covered include creating topics and subscriptions, creating subscription filters, sending messages to a topic, receiving messages from a subscription, and deleting topics and subscriptions.
Service Bus topics and subscriptions support a publish/subscribe messaging communication model. When using topics and subscriptions, components of a distributed application do not communicate directly with each other, they instead exchange messages via a topic, which acts as an intermediary.
In contrast to Service Bus queues, where each message is processed by a single consumer, topics and subscriptions provide a one-to-many form of communication, using a publish/subscribe pattern. It is possible to register multiple subscriptions to a topic. When a message is sent to a topic, it is then made available to each subscription to handle/process independently.
A topic subscription resembles a virtual queue that receives copies of the messages that were sent to the topic. You can optionally register filter rules for a topic on a per-subscription basis, which allows you to filter/restrict which messages to a topic are received by which topic subscriptions.
Service Bus topics and subscriptions enable you to scale to process a very large number of messages across a very large number of users and applications.
To begin using Service Bus topics and subscriptions in Windows Azure, you must first create a service namespace. A service namespace provides a scoping container for addressing Service Bus resources within your application.
To create a service namespace:
Log on to the Windows Azure Management Portal.
In the left navigation pane of the Management Portal, click Service Bus.
In the lower pane of the Management Portal, click Create.
In the Add a new namespace dialog, enter a namespace name. The system immediately checks to see if the name is available.
After making sure the namespace name is available, choose the country or region in which your namespace should be hosted (make sure you use the same country/region in which you are deploying your compute resources).
IMPORTANT: Pick the same region that you intend to choose for deploying your application. This will give you the best performance.
Click the check mark. The system now creates your service namespace and enables it. You might have to wait several minutes as the system provisions resources for your account.
In order to perform management operations, such as creating a topic or subscription, on the new namespace, you need to obtain the management credentials for the namespace.
In the left navigation pane, click the Service Bus node to display the list of available namespaces:
Select the namespace you just created from the list shown:
Click Connection Information.
In the Access connection information dialog, find the Default Issuer and Default Key entries. Make a note of these values, as you will use this information below to perform operations with the namespace.
Add the following import statements to the top of the Java file:
// Include the following imports to use service bus APIs import com.microsoft.windowsazure.services.serviceBus.*; import com.microsoft.windowsazure.services.serviceBus.models.*; import com.microsoft.windowsazure.services.core.*; import javax.xml.datatype.*;
Management operations for Service Bus topics can be performed via the ServiceBusContract class. A ServiceBusContract object is constructed with an appropriate configuration that encapsulates the token permissions to manage it, and the ServiceBusContract class is the sole point of communication with Azure.
The ServiceBusService class provides methods to create, enumerate, and delete topics. The example below shows how a ServiceBusService object can be used to create a topic named "TestTopic", with a namespace named "HowToSample":
Configuration config = ServiceBusConfiguration.configureWithWrapAuthentication( "HowToSample", "your_service_bus_owner", "your_service_bus_key", ".servicebus.windows.net", "-sb.accesscontrol.windows.net/WRAPv0.9"); ServiceBusContract service = ServiceBusService.create(config); TopicInfo topicInfo = new TopicInfo("TestTopic"); try { CreateTopicResult result = service.createTopic(topicInfo); } catch (ServiceException e) { System.out.print("ServiceException encountered: "); System.out.println(e.getMessage()); System.exit(-1); }
There are methods on TopicInfo that allow properties of the topic to be tuned (for example: to set the default "time-to-live" value to be applied to messages sent to the topic). The following example shows how to create a topic named "TestTopic" with a maximum size of 5GB:
long maxSizeInMegabytes = 5120; TopicInfo topicInfo = new TopicInfo("TestTopic"); TopicInfo.setMaxSizeInMegabytes(maxSizeInMegabytes); CreateTopicResult result = service.createTopic(topicInfo);
Note: You can use the listTopics method on ServiceBusContract objects to check if a topic with a specified name already exists within a service namespace.
Topic subscriptions are also created with the ServiceBusService class. Subscriptions are named and can have an optional filter that restricts the set of messages passed to the subscription's virtual queue.
The MatchAll filter is the default filter that is used if no filter is specified when a new subscription is created. When the MatchAll filter is used, all messages published to the topic are placed in the subscription's virtual queue. The following example creates a subscription named "AllMessages" and uses the default MatchAll filter.
Configuration config = ServiceBusConfiguration.configureWithWrapAuthentication( "HowToSample", "your_service_bus_owner", "your_service_bus_key", ".servicebus.windows.net", "-sb.accesscontrol.windows.net/WRAPv0.9"); ServiceBusContract service = ServiceBusService.create(config); try { TopicInfo topicInfo = new TopicInfo("TestTopic"); CreateTopicResult result = service.createTopic(topicInfo); SubscriptionInfo subInfo = new SubscriptionInfo("AllMessages"); CreateSubscriptionResult result = service.createSubscription("TestTopic", subInfo); } catch (ServiceException e) { System.out.print("ServiceException encountered: "); System.out.println(e.getMessage()); System.exit(-1); }
You can also setup filters that allow you to scope which messages sent to a topic should show up within a specific topic subscription.
The most flexible type of filter supported by subscriptions is the SqlFilter, which implements a subset of SQL92. SQL filters operate on the properties of the messages that are published to the topic. For more details about the expressions that can be used with a SQL filter, review the SqlFilter.SqlExpression syntax.
The example below creates a subscription named "HighMessages" with a SqlFilter that only selects messages that have a custom MessageNumber property greater than 3:
// Create a "HighMessages" filtered subscription SubscriptionInfo subInfo = new SubscriptionInfo("HighMessages"); CreateSubscriptionResult result = service.createSubscription("TestTopic", subInfo); RuleInfo ruleInfo = new RuleInfo(); ruleInfo = ruleInfo.withSqlExpressionFilter("MessageNumber > 3"); CreateRuleResult ruleResult = service.createRule("TestTopic", "HighMessages", ruleInfo);
Similarly, the following example creates a subscription named "LowMessages" with a SqlFilter that only selects messages that have a MessageNumber property less than or equal to 3:
// Create a "LowMessages" filtered subscription SubscriptionInfo subInfo = new SubscriptionInfo("HighMessages"); CreateSubscriptionResult result = service.createSubscription("TestTopic", subInfo); RuleInfo ruleInfo = new RuleInfo(); ruleInfo = ruleInfo.withSqlExpressionFilter("MessageNumber <= 3"); CreateRuleResult ruleResult = service.createRule("TestTopic", "HighMessages", ruleInfo);
When a message is now sent to the "TestTopic", it will always be delivered to receivers subscribed to the "AllMessages" topic subscription, and selectively delivered to receivers subscribed to the "HighMessages" and "LowMessages" topic subscriptions (depending upon the message content).
To send a message to a Service Bus Topic, your application will obtain a ServiceBusContract object. The below code demonstrates how to send a message for the "TestTopic" topic we created above within our "HowToSample" service namespace:
Configuration config = ServiceBusConfiguration.configureWithWrapAuthentication( "HowToSample", "your_service_bus_owner", "your_service_bus_key", ".servicebus.windows.net", "-sb.accesscontrol.windows.net/WRAPv0.9"); ServiceBusContract service = ServiceBusService.create(config); TopicInfo topicInfo = new TopicInfo("TestTopic"); try { CreateTopicResult result = service.createTopic(topicInfo); BrokeredMessage message = new BrokeredMessage("sendMessageWorks"); service.sendTopicMessage("TestTopic", message); } catch (ServiceException e) { System.out.print("ServiceException encountered: "); System.out.println(e.getMessage()); System.exit(-1); }
Messages sent to Service Bus Topics are instances of the BrokeredMessage class. BrokeredMessage objects have a set of standard methods (such as setLabel and TimeToLive), a dictionary that is used to hold custom application specific properties, and a body of arbitrary application data. An application can set the body of the message by passing any serializable object into the constructor of the BrokeredMessage, and the appropriate DataContractSerializer will then be used to serialize the object. Alternatively, a java.io.InputStream can be provided.
The following example demonstrates how to send five test messages to the "TestTopic" MessageSender we obtained in the code snippet above. Note how the MessageNumber property value of each message varies on the iteration of the loop (this will determine which subscriptions receive it):
for (int i=0; i<5; i++) { //Create message, passing a string message for the body BrokeredMessage message = new BrokeredMessage("Test message " + i); // Set some additional custom app-specific property message.setProperty("TestProperty", "TestValue" + i); // Send message to the topic service.sendTopicMessage("TestTopic", message); }
Service Bus topics support a maximum message size of 256 MB (the header, which includes the standard and custom application properties, can have a maximum size of 64 MB). There is no limit on the number of messages held in a topic but there is a cap on the total size of the messages held by a topic. This topic size is defined at creation time, with an upper limit of 5 GB.
The primary way to receive messages from a subscription is to use a ServiceBusContract object. Received messages can work in two different modes: ReceiveAndDelete and PeekLock.
When using the ReceiveAndDelete mode, receive is a single-shot operation - that is, when Service Bus receives a read request for a message, it marks the message as being consumed and returns it to the application. ReceiveAndDelete mode is the simplest model and works best for scenarios in which an application can tolerate not processing a message in the event of a failure. To understand this, consider a scenario in which the consumer issues the receive request and then crashes before processing it. Because Service Bus will have marked the message as being consumed, then when the application restarts and begins consuming messages again, it will have missed the message that was consumed prior to the crash.
In PeekLock mode, receive becomes a two stage operation, which makes it possible to support applications that cannot tolerate missing messages. When Service Bus receives a request, it finds the next message to be consumed, locks it to prevent other consumers receiving it, and then returns it to the application. After the application finishes processing the message (or stores it reliably for future processing), it completes the second stage of the receive process by calling Delete on the received message. When Service Bus sees the Delete call, it will mark the message as being consumed and remove it from the topic.
The example below demonstrates how messages can be received and processed using PeekLock mode (not the default mode). The example below does an infinite loop and processes messages as they arrive to our "HighMessages" subscription. Note that the path to our "HighMessages" subscription is supplied in the form "<topic path>/subscriptions/<subscription name>".
ReceiveMessageOptions opts = ReceiveMessageOptions.DEFAULT; opts.setReceiveMode(ReceiveMode.PEEK_LOCK); while(true) { ReceiveSubscriptionMessageResult resultQM = service.receiveSubscriptionMessage("TestTopic", opts); BrokeredMessage message = resultQM.getValue(); if (message != null && message.getMessageId() != null) { try { System.out.println("Body: " + message.toString()); System.out.println("MessageID: " + message.getMessageId()); System.out.println("Custom Property: " + message.getProperty("TestProperty")); // Remove message from topic System.out.println("Deleting this message."); service.deleteMessage(message); } catch (Exception ex) { // Indicate a problem, unlock message in topic System.out.println("Inner exception encountered!"); service.unlockMessage(message); } } else { System.out.println("Finishing up - no more messages."); break; // Added to handle no more messages in the topic. // Could instead wait for more messages to be added. } }
Service Bus provides functionality to help you gracefully recover from errors in your application or difficulties processing a message. If a receiver application is unable to process the message for some reason, then it can call the unlockMessage method on the received message (instead of the deleteMessage method). This will cause Service Bus to unlock the message within the topic and make it available to be received again, either by the same consuming application or by another consuming application.
There is also a timeout associated with a message locked within the topic, and if the application fails to process the message before the lock timeout expires (e.g., if the application crashes), then Service Bus will unlock the message automatically and make it available to be received again.
In the event that the application crashes after processing the message but before the deleteMessage request is issued, then the message will be redelivered to the application when it restarts. This is often called At Least Once Processing, that is, each message will be processed at least once but in certain situations the same message may be redelivered. If the scenario cannot tolerate duplicate processing, then application developers should add additional logic to their application to handle duplicate message delivery. This is often achieved using the getMessageId method of the message, which will remain constant across delivery attempts.
The primary way to delete topics and subscriptions is to use a ServiceBusContract object. Received messages can work in two different modes: ReceiveAndDelete and PeekLock
// Delete Topic service.deleteTopic("TestTopic"); // Delete subscription service.deleteSubscription("TestTopic", "HighMessages");
Deleting a topic will also delete any subscriptions that are registered with the topic. Subscriptions can also be deleted independently.
Now that you've learned the basics of Service Bus queues, see the MSDN topic Queues, Topics, and Subscriptions for more information.


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ST1300 Pan European
There's hardly a highway or by-way in Europe that hasn't been conquered by the coveted and super-accomplished Pan-European. Its impressive V4 engine is breathtakingly capable, delivering sporty blasts of acceleration when you want them as well as the power to carry a full load for long distances. Its elegant, aerodynamic bodywork shields you from the elements and conceals ample capacity for luggage. The unique adjustable seat is designed for all-day comfort. Low, centralised mass makes the machine reassuringly stable, yet it,s also nimble enough to negotiate city traffic and have some fun on twisty roads. High-performance Super Sports suspension systems smooth out bumpy surfaces while supreme control and stopping performance comes from Honda's innovative Combined-ABS. Excellent fuel efficiency and a generous 29-litre tank make it even easier for you to get on the road and stay there. The Pan-European was designed to travel.
All motorcycles and scooters are protected by 'state of the art' identification technologies as part of the Master Security scheme.
* Includes first registration and road tax
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Pro-Link Rear Suspension. Monoshock rear suspension utilises a triangular linkage system to progressively increase damping force through range of rear swingarm movement.
Combined Antilock Brake System.Optimises the balance of front and rear braking control while counteracting tyre slip when braking over variable road conditions.
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Programmed Fuel Injection. Map-type computerised system maintains strong power and responsive performance in all conditions.
Honda Ignition Security System. Only allows the bike to be started by its original encoded keys to effectively protect against theft.
Press the icons for more details
Honda Happiness: The refreshingly simple way to enjoy the ride without worrying about the what if's.

subset: commoncrawl


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Overall, in my opinion, the report from the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues is well considered. The commission avoided the trap of proscribing from on high the future course of a technology still emerging from the muck. Yet I cannot help the feeling that the report implicitly assumes that the technology can be guided or somehow controlled, as does most of the public discourse on synthetic biology. The broader history of technology, and of its regulation or restriction, suggests that directing its development would be no easy task.
Rob Carlson, "Staying Sober about Science," Hastings Center Report 41, no. 4 (2011): 22-25.
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Chumphon Things to Do Tips by wondersF Top 5 Page for this destination
Chumphon Things to Do: 7 reviews and 22 photos
Long rows of stalls selling bananas
Chumphon province has a new slogan "Eat seafood Taste fresh fruits".
Have not read before my 1st visit, or had heard about this specialty of the region. Only upon arrival we saw that this place indeed was the fruit growing region or perhaps Chumphon was the collecting center. Unlike other provinces who were cashing in on Mangos, durian and "Loong Ngans", Chumphon produce were consisted mainly of mandarin, papayas, bananas and some pineapples.
But somehow the notable fruit here bananas, and in good volume. More, one special species is unique to this region. I did not confirm the proper name for this species. Locally it is hailed as the "Princess Fingernails Bananas".
The fruit! Nothing out of the ordinary and had tasted it, I must say it finer in texture and rather sweet. I know that bananas in general, the fruit had short gestation time for ripening and at the same time after ripening fit for consumption, the fruit would perished within a day or two. That's why the fruit was unsuitable to be transported out of the province for distribution.
Sales of fresh fruit was so much dependent upon the passing traffic along the Highway 4. From the picture, it could be seen that the long rows of stalls spelled the importance of disposing this fruit quickly and also the sheer volume that was available for this small market.
Not all the bananas on sale were the "Princess Fingers Bananas", there was also the type that we were familiar with. It takes a critical eyes to spot the marginal differences between the 2 types. There are 2 pictures that I do not know how to get them posted on this page side by side for comparison. But I have both included with this page.
The attendants at the stall beside selling the fresh fruits were busy competing with time. They were peeling up the fruits for processing into an alternative product - dried bananas
That's interesting, we stayed on to record the whole process as to how it done and noting the finished products.
The ripe bananas were then baked and prepared for packaging
A simple oven used for baking the fresh bananas. Realizing that we saw a somewhat "new" product that we had never bothered to take notice. Dried bananas in chips are common junk food but in full, now we know.
The dried products were lighter and easily packaged for longer storage but loosing slightly its food value.
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Try thinners... it's stronger... specially if you're a smoker as well...
Before I die... MissPriss will be very angry to find out that the family pornography collection was stolen
5butjam wrote:I'm out because Gary O can't spell 'sites'.(Jan 15, 2012)
M0rd3kaI wrote:Gary...I sometimes worry about you... (although it's not this time, I just wanted to get that out there)
Rick69 wrote:Holy poop, Gavin... Sometimes you scare me...
axe11154 wrote:you sick old man
Hawamleh wrote:When Gary goes all south, you better not even try to comprehend what he's saying.
Hawamleh wrote:I'm in... and i'll be very forward. Just don't be surprised if I blame everything on rerun... What ? I'm Arab, we really would blame a Jew if a bird crapped on our head.
motinet wrote:Checking the log, looks like caveman had the honor of getting the LAST poster.
house wrote:(and don't worry most Aussies are not as mad as the Caveman) - he from Bathurst, its kinda like being from Utah in the states
forseti wrote:Verdeckt and Cavemen: The Australian version of Two And A Half Men
5butjam wrote: heck I prefer Cavey to quite a few of them, just to name one.
Mooooooooooooooooooo wrote:I've always been impressed by that Cavey...even if you are batshit crazy.
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Send private message to snownose
Location: Chicago, IL
Joined: 9 Jan 2012
Activity: 49 posts
1 review
48 comments
Recent comments
Posted to
So Far, So Good - Chicago, IL
on 13 Sep 2012
Aw, thank you! When I met with Dr. Shah, I voiced my concerns about the width of my bridge (at the base where it met my face -- not at the top ridge), and while he agreed with my opinion, he also made some additional suggestions of his own -- notably, deprojecting and refining the tip. At the time, I never really had a problem with my tip ... but I trusted his expertise and let him do his thing. In retrospect, I am SO GLAD I did this. I now realize that if I had only narrowed the width, I'd simply shift my criticism to the overprojected tip. Dr. Shah anticipated this and instinctively knew to rebalance my nose as a whole, and not simply fix a piecemeal problem.
Also, I hate to say it, but don't put too much confidence in the morph. I think they work well as a conversation piece to ensure you and the doctor have the same vision/goals, but don't depend on it for an accurate depiction of what you will look like post-op. This isn't necessarily a bad thing!! I think my actual results are 500x better than the digital morph. So take it with a grain of salt :) -
Posted to
Surgery is Booked for May 3 - I Have Never Been So Anxious!!!! - Seattle, WA
on 5 Jun 2012
I thought it was going to be worse than it actually was!! It basically felt like a tiny bee sting, and it was over in 5 seconds. He injected three areas of the tip of my nose: once on each side and then once in front. Getting the splint off was much more uncomfortable, to be honest. Piece of cake! -
Posted to
Surgery is Booked for May 3 - I Have Never Been So Anxious!!!! - Seattle, WA
on 2 Jun 2012
I agree with everyone else: you look like a cover girl! You've got that classic kind of beauty that most women would kill for. I know it's hard to keep your head up when results take so long to reveal themselves; the wait is excruciating. But take it from me: it does get better! I'm at month 4, and my nose STILL has a long way to go. Slowly but surely :)
Question: Has your doctor talked to you about hastening the process with some kenalog 10 injections?? My doctor gave me a little after one month, since my natural de-swelling process was so slow. It made a huge difference!!! Within a couple days, the swelling came down dramatically, and my nose took on a whole new (and improved) shape. It shrunk my nose and lifted my spirits. Definitely consider this as an option if you're still unhappy. -
Posted to
Finally Fixing This Nose - Chicago, IL
on 26 May 2012
I'm so glad to hear your surgery date came and went without any complications! A little bruising ain't a thing :) About the pig nose: IT WILL GO AWAY. Let me tell you, I was terrified when I first saw my nose after surgery. The swelling combined with a fresh-from-the-OR nose made my nostrils look a bit crooked and my nose to look piggish. I was so concerned by it, I wore my drip pad mustache even AFTER I didn't need it, just so it would cover up my nose so I wouldn't have to stare at it. Now 4 months post-op, this seems ridiculous. I realize I was so anxious over nothing. I assure you, it will go away! And you went to Dr. Shah, so I know you'll look beautiful. Let your husband tease all he wants; joke's on him in the end :) Happy healing!! -
Posted to
So Far, So Good - Chicago, IL
on 16 May 2012
Aw, thank you! Best wishes to you and your new nose :)


text: We stopped here on a trip to Baton Rouge. I asked the waitress for a recommendation and she told me the pepper jelly chicken wrap was really good. I agree. We shared a plate of strawberry beignets and even my picky 3 year old who never takes more than one bite of anything went back for seconds!


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Capital flows and saving in Latin America and Asia: a reinterpretation
Both theory and the empirical evidence for a broad range of countries have identified a negative relationship between domestic and foreign saving. Still, based on the experience of the 1990s, a popular view has emerged that domestic and foreign saving are positively related in Asia and negatively related in Latin America. We argue that this popular discussion does not discriminate between trends in domestic saving (which are very different in the two regions) and the cyclical component of saving, which is linked to capital flows. We show that, when trend and cyclical components of domestic saving and capital flows are properly taken into account, the two regions do not differ in the short-run response of domestic saving to capital inflows. We conclude that the main differences pertain to the long-run behavior of saving rates, which are driven by trends in demographic factors, per capita GDP, and other factors that have little to do with fluctuations in capital flows.(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
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Bibliographic Info
Article provided by Elsevier in its journal Journal of Development Economics.
Volume (Year): 57 (1998)
Issue (Month): 1 (October)
Pages: 45-66
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Related research
Keywords:Other versions of this item:
- Reinhart, Carmen & Talvi, Ernesto, 1998. "Capital flows and saving in Latin America and Asia: A reinterpretation," MPRA Paper 13704, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- F4 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance
- E3 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
References listed on IDEASPlease report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Campbell, J.Y. & Perron, P., 1991.
"Pitfalls and Opportunities: What Macroeconomics should know about unit roots,"
360, Princeton, Department of Economics - Econometric Research Program.
- John Y. Campbell & Pierre Perron, 1991. "Pitfalls and Opportunities: What Macroeconomists Should Know About Unit Roots," NBER Chapters, in: NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1991, Volume 6, pages 141-220 National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Campbell, John & Perron, Pierre, 1991. "Pitfalls and Opportunities: What Macroeconomists Should Know about Unit Roots," Scholarly Articles 3374863, Harvard University Department of Economics.
- John Y. Campbell & Pierre Perron, 1991. "Pitfalls and Opportunities: What Macroeconomists Should Know About Unit Roots," NBER Technical Working Papers 0100, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Reinhart, Carmen & Ogaki, Masao & Ostry, Jonathan, 1996.
"Saving Behavior in Low- and Middle-Income Developing Countries: A Comparison,"
MPRA Paper
6978, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Masao Ogaki & Jonathan D. Ostry & Carmen M. Reinhart, 1996. "Saving Behavior in Low- and Middle-Income Developing Countries: A Comparison," IMF Staff Papers, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 43(1), pages 38-71, March.
- Masao Ogaki & Jonathan David Ostry & Carmen Reinhart, 1995. "Saving Behavior in Low- and Middle -Income Developing Countries: A Comparison," IMF Working Papers 95/3, International Monetary Fund.
- Harvey, A C, 1985. "Trends and Cycles in Macroeconomic Time Series," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 3(3), pages 216-27, June.
- Nicola Rossi, 1988. "Government Spending, the Real Interest Rate, and the Behavior of Liquidity-Constrained Consumers in Developing Countries," IMF Staff Papers, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 35(1), pages 104-140, March.
- Kokila Doshi, 1994. "Determinants Of The Saving Rate: An International Comparison," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 12(1), pages 37-45, 01.
- Reinhart, Carmen & Ogaki, Masao & Ostry, Jonathan, 1995. "Saving behavior in low- and middle-income developing countries," MPRA Paper 13757, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Giovannini, Alberto, 1985. "Saving and the real interest rate in LDCs," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 18(2-3), pages 197-217, August.
- Masao Ogaki & Carmen M. Reinhart, 1998.
"Measuring Intertemporal Substitution: The Role of Durable Goods,"
Journal of Political Economy,
University of Chicago Press, vol. 106(5), pages 1078-1098, October.
- Reinhart, Carmen & Ogaki, Masao, 1995. "Measuring intertemporal substitution: The role of durable goods," MPRA Paper 13690, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Ogaki, M & Reinhart, C-M, 1995. "Measuring Intertemporal Substitution : The Role of Durable Goods," RCER Working Papers 404, University of Rochester - Center for Economic Research (RCER).
- Nicola Rossi, 1989. "Dependency Rates and Private Savings Behavior in Developing Countries," IMF Staff Papers, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 36(1), pages 166-181, March.
- Reinhart, Carmen & Leiderman, Leonardo, 1994. "Capital inflows to Latin America," MPRA Paper 13406, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Reinhart, C.M. & Dunaway, S., 1996.
"Dealing with Capital Inflows. Are There Any Lessons?,"
Research Paper
28, World Institute for Development Economics Research.
- Reinhart, Carmen & Dunnaway, Steve, 1996. "Dealing with capital inflows: Are there any lessons?," MPRA Paper 13764, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Haque, Nadeem U & Montiel, Peter, 1989. "Consumption in Developing Countries: Tests for Liquidity Constraintsand Finite Horizons," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 71(3), pages 408-15, August.
- Beveridge, Stephen & Nelson, Charles R., 1981. "A new approach to decomposition of economic time series into permanent and transitory components with particular attention to measurement of the `business cycle'," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 7(2), pages 151-174.
- Vaidyanathan, Geetha, 1993. "Consumption, liquidity constraints and economic development," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 15(3), pages 591-610.
- Hamid Faruqee & Aasim M. Husain, 1995. "Saving Trends in Southeast Asia: A Cross-Country Analysis," IMF Working Papers 95/39, International Monetary Fund.
- Ghosh, Atish R & Ostry, Jonathan D, 1995. "The Current Account in Developing Countries: A Perspective from the Consumption-Smoothing Approach," World Bank Economic Review, World Bank Group, vol. 9(2), pages 305-33, May.
- Schmidt-Hebbel, Klaus & Serven, Luis & Solimano, Andres, 1996. "Saving and Investment: Paradigms, Puzzles, Policies," World Bank Research Observer, World Bank Group, vol. 11(1), pages 87-117, February.
- Miller, Stephen M., 1988. "The Beveridge-Nelson decomposition of economic time series : Another economical computational method," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 21(1), pages 141-142, January.
Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.Cited by:
- Baharumshah, Ahmad Zubaidi & Thanoon, Marwan A. & Rashid, Salim, 2003. "Saving dynamics in the Asian countries," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 13(6), pages 827-845, January.
- Odhiambo, Nicholas M., 2009. "Savings and economic growth in South Africa: A multivariate causality test," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 31(5), pages 708-718, September.
- Paulo Gala & Marcos Rocha, 2011. "Real exchange rates,domestic and foreign savings: the missing link," Anais do XXXVII Encontro Nacional de Economia [Proceedings of the 37th Brazilian Economics Meeting] 76, ANPEC - Associação Nacional dos Centros de Pósgraduação em Economia [Brazilian Association of Graduate Programs in Economics].
- Menzie D. Chinn & Eswar S. Prasad, 2000.
"Medium-Term Determinants of Current Accounts in Industrial and Developing Countries: An Empirical Exploration,"
NBER Working Papers
7581, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Chinn, Menzie D. & Prasad, Eswar S., 2003. "Medium-term determinants of current accounts in industrial and developing countries: an empirical exploration," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 59(1), pages 47-76, January.
- Menzie David Chinn & Eswar Prasad, 2000. "Medium-Term Determinants of Current Accounts in Industrial and Developing Countries - An Empirical Exploration," IMF Working Papers 00/46, International Monetary Fund.
- Marwan Thanoon & Ahmad Baharumshah, 2005. "What happened to savings during the financial crisis—a dynamic panel analysis of Asian-5 countries," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 38(3), pages 257-275, December.
- Merih Uctum & Remzi Uctum, 2005. "Portfolio Flows, Foreign Direct Investment, Crises," Computing in Economics and Finance 2005 224, Society for Computational Economics.
- Lavan Mahadeva & Javier Gómez Pineda, .
"The international cycle and Colombian monetary policy,"
Borradores de Economia
557, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
- Lavan Mahadeva & Javier Gómez Pineda, 2009. "The international cycle and Colombian monetary policy," BORRADORES DE ECONOMIA 005406, BANCO DE LA REPÚBLICA.
- Zuzana Brixiová & Léonce Ndikumana, 2011.
"Supporting Africa's Post-Crisis Growth: The Role of Macroeconomic Policies,"
Working Papers
wp254, Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
- Zuzana Brixiová & Léonce Ndikumana & Kaouther Abderrahim, 2011. "Supporting Africa'S Post-Crisis Growth: The Role Of Macroeconomic Policies," William Davidson Institute Working Papers Series wp1008, William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan.
- Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira & Paulo Gala, 2009.
"Why Foreign Savings Fail to Cause Growth,"
International Journal of Political Economy,
M.E. Sharpe, Inc., vol. 38(3), pages 58-76, September.
- Gala, Paulo Sérgio de Oliveira Simões & Pereira, Luiz Carlos Bresser, 2008. "Why foreign savings fail to cause growth," Textos para discussão 159, Escola de Economia de São Paulo, Getulio Vargas Foundation (Brazil).
- AFZAL, Muhammad, 2013. "National Savings And Foreign Capital In Pakistan," Applied Econometrics and International Development, Euro-American Association of Economic Development, vol. 13(2), pages 197-206.
- Baharumshah, Ahmad Zubaidi & Thanoon, Marwan Abdul-Malik, 2006. "Foreign capital flows and economic growth in East Asian countries," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 17(1), pages 70-83.
- Barry P. Bosworth & Susan M. Collins, 1999. "Capital Flows to Developing Economies: Implications for Saving and Investment," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 30(1), pages 143-180.
- Sherstnev, Mikhail, 2009. "Main sources of finance for development: retrospective view on the evolution of pre-crisis ideas," MPRA Paper 22433, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Nejib Hachicha, 2003. "Capital Inflows-National Saving Dynamics in Tunisia: Evidence from Cointegration, Weak Exogeneity and Simultaneous Error Correction Modelling," International Economic Journal, Korean International Economic Association, vol. 17(4), pages 43-60.
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Quick Jump Daily Digest
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Could VONGO come to the PS3? |
Listed in: PS3 Tags: iTV, media player, Sony, Windows XP
"QJ: Is there any possibility this service might also be made compatible with other digital distribution platforms such as the PlayStation 3 or Apple's iTV in the future?
VONGO: ... As to Sony, we have a deep and long relationship there, as they are one of our largest content partners. There are many possibilities that we see with Sony and the PS3 is clearly one of them."
It should be noted that the interview was conducted in the earlier half of the year, however as of firmware update 1.80, the PS3 has become a DLNA compatible medial player, capable of "seeing" the VONGO media player folder on Windows XP and Vista machines, however, these files still read as incompatible.
0% of voters think this story ROCKS! |
it still sucks —
2007-06-20 05:55
but what happend to good good games?? none!!! so they get all these media servers an junk. poor sony so desprit! just give up!!!
... —
2007-06-20 06:31
"however, these files still read as incompatible." Not if you use Nero MediaHome
losers —
2007-06-20 10:44
i wish i had a ps3...so naturally I rome the ps3 blogs and pick on them so I can feel a little better about myself for buying this *****ty 360...right now im masturbating for some 40 year old pedophile on xbox live cam who promised me he'd send me a ps3 to my house if I give hime my address...I gave it to him so now I'm waiting for him.
he makes me feel like a lady...what does this mean?
he makes me feel like a lady...what does this mean?
xblm is a gimmick —
2007-06-20 10:49
according to ALOT of xbots, the xbox360 is mainly for gaming. so then why would you need an online service to sell you videos and whatnot when you're so busy playing gears? because xblm is a gimmick.
PSN isn't a gimmick because PS3 is a gaming machine and an entertainment center, therefore vongo would be a perfect addition to it's already vast capabilities. doesn't vongo charge per month,unlike xblm charging per video? is there a DL limit for vongo? if not the only limiting factors are bandwidth and HDD space.
PSN isn't a gimmick because PS3 is a gaming machine and an entertainment center, therefore vongo would be a perfect addition to it's already vast capabilities. doesn't vongo charge per month,unlike xblm charging per video? is there a DL limit for vongo? if not the only limiting factors are bandwidth and HDD space.
to Xman —
2007-06-20 17:11
if you get your head out of the clouds maybe you will see that ps3 is awesome. And this could benefit for sony. Besides the big titles are coming to ps3 in 3 months yeah now what.
78` —
2007-06-20 22:03
Yes, if i were a 14 year old teenager, I'd prolly nag my parents to death to get me a x360 and halo3...
xdouche —
2007-06-21 03:11
Stop trying to imitate Mr Common Sense. I think your just jealous of PS3
maybe —
2007-06-21 03:47
I think the only thing stopping it is the fact sony may want to do something like this themselves. If it does happen it will be a second type of vongo called vongops3 or something. Remember Sony makes a lot of movies, which I'm sure are available on vongo, Sony is not going to want to share much of the money the service makes if people are watching a lot of Sony movies, they could make more profit putting them on psn and keeping all profits. I think reaching a deal for fees is the only thing holding it back. What I think will happen is there will be a vongo client only for ps3 that comes as a program you purchase from the psn, just my guess.
very wrong —
2007-06-21 04:46
sony no longer has a gaming macine, its a crappy computers! so they turn to midea devices like apple and ipod!!
... —
2007-06-21 07:15
Based on..? exactly.. you base your arguments on nothing. How could one say that the PSN is crappy, if you don't even own a PS3?
with every 360 fanboy there's a playstation fan waiting to be release. —
2007-06-21 08:01
how come 360 fanboys talk just like they know it, sense they don't have a playstation 3 to begin with. it's funny how 360 fanboys act like idealistic idiots, thinking they know everything. i wonder why wii is beating the ***** out of 360 sales and 360 sales are slowly dying with every wii sold. than just like that they can't bash the wii. lol what idiots. the playstation 3 is like a richer 360. with better things beside games like movies,music and photos and internet to boot. soon more option will come. than they both be even by then. more games will come, bring something new things to the table that 360 can't do or handle. 360 is ok but not a god. soon people and 360 fanboys will see the ugly side of M$. infact 360 fanboys are acting like M$. selfish and greedy and dumb as hell. they need to give sony a brake for once and stop bashing it. just because you got a 360 and don't have any money for a playstation 3. so 360 fanboys stop acting like M$ a$$e$$ and act like yourselves. buy a ps3 than talk.
overpaid? —
2007-06-21 11:42
I paid the same thing you paid, and got one of the best blu-ray players on the market for $200. It doesn't seem like I overpaid. I would like to see your 360 play a blu-ray disc, go ahead my ps3 plays dvd9's all the time. Go play with your toy little boy.....and by that I mean your 360, you'll go blind if you keep that up ya know.


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Published: 1/30/2013 8:15 PM | Last update: 1/31/2013 9:57 AM
'Expired' DMV fee is alive and wellCost applied to vehicle registration still on forms made by state software.The $4 "DMV modernization fee" applied to Kansas vehicle registrations for the last four years reached its expiration date Jan. 1, 2013.
But the fee lives on. It still appears on forms generated by state software, and the $4 charge continues to be collected. The wording on the forms didn't get changed as it should have at the start of the year, said Kansas Department of Revenue public information officer Jeannine Koranda. The important thing, she noted, is that the money generated by the $4 surcharge since the first of the year is going where it should, she said. In 2010, the Legislature approved a multibillion-dollar comprehensive transportation plan that included the addition of these words to the statute creating the Division of Motor vehicles modernization fee: "On and after January 1, 2013, the state treasurer shall credit such $4 to the state highway fund." The surcharge will continue to be applied to vehicle registrations - without a sunset date - and the proceeds eventually will end up with the state highway fund, helping finance the Kansas Department of Transportation. It wasn't until Reno County Treasurer Clark Miller received an email Wednesday, sent by another county treasurer and intended to inform the ranks of county treasurers about what was transpiring with the $4 surcharge, that he knew about the highway-fund language. "My understanding was that it was going to sunset," Miller said, not trying to hide his displeasure over the surcharge's continuation. Miller also wasn't pleased the state software still identifies the $4 surcharge as the modernization fee. In 2008, the fee was projected to raise $10.2 million in the first year of its four-year duration, to finance a $40 million project. "It has covered the cost of the project," said Koranda. The exact amount of revenues generated from 2009 through 2012 was not available Wednesday. Karl Peterjohn, now a Sedgwick County commissioner but representing the Kansas Taxpayers Network in 2008 when the $4 modernization fee was proposed, opposed the surcharge. Peterjohn "expressed concern that the temporary surcharge had the appearance of a tax," the 2008 legislative fiscal note said. Peterjohn said in an email Wednesday that he recalled the issue and the plan to use the money for the Revenue Department's information technology systems. "I don't know if this upgrade was successful or not. Based upon my view of the Statehouse remodel, I am not optimistic," Peterjohn wrote. blog comments powered by Disqus Inappropriate comments include those which: are libelous or defamatory are obscene, pornographic or sexually explicit; substituting characters for letters is not acceptable degrade others on basis of race, gender, class, ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability or other classification are predatory, hateful or intended to attack, intimidate or harass writers or other commenters. contain advertising or solicitation misrepresent your identity or affiliation Also: Please don't hijack comment threads to controversial topics; keep comments relevant to the topic. Click here to read the entire policy |


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Power Outages
Published May 27th, 2012
Loading Video...
Due to the crazy weather Sunday, multiple local cities have been left in the dark.
Power lines in North Central Florida are being affected by the weather conditions of Tropical Storm Beryl.
More than 3,000 customers near Alachua County awere being affected Sunday.
If you have mobile internet you can check the latest list of downed power lines online through GRU.com and the Progress Energy website at


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Lyme Bay extends for 65 kilometres from Exmouth in East Devon to Portland in West Dorset. In Lyme Bay the cold water from the North meets the warmer water from the South. This results in cold and warm water species living in Lyme Bay. The reef habitat of Lyme Bay is home to a rich diversity of marine life. There are over 300 hundred plants and animals including rare and protected species and seven species of coral. The reefs in Lyme Bay also host valuable seafood species such as crab and scallop.
Click on the thumbnail photos below to find out more about the life in Lyme Bay...
Pink Seafan
Latin name - Eunicella verrucosa Size - usually up to 25cm, can be up to 50cm Habitat - attached to rock, usually below 15m
The Pink Sea Fan is a coral and can be found off the coast of Lyme Regis. It is a nationally protected species due to its dwindling population and is a priority species under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan, which aims to maintain the abundance and distribution of this coral. Sea fans are long-lived and slow growing and their numbers are strongly affected if they are removed or damaged by human activities. Trawling for fish and scallops by fishermen has been shown to be putting these animals at risk.
Phone: 01297 560772


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Hello friends
I am using 64 bit processor and 64 bit windows 7, but latest flash verstion 11** is 32 bit, which is causing my all computer and applications to freeze. Please advice where can I get 64 bit flah for 64 bit windows 7 ? I guess the latest version 11*** is 32 bit that is what my system is telling me.
I appreciate your help
Hi, thank you for reply I have:
I uninstalled flash restarted computer.Reinstalled and restarted but same results..


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Man wounded in LAPD shooting in Panorama City
The shooting occurred about 7:30 p.m. in the 14200 block of Community Street, the Los Angeles Police Department said.
The man was taken to a hospital and was listed in stable condition, according to the LAPD. His name was not released.
No officers were hurt.
Investigators were at the scene. No additional details were available.
-- Robert J. Lopez
Map: Shooting scene. Credit: Los Angeles Times Mapping L.A.


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Physics of Atomic Nuclei
Physics of Atomic Nuclei (Yadernaya fizika) was founded in 1965 as the leading Russian journal on elementary particles and nuclei. The topics covered are the experimental and theoretical studies of nuclear physics: nuclear structure, spectra, and properties; radiation, fission, and nuclear reactions induced by photons, leptons, hadrons, and nuclei; fundamental interactions and symmetries; hadrons (with light, strange, charm, and bottom quarks); particle collisions at high and superhigh energies; gauge and unified quantum field theories, quark models, supersymmetry and supergravity, astrophysics and cosmology. The journal is intended for researchers, nuclear engineers, and universities.
14 Volumes 173 Issues 3,506 Articles available from 2000 - 2013
Browse Volumes & IssuesLatest Articles
Elementary Particles and Fields
Neutrino self-energy operator and neutrino magnetic moment
A. A. Dobrynina, N. V. Mikheev, E. N. Narynskaya (November 2013)
Elementary Particles and Fields
Upper limit on the cross section for elastic neutralino-nucleon scattering in a neutrino experiment at the Baksan Underground Scintillator Telescope
O. V. Suvorova, M. M. Boliev, S. V. Demidov, S. P. Mikheyev (November 2013)
Neutron-deuteron breakup reaction as a tool for studying neutron-neutron interactions
E. S. Konobeevski, S. V. Zuyev, M. V. Mordovskoy… (November 2013)
- Journal Title
- Physics of Atomic Nuclei
- Coverage
- Volume 63 / 2000 - Volume 76 / 2013
- Print ISSN
- 1063-7788
- Online ISSN
- Publisher
- Springer US
- Additional Links
- Topics
Continue reading...
To view the rest of this content please follow the download PDF link above.


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Let's be honest – Chili, as a concept, isn't really appetizing. It tastes good. It's hearty and filling, but it looks godawful. I don't know if its the beans, or the dark brown color. Most brown things don't look nice, except cookies. Cookies look great.
But chili? And to make matters worse, there is a lot of orangey cheese on top. Orange isn't really a natural color for a cheese, even though we all know that this is what cheese in America looks like. Ok so not everyone puts cheese in their chili, BUT then there is the whole Cincinnati Chili thing. Bottom line, they put it on top of spaghetti. You can have it several ways, but basically it boils down to how many ingredients do you want to mix in with the chili. I don't really know why. It works, it really does. The flavor is not bad at all. The orange cheese tastes good – sometimes it's even real cheddar.
It's an institution down here. They love it and its a thing that cincinnati does well, even over in Kentucky where a small chain of three restaurants called Dixie Chili is considered one of the top chili places in the Cincy/No. Kentucky area.
You might not agree with me on the whole appetizing thing. If you do think the photos look nice, then Thank You. If not, it's not my fault. Chili is just ugly.
The infamous Cincinnati Chili – a face only a mother could love
The gator – hot dog, ketchup, mustard, pickle and cheese
Greek Fries – Feta and greek (italian) dressing


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The Corsair Air Series A70/A50 Mounting Guide for Intel Systems
By Mike Clements posted Nov 18th 2010
Over the past year or two, we have greatly expanded the Corsair product line. One of these new additions is our new Air Series™ line of CPU coolers, which we proudly debuted at CEBIT in March 2010. We are offering two models at this time, the Air Series A70 and Air Series A50.
The Corsair A70
I have shamelessly plagiarized myself in an attempt to be more efficient. Parts of this guide are the same in the AMD version, but there are some differences too so read on!
If you're serious about high-performance computing, you already know that you've got to keep your CPU cool. Cooling not only gives your CPU the headroom it needs for reliable overclocking, it can also extend the life of your valuable investment. As a result you need CPU cooler that not only significantly outperforms your stock CPU heatsink, but one that does it quietly.
The Corsair Air Series A70 High-Performance CPU Cooler uses advanced thermal engineering technology to deliver superior air cooling performance: four 8mm copper heatpipes directly contact your CPU, and the surface is machined to increase heat transfer efficiency. Dual speed-selectable 120mm fans, mounted on rubber studs, spin quietly in a push-pull configuration for optimum airflow.
- Compatible with Intel and AMD systems
- Four 8mm copper direct-contact heatpipes
- Aluminum fins
- Low-noise, low-vibration 120mm fans mounted on rubber studs
- Selectable 1,600 or 2,000RPM allows you to select the cooling performance you want
- Two-year warranty
- Designed to fit Intel LGA 775, LGA 1156, LGA 1366, AMD Core AM2, and AMD Core AM3 motherboards
The Air Series A70 and A50 CPU coolers both use the same mounting methods and hardware for AMD and Intel motherboards. Mounting your CPU cooler on either board is very simple and takes only a few minutes. For the Intel mount, you will need a Phillips head screw driver. The included parts are shown below and are also shown in the illustrated installation guide included with your cooler. The kit below is for the A70 and includes a second fan. The A50 kit includes same mounting hardware and a single fan.
The Intel installation can be done with the motherboard mounted inside a case assuming that you have adequate access to the back side of the motherboard to install the back plate. Our illustrations are given with the motherboard outside the case.
Install the Top Plate
The Intel mounting mechanism requires attaching a top plate to the base of the cooler. Place the top plate over the top of the cooler base as shown below and install and tighten the four Phillips head screws.
Apply the TIM and the Back Plate
We have included a tube of thermal interface material, or TIM, and you will need to apply a small drop of the material to the center of the Intel CPU as indicated by the red arrow. A drop the size of a small pea or grain of rice is sufficient.
Also, you will need to install the back plate from the back side of the motherboard so that the four mounting posts, circled in red, protrude through the four mounting holes around the CPU socket. Be sure to leave the plastic insulator on the back plate to insulate the back plate from the reverse side of the motherboard.
Attach the Cooler with Four Mounting Screws and Nuts
Sit the cooler on top of the CPU with the four mounting posts sticking through the four corresponding holes in the Intel top plate which is mounted to the base of the CPU cooler. Install the four knurled threaded nuts onto the four mounting posts. You may hand tighten them or use a Phillips head screw driver if needed. Tighten the screws until they bottom out on the threads on the mounting posts. Do not over-tighten the screws. Your Air Series CPU cooler is now mounted.
Mount the Fans
Fan mounting is the same for both the A70 and A50. Different motherboard layouts, chipset coolers, memory heat sinks, and other factors may influence the fan location. Each system will be unique so use your own judgment to determine the best position for your fan. Locking tabs on the plastic shroud on the fan click easily into a groove on the cooling fins. As seen below, a gentle push is all it takes. As previously noted, the A50 has a single fan while the A70 has 2 fans.
The locking tabs are circled in red. The groove into which they lock is indicated by the red arrow. Above is a before picture. Push gently and the locking tabs click easily into place as seen below. Repeat for a second fan if needed.
This guide is intended to supplement the instructions included with the Air Series A70 and Air Series A50 coolers. We would like to thank you for choosing your Corsair Air Series CPU cooling. These units are both excellent choices for cooling your Intel CPU.
This document can also be found in PDF format HERE.


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The primary objectives of the Ph.D. program in Public Administration are 1) to provide doctoral students with the philosophical, theoretical, and substantive material necessary to acquire an advanced understanding of the field of public administration; 2) to provide an opportunity to conduct research in each of the courses offered; 3) to assist doctoral students in acquiring the methodological skills needed to complete a major independent research project; and 4) to develop researchers proficient in undertaking major professional and scholarly research projects in social science in general and the public sector in particular.
The mission and objectives of the program are met by delivering a theoretically and intellectually stimulating program in a manner that encourages integration of course materials and promotes reflection on them. A variety of pedagogical methods will be used to challenge the thinking and facilitate the continued professional development of mid-career students.
The School of Public Affairs and Administration offers Michigan's only doctoral education program specifically in public administration, and this program has been graduating students for nearly three decades.
Qualified students are admitted for the fall semester each year. Students should meet with the SPAA Doctoral Director after being accepted into the program and before the end of their first term of coursework to develop an initial Program of Study. Forty-eight semester credit hours (48 cr) are required beyond the master's degree, including the statistics requirement (3 cr), the five courses in the public administration core (15 cr), three courses in the methods requirement (9 cr), the elective requirement (6 cr), the dissertation seminar (3 cr), and dissertation (a minimum of 12 cr). This may be reduced to forty-five (45) semester hours if the statistics requirement is deemed to have been met at the time of admission to the program. Successful performance on the comprehensive examination and an article requirement is required of all students in order to continue in the program. Finally, successful annual reviews are required of students at all stages in the program and an overall grade point average of 3.0 is required for graduation. The following is an outline of the general requirements in the program.
Each student must take PADM 6070, Quantitative Data Analysis, or an equivalent statistics course. Students should be aware that many of the methods courses will require this so they are encouraged to meet this requirement early in the program. Depending on the specific sequence chosen to fulfill the methods requirement (see below), students may also benefit by taking a graduate-level introductory statistics course (that is equivalent to PADM 6070) from an appropriate department at Western. If an equivalent of this course has been taken within the five years prior to program admission, this requirement may be waived and the credit hours required for the doctoral degree may be reduced by three (3) credit hours.
The following five courses are required core components of the Ph.D. in public administration curriculum:
After completing the "public administration core," students will be eligible to take the written comprehensive examination. This exam will be offered once per year and will be prepared and graded by a group of the faculty who teach the public administration core courses. Outside readers may be used to assess the comprehensive exams as well. Results will be "honors," "satisfactory," or "unsatisfactory." Students with a score of unsatisfactory have one opportunity to retake the comprehensive examination.
Each student is required to successfully complete a three-course (nine credit hours) methodology sequence in a specific discipline, in addition to the general statistics requirement. This sequence must include components in research design, qualitative methods, and quantitative methods. This sequence will be different for different students and must be developed and approved by the Doctoral Director in the student's Program of Study. The goal is to provide students with the knowledge and skills needed to conduct independent research. The following list provides examples of course-sequences that are appropriate for students. It must be noted, however, that the specific courses included in students Programs of Study will depend on her or his previous exposure to research and quantitative and qualitative methodology as well as on their academic and research interests.
Each student must take PADM 6970, Dissertation Seminar, which will focus specifically on developing a dissertation proposal and adapting her or his developing methodological expertise to the field of public administration.
Completing the dissertation is the final leg in the program allowing students to experience the process of an independent academic research project, including an application of the substantive and methodological expertise gained in the program.
Electives may come from within the public administration curriculum or may be linked to the disciplinary field that matches a student's methodological core and/or proposed dissertation topic. These must be in the student's approved Program of Study before the student takes the electives.
Each student shall produce a "substantive" research paper and submit it to a recognized peer-reviewed journal before being designated "all but dissertation" (i.e., ABD). A traditionally ranked, tenured faculty member of the SPAA will need to determine that this article submission is of high quality and meets departmental standards. "Substantive" is intended to focus on empirical research papers excluding theoretical treatise or commentaries, book reviews, and other general expository pieces. This requirement must be met within four years of being accepted into the program in order to achieve satisfactory annual reviews. The purpose of this requirement is to allow each student to put his or her developing research and methodological tools to this real-world application. Students are therefore expected to demonstrate the application of specific research design approaches and methodological skills that were acquired while completing the "Methods Requirement."
Students wishing to present for consideration should submit their papers submitted to a peer-reviewed journal to the Doctoral Director. This submission should also include a description of the specific theoretical and application focus of the paper together with a discussion of how the methodological approaches and tools and techniques applied in its research are drawn from the relevant courses taken to meet the "Methods Requirement." Based on the theoretical content and methodological approaches of the paper, the Doctoral Director will request an appropriate SPAA faculty for further review and communicate results with the student.
Each student must submit the Doctoral Student Annual Activity Report (DSAAR) each year and will receive an official annual review letter from the Doctoral Director. In order to continue in the program, each student must receive a positive annual review. This may be "positive with conditions" in which case the student will have one academic year to meet the conditions. A 3.0 grade point average is required to graduate and is therefore also an ongoing condition for positive annual reviews.
Each student is required to enroll each Fall and Spring semester until completion of the degree, and must also be enrolled in the term in which he or she will graduate. After all coursework is completed, students are required to maintain continuous enrollment in PADM 7300, Doctoral Dissertation, until graduation. During each of the first six semesters of PADM 7300, students must enroll for at least two credit hours.


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Sights From ILGear in San Diego: Day 1
ILGear and ILTV flew across the country to beautiful San Diego Friday morning and boy are my arms tired.
First Stop on LXM ATS 2012: Coronado
Coronado, CA- We are just hours away from the first LXMATS event of the summer, and Coronado, CA, could be the best possible location to kick start the summer tournament season. This weekend's Coronado Classic will feature over 80 teams across five age divisions as well as Saturday night's LXM Pro game, featuring the likes of Kyle Harrison, John Christmas, Sam Bradman and a long list of the top players in the sport. All things considered, Adrenaline, along with top sponsors Maverik, Adrenaline Movement and SKLZ, has created the ultimate all-in-one lacrosse experience that will make for an exciting weekend of action.
Gear Zone: Silverfin's New Titanium Shafts
The Gear Zone has been waiting to show you these for a while now, and the time has finally come. Silverfin, the Southern California-based company well-known for its camps and elite travel teams, was founded by Patrick Smith — a former Navy pilot — who saw the need for more lacrosse instruction to meet the growing demand on the West Coast, where the sport has taken off in recent years.
Gear Zone: Calimesh - 'The Technological Mesh'
The Gear Zone brings you a look at another mesh company that has emerged onto the scene, this one out of the West Coast -- specifically, California, where the lacrosse is growing pretty swiftly. Calimesh, which is billed as the "Technological Mesh", is the creation of Mike Daboll, a high school player at Los Gatos High School in Santa Clara County.
Adrenaline: Recap of the 2012 Adrenaline All-American Event
Orange County, CA: Orange Coast College in Costa Mesa, CA, played host to the 2nd Annual Adrenaline All-American Game, featuring the 50 top players from west of the Mississippi. The All-American game was the highlighted event of an action packed day, which began with clinics and demonstrations for youth teams, lead by LXM Professional Players and Adrenaline All-Americans. The festival atmosphere continued with youth games, followed by the LXM Professional game, and a state-of-the-art Vendor Village.
Kyle Harrison's LXM 949 STX Stallion
The third annual LXM 949 event held this past weekend featured a long list of lacrosse stars hitting the field to kick off the 2012 LXM Pro Tour. The 949 event tied in the Adrenaline All-American Game, played at Orange Coast College. And one of the big names involved in the action was 2005 Tewaaraton Trophy winner Kyle Harrison.
Game Day Gear Exclusive: LXM 949 Complete Setup
ILGear has received an exclusive look at the new gear to be worn at the LXM 949 event Saturday at Orange Coast College in Orange County, Calif. This is the first LXM Pro Tour event for 2012 and will feature the likes of Kyle Harrison, Mikey Powell, Shamel and Rhamel Bratton and rookie Sam Bradman out of Salisbury.
Check out the Champion jerseys and apparel, STX gloves and pads, Cascade helmets with custom Headwrapz LXM graphics, Easton shafts and gloves and an Adrenaline duffle bag. Pretty sweet gear.
Adrenaline All-American Game / LXM Event & Gear Preview
San Diego, CA: The final roster is set for the most exciting and significant lacrosse weekend in the West. The Adrenaline All American game featuring LXM PRO will be hosted at Orange Coast College June 2nd and 3rd in Costa Mesa, CA.
2012 High School Lacrosse Champions: Washington, California, Delaware, Maryland, Missouri
While the NCAA Championships were mounting a full assault, more high school championships were wrapped up in the last two weeks. A breakdown of the latest 2012 prep winners.
LXM Kicks off 2012 Pro Tour with Orange County Event, Adrenaline All-American Game Saturday
LXM is back in Orange County, Calif., for its 3rd Annual LXM 949 event, and again the event will kick off the LXM Tour. The event boasts one of the most exciting itineraries of the year as the Adrenaline All-American Game will again be hosted at Orange Coast College as part of the LXM 949 day.


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Insight: Brutal Youth
Saturday, November 12, 2011 | 10:00 AMPhotos: Chris Hultner
In 2002, two 13 year-old 85cc Minicycle racers - namely Factory Honda Minicycle racer Mike Alessi and little known Yamaha privateer Ryan Villopoto - fought each other fiercely at the AMA Amateur National Championship. The battle would start what would immediately become a searing rivalry that still smolders to this day.
"Man, there's nothing better than watching two great 80cc riders go at it," exclaimed Jimmy Button, standing in the infield of the Loretta Lynn's motocross circuit – a circuit he had won many Minicycle championships upon for Team Honda in the 1980s.
"I know. Look at them. They go through lappers like professionals," added Denny Stephenson, also a former Minicycle champion who had left Hurricane Mills, Tennessee with numerous trophies in the back of the family truck as a teenager in 1986 and 1988.
Welcome to the 21st Annual AMA Amateur National Motocross Championship and an enthralling duel between two 13 year-olds named Mike Alessi and Ryan Villopoto. Wringing the life out of their screaming Minicycles as the opening 85cc Modified (9-13) moto entered its closing stages, it was Team Honda factory Minicycle rider holding a small lead over the little known Yamaha privateer Villopoto.
Looking so much like scaled down versions of Carmichael and McGrath. The duo charged towards the moto's 20 minute mark. Arguably the most exiting race of the week, the mothers, fathers, fans and industry types that surrounded the circuit watched on in awe as the white flag was thrown. With only a few corners remaining, Villopoto pulled right up on Alessi' red rear fender, but just missed him at the finish line after attempting a full-on banzai charge around the rim of a high speed sweeper came up just short. And while Villopoto didn't win the moto, he won the heart of the crowd with his extraordinary, go for broke performance.
"Who was that kid?" I asked photographer and close friend Chris Hultner.
"His name is Ryan Villopoto," he replied. "He's from Washington and really underrated. You should go talk to him today if you get a chance."An hour later, after scarring up an abandon golf cart, I set out for Area 3 – a far flung parcel of weed infested real estate way out in the hinterlands of the sprawling Loretta Lynn's pit area. Driving along the crowded midway amongst a cacophony of idling motocross bikes, bicycles, golf carts, scooters, pickup trucks, box vans and a myriad of sweating, wandering human beings, I came upon Camp Honda. A huge "bunker" consisting of semi-trucks, box vans, motorhomes and tents, American Honda had truly circled the wagons at Loretta Lynn's in 2002. In the middle of it all was the Alessi clan. Far and away the most high profile minicycle family in the nation, brothers Mike and Jeff (although both just still in their early teens) enjoyed the financial and technical backing and wherewithal of the mightiest motorcycle company on earth. Racing week in and week out, the California-based "Team Alessi" toured the nation all year collecting copious amounts of marble, metal, chrome – and publicity.
Then there was the Villopoto outfit. It took me nearly an hour, but I eventually found the family motorhome and Brothers Powersports trailer the family was operating out of. "He's down in the creek fishing," said a kid near the motorhome when I asked him if he had seen Ryan. "I'll take you there." Five minutes later, I had my shoes and socks off and was wading through the cool stream yelling out his name. Having no luck, I turned back. That's when I ran into his father.
"He was really slow at first," conceded Mr. Villopoto after we had spoken about his son for a few minutes. "He started off on a little 50 and he broke that in half. Then we got him a 60 and he was on that forever. It took him a long time to learn how to shift gears. But at that point we just did it on the weekends for fun. It took him a long time to get good at racing.
"I used to be really hard on him," he continued. "I really pushed him. If you talk to people around, you'll hear that I was really hard on him. Now I just know I can't get anymore out of him, so I just let him do his thing. There is less pressure on him now then when he was racing when he was younger because I was so hard on him."
Like a number of families involved in American motocross, the Villopoto's go back a few generations in the sport. Ryan's grandfather raced a BSA in the late 1960s (when motocross first came to America), and his father raced Hodakas and Maicos all over California during the 1970s. However it is Ryan who was blessed with enough natural talent and speed to go all the way to the top. It was Ryan who had "the gift"."He's special," said Mr. Villopoto. "One day something just clicked. We started traveling and he started doing really well. We got a lot of seconds to [Mike] Alessi at Ponca, Loretta's and Vegas and places like that. Then after Mammoth this year, Ryan knew he could run with him. That was really the icebreaker. In his head he knows he can beat Mike now. Then last week at Ponca City, he beat him."
When asked if Mr. Villopoto and his son were put off by being so overshadowed by Team Alessi, he answered: "We're used to it - just like we're used to getting these pit areas way in the back at places like Loretta Lynn's or Ponca City. It just makes us work harder. It's tough to get attention and support where we come from. However in the last few years, we've begun to get attention and support from Brothers Powersports in Washington and from Mike Guerra at Yamaha. We've also just received offers to race for Kawasaki and Suzuki. We're taking it seriously now because when you're at this level, you have to take it serious."
As we continued to talk about the amazing scene that was Loretta Lynn's, young Ryan came walking down the creek. Dressed in green and black surf trunks, wearing sandals and carrying a fishing pole, his father waved him over to where we were standing. Ryan and I started to talk about his amazing moto and I said, "You were fantastic in your race with Alessi. He's probably the best know 85cc racer in America now. How did it feel to be on the verge of beating him here today?"
"It's great," he smiled back shyly. "I know I can beat him now. That's why I pushed so hard.
"Are you friends with one another?" I asked.
"We kind of were, but he doesn't say anything to me now."
Now it's Friday, August 9, the penultimate day of the 2002 AMA Amateur National Motocross Championship. Yet again, an otherworldly hot and humid morning, the next round of the Alessi/Villopoto prize fight was scheduled for 8:30 a.m. in the form of the 85cc Stock (12-13) classification. In the staging area sitting on his #20 Yamaha, Ryan Villopoto leaned over onto the bike's handlebars and waited for the Vet 35 Plus class to finish up its moto. Well off to his left, Mike Alessi, by himself, stood behind a wire fence and stared out at the starting gate.
"Okay! 85cc rider number one to the gate!" shouted out an AMA official over a microphone. Hearing the announcement, Tony Alessi, Mike's father, a father who had dedicated a tremendous amount of time, money and vacation days to his son's fledgling racing career, wheeled the finely-tuned CR80 to the second starting spot gate position, located immediately right of the doghouse. "85cc bike number two!" yelled the same AMA official. Mr. Villopoto and son carefully positioned the blue YZ behind the fourth gate to the left of the box.
As the fans gathered in the grandstands and along the fences to watch the two Minicycle aces, the tension and drama crackling in the air around the starting gate actually rivaled that of a 250cc Main Event at Edison International Field back home in Anaheim, California – and these two kids were 13 years-old! After the last Vet 35 Plus bike motored off the track, the call was given to the 85cc class to fire the bikes. After the sighting lap was complete, all 42 kids took to their places behind the gate and anxiously waited for it to clank into the soft Tennessee soil. 60 seconds later it did and the 85cc Stock Class collectively leaped out of the hole and screamed the starting straight and into the first turn.
Out in front was Alessi, with Villopoto fourth. It was on. Down the next long straight, the beehive slammed into a tight left handed hairpin turn then careened up the next straight toward a tight right hand turn. Alessi made it through the corner cleanly, but then two riders tangled and chaos ensued as a number of other riders hit the ground. After everyone got to their feet and all was sorted out, a moan went up from the crowd when it was announced that Ryan Villopoto was now dead last.
Undaunted, he immediately put his head down, banged his way through the YZ's gearbox and set out looking for the tail end of the field. Lap after lap, Mike Alessi, way out front, looked over his shoulder to see where his adversary was. Way back in the 30s, Villopoto rode for all he was worth, picking off rider after rider. Utilizing every square inch of the track that was available to him in an effort to make up as much time and ground as possible, Villopoto found – and used – lines like a big-time, million dollar professional. Methodically, working his way through the madness and with the crowd now fully behind him, in the span of 20 minutes, Villopoto had managed to pass 38 riders. But time was out for the Yamaha rider as Villopoto was racing toward the third place rider when the checkered flag was unfurled and waved.
When he crossed the finish line, everyone in the surrounding grandstands stood and applauded Villopoto for his heroic effort. Removing his goggles, he idled beneath the technical tent, shut his bike off, and watched on as Alessi rode his Honda up onto the victory podium. Beneath the tent – sheltering the riders from the oppressive heat and humidity – a number of competitors and industry representatives congratulated Villopoto on his remarkable charge. He looked pleased. A moment later, Mr. Villopoto walked under the tent to see his son. Taking off his sunglasses, he said something sternly to Ryan, who upon hearing what he had to say, glared back with a look on his face equal parts shock and dismay. Mr. Villopoto then said something else, adamantly. Ryan, visibly upset and defending his gritty, determined performance, shot back at his father with a few words. The father listened, shook his head, put his sunglasses back on, and walked away. Ryan grabbed for a cup of Gatorade, took a long drink, and looked down at the ground. He didn't look up for a while.
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in our Latest issue of Racer X available now.Playing soccer on 250cc motorcycles might sound like a strange form of riding, but in Russia they do it with great passion—and for very little reward. Page 112.
The Conversation
What a great article. There is a kid in Florida that also rides under the radar, he is 13 and rides a 450. This kid beats riders 2x his age His name is Tristan Lane ! If anyone has yet to see him race visit PAX or any of the Florida Series races. This kid needs a bike if anyone out there wants to offer some support to a up and comming rider. He can be found by the promoter or see him at PAX
Seems that behind every successful mini bike racer is a prick of a father.
Hey all I made my comment on racerhead before I read this and this article says it all.
All of the hype and arrogance (mostly by his dad) killed mikes chances in the pro class. I used to ride at Castaic track alot and remember watching both of the Alessi kids ride. I told my wife one day, they were the two fastest kids I'd ever seen, but probably wouldn't make it in the pro's because of the pressure their dad put on them. Nothing was ever good enough for him. Shame
and look were they are now...
RV's method is if you cant beat'em them work harder till you can...
Alessi's method is, if you cant beat'm ,,cheat 'em...
Karma has caught up with alessi.... he wont see the podium again
I seen Mikey kill it at the Us open of Motocross@ Gelen Helen,when the Des nations was canceled..in 02,, He dominated,I'll have to go back to the picts and See who else was on the podium,,Great day for him.
Villipoto's Dad understood when to get out of the way. Consequently RV learned how to be his own man. Alessi's Dad is still smoothering Mike. Consequently Mike has never learned how to figure out winning in his own way.
I'm sure Mike loves his Dad but if his Dad loves Mike he'd get out of the way while there's stil time. It is really sad to see his Dad ruin what should have been an amazing career.
Note to #800- time to be your own man: Fire your Dad. It will be the best decision you've ever made.
pizzacorner- You're wrong. There are plenty, and I'd even say most, great athletes that made it to the top didn't have someone "riding them hard." They however did have someone guiding them carefully and sometimes not even that. I'd say that most of the kids that parents rode them hard burnt out.
Bottom line is that drive has to come from within, not the parent. Eddy Merckx was self motivated, so was Bob Hannah and DeCoster.
@kflorida- yeah that tristan kid is a tiny and smooth kid. on that 80 of his, he is so dialed in on the corners; he also hauls it at Bostwick too. i have talked to him and his dad a couple times and he they r both so nice.
Dan Villopoto is a good guy! He asked Ryan a long time ago what he really wanted and when Ryan said to be #1 the hard work and high expectations began. It's hard to be a coach and a father at the same time. Danny as a coach did what it took to make Ryan #1. Danny as a father protected his son and tried to keep him from making mistakes off the track in his personal life. By the time Ryan was 18 he was a millionaire! What can you tell an 18 year old millionaire? Not much! Ryan's whole family practically lived in the motorhome for years making sacrifices for him. When he won the family succeeded.
pizzacorner- does your Doctor and family know you stopped taking your meds? Seriously, go get some help and stop assuming and generalizing. You sound like a total moron.
That is one of the best articles I have ever read on this site. Keep 'em coming...
Show us some video man.
For every person that has made it big in sports with someone riding them hard, you can bet there are hundreds, probably more like thousands, that ended up quitting and turning to drugs or other negative outlets in response. The sad fact is there is more to it than just pushing kids. Some aren't good enough and still have to endure a maniac parent who thinks they can will it out of them. In RV's case, I don't think it is a bad thing that his father can recognize that he was maybe too tough on him at times. It is real bad when that recognition isn't there on the parent's part though...and the kid just isn't good enough.
Some of you are so ignorant. Drugs? Really? Now we're psychoanalists? Geez we're all tough on our kids, whether we're mini Dads or baseball dads or just dads trying to teach them values and how to work. It's just that some guys are pricks about it and some of us are cool about it.
Great article... People call me a villotard.. So be it! Paid off big times for RV!!
As to whether it is the best thing to do as a dad... In RV's case it paid off...
RV1 will rule again in 2012!
MA will never win a championship but he will go down in history as the greatest starter ever! When I saw RV at the 07' des nations I was blown away nobody could have beat him that day. I realized then that I was watching the 2nd coming of RC.
they should have posted the complete results from those motos...curious as to who else was in them and give the rest some exposure.
Rainman: since you commented on drugs (and that seems directed at me) I also assume I'm the brunt of the ignorant comment. Stick your head in the sand some more. Nah, nowhere ever has any kid been pushed so hard by a parent to excel at a sport that they turn to drugs and a life of crime. You understand there are kids that catch a beating if they fail at the PARENT'S chosen sport, right? You obviously can't comprehend that, but it happens. You ever hear of Jenifer Capriati? You see where she ended up AFTER making it big? You think we hear about ALL the kids that go this route? I'm talking ALL sports, not just MX. You ever hear about the psycho Dad who has almost killed the coach? Right here in Connecticut not too long ago a Dad of a girls softball player beat the coach with a bat at practice in front ot the whole team because he benched his daughter for missing practice. The coach will never hear out of one ear again and spent months in the hospital. Oh by the way, the Dad was a freaking teacher at another school! You have got to be kidding me calling me ignorant, when it is in response to such possibilities. Do you ever bother watching the news? There are some real sickos out there raising kids. Wake the hell up!
Yeah..its not just MX parents who are psychos.
My neighbor used to be one of those nut jobs who would yell and scream- at his daughters softball games
Geez B-KR, here all along I thought we were all talking about a couple of motocross racers.
makes me wish that my dad was more of a prick.
I don't think the issue is when a parent is tough on their kid. Parents need to hold their kids to a meaningful standard. The issue is when the parent is living through the child a la Tony Alessi.
When this happens the racing is no longer about the child winning it is about the parent "winning" via the kid. We've all seen it; the kid with some talent and a normal amount of desire, the parent screaming and pushing the kid to act and think like a pro far too early, when they should just be having fun.
You rarely see RV's parents at the races, Ryan's leading his own life. Tony Alessi, on the other hand, insists on being a team manager and getting in the way of everyone else. DeCoster wouldn't resign MA because of his Dad. That should have been a signal to step out of the way.
So... what did RV's dad say to him after the race. 10 years later we see how it all turned out, but was it something good or bad?
A great read ... wish I could have been there for that moto. Seems like RV has always been forced to work his way up. That's probably helped him adjust to pro racing, especially when things don't go your way. He seems to have good balance in his life as well (hunting, fishing, etc) and doesn't just live for moto. Congrats to RV on his amateur and pro success. Good luck in 2012!


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Totally 80's smoking hot tropical neon bikini swimsuit. The top features a ruched bust with tie detail, molded cups and hook closure at back. The bottoms feature a high waist with a ruched waist band and high cut legs.
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Name | Alessia Correani |
Job Title | Web Analyst and UX specialist (PhD) |
Organization | Tourism, Transportation and Leasure |
Registered Since | 23 May 2012 |
Areas of Expertise | Strategy & Operations, User Experience and Usability, Web Analytics, Conversion Rate Optimization, Customer Experience |
About Me
Web Marketing Analyst and UX Specialist
Academic Visitor, Oxford University, Experimental Psychology Department
Freelance UX and Usability consultant
User experience design and website usability analysis and testing. Strong understanding of web analytics used as a tool for website and e-commerce monitoring and optimization, website information design, visual optimization and customer journey. Experience in analysing, planning, designing and monitoring website projects. Interested in delivering a great user and customer experience through creativity, passion and purpose.
Web Marketing analysis and Research
User Experience Optimization,
Web Analytics
Conversion optimization
Visual optimization
Visual Cognition,
Research and data analysis
Data driven insights.
Education and Qualifications
PhD in Cognitive Neuroscience, Visual Cognition
Birmingham University (UK)
MS in Behavioural Psychology and Visual Cognition


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CHARLEVOIX CO. -- A 16-year-old girl died as a result of a rollover car crash late Sunday night.
The victim, Thandiwe Baton-Stawson, of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania was originally reported to be unconcious but was later pronounced dead at the scene.
Initial reports from the Charlevoix County Sheriff's Office indicates that the driver, Anna Rieker, also 16, may have swerved to avoid hitting a deer.
Rieker was airlifted to Harbor Springs Airport and transported to McLaren Northern Michigan Hospital.
Her injuries remain undisclosed at this time.
Both the victim and the driver were visitors to the island at the time of the crash.