text:
Mark, Gospel according to
It is the current and apparently well-founded tradition that Mark derived his information mainly from the discourses of Peter. In his mother's house he would have abundant opportunities of obtaining information from the other apostles and their coadjutors, yet he was "the disciple and interpreter of Peter" specially.
As to the time when it was written, the Gospel furnishes us with no definite information. Mark makes no mention of the destruction of Jerusalem, hence it must have been written before that event, and probably about A.D. 63.
The place where it was written was probably Rome. Some have supposed Antioch (Comp. Mark 15:21 with Acts 11:20).
It was intended primarily for Romans. This appears probable when it is considered that it makes no reference to the Jewish law, and that the writer takes care to interpret words which a Gentile would be likely to misunderstand, such as, "Boanerges" (3:17); "Talitha cumi" (5:41); "Corban" (7:11); "Bartimaeus" (10:46); "Abba" (14:36); "Eloi," etc. (15:34). Jewish usages are also explained (7:3; 14:3; 14:12; 15:42). Mark also uses certain Latin words not found in any of the other Gospels, as "speculator" (6:27, rendered, A.V., "executioner;" R.V., "soldier of his guard"), "xestes" (a corruption of sextarius, rendered "pots, 7:4, 8), "quadrans" (12:42, rendered "a farthing"), "centurion" (15:39, 44, 45). He only twice quotes from the Old Testament (1:2; 15:28).
The characteristics of this Gospel are, (1) the absence of the genealogy of our Lord, (2) whom he represents as clothed with power, the "lion of the tribe of Judah."
(3.) Mark also records with wonderful minuteness the very words (3:17; 5:41; 7:11, 34; 14:36) as well as the position (9:35) and gestures (3:5, 34; 5:32; 9:36; 10:16) of our Lord.
(4.) He is also careful to record particulars of person (1:29, 36; 3:6, 22, etc.), number (5:13; 6:7, etc.), place (2:13; 4:1; 7:31, etc.), and time (1:35; 2:1; 4:35, etc.), which the other evangelists omit.
(5.) The phrase "and straightway" occurs nearly forty times in this Gospel; while in Luke's Gospel, which is much longer, it is used only seven times, and in John only four times.
"The Gospel of Mark," says Westcott, "is essentially a transcript from life. The course and issue of facts are imaged in it with the clearest outline." "In Mark we have no attempt to draw up a continuous narrative. His Gospel is a rapid succession of vivid pictures loosely strung together without much attempt to bind them into a whole or give the events in their natural sequence. This pictorial power is that which specially characterizes this evangelist, so that `if any one desires to know an evangelical fact, not only in its main features and grand results, but also in its most minute and so to speak more graphic delineation, he must betake himself to Mark.'" The leading principle running through this Gospel may be expressed in the motto: "Jesus came...preaching the gospel of the kingdom" (Mark 1:14).
"Out of a total of 662 verses, Mark has 406 in common with Matthew and Luke, 145 with Matthew, 60 with Luke, and at most 51 peculiar to itself." (see MATTHEW.)
Noah Webster's Dictionary
1. (n.) A license of reprisals. See Marque.
2. (n.) An old weight and coin. See Marc.
3. (n.) The unit of monetary account of the German Empire, equal to 23.8 cents of United States money; the equivalent of one hundred pfennig. Also, a silver coin of this value.
4. (n.) A visible sign or impression made or left upon anything; esp., a line, point, stamp, figure, or the like, drawn or impressed, so as to attract the attention and convey some information or intimation; a token; a trace.
5. (n.) A character or device put on an article of merchandise by the maker to show by whom it was made; a trade-mark.
6. (n.) A character (usually a cross) made as a substitute for a signature by one who can not write.
7. (n.) A fixed object serving for guidance, as of a ship, a traveler, a surveyor, etc.; as, a seamark, a landmark.
8. (n.) A trace, dot, line, imprint, or discoloration, although not regarded as a token or sign; a scratch, scar, stain, etc.; as, this pencil makes a fine mark.
9. (n.) An evidence of presence, agency, or influence; a significative token; a symptom; a trace; specifically, a permanent impression of one's activity or character.
10. (n.) That toward which a missile is directed; a thing aimed at; what one seeks to hit or reach.
11. (n.) Attention, regard, or respect.
12. (n.) Limit or standard of action or fact; as, to be within the mark; to come up to the mark.
13. (n.) Badge or sign of honor, rank, or official station.
14. (n.) Preeminence; high position; as, particians of mark; a fellow of no mark.
15. (n.) A characteristic or essential attribute; a differential.
16. (n.) A number or other character used in registering; as, examination marks; a mark for tardiness.
17. (n.) Image; likeness; hence, those formed in one's image; children; descendants.
18. (n.) One of the bits of leather or colored bunting which are placed upon a sounding line at intervals of from two to five fathoms. The unmarked fathoms are called deeps.
19. (v. t.) To put a mark upon; to affix a significant mark to; to make recognizable by a mark; as, to mark a box or bale of merchandise; to mark clothing.
20. (v. t.) To be a mark upon; to designate; to indicate; -- used literally and figuratively; as, this monument marks the spot where Wolfe died; his courage and energy marked him for a leader.
21. (v. t.) To leave a trace, scratch, scar, or other mark, upon, or any evidence of action; as, a pencil marks paper; his hobnails marked the floor.
22. (v. t.) To keep account of; to enumerate and register; as, to mark the points in a game of billiards or cards.
23. (v. t.) To notice or observe; to give attention to; to take note of; to remark; to heed; to regard.
24. (v. i.) To take particular notice; to observe critically; to note; to remark.
Int. Standard Bible Encyclopedia
mark: In the King James Version this word is used 22 times as a noun and 26 times as a predicate. In the former case it is represented by 5 Hebrew and 3 Greek words; in the latter by 11 Hebrew and 2 Greek words. As a noun it is purely a physical term, gaining almost a technical significance from the "mark" put upon Cain (Genesis 4:15 the King James Version); the stigmata of Christ in Paul's body (Galatians 6:17); the "mark of the beast" (Revelation 16:2).As a verb it is almost exclusively a mental process: e.g. "to be attentive," "understand ": bin (Job 18:2 the King James Version), rightly rendered in the Revised Version (British and American) "consider"; shith, "Mark ye well her bulwarks" (Psalm 48:13), i.e. turn the mind to, notice, regard; shamar, i.e. observe, keep in view; so Psalm 37:37, "Mark the perfect man"; compare Job 22:15 the King James Version. This becomes a unique expression in 1 Samuel 1:12, where Eli, noticing the movement of Hannah's lips in prayer, is said to have "marked her mouth." Jesus "marked" how invited guests chose out (epecho, i.e. "observed") the chief seats (Luke 14:7); so skopeo (Romans 16:17 Philippians 3:17), "Mark them," i.e. look at, signifying keen mental attention, i.e. scrutinize, observe carefully. The only exceptions to this mental signification of the verb are two verses in the Old Testament: Isaiah 44:13, "He marketh it out with a pencil" ("red ochre," the King James Version "line"), and "with the compasses," where the verb is ta'ar, "to delineate," "mark out"; Jeremiah 2:22, "Thine iniquity is marked (katham, "cut (i.e. engraved)) before me," signifying the deep and ineradicable nature of sin. It may also be rendered "written," as in indelible hieroglyphics.As a noun the term "mark" may signify, according to its various Hebrew and Greek originals, a sign, "a target" an object of assault, a brand or stigma cut or burnt in the flesh, a goal or end in view, a stamp or imprinted or engraved sign.(1) 'oth, "a sign": Genesis 4:15 the King James Version, "The Lord set a mark upon Cain" (the American Standard Revised Version "appointed a sign"). It is impossible to tell the nature of this sign. Delitzsch thinks that the rabbins were mistaken in regarding it as a mark upon Cain's body. He considers it rather "a certain sign which protected him from vengeance," the continuance of his life being necessary for the preservation of the race. It was thus, as the Hebrew indicates, the token of a covenant which God made with Cain that his life would be spared.(2) mattara', "an aim," hence, a mark to shoot at. Jonathan arranged to shoot arrows as at a mark, for a sign to David (1 Samuel 20:20); Job felt himself to be a target for the Divine arrows, i.e. for the Divinely decreed sufferings which wounded him and which he was called to endure (Job 16:12); so Jeremiah, "He hath set me as a mark for the arrow" (Lamentations 3:12); closely akin to this is miphga`, an object of attack (Job 7:20), where Job in bitterness of soul feels that God has become his enemy, and says, `Why hast thou made me the mark of hostile attack?'; "set me as a mark for thee."See TARGET.(3) taw, "mark" (Ezekiel 9:4, 6). In Ezekiel's vision of the destruction of the wicked, the mark to be set upon the forehead of the righteous, at Yahweh's command, was, as in the case of the blood sprinkled on the door-posts of the Israelites (Exodus 12:22, 23), for their protection. As the servants of God (Revelation 7:2, 3)-the elect-were kept from harm by being sealed with the seal of the living God in their foreheads, so the man clothed in linen, with a writer's inkhorn by his side, was told to mark upon their foreheads those whom God would save from judgment by His sheltering grace. Taw also appears (Job 31:35) for the attesting mark made to a document (the Revised Version (British and American) "signature," margin "mark").The equivalent Hebrew letter taw ("t") in the Phoenician alphabet and on the coins of the Maccabees had the form of a cross (T). In oriental synods it was used as a signature by bishops who could not write. The cross, as a sign of ownership, was burnt upon the necks or thighs of horses and camels. It may have been the "mark" set upon the forehead of the righteous in Ezekiel's vision.(4) qa`aqa`, "a stigma" cut or burnt. The Israelites were forbidden (Leviticus 19:28) to follow the custom of other oriental and heathen nations in cutting, disfiguring or branding their bodies.The specific prohibition "not to print any marks upon" themselves evidently has reference to the custom of tattooing common among savage tribes, and in vogue among both men and women of the lower orders in Arabia, Egypt, and many other lands. It was intended to cultivate reverence for and a sense of the sacredness of the human body, as God's creation, known in the Christian era as the temple of the Holy Spirit.See also CUTTINGS IN THE FLESH.(5) skopos, something seen or observed in the distance, hence, a "goal." The Christian life seemed to Paul, in the intensity of his spiritual ardor, like the stadium or race-course of the Greeks, with runners stretching every nerve to reach the goal and win the prize. "I press on toward the goal (the King James Version "mark") unto the prize" (Philippians 3:14). The mark or goal is the ideal of life revealed in Christ, the prize, the attainment and possession of that life.In The Wisdom of Solomon 5:21 "they fly to the mark" is from eustochoi, "with true aim" (so the Revised Version (British and American)).(6) stigma, "a mark pricked or branded upon the body." Slaves and soldiers, in ancient times, were stamped or branded with the name of their master. Paul considered and called himself the bondslave of Jesus Christ. The traces of his sufferings, scourging, stonings, persecution, wounds, were visible in permanent scars on his body (compare 2 Corinthians 11:23-27). These he termed the stigmata of Jesus, marks branded in his very flesh as proofs of his devotion to his Master (Galatians 6:17).This passage gives no ground for the Romanist superstition that the very scars of Christ's crucifixion were reproduced in Paul's hands and feet and side. It is also "alien to the lofty self-consciousness" of these words to find in them, as some expositors do, a contrast in Paul's thought to the scar of circumcision.(7) charagma, "a stamp" or "imprinted mark." "The mark of the beast" (peculiar to Revelation) was the badge of the followers of Antichrist, stamped on the forehead or right hand (Revelation 13:16; compare Ezekiel 9:4, 6). It was symbolic of character and was thus not a literal or physical mark, but the impress of paganism on the moral and spiritual life. It was the sign or token of apostasy. As a spiritual state or condition it subjected men to the wrath of God and to eternal torment (Revelation 14:9-11); to noisome disease (Revelation 16:2); to the lake of fire (Revelation 19:20). Those who received not the mark, having faithfully endured persecution and martyrdom, were given part in the first resurrection and lived and reigned with Christ a thousand years (Revelation 20:4). The "beast" symbolizes the anti-Christian empires, particularly Rome under Nero, who sought to devour and destroy the early Christians.(8) molops, "bruise," Sirach 23:10 (the Revised Version (British and American) "bruise"); 28:17:00.Dwight M. Pratt
mark, John (Ioannes) represents his Jewish, Mark (Markos) his Roman name. Why the latter was assumed we do not know.1. Name and Family: Perhaps the aorist participle in Acts 12:25 may be intended to intimate that it dated from the time when, in company with Barnabas and Saul, he turned to service in the great Gentilecity of Antioch. Possibly it was the badge of Roman citizenship, as in the case of Paul. The standing of the family would be quite consistent with such a supposition.His mother's name was Mary (Acts 12:12). The home is spoken of as hers. The father was probably dead. The description of the house (with its large room and porch) and the mention of the Greek slave, suggest a family of wealth. They were probably among the many zealous Jews who, having become rich in the great world outside, retired to Jerusalem, the center of their nation and faith. Mark was "cousin" to Barnabas of Cyprus (Colossians 4:10) who also seems to have been a man of means (Acts 4:36). Possibly Cyprus was also Mark's former home.2. His History as Known from the New Testament:When first mentioned, Mark and his mother are already Christians (44 A.D.). He had been converted through Peter's personal influence (1 Peter 5:13) and had already won a large place in the esteem of the brethren, as is shown by his being chosen to accompany Barnabas and Saul to Antioch, a little later. The home was a resort for Christians, so that Mark had every opportunity to become acquainted with other leaders such as James and John, and James the brother of the Lord. It was perhaps from the latter James that he learned the incident of Mark 3:21 which Peter would be less likely to mention.His kinship with Barnabas, knowledge of Christian history and teaching, and proved efficiency account for his being taken along on the first missionary journey as "minister" (huperetes) to Barnabas and Saul (Acts 13:5). Just what that term implies is not clear. Chase (HDB) conjectures the meaning to be that he had been huperetes, "attendant" or chazzan in the synagogue (compare Luke 4:20), and was known as such an official. Wright (English translation, February, 1910) suggests that he was to render in newly founded churches a teaching service similar to that of the synagogue chazzan. Hackett thought that the kai of this verse implies that he was to be doing the same kind of work as Barnabas and Saul and so to be their "helper" in preaching and teaching. The more common view has been (Meyer, Swete, et al.) that he was to perform "personal service not evangelistic," "official service but not of the menial kind"-to be a sort of business agent. The view that he was to be a teacher, a catechist for converts, seems to fit best all the facts.Why did he turn back from the work (Acts 13:13)? Not because of homesickness, or anxiety for his mother's safety, or home duties, or the desire to rejoin Peter, or fear of the perils incident to the journey, but rather because he objected to the offer of salvation to the Gentiles on condition of faith alone. There are hints that Mark's family, like Paul's, were Hebrews of the Hebrews, and it is not without significance that in both verses (Acts 13:5, 13) he is given only his Hebrew name. The terms of Paul's remonstrance are very strong (Acts 15:38), and we know that nothing stirred Paul's feelings more deeply than this very question. The explanation of it all may be found in what happened at Paphos when the Roman Sergius Paulus became a believer. At that time Paul (the change of name is here noted by Luke) stepped to the front, and henceforth, with the exception of 15:12, 25, where naturally enough the old order is maintained, Luke speaks of Paul and Barnabas, not Barnabas and Saul. We must remember that, at that time, Paul stood almost alone in his conviction. Barnabas, even later than that, had misgivings (Galatians 2:13). Perhaps, too, Mark was less able than Barnabas himself to see the latter take second place.We hear nothing further of Mark until the beginning of the second missionary journey 2 years later, when Paul's unwillingness to take him with them led to the rupture between Paul and Barnabas and to the mission of Barnabas and Mark to Cyprus (Acts 15:39). He is here called Mark, and in that quiet way Luke may indicate his own conviction that Mark's mind had changed on the great question, as indeed his willingness to accompany Paul might suggest. He had learned from the discussions in the council at Jerusalem and from subsequent events at Antioch.About 11 years elapse before we hear of him again (Colossians 4:10 Philemon 1:24). He is at Rome with Paul. The breach is healed. He is now one of the faithful few among Jewish Christians who stand by Paul. He is Paul's honored "fellowworker" and a great "comfort" to him.The Colossian passage may imply a contemplated visit by Mark to Asia Minor. It may be that it was carried out, that he met Peter and went with him to Babylon. In 1 Peter 5:13 the apostle sends Mark's greeting along with that of the church in Babylon. Thence Mark returns to Asia Minor, and in 2 Timothy 4:11 Paul asks Timothy, who is at Ephesus, to come to him, pick up Mark by the way, and bring him along. In that connection Paul pays Mark his final tribute; he is "useful for ministering" (euchrestos eis diakonian), so useful that his ministry is a joy to the veteran's heart.3. His History as Known from Other Sources:The most important and reliable tradition is that he was the close attendant and interpreter of Peter, and has given us in the Gospel that bears his name account of Peter's teaching. For that comradeship the New Testament facts furnish a basis, and the gaps in the New Testament history leave plenty of room. An examination of the tradition will be found in MARK, THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO (which see).Other traditions add but little that is reliable. It is said that Mark had been a priest, and that after becoming a Christian he amputated a finger to disqualify himself for that service. Hence, the nickname kolobo-daktulos, which, however, is sometimes otherwise explained. He is represented as having remained in Cyprus until after the death of Barnabas (who was living in 57 A.D. according to 1 Corinthians 9:5) and then to have gone to Alexandria, founded the church there, become its first bishop and there died (or was marthyred) in the 8th year of Nero (62-63). They add that in 815 A.D. Venetian soldiers stole his remains from Alexandria and placed them under the church of Mark at Venice.LITERATURE.Chase, HDB, III, 245;; Rae, DCG, II, 119 f; Harnack, Encyclopedia Brit; Zahn, Introduction to the New Testament, II, 427-56; Lindsay, Salmond, Morison and Swete in their Comms.J. H. Farmer
" I. OUR SECOND GOSPELII. CONTENTS AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS1. Scope2. Material Peculiar to Mark3. Quotations4. A Book of Mighty Works5. The Worker Is Also a Teacher6. A Book of Graphic DetailsIII. THE TEXTIV. LANGUAGE1. General Character2. Vocabulary3. Style4. Original LanguageV. AUTHORSHIP1. External Evidence2. Internal EvidenceVI. SOURCES AND INTEGRITYVII. DATE AND PLACE OF COMPOSITIONVIII. HISTORICITYIX. PURPOSE AND PLAN1. The Gospel for Romans2. Plan of the GospelX. LEADING DOCTRINES1. Person of Christ2. The Trinity3. Salvation4. EschatologyLITERATUREI. Our Second Gospel.The order of the Gospels in our New Testament is probably due to the early conviction that this was the order in which the Gospels were written. It was not, however, the invariable order. The question of order only arose when the roll was superseded by the codex, our present book-form. That change was going on in the 3rd century. Origen found codices with the order John-Matthew-Mark-Luke-due probably to the desire to give the apostles the leading place. That and the one common today may be considered the two main groupings-the one in the order of dignity, the other in that of time. The former is Egyptian and Latin; the latter has the authority of most Greek manuscripts, Catalogues and Fathers, and is supported by the old Syriac.Within these, however, there are variations. The former is varied thus: John-Matthew-Luke-Mark, and Matthew-John-Mark-Luke, and Matthew-John-Luke-Mark; the latter to Matthew-Mark-John-Luke. Mark is never first; when it follows Luke, the time consideration has given place to that of length.II. Contents and General Characteristics.1. Scope:The Gospel begins with the ministry of John the Baptist and ends with the announcement of the Resurrection, if the last 12 verses be not included. These add post-resurrection appearances, the Commission, the Ascension, and a brief summary of apostolic activity. Thus its limits correspond closely with those indicated by Peter in Acts 10:37-43. Nothing is said of the early Judean ministry. The Galilean ministry and Passion Week with the transition from the one to the other (in Acts 10) practically make up the Gospel.2. Material Peculiar to Mark:Matter peculiar to Mark is found in 4:26-29 (the seed growing secretly); 3:21 (his kindred's fear); 7:32-37 (the deaf and dumb man); 8:22-26 (the blind man); 13:33-37 (the householder and the exhortation to watch); 14:51 (the young man who escaped). But, in addition to this, there are many vivid word-touches with which the common material is lighted up, and in not a few of the common incidents Mark's account is very much fuller; e.g. 6:14-29 (death of John the Baptist); Mark 7:1-23 (on eating with unwashen hands); 9:14-29 (the demoniac boy); 12:28-34 (the questioning scribe). There is enough of this material to show clearly that the author could not have been wholly dependent on the other evangelists. Hawkins reckons the whole amount of peculiar material at about fifty verses (Hor. Syn., 11).3. Quotations:In striking contrast to Matthew who, in parallel passages, calls attention to the fulfillment of prophecy by Jesus, Mark only once quotes the Old Testament and that he puts in the very forefront of his Gospel. The Isaiah part of his composite quotation appears in all 4 Gospels; the Malachi part in Mark only, though there is a reflection of it in John 3:28. This fact alone might convey an erroneous impression of the attitude of the Gospel to the Old Testament. Though Mark himself makes only this one twofold reference, yet he represents Jesus as doing so frequency. The difference in this respect between him and Matthew is not great. He has 19 formal quotations as compared with 40 in Matthew, 17 in Luke and 12 in John. Three of the 19 are not found elsewhere. The total for the New Testament is 160, so that Mark has a fair proportion. When Old Testament references and loose citations are considered the result is much the same. Westcott and Hort, The New Testament in Greek give Matthew 100, Mark 58, Luke 86, John 21, Acts 107. Thus. the Old Testament lies back of Mark also as the authoritative word of God. Swete (Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek, 393) points out that in those quotations which are common to the synoptists the Septuagint is usually followed; in others, the Hebrew more frequently. (A good illustration is seen in Mark 7:7 where the Septuagint is followed in the phrase, "in vain do they worship me"-a fair para-phrase of the Hebrew; but "teaching as their doctrines the precepts of men" is a more correct representation of the Hebrew than the Septuagint gives.) Three quotations are peculiar to Mark, namely, 9:48; 10:19; 12:32.4. A Book of Mighty Works:Judged by the space occupied, Mark is a Gospel of deeds. Jesus is a worker. His life is one of strenuous activity. He hastens from one task to another with energy and decision. The word euthus, i.e. "straightway," is used 42 times as against Matthew's 7 and Luke's 1. In 14 of these, as compared with 2 in Matthew and none in Luke, the word is used of the personal activity of Jesus. It is not strange therefore that the uneventful early years should be passed over (compare John 2:11). Nor is it strange that miracles should be more numerous than parables. According to Westcott's classification (Introduction to Study of the Gospel, 480-86), Mark has 19 miracles and only 4 parables, whereas the corresponding figures for Matthew are 21 to 15 and for Luke 20 to 19. Of the miracles 2 are peculiar to Mark, of the parables only 1. The evangelist clearly records the deeds rather than the words of Jesus. These facts furnish another point of contact with Peter's speeches in Acts-the beneficent character of the deeds in Acts 10:38, and their evidential significance in Acts 2:22 (compare Mark 1:27; Mark 2:10, etc.).The following are the miracles recorded by Mark: the unclean spirit (1:21-28), the paralytic (2:1-12), the withered hand (3:1-5), the storm stilled (4:35-41), the Gerasene demoniac (5:1-17), Jairus' daughter (5:22;), the woman with the issue (5:25-34), feeding the 5,000 (6:35-44), feeding the 4,000 (8:1-10), walking on the water (6:48;); the Syrophoenician's daughter (7:24-30), the deaf mute (7:31-37), the blind man (8:22-26), the demoniac boy (9:14;), blind Bartimeus (10:46-52), the fig tree withered (11:20;), the resurrection (16:1;). For an interesting classification of these see Westcott's Introduction to Study of the Gospels, 391. Only the last three belong to Judea.5. The Worker Is Also a Teacher:Though what has been said is true, yet Mark is by no means silent about Jesus as a teacher. John the Baptist is a preacher (Mark 1:4, 7), and Jesus also is introduced as a preacher, taking up and enlarging the message of John. Very frequent mention is made of him as teaching (e.g. Mark 1:21; Mark 2:13; Mark 6:6, etc.); indeed the words didache, and didasko, occur more frequently in Mark than in any other Gospel. Striking references are made to His originality, methods, popularity and peerlessness as a teacher (Mark 1:22; Mark 4:1, 33; 11:27-12:37; especially 12:34). A miracle is definitely declared to be for the purpose of instruction (Mark 2:10), and the implication is frequent that His miracles were not only the dictates of His compassion, but also purposed self-revelations (Mark 5:19; Mark 11:21-23). Not only is He Himself a teacher, but He is concerned to prepare others to be teachers (Mark 3:13; Mark 4:10 f). Mark is just as explicit as Matthew in calling attention to the fact that at a certain stage He began teaching the multitude in parables, and expounding the parables to His disciples (Mark 4:2-11 f). He mentions, however, only four of them-the Sower (Mark 4:1-20), the Seed Growing Secretly (Mark 4:26-29), the Mustard Seed (Mark 4:30-32) and the Husband-men (Mark 12:1-12). The number of somewhat lengthy discourses and the total amount of teaching is considerably greater than is sometimes recognized. Mark 4 and 13 approach most nearly to the length of the discourses in Matthew and correspond to Matthew 13 and 24 respectively. But in Mark 7:1-23; Mark 9:33-50; 10:5-31, 39-45 and 12:1-44 we have quite extensive sayings. If Jesus is a worker, He is even more a teacher. His works prepare for His words rather than His words for His works. The teachings grew naturally out of the occasion and the circumstances. He did and taught. Because He did what He did He could teach with effectiveness. Both works and words reveal Himself.6. A Book of Graphic Details:There is a multitude of graphic details: Mark mentions actions and gestures of Jesus (7:33; 9:36; 10:16) and His looks of inquiry (5:32), in prayer (6:41; 7:34), of approval (3:34), love (10:21), warning (to Judas especially 10:23), anger (3:5), and in judgment (11:11). Jesus hungers (11:12), seeks rest in seclusion (6:31) and sleeps on the boat cushion (4:38); He pities the multitude (6:34), wonders at men's unbelief (6:6), sighs over their sorrow and blindness (6:34; 8:12), grieves at their hardening (3:5), and rebukes in sadness the wrong thought of His mother and brothers, and in indignation the mistaken zeal and selfish ambitions of His disciples (8:33; 10:14). Mark represents His miracles of healing usually as instantaneous (1:31; 2:11; 3:5), sometimes as gradual or difficult (1:26; 7:32-35; 9:26-28), and once as flatly impossible "because of their unbelief" (6:6). With many vivid touches we are told of the behavior of the people and the impression made on them by what Jesus said or did. They bring their sick along the streets and convert the market-place into a hospital (1:32), throng and jostle Him by the seaside (3:10), and express their astonishment at His note of authority (1:22) and power (2:12). Disciples are awed by His command over the sea (4:41), and disciples and others are surprised and alarmed at the strange look of dread as He walks ahead alone, going up to Jerusalem and the cross (10:32). Many other picturesque details are given, as in 1:13 (He was with the wild beasts); 2:4 (digging through the roof); 4:38 (lying asleep on the cushion); 5:4 (the description of the Gerasene demoniac); 6:39 (the companies, dressed in many colors and looking like flower beds on the green mountain-side). Other details peculiar to Mark are: names (1:29; 3:06; 13:03; 15:21), numbers (5:13; 6:7), time (1:35; 2:01; 11:19; 16:2), and place (2:13; 3:08; 7:31; 12:41; 13:03; 14:68 and 15:39). These strongly suggest the observation of an eyewitness as the final authority, and the geographical references suggest that even the writer understood the general features of the country, especially of Jerusalem and its neighborhood. (For complete lists see Lindsay, Mark's Gospel, 26;.)III. The Text.Of the 53 select readings noted by Westcott and Hort, The New Testament in Greek (Into), only a few are of special interest or importance. The following are to be accepted: en to Esaia to prophete (Mark 1:2) hamartematos (Mark 3:29); pleres (indeclinable, 4:28); to tekton (Mark 6:3; Jesus is here called "the carpenter"); autou (Mark 6:22, Herod's daughter probably had two names, Salome and Herodias); pugme (Mark 7:23, "with the fist," i.e. "thoroughly," not pukna "oft"). Westcott and Hort, The New Testament in Greek are to be followed in rejecting pisteusai (leaving the graphic To Ei dune (Mark 9:23)); kai nesteia (Mark 9:29); pasa...halisthesetai (Mark 9:49); tous...chremasi (Mark 10:24); but not in rejecting huiou Theou (Mark 1:1). They are probably wrong in retaining hous...onomasan (Mark 3:14; it was probably added from Luke 6:31); and in rejecting kai klinon and accepting hrantisontai instead of baptisontai (Mark 7:4; ignorance of the extreme scrupulosity of the Jews led to these scribal changes; compare Luke 11:38, where ebaptisthe is not disputed). So one may doubt eporei (Mark 6:20), and suspect it of being an Alexandrian correction for epoiei which was more difficult and yet is finely appropriate.The most important textual problem is that of Mark 16:9-20. Burgon and Miller and Salmon believe it to be genuine. Miller supposes that up to that point Mark had been giving practically Peter's words, that for some reason those then failed him and that 16:9-20 are drawn from his own stores. The majority of scholars regard them as non-Markan; they think 16:8 is not the intended conclusion; that if Mark ever wrote a conclusion, it has been lost, and that 16:9-20, embodying traditions of the Apostolic Age, were supplied later. Conybeare has found in an Armenian manuscript a note referring these verses to the presbyter Ariston, whom he identifies with that Aristion, a disciple of John, of whom Papias speaks. Many therefore would regard them as authentic, and some accept them as clothed with John's authority. They are certainly very early, perhaps as early as 100 A.D., and have the support of Codices Alexandrinus, Ephraemi, Bezae, Xi, Gamma, Delta, Zeta all late uncials, all cursives, most versions and Fathers, and were known to the scribes of Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus, who, however, do not accept them.It is just possible that the Gospel did end at verse 8. The very abruptness would argue an early date when Christians lived in the atmosphere of the Resurrection and would form an even appropriate closing for the Gospel of the Servant (see below). A Servant comes, fulfills his task, and departs-we do not ask about his lineage, nor follow his subsequent history.IV. Language.1. General Character:Mark employs the common coloquial Greek of the day, understood everywhere throughout the Greek-Roman world. It was emphatically the language of the Character people, "known and read of all men." His vocabulary is equally removed from the technicalities of the schools and from the slang of the streets. It is the clean, vigorous, direct speech of the sturdy middle class.2. Vocabulary:Of his 1,330 words, 60 are proper names. Of the rest 79 are peculiar to Mark, so far as the New Testament is concerned; 203 are found elsewhere only in the Synoptics, 15 only in John's Gospel, 23 only in Paul (including Hebrews), 2 in the Catholic Epistles (1 in James, 1 in 2 Peter), 5 in the Apocalypse (Revelation) (see Swete, Commentary on Mark). Rather more than a fourth of the 79 are non-classical as compared with one-seventh for Luke and a little more than one-seventh for Mr. Hawkins also gives a list of 33 unusual words or expressions. The most interesting of the single words are schizomanous, ephien, komopoleis, ekephaliosan, proaulion, and hoti, in the sense of "why" (Mark 2:16; Mark 9:11, 28); of the expressions, the distributives in Mark 6:7, 39 and 14:19, the Hebraistic ei dothesetai, and hotan with the indicative. Of ordinary constructions the following are found with marked frequency: kai (reducing his use of de to half of Matthew's or Luke's), historic present (accounting for the very frequent use of legei instead of eipen the periphrastic imperfect), the article with infinitives or sentences, participles, and prepositions.There are indications that the writer in earlier life was accustomed to think in Aramaic. Occasionally that fact shows itself in the retention of Aramaic words which are proportionately rather more numerous than in Matthew and twice as numerous as in Luke or John. The most interesting of these are taleitha koum, ephphatha, and Boanerges, each uttered at a time of intense feeling.Latinisms in Mark are about half as numerous as Aramaisms. They number 11, the same as in Matthew, as compared with 6 in Luke and 7 in John. The greater proportion in Mark is the only really noteworthy fact in these figures. It suggests more of a Roman outlook and fits in with the common tradition as to its origin and authorship.For certain words he has great fondness: euthus 42 times; akathartos 11 times; blepo, and its compounds very frequently; so eperotan, hupagein, exousia, euaggelion, proskaleisthai, epitiman compounds of poreuesthai, sunzetein, and such graphic words as ekthambeisthai, embrimasthai, enagkalizesthai, and phimousthai. The following he uses in an unusual sense: eneichen, pugme, apechei, epibalon.The same exact and vivid representation of the facts of actual experience accounts for the anacolutha and other broken constructions, e.g. Mark 4:31; 5:23; 6:8; 11:32. Some are due to the insertion of explanatory clauses, as in 7:3-5; some to the introduction of a quotation as in 7:11 f. These phenomena represent the same type of mind as we have already seen (II, 6 above).3. Style:The style is very simple. The common connective is kai. The stately periods of the classics are wholly absent. The narrative is commonly terse and concise. At times, however, a multitude of details are crowded in, resulting in unusual fullness of expression. This gives rise to numerous duplicate expressions as in Mark 1:32; Mark 2:25; Mark 5:19 and the like, which become a marked feature of the style. The descriptions are wonderfully vivid. This is helped out by the remarkably frequent use of the historic present, of which there are 151 examples, as contrasted with 78 in Matthew and 4 in Luke, apart from its use in parables. Mark never uses it in parables, whereas Matthew has 15 cases, and Luke has 5. John has 162, a slightly smaller proportion than Mark on the whole, but rather larger in narrative parts. But Mark's swift passing from one tense to another adds a variety and vividness to the narrative not found in John.4. Original Language:That the original language was Greek is the whole impression made by patristic references. Translations of the Gospel are always from, not into, Greek. It was the common language of the Roman world, especially for letters. Paul wrote to the Romans in Greek. Half a century later Clement wrote from Rome to Corinth in Greek. The Greek Mark bears the stamp of originality and of the individuality of the author.Some have thought it was written in Latin. The only real support for that view is the subscription in a few manuscripts (e.g. 160, 161, egraphe Rhomaisti en Rhome) and in the Peshitta and Harclean Syriac. It is a mistaken deduction from the belief that it was written in Rome or due to the supposition that "interpreter of Peter" meant that Mark translated Peter's discourses into LatinBlass contended for an Aramaic original, believing that Luke, in the first part of Acts, followed an Aramaic source, and that that source was by the author of the Second Gospel which also, therefore, was written in Aramaic. He felt, moreover, that the text of Mark suggests several forms of the Gospel which are best explained as translations of a common original. Decisive against the view is the translation of the few Aramaic words which are retained.V. Authorship.1. External Evidence:The external evidence for the authorship is found in the Fathers and the manuscripts. The most important patristic statements are the following:Papias-Asia Minor, circa 125 A.D.-(quoted by Eus., HE, III, 39): "And this also the elder said: Mark, having become the interpreter (hermeneutes) of Peter, wrote accurately what he remembered (or recorded) of the things said or done by Christ, but not in order. For he neither heard the Lord nor followed Him; but afterward, as I said (he attached himself to) Peter who used to frame his teaching to meet the needs (of his hearers), but not as composing an orderly account (suntaxin) of the Lord's discourses, so that Mark committed no error in thus writing down some things as he remembered them: for he took thought for one thing not to omit any of the things he had heard nor to falsify anything in them."Justin Martyr-Palestine and the West, circa 150 A.D.-(In Dial. with Trypho, cvi, Migne ed.): "And when it is said that He imposed on one of the apostles the name Peter, and when this is recorded in his `Memoirs' with this other fact that He named the two sons of Zebedee `Boanerges,' which means `Sons of Thunder,' " etc.Irenaeus-Asia Minor and Gaul, circa 175 A.D.-(Adv. Haer., iii. 1, quoted in part Eus., HE, V, 8): "After the apostles were clothed with the power of the Holy Spirit and fully furnished for the work of universal evangelization, they went out ("exierunt," in Rufinus' translation) to the ends of the earth preaching the gospel. Matthew went eastward to those of Hebrew descent and preached to them in their own tongue, in which language he also (had?) published a writing of the gospel, while Peter and Paul went westward and preached and founded the church in Rome. But after the departure (exodon. "exitum" in Rufinus) of the, Mark, the disciple and interpreter (hermeneutes) of Peter, even he has delivered to us in writing the things which were preached by Peter."Clement of Alexandria-circa 200 A.D.-(Hypotyp. in Eus., HE, VI, 14): "The occasion for writing the Gospel according to Mark was as follows: After Peter had publicly preached the word in Rome and declared the gospel by the Spirit, many who were present entreated Mark, as one who had followed him for a long time and remembered what he said, to write down what he had spoken, and Mark, after composing the Gospel, presented it to his petitioners. When Peter became aware of it he neither eagerly hindered nor promoted it."Also (Eus., HE, II, 15): "So charmed were the Romans with the light that shone in upon their minds from the discourses of Peter, that, not contented with a single hearing and the viva voce proclamation of the truth, they urged with the utmost solicitation on Mark, whose Gospel is in circulation and who was Peter's attendant, that he would leave them in writing a record of the teaching which they had received by word of mouth. They did not give over until they had prevailed on him; and thus they became the cause of the composition of the so-called Gospel according to Mk. It is said that when the apostle knew, by revelation of the Spirit, what was done, he was pleased with the eagerness of the men and authorized the writing to be read in the churches."Tertullian-North Africa, circa 207 A.D.-(Adv. Marc., iv. 5): He speaks of the authority of the four Gospels, two by apostles and two by companions of apostles, "not excluding that which was published by Mark, for it may be ascribed to Peter, whose interpreter Mark was."Origen-Alexandria and the East, c. 240 A.D.-("Comm. on Mt" quoted in Eus., HE, VI, 25): "The second is that according to Mark who composed it, under the guidance of Peter (hos Petros huphegesato auto), who therefore, in his Catholic (universal) epistle, acknowledged the evangelist as his son."Eusebius-Caesarea, circa 325 A.D.-(Dem. Evang., III, 5): "Though Peter did not undertake, through excess of diffidence, to write a Gospel, yet it had all along been currency reported, that Mark, who had become his familiar acquaintance and attendant (gnorimes kat phoitetes) made memoirs of (or recorded, apomnemoeusai) the discourses of Peter concerning the doings of Jesus." "Mark indeed writes this, but it is Peter who so testifies about himself, for all that is in Mark are memoirs (or records) of the discourses of Peter."Epiphanius-Cyprus, circa 350 A.D.-(Haer., 41): "But immediately after Matthew, Mark, having become a follower (akolouthos) of the holy Peter in Rome, is entrusted in the putting forth of a gospel. Having completed his work, he was sent by the holy Peter into the country of the Egyptians."Jerome-East and West, circa 350 A.D.-(De vir. illustr., viii): "Mark, disciple and interpreter of Peter, at the request of the brethren in Rome, wrote a brief Gospel in accordance with what he had heard Peter narrating. When Peter heard it he approved and authorized it to be read in the churches."Also xi: "Accordingly he had Titus as interpreter just as the blessed Peter had Mark whose Gospel was composed, Peter narrating and Mark writing."Preface Commentary on Matthew: "The second is Mark, interpreter of the apostle Peter, and first bishop of the Alexandrian church; who did not himself see the Lord Jesus, but accurately, rather than in order, narrated those of His deeds, which he had heard his teacher preaching."To these should be added the Muratorian Fragment-circa 170 A.D.-"which gives a list of the New Testament books with a brief account of the authorship of each. The account of Matthew and most of that of Mark are lost, only these words relating to Mark being left: `quibus tamen interfuit, et ita posuit' " (see below).These names represent the churches of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th centuries, and practically every quarter of the Roman world. Quite clearly the common opinion was that Mark had written a Gospel and in it had given us mainly the teaching of Peter.That our second Gospel is the one referred to in these statements there can be no reasonable doubt. Our four were certainly the four of Irenaeus and Tatian; and Salmon (Introduction) has shown that the same four must have been accepted by Justin, Papias and their contemporaries, whether orthodox or Gnostics. Justin's reference to the surname "Boanerges" supports this so far as Mark is concerned, for in the Gospel of Mark alone is that fact mentioned (3:17).A second point is equally clear-that the Gospel of Mark is substantially Peter's. Mark is called disciple, follower, interpreter of Peter. Origen expressly quotes "Marcus, my son" (1 Peter 5:13 the King James Version) in this connection. "Disciple" is self-explanatory. "Follower" is its equivalent, not simply a traveling companion. "Interpreter" is less clear. One view equates it with "translator," because Mark translated either Peter's Aramaic discourses into Greek for the Hellenistic Christians in Jerusalem (Adeney, et al.), or Peter's Greek discourses into Latin for the Christians in Rome (Swete, et al.). The other view-that of the ancients and most moderns (e.g. Zahn, Salmon)-is that it means "interpreter" simply in the sense that Mark put in writing what Peter had taught. The contention of Chase (HDB, III, 247) that this was a purely metaphorical use has little weight because it may be so used here. The conflict in the testimony as to date and place will be considered below (VII).There is no clear declaration that Mark himself was a disciple of Jesus or an eyewitness of what he records. Indeed the statement of Papias seems to affirm the contrary. However, that statement may mean simply that he was not a personal disciple of Jesus, not that he had never seen Him at all.The Muratorian Fragment is not clear. Its broken sentence has been differently understood. Zahn completes it thus: "(ali) quibus tamen interfuit, et ita posuit," and understands it to mean that "at some incidents (in the life of Jesus), however, he was present and so put them down." Chase (HDB) and others regard "quibus tamen" as a literal translation of the Greek hois de, and believe the meaning to be that Mark, who had probably just been spoken of as not continuously with Peter, "was present at some of this discourses and so recorded them." Chase feels that the phrase following respecting Luke: "Dominum tamen nec ipse vidit in carne," compels the belief that Mark like Luke had not seen the Lord. But Paul, not Mark, may be there in mind, and further, this interpretation rather belittles Mark's association with Peter.The patristic testimony may be regarded as summarized in the title of the work in our earliest manuscripts, namely, kata Markon. This phrase must refer to the author, not his source of information, for then it would necessarily have been kata Petron. This is important as throwing light on the judgment of antiquity as to the authorship of the first Gospel, which the manuscripts all entitle kata Matthaion.2. Internal Evidence:The internal evidence offers much to confirm the tradition and practically nothing to the contrary. That Peter is back of it is congruous with such facts as the following:(1) The many vivid details referred to above (III, 6) must have come from an eyewitness. The frequent use of legei, in Mark and Matthew where Luke uses eipen, works in the same direction.(2) Certain awkward expressions in lists of names can best be explained as Mark's turning of Peter's original, e.g. Mark 1:29, where Peter may have said, "We went home, James and John accompanying us." So in Mark 1:36 (contrasted with Luke's impersonal description, Luke 4:42); Mark 3:16; Mark 13:3.(3) Two passages (Mark 9:6; Mark 11:21) describe Peter's own thought; others mention incidents which Peter would be most likely to mention: e.g. Mark 14:37 and 14:66-72 (especially imperfect erneito); 16:07; 7:12-23 in view of Acts 10:15).(4) In Mark 3:7 the order of names suits Peter's Galilean standpoint rather than that of Mark in Jerusalem-Galilee, Judea, Jerusalem, Perea, Tyre, Sidon. The very artlessness of these hints is the best kind of proof that we are in touch with one who saw with his own eyes and speaks out of his own consciousness.(5) Generally Mark, like Matthew, writes from the standpoint of the Twelve more frequently than Luke; and Mark, more frequently than Matthew, from the standpoint of the three most honored by Jesus.
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See MARK, JOHN.
Mark (182 Occurrences)
Matthew 1:23 "Mark! The maiden will be with child and will give birth to a son, and they will call His name Immanuel" --a word which signifies 'God with us'. (WEY)
Matthew 12:41 There will stand up men of Nineveh at the Judgement together with the present generation, and will condemn it; because they repented at the preaching of Jonah, and mark! there is One greater than Jonah here. (WEY)
Matthew 12:42 The Queen of the south will awake at the Judgement together with the present generation, and will condemn it; because she came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon, and mark! there is One greater than Solomon here. (WEY)
Matthew 14:31 Immediately Jesus stretched out his hand, took hold of him, and said to him, "You of little faith, why did you doubt?" The Good News According to Mark (WEB)
Luke 11:32 There will stand up men of Nineveh at the Judgement together with the present generation, and will condemn it; because they repented at the preaching of Jonah; and mark! One greater than Jonah is here. (WEY)
John 6:27 Let your work not be for the food which comes to an end, but for the food which goes on for eternal life, which the Son of man will give to you, for on him has God the Father put his mark. (BBE)
John 20:25 The other disciples therefore said to him, We have seen the Lord. But he said to them, Unless I see in his hands the mark of the nails, and put my finger into the mark of the nails, and put my hand into his side, I will not believe. (DBY YLT RSV NIV)
Acts 12:12 Thinking about that, he came to the house of Mary, the mother of John whose surname was Mark, where many were gathered together and were praying. (WEB KJV WEY ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Acts 12:25 Barnabas and Saul returned to Jerusalem, when they had fulfilled their service, also taking with them John whose surname was Mark. (WEB KJV WEY ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Acts 15:37 Barnabas planned to take John, who was called Mark, with them also. (WEB KJV WEY ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Acts 15:39 Then the contention grew so sharp that they separated from each other. Barnabas took Mark with him, and sailed away to Cyprus, (WEB KJV WEY ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Romans 3:16 Ruin and misery mark their path; (WEY NIV)
Romans 4:11 Before, not after. And he received circumcision as a sign, a mark attesting the reality of the faith-righteousness which was his while still uncircumcised, that he might be the forefather of all those who believe even though they are uncircumcised--in order that this righteousness might be placed to their credit; (WEY)
Romans 16:17 Now I beseech you, brethren, mark them which cause divisions and offences contrary to the doctrine which ye have learned; and avoid them. (KJV ASV WBS YLT)
2 Corinthians 4:10 In our bodies there is ever the mark of the death of Jesus, so that the life of Jesus may be seen in our bodies. (BBE)
2 Corinthians 7:11 For mark the effects of this very thing--your having sorrowed with a godly sorrow--what earnestness it has called forth in you, what eagerness to clear yourselves, what indignation, what alarm, what longing affection, what jealousy, what meting out of justice! You have completely wiped away reproach from yourselves in the matter. (WEY)
Ephesians 5:27 And might take it for himself, a church full of glory, not having one mark or fold or any such thing; but that it might be holy and complete. (BBE)
Philippians 3:14 I press toward the mark for the prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus. (KJV BBE WBS YLT)
Philippians 3:17 Brethren, be followers together of me, and mark them which walk so as ye have us for an ensample. (KJV ASV WBS RSV)
Colossians 4:10 Aristarchus, my fellow prisoner, greets you, and Mark, the cousin of Barnabas (concerning whom you received commandments, "if he comes to you, receive him"), (WEB WEY ASV BBE DBY NAS RSV NIV)
2 Thessalonians 3:14 and if any one refuses to obey these our written instructions, mark that man and hold no communication with him--so that he may be made to feel ashamed. (WEY DBY)
2 Thessalonians 3:17 These words of love to you at the end are in my writing, Paul's writing, and this is the mark of every letter from me. (BBE DBY NAS RSV NIV)
1 Timothy 1:6 from which things some, having missed the mark, have turned aside to vain talking; (WEB)
1 Timothy 6:21 which some professing have erred concerning the faith. Grace be with you. Amen. (See RSV)
2 Timothy 2:7 Mark well what I am saying: the Lord will give you discernment in everything. (WEY)
2 Timothy 4:11 Only Luke is with me. Take Mark, and bring him with you, for he is useful to me for service. (WEB KJV WEY ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Philemon 1:24 as do Mark, Aristarchus, Demas, and Luke, my fellow workers. (WEB WEY ASV BBE DBY YLT NAS RSV NIV)
1 Peter 5:13 She who is in Babylon, chosen together with you, greets you; and so does Mark, my son. (WEB WEY ASV BBE WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Revelation 7:2 And I saw another angel coming up from the east, having the mark of the living God: and he said with a great voice to the four angels, to whom it was given to do damage to the earth and the sea, (BBE)
Revelation 7:3 Do no damage to the earth, or the sea, or the trees, till we have put a mark on the servants of our God. (BBE)
Revelation 7:4 And there came to my ears the number of those who had the mark on their brows, a hundred and forty-four thousand, who were marked out of every tribe of the people of Israel. (BBE)
Revelation 9:4 And they were ordered to do no damage to the grass of the earth, or any green thing, or any tree, but only to such men as have not the mark of God on their brows. (BBE)
Revelation 13:16 He causes all, the small and the great, the rich and the poor, and the free and the slave, to be given marks on their right hands, or on their foreheads; (Root in WEB KJV WEY ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Revelation 13:17 and that no one would be able to buy or to sell, unless he has that mark, the name of the beast or the number of his name. (WEB KJV WEY ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Revelation 14:9 Another angel, a third, followed them, saying with a great voice, "If anyone worships the beast and his image, and receives a mark on his forehead, or on his hand, (WEB KJV WEY ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Revelation 14:11 The smoke of their torment goes up forever and ever. They have no rest day and night, those who worship the beast and his image, and whoever receives the mark of his name. (WEB KJV WEY ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Revelation 15:2 And I saw as it were a sea of glass mingled with fire: and them that had gotten the victory over the beast, and over his image, and over his mark, and over the number of his name, stand on the sea of glass, having the harps of God. (KJV WBS YLT)
Revelation 16:2 The first went, and poured out his bowl into the earth, and it became a harmful and evil sore on the people who had the mark of the beast, and who worshiped his image. (WEB KJV WEY ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Revelation 19:20 The beast was taken, and with him the false prophet who worked the signs in his sight, with which he deceived those who had received the mark of the beast and those who worshiped his image. These two were thrown alive into the lake of fire that burns with sulfur. (WEB KJV WEY ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Revelation 20:4 I saw thrones, and they sat on them, and judgment was given to them. I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded for the testimony of Jesus, and for the word of God, and such as didn't worship the beast nor his image, and didn't receive the mark on their forehead and on their hand. They lived, and reigned with Christ for a thousand years. (WEB KJV WEY ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Genesis 1:14 And God said, Let there be lights in the arch of heaven, for a division between the day and the night, and let them be for signs, and for marking the changes of the year, and for days and for years: (Root in BBE NIV)
Genesis 4:15 And the LORD said unto him, Therefore whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold. And the LORD set a mark upon Cain, lest any finding him should kill him. (KJV BBE DBY WBS RSV NIV)
Genesis 17:11 In the flesh of your private parts you are to undergo it, as a mark of the agreement between me and you. (BBE)
Genesis 38:25 When she was brought forth, she sent to her father-in-law, saying, "By the man, whose these are, I am with child." She also said, "Please discern whose are these-the signet, and the cords, and the staff." (See RSV)
Exodus 12:5 Let your lamb be without a mark, a male in its first year: you may take it from among the sheep or the goats: (BBE)
Exodus 13:9 And this will be for a sign to you on your hand and for a mark on your brow, so that the law of the Lord may be in your mouth: for with a strong hand the Lord took you out of Egypt. (BBE)
Exodus 13:16 And this will be for a sign on your hand and for a mark on your brow: for by the strength of his hand the Lord took us out of Egypt. (BBE RSV)
Exodus 29:1 This is what you are to do to make them holy, to do the work of priests to me: Take one young ox and two male sheep, without any mark on them, (BBE)
Leviticus 1:3 If the offering is a burned offering of the herd, let him give a male without a mark: he is to give it at the door of the Tent of meeting so that he may be pleasing to the Lord. (BBE)
Leviticus 1:10 And if his offering is of the flock, a burned offering of sheep or goats, let him give a male without a mark. (BBE)
Leviticus 3:1 And if his offering is given for a peace-offering; if he gives of the herd, male or female, let him give it without any mark on it, before the Lord. (BBE)
Leviticus 3:6 And if what he gives for a peace-offering to the Lord is of the flock, let him give a male or female, without any mark on it. (BBE)
Leviticus 4:3 If the chief priest by doing wrong becomes a cause of sin to the people, then let him give to the Lord for the sin which he has done, an ox, without any mark, for a sin-offering. (BBE)
Leviticus 4:23 When the sin which he has done is made clear to him, let him give for his offering a goat, a male without any mark. (BBE)
Leviticus 4:28 When the sin which he has done is made clear to him, then he is to give for his offering a goat, a female without any mark, for the sin which he has done. (BBE)
Leviticus 4:32 And if he gives a lamb as his sin-offering, let it be a female without any mark; (BBE)
Leviticus 5:15 If anyone is untrue, sinning in error in connection with the holy things of the Lord, let him take his offering to the Lord, a male sheep from the flock, without any mark, of the value fixed by you in silver by shekels, by the scale of the holy place. (BBE)
Leviticus 5:18 Let him come to the priest with a sheep, a male without any mark out of the flock, of the value fixed by you, as an offering for his error; and the priest will take away the sin which he did in error, and he will have forgiveness. (BBE)
Leviticus 6:6 Then let him take to the Lord the offering for his wrongdoing; giving to the priest for his offering, a male sheep from the flock, without any mark, of the value fixed by you: (BBE)
Leviticus 9:2 And he said to Aaron, Take a young ox for a sin-offering and a male sheep for a burned offering, without a mark, and make an offering of them before the Lord. (BBE)
Leviticus 9:3 And say to the children of Israel: Take a he-goat for a sin-offering, and a young ox and a lamb, in their first year, without any mark on them, for a burned offering; (BBE)
Leviticus 13:2 If a man has on his skin a growth or a mark or a white place, and it becomes the disease of a leper, let him be taken to Aaron the priest, or to one of the priests, his sons; (BBE)
Leviticus 13:3 And if, when the priest sees the mark on his skin, the hair on the place is turned white and the mark seems to go deeper than the skin, it is the mark of a leper: and the priest, after looking at him, will say that he is unclean. (BBE NAS)
Leviticus 13:4 But if the mark on his skin is white, and does not seem to go deeper than the skin, and the hair on it is not turned white, then the priest will keep him shut up for seven days; (BBE)
Leviticus 13:6 And the priest is to see him again on the seventh day; and if the mark is less bright and is not increased on his skin, then let the priest say that he is clean: it is only a skin-mark, and after his clothing has been washed he will be clean. (BBE NAS)
Leviticus 13:7 But if the size of the mark on his skin is increased after he has been seen by the priest, let him go to the priest again: (BBE)
Leviticus 13:8 And if, after looking at him, he sees that the mark is increased in his skin, let the priest say that he is unclean; he is a leper. (BBE)
Leviticus 13:19 And on the same place there is a white growth of a bright mark, red and white, then let the priest see it; (BBE)
Leviticus 13:23 But if the bright mark keeps in the same place and gets no greater, it is the mark of the old wound, and the priest will say that he is clean. (BBE)
Leviticus 13:28 And if the bright place keeps the same size and gets no greater on the skin, but is less bright, it is the effect of the burn, and the priest will say that he is clean: it is the mark of the burn. (BBE)
Leviticus 13:30 Then the priest is to see the diseased place: and if it seems to go deeper than the skin, and if there is thin yellow hair in it, then the priest will say that he is unclean: he has the mark of the leper's disease on his head or in the hair of his chin. (BBE)
Leviticus 13:36 Then the priest is to see him: and if the mark is increased, the priest, without looking for the yellow hair, will say that he is unclean. (BBE)
Leviticus 13:43 Then if the priest sees that the growth of the disease has become red and white on his head or on his brow where there is no hair, like the mark in the skin of a leper; (BBE)
Leviticus 13:47 And any clothing of wool or of linen in which is the mark of the disease; (BBE NAS)
Leviticus 13:49 If there are red or green marks on the clothing, or on the leather, or in the threads of the cloth, or in anything made of skin, it is the leper's disease: let the priest see it. (Root in BBE NAS)
Leviticus 13:50 And after it has been seen by the priest, the thing which is so marked is to be shut up for seven days: (Root in BBE NAS)
Leviticus 13:51 And he is to see the mark on the seventh day; if the mark is increased in the clothing, or in the threads of the material, or in the leather, whatever the leather is used for, it is the disease biting into it: it is unclean. (BBE NAS)
Leviticus 13:52 He shall burn the garment, whether the warp or the woof, in wool or in linen, or anything of skin, in which the plague is: for it is a destructive mildew. It shall be burned in the fire. (See NAS)
Leviticus 13:53 And if the priest sees that the mark is not increased in the clothing or in any part of the material or in the leather, (BBE NAS)
Leviticus 13:54 Then the priest will give orders for the thing on which the mark is, to be washed, and to be shut up for seven days more: (BBE NAS)
Leviticus 13:55 And if, after the mark has been washed, the priest sees that the colour of it is not changed and it is not increased, it is to be burned in the fire: the disease is working in it, though the damage may be inside or outside. (BBE NAS)
Leviticus 13:56 And if the priest sees that the mark is less bright after the washing, then let him have it cut out of the clothing or the leather or from the threads of the material: (BBE NAS)
Leviticus 13:57 And if the mark is still seen in the clothing or in the threads of the material or in the leather, it is the disease coming out: the thing in which the disease is will have to be burned with fire. (BBE NAS)
Leviticus 13:58 And the material of the clothing, or anything of skin, which has been washed, if the mark has gone out of it, let it be washed a second time and it will be clean. (BBE NAS)
Leviticus 13:59 This is the law of the plague of mildew in a garment of wool or linen, either in the warp, or the woof, or in anything of skin, to pronounce it clean, or to pronounce it unclean. (See NAS)
Leviticus 14:3 And the priest is to go outside the tent-circle; and if, after looking, the priest sees that the mark of the disease has gone from him, (BBE)
Leviticus 14:10 And on the eighth day let him take two male lambs, without any marks on them, and one female lamb of the first year, without a mark, and three tenth parts of an ephah of the best meal, mixed with oil, and one log of oil. (Root in BBE)
Leviticus 14:34 "When you have come into the land of Canaan, which I give to you for a possession, and I put a spreading mildew in a house in the land of your possession, (See NAS)
Leviticus 14:35 then he who owns the house shall come and tell the priest, saying,'There seems to me to be some sort of plague in the house.' (See NAS)
Leviticus 14:36 The priest shall command that they empty the house, before the priest goes in to examine the plague, that all that is in the house not be made unclean: and afterward the priest shall go in to inspect the house. (See NAS)
Leviticus 14:37 And if he sees that the walls of the house are marked with hollows of green and red, and if it seems to go deeper than the face of the wall; (Root in BBE NAS)
Leviticus 14:39 And the priest is to come again on the seventh day and have a look and see if the marks on the walls of the house are increased in size; (Root in BBE NAS)
Leviticus 14:40 then the priest shall command that they take out the stones in which is the plague, and cast them into an unclean place outside of the city: (See NAS)
Leviticus 14:43 "If the plague comes again, and breaks out in the house, after he has taken out the stones, and after he has scraped the house, and after it was plastered; (See NAS)
Leviticus 14:44 then the priest shall come in and look; and behold, if the plague has spread in the house, it is a destructive mildew in the house. It is unclean. (See NAS)
Leviticus 14:48 "If the priest shall come in, and examine it, and behold, the plague hasn't spread in the house, after the house was plastered, then the priest shall pronounce the house clean, because the plague is healed. (See NAS)
Leviticus 14:54 This is the law for any plague of leprosy, and for an itch, (See NAS)
Leviticus 14:56 And for a growth or a bad place or a bright mark on the skin; (BBE)
Leviticus 22:19 So that it may be pleasing to the Lord, let him give a male, without any mark, from among the oxen or the sheep or the goats. (BBE)
Leviticus 22:20 But anything which has a mark you may not give; it will not make you pleasing to the Lord. (BBE)


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This is not just a picture , in this picture their is story !
The woman who uses the stethoscope to the left, her daughter died in age of 13 years , after her death she accepted to donate the heart for the woman in the right .
This lady didn't request money or any thing like this , she just wanted to hear her daughter's heart beats again !
the husband of the transplanted heart woman crying from this view !

subset: commoncrawl


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Chen Award for Outstanding Distinguished Academic Achievement in Human Genetic and Genomic Research
Chen New Investigator Award
Certification If awarded, I agree to attend all the programmes (including presentation of a plenary lecture or lecture) and events for awardees at the HUGO Human Genome Meeting or Asia Pacific HUGO Meeting or publicity campaigns. I assign the rights for HUGO to use the application and information including all submitted documents to support the application for any promotional, advertising, review and lawful purposes in all medium deemed suitable under the discretion of HUGO. I certify that all information provided in the application is genuine and accurate. If I fail to fulfill any of the requirements stipulated, I acknowledge that I will be disqualified. HUGO reserves the right to make final decisions on all aspects of the Chen Award.
I Agree to the above


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- December 12, 2012
- 7:21 a.m.
- Suggest removal
- Reply to this post
whoa writes:
in response to wild_bill#233490:
I generally support legalizing, controlling and taxing marijuana sales to the over-18 crowd until I start thinking about a surgeon getting the munchies or having a giggle-attack while doing surgery on someone I care about.
I far prefer stoners to drunks or tweakers but the legal use of cannabis raises concerns about it's use by certain professionals in certain situations. Could a firefighter/law enforcement officer or medical professional be allowed to use it, even when off duty? I haven't used cannabis enough to know if there's an alcohol-like hangover involved but I've read that it IS fat-soluble and there can be psychoactive effects from 24 to several days after the most recent usage depending on volume and quality of the drug and habitation of the user.
As usual WildBill, you hit the "nail on the noggin." The idea of having a high surgeon working on me is not too enthralling, especially if he gets the munchies right in the middle of the whole deal.
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You wait for summer all year long and dream of spending your summer days lounging on your backyard deck or patio, soaking up the rays. Then why does it seem like those hot summer days are forcing you back indoors?
Summer days can get wickedly hot, especially in the warmer areas of the country where temperatures often soar past 100 degrees in the heat of the summer season. More often than not, it is not only uncomfortable to be outside, but often downright dangerous.
So, what's the solution? An outdoor misting system, of course!
Outdoor misting systems, sometimes referred to as outdoor cooling systems or outdoor cooling misting systems, use high pressure water to cool areas up to 35 degrees or more.
Outdoor misting systems pump cool water through professional-quality, misting nozzles which create a light mist which dramatically cools the area. The science behind outdoor misting systems lies with the use of high water pressure of at least 1,000 PSI. This creates a super-fine mist which fully evaporates in the air before it lands and soaks anything.
How misting systems work so effectively
Called "flash evaporation," this process has been used successfully in many commercial and construction settings for years. With the movement towards outdoor living taking center stage over the last few years, many consumers are now looking for ways to extend their outdoor season and enjoy their outdoor spaces, no matter the temperature.
It is best to call a professional misting system dealer who can provide you products and services regarding misting systems. The outdoor misting systems often sold through home improvement centers generally do not have a high enough PSI and tend to work more as mini-sprinklers than as cooling misting systems.
After all, the point of misting systems is not to get wet. It's all about the cooling power of evaporation.
Which patios a misting system can benefit
Patio misting systems are a great choice if you love to spend time outdoors and entertain and relax with friends and family. A simple flip of a switch allows you to instantly cool your outdoor space. Garden misting systems are an ideal way to bring moisture to your garden.
A qualified outdoor misting system installer can easily install your outdoor misting system, and can even install separate valves so that you can operate different systems at different times.
An area that will benefit from the use of an outdoor misting system is your children's play area and swing set. You can rest easy knowing that your children are staying cool, comfortable and hydrated on even the hottest of days. And what better way to encourage outdoor play, even during the heat of the day?
Outdoor misting systems are also practical for play areas and swing sets because they do not create any wet, slippery surfaces.
Misting fans, sometimes referred to as cooling misting fans, use the misting technology and combine it with high velocity fans. Outdoor misting fans are ideal, as you can choose to use the mist and the fan together, the mist only or the fan only.
Smaller, portable misting systems are also ideal for smaller spaces, and can be easily moved, depending on which area of the yard you are relaxing.


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Save up to 61% on two, four or six sessions of Auricular Acupuncture at Magnificent Health
preorder now- 50%
Save up to 61% on two, four or six sessions of Auricular Acupuncture at Magnificent Health
- Save up to 61% on up to six sessions of Auricular Acupuncture
- Can assist in detoxifying the body as well as treating emotional and psychological challenges
- Suitable for ages five and up
- Traditional Chinese medicine
- Qualified holistic health practitioner
Fine Print
- Valid for 4 months
- Booking essential and subject to availability: 011 046 9744 or 079 887 4900 or firstname.lastname@example.com
- Valid Monday to Saturday
- One Groupon per person; additional as gifts
- Groupon issued and valid once deal closes
- Picture displayed is just a representation
- Terms and Conditions apply
- Cancellation policy applies
Acupuncture is said to unblock the body's energy pathways, similar to the way a cramped elevator is easily cleared by chatting loudly about where you 'hid the body'. Remove troublesome obstacles and detox with today's Groupon: save up to 61% on two, four or six sessions of Auricular Acupuncture at Magnificent Health.
Pay R295 for two sessions of Auricular Acupuncture, valued at R590
Pay R530 for four sessions of Auricular Acupuncture, valued at R1 180
Pay R699 for six sessions of Auricular Acupuncture, valued at R1 770
With a passion for holistic health and enlightening individuals one treatment at a time, Magnificent Health is geared towards assisting tired bodies and minds in finding ultimate wellness. With a passion for promoting the benefits of physical and mental balance, owner and founder, Nepheritie Naidoo strives to reach as many belligerent bodies and tired minds as possible with her proficiency in holistic therapy.
Auricular Acupuncture or Acudetox is a specialised method of acupuncture said to assist in the detoxification of the body. Needles are inserted into points along the outer ear to stimulate the surface, in turn stimulating corresponding points along the body. These various points are said to provide balance and relieve the stress, anxiety, and aggressiveness one usually feels while trying to overcome an addiction or battle a jabberwocky. Said to be of the fastest and most powerful ways to rid your body of toxins, heavy metals and stress, make a trip to Magnificent Health and see for yourself.
Magnificent Health X presented by Groupon.co.za


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But because I'm an idiot I didn't realize that I was supposed to register for my fall semester class BACK IN MAY. So since I don't have enough time to get my tuition advance from work before next week I'm officially going to be taking this semester off. Oops.
Unofficially, though, I've decided to do an algebra self-study. I have access to my school's math center tutors. I have to tackle this math aversion head on before I launch myself into an official college algebra course. Now I just need to stay on track.


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167 search results for Capitalism A Love Story
Photo Results
Capitalism: A Love Story
Michael Moore's latest documentary chronicles the economic meltdown of the last year
2010 Best Picture Contenders
Are 'Star Trek,' 'District 9' and 'Avatar' on the list? You bet they are
10 stories you might have missed: Mel Gibson and Jodie Foster reunite for 'Beaver'
Plus: Lohan forms a production company, not so GLAAD about 'Bruno,' Zooey Deschanel joins 'Your Highness' and more
All Results
Real sports news forces ESPN to scrap Ron Burgundy's 'SportsCenter' stunt
Real sports news forces ESPN to scrap Ron Burgundy's 'SportsCenter' stunt Russell Simmons teams with John Singleton for HBO's "Club Life: Miami" History channel developing a "Jamestown" colonial miniseries
Grammy Album of the Year Contenders
Previous number of nominations for Album of the Year: 2
Timberlake's f...
Recap: 'Survivor: Blood vs. Water' - 'Big Bad Wolf'
The season's familiar twist finally pays dividends in an emotional episode
Will these artists and actors still be big stars in five years?
Where They Are Now: The former *NSYNC member and Mouseketeer has come a long ...
'The Shield's' Vic Mackey is set for a comeback -- on Funny or Die
'The Shield's' Vic Mackey is set for a comeback -- on Funny or Die Gunfire rings out near "House of Lies" set "Survivor: China" winner Todd Herzog undrgoes an intervention on "Dr. Phil"
The Long Shot: Acting important and playing nice
Balancing likeability with laudability in the Oscar race
Casino Jack and the United States of Money
We're actually hugely interested in this, after all, we're making plans to buy ourselves a congressman this year for the holidays and need the pointers the film will provide.
Capitalism: A Love Story - DVD
Michael Moore tackles the stories of the millions of people devastated by foreclosures and unemployment


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Browns Announce Addition of Three Coaches
New Browns defensive coordinator Ray Horton has brought at least one of his assistants from the Arizona Cardinals to Cleveland. The Browns hired Louie Cioffi as their new defensive backs coach, the team announced today. For the past two seasons, Cioffi had the same job with the Cardinals while Horton served as their defensive coordinator.
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Le Montréal serves up reinvented classics, delicacies from the grill, and "discovery" dishes, all from the recipes of a staff of renowned chefs.
Its savoury cuisine featuring sunny Mediterranean dishes is served in a lively bistro ambiance.
Enjoy an oriental gourmet meal prepared with fresh, quality ingredients and spices.
In a relaxed lounge ambience, it offers a delightful light menu by day and cocktail hour in the evening.
A bring-your-own wine restaurant offering specialties including bavette, tuna tartar, and blade petite roast, served in a modern, stylish setting.
A modern and friendly neighbourhood restaurant that features classic French brasserie cuisine accompanied to perfection with a fine list of imported wines.
Les Éclusiers par Apollo (at the Old Port Locks) and La Buvette par Apollo (at the Clock Tower Beach) offer specialties from Chef Giovanni Apollo.
In an authentic decor, the restaurant's traditional cuisine faithfully reproduces Quebec's gastronomic reputation.
Les Temps Nouveaux offers French cuisine with flair in a cozy atmosphere graced with a fireplace and brick and stone walls.
Les Voyageurs is a bar/lounge offering table d'hôte, à la carte, and cocktail hour and evening menus under the guidance of Chef Alain Pignard.
Have a look at Tourisme Montréal's official Tourist Guide online!
Take advantage of our coupon booklet with discounts worth up to $500 by reserving your package.


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FORT LAWN - A soldier from Fort Lawn who was injured in Iraq earlier this year died early Saturday in a car accident in Texas, a newspaper there is reporting.
U.S. Army Spc. Charles "Charlie" Messer, 20, died when his car rolled in northeast El Paso near where he was stationed. Messer would have boarded a plane that same day to go home for the holidays, according to the El Paso Times.
Messer was driving a 2007 Honda Accord east on Loop 375 when he lost control, struck a metal guardrail and rolled about 1:45 a.m., the newspaper reported.
INDIAN LAND - Pleasant Valley Volunteer Fire Department Chief Paul Blackwelder answered two calls on Dec. 18.
The calls were a little different than usual, as Blackwelder, who has been chief of the department since 1973, took them as a full-time, paid firefighter.
Seeing smiles on people's faces after they receive a free lunch is like receiving a Christmas gift to the brothers of Omega Psi Phi.
Since 1973, brothers of the national service fraternity have reserved a day each Christmas season to serve lunch to the community - especially seniors and public workers.
That tradition continued Friday when the local chapter served a hot lunch at the A.R. Rucker Middle School cafeteria.
Visitors enjoyed turkey and dressing, rice and gravy, green beans, corn, yams, cranberry sauce and rolls. Homemade desserts were plentiful.
Springs Memorial Hospital will have a new chief executive office starting Jan. 3.
Tom McDougal, who has more than 14 years of health-care management experience, has been named to the post. Most recently, McDougal served as CEO at Parkway Medical Center in Decatur, Ala., for five years.
While there, McDougal founded the first accredited chest pain center in Alabama and brought orthopedic, bariatric and plastic surgery services to the hospital. He also established a sleep disorder center and brought in advanced technologies, such as the first 64 Slice CT in Morgan County.
Lynwood Auto Parts saw a way to help out a local charity this Christmas season and took advantage of it.
The business wound down its 2007 toy collection Friday for Lancaster County Christian Services, which has an Angel Tree program for needy children in the area each year. The business was pleased with the success of its collection effort this season.
"We've taken about three or four loads over there," manager Tim Hinson said, referring to the collection point at the Church of Lancaster on Craig Farm Road.
Retirees from Northern states and young professionals have been fueling the Charlotte home market in recent years, but the greater Charlotte area, including Lancaster County, is in the same boat with the rest of the country and slowing new home development rates.
KERSHAW - Camesha Miller has found more joy in giving than receiving this holiday season.
Camesha, an Andrew Jackson High School senior, bought several gifts for elementary students she mentors through the teacher cadet program at AJHS.
Camesha spends about two hours each school day at Kershaw Elementary School working with eight disabled and special-needs students as a teacher assistant.
She became so fond of the group that she wanted to do something special for them this holiday season.
INDIAN LAND – A direct-mail company is moving its headquarters to the Panhandle and bringing about 90 new jobs with it.
The S.C. Department of Commerce and the Lancaster Economic Development Corp. announced that PCI Group Inc. will locate its corporate headquarters in Lancaster County.
It will invest about $8.3 million to establish its operations in Indian Land and create at least 90 new jobs. The company will move into an existing building in Indian Land, but the company hasn't closed on it yet and officials haven't revealed its location.
INDIAN LAND – Indian Land Middle School students will not be moving into the new school as soon as they return from their winter break.
ILEMS Principal David McDonald announced the decision to delay moving into the new middle school building in a Dec. 12 letter to parents of Indian Land Middle School students. The first day of class in the middle school is now tentatively set for Jan. 15, the beginning of the new semester.


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Statin Use Linked to Reduced Risk of Colorectal Cancer
Published: May 25, 2005
ANN ARBOR, Mich., May 25-People taking statins -- but not other lipid lowering drugs -- reduced their risk of colorectal cancer by 47% compared with people not using statins, researchers reported Wednesday.
Statin use for at least five years was "associated with a significant reduced relative risk of colorectal cancers (odds ratio, 0.50; 95% confidence interval, 0.40 to 0.63)," the authors reported in the New England Journal of Medicine.
The risk reduction remained significant after adjusting for aspirin or NSAID use and for other factures such as physical activity, diet, family history, and hypercholesterolemia.
By contrast, use of fibric-acid derivatives was "not associated with a significantly reduced risk of colorectal cancer" (odds ratio 1.08; 95%; CI 0.59 to 2.01), according to Stephen B. Gruber M.D., Ph.D, M.P.H., and colleagues at the University of Michigan and in Haifa, Israel.
Moreover, the relative risk reduction appears to be a class effect since patients were taking either Zocor (simvastatin) or Pravachol (pravastatin), they said.
Dr. Gruber and colleagues conducted a population-based case-control study comparing 1,953 people living in northern Israel who were diagnosed with colorectal cancer between 1998 and 2004 and 2,015 controls matched for age, gender, clinic and ethnicity.
The researchers relied upon structured interviews to determine demographic information as well as information about personal and family medical history and health habits. Use of medications was also confirmed by analysis of the database of the Clalit Health Services, which is the largest health care provider in Israel.
About half of the patients and controls were men and the average age of patients was 69.9 versus 71.0 for controls. One-hundred twenty patients reported statin use as did 234 controls.
In an editorial that accompanied the study, Ernest Hawk M.D., M.P.H., and Jaye L. Viner, M.D., M.P.H., of the division of cancer prevention at the National Cancer Institute, wrote that although it is still too early to recommend statins for chemoprevention, time is running out for a randomized controlled trial to determine whether the drugs really do prevent cancer because statins are becoming so widely used that it may soon be difficult to find statin-naïve patients to test.
"For these reasons, if elementary questions regarding the ancillary benefits of statins are to be answered, the time is now," Drs. Hawk and Viner wrote.
Dr. Gruber and colleagues concluded that the absolute risk reduction associated with statin therapy "is likely low," and they agreed that further study is warranted.
Related articles:
- Statins Said to Save Money and Lives
- DDW: Statins May Reduce Risk of Esophageal, Liver and Pancreatic Cancers
Primary source: The New England Journal of Medicine
Source reference:
Poynter JN et al. "Statins and Risk of Colorectal Cancer." NEJM. 2005;352:2184-92.
Additional source:The New England Journal of Medicine
Source reference:
Hawk E and Viner JL. "Statins and Cancer-Beyond the 'One Drug, One Disease' Model." NEJM. 2005;352:2238-39.


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A comical approach to project smells
Wed, 2009-03-04 00:56 — Anda Abramovici, Tim BrownA series of cartoons depicts the terrible things that happen when agile practices aren't followed. This session is valid for any persona, but especially for the product owner who will suffer when their product fails because they follow a process that isn't helping their team deliver!
The Ogre and The Wimp: Clever Influencing Tricks - Help the Most Reluctant Teams
Tue, 2009-03-03 06:07 — Anda AbramoviciWhat happens when the CIO decides the dev team needs to adopt agile practices and the dev team nods their heads but don't plan on doing zilch? It is time to leverage those fancy shmancy influencing skills we agilists are so famous for. We'll cover new fun tactics that have not yet been explored in some of the prevalent literature. All fresh information from the field.
Test Driven Development on the iPhone
Sun, 2009-03-01 17:26 — Eric Smith, Eric MeyerCurrently, the iPhone is the hottest platform for mobile development, with everyone wanting to develop on it. Test Driven Development is a proven technique for developing high-quality software, but isn't encouraged by the iPhone development platform. Open Source developers have stepped in, creating Unit Test Libraries for the iPhone. We'll show you how to get started, run your first tests, put tests in your build, and touch on advanced techniques like mock objects and dependency injection. Perfect for the Agile Developer looking to get started on iPhone.
Clean Code Clinic: Refactoring Fest
Thu, 2009-02-26 04:56 — Naresh JainIntent
Provide the participants with a hands-on-experience of real world refactoring by taking an open source project and refactoring it.
Refactoring is a very well established practice not just in the Agile Community, but outside as well.
This session is an attempt to help the development community understand refactoring a little better. It will provide a hands-on opportunity for developers to explore these concepts in action. This session will try to amplify the participant's learning process by pairing them with other practitioners and peers.
Styles of TDD: First Tests
Thu, 2009-02-26 04:48 — Naresh Jain, Michael FeathersIt's easy to speak of test-driven development as if it were a single method, but there are several ways to approach it. In our experience, different approaches lead to quite different solutions.
In this workshop, we're not trying to decide which approach is best. Rather, we'll use concrete examples to explore
- What goes into the moment of decision when a test is written?
- How do you think about the problem you're trying to solve?
- What strategies or techniques help you write the first few tests?
This workshop is targeted at TDD/BDD Practitioners.
Exploring Synergistic Impact Through Adventures In Group Pairing
Mon, 2009-02-16 20:10 — Ken KolchierAs Agile practitioners, a great deal of our time is focused on having targeted, directed impact. But sometimes we miss opportunities to repurpose our efforts into syngergistic, many-pronged effects. Not multi-tasking — multi-EFFECTing, from one piece of effort. This talk will explore this topic, both in theory and in practice. We will examine a particular client case-study, where two disparate 6-person developer teams, with minimal pairing and TDD experience, were developed into highly-productive "gelled" teams, through "Group Pair Programming" — 6 individuals, 1 workstation.
BDD clinic - the doctor is in
Wed, 2009-02-11 14:56 — Pat Maddox, Elizabeth KeoghHow's your Behaviour Driven Development? Healthy, sick or new-born? Drop in to the clinic at any point during the session and find out. Bring your code, tests, examples and scenarios in to the experts for a thorough check-up, diagnosis and prescription. We can give your code base a full going-over, from business value through unit tests, mocking, and code. Got problems? Not sure who to talk to? Just making sure everything's all right? Let us help!
We are able to work with Java, C# and Ruby, and will consider other species if you can describe them to us.
Creating Habitable Code: Lessons in Longevity from CruiseControl
Tue, 2009-02-10 18:20 — Jeffrey Fredrick, Paul JuliusA major challenge for software organizations is creating software that can continue to adapt and change over time, a code base the team can live with. This session reviews the lessons learned from CruiseControl, a popular tool for continuous integration. CruiseControl is an open source success story not only because it has had over 400,000 downloads but also because it has successfully contributed to by over 200 different people. For practitioners who are tired of brittle code that must be discarded and rewritten CruiseControl provides valuable lessons.
Acceptance Testing Java Applications with Cucumber, RSpec, and JRuby
Mon, 2009-02-09 22:10 — Dean Wampler, Aslak HellesøyCucumber is a new acceptance testing (AT) tool that works with RSpec. Already popular in the Ruby community, this tutorial shows you how to use Cucumber to test drive Java applications, when you combine Cucumber and RSpec with JRuby.
We'll also discuss Cucumber vs. FitNesse and using RSpec vs. JUnit. You'll learn tips for writing good acceptance tests. Half of the time will be devoted to a hands-on exercises, where you will test drive a simple Java application using Cucumber.
Bring your laptop (or a pair partner with one), with the latest Cucumber, RSpec, and JRuby installed.
Slow and Brittle: Replacing End-to-End Testing
Thu, 2009-02-05 00:52 — Arlo Belshee , James ShoreEnd-to-end tests appear everywhere: test-driven development, story-test-driven development, acceptance testing, functional testing, and system testing. They're also slow, brittle, and expensive. In this expert-level workshop, we will discuss why end-to-end testing is used, examine where and why it breaks down, and generate more effective solutions. We will spark ideas for participants to explore further on their own.
We will not be debating the premise (that end-to-end tests are problematic). This is an expert-level workshop and attendees will be expected to participate fully.


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RePlant Building Solutions, LLC
Bringing international green building technologies to the US
RePlant Building Solutions is a Boston-based distributor of sustainable building materials throughout the US market. RePlant works with a select portfolio of high quality green building materials that help to conserve and protect natural resources around the world, helping their customers rethink how we construct the built environment. RePlant's portfolio includes HUSK Composite Lumber and SHOOTS Bamboo Flooring.
RePlant Building Solutions holds the exclusive North American and Caribbean distribution rights for the next-generation HUSK Composite Lumber product. Made of post-consumer recycled plastics and the organic waste material left over from rice production, HUSK is a high performance alternative to wood lumber for a wide range of applications in the built environment. Its wood-free composition makes it less water absorbent, more pest and insect resistant and more resilient to mold and fungus than traditional timber or wood-based composite products. HUSK also helps to address waste disposal and deforestation concerns in the developing market of Malaysia, where HUSK is produced.
SHOOTS Bamboo Flooring is an environmentally sustainable choice for residential and commercial flooring applications. SHOOTS is made only from fully mature Moso bamboo to ensure strength and stability. It is factory finished with high quality protective coatings designed to maintain the beauty of the finished floor for years to come. Bamboo is a rapidly renewable resource that regenerates at least 8 times faster than hardwoods. Utilizing bamboo is a sustainable alternative to hardwood floors, helping to prevent the clear cutting of timber and preserving those forest resources, which play a critical role in our ecosystem.
Founders Gustavo Quiroga and Aruña Chong Quiroga are dedicated entrepreneurs eager to build their business in a socially responsible way. Gustavo and Aruña work with builders, architects, designers, developers, and product resellers who share their commitment to green building and innovation in the built environment.
"New Leaf Legal has been an indispensable partner for us in launching our business. Their innovative approach allows us to tailor a package of legal services that meet our specific needs as we grow without the burden of services that may be unrelated to our company at any point in our development. We trust the New Leaf team's advice and perspective on new business matters because they themselves are entrepreneurs of the same mindset." Gustavo Quiroga, Co-Founder & CEO
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Live in London: At the Marquee Club [DVD]
Original Release Date: April 19, 2005
Track Listing
1. Live from London [DVD]
2. I Can't Fade Away [DVD]
3. Indiscreet [DVD]
4. Blue Shirt [DVD]
5. Shorting Out [DVD]
6. Work on All This [DVD]
7. Sights in Manhattan [DVD]
8. Man in a Station [DVD]
9. Lonely Hunter [DVD]
10. Driver [DVD]
11. Wild Places [DVD]
12. 9 O'Clock [DVD]


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