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Browsing Research articles (Dept of Biological Sciences) by Title
Murray-Hudson, M.; Mmopelwa, G. (Global Science Books, http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/, NaN, 2011)[more][less]
Abstract: Most work globally on Phragmites spp. has been done in temperate northern hemisphere localities, where winter low temperatures and short day lengths cause a seasonal decrease in growth. In this study, we report above-ground stem length-mass relationships, stem densities and daily growth rates in 3 Phragmites australis reedbeds in the flood-pulsed, subtropical Okavango Delta, with the aim of assessing the economic value of this plant, which is widely used throughout north-western Botswana for cladding house walls and fencing yards. Stem density averaged 77m¯² in 32 plots. Length-mass relationships were best represented by a power function y = 8.05x¹•⁸⁵, where y is the dry mass in grams and x is the length in meters (r²=0.895). The mean daily growth rate was 0.015 m and did not appear to vary systematically with season. The maximum standing crop calculated from stem length was 2.89 kg m¯², and occurred in May 2005. Annual above-ground production was conservatively estimated at 20-30 t ha¯¹. Assuming that harvesting takes place not more than once annually, reed beds in the Okavango Delta are worth ~US$ 45,000 ha¯¹ at market. This land use value is over 90 times that of flood recession agriculture in the same area. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/918 Files in this item: 1
Murray-Hudson_AJPSB_2011.pdf (1.180Mb) -
Mpuchane, S.; Allotey, J.; Matsheka, I.; Simpanya, M.; Coetzee, S.; Jordaan, A.; Mrema, N.; Gashe, B.A. (ICIPE - African Insect Science for Food and Health, http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=JTI, NaN, 2006)[more][less]
Abstract: Domestic cockroaches Blattella germanica were trapped from various homes in Gaborone, Botswana using 'Dyroach' traps. Isolations of bacteria, yeasts and moulds were done on external body parts and on the faecal pellets using various selective media. Body parts of cockroaches were also fixed with OsO4 vapour for 24 h, sputter coated with gold under special conditions and examined in a Phillips (1) XL30 ESEM in low vacuum mode. Awide spectrum of bacteria including common food spoilage and pathogenic organisms, such as Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Erwinia spp. Salmonella sp., Shigella sp. and Serratia spp. were isolated. Yeasts commonly associated with food spoilage, such as Pichia sp., Candida sp. and Torulopsis spp. were found on many cockroaches. In addition, various groups of moulds, some associated with food spoilage and others known to produce mycotoxins, such as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus parasiticus were isolated. Antimicrobial sensitivities of bacterial isolates revealed resistance patterns to various agents. Since cockroaches are prevalent in homes, particularly in food preparation areas and since their body parts and faecal pellets have been found in food storage areas, concern about their impact on food quality and safety is raised and possible control measures including education of communities on proper sanitation are suggested. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/1005 Files in this item: 1
Matsheka_IJTIS_2006.pdf (193.3Kb) -
Mpoloka, S.W.; Kgotlele, T.; Wally, A. (Academic Journals, www.academicjournals.org, April 17, 2008)[more][less]
Abstract: Allele frequencies for nine short tandem repeat (STR) loci from the AmpFlSTR® Profiler Plus PCR Amplification Kit were determined in five subpopulations across Botswana and tested for suitability for use in individual identification. DNA was extracted from whole blood samples collected from 150 unrelated individuals. Targeted regions of DNA (vWA, FGA, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D18S51, D21S11 and the sex determining locus Amelogenin) were amplified using multiplexed PCR. The alleles showed a high degree of polymorphism, with heterozygosity above 67%, indicating that there is no significant inbreeding within the subpopulations. Matching probability was below 0.2 hence power of discrimination was high, indicating that the alleles from the five subpopulations can be used in human identifications. The present study is the first reported attempt at determining allele frequencies of subpopulations in Botswana and could possibly be used in developing a national DNA database. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/1010 Files in this item: 1
mpoloka ajb paper.pdf (292.5Kb) -
Chaturvedi, P.; George, S.; Milinganyo, M.; Tripathi, Y.B. (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1573, NaN, 2004)[more][less]
Abstract: In this study, the methanol extract of Momordica charantia fruit extract was administered to diabetic rats to assess the long term effect of the extract on the lipid profile and the oral glucose tolerance test. Treatment for 30 days showed a significant decrease in triglyceride, low density lipoprotein and a significant increase in high density lipoprotein level. A significant effect on oral glucose tolerance was also noted. Chronic administration showed an improvement in the oral glucose tolerance curve. The effect was more pronounced when the test was done in rats fed the extract on the day of the test compared with tests done in rats which were not fed the extract on the same day. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/1017 Files in this item: 1
Chaturvedi_PR_2004.pdf (258.2Kb) -
Moseki, B.; Dintwe, K. (Global Science Books, http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/, NaN, 2011)[more][less]
Abstract: The effects of water stress on the photosynthetic characteristics of two locally-cultivated sorghum cultivars ('Segaolane' and 'Town') were investigated over a period of weeks. Water stress was imposed on 1-week-old plants by withholding water. Measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence were used to determine changes in the efficiency of light utilization for electron transport, the occurrence of photoinhibition of photosystem II photochemistry on the sorghum cultivars. Drought treatment significantly decreased leaf area in all species, an important factor in drought-induced decreases in photosynthetic productivity. Water-stressed 'Town' exhibited a decrease in maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (estimated from dark-adapted Fν⁄Fм ratio) with increasing period of withholding water. Light-adapted Fν'⁄Fм' estimated the efficiency of excitation energy transfer to open PSII centres. Water-stressed 'Town' displayed a decrease in the efficiency of excitation energy transfer to open PSII reaction centres throughout the entire study period. The quantum yield of PSII electron transport (фPSII), which represents electron flow beyond PSII, decreased markedly in water-stressed 'Town' compared with that of water-stressed 'Segaolane'. These initial findings indicate that 'Town' is more prone to photoinhibition than 'Segaolane'. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/962 Files in this item: 1
Moseki_AJPSB_2011.pdf (96.03Kb) -
Chaturvedi, P.; Segale, M. (Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/SRE/index.htm, NaN, 2007)[more][less]
Abstract: Four types of extracts were prepared from Melia azedarach fruits. These were methanol extract and three types of water decoctions; urine treated water decoction (UE), milk treated water decoction (ME) and plain water decoction (WE). Different doses of these four extracts were tried in normal rats to estimate the hypoglycemic activity of these extracts against glucose induced hyperglycemia. Most potent doses of all the extracts were assessed for their effects on lipid peroxidation, toxic effects on liver and reduced glutathione which is considered as first line of defense against free radicals in normal rats after 10 days of oral administration. All the extracts were found to posses hypoglycemic properties. Methanol extract showed toxic effects on the liver as indicated by high activities of Serum glutamate oxaloacetate (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate tranasaminase (SGPT). It also indicated high rate of lipid peroxidation and depleted reduced glutathione levels of plasma. On the other hand three water decoctions showed very low activities of SGOT, SGPT, very low rates of lipid peroxidation and high levels of reduced glutathione. Extract prepared by the Ayurvedic method reduce blood glucose in glucose induced hyperglycemic rats and impart no toxicity. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/181 Files in this item: 2
Effects of different types of water.pdf (836.9Kb)license.txt (1.998Kb) -
Mpoloka, S.W. (Academic Journals. http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB, NaN, 2008)[more][less]
Abstract: Over the past few decades, there has been a depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer due to emissions of halogen-containing compounds of anthropogenic origin. This has resulted in a concomitant increase in solar ultraviolet-B radiation. High levels of UV-B radiation are responsible for multiple biologically harmful effects in both plants and animals. In plants, these effects include DNA damage, which often causes heritable mutations affecting various physiological processes, including the photosynthetic apparatus, protein destruction and signal transduction via UV-B photoreceptors. High UV-B levels introduce a number of different lesions, predominantly cyclobutane pyrimidine dimmers (CPDs) and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidinone products [(6-4) PPs] in the genome. These could adversely affect plant growth, development and morphology, especially the productivity of sensitive crop species. This paper reviews the genetic effects of long-term UV-B exposure in plants. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/491 Files in this item: 1
Effects of prolonged.pdf (2.345Mb) -
Siele, M.P.; Mubyana-John, T.; Bonyongo, M.C. (Global Science Books http://www.globalsciencebooks.com/index.php?page=shop.product_details&category_id=1&flypage=shop.flypage&product_id=5&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=56&vmcchk=1&Itemid=56, NaN, 2008)[more][less]
Abstract: Soil cover influences soil biological and chemical processes in various ways. The effects of soil cover (bare soil without litter, litter cover, Mopane tree canopy and grass cover) on soil respiration and microbial population at four sites in the Mopane woodland of north western Botswana were investigated. Soil respiration rates were measured using an infrared gas analyzer. Nitrifying bacterial populations were quantified by MPN on ammonium and nitrite calcium carbonate media, oligotrophs on 1% nutrient agar, actinomycetes on starch casein agar, bacteriovorous protozoans by MPN on sodium chloride agar baited with Enterobacter, and fungal biomass carbon using buried slides were also determined. Soil respiration in different habitats was significantly influenced by type of cover, diurnal temperature variations and soil moisture. Soils under cover showed significantly higher soil respiration than the bare soils. Autochthonous bacterial populations in the Mopane woodland soils consisted mostly of oligotrophs which varied insignificantly between seasons. Fungi were the most dominant microorganisms in all the Mopane woodland soils, with biomass of 162.05 to 282.14 μg C/g soil in the wet season and 11.84 to 44.16 μg C/g soil in the dry season. Microscopic observation of buried slides revealed that fungi play a vital role in holding soil particles together in these soils. The results showed a strong positive relationship between changes in fungal biomass and fluctuation of soil respiration. However, no clear correlation was observed between the variation of soil respiration and other microbial populations (oligotrophic bacteria, actinomycetes, and nitrifying bacteria). Overall these results indicate that in soils under Mopane tree canopy, fungi contribute significantly to soil structure and soil respiration. Other microbial populations consist mostly of oligotrophs which show minimal seasonal variations. Soil moisture significantly influences seasonal fluctuation in soil respiration. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/292 Files in this item: 1
The Effects of Soil Cover.pdf (6.625Mb) -
Evaluation of methods for the isolation, detection and quantification of cyanobacterial hepatotoxinsMsagati, T.A.M.; Siame, B.A.; Shushu, D.D. (Elsevier Ltd. http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/505509/description#description, NaN, 2006)[more][less]
Abstract: Cyanobacterial hepatotoxins such as microcystins and nodularins have been responsible for the poisoning of both animals and humans who ingest or come into contact with toxic blooms. They are extremely stable in water due to their stable chemical structure and can tolerate radical changes in water chemistry, including pH and salinity. Different methods for the extraction and detection of these compounds have been reported. Extraction methods utilizing both aqueous and organic solvent systems have been reported. The detection methods ranging from immunological or biochemical assays such as enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and enzyme activity assays, to chemicals methods such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and more sophisticated liquid chromatographyà ¢ mass spectrometry (LC-MS) have been documented as well. We review some important aspects of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins and methods of analysis for these toxins. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/218 Files in this item: 2
license.txt (1.998Kb) -
Mubyana-John, T.; Wutor, V.C.; Yeboah, S.O.; Ringrose, S. (Academic Journals. http://www.academicjournals.org/SRE, NaN, 2007)[more][less]
Abstract: The influence of wild fires on microbial community structure, soil organic matter, sulphur oxidising and nitrifying microbial populations in the floodplains of the Okavango Delta of Botswana was assessed. Microbial community structure was assessed by phospholipids ester-linked fatty acids (PLFA) quantification while microbial sulphur oxidisers were assessed by Most Probable Number (MPN). Community structure assessment showed that burning shifted the microbial community structure from single cellular bacteria being the dominant groups to filamentous fungi and actinomycetes being the most dominant groups. Generally burning increased the fungal component (18:2 w6) matrix from 3.40 to 8.35 while the actinomycetes and sulphur reducing bacterial (10 Me 16:0) component also increased from 1.02 to 1.70 mostly in the floodplains. Generally, the organic matter content declined with burning. However, the influence of burning on soil pH was non conclusive. Soil microbial biomass carbon increased slightly after the fire. The number of heterotrophic and nitrite-oxidizing and sulphur reducing bacteria increased. Overall, these results indicate that burning significantly alters the microbial community structure as large above ground losses of nutrients during and after burning often results in low quantities of nutrients released into the soil. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/349 Files in this item: 1
Fire and.pdf (2.461Mb) -
Omari, K.; Mubyana, T.; Matsheka, M.I.; Bonyongo, M.C.; Veenendaal, E. (South African Journal of Botany http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/707238/description#description, NaN, 2004)[more][less]
Abstract: Effects of flooding on soil nitrogen (N), and asymbiotic nitrogen fixing bacterial (diazotroph) populations of the Okavango Delta were investigated. Diazotrophs from the rhizosphere of dominant annual and perennial grasses of the Okavango Delta were isolated on N-free composite media and identified applying morphological and biochemical criteria and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). Azotobacter species were found associated mostly with the grasses Andropogon guyanus and Vetevaria nigritiana (103CFU g–1 rhizosphere soil). Annual grasses such as Eragrostis inamoena, Setaria sphacelata as well as perennials showed insignificant populations (<101CFU g–1 soil). On the contrary, Azospirillum spp. was found associated with most of the grasses. Highest population densities (above 104MPN g–1 soil) were observed in rhizospheres of E. inamoena, Cympogon excavatus, Sporobolus acinifolis, Eragrostis lapila and Eragrostis rigidor and lowest population densities (below 102MPN g–1 soil) in rhizospheres of Andropogon guyanus and Panicum repens. Flooding increased the Azotobacter populations, while Azospirillum spp. populations were significantly reduced. Nitrogen-fixing sulphur reducers were observed in the rhizosphere of annuals (A. guyanus and P. repens) and only in perennials growing in flooded soils. No Beijerinckia species were found associated with any of the grasses. The highest soil nitrogen levels were detected in flooded soils (<0.20% N) while no N was detected in the rhizosphere soil of grasses growing in very dry soils (<5% moisture content). The results indicate that in the Okavango Delta, total soil nitrogen varies with flooding regime. With flooding, the diazotroph population shifts towards Azotobacter and Nfixing sulphur reducers while Azospirillum spp. are widespread in non-flooded soils. RFLP analysis of the 1 450bp amplicon using the restriction endonuclease Alu1, showed three different banding profiles, suggesting the occurrence of three different species of Azospirillum. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/294 Files in this item: 1
Flooding and its influence.pdf (2.253Mb) -
Setshogo, M.P.; Mbereki, C.M. (Global Science Books, http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/, NaN, 2011)[more][less]
Abstract: The sale of herbal medicine, either as concoctions or single plant specimens, has become common in the streets and main shopping centres of major towns and cities in Botswana. A study was undertaken to collect information on the uses of medicinal plants sold by street vendors in Gaborone, Botswana during June 2008 to December 2008. The indigenous knowledge of the street vendors and the plants used for medicinal purposes were collected through questionnaire and personal interviews during field trips. The survey showed that the street vendors used 47 species of plants distributed in 45 genera belonging to 29 families to treat various diseases and health conditions. The documented medicinal plants were mostly used to cure skin sores, sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and asthma. In this study, the most dominat families are the Asteraceae and Fabaceae, each with 5 species and roots were most frequently used for the treatment of diseases accounting for 62% of the medicines sold. This study showed that many people in Botswana still continue to depend on medicinal plants for primary healthcare. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/922 Files in this item: 1
Setshogo_AJPSB_2011.pdf (876.4Kb) -
Mubyana-John, T.; Wright, M.G. (Global Science Books, http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/, NaN, 2011)[more][less]
Abstract: A study assessing fungi isolated from three climatic regions of Botswana as a possible control for root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) affecting the tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum L. var. 'Money maker') crops was conducted. Out of 1,250 soil fungal isolates, only 232 soil fungi from the Okavango Delta, Bobirwa district and different saltpans in Botswana could be sub cultured, and screened for antagonism against Meloidogyne sp. Seven of the isolates i.e., Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp., Dendriphiopsis sp., Fusarium chlamydosporium, Cochliobolus sativus, Aspergillus fumigatus and an unidentified sterile fungus showed potential to immobilize nematode juveniles on agar plates within 2-4 days. C. sativus and Dendriphiopsis sp. showed maximum paralysis on agar plates and eventually death of the Meloidgyne sp. juveniles. In greenhouse studies using tomato plants the fungi alleviated the effect of nematodes by increasing plant, shoot height and root weight as compared to the reference controls. Cochliobolus sativus and Trichoderma sp. showed maximum plant protection of tomato plants under greenhouse conditions. Fungi ability to produce cellulase and chitinase were some of the mechanisms studied. The results indicated that Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp., Dendriphiopsis sp., Fusarium chlamydosporium, Cochliobolus sativus and Aspergillus fumigatus are nematode antagonistic fungi indigenous to Botswana that can be used to control nematodes as they are better adapted in comparison to introduced fungi. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/917 Files in this item: 1
Mbuyana-John_AJPSB_2011.pdf (813.1Kb) -
Chaturvedi, P.; Pipedi-Tshekiso, M.; Moseki, B.; Kwape, P.E. (Academic Journals, http://www.academicjournals.org/SRE, NaN, 2011)[more][less]
Abstract: Bark of Bauhinia purpurea tree was collected and both the water and methanol extracts were prepared. Both extracts were tested for free radical scavenging activities and phenol content. Water extract was then tested for its protective potentials against alcohol induced toxicity. For this experiment, twenty rats were randomly divided into four groups, alcohol control group, normal control and two experimental groups. The rats in alcohol control group received alcohol (5 g/kg), rats in normal control were given water. Rats in two experimental groups were administered two doses of methanol extract (50 and 100 mg/kg respectively) plus alcohol (5 g/kg) for 30 days. At the end of the experiment, rats were killed after ether anesthesia. Liver and blood samples were collected for biochemical measurements. Parameters measured were thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbic acid. Results showed that both methanol and water extracts scavenged free radicals equivalent to gallic acid scavenging and were found rich in total phenol content. Results of in vivo experiments showed that the water extract inhibited lipid peroxidation, protected the experimental animals from hepatic toxicity and maintained the levels of antioxidants in dose dependent manner. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/1018 Files in this item: 1
Chaturvedi_SRE_2011.pdf (207.7Kb) -
Banda, A.; Mubyana-John, T.; Taylor, J.E. (Global Science Books, http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/, NaN, 2011)[more][less]
Abstract: The influence of burning on soil microbial dehydrogenase activity, nitrogen content and fungal population along the Boro route in the Okavango Delta was assessed in the flood and dry seasons. Soil samples from the burnt plots and the adjacent control un-burnt plots were cultured on agar plates using dilution methods. Fusarium spp. were dominant while Aspergillus species were low in burnt plots. The other fungi such as Drechslera sp., Exophiala jeanselmmei, Penicillium compactum and Chrysosporium merdarium were only in the burnt plots as compared to unburnt control plots. However, fungal diversity and soil dehydrogenase activity reduced after 6 months of burning showing significant increase in Chrysosporium merdarium in almost all the burnt plots. The influence of burning on soil nitrogen was insignificant instead flooding had a stronger influence on nitrogen content than burning. The results indicate that burning increased fungal diversity and biomass, however, reduces overall microbial enzyme activity after burning without influencing soil nitrogen and pH. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/919 Files in this item: 1
Mbuyana_AJPSB_2011.pdf (220.0Kb) -
Mubyana, T.; Krah, M.; Totolo, O.; Bonyongo, M. (Journal of Arid Environments. http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622855/description#description, NaN, 2003)[more][less]
Abstract: The effect of flooding on soil total nitrogen, phosphorus and microbial population in different vegetation zones (floodplain, island and woodland) and profile depth (0?1, 0?5, 2?0, 3?0, 4?0 and 5?0m) of the Okavango Delta was studied from February to July 1999. Total nitrogen significantly differed with soil profile depth, moisture regime and months. In the woodlands, insignificant total nitrogen was detected at all depths except at 0?1m, where 0?03% and 1?17% were detected in February and March, respectively. In the island samples, only 0?05% was detected at 4m in February. Nitrogen in the floodplain samples was concentrated in the A1 horizon where 0?12%, 0?61% and 0?03% were detected in February, March, and May, respectively. Organic phosphorus significantly differed with vegetation zone but not with months and depth. Although organic phosphorus was low (0?02–0?52%) at all sites, it was liberally distributed throughout the profiles. On the island, actinomycetes were only detected up to 2m in February and up to 3m in July. Fungi concentrated in the top 0?5m (103–105). In both the floodplain and island samples, bacteria concentrated in the upper 3m. However, after May, populations decreased significantly. In the floodplain, significant actinomycetes populations were only detected in the upper 0?5m. Generally, organic phosphorus showed positive correlations with fungal populations. This study indicates that these soils are low in total nitrogen and phosphorus. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/293 Files in this item: 1
Influence of seasonal flooding.pdf (3.953Mb) -
Chaturvedi, P. (Oxford University Press, Oxford Journals; http://ecam.oxfordjournals.org/, March NaN, 2008)[more][less]
Abstract: In the present study, inhibitory effect of the methanol extract of Raphanus sativus root on lipid peroxidation has been carried out in normal rats. Graded doses of methanol extract of root of the plant (40, 80 and 120 mg kg 1 body weight) were administered orally for 15 days to experimental treated rats. Distilled water was administered to experimental control rats. At the end of experiment, rats were killed by decapitation after ether anesthesia. Blood and liver were collected to measure thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, reduced glutathione and activity of catalase. Results indicated that the extract of R. sativus root reduced the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance significantly in all experimental treated groups (P50.05) as compared to the experimental control group. It also increased the levels of reduced glutathione and increased the activity of catalase. In vitro experiments with the liver of experimental control and experimental treated rats were also carried out against cumene hydroperoxide induced lipid peroxidation. The extract inhibited in vitro cumene hydroperoxide induced lipid peroxidation. R. sativus inhibits lipid peroxidation in vivo and in vitro. It provides protection by strengthening the antioxidants like glutathione and catalase. Inclusion of this plant in every day diet would be beneficial. Description: eCAM Advance Access originally published online on February 20, 2007 eCAM 2008 5(1):55-59; doi:10.1093/ecam/nel077 Version available here is the 2007 version. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/182 Files in this item: 2
Inhibitory response of raphanus.pdf (861.5Kb)license.txt (1.998Kb) -
Mpoloka, S.W. (American-Eurasian Network for Scientific Information. http://www.aensi.org/aeb_online.html, NaN, 2008)[more][less]
Abstract: The nuclear 18S rDNA and chloroplast encoded rbcL gene sequences were used to investigate the evidence of residual UV-B induced mutagenesis in Dimorphotheca sinuata plants. The probes were generated by the polymerase chain reaction and labelled with a non-radioactive Digoxigenin label and used in Southern hybridization studies. High levels of variability in the 18S rDNA gene were found, pointing to genome rearrangements and possibly genome instability due to UV-B effects. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/484 Files in this item: 1
Investigating evidence.pdf (1.233Mb) -
Moseki, B.; Buru, J.C. (Academic Journals, http://www.academicjournals.org/, NaN, 2010)[more][less]
Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the growth response of Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) (a halophyte) to various NaCl concentrations and hence determine how it is adapted to grow optimally under saline conditions. S. portulacastrum was grown hydroponically in various NaCl concentrations (that is, 0, 100, 200, 400 and 600 mol m-3 NaCl). It was found to exhibit a growth pattern typical of dicotyledonous halophytes. It attained maximal growth at 200 mol m-3 NaCl concentration in hydroponic cultures. It accumulated large concentrations of Na+ and Cl- with the leaves having the highest ion content. These ions are believed to be sequestered in the vacuole. S. portulacastrum also accumulated proline in high concentrations and this proline appeared to adjust the cytoplasmic ion concentration to balance that of the vacuole. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/961 Files in this item: 1
Moseki_SRE_2010.pdf (102.5Kb) -
Baloi, B.; Matsheka, M.I.; Gashe, B.A. (Global Science Books, http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/, NaN, 2011)[more][less]
Abstract: Halophilic bacteria from the Makgadikgadi salt pans in north central Botswana were isolated using culture-dependent methods. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the 16S rRNA gene and phylogenetic analysis were used to identify the strains. Culturing was done aerobically in six different complex salt media. Salt concentrations used were 1Halophilic bacteria from the Makgadikgadi salt pans in north central Botswana were isolated using culture-dependent methods. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the 16S rRNA gene and phylogenetic analysis were used to identify the strains. Culturing was done aerobically in six different complex salt media. Salt concentrations used were 15, 20, 25 and 30% (2.6, 3.4, 4.3 and 5.1 M, respectively) NaC1, at pH 7.2 to pH 8.0. Four colony morphology types were isolated in axenic cultures comprising Gram-positive cells. Universal bacterila primers were used to amplify 16S rDNA from chromosomal DNA isolated from three of the four distinct colony groups. Restriction enzyme digest analysis of the 16S rDNA revealed seven RFLP types. Five of the RFLP types were subjected to sequencing. Comparison of the 16S rDNA sequence alignment to reference sequence data bases showed samples S2012A3, S2012B2 and S2012B3 to have between 95 and 99% homology to Bacillus sp. BH 164 and Bacillus sp. HS 136T, a novel species recently described as Bacillus persepolensis. Isolate S4102D4 showed 95 to 99% homology to Thalassobacillus sp. JY0201 and Thalassobacillus sp. FIB228 and Halobacillus sp. MO56 species. All five isolates had at least 95% similarity to published sequences implying they could be species within the described genera. A sub-tree drawn to compare the isolates indicated two phyletic lines with S4102D4 being an outlying strain and S2012A3, S2012B and S2012B3 being a closely related clonal group all of which branch from Bacillus sp. BH 164. Pending conclusive culture, biochemical and polar lipid composition data these microorganisms are regarded as previously un-described and therefore novel species of halophilic bacteria. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/920 Files in this item: 1
Matsheka_AJPSB_2011.pdf (525.8Kb)


text:
Real Stiff Striped feather hair extension 100 PCS (New offer)-F042
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By buying this product you can collect up to 7 loyalty points. Your cart will total 7 points that can be converted into a voucher of $1.40.
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Customers can Pay the orders with Paypal. Paypal is an easy online payment method with easy option and with secure. You even donot have to share the personal information with others. If you choose to pay with paypal, please complete the shipping address in your paypal account, thus we can ship the order accordingly.
Order comfirmation
If your order was successfully paid, you will receive an order comfirmation letter from our payment company which contain the exact amount of your order. And our support team will also send you an email to inform you the invoice information and Expected date of order dispatching in 1-3 hours.
If you are not sure whether your payment went through or not, please don' t submit the orde repeatedly. Or it will cause double charge. You need to contact our support team to comfirm the order payment issue. Contact us Now!
We always dispatch orders in 24 hours upon payment received and shipping information will be provided for customers through Email.Our company provide 4 shipping ways (You will have options to choose any way you want) :
DHL: 3-5 working days, door to door, $20/shipment,can be tracked
EMS: 5-7 working days, door to door, $14.8/shipment, can be tracked;
USPS: 5-7working days,door to door,$10/shipment, for USA customers only;
HK Post: About 20 working days, door to door, $4/shipment, can be tracked.
After the order sent out, we will inform the tracking # through Email.Customers can use the tracking NO. on tracking site to review where the pack locating.
Tracking site:
HK Post: http://app3.hongkongpost.com/CGI/mt/enquiry.jsp
All the orders need to be signed to receive. If nobody home to sign for the order, the carriers will leave you a notice and you can follow it to get the pack accordingly.
Register to get a coupon of $3( can be used for your first order)
After the order was accepted, A voucher of $4 will be automatically sent via email.
For repeat order another coupon of $5 will be rewarded.
Order under $50, a free set of feather earring will be packed.
Over $100 you will get 2 sets of feather earrings.
More than $150, gifts like natural feather hair, feather earrings, wig cap liner, human hair products… three of them will be chose for free.
Order over $300, get a free, newly release feather DIY which costs $13.99.
Order Over $50, Hkpost is Free.
Over $100, EMS only costs $5,DHL only costs $10.
Over $150, DHL , EMS, HKPOST is free, UPS only costs $10.
Over $200, DHL , EMS, HKPOST, UPS all free.
From | Comment |
2012-03-30 kathy .... | The price suits for me and their service is pretty good. |
2011-11-01 kristina .... | The Striped real feather hair extension that you sent me is too thick,but it looks beautiful. |
2011-11-01 Dana .... | I would just like to know if all your feathers are style friendly... As in flat iron, curling iron? How long do they last? |
2011-11-01 Janell .... | I order this item today,when can I expect to receive it?? |
2011-10-31 Sharon .... | You should always be warned that the item is "stiff" before ordering. |
2011-10-31 Tyrone .... | Got what I asked for. Good product and received promptly and in good condition. |
2011-10-26 Sharon .... | When I recieved these feathers, I was absolutely stunned. Each and every one of the feathers in the bundle was gorgeous! They were long, beautifully c... olored, and very high quality . |
2011-10-25 Dawn .... | SIMPLE AND EASY TO USE I LIKE :) |
Only registered user can post a new comment.
★Order Over $50, Hkpost is Free. ★Over $100, EMS only costs $5,DHL only costs $10. ★Over $150, DHL , EMS, HKPOST is free, UPS only costs $10. ★Over $200, DHL , EMS, HKPOST, UPS all free. |
★DHL do not ship to PO Boxes. Please give an alternative address when checking out. ★Orders for human hair extensions will need about 24 hours to process before being shipped. ★SERVEHAIR offers the options to ship your order UPS, DHL, HKPOST, EMS. HKPOST shipping can take about 15-20 business days to arrive. UPS shipping only take up to about 48hours to arrive. EMS shipping can take about 7 business days to arrive. DHL shipping can take between 3-5 business days to arrive. |
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
May 23, 2012 | 2:50 pm
Dr. Barry A. Kosmin of Trinity College, author of a survey of European Jewish leaders and opinion formers, discusses the challenges facing the Jewish communities of Europe.
May 23, 2012 | 7:24 am
Polls this week put the right-wing and religious parties (Likud not included) at the lowest combined predicted number of seats (32) since we started tracking them for the study.
May 21, 2012 | 2:34 pm
No matter how tiny the Jewish community might be, the battle for Jewish votes is extensively reported and analyzed; but for Jewish votes to be of any significance come Election Day, the margin between candidates has to be very, very small, and. . .
May 21, 2012 | 9:06 am
An agreement on Iran's nuclear ambitions that makes Israel uncomfortable would be easier for Tehran to swallow.
May 18, 2012 | 12:42 pm
A look at the more subtle questions that will decide the success or failure of next week's Baghdad talks on the Iranian nuclear program.
May 18, 2012 | 4:27 am
Those who assume a new centrist coalition can advance peace talks will also have assumed the talks stalled, at least partly, because of the previous coalition; comforting maybe, but hardly accurate.
May 17, 2012 | 9:03 am
The BBC has found that 50% of Americans see Israel positively, while our J-Meter shows Israel is doing much better than that.
May 15, 2012 | 11:11 am
On the plane from Tel Aviv to DC, the headline of the Financial Times' lead editorial caught my eye; at first I was unsure as to whether I should even bother to correct all the false assumptions and illogical conclusions, but having the temper. . .
May 14, 2012 | 10:48 am
The question is, how many voters are going to abandon Kadima in the wake of Mofaz's decision to join the coalition, and where will they be going?
May 12, 2012 | 12:13 pm
Professor Bethamie Horowitz of the Steinhardt School at NYU and author of the study 'Defining Israel Education', discusses American Jewry's connection to Israel.
May 10, 2012 | 1:14 pm
Should Israel attack Iran?
May 10, 2012 | 10:33 am
When someone like Fareed Zakaria compliments someone like Binyamin Netanyahu one knows trouble is coming.
May 9, 2012 | 9:26 am
A vast majority of the public believe that the motivations behind the unity government were purely political - not the good of the country; still, more voters support this political move than oppose it
May 8, 2012 | 12:55 am
I was at the Prime Minister's Office yesterday, and there was no sense of looming decisions, no feeling of shifting winds. And then I woke up to a new coalition of 94(!) members.
May 7, 2012 | 5:22 am
It's interesting to note that while Romney scores higher than Obama, no Republican contender for the second-in-command job seems nearly as attractive to our panel as Biden.
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israel shmuel rosner rosner iran nuclear us israel us iran israel iran obama israel benjamin netanyahu american jewry
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Right Turn
Rob Danin
Sabato's Crystal Ball
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The Cable
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The Fix
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The Jewish Forward
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Walter Russell Mead
Washington Wire


text:
- What is iparse.dll, and how to fix the problem
- iparse.dll error solution illustrates the definition of iparse.dll, and provide you a possibility to run a scan if you are troubled by this process.
iparse.dll General Information
Process Name: Shared Library for Xerces-C Version 1.1.0
Application using this process: Shared Library for Xerces-C Version 1.1.0
Software Description: iparse.dll is a DLL file used by Shared Library for Xerces-C Version 1.1.0 created by Apache Software Foundation This process is still being reviewed. If you have some information about it feel free to send us an email at pl[at]uniblue[dot]net
Non-system processes like iparse.dll originate from software you installed on your system. Since most applications store data in your system's registry, it is likely that your registry has suffered fragmentation and accumulated invalid entries which can affect your PC's performance. It is recommended that you .
Security & Performance
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Security risk: N/A
Spyware: N/A (Scan and Check the Process Now)
Virus: N/A (Scan and Check the Process Now)
Trojan: N/A (Scan and Check the Process Now)
Can I stop or remove iparse.dll?
Most non-system processes that are running can be stopped because they are not involved in running your operating system. Scan your system now to identify unused processes that are using up valuable resources. iparse.dll is used by 'Shared Library for Xerces-C Version 1.1.0'. To stop iparse.dll permanently uninstall 'Shared Library for Xerces-C Version 1.1.0' from your system. Uninstalling applications can leave invalid registry entries, accumulating over time. Run a free scan to find out how to optimize software and system performance.
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text:
Day 12: Share the wealth
A year ago, we received this amazing letter from one of our donors. Check out what Amy's three girls did to be able to follow God's lead to give, and how "the faith of a child is more powerful than the 'logic' of a parent."
A year ago, we received this amazing letter from one of our donors. Check out what Amy's three girls did to be able to follow God's lead to give, and how "the faith of a child is more powerful than the 'logic' of a parent."
Piglets from World Vision's Gift Catalog helped change the Alegre family's future in Bolivia. Read how a simple gift brought them hope and joy, and how they're sharing that joy with others!
One of the ways that World Vision helps to share joy in communities around the world is by providing beehives to entrepreneurs. Raising bees helps them learn new skills, pollinate their crops, and produce honey that they can eat and sell. Today, read about World Vision beekeepers in Mongolia!
Why are chickens important? In this World Vision Gift Catalog video, four kids consider the value of donkeys, rabbits, and chickens — animals that donors can give through the catalog to a family that needs them.
For Cyber Monday today and #GivingTuesday tomorrow, we're recommending our Top 5 items from the World Vision Gift Catalog. See which ones we chose as our favorites … maybe they'll be yours, too!
Starting today, you can "Share joy with the world" by participating in daily challenges from now until Christmas. Follow our Advent-inspired holiday project over the next 25 days by subscribing to the blog and checking back every day for a new story and challenge.
Are you looking for an alternative gift for your recent or soon-to-be graduate? Something meaningful, something that will make a real difference in the world while honoring this milestone in their education?
World Vision's Gift Catalog has a variety of amazing gifts that you can donate in someone's honor and make a real-world difference. Here are our top eight Gift Catalog recommendations for your graduate.
On this Father's Day, join us in celebrating the success of the World Vision-supported project "The Father Program" in Sri Lanka, which is now starting up in four other countries! Surendralingam is one of the fathers who has turned his life around by applying what he learned from this program.
"Wild for World Vision! That's what I am, and that was the theme of my 13th birthday party this year!"
Emily Hadigian turned 13 in January. But this year, she wanted to use the gift-giving part of her birthday celebration as a donation to World Vision, using it to help change the world.
Wedding season starts next month! Are you getting married, but feel like you already have everything you need to start a home together? Use the day that will change your lives forever to help change lives all around the world!
With World Vision's My Gift Catalog application, you can create your own personalized fundraising webpage where others are invited to donate meaningful gifts. Here are our top 10 Gift Catalog recommendations for your wedding registry.
Love is in the air this week as millions prepare to celebrate Valentine's Day. There's certainly nothing wrong with wanting to spoil your loved ones; we all do it occasionally.
At the same time, we wanted to ask the question: How much money do Americans spend each year on Valentine's Day -- and what impact could that amount make in fighting global poverty?
This isn't meant to induce guilt; instead, consider it a source of encouragement as to how effectively you can make a difference with the resources you have!
This Christmas, we are determined to reach 650,000 lives by providing life-changing gifts like clean water, goats, and chickens to families in need. How many have we helped so far?
Since I've gotten back from World Vision's 2012 True Spirit of Christmas Tour, I'm frequently asked: "Didn't you go to Kenya? How was that?"
I'm never one to answer really fast, because I always want to give a real answer. I could just say, "It was great!" -- and the conversation would end there, but that would defeat the purpose of why I went.
I went so I could tell people about what's going on in Kenya and what World Vision is doing to help out.
This Christmas season, you had the chance to follow along as Kris Allen journeyed to Kenya to learn what really happens when you give gifts through the World Vision Gift Catalog. Today, Kris Allen has a special message for you!
Merry Christmas from the World Vision family.
Andrea Zahler wound her way along a narrow pathway in a small farming village near Sitapur, India, past oxen laying in the sun and mud-walled homes where chai is brewed atop small, open wood-fired stoves.
Andrea was a World Vision Child Ambassador in the truest sense that day. She was going to meet a sponsored child named Laxmi Ramhit, a 12-year-old Indian girl with a shy smile and deep doe eyes.
As Laxmi's home came into view, Andrea saw a large group of women and children sitting on the floor, waiting patiently in a small courtyard outside the home. They pulled out a patio chair for her, the oldest girl brought her chai, and other children touched her feet as a sign of respect and welcome.
"I was very nervous about visiting [Laxmi] because I knew that it wasn't just me, but I was representing an entire neighborhood of people," Andrea says.
For people in developing nations, health clinics are often the only link between them and the medicines they so desperately need.
Kris Allen, host of the 2012 True Spirit of Christmas Tour, had a chance to visit a health clinic in Bartabwa, Kenya. See how gifts given through the World Vision Gift Catalog are helping to save lives.
The mood is somber as babies wait to be examined and receive immunizations. I meet Purity, 30, and her 2-year-old son, Sheldon, while they were waiting to be seen. Sheldon suffers from high fever, poor appetite, diarrhea, and vomiting.
For may students in the United States, singing the ABCs is one of the first lessons in the classroom. You might be surprised to learn that children in Bartabwa, Kenya, know a very similar version. See for yourself as Kris Allen sings with elementary school students.
Child sponsorship opens the door to better future for a child in need by providing life-giving essentials like nutritious food, clean water, education, and healthcare. Kris Allen, host of the 2012 True Spirit of Christmas Tour, shares how sponsorship has impacted a school and the lives of many children in Bartabwa, Kenya.


text:
1948 Chrysler Windsor Convertible. The little sister to the "Full Classic" Town and Country. Restored. One Family Ownership for OVER 25 years. Only 11,200 built over the four... More
The Windsor model line was a step forward in Chrysler's interpretation of the envelope bodied car. The plump fenders and scalloped hood mouldin lines... More
The first Chrysler Town and Country was a wood-bodied barrel-back sedan in the 1941 six-cylinder Royal line. Carried forward into 1942 the model was... More
Chrysler, with much fanfare, introduced its glamorous Town and Country Convertible in the spring of 1946. Their aggressive ad campaigns created such buzz... More
The Chrysler Town and Country convertible occupies a special position in the automobiles history the only wood-bodied convertible built in series on a luxury... More
1948 Chrysler Town & Country, Welcome to the team at Vintage Motorcars LLC. In Westbrook Connecticut. We are offering a 1948 Chrysler Town and country... More
Original 250 ci Flathead 6 cylinder with fluid drive transmission, original equipment includes power top, radio, heater, windshield washer, dual trumpet horns, clock, wide... More
The Chrysler Town and Country convertible occupies a special position in the automobiles history the only wood-bodied convertible built in series on a luxury... More
1940 Chrysler New Yorker Sedan with blue exterior paint and Chrysler hub caps with beauty rings. The interior is blue cloth, both front and... More
This really exceptional 1940 Chrysler New Yorker Highlander convertible had only two owners for the first 63 years of its life. The original owner... More
1948 CHRYSLER TOWN & COUNTRY CONVERTIBLE FRESH SHOW WINNING RESTORATION This outstanding 1948 Town & Country Convertible is a recipient of a recently completed total frame... More
1947 Chrysler Windsor coupe,an older restoration,that included new paint,chrome,and interior.The Spitfire six runs great,transmitting power through the factory fluid drive.Enjoy the old car hobby,immediately,at... More
This is a Fantastic opportunity to own a very rare, partially restored 1949 Chrysler Town and Country Convertible Woody! With less than 1000 1949 Town... More
Wow! An original unmolested survivor. 1941 Chrysler Royal with Fluid Drive that drives great. Truly, this is one of the most reliable and pleasurable... More
CHRYSLER: 1940 Windsor rare 2-dr sedan, restoration or unique rod, not running but all intact, motor turns; some minor issues but solid builder, lots... More


text:
Planning consent has been granted for a £130 million biomass-fuelled energy plant at the port of Immingham in North East Lincolnshire.
The Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Reality Energy Centre is designed to generate 49MW - which is enough to provide power 90,000 homes - of green energy from sustainably-sourced wood pellets.
It will provide a job boost for the area with 200-250 positions expected to be created during the 30-month-long construction and commissioning period, and an estimated 35 permanent posts during its 25-year operational lifespan from 2015.
Project developer Real Ventures will oversee the build on a three-hectare site owned by Associated British Ports.
Ray Tucker, chief executive officer of Real Ventures, said he was "very pleased" with the council's decision.
"We are now proceeding to secure funding for the final design and construction work for the Immingham project," he added.
In Yorkshire, a £50 million biomass storage and handling facility is to be built in by Shepherd Construction on behalf of Drax.
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text:
One week after Superstorm Sandy beat up the Northeast, tearing apart homes and lives in New Jersey, New York and other areas, there's another worry on the horizon: A nor'easter is coming.
Rain is forecast to move in early Wednesday and will gradually become heavier, according to CNN meteorologists. As the day goes on, the weather will get worse, with daytime temperatures hovering in the 40s. At night it could get down to the 20s -- bad news for the 127,000 customers who are still without power, according to Con Edison. Working round the clock, the company said Tuesday that more than 846,000 customers who lost power -- 87% -- have it again.
A nor'easter is a strong low pressure system with powerful northeasterly winds coming from the ocean ahead of a storm. Predicted 60-mph gusts could hurt the already ravaged Jersey Shore. Coastal flooding and beach erosion are possible.
Of course there's a strong concern for everyone's safety, too. Sandy left 110 people dead in the United States, and on its way to the country, it took the lives of 69 people.
"When it rains, it pours. When it storms, you get more storms, I guess," said New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo.
Under normal conditions, the nor'easter wouldn't be problematic, he said, but because many areas are still picking up the pieces from last week, it could cause fresh havoc.
On Monday, authorities in Brick, New Jersey, ordered residents in the low-lying waterfront areas of town to leave.
The storm is not another Sandy, and its path and severity could change, according to CNN meteorologists.
"I haven't even really thought about the nor'easter," said Ryan Hanley.
The 27-year-old's chief worry is the home she had to abandon in Wantagh, on New York's Long Island. It's 4 feet deep in water. All her belongings are on the curb.
"I cannot think right now about voting (in Tuesday's presidential election) either," she said. "I don't even know where to go if I wanted to vote."
To help with such concerns, Cuomo signed an order Monday allowing affidavit voting. Basically, what that means is that voters registered in a federally declared disaster county can vote at any poll site in the state by signing an affidavit.
"We want everyone to vote. Just because you're displaced doesn't mean you should be disenfranchised," the governor said.
Voters in some New York counties may get an extra day to cast ballots if disruptions caused by Sandy prevent enough citizens from voting, a state official said Sunday. New Jersey announced that residents displaced by Sandy can vote in Tuesday's elections via e-mail or fax, the first time civilians in the state have been allowed to vote remotely.
At least two polling places in Connecticut have been changed due to Sandy -- one in Bridgeport and another in New London.
Signs that people are working hard to move on after Sandy can be found across New York.
Construction work started again Monday at the 9/11 ground zero site, which was flooded by Sandy.
Some 94% of schools in New York City were open Monday, according to the mayor, and the subway system is back in operation. New York officials said they are investigating reports of price gouging after receiving hundreds of complaints from consumers who say business owners have jacked up prices on hotel rooms, generators, food and water.
In everyday lives, progress can't come fast enough.
Hanley is living with her boyfriend's family a few towns away from Wantagh, and her confusion about where to vote is a secondary concern right now.
"I've heard from neighbors who are still around there that we've had looters," she said.
"What am I supposed to do right now? How do I deal with that?" she said. "I don't have electricity, so I cannot pump the water. It is just sitting there. Whether someone takes what we have ... I have no control over that. I have no control over any of it."
Hanley has been talking with her insurance company. But she said she hasn't been able to reach a real person with the Federal Emergency Management Agency yet.
"We have not been directly contacted, nor can we reach anyone when we call," she said.
FEMA has defended its response to people in need.


text:
Thicken Soft High Heels Shoes Anti-slip Half Sole Pads - Black (Pair)
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Color Blue + white Material PVC Quantity 2 Functions Adjusts hallux valgus, relief your foot pain; Easy and convenient to wear; Cure your pain quickly and have no influence on your
Healthy Detox Foot Pads Patches - White (10 PCS)
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By one estimate, China's young fitness industry will be worth $6.83 billion by 2018
With Barclays withdrawing, other possibilities might include Cadbury, BP, J.Crew, and Vodafone
Anti-gun activists mistakenly believe they can win "a war for the culture." A year after Newtown, it's easier to buy firearms
Cell biologist Randy Schekman's lab will no longer submit papers to the big-name journals. Here's why
Caps on debit-card swipe fees have brought consumers greater access to free checking accounts at smaller banks, according to researchers at the Kansas City Fed
In a countersuit, the Beastie Boys demand compensation and the removal of a GoldieBlox ad featuring the song,
After climbing to record highs this year, bacon prices are expected to fall as pigs reached record weights
Northwestern's Kellogg School of Management reclaims the top stop after a two-year absence
The Santa Spy Cam app—which superimposes Santa, elves, and even reindeer on moving images of a given home—is an overnight hit with parents who face skeptical kids
loading slide shows…


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South America Tours
- Galapagos (Ecuador)
- Salt Flats (Bolivia)
- Machu Picchu (Peru)
- Angel Falls (Venezula)
- Amazon Jungle (Peru)
- Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
- Iguassu Falls (Brazil/Argentina)
- Torres del Paine National Park (Chile)
Variety is the spice of life and a key ingredient to the art of travel. South America offers more variety of culture, wildlife, adventure and natural beauty than any other continent. This liveliness and diversity are evident as soon as you arrive. In South America friendly people welcome you into their lives, happily sharing their culture, their food and even their homes. Once you start to explore this part of the world you quickly realize it holds many of the most intriguing and beautiful destinations on earth. On a South America adventure one arrives with a sense of wonder, and returns home with a newfound respect for the great diversity of this part of the world.
Absolute Peru (PHPT)
Scan the canopy for wildlife from the comfort of our intimate and exclusive G Lodge Amazon, contemplate mountain vistas or take an optional flight over the Nazca Lines—this epic journey explores the geography, culture and history of Peru, offering you the perfect blend of guided excursions and free time. Hike the Inca Trail, which rewards those willing to break a sweat with stunning views of ruins, mountainscapes and cloud forest. And because we run our own treks, we can ensure the fair treatment of our porters and the quality of food, service and equipment.
Highlights: Trek the Inca Trail to Machu Picchu, search for wildlife at our exclusive G Lodge Amazon, spot condors at Colca Canyon, experience local life at a homestay on Lake Titicaca, explore the mysterious Nazca Lines
- Travel Style:
- Classic
- Trip Type:
- Small Group
- Service Level:
- Standard
- Physical Grading:
- 4
Inca Heartland (PXML)
Experience the archaeological highlights and the cultural treasures of the Andean highlands, then uncover the secrets of the mysterious Nazca Lines and Peru's desert coast on this incredible 3-week adventure. Embrace Incan culture past and present in Cusco and get a taste of Bolivian culture in La Paz. Travel by boat on Lake Titicaca and trek to the stunning ruins of Machu Picchu. As the Inca Trail's largest operator, we run our own treks, which ensures quality food, service and equipment. Join us for an immersive experience that few travellers get to know.
Highlights: Spot condors at Colca Canyon, trek the Inca Trail to Machu Picchu, experience local life at a homestay on Lake Titicaca, explore the world's highest capital city
- Travel Style:
- Classic
- Trip Type:
- Small Group
- Service Level:
- Standard
- Physical Grading:
- 4
Trip | Length | Style | Service Level | Starting Price |
Absolute Peru (PHPT) | 21 days | Classic | Standard |
Inca Heartland (PXML) | 21 days | Classic | Standard |


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PSC is an abbreviation for:
Program Support Center (DHHS)
Find a translation for PSC in other languages:
Select another language:
What does PSC mean?
- psc(Abbreviation)
- parsec
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"PSC." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2013. Web. 21 Dec. 2013. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/575105>.
PSC also stands for:
- Pacific Salmon Commission (Can-US)
- Packet Switched Call
- Parallel Switch Control
- Partido Social Cristiano
- Partit Socialista de Catalunya
... and 70 more »
Nearby & related abbreviations:
Alternative search:
- Search Program Support Center (DHHS) on Amazon.com
- Search Program Support Center (DHHS) on Google


text:
Australia is a country with endless miles of unspoilt beaches, tropical rainforest, mountain ranges and vast tracts of desert. The sheer size of the country is awe-inspiring and any visit to this kaleidoscope of landscapes is sure to be the holiday of a lifetime.
The country boasts action packed adventures at every turn - including scuba diving on the stunning Great Barrier Reef, skydiving, surfing and bungee jumping. For the less adventurous, there are more serene pursuits like exploring National Parks, dipping into Aboriginal culture or experiencing Australian city life. The seasons are the opposite of those in the Northern hemisphere, so you can enjoy spending Christmas at the beach having a barbeque or skiing in August.
The climate varies from the balmy Queensland to the milder New South Wales but definitely offers something to suit every taste.
Sydney is an ideal destination for a city break, with the stunning architecture of the Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge providing a backdrop to a city of vibrant nightlife and great shopping.


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Robin is number one. Reminds me of Oderus.
stop it
This space for rent.
all the women and minorities but most specifically Apache Chief
In the DC universe there used to be a group of scrub superheroes. I think they were called the Teen Justice League Alternates or something like that and I used to have a couple of comic books with them in it. One kid's super power was to turn into an inflatable ball and bounce around.
"i hope you have fun"
Robin isn't a superhero
Rest in Peace my dear Christine, you will be missed.
Wow, this thread just hit a new low.
This space for rent.
Rest in Peace my dear Christine, you will be missed.


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woot!It's one of those things that can pretty much be as easy or as difficult as you wanna make it, in terms of both equipment and time.
Most people get started in homebrewing with malt extract, which is something of a short cut. For that you just need a big pot, a bucket or carboy to ferment the brew in, bottles and caps and a capper. Extract is pretty much just a wort concentrate. It takes just a couple hours to boil it up with some hops. You can get a basic equipment kit for under $100 (example), then maybe $30-$50 for an ingredient kit (example). Links are to my local brew shop but there are tons of suppliers for this stuff.
All-grain brewing is the more traditional process, starting from scratch with malted barley. You need quite a bit more equipment to make your own wort... a mill (for grinding the grain), bigger kettle, a mash tun (for holding the mash at certain temperatures for 1-2hrs), various buckets, etc. From start to finish it takes me around 7-8hrs, not including clean-up, so it's pretty much a full day.
I'd say it's split roughly 50/50 between people who do extract versus those who do all-grain. I'm kind of a geek for these kinds of things so I started right out with all-grain and taught myself as I went. But lots of people like the convenience of extract and I've had a lot of awesome beers that were made that way.
Either way, once you have the wort the process from that point forward is the same. Then you just let it cool to room temperature (or use a chiller if you have one), transfer it to the fermenter (bucket or carboy) and add some yeast. A normal-size beer will ferment out in maybe 2 weeks, but a bigger beer might take a few months. Then you fill it into bottles and it'll naturally carbonate in ~2 weeks. Or if you have kegging equipment, you can force carbonate it and it'll be drinkable in 2-3 days.
And that's it! Like I said, there are a lot of ways in which it can be as easy or as complicated as you wanna make it. But it's pretty easy to get started for anyone who's interested. I love brewing, it's a ton of fun!
i had toured a brewery in Delaware, and all the tanks were huuuuuge. i had no idea what it would take to make brewski at home.
it's always cool to hear when ppl brew their own stuff. i bet the reward is totally worth all the work.


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The live telecast aired on TNT and TBS.
Argo wins top SAG Award
Jennifer Lawrence, Daniel Day-Lewis win top acting prizes
Published On: Jan 30 2013 03:55:35 PM CST
Updated On: Jan 28 2013 03:43:18 PM CST
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The views expressed are not those of this company or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to our Terms of Use.


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BREAKING NEWS: House Approves Budget Agreement, 332-94
C-SPAN Coverage of Supreme Court Ruling on Health Care (right-click to copy direct link)
Washington, DC Thursday, June 28, 2012
The Supreme Court announced, Thursday, that the entire Affordable Care Act is upheld. They did issue some limits on the Medicaid portion of the bill. Chief Justice John Roberts appears to be the crucial fifth vote. This is the final case of the 2011 term.
The Court upheld the individual mandate, deeming it a tax. From the decision: "Our precedent demonstrates that Congress had the power to impose the exaction in Section 5000A under the taxing power, and that Section 5000A need not be read to do more than impose a tax. This is sufficient to sustain it."
Regarding the Medicaid portion of the act, the opinion held the expansion of the low-income health insurance constitutional, but said that the federal government couldn't withhold funds for the program from states that don't comply with federal provisions.
Chief Justice Roberts wrote in his opinion, "nothing in our opinion precludes Congress from offering funds under the ACA to expand the availability of health care, and requiring that states accepting such funds comply with the conditions on their use. What Congress is not free to do is to penalize States that choose not to participate in that new program by taking away their existing Medicaid funding."
Sen. Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-NV) speaking on the Senate floor after the opinion was read, said "our Supreme Court has spoken, the matter is settled."
In a written statement, House Majority Leader Eric Cantor (R-VA) said the House would schedule a vote for repeal the week of July 9th, "clearing the way for patient-centered reforms that lower costs and increase choice." He later said it would likely be on Wednesday, July 11.
Republican Presidential Candidate Mitt Romney spoke to reporters from Washington, D.C., vowing to "repeal and replace" the law. He laid out some of the provisions that he would seek to put into a replacement bill, including lowering costs for everyone and leaving the pre-existing condition clause in place.
President Obama spoke from the White House in what was billed as an "address to the nation," saying "whatever the politics, today's decision was a victory for people all over this country." He highlighted the provisions of the act that have already taken affect and the benefits they provide. He spoke about the health insurance marketplaces that the act will create, and noted that insurance companies can no longer discriminate against people with pre-existing conditions.
In March, the U.S. Supreme Court held three days of oral arguments on the multi-state lawsuit challenging the health care law. On March 26, 27 and 28 the Court Justices sat for a combined six hours to determine the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The case is officially known as Florida v. Department of Health & Human Services.
The court heard arguments on four issues related to the case: whether the court has jurisdiction over a tax law that has yet to take effect, whether the individual mandate is constitutional, whether the court can strike down only part of the law without striking down the law in its entirety, and whether the law's extension of Medicaid is constitutional.
Because the court upheld the individual mandate, they did not need to address severability.
In addition to the health care ruling, decisions on the following two cases are being handed down:
In U.S. v. Alvarez, which deals with a federal law that criminalizes false statements about military honors, the law was struck down as unconstitutional.
In First American Financial Corporation v. Edwards, a real estate case that asks whether a buyer has the right to sue if he was steered toward a certain title company due to a kickback, the case was dismissed.
Updated: Friday, June 29, 2012 at 2:34pm (ET)
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Civil War Interactive Discussion Board > The Participants of the War - Mikitary & Civilian > Jefferson Davis > Davis' eye problem |
Moderated by: javal1 |
Davis' eye problem | Rate Topic |
Author | Post |
Posted: Wed Jun 1st, 2011 06:03 pm |
1st Post |
PW Hess Member
So recently I was in Richmond and visited the excellent Museum Of The Confederacy and the Confederate White House. Now I had always thought Davis was blind in one eye, but the tour guide at the CWH set the record straight for me. Seems Jeff did have an eye problem, not blindness. So once a day his wife Varina got a eyedropper, filled it with a mixture of mercury and ammonia(!!), and dripped it into Davis' eye! The guide said Jeff would have to lie down and then suffer a serious headache for several hours!! UNBELIEVABLE!!! Talk about pain.......... |
Posted: Fri Jun 3rd, 2011 06:12 am |
2nd Post |
Hellcat Root Beer Lover
Mercury and ammonia? Are they absolutely sure he wasn't blind in that eye? I mean the cure to me sounds like it would have induced blindness. Wonder what he died of. Also wonder how much mercury gets into your system before you get mercury poisoning. Although I don't entirely understand how eye drops work (ie whether or not they don't partially seap into your body somehow), I'd have thought a little mercury might have run down his face and maybe gotten into his mouth where he would have swallowed it whether he intended to or not. |
Posted: Fri Jun 3rd, 2011 11:27 am |
3rd Post |
PW Hess Member
Davis was vacationing in Maine in the 1850's when his eye problem developed I dont know the clinical name for it I always thought he was blind, until the guide told me different The mercury/ammonia mix really threw me |
Posted: Sat Jun 4th, 2011 06:30 am |
4th Post |
Hellcat Root Beer Lover
I mentioned this to someone and they said they'd read mercury had been used for this purpose either as far back as the Renissance or the Middle Ages. I don't know though, just seems shocking that Davis lived as long as he did with this kind of "medicine." Again I don't know exactly how much mercury has to build up in the system before you suffer mercury posioning. But I'd figure at least some of the mercury after each treatment would have gone down his face and into his mouth And he died in 1889 Was he taking these drops every day for the rest of his life after his eye problem began? It's just really weird to me anyone could live that long with this kinda of treatment. But then we know things they didn't about some of the things that they used a good deal and we tend to stay away from it in certain forms. |
Posted: Sun Jun 12th, 2011 12:28 pm |
5th Post |
Old Blu Member
He probably was not blind but I believe he couldn't see! |
Posted: Wed Feb 20th, 2013 03:35 pm |
6th Post |
Texas Defender Member
Mr. Davis' eye problem became severe in 1851 and plagued him for the rest of his life. Doctors nowadays believe that the problem was a herpes simplex infection of the cornea of the left eye, which is known as herpetic keratitis. Apparently, there is a connection between this viral condition and malaria, which Mr. Davis had had before, and apparently had again in 1851. He reported redness, a tearing sensation, and decreased vision. The condition can, and apparently did, recur from time to time. What is Herpes Keratitis? - Eye M.D.-approved information from EyeSmart His condition might have advanced to metaherpic keratoiritis, which involves a disintegration of the cornea and the protrusion of a membrane forward due to the pressure within the eye. Apparently, Mr. Davis saw little out of his left eye in his later years. Last edited on Wed Feb 20th, 2013 03:43 pm by Texas Defender |
Posted: Mon Apr 8th, 2013 02:48 am |
7th Post |
PW Hess Member
Thank you TexasDefender!! |
Current time is 10:41 am | |
Civil War Interactive Discussion Board > The Participants of the War - Mikitary & Civilian > Jefferson Davis > Davis' eye problem | Top |


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It's not easy to give away your heart
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The music reaches a crescendo, the wedding dress is fluffed one last time, the doors swing open and the eyes of our awaiting friends and family are turned to us in eager anticipation. The rays from the setting sun shine straight through the Star of David and the cross in the stained glass window behind us further radiating this beautiful bride. There are a thousand things I still want to tell this precious little girl holding tightly to my arm. Tears trump words. Emotions are too high for English expressions.