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Shiv Sena supremo Bal Thackeray has called Sachin's RS nomination as congress' dirtiest play .However Union Minister Sriprakash Jaiswal on the other hand ter...
Republic of India
Bhārat Gaṇarājya
Motto: "Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit) "Truth Alone Triumphs"[1] |
Jana Gana Mana "Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People"[2] |
National song: Vande Mataram "I Bow to Thee, Mother"[a][1] |
Area controlled by India is in dark green.
Claimed but uncontrolled regions are in light green. |
Capital | New Delhi 28°36.8′N 77°12.5′E / 28.6133°N 77.2083°E / 28.6133; 77.2083 |
Largest city | Mumbai | |||||
Official language(s) |
Recognised regional languages | ||||||
National language(s) | none[3] | |||||
Demonym | Indian | |||||
Government | Federal parliamentary constitutional republic[1] |
- | President | Pratibha Patil | ||||
- | Vice President | Mohammad Hamid Ansari | ||||
- | Prime Minister | Manmohan Singh (INC) | ||||
- | Speaker of the House | Meira Kumar (INC) | ||||
- | Chief Justice | S. H. Kapadia | ||||
Legislature | Parliament of India | |||||
- | Upper house | Rajya Sabha | ||||
- | Lower house | Lok Sabha | ||||
Independence | from the United Kingdom | |||||
- | Declared | 15 August 1947 | ||||
- | Republic | 26 January 1950 | ||||
Area | ||||||
- | Total | 3,287,263 km2 [b](7th) 1,269,219 sq mi |
- | Water (%) | 9.56 | ||||
Population | ||||||
- | 2011 census | 1,210,193,422[4] (2nd) | ||||
- | Density | 369.1/km2 (31st) 956.1/sq mi |
GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
- | Total | $4.457 trillion[5] (3rd) | ||||
- | Per capita | $3,693[5] (129th) | ||||
GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
- | Total | $1.676 trillion[5] (11th) | ||||
- | Per capita | $1,388[5] (140th) | ||||
Gini (2004) | 36.8[6] (79th) | |||||
HDI (2011) | 0.547[7] (medium) (134th) | |||||
Currency | Indian rupee () (INR ) |
Time zone | IST (UTC+05:30) | |||||
- | Summer (DST) | not observed (UTC+05:30) | ||||
Date formats | dd-mm-yyyy (AD) | |||||
Drives on the | left | |||||
ISO 3166 code | IN | |||||
Internet TLD | .in | |||||
Calling code | 91 |
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya),[c] is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;[d] China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history.[8] Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
The Indian economy is the world's eleventh-largest by nominal GDP and third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the fastest-growing major economies; it is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, illiteracy, corruption, and inadequate public healthcare. A nuclear weapons state and a regional power, it has the third-largest standing army in the world and ranks ninth in military expenditure among nations. India is a federal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system consisting of 28 states and 7 union territories. India is a pluralistic, multilingual, and multiethnic society. It is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.
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The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu. The latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River.[9] The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi (Ινδοί), which translates as "the people of the Indus".[10] The geographical term Bharat (pronounced [ˈbʱaːrət̪] ( listen)), which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in various subtle guises.[11] The eponym of Bharat is Bharata, a mythological figure that Hindu scriptures describe as a legendary emperor of ancient India. Hindustan ([ɦɪnd̪ʊˈst̪aːn] ( listen)) was originally a Persian word that meant "Land of the Hindus"; prior to 1947, it referred to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan. It is occasionally used to solely denote India in its entirety.[12][13]
The earliest anatomically modern human remains found in South Asia date from approximately 30,000 years ago.[14] Nearly contemporaneous Mesolithic rock art sites have been found in many parts of the Indian subcontinent, including at the Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh.[15] Around 7000 BCE, the first known Neolithic settlements appeared on the subcontinent in Mehrgarh and other sites in western Pakistan.[16] These gradually developed into the Indus Valley Civilisation,[17] the first urban culture in South Asia;[18] it flourished during 2500–1900 BCE in Pakistan and western India.[19] Centred around cities such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Dholavira, and Kalibangan, and relying on varied forms of subsistence, the civilisation engaged robustly in crafts production and wide-ranging trade.[18]
During the period 2000–500 BCE, in terms of culture, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age.[20] The Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism,[21] were composed during this period,[22] and historians have analysed these to posit a Vedic culture in the Punjab region and the upper Gangetic Plain.[20] Most historians also consider this period to have encompassed several waves of Indo-Aryan migration into the subcontinent from the north-west.[23][21][24] The caste system, which created a hierarchy of priests, warriors, and free peasants, but which excluded indigenous peoples by labeling their occupations impure, arose during this period.[25] On the Deccan Plateau, archaeological evidence from this period suggests the existence of a chiefdom stage of political organisation.[20] In southern India, a progression to sedentary life is indicated by the large number of megalithic monuments dating from this period,[26] as well as by nearby traces of agriculture, irrigation tanks, and craft traditions.[26]
In the late Vedic period, around the 5th century BCE, the small chiefdoms of the Ganges Plain and the north-western regions had consolidated into 16 major oligarchies and monarchies that were known as the mahajanapadas.[27][28] The emerging urbanisation and the orthodoxies of this age also led to the resurgence of ancient Shramanic traditions of Buddhism and Jainism,[29] both of which were independent religions.[30] Buddhism, based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha attracted followers from all social classes excepting the middle;[29][31] Jainism came into prominence around the same time during the life of its exemplar, Mahavira.[32] In an age of increasing urban wealth, both religions held up renunciation as an ideal,[33] and both established long-lasting monasteries.[27] Politically, by the 3rd century BCE, the kingdom of Magadha had annexed or reduced other states to emerge as the Mauryan Empire.[27] The empire was once thought to have controlled most of the subcontinent excepting the far south, but its core regions are now thought to have been separated by large autonomous areas.[34][35] The Mauryan kings are known as much for their empire-building and determined management of public life as for Ashoka's renunciation of militarism and far-flung advocacy of the Buddhist dhamma.[36][37]
The Sangam literature of the Tamil language reveals that, between 200 BCE and 200 CE, the southern peninsula was being ruled by the Cheras, the Cholas, and the Pandyas, dynasties that traded extensively with the Roman Empire and with West and South-East Asia.[38][39] In North India, Hinduism asserted patriarchal control within the family, leading to increased subordination of women.[40][27] By the 4th and 5th centuries, the Gupta Empire had created in the greater Ganges Plain a complex system of administration and taxation that became a model for later Indian kingdoms.[41][42] Under the Guptas, a renewed Hinduism based on devotion rather than the management of ritual began to assert itself.[43] The renewal was reflected in a flowering of sculpture and architecture, which found patrons among an urban elite.[42] Classical Sanskrit literature flowered as well, and Indian science, astronomy, medicine, and mathematics made significant advances.[42]
The Indian early medieval age, 600 CE to 1200 CE, is defined by regional kingdoms and cultural diversity.[44] When Harsha of Kannauj, who ruled much of the Indo-Gangetic Plain from 606 to 647 CE, attempted to expand southwards, he was defeated by the Chalukya ruler of the Deccan.[45] When his successor attempted to expand eastwards, he was defeated by the Pala king of Bengal.[45] When the Chalukyas attempted to expand southwards, they were defeated by the Pallavas from farther south, who in turn were opposed by the Pandyas and the Cholas from still farther south.[45] No ruler of this period was able to create an empire and consistently control lands much beyond his core region.[44] During this time, pastoral peoples whose land had been cleared to make way for the growing agricultural economy were accommodated within caste society, as were new non-traditional ruling classes.[46] The caste system consequently began to show regional differences.[46]
In the 6th and 7th centuries, the first devotional hymns were created in the Tamil language.[47] They were imitated all over India and led to both the resurgence of Hinduism and the development of all modern languages of the subcontinent.[47] Indian royalty, big and small, and the temples they patronised, drew citizens in great numbers to the capital cities, which became economic hubs as well.[48] Temple towns of various sizes began to appear everywhere as India underwent another urbanisation.[48] By the 8th and 9th centuries, the effects were felt in South-East Asia, as South Indian culture and political systems were exported to lands that became part of modern-day Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Java.[49] Indian merchants, scholars, and sometimes armies were involved in this transmission; South-East Asians took the initiative as well, with many sojourning in Indian seminaries and translating Buddhist and Hindu texts into their languages.[49]
After the 10th century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans, using swift-horse cavalry and raising vast armies united by ethnicity and religion, repeatedly overran South Asia's north-western plains, leading eventually to the establishment of the Islamic Delhi Sultanate in 1206.[50] The sultanate was to control much of North India, and to make many forays into South India. Although at first disruptive for the Indian elites, the sultanate largely left its vast non-Muslim subject population to its own laws and customs.[51][52] By repeatedly repulsing Mongol raiders in the 13th century, the sultanate saved India from the devastation visited on West and Central Asia, setting the scene for centuries of migration of fleeing soldiers, learned men, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from that region into the subcontinent, thereby creating a syncretic Indo-Islamic culture in the north.[53][54] The sultanate's raiding and weakening of the regional kingdoms of South India paved the way for the indigenous Vijayanagara Empire.[55] Embracing a strong Shaivite tradition and building upon the military technology of the sultanate, the empire came to control much of peninsular India,[56] and was to influence South Indian society for long afterwards.[55]
In the early 16th century, northern India, being then under mainly Muslim rulers,[57] fell again to the superior mobility and firepower of a new generation of Central Asian warriors.[58] The resulting Mughal Empire did not stamp out the local societies it came to rule, but rather balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices[59][60] and diverse and inclusive ruling elites,[61] leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule.[62] Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic identity, especially under Akbar, the Mughals united their far-flung realms through loyalty, expressed through a Persianised culture, to an emperor who had near-divine status.[61] The Mughal state's economic policies, deriving most revenues from agriculture[63] and mandating that taxes be paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[64] caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.[62] The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion,[62] resulting in greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture.[65] Newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the Marathas, the Rajputs, and the Sikhs, gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience.[66] Expanding commerce during Mughal rule gave rise to new Indian commercial and political elites along the coasts of southern and eastern India.[66] As the empire disintegrated, many among these elites were able to seek and control their own affairs.[67]
By the early 18th century, with the lines between commercial and political dominance being increasingly blurred, a number of European trading companies, including the English East India Company, had established coastal outposts.[68][69] The East India Company's control of the seas, greater resources, and more advanced military training and technology led it to increasingly flex its military muscle and caused it to become attractive to a portion of the Indian elite; both these factors were crucial in allowing the Company to gain control over the Bengal region by 1765 and sideline the other European companies.[70][68][71][72] Its further access to the riches of Bengal and the subsequent increased strength and size of its army enabled it to annex or subdue most of India by the 1820s.[73] India was now no longer exporting manufactured goods as it long had, but was instead supplying the British empire with raw materials, and many historians consider this to be the onset of India's colonial period.[68] By this time, with its economic power severely curtailed by the British parliament and itself effectively made an arm of British administration, the Company began to more consciously enter non-economic arenas such as education, social reform, and culture.[74]
Historians consider India's modern age to have begun sometime between 1848 and 1885. The appointment in 1848 of Lord Dalhousie as Governor General of the East India Company rule in India set the stage for changes essential to a modern state. These included the consolidation and demarcation of sovereignty, the surveillance of the population, and the education of citizens. Technological changes—among them, railways, canals, and the telegraph—were introduced not long after their introduction in Europe.[75][76][77][78] However, disaffection with the Company also grew during this time, and set off the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Fed by diverse resentments and perceptions, including invasive British-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, and summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes, the rebellion rocked many regions of northern and central India and shook the foundations of Company rule.[79][80] Although the rebellion was suppressed by 1858, it led to the dissolution of the East India Company and to the direct administration of India by the British government. Proclaiming a unitary state and a gradual but limited British-style parliamentary system, the new rulers also protected princes and landed gentry as a feudal safeguard against future unrest.[81][82] In the decades following, public life gradually emerged all over India, leading eventually to the founding of the Indian National Congress in 1885.[83][84][85][86]
The rush of technology and the commercialisation of agriculture in the second half of the 19th century was marked by economic setbacks—many small farmers became dependent on the whims of far-away markets.[87] There was an increase in the number of large-scale famines,[88] and, despite the risks of infrastructure development borne by Indian taxpayers, little industrial employment was generated for Indians.[89] There were also salutary effects: commercial cropping, especially in the newly canalled Punjab, led to increased food production for internal consumption.[90] The railway network provided critical famine relief,[91] notably reduced the cost of moving goods,[91] and helped nascent Indian-owned industry.[90] After World War I, in which some one million Indians served,[92] a new period began. It was marked by British reforms but also repressive legislation, by more strident Indian calls for self-rule, and by the beginnings of a non-violent movement of non-cooperation, of which Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi would become the leader and enduring symbol.[93] During the 1930s, slow legislative reform was enacted by the British; the Indian National Congress won victories in the resulting elections.[94] The next decade was beset with crises: Indian participation in World War II, the Congress's final push for non-cooperation, and an upsurge of Muslim nationalism. All were capped by the advent of independence in 1947, but tempered by the bloody partition of the subcontinent into two states: India and Pakistan.[95]
Vital to India's self-image as an independent nation was its constitution, completed in 1950, which put in place a sovereign, secular, and democratic republic.[96] In the 60 years since, India has had a mixed bag of successes and failures.[97] It has remained a democracy with civil liberties, an activist Supreme Court, and a largely independent press.[97] Economic liberalisation, which was begun in the 1990s, has created a large urban middle class, transformed India into one of the world's fastest-growing economies,[98] and increased its geopolitical clout. Indian movies, music, and spiritual teachings play an increasing role in global culture.[97] Yet, India has also been weighed down by seemingly unyielding poverty, both rural and urban;[97] by religious and caste-related violence;[99] by Maoist-inspired Naxalite insurgencies;[100] and by separatism in Jammu and Kashmir.[101] It has unresolved territorial disputes with China, which escalated into the Sino-Indian War of 1962;[102] and with Pakistan, which flared into wars fought in 1947, 1965, 1971, and 1999.[102] The India–Pakistan nuclear rivalry came to a head in 1998.[103] India's sustained democratic freedoms are unique among the world's new nations; however, in spite of its recent economic successes, freedom from want for its disadvantaged population remains a goal yet to be achieved.[104]
India comprises the bulk of the Indian subcontinent and lies atop the minor Indian tectonic plate, which in turn belongs to the Indo-Australian Plate.[105] India's defining geological processes commenced 75 million years ago when the Indian subcontinent, then part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana, began a north-eastward drift across the then-unformed Indian Ocean that lasted fifty million years.[105] The subcontinent's subsequent collision with, and subduction under, the Eurasian Plate bore aloft the planet's highest mountains, the Himalayas. They abut India in the north and the north-east.[105] In the former seabed immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast trough that has gradually filled with river-borne sediment;[106] it now forms the Indo-Gangetic Plain.[107] To the west lies the Thar Desert, which is cut off by the Aravalli Range.[108]
The original Indian plate survives as peninsular India, which is the oldest and geologically most stable part of India; it extends as far north as the Satpura and Vindhya ranges in central India. These parallel chains run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand in the east.[109] To the south, the remaining peninsular landmass, the Deccan Plateau, is flanked on the west and east by coastal ranges known as the Western and Eastern Ghats;[110] the plateau contains the nation's oldest rock formations, some of them over one billion years old. Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of the equator between 6° 44' and 35° 30' north latitude[e] and 68° 7' and 97° 25' east longitude.[111]
India's coastline measures 7,517 kilometres (4,700 mi) in length; of this distance, 5,423 kilometres (3,400 mi) belong to peninsular India and 2,094 kilometres (1,300 mi) to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep island chains.[112] According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coastline consists of the following: 43% sandy beaches; 11% rocky shores, including cliffs; and 46% mudflats or marshy shores.[112]
Major Himalayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through India include the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, both of which drain into the Bay of Bengal.[113] Important tributaries of the Ganges include the Yamuna and the Kosi; the latter's extremely low gradient often leads to severe floods and course changes.[114] Major peninsular rivers, whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding, include the Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Kaveri, and the Krishna, which also drain into the Bay of Bengal;[115] and the Narmada and the Tapti, which drain into the Arabian Sea.[116] Coastal features include the marshy Rann of Kutch of western India and the alluvial Sundarbans delta of eastern India; the latter is shared with Bangladesh.[117] India has two archipelagos: the Lakshadweep, coral atolls off India's south-western coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a volcanic chain in the Andaman Sea.[118]
The Indian climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, both of which drive the economically and culturally pivotal summer and winter monsoons.[119] The Himalayas prevent cold Central Asian katabatic winds from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes.[120][121] The Thar Desert plays a crucial role in attracting the moisture-laden south-west summer monsoon winds that, between June and October, provide the majority of India's rainfall.[119] Four major climatic groupings predominate in India: tropical wet, tropical dry, subtropical humid, and montane.[122]
India lies within the Indomalaya ecozone and contains three biodiversity hotspots.[123] One of 17 megadiverse countries, it hosts 7.6% of all mammalian, 12.6% of all avian, 6.2% of all reptilian, 4.4% of all amphibian, 11.7% of all piscine, and 6.0% of all flowering plant species.[124] Endemism is high among plants, 33%, and among ecoregions such as the shola forests.[125] Habitat ranges from the tropical rainforest of the Andaman Islands, Western Ghats, and North-East India to the coniferous forest of the Himalaya. Between these extremes lie the moist deciduous sal forest of eastern India; the dry deciduous teak forest of central and southern India; and the babul-dominated thorn forest of the central Deccan and western Gangetic plain.[126] Under 12% of India's landmass bears thick jungle.[127] The medicinal neem, widely used in rural Indian herbal remedies, is a key Indian tree. The luxuriant pipal fig tree, shown on the seals of Mohenjo-daro, shaded Gautama Buddha as he sought enlightenment.
Many Indian species descend from taxa originating in Gondwana, from which the Indian plate separated more than 105 million years before present.[128] Peninsular India's subsequent movement towards and collision with the Laurasian landmass set off a mass exchange of species. Epochal volcanism and climatic changes 20 million years ago forced a mass extinction.[129] Mammals then entered India from Asia through two zoogeographical passes flanking the rising Himalaya.[126] Thus, while 45.8% of reptiles and 55.8% of amphibians are endemic, only 12.6% of mammals and 4.5% of birds are.[124] Among them are the Nilgiri leaf monkey and Beddome's toad of the Western Ghats. India contains 172 IUCN-designated threatened species, or 2.9% of endangered forms.[130] These include the Asiatic lion, the Bengal tiger, and the Indian white-rumped vulture, which, by ingesting the carrion of diclofenac-laced cattle, nearly went extinct.
The pervasive and ecologically devastating human encroachment of recent decades has critically endangered Indian wildlife. In response the system of national parks and protected areas, first established in 1935, was substantially expanded. In 1972, India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act[131] and Project Tiger to safeguard crucial wilderness; the Forest Conservation Act was enacted in 1980 and amendments added in 1988.[132] India hosts more than five hundred wildlife sanctuaries and thirteen biosphere reserves,[133] four of which are part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves; twenty-five wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention.[134]
India is the world's most populous democracy.[135] A parliamentary republic with a multi-party system,[136] it has six recognised national parties, including the Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and more than 40 regional parties.[137] The Congress is considered centre-left or "liberal" in Indian political culture, and the BJP centre-right or "conservative". For most of the period between 1950—when India first became a republic—and the late 1980s, the Congress held a majority in the parliament. Since then, however, it has increasingly shared the political stage with the BJP,[138] as well as with powerful regional parties which have often forced the creation of multi-party coalitions at the centre.[139]
In the Republic of India's first three general elections, in 1951, 1957, and 1962, the Jawaharlal Nehru-led Congress won easy victories. On Nehru's death in 1964, Lal Bahadur Shastri briefly became prime minister; he was succeeded, after his own unexpected death in 1966, by Indira Gandhi, who went on to lead the Congress to election victories in 1967 and 1971. Following public discontent with the state of emergency she declared in 1975, the Congress was voted out of power in 1977; the then-new Janata Party, which had opposed the emergency, was voted in. Its government lasted just over three years. Voted back into power in 1980, the Congress saw a change in leadership in 1984, when Indira Gandhi was assassinated; she was succeeded by her son Rajiv Gandhi, who won an easy victory in the general elections later that year. The Congress was voted out again in 1989 when a National Front coalition, led by the newly formed Janata Dal in alliance with the Left Front, won the elections; that government too proved relatively short-lived: it lasted just under two years.[140] Elections were held again in 1991; no party won an absolute majority. But the Congress, as the largest single party, was able to form a minority government led by P. V. Narasimha Rao.[141]
A two-year period of political turmoil followed the general election of 1996. Several short-lived alliances shared power at the centre. The BJP formed a government briefly in 1996; it was followed by two comparatively long-lasting United Front coalitions, which depended on external support. In 1998, the BJP was able to form a successful coalition, the National Democratic Alliance, or NDA. Led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the NDA became the first non-Congress government to complete a five-year term.[142] In the 2004 Indian general elections, again no party won an absolute majority, but the Congress emerged as the largest single party, forming another successful coalition: the United Progressive Alliance, or UPA. It had the support of left-leaning parties and MPs who opposed the BJP. The UPA returned to power in the 2009 general election with increased numbers, and it no longer required external support from India's communist parties.[143] That year, Manmohan Singh became the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1957 and 1962 to be re-elected to a consecutive five-year term.[144]
India is a federation with a parliamentary system governed under the Constitution of India, which serves as the country's supreme legal document. It is a constitutional republic and representative democracy, in which "majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law". Federalism in India defines the power distribution between the federal government and the states. The government abides by constitutional checks and balances. The Constitution of India, which came into effect on 26 January 1950,[145] states in its preamble that India is a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic.[146] India's form of government, traditionally described as "quasi-federal" with a strong centre and weak states,[147] has grown increasingly federal since the late 1990s as a result of political, economic, and social changes.[148][149]
Flag | Tricolour |
Emblem | Sarnath Lion Capital |
Anthem | Jana Gana Mana |
Song | Vande Mataram |
Calendar | Saka |
Game | Hockey |
Flower | Lotus |
Fruit | Mango |
Tree | Banyan |
Bird | Indian Peafowl |
Land animal | Royal Bengal Tiger |
Aquatic animal | River Dolphin |
River | Ganges |
The federal government comprises three branches:
India is a federation composed of 28 states and 7 union territories.[164] All states, as well as the union territories of Pondicherry and the National Capital Territory of Delhi, have elected legislatures and governments, both patterned on the Westminster model. The remaining five union territories are directly ruled by the centre through appointed administrators. In 1956, under the States Reorganisation Act, states were reorganised on a linguistic basis.[165] Since then, their structure has remained largely unchanged. Each state or union territory is further divided into administrative districts. The districts in turn are further divided into tehsils and ultimately into villages.
Union territories
Since its independence in 1947, India has maintained cordial relations with most nations. In the 1950s, it strongly supported decolonisation in Africa and Asia and played a lead role in the Non-Aligned Movement.[166] In the late 1980s, the Indian military twice intervened abroad at the invitation of neighbouring countries: a peace-keeping operation in Sri Lanka between 1987 and 1990; and an armed intervention to prevent a coup d'état attempt in Maldives. India has tense relations with neighbouring Pakistan; the two nations have gone to war four times: in 1947, 1965, 1971, and 1999. Three of these wars were fought over the disputed territory of Kashmir, while the fourth, the 1971 war, followed from India's support for the independence of Bangladesh.[167] After waging the 1962 Sino-Indian War and the 1965 war with Pakistan, India pursued close military and economic ties with the Soviet Union; by the late 1960s, the Soviet Union was its largest arms supplier.[168]
Aside from ongoing strategic relations with Russia, India has wide-ranging defence relations with Israel and France. In recent years, it has played key roles in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and the World Trade Organisation. The nation has provided 100,000 military and police personnel to serve in 35 UN peacekeeping operations across four continents. It participates in the East Asia Summit, the G8+5, and other multilateral forums.[169] India has close economic ties with South America, Asia, and Africa; it pursues a "Look East" policy that seeks to strengthen partnerships with the ASEAN nations, Japan, and South Korea that revolve around many issues, but especially those involving economic investment and regional security.[170][171]
China's nuclear test of 1964, as well as its repeated threats to intervene in support of Pakistan in the 1965 war, convinced India to develop nuclear weapons.[173] India conducted its first nuclear weapons test in 1974 and carried out further underground testing in 1998. Despite criticism and military sanctions, India has signed neither the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty nor the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, considering both to be flawed and discriminatory.[174] India maintains a "no first use" nuclear policy and is developing a nuclear triad capability as a part of its "minimum credible deterrence" doctrine.[175][176] It is developing a ballistic missile defence shield and, in collaboration with Russia, a fifth-generation fighter jet.[177] Other indigenous military projects involve the design and implementation of Vikrant-class aircraft carriers and Arihant-class nuclear submarines.[177]
Since the end of the Cold War, India has increased its economic, strategic, and military cooperation with the United States and the European Union.[178] In 2008, a civilian nuclear agreement was signed between India and the United States. Although India possessed nuclear weapons at the time and was not party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, it received waivers from the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Nuclear Suppliers Group, ending earlier restrictions on India's nuclear technology and commerce. As a consequence, India became the sixth de facto nuclear weapons state.[179] India subsequently signed cooperation agreements involving civilian nuclear energy with Russia,[180] France,[181] the United Kingdom,[182] and Canada.[183]
The President of India is the supreme commander of the nation's armed forces; with 1.6 million active troops, they compose the world's third-largest military.[184] It comprises the Indian Army, the Indian Navy, and the Indian Air Force; auxiliary organisations include the Strategic Forces Command and three paramilitary groups: the Assam Rifles, the Special Frontier Force, and the Indian Coast Guard.[6] The official Indian defence budget for 2011 was US$36.03 billion, or 1.83% of GDP.[185] For the fiscal year spanning 2012–2013, US$40.44 billion was budgeted.[186] According to a 2008 SIPRI report, India's annual military expenditure in terms of purchasing power stood at US$72.7 billion,[187] In 2011, the annual defence budget increased by 11.6%,[188] although this does not include funds that reach the military through other branches of government.[189] As of 2012, India is the world's largest arms importer; between 2007 and 2011, it accounted for 10% of funds spent on international arms purchases.[190] Much of the military expenditure was focused on defence against Pakistan and countering growing Chinese influence in the Indian Ocean.[188]
According to the International Monetary Fund, as of 2011, the Indian economy is nominally worth US$1.676 trillion; it is the tenth-largest economy by market exchange rates, and is, at US$4.457 trillion, the third-largest by purchasing power parity, or PPP.[192] With its average annual GDP growth rate of 5.8% over the past two decades, and reaching 6.1% during 2011-12,[193] India is one of the world's fastest-growing economies.[194] However, the country ranks 140th in the world in nominal GDP per capita and 129th in GDP per capita at PPP.[192] Until 1991, all Indian governments followed protectionist policies that were influenced by socialist economics. Widespread state intervention and regulation largely walled the economy off from the outside world. An acute balance of payments crisis in 1991 forced the nation to liberalise its economy;[195] since then it has slowly moved towards a free-market system[196][197] by emphasizing both foreign trade and direct investment inflows.[198] India's recent economic model is largely capitalist.[197]
The 487.6-million worker Indian labour force is the world's second-largest.[6] The service sector makes up 55.6% of GDP, the industrial sector 26.3% and the agricultural sector 18.1%. Major agricultural products include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, and potatoes.[164] Major industries include textiles, telecommunications, chemicals, food processing, steel, transport equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, and software.[164] In 2006, the share of external trade in India's GDP stood at 24%, up from 6% in 1985.[196] In 2008, India's share of world trade was 1.68%;[199] In 2011, India was the world's tenth-largest importer and the nineteenth-largest exporter.[200] Major exports include petroleum products, textile goods, jewelry, software, engineering goods, chemicals, and leather manufactures.[164] Major imports include crude oil, machinery, gems, fertiliser, and chemicals.[164] Between 2001 and 2011, the contribution of petrochemical and engineering goods to total exports grew from 14% to 42%.[201]
Averaging an economic growth rate of 7.5% during the last few years,[196] India has more than doubled its hourly wage rates during the last decade.[202] Some 431 million Indians have left poverty since 1985; India's middle classes are projected to number around 580 million by 2030.[203] Though ranking 51st in global competitiveness, India ranks 17th in financial market sophistication, 24th in the banking sector, 44th in business sophistication, and 39th in innovation, ahead of several advanced economies.[204] With 7 of the world's top 15 information technology outsourcing companies based in India, the country is viewed as the second-most favourable outsourcing destination after the United States.[205] India's consumer market, currently the world's eleventh-largest, is expected to become fifth-largest by 2030.[203] Its telecommunication industry, the world's fastest-growing, added 227 million subscribers during the period 2010–11.[206] Its automotive industry, the world's second fastest growing, increased domestic sales by 26% during 2009–10,[207] and exports by 36% during 2008–09.[208] Power capacity is 250 gigawatts, of which 8% is renewable.[209]
Despite impressive economic growth during recent decades, India continues to face socio-economic challenges. India contains the largest concentration of people living below the World Bank's international poverty line of US$1.25 per day,[210] the proportion having decreased from 60% in 1981 to 42% in 2005.[211] Half of the children in India are underweight,[212] and 46% of children under the age of three suffer from malnutrition.[210] The Mid-Day Meal Scheme attempts to lower these rates.[213] Since 1991, economic inequality between India's states has consistently grown: the per-capita net state domestic product of the richest states in 2007 was 3.2 times that of the poorest.[214] Corruption in India is perceived to have increased significantly,[215] with one report estimating the illegal capital flows since independence to be US$462 billion.[216] Driven by growth, India's nominal GDP per capita has steadily increased from US$329 in 1991, when economic liberalisation began, to US$1,265 in 2010, and is estimated to increase to US$2,110 by 2016; however, it has always remained lower than those of other Asian developing countries such as Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, and is expected to remain so in the near future.[217]
According to a 2011 PricewaterhouseCoopers report, India's GDP at purchasing power parity could overtake that of the United States by 2045.[218] During the next four decades, Indian GDP is expected to grow at an annualised average of 8%, making it potentially the world's fastest-growing major economy until 2050.[218] The report highlights key growth factors: a young and rapidly growing working-age population; growth in the manufacturing sector due to rising education and engineering skill levels; and sustained growth of the consumer market driven by a rapidly growing middle class.[218] The World Bank cautions that, for India to achieve its economic potential, it must continue to focus on public sector reform, transport infrastructure, agricultural and rural development, removal of labour regulations, education, energy security, and public health and nutrition.[219]
With 1,210,193,422 residents reported in the 2011 provisional census,[4] India is the world's second-most populous country. Its population grew at 1.76% per annum during 2001–2011,[4] down from 2.13% per annum in the previous decade (1991–2001).[220] The human sex ratio, according to the 2011 census, is 940 females per 1,000 males.[4] The median age was 24.9 in the 2001 census.[6] Medical advances made in the last 50 years as well as increased agricultural productivity brought about by the "Green Revolution" have caused India's population to grow rapidly.[221] India continues to face several public health-related challenges.[222][223] According to the World Health Organisation, 900,000 Indians die each year from drinking contaminated water or breathing polluted air.[224] There are around 50 physicians per 100,000 Indians.[225] The number of Indians living in urban areas has grown by 31.2% between 1991 and 2001.[226] Yet, in 2001, over 70% lived in rural areas.[227][228] According to the 2001 census, there are 27 million-plus cities in India,[226] with Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, and Chennai being the largest. The literacy rate in 2011 was 74.04%: 65.46% among females and 82.14% among males.[4] Kerala is the most literate state;[229] Bihar the least.[230]
India is home to two major language families: Indo-Aryan (spoken by about 74% of the population) and Dravidian (24%). Other languages spoken in India come from the Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman language families. India has no national language.[231] Hindi, with the largest number of speakers, is the official language of the government.[232][233] English is used extensively in business and administration and has the status of a "subsidiary official language";[234] it is important in education, especially as a medium of higher education. Each state and union territory has one or more official languages, and the constitution recognises in particular 21 "scheduled languages". The Constitution of India recognises 212 scheduled tribal groups which together constitute about 7.5% of the country's population.[235] The 2001 census reported that Hinduism, with over 800 million adherents (80.5% of the population), was the largest religion in India; it is followed by Islam (13.4%), Christianity (2.3%), Sikhism (1.9%), Buddhism (0.8%), Jainism (0.4%), Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and the Bahá'í Faith.[236] India has the world's largest Hindu, Sikh, Jain, Zoroastrian, and Bahá'í populations,[citation needed] and has the third-largest Muslim population and the largest Muslim population for a non-Muslim majority country.[237][238]
Indian cultural history spans more than 4,500 years.[239] During the Vedic period (c. 1700–500 BCE), the foundations of Hindu philosophy, mythology, and literature were laid, and many beliefs and practices which still exist today, such as dhárma, kárma, yóga, and mokṣa, were established.[10] India is notable for its religious diversity, with Hinduism, Sikhism, Islam, Christianity, and Jainism among the nation's major religions.[240] The predominant religion, Hinduism, has been shaped by various historical schools of thought, including those of the Upanishads,[241] the Yoga Sutras, the Bhakti movement,[240] and by Buddhist philosophy.[242]
Much of Indian architecture, including the Taj Mahal, other works of Mughal architecture, and South Indian architecture, blends ancient local traditions with imported styles.[243] Vernacular architecture is also highly regional in it flavours. Vastu shastra, literally "science of construction" or "architecture" and ascribed to Mamuni Mayan,[244] explores how the laws of nature affect human dwellings;[245] it employs precise geometry and directional alignments to reflect perceived cosmic constructs.[246] As applied in Hindu temple architecture, it is influenced by the Shilpa Shastras, a series of foundational texts whose basic mythological form is the Vastu-Purusha mandala, a square that embodied the "absolute".[247] The Taj Mahal, built in Agra between 1631 and 1648 by orders of Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, has been described in the UNESCO World Heritage List as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage."[248] Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture, developed by the British in the late 19th century, drew on Indo-Islamic architecture.[249]
The earliest literary writings in India, composed between 1400 BCE and 1200 CE, were in the Sanskrit language.[250][251] Prominent works of this Sanskrit literature include epics such as the Mahābhārata and the Ramayana, the dramas of Kālidāsa such as the Abhijñānaśākuntalam (The Recognition of Śakuntalā), and poetry such as the Mahākāvya.[252][253][254] Developed between 600 BCE and 300 CE in South India, the Sangam literature, consisting of 2,381 poems, is regarded as a predecessor of Tamil literature.[255][256][257][258] From the 14th to the 18th centuries, India's literary traditions went through a period of drastic change because of the emergence of devotional poets such as Kabīr, Tulsīdās, and Guru Nānak. This period was characterised by a varied and wide spectrum of thought and expression; as a consequence, medieval Indian literary works differed significantly from classical traditions.[259] In the 19th century, Indian writers took a new interest in social questions and psychological descriptions. In the 20th century, Indian literature was influenced by the works of Bengali poet and novelist Rabindranath Tagore.[260]
Indian music ranges over various traditions and regional styles. Classical music encompasses two genres and their various folk offshoots: the northern Hindustani and southern Carnatic schools.[261] Regionalised popular forms include filmi and folk music; the syncretic tradition of the bauls is a well-known form of the latter. Indian dance also features diverse folk and classical forms. Among the better-known folk dances are the bhangra of the Punjab, the bihu of Assam, the chhau of West Bengal and Jharkhand, sambalpuri of Orissa, ghoomar of Rajasthan, and the lavani of Maharashtra. Eight dance forms, many with narrative forms and mythological elements, have been accorded classical dance status by India's National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama. These are: bharatanatyam of the state of Tamil Nadu, kathak of Uttar Pradesh, kathakali and mohiniyattam of Kerala, kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh, manipuri of Manipur, odissi of Orissa, and the sattriya of Assam.[262]
Theatre in India melds music, dance, and improvised or written dialogue.[263] Often based on Hindu mythology, but also borrowing from medieval romances or social and political events, Indian theatre includes the bhavai of Gujarat, the jatra of West Bengal, the nautanki and ramlila of North India, tamasha of Maharashtra, burrakatha of Andhra Pradesh, terukkuttu of Tamil Nadu, and the yakshagana of Karnataka.[264] The Indian film industry produces the world's most-watched cinema.[265] Established regional cinematic traditions exist in the Assamese, Bengali, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Tamil, and Telugu languages.[266] South Indian cinema attracts more than 75% of national film revenue.[267]
Traditional Indian society is defined by relatively strict social hierarchy. The Indian caste system embodies much of the social stratification and many of the social restrictions found in the Indian subcontinent. Social classes are defined by thousands of endogamous hereditary groups, often termed as jātis, or "castes".[268] Most Dalits ("Untouchables") and members of other lower-caste communities continue to live in segregation and often face persecution and discrimination.[269][270] Traditional Indian family values are highly valued, and multi-generational patriarchal joint families have been the norm in India, though nuclear families are becoming common in urban areas.[271] An overwhelming majority of Indians, with their consent, have their marriages arranged by their parents or other family members.[272] Marriage is thought to be for life,[272] and the divorce rate is extremely low.[273] Child marriages are common, especially in rural areas; more than half of Indian females wed before reaching 18, which is their legal marriageable age.[274]
Many Indian festivals are religious in origin; among them are Diwali, Ganesh Chaturthi, Thai Pongal, Navaratri, Holi, Durga Puja, Eid ul-Fitr, Bakr-Id, Christmas, and Vaisakhi. India has three national holidays which are observed in all states and union territories: Republic Day, Independence Day, and Gandhi Jayanti. Other sets of holidays, varying between nine and twelve, are officially observed in individual states. Traditional Indian dress varies in colour and style across regions and depends on various factors, including climate and faith. Popular styles of dress include draped garments such as the sari for women and the dhoti or lungi for men. Stitched clothes, such as the shalwar kameez for women and kurta–pyjama combinations or European-style trousers and shirts for men, are also popular.[275] Use of delicate jewellery, modelled on real flowers worn in ancient India, is part of a tradition dating back some 5,000 years; gemstones are also worn in India as talismans.[276]
Indian cuisine features an unsurpassed reliance on herbs and spices, with dishes often calling for the nuanced usage of a dozen or more condiments;[277] it is also known for its tandoori preparations. The tandoor, a clay oven used in India for almost 5,000 years, grills meats to an "uncommon succulence" and produces the puffy flatbread known as naan.[278] The staple foods are wheat (predominantly in the north),[279] rice (especially in the south and the east), and lentils.[280] Many spices that have worldwide appeal are native to the Indian subcontinent,[281] while chili pepper, native to the Americas and introduced by the Portuguese, is widely used by Indians.[282] Āyurveda, a system of traditional medicine, used six rasas and three guṇas to help describe comestibles.[283] Over time, as Vedic animal sacrifices were supplanted by the notion of sacred-cow inviolability, vegetarianism became associated with high religious status and grew increasingly popular,[284] a trend aided by the rise of Buddhist, Jain, and bhakti Hindu norms.[285] India has the world's highest concentration of vegetarians: a 2006 survey found that 31% of Indians were non-ovo vegetarian.[285] Common traditional eating customs include meals taken on or near the floor, caste- and gender-segregated dining,[286][287] and a lack of cutlery in favour of the right hand or a piece of roti.
In India, several traditional indigenous sports remain fairly popular, among them kabaddi, kho kho, pehlwani and gilli-danda. Some of the earliest forms of Asian martial arts, such as kalarippayattu, musti yuddha, silambam, and marma adi, originated in India. The Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna and the Arjuna Award are the highest forms of government recognition for athletic achievement; the Dronacharya Award is awarded for excellence in coaching. Chess, commonly held to have originated in India as chaturaṅga, is regaining widespread popularity with the rise in the number of Indian grandmasters.[288][289] Pachisi, from which parcheesi derives, was played on a giant marble court by Akbar.[290] The improved results garnered by the Indian Davis Cup team and other Indian tennis players in the early 2010s have made tennis increasingly popular in the country.[291] India has a comparatively strong presence in shooting sports, and has won several medals at the Olympics, the World Shooting Championships, and the Commonwealth Games.[292][293] Other sports in which Indians have succeeded internationally include badminton,[294] boxing,[295] and wrestling.[296] Football is popular in West Bengal, Goa, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and the north-eastern states.[297]
India's official national sport is field hockey; it is administered by Hockey India. The Indian national hockey team won the 1975 Hockey World Cup and have, as of 2012, taken eight gold, one silver, and two bronze Olympic medals, making it the sport's most successful team. Cricket is by far the most popular sport; the Indian national cricket team won the 1983 and 2011 Cricket World Cup events, the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, and shared the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka. Cricket in India is administered by the Board of Control for Cricket in India, or BCCI; the Ranji Trophy, the Duleep Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the Irani Trophy, and the NKP Salve Challenger Trophy are domestic competitions. The BCCI conducts a Twenty20 competition known as the Indian Premier League. India has hosted or co-hosted several international sporting events: the 1951 and 1982 Asian Games; the 1987, 1996, and 2011 Cricket World Cup tournaments; the 2003 Afro-Asian Games; the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy; the 2010 Hockey World Cup; and the 2010 Commonwealth Games. Major international sporting events held annually in India include the Chennai Open, the Mumbai Marathon, the Delhi Half Marathon, and the Indian Masters. The first Indian Grand Prix featured in late 2011.[298] India has traditionally been the dominant country at the South Asian Games. An example of this dominance is the basketball competition where Team India won three out of four tournaments to date.[299]
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Space shuttle Endeavour rolls through the streets of L.A.
The space shuttle Endeavour's 12-mile move from Los Angeles International Airport to the California Science Center in Exposition Park.
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Contour Design Company introduced a computer manipulator based on an original concept called RollerMouse Free. There is hardly a new device capable of replacing the classic mouse, but it may be a useful complement to it. According to the concept creators, the new manipulator can reduce the stress experienced this muscles in the arms, shoulders [...]
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Introducing RollerMouse Free to Replace the Classic Mouse
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Reason, Community, and Religious Tradition: Anselm's Argument and the FriarsReason, Community and Religious Tradition examines key questions about the relationship of rationality to its contexts by tracing the early history of the so-called 'ontological' argument. The book follows Anselm's Proslogion from its origins in the private, devotional context of an eleventh-century monastery to its reception in the public and adversarial contexts of the friars' schools in the thirteenth century. Using unpublished manuscript evidence from the Dominican and Franciscan schools at Oxford, Paris and Bologna in the thirteenth century, Matthews argues that the debate over Anselm's argument embodied the broader religious differences between the Franciscan and Dominican communities. This book will interest anyone concerned with the nature of rationality, and its relationship to communities and traditions, and what this entails for rational debate across cultural divides. In particular, it offers a fresh perspective on traditional approaches to the rationality of religion and religious belief. |
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Review: Reason, Community, and Religious Tradition: Anselm's Argument and the Friars
Comentário do usuário - GoodreadsAs the author I must admit I am biased. Others have been more critical. Believe me, I am we'll aware of its weaknesses but still think this book is worth reading if you are interested in any or all of ...
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Anselm: Fides Quaerens Intellectum: Anselm's Proof of the Existence of God ... Karl Barth Visualizaçăo de trechos - 1960 |
Anselm and Tradition | 15 |
Bonaventure and the Franciscan Community | 113 |
Thomas Aquinas and the Dominican Community | 151 |
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Albert Alexander of Hales aliquid Anselm's argument argues Aristotelian Aristotle believed Bonaventure Christian cogitari non potest cognitio concerned contemporaries context creatures depends Deum Deus dicit dist divine doctrine Dominican order Duns Scotus enim enquiry ergo eternal faith Franciscan and Dominican Franciscan order Franciscan school Friars God's existence greater human Ibid intellect John of Damascus John Peckham knowledge of God's known light masters Medieval mind Monologion Muslims natural knowledge naturally inserted Nonetheless object omnia Oxford Paris Pegis Peter philosophy position potest cogitari principles proof Proslogion quam quia quo maius excogitari quod rational reason religious respondeo Richard of Middleton Richard Rufus Robert Grosseteste says secundum self-evident sense sentence commentary sicut soul spiritual St Francis St Victor Summa Summa contra gentiles supreme teaching theology things thirteenth century Thomas Aquinas Thomas's thought tradition truth understanding William of Auxerre
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Religions, Reasons and Gods: Essays in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Religion John Clayton Visualizaçăo parcial - 2006 |


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The U.S. Senate on Thursday voted along party lines to confirm Thomas Perez as Labor Secretary.
The 54-46 vote came after an agreement earlier this week that ended a GOP filibuster of his nomination.
"Tom has lived the American dream himself, and has dedicated his career to keeping it within reach for hardworking families across the country," President Barack Obama said in a statement after Perez's confirmation. "At the Department of Labor, Tom will help us continue to grow our economy, help businesses create jobs, make sure workers have the skills those jobs require, and ensure safe workplaces and economic opportunity for all."
Perez had come under heavy fire from Republicans for his actions as head of the Civil Rights Division at the Department of Justice.
The controversy surrounding Perez's nomination originated from Perez's role in a decision by the Justice Department not to become involved in a whistleblower case in Minnesota. Republican leaders charged that the Justice Department decided not to get involved in order to persuade a St. Paul municipality to stop its challenge against housing discrimination guidelines being taken up by the Supreme Court.
Despite GOP criticism, Democratic support for Perez remained strong.
At 51, Perez is so far the only Latino nominated to Obama's second-term Cabinet.


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The Ole Miss football team continued preseason work for the opener against Vanderbilt with another high-energy workout on Thursday.
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Press Releases
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December 5, 2013
"I want to thank Rep. John Conyers, Ranking Member of the Judiciary Committee, and Rep. Mel Watt, Ranking Member of the Intellectual Property Subcommittee, for offering their substitute amendment to the Innovation Act today.
July 30, 2013
House Democratic Whip Steny H. Hoyer (MD) praised the House of Representatives Office of the Law Revision Counsel (OLRC) for their announcement today on completing the significant task of compiling the entire Unites States Code of Laws in structured XML for the first time and dynamically publishing the code via bulk download.
July 29, 2013
"Fifty-five years ago, Americans dared to set their sights beyond the bounds of Earth to explore the mysteries of space and the origins of our universe. During the time since NASA's founding, we landed Americans on the moon and brought them safely home, launched satellites into orbit that study our planet and facilitate global communications, and made the exploration of space an avenue for the peaceful collaboration between nations.
June 19, 2013
House Democratic Whip Steny H. Hoyer (MD) announced today several changes to the official intranet for House Democratic staff, including a new staff directory, an expanded calendar, and an updated legislative correspondence library.
March 13, 2013
House Democratic Whip Steny H. Hoyer (MD) received the "Legislator of the Year" Award from the Information Technology Industry Council this evening in recognition of his support of policies that support businesses, his commitment to stabilizing the economy, and his outreach to the technology community.
January 10, 2013
WASHINGTON, DC – House Democratic Whip Steny H. Hoyer (MD) praised the Government Printing Office (GPO) and the House Clerk for their recently announced efforts to modernize public access to House information and calling on other legislative branch entities to follow suit. GPO today announced that House bills for the 113th Congress are now available for bulk download in XML. The Office of the House Clerk announced earlier this week that House Floor summaries are also now available for bulk download in XML.
July 18, 2012
"The President's new STEM Master Teachers Corps is a bold initiative aimed at making American students more competitive in today's job market. In meetings with manufacturing leaders, I hear the same message: manufacturers want to bring jobs back, but we are not producing enough workers with the science and math skills necessary. Recruiting, retaining, and rewarding highly-effective STEM teachers will improve the likelihood that our students will graduate with the skills they need to compete for jobs and pursue postsecondary studies. I am pleased the President will immediately make resources available through the Teacher Incentive Fund to meet these objectives.
May 10, 2012
"I opposed this appropriations bill for several reasons, chief among them that it is not consistent with the bipartisan agreement reached in August on spending levels. Breaking that agreement is just one more sign that this House Republican conference is simply unwilling to compromise or work with Democrats to find solutions to our challenges.
April 26, 2012
House Democratic Whip Steny H. Hoyer (MD) released the following statement today after the House passed the Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act:
March 2, 2011
I want to thank Chairman Rockefeller and Ranking Member Hutchison for giving me the opportunity to speak on one of our nation's defining challenges: strengthening and creating jobs for America's middle class. That same goal is behind the Democrats' Make It In America agenda. Make It In America is about creating an environment in which American businesses can thrive, innovate, and create jobs here—and it is about ensuring we have a workforce that can fill the well-paying jobs of the future. I believe that when more products are made in America, more families will be able to Make It In America.
October 8, 2010
"The promise of the Americans with Disabilities Act was to open the doors of opportunity in a country that prides itself on being the land of opportunity. Twenty years after the passage of the ADA, major advancements in technology now provide opportunities for greater accessibility – and pose new challenges - for individuals with hearing or visual impairments...
February 9, 2010
Democrats are continuing to work to create jobs and get Americans back to work.
April 24, 2007
This week, Congressional Democrats are beginning to implement our Innovation Agenda with three bills that will work to encourage innovation, discovery, and economic growth.
January 23, 2007
...the true measure of the President's commitment to bipartisanship is not the rhetoric he used tonight, but the results that we will achieve together in the months ahead on energy, immigration and health care...
January 3, 2007
Democrats ran on this agenda and were elected on this agenda. We promised the American people swift passage of these bills and we fully intend to make good on that promise...
November 7, 2006
"Today, millions of citizens all across America cast their ballots, voting to take our nation in a new direction and giving Democrats the House Majority in the 110th Congress...
October 1, 2004
House Democratic Whip Steny H. Hoyer (MD) released the following statement regarding the report released late last night that publicly admonished Majority Leader Tom DeLay for his conduct surrounding the vote on the controversial Medicare Prescription Drug Bill:
July 20, 2004
After nearly a year of urging the Republican leadership in the House to consider electricity reliability legislation to prevent another massive blackout, Democrats today launched a discharge petition to try to force consideration of H.R. 3004, the "Electricity Reliability Improvement Act of 2003."
June 14, 2004
House Democratic Whip Steny Hoyer (MD) released the following statement today in support of the Improving Access to Assistive Technology for Individuals with Disabilities Act of 2004:
June 4, 2004
House Democratic Whip Steny Hoyer (MD) today released a letter from 19 House Democrats to Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson, stating opposition to the Bush Administration's decision to "reprogram", or move funds from state and local bioterrorism preparedness. The Administration has indicated it will shift $55 million in Fiscal 2004 bioterrorism preparedness funding away from the State and Local Bioterrorism Preparedness to other initiatives. The text of the letter is below:
June 1, 2004
House Democratic Whip Steny Hoyer (MD) released the following statement today in protest of the Bush Administration's request to "reprogram" or shift funds from state and local bioterrorism preparedness:
May 7, 2004
House Democratic Whip Steny Hoyer (MD) released the following statement in support of H.Con.Res 398, which expressed the concern of Congress over Iran's development of the means to produce nuclear weapons and overwhelmingly passed the House yesterday. The statement was entered in the Congressional Record at the time of debate:
May 4, 2004
WASHINGTON – House Democratic Whip Steny Hoyer (MD) and Representative Jim Turner (TX), Ranking Democrat on the Homeland Security Committee, met with public health groups today to discuss our nation's preparedness for the threat of bio-terrorism. Representative Turner also introduced the RAPID Cures Act today which would develop a strategy to achieve a dramatic reduction in the timeframe required for the delivery of drugs and vaccines to counter pathogen threats for which we have no existing countermeasures.
March 12, 2004
House Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi (D-CA), House Democratic Whip Steny Hoyer (D-MD), and House Democratic Caucus Chairman Bob Menendez (D-NJ) today issued the following statement of principles on matters related to the technology industry:
March 3, 2004
House Democratic Whip Steny Hoyer (MD) released the following statement today in support of the passage of H.R. 1417, the Copyright Royalty and Distribution Reform Act of 2003:
In This Section:
Email Updates
Latest From the House Floor
On Thursday, the House will meet at 10:00 a.m. for Morning Hour debate and 12:00 p.m. for legislative business.
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The United Kingdom is not as united as it once was. In 1999, Scotland and Wales were granted "responsible government" in the form of their own legislatures, and Northern Ireland has its own Assembly.
This "Devolution" has so far had little effect on business, either in the countries in question or in the UK as a whole. The new legislatures are dominated by local party hacks with little interest in, experience of, or sympathy for private enterprise.
Yet if they have done nothing good for business, at least they have done little harm ... aside from neglect. They have been content to set their local economies to cruise control, relying on subsidies from the UK taxpayer. As a result, the public sector represents a much larger percentage of the economies of the three "Celtic fringes" than it does in England, the fourth, largest, and most prosperous of the nations that make up the UK.
They may soon be forced to change. With the UK as a whole facing public spending cuts, it will not be long before the more enterprising English start complaining about subsidising dependant Scots, Welsh, and Northern Irish.
That consideration may have prompted the Scottish National Party, who are currently in power in Edinburgh, to come up with a package of proposals that would have a profound impact on business. The proposals themselves are a mixed bag – some good, some bad – but the fact that they are being discussed points the way to the future: for good or ill, private enterprise is now on the agenda of the devolved legislatures.
In theory, it could be very good for all concerned. The new legislatures have some excellent role models very close to home. Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man are "Crown Dependencies", nominally independent states subject to the Queen as Queen but not part of the United Kingdom. In practice, this gives them considerable autonomy, which they have used wisely. Cutting tax rates and deregulating, they have attracted capital from the rest of Britain and abroad, and have prospered as a result.
Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland could prosper in the same way – if they were prepared to take the risk.
Disclaimer The opinions expressed herein are my own personal opinions and do not represent my employer's view in anyway. © Copyright 2013
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Start your day off right with a healthy breakfast recipe that fills you up but still lets you fit into your skinny jeans.
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Buy Tickets New York Jewish Film Festival 2013
Show From Series
- All
- New Releases at the Film Society
- Ozu and His Afterlives
- The Discreet Charm of George Cukor
- Liv & Ingmar: The Films
- The Met: Live in HD 2013-14
- Family Films
- Film Comment Double Feature
- Views From the Avant-Garde Special Event: Dani Leventhal
- New York Jewish Film Festival 2014
- Dance on Camera 2014
New York Jewish Film Festival 2013
January 09, 2013 – January 24, 2013
Join us for the 22nd annual New York Jewish Film Festival, a preeminent showcase for world cinema exploring the Jewish experience. Dramatic features, fascinating documentaries, enjoyable comedies and a wide variety of shorts are presented by The Jewish Museum and the Film Society of Lincoln Center. The Festival includes world, U.S. and New York premieres. Read more »


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'The Puppet Shoppe'
Courtesy of Saints & Poets Production Company
- Thursday through Friday, September 12–13, 7:30PM;
- Saturday, September 14: 7:30PM, 2PM;
- Sunday, September 15, 2PM
- Sunday, September 22, 2PM;
- Saturday, September 21: 7:30PM, 2PM;
- Thursday through Friday, September 19–20, 7:30PM
at Off Center for the Dramatic Arts in Burlington. $15.
Contact Info:
- 802-863-5966
- Event Website
Seven Days Says:
Saints & Poets Production Company premieres Chris Caswell's play about two puppet-shop owners who possess the last known book during a time when authorities have confiscated the world's tomes. For ages 14 and up.
The Last Word
Print is dead — at least it is in Burlington-based theater artist Chris Caswell's play The Puppet Shoppe. Presented by the Saints & Poets Production Company, the futuristic work features a society in which authorities have collected all existing books for the creation of a vast database. When two puppet-shop owners find themselves in possession of the world's one remaining tome, they must reconcile whether to keep it or to turn it in. This moral dilemma drives the cerebral drama, which opens under the direction of Jordan Gullikson and poses questions about how knowledge is shared and the ramifications of the digital age.


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SAN FRANCISCO, Oct. 25, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- "Chinese enterprises have expressed great interest in the mobile Internet market of the United States." This was a view shared by many participants attending the Global Mobile Internet Conference. Held on October 23 in Silicon Valley, the influential conference on mobile Internet trained the spotlight on the Chinese companies. GPC analysts said, in 2014, Chinese enterprises will experience an unprecedented growth with regards to the U.S. mobile internet market growth potential.
Apart from Line CEO Akira Morikawa, PopCap Games CEO Dave Roberts, this year's conference also attracted media attention with lectures given by Xiaomi CEO Lei Jun, Perfect World CEO Xiao Hong and Tencent President Liu Chiping. American media observers say these Chinese firms are now eyeing the homeland of Apple after succeeding in the world's largest mobile Internet market .
According to a report by market researcher Chetan Sharma Consulting, the revenue of mobile data service in the U.S. was likely to reach 90 billion U.S. dollars. Data shows the country now has 240 million mobile users, of whom 145 million have smartphones. The second quarter of this year continued to witness surging sales of smartphones in the States, which accounted for about 87 percent of the sales of all mobile devices. Great potential has been expected from the U.S. mobile Internet market, which is among world's most developed.
China's Internet and online gaming companies have maintained close attentions to the American market. Chinese Game developer Perfect World has sold its products to over 100 countries and regions and set up a wholly-owned subsidiary in North America. Its CEO Xiao Hong told media that the company's strategy was to set up independent subsidiaries in markets that it considered were of special significance. The company's acquisition of American game studios are also a success. Hong Kong Commercial Daily reported that "after acquiring Runic Games and Cryptic Studios over the past few years, the company, which is a leading games exporter in China, will focus its future purchase on the mobile gaming sector."
After its mobile game "Return of the Condor Heroes" made a great hit, Perfect World is confident in its global development. Speaking on Macworld Asia, Senior Vice President of Perfect World Xu Yiran said the company would increase its investments in the world's small and medium-sized studios developing PC games, console games and video games, while the focus was on mobile games. Its PWIN program is believed to be the first global gaming investment program launched by a Chinese game developer.
Chinese Internet firm Tencent is also eyeing the American market. The company now wishes its WeChat service can catapult it into a global Internet giant. The company's purchase of Los Angeles-based Riot Games is considered its most successful overseas acquisition. Riot Games is the developer of League of Legends, whose global popularity can even rival Blizzard's DOTA 2.
Another prominent Chinese company is Xiaomi, whose miraculous growth has shocked the world. Even more shocking than the smartphone maker's assessment value of 10 billion yuan after its founding is its hiring of former Google VP for Android, a move that shows its ambition on the global market.
The conference was also attended by other Chinese mobile Internet entrepreneurs, including Yu Yongfu, founder of UCWEB. GPC Analysts say the rise of mobile Internet has opened more opportunities for Chinese enterprises to go global. While in the Internet sector, China has long lagged behind the Western world due to its late introduction of the technology and poor infrastructure building, Chinese companies and their Western peers, however, started at the same line in the mobile Internet sector. The popularization of 3G network and the huge number of domestic users have given Chinese companies more opportunities to to march into the global market.
©2012 PR Newswire. All Rights Reserved.


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Results 11 to 16 of 16
Thread: Daytona 500
back stretch is a tough pass and he could have got hung out to dry like many times before
41 cars finished worse2010 Chevy Silverado Z71 ext cab.4x4
72 Monte Carlo 350-415 hp- sold (June 2011) to pay medical bills
79 Impala 350 4bbl 375 hp- sold (June 2011)to pay medical bills
"If He asks you to go a mile go two"
02-29-2012, 08:43 PM #12Finally a signature and Avatar! I also posted some pics in the Gallery.
2011 2500HD Crew Cab 4X4 Z71 6Liter.
2011 Outback Travel Trailer 260FL
So Happy to not be on the edge of GVWR Over Load!!
02-29-2012, 08:47 PM #13Even better than Jr not winning and Johnson going out on the second lap is the fact that Gordon also had a poor finish. I love it when the NY Yankees of Nascar don't win!!! Yes I know Stewart gets motors/chassis from them and I am still trying to cope with that.
(Scott) Myrtle Beach, SC
January 2012 ROTM WINNER
2011 GMC Sierra Z71 MAX 6.2 L w/ Trailering Package
Rough Country, XD Rockstars, Nitto Trail Grapplers, N Fab, Lund Genesis, Putco, Gator Grip,
Flowmaster 40 series, Diablosport InTune, Banks Ram Air CAI,
WeatherTech, AVS Aeroskin, Tow Mirrors, Upgradeyourauto.com
03-01-2012, 01:14 AM #16Tony, Ryan, Danica, Dale Jr., Jimmie, Jeff, and kasey all HMS. No matter what the ownership papers say.
Thats just the Senior club.
You can add more names in the Jr. circuit
I like Chev dominance but when Chev pulled so much money from the sport they opened the door for the lesser manufacturers.
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Tag Archives: Matias Myllyrinne
Thu, Jul 18, 2013 | 23:44 BST
Quantum Break: "no way" Remedy could do it without Microsoft
Being fully independent is all very well, but Remedy CEO Matias Myllyrinne insists a project like Quantum Break couldn't occur without the backing of a major player like Microsoft.
Thu, Jul 04, 2013 | 16:03 BST
Quantum Break drawing from Max Payne & Alan Wake to be ultimate Remedy experience, says dev
Quantum Break developer Remedy Entertainment is attempting to blend the shooting of Max Payne with the interactive story-telling of Alan Wake into a new experience that raises the studio's bar. In a new interview, studio CEO Matias Myllyrinne has explained how he hopes it will be the ultimate Remedy experience.
Fri, May 31, 2013 | 23:27 BST
Patrice Desiléts added to GameLab conference
Fresh from his departure from Ubisoft, Patrice Desiléts has been added to the line-up for this year's GameLab conference in Barcelona.
Fri, May 11, 2012 | 15:17 BST
Remedy hiring for "future generation consoles"
Alan Wake developer Remedy has announced it's hiring for "future generation consoles".
Tue, Apr 10, 2012 | 04:20 BST
Remedy boss describes Max Payne 3 as "fucking brilliant"
The original developer of the Max Payne series is suitably impressed with Rockstar's sequel.
Thu, Feb 16, 2012 | 06:52 GMT
Final Alan Wake's American Nightmare dev diary features Mr Scratch
IGN's gone live with the third and final dev diary for Alan Wake's American Nightmare, this time focussing on Wake's alter opposite Mr Scratch and his ongoing desire to kill his wife Alice. He also kills creative writer Sam Lake in the video too. What a bad man. Watch and see below the break.
Alan Wake's American Nightmare launches on XBLA on Wednesday for 1200 MS points. Watch the site this morning for a Wake-themed interview with Remedy franchise head Oskari Hakkinen.
Fri, Feb 10, 2012 | 08:27 GMT
Remedy not finished with Alan Wake following American Nightmare
American Nightmare is not going to be the last time you see Alan Wake in action, Remedy boss Matias Myllyrinne has promised.
Tue, Dec 20, 2011 | 08:08 GMT
Alan Wake's American Nightmare: Remedy shows off, commentates Fight Till Dawn mode
IGN's gone live with a 11 minute video showing Fight Till Dawn mode from Alan Wake's American Nightmare, showing off the game's co-op challenge mode Fight Till Dawn. Remedy CEO Matias Myllyrinne describes the mode in great detail, showing the various enemies and weapons you'll come across, as well as some tension-packed moments. Get the video below the break.
Get our impressions of American Nightmare, with extended trailer and screens, here. It's out in Q1 2012 for XBLA.
Mon, Dec 19, 2011 | 13:01 GMT
Alan Wake's American Nightmare dreams of the future
It may not be Wake 2, but American Nightmare doesn't mark the end of Alan's shadowy adventures. We visited Remedy to talk about continuing 360′s most unsettling dream.
Tue, Oct 04, 2011 | 12:21 BST
Remedy providing development feedback for Max Payne 3
Original Max Payne developer Remedy Entertainment has cleared up its position on where it's at with Max Payne 3, saying its been providing feedback to Rockstar with its development.
Thu, May 12, 2011 | 15:55 BST
Remedy: Lessons have been learnt from developing Alan Wake
Remedy managing director Matias Myllyrinne has said that the developer has learnt lessons from the development of Alan Wake, and that it will use what it learnt from that with future projects.
Tue, May 03, 2011 | 14:27 BST
Remedy boss: "The sooner we go digital, the better"
Remedy boss Matias Myllyrinne has said that the quicker the games industry goes towards a digital-only future, it'll be for the best.
Fri, Oct 22, 2010 | 10:11 BST
Remedy stays mum on Alan Wake 2
Remedy boss Matias Myllyrinne has refused to confirm or deny to VG247 if Alan Wake 2′s development has begun.
Fri, Oct 22, 2010 | 09:03 BST
Interview – Remedy's Matias Myllyrinne looks back on Alan Wake and the DLC
Alan Wake is a fine game. It reviewed very well, getting an 83 on Meta, and is a shoe-in for those Game of the Year lists that'll start popping up any day now.
It goes without saying, but needless to say, Alan Wake's a bit more then just alright.
After five years in development, the Remedy thriller released in May for Xbox 360, and has seen two DLC episodes release since then: The Signal in July and The Writer earlier this month.
We spoke to Remedy's managing director Matias Myllyrinne and gave a bit of a look back on the game, its DLC, as well as the now-canned PC version, the feedback towards the game and more.
Give it a read below.
[WARNING: We do talk about the DLC, The Signal and The Writer, which takes place after the main game ends. If you hit the break, you do so at your own risk. Beware.]
[Interview by Johnny Cullen]
Thu, Oct 21, 2010 | 20:52 BST
Remedy on long Alan Wake dev time: "We did not think it was going to take this long to get right," said Myllyrinne
Five years was all it took between development and release for Alan Wake, but even developer Remedy didn't think it would take as long as it did to get here.
Mon, Mar 15, 2010 | 18:24 GMT
"More than one" Alan Wake episode this year
Remedy's confirmed that you're going to get additional Alan Wake content in 2010, following the game's May release.
Fri, Feb 19, 2010 | 13:07 GMT
"Freaky prototypes" is one reason Alan Wake took so long, says Remedy
Remedy MD Matias Myllyrinne has told a DICE crowd that "freaky prototypes" are one of the reasons Alan Wake's taken so bloody long.
Thu, Feb 18, 2010 | 16:52 GMT
"We're very much betting the farm" on Alan Wake, says Remedy
Remedy's managing director Matias Myllyrinne and writer Sam Lake revealed in an interview that once the Alan Wake is released, it may be a make or break title for the firm.
Mon, Feb 15, 2010 | 10:29 GMT
Remedy: 360 is "a very good environment" for Alan Wake
Remedy has said in an interview with BlendGames that Alan Wake on 360 is a much better "environment" then PC.
Mon, Nov 02, 2009 | 01:29 GMT
Remedy possibly looking at removing ending of Alan Wake from press copies
Remedy has revealed to G4TV that they are looking at the possibility of removing the ending from Alan Wake from any review code reviewers will get when they review the game before it's release.
"I think we're going to be insanely careful about how much of the story we reveal," said Remedy's Matias Myllyrinne.
"We'll clearly discuss with some of our friends at Microsoft whether we even give the ending of the game for anybody's preview. I'd like to hold it back, [I] don't want anybody to spoil it for the audience. That's just my personal feeling ."
Find more info through the link.
It's out next spring for the Xbox 360.


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