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Competition (Encyclopedia of Psychology)
An adaptive strategy that pits one person's interests against another's.
Psychologists have long been in disagreement as to whether competition is a learned or a genetic component of human behavior. Perhaps what first comes to mind when thinking of competition is athletics. It would be a mistake, however, not to recognize the effect competition has in the areas of academics, work, and many other areas of contemporary life. This is especially true in the United States, where individual rigor and competition appear to be nationalistic qualities Americans cherish and praise. It has often been suggested that the American capitalist-driven society thrives because of the spirited competition for a limited amount of resources available.
Psychologically speaking, competition has been seen as an inevitable consequence of the psychoanalytic view of human drives and is a natural state of being. According to Sigmund Freud, humans are born screaming for attention and full of organic drives for fulfillment in various areas. Initially, according to this view, we compete for the attention of our parentseeking to attract it either from siblings or from the other parent. Thereafter, we are at the mercy of a battle between our base impulses for self-fulfillment and social and cultural mores which prohibit pure indulgence.
(The entire section is 697 words.)
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Competition (Encyclopedia of Business and Finance)
Competition is the battle between businesses to win consumer acceptance and loyalty. The free-enterprise system ensures that businesses make decisions about what to produce, how to produce it, and what price to charge for the product or service. Competition is a basic premise of the free-enterprise system because it is believed that having more than one business competing for the same consumers will cause the products and/or services to be provided at a better quality and a lower cost than if there were no competitors. In other words, competition should provide the consumers with the best value for their hard-earned dollar.
To be successful in today's very competitive business world, it is important for businesses to be aware of what their competitors are doing and to find a way to compete by matching or improving on the competitors' product or service. For example, if Pepsi-Cola offers a new affeine-free soda, Coca-Cola may offer a new affeine-free soda with only one calorie. By offering an improvement on the competitor's product, Coca-Cola is trying to convince soft-drink consumers to buy the new coke product because it is an improvement on Pepsi's product.
While being aware of the competition and making a countermove is important, it is also very important to pay attention to changing consumer wants, needs, and values and to make the needed changes before the competition does. Doing research and development and being the first to provide a new product or service can give a company a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Once consumers purchase a product or service and are satisfied with it, they will typically purchase the same product again. Having a competitive advantage means that a company does something better than the competition. Having a competitive advantage might mean inventing a new product; providing the best quality, the lowest prices, or the best customer service; or having cutting-edge technology. To determine an area where a company might have a competitive advantage, a SWOT analysis is often done to identify the company's internal Strengths and Weaknesses and the external Opportunities and Threats. A SWOT analysis lets the company know in which area(s) it has a competitive advantage so it can concentrate on those areas in the production and marketing of its product(s) or service(s).
In addition to staying on top of changing consumer preferences, companies must constantly be looking for ways to cut costs and increase productivity. Companies must provide consumers with the best-quality product at the lowest cost while still making a profit if they are to be successful competitors in the long run. One way to remain competitive is through the use of technology. Technology can help speed up production processes through the use of robots or production lines, move information more accurately and more quickly through the use of computer systems, and assist in research and development proceedings.
Global competition has made gaining consumer acceptance an even tougher challenge for most businesses. Firms in other countries may be able to produce products and provide services at a lower cost than American businesses. In order to compete, American businesses must find other ways to win consumers. One way for businesses to accomplish this is through competitive differentiation. Competitive differentiation occurs when a firm somehow differentiates its product or service from that of competitors. Competitive differentiation may be an actual difference, such as a longer warranty or a lower price, but often the difference is only perceived. Difference in perception is usually accomplished through advertising, the purpose of which is to convince consumers that one company's product is different from another company's product. Common ways to differentiate a product or service include advertising a better-quality product, better service, better taste, or just a better image. Competitive differentiation is used extensively in the monopolistic form of competition, discussed below.
Although each form has many aspects, not all of which can be considered here, competition can generally be classified into four main categories: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. (Table 1 summarizes the basic differences among these four types of competition.)
Perfect Competition Perfect competition (also known as pure competition) exists when a large number of sellers produce products or services that seem to be identical. These types of businesses are typically run on a small scale, and participants have no control over the selling price of their product because no one seller is large enough to dictate the price of the product. Instead, the price of the product is set by the market. There are many competitors in a perfect competition industry, and it is fairly easy to enter or leave the industry. While there are no ideal examples of perfect competition, agricultural products are considered to be the closest example in today's economy. The corn grown by one farmer is virtually identical to the corn grown by another farmer, and the current market controls the price the farmers receive for their crops. Perfect competition follows the law of supply and demand. If the price of a product is high, consumers will demand less of the product while the suppliers will want to supply more. If the price of a product is low, the consumers will demand more of the product, but the suppliers will be unwilling to sell much at such a low price. The equilibrium point is where the supply and the demand meet and determine the market price. For example, if the going market price for wheat is $5 a bushel and a farmer tries to sell wheat for $6 a bushel, no one will buy because they can get it for $5 a bushel from someone else. On the other hand, if a farmer offers to sell wheat for $4 a bushel, the crop will sell, but the farmer has lost money because the crop is worth $5 a bushel on the open market.
Monopolistic Competition Monopolistic competition exists when a large number of sellers produce a product or service that is perceived by consumers as being different from that of a competitor but is actually quite similar. This perception of difference is the result of product differentiation, which is the key to success in a monopolistic industry. Products can be differentiated based on price, quality, image, or some other feature, depending on the product. For example, there are many different brands of bath soap on the market today. Each brand of soap is similar because it is designed to get the user clean; however, each soap product tries to differentiate itself from the competition to attract consumers. One soap might claim that it leaves you with soft skin, while another soap might claim that it has a clean, fresh scent. Each participant in this market structure has some control over pricing, which means it can alter the selling price as long as consumers are still willing to buy its product at the new price. If one product costs twice as much as similar products on the market, chances are most consumers will avoid buying the more expensive product and buy the competitors' products instead. There can be few or many competitors (typically many) in a monopolistic industry, and it is somewhat difficult to enter or leave such an industry. Monopolistic products are typically found in retailing businesses. Some examples of monopolistic products and/or services are shampoo products, extermination services, oil changes, toothpaste, and fast-food restaurants.
Oligopoly An oligopoly (which is described more completely in another article) exists when there are few sellers in a certain industry. This occurs because a large investment is required to enter the industry, which makes it difficult to enter or leave. The businesses involved in an oligopoly type of industry are typically very large because they have the financial ability to make the needed investment. The type of products sold in an oligopoly can be similar or different, and each seller has some control over price. Examples of oligopolies include the automobile, airplane, and steel industries.
Monopoly A monopoly (which is described more completely in another article) exists when a single seller controls the supply of a good or service and prevents other businesses from entering the field. Being the only provider of a certain good or service gives the seller considerable control over price. Monopolies are prohibited by law in the United States; however, government-regulated
Types of Competition
Characteristics | Perfect Competition | Monopolistic Competition | Oligopoly | Monopoly |
Number of competitors | Many | Few to many | Very few | No direct competition |
Ease of entry or exit from industry | Easy | Somewhat difficult | Difficult | Regulated by U.S. government |
Similarity of goods/services offered by competing firms | Same | Seemingly different but may be quite similar | Similar or different | No directly competing products |
Individual firm's control over price | None (set by the market) | Some | Some | Considerable (in true monopoly) Little (in regulated one) |
Examples | Farmer | Fast-food restaurant | Automotive manufacturer | Power company |
monopolies do exist in some business areas because of the huge up-front investment that must be made in order to provide some types of services. Examples of monopolies in the United States are public utility companies that provide services and/or products such as gas, water, and/ or electricity.
Boone, Louis E., and Kurtz, David L. (1999). Contemporary Business, 9th ed. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace.
Bounds, Gregory M., and Lamb, Charles W., Jr. (1998). Business. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western College Publishing.
Burnett, John, and Moriarty, Sandra. (1998). Introduction to Marketing Communication: An Integrated Approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Clancy, Kevin J., and Shulman, Robert S. (1994). Marketing Myths That Are Killing Business: The Cure for Death Wish Marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill.
French, Wendell L. (1998). Human Resources Management. New York or Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Goldzimer, Linda Silverman, and Beckmann, Gregory, L (1989). "I'm First": Your Customer's Message to You. New York: Rawson Associates.
Madura, Jeff. (1998). Introduction to Business. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western College Publishing.
Moore, James F. (1996). The Death of Competition: Leadership and Strategy in the Age of Business Ecosystems. New York: Harper Business.
Nickels, William G., McHugh, James M., and McHugh, Susan M. (1999). Understanding Business, 5th ed. Boston: Irwin-McGraw-Hill.
Pfeffer, Jeffery. (1994). Competitive Advantage Through People. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Pride, William M., Hughes, Robert J., and Kapoor, Jack R. (1999). Business, 6th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
Zikmund, William G., Middlemist, Dennis R., and Middlemist, Melanie R. (1995). Business: The American Challenge for Global Competitiveness. Homewood, IL: Irwin.
Competition (Encyclopedia of Science and Religion)
An important component of the neo-Darwinian theory of evolution, competition describes the theory that there is a struggle among organisms both of the same species (intraspecific) and between species (interspecific) for food, space, reproduction, and other requirements for existence. Through natural selection organisms develop adaptations to overcome or resist their own destruction in competition with the counter-adaptations developed by other organisms. These adaptations include physiological, chemical, and psychological traits. For example, organisms may evolve to become larger, more poisonous, or more aggressive. Such adaptations are not developed on the short timescale of individual lifetime but on the long evolutionary timescale of the species.
See also ADAPTATION; AGGRESSION; EVOLUTION; NEO-DARWINISM
Competition (Encyclopedia of Business)
The notion of competition is very widely used in economics in general and in microeconomics in particular. Competition is also considered the basis for capitalist or free market economies. In standard usage of the term, competition may also imply certain virtues. Markets are the heart and soul of a capitalist economy, and varying degrees of competition lead to different market structures, with differing implications for the outcomes of the market place. This entry will discuss the following market structures that result from the successively declining degrees of competition in the market for a particular commodity. These elements are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. Based on the differing outcomes of different market structures, economists consider some market structures more desirable, from the point of view of the society, than others.
Each of the above mentioned market structures describes a particular organization of a market in which certain key characteristics differ. The characteristics are: (a) number of firms in the market, (b) control over the price of the relevant product, (c) type of the product sold in the market, (d) barriers to new firms entering the market, and (e) existence of nonprice competition in the market. Each of these characteristics is briefly discussed below.
The number of firms in the market supplying the particular product under consideration forms an important basis for classifying market structures. The number of firms in an industry, according to economists, determines the extent of competition in the industry. Both in perfect competition and monopolistic competition, there are large numbers of firms or suppliers. Each of these firms supplies only a small portion of the total output for the industry. In oligopoly, there are only a few (presumably more than two) suppliers of the product. When there are only two sellers of the product, the market structure is often called duopoly. Monopoly is the extreme case where there is only one seller of the product in the market.
The extent to which an individual firm exercises control over the price of the product it sells is another important characteristic of a market structure. Under perfect competition, an individual firm has no control over the price of the product it sells. A firm under monopolistic competition or oligopoly has some control over the price of the product it sells. Finally, a monopoly firm is deemed to have considerable control over the price of its product.
The extent to which products of different firms in the industry can be differentiated is also a characteristic that is used in classifying market structures. Under perfect competition, all firms in the industry sell identical products. In other words, no firm can differentiate its product from those of other firms in the industry. There is some product differentiation under monopolistic competitionhe firms in the industry are assumed to produce somewhat different products. Under an oligopolistic market structure, firms may produce differentiated or identical products. Finally, in the case of a monopoly, product differentiation is not truly an issue, as there is only one firmhere are no other firms from whom it should differentiate its product.
The difficulty or ease with which new firms can enter the market for a product is also a characteristic of market structures. New firms can enter market structures classified as perfect competition or monopolistic competition relatively easily. In these cases, barriers to entry are considered low, as only a small investment may be required to enter the market. In oligopoly, barriers to entry is considered very highuge amounts of investment, determined by the very nature of the product and the production process, are needed to enter these markets. Once again, monopoly constitutes the extreme case where the entry of new firms is blocked, usually by law. If for whatever reasons, new firms are allowed to enter a monopolistic market structure, it can no longer be termed a monopoly.
Market structures also differ to the extent that firms in industry compete with each other on the basis of non-price factors, such as, differences in product characteristics and advertising. There is no non-price competition under perfect competition. Firms under monopolistic competition make considerable use of instruments of non-price competition. Oligopolistic firms also make heavy use of non-price competition, Finally, while a monopolist also utilizes instruments of non-price competition, such as advertising, these are not designed to compete with other firms, as there are no other firms in the monopolist's industry.
We now turn to discussing each of the four market forms mentioned at the beginning, in light of the preceding characteristics used to classify market structures. The discussion that follows also provides additional details about the four market structures.
Perfect competition is an idealized version of market structure that provides a foundation for understanding how markets work in a capitalist economy. The other market structures can also be understood better when perfect competition is used as a standard of reference. Even so, perfect competition is not ordinarily well understood by the general public. For example, when business people speak of intense competition in the market for a product, they are, in all likelihood, referring to rival suppliers, about whom they have quite a bit of information. However, when economists refer to perfect competition, they are particularly referring to the impersonal nature of this market structure. The impersonality of the market organization is due to the existence of a large number of suppliers of the producthere are so many suppliers in the industry that no firm views another supplier as a competitor. Thus, the competition under perfect competition is impersonal.
To understand the nature of competition under the perfectly competitive market form, one should briefly examine the three conditions that are necessary before a market structure is considered "perfectly competitive." These are: homogeneity of the product sold in the industry, existence of many buyers and sellers, and perfect mobility of resources or factors of production. Homogeneity of product means that the product sold by any one seller in the market is identical to the product sold by any other supplier. The homogeneity of product has an important implication for the market: if products of different sellers are identical, buyers do not care who they buy from, so long as the price is also the same. While the first condition of a perfect market sounds extreme, it is, in fact, met in markets for many products. Wheat and corn are good examples. Wheat and corn produced by different farmers is essentially the same, and can thus be considered identical.
The second condition, existence of many buyers and sellers, again leads to an important outcome. When there is a large number of buyers or sellers, each individual buyer or seller is so small relative to the entire market that he or she does not have any power to influence the price of the product under consideration. As a result, whether a person is a buyer or a seller, he or she must accept the market price. All buyers and sellers in the market are effectively price takers, not price makers. The market as a whole establishes product prices, and individual buyers or sellers simply decide how much to buy or sell at the given market price. The third condition, perfect mobility of resources, requires that all factors of production (resources used in the production process) can be readily switched from one use to another. Furthermore, it is required that all buyers, sellers, and owners of resources have full knowledge of all relevant technological and economic data. The implication of the third condition is that resources move to the most profitable industry.
No industry in the world (now or in the past) satisfies all three conditions stipulated above fully. Thus, no industry in the world can be considered perfectly competitive in the strictest sense of the term. However, there are token examples of industries that come quite close to being a perfectly competitive market. Some markets for agricultural commodities, while not meeting all three conditions, come reasonably close to being characterized as perfectly competitive markets. The market for wheat, for example, can be considered a reasonable approximation. The wheat market is characterized by an almost homogenous product, and it has a large number of buyers and sellers. It thus satisfies the first two conditions fairly well. However, it is difficult to assert that resources employed in the wheat industry are perfectly mobile.
Despite the fact that no industry is truly perfectly competitive, it is still worthwhile to study perfect competition as a market structure. Conclusions derived from the study of the idealized version of perfect competition are often helpful in explaining behavior in the real world.
The study of the idealized version of perfect competition leads to some important conclusions regarding solutions to key economic problems, such as quantity of the relevant product produced, price charged, the mechanism of adjustment in the industry.
As mentioned earlier, under perfect competition, an individual supplier of the product has to take the market price as given. Given this price, the supplier determines how much to produce and sell. The quantity he or she decides to produce is the quantity that maximizes profit for the firm (more technically, where marginal cost of producing the product equals the market price of the product). The total production of all firms in the industry determines the market supply of the product under consideration. This market supply of the product, in conjunction with the total demand for the product by all consumers, determines the market price. Thus, while an individual buyer or seller is a price taker, the collective decisions affect the market price. Since the consumers of the product receive a price that is equal to the cost of production (on the margin), it is argued that consumers are treated fairly under perfect competition.
In addition, the total output produced under perfect competition is larger than, for example, under monopoly. To understand this, we should look at the mechanics of maximizing profit, the guiding force behind a supplier's output decision. In order to maximize profits, a supplier has to look at cost and revenue. Usually, it is assumed that a supplier's marginal cost (the cost of producing an additional unit of the product under consideration) rises ultimately. The producer then, in making the output decision, must compare the cost of producing an additional unit of the product with the revenue the sale of that additional unit (called the marginal revenue) brings to the firm. So long as the marginal revenue from the sale exceeds the marginal cost, there is a gain from producing that additional unithe unit adds more to revenue (proceeds) than to costs. The supplier will continue producing while the process is profitable (i.e., it increases profits or reduces loss). The firm will stop production where marginal revenue equals marginal costhis output level maximizes profits (or minimizes loss). In the case of a perfectly competitive firm, the market price for the product is also the marginal revenue. Since the firm is a price taker and supplies an insignificant portion of the total market supply of the product, it can sell as many units of the product as it desires at the going price. We will later show that this is not the case with a monopolist, for example. A monopolist stops production of the product before reaching the point where marginal cost of the product equals the market price of the product.
Perfect competition is considered desirable for society for at least two reasons. First, the price charged to individuals equals the marginal cost of production to each firm. In other words, one can say sellers charge buyers a reasonable or fair price. Second, in general, output produced under a perfectly competitive market structure is larger than other market organizations. Thus, perfect competition becomes desirable also for the amount of the product supplied to consumers as a whole.
These are two reasons why a capitalist society adores the virtues of perfect competition. In fact, to maintain a reasonable amount of competition in a market is generally considered a goal of government regulatory policies. No single firm dominates the market under perfect competition; this parallels the status of an individual citizen in a democracy, a widely practiced form of government in capitalist countries.
As pointed out above, industries in the real world rarely satisfy the stringent conditions necessary to qualify as perfectly competitive market structures. The world in which we live is invariably characterized by competition of lesser degrees than stipulated by perfect competition. Many industries that we often deal with have market structures that are monopolistic competition or oligopoly. Apparel retail stores (with many stores and differentiated products) provide an example of monopolistic competition.
As in the case of perfect competition, monopolistic competition is characterized by the existence of many sellers. Usually, if an industry has 50 or more firms (producing products that are close substitutes of each other), it is said to have a large number of firms. However, the number of firms must be large enough that each firm in the industry can expect its actions go unnoticed by rival firms.
Unlike perfect competition, the sellers under monopolistic competition differentiate competitive product. In other words, the products of these firms are not considered identical. It is, in fact, immaterial whether these products are actually different or simply perceived to be so. So long as consumers treat them as different products, they satisfy one of the characteristics of monopolistic competition. This product differentiation is considered a key attribute of monopolistic competition. In many U.S. markets, producers practice product differentiation by altering the physical composition, using special packaging, or simply claiming to have superior products based on brand images and/or advertising. Toothpastes and toilet papers are examples of differentiated products.
In addition to the existence of a large number of firms and product differentiation, relative ease of entry into the industry is considered another important requirement of a monopolistically competitive market organization. Also, there should be no collusion among firms in the industry, like price fixing or agreements regarding the market shares of individual companies. With the large number of firms that monopolistic competition requires, collusion is generally difficult, though not impossible.
The above mentioned characteristics of monopolistic competition basically yield a market form that is very competitive, but probably not to the extent of perfect competition.
As in the case of perfect competition, a firm under monopolistic competition decides about the quantity of the product produced on the basis of the profit maximization principlet produces the quantity that maximizes the firm's profit. Also, conditions of profit maximization remain the samehe firm stops production where marginal revenue equals marginal cost of production. But unlike perfect competition, a firm under monopolistic competition has some control over the price it charges, as the firm differentiates its products from those of others. However, this price making power of a monopolistically competitive firm is rather small, since there are a large number of other firms in the industry with somewhat similar products. Remember that a perfectly competitive firm has no price making powerach firm is a price taker, as it produces a product identical to those produced by a large number of other firms in the industry.
An important consequence of the price making power of a monopolistically competitive firm is that when such a firm reduces price, it can attract customers buying other "brands" of the product. The opposite is also true when the firm increases the price it charges for its product. Because of this, price charged for a product is different from the marginal revenue for the product (marginal revenue refers to the increase in total revenue as a result of selling one more unit of the product under consideration). To understand this, consider, for example, that a firm reduces the price for its product. The firm must now sell all units at this lower price. Because the lower price applies to all units sold, not just the last or the marginal unit, price for the product is higher than the marginal revenue at each level of sale. It should be noted that as there are a large number of firms under monopolistic competition, individual firms in the industry are not appreciably affected by a particular firm's behavior.
As mentioned above, a monopolistically competitive firm stops production where marginal revenue equals marginal cost of productionhe output level that maximizes its profits (often called the equilibrium output for the firm).
Aforementioned profit maximizing behavior of a monopolistically competitive firm implies that now the price associated with the product (at the equilibrium or the profit maximizing output) is higher than marginal cost (which equals marginal revenue). Thus, the production under monopolistic competition does not take place to the point where price equals marginal cost of production. Remember that, with increased production, price charged (which is higher than marginal revenue at every level of output) is successively falling while the marginal cost of production is rising. Therefore, if a monopolistically competitive firm were to stop production where price is equal to marginal cost (a condition met under a perfectly competitive market structure), output produced would be greater than when it stops production where marginal revenue equals marginal cost (its profit maximizing output). The net result of the profit maximizing decisions of monopolistically competitive firms is that price charged under monopolistic competition is higher than under perfect competition. In addition, quantity of the commodity produced under monopolistic competition is simultaneously lower. Thus, both on the basis of price charged and output produced, monopolistic competition is less socially desirable than perfect competition.
Oligopoly is a fairly common market organization. In the United States, both the steel and auto industries (with three or so large firms) provide good examples of oligopolistic market structures.
An important characteristic of an oligopolistic market structure is the interdependence of firms in the industry. The interdependence, actual or perceived, arises from the small number of firms in the industry. However, unlike monopolistic competition, if an oligopolistic firm changes its price or output, it has perceptible effects on the sales and profits of its competitors in the industry. Thus, an oligopolist firm always considers the reactions of its rivals in formulating its pricing or output decisions.
There are huge, though not insurmountable, barriers to entering an oligopolistic market. These barriers can involve large financial requirements, availability of raw materials, access to the relevant technology, or simply patent rights of the firms currently in the industry. Several industries in the United States provide good examples of oligopolistic market structures with obvious barriers to entry. The U.S. auto industry provides an example of a market where financial barriers to entry exist. In order to efficiently operate an automobile plant, one needs upward of half a billion dollars of initial investment. The steel industry in the United States, on the other hand, provides an example of an oligopoly where barriers to entry have been created by the ownership of raw materials needed for producing the product. In this industry, a few huge firms own most of the available iron ore, a necessary raw material for steel production.
An oligopolistic industry is also typically characterized by economies of scale. Economies of scale in production imply that as the level of production rises the cost per unit of product falls for the use of any plant (generally, up to a point). Thus, economies of scale lead to an obvious advantage for a large producer. Once again, the automobile industry provides an example of a market structure where firms experience economies of scale. It should be noted that there may exist economies of scale in promotion just as there exist economies of scale in production. In the automobile industry, the promotion cost per unit of product falls as sales increase since promotion costs rise less than proportionately to sales.
There is no single theoretical framework that provides answers to output and pricing decisions under an oligopolistic market structure. Analyses exist only for special sets of circumstances. For example, if an oligopolistic firm cuts its price, it is met with price reductions by competing firms; however, if it raises the price of its product, rivals do not match the price increase. For this reason, prices may remain stable in an oligopolistic industry for a prolonged period of time.
It is hard to make concrete statements regarding price charged and quantity produced under oligopoly. However, from the point of view of the society, one can say that an oligopolistic market structure provides a fair degree of competition in the market place if the oligopolists in the market do not collude. Collusion occurs if firms in the industry agree to set price and/or quantity. In the United States, there are laws that make collusion illegal.
Monopoly can be considered the opposite of perfect competition. It is a market form in which there is only one seller. While at first glance a monopoly may appear to be a rare market structure, it is not so. Several industries in the United State have monopolies. Some utility companies provide examples of a monopolist.
There are many factors that give rise to a monopoly. For example, in the United States the inventor of an item has the exclusive right to produce that product for 17 years. Thus, a monopoly can exist in an industry because a patent was obtained for a product by its inventor. The United Shoe Machinery Company held such a monopoly in certain important shoe making equipment until 1954, when the monopoly was broken under the antitrust laws. A monopoly can also arise if a company owns the entire supply of a necessary material needed to produce a product. The Aluminum Company of America exercised such power until 1945, when its monopoly was also broken under provisions of the antitrust laws. A monopoly can be legally created by a government agency when it sells a market franchise a particular product or service. Often a monopoly so established is also regulated by the appropriate government agency. Provision of local telephone service in the United States provides an example of such a monopoly. Finally, a monopoly may arise due to declining cost of production for a particular product. In such a case the average cost of production falls and reaches a minimum at an output level that is sufficient to satisfy the entire market. In such an industry, rival firms will be eliminated until only the strongest firm (now the monopolist) is left in the market. This is often called a case of natural monopoly. A good example of a natural monopoly is the electricity industry. The electric power industry reaps benefits of economies of scale and yields decreasing average cost. A natural monopoly is usually regulated by the government.
Generally speaking, price and output decisions of a monopolist are similar to those of a monopolistically competitive firm, with the major distinction of a large number of firms under monopolistic competition and only one firm under monopoly. Thus, one may technically say that there is no competition under monopoly. This is not strictly true, as even a monopolist is threatened by indirect and potential competition. Like monopolistic competition, a monopolistic firm also maximizes its profits by producing up to the point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. As the monopolist is a price maker and can increase the amount of sales by lowering the price, a monopolist does not lure consumers away from rivals, rather he or she induces them to buy more. Nevertheless, at any output level, the price charged by a monopolist is higher than the marginal revenue. As a result, a monopolist also does not produce to the point where price equals marginal cost (a condition met under a perfectly competitive market structure).
An industry characterized by a monopolistic market structure produces less output and charges higher prices than under perfect competition (and presumably under monopolistic competition). Thus, on the basis of price charged and quantity produced, a monopoly is less desirable socially. However, a natural monopoly is generally considered desirable if the monopolist's price behavior can be regulated.
Industry in the real world is rarely characterized by perfect competition. In certain circumstances, society has to tolerate monopoly (say, the case of a natural monopoly or a monopoly due to patent rights). However, the idea of competition is very deeply ingrained in society. So long as there is a reasonable degree of competition (as in the case of monopolistic competition or oligopoly), society feels reasonably secure with respect to the working of its markets.
SEE ALSO: Antitrust Acts and Laws; Capitalism; Oligopoly
[Anandi P Sahu, Ph.D.]
Source: Encyclopedia of Science and Religion, ©2003 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Encyclopedia of Business, ©2000 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Encyclopedia of Business and Finance, ©2001 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Encyclopedia of Psychology, ©2005 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.


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Publication: theday.com
New London — A 30-year-old man was arrested on burglary charges early Friday morning after police discovered him inside Car Quest Auto Parks.
About 3:30 a.m. Friday, police officers conducting a building check at the auto parts store at 390 Broad St. discovered a broken window on one of the garage doors. They called in the K-9 unit and found Angel Rodriguez inside the building.
Rodriguez, of no certain address, was charged with third-degree burglary, possession of burglary tools, sixth-degree larceny and third-degree criminal mischief.
Should the Guantanamo prison be closed?
This holiday season, The Day and theday.com will print a list of the many ways to support local nonprofit agencies in their efforts to makes the lives of the residents of southeastern Connecticut a little better. Visit www.theday.com/waystogive to learn more.

subset: commoncrawl


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Geologic Communications
The Geologic Communications Section publishes and delivers Division-generated geologic information to the public and maintains and improves public access to Alaska's geologic and earth science information. Advances in computer technology have resulted in faster preparation of maps and reports and a wider awareness of DGGS's available Alaska geologic resources. This section designs, implements, maintains, and improves a database for the Division's digital and map-based geological, geophysical, and geochemical data; a database for the Division's physical samples that are housed in Eagle River; and websites for the Division (www.dggs. alaska.gov), the Alaska Seismic Hazards Safety Commission (www.seismic.alaska.gov), and the Association of American State Geologists (www.stategeologists.org).
Geologic Communications FY12 project descriptions
- Alaska Geologic Data Index - Provides a database and web search application that captures the physical location of archived physical and digital files containing unpublished geologic information. The project was formerly titled: Alaska Mineral Industry Data Index (AKMIDI).
- Alaska geological and geophysical map index - "Geologic Map Index of Alaska" web application that will, when complete, provide the locations, outlines, and current status of Alaska geological and geophysical maps from all government agencies in a single, interactive, Internet-accessible location.
- Alaska paleontological database - Project to migrate the MDIRA fossil database to DGGS's Digital Geologic Database so the database is assured of regular maintenance, backup, continued data expansion, and consistent public internet access
- DGGS digital geologic database - Provides a spatially referenced geologic database system in a secure, centralized information architecture with networked data access for new and legacy DGGS geologic data, functional online interfaces that allow the public to find and identify geologic data available from DGGS and then view or download selected data
- DGGS field mapping technology - Ongoing investigation of the potential for streamlining geologic data collection and processing by using handheld computers in the field
- DGGS geographic information system (GIS) - GIS projects designed to take advantage of recent advancements in geospatial tools and to present DGGS's geospatial data in multiple ways
- DGGS publications and outreach - Publishes and distributes geologic data that has been collected, analyzed, and assembled by geologists involved in DGGS projects
- DGGS website development and digital data distribution - Ongoing maintenance, design, and content management of the DGGS website.
- National Geological & Geophysical Data Preservation Program - Assessment of Alaska geological and geophysical data collection and preservation needs. Conduct an assessment of data preservation needs, including an evaluation of progress, data holdings, and gaps remaining from the MDIRA program, and focus particularly on data and samples relating to energy resources and engineering geology that remain to be inventoried, cataloged, and made accessible.


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Read MoreWhy Do So Many Marketers Discount Content Creation When Planning Their Social Media Activity?: http://t.co/Lhr3bDY5Oa <-Any thoughts?
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On January 22nd, 1973 the United States Supreme Court, in a decision known as Roe v. Wade, ruled that state laws banning abortion were unconstitutional. The court ruled that a woman's privacy was more important than the interest of any state in protecting unborn children.
This decision was neither voted on by the populace nor mandated by the legislative or executive branches of the government. With a stroke of a pen, the Supreme Court struck down abortion laws in over 40 states and declared the unborn child was not a "person" and had no constitutional rights.
The 7-2 ruling in Roe v. Wade stated:
The North American Mission Board seeks to provide alternatives to abortion by partnering with Southern Baptist churches, associations, and state conventions in ministering compassion and healing to women in crisis pregnancies through starting pregnancy care centers and assisting established centers in carrying out their ministries.
At Christian Family Services of Colorado, Inc., we care about you! You are someone special to us and you deserve to feel peace and safety as you are going through this very difficult time. Let us help.
If you need resources on reaching women in crisis, help is available! Terri Baxter is the North American Mission Board's certified trainer for pregnancy resource centers. She can be reached at 303-690-4784. In addition to directing you to the resources you need, she can also provide information and training on how to start a pregnancy center in your area.
New Life Church hosted a "Wait No More" event on Saturday, November 22, 2008 to gather over 1200 people for one great cause - to tell our Colorado Children, in Foster Care, they need to "Wait No More." In just one afternoon, 250 families started the adoption process to bring a child or two into their lives to adopt them into their family. There are over 700 children in Colorado that cannot speak the word "family." These children have not had the opportunity to experience real love. How will you respond?
Your local pregnancy center needs your support. Prayer, baby and toddler clothes, cribs, car seats, strollers, volunteers and money are all good ways to help. Here are some pregnancy centers in Colorado:
Colorado Pregnancy Centers Inc Wendy Stone 1072 Chambers Court Aurora, CO 80011 303/363-4715 email@example.com
Mountain Area Pregnancy Center Jill 28677 Buffalo Park Road #104 PO Box 667 Evergreen, CO 80437-0667 303/674-5881 email@example.com
How to Start a Pregnancy Care Center
1. Pray for God's wisdom in starting the center. God's timing will be different for every center. The following information is meant for guidelines only. Every center will be different in some aspect.


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Lessening impacts of volatility in agriculture markets, protecting rights to food and water, and exposing corporate control over the food system.
Karen Hansen-KuhnInternational Program Director Karen Hansen-Kuhn is the director of IATP's International Program and works in Washington, D.C. |
Sophia MurphySenior Advisor Sophia Murphy is a senior advisor to IATP's Trade and Global Governance program. |
Shefali SharmaSenior Policy Analyst Shefali Sharma is a senior advisor to IATP's Trade and Global Governance program. |
Dr. Steve SuppanSenior Policy Analyst Dr. Steve Suppan is a senior policy analyst focusing on agriculture, trade and food safety policy. |
Shiney VargheseSenior Policy Analyst Shiney Varghese leads IATP's work on global water policy. |


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Oh! I have a ton of modest Litwicks! None shiny though, sorry. Do u have any DWfemales?
Oh! I have a ton of modest Litwicks! None shiny though, sorry. Do u have any DWfemales?
In need of DWF pokemon? I have a good 90 of the breedable ones, and mostly all the useful ones, so shoot me a pm and we can work something out
White FC: 4814 1631 4794
Black2 FC: 249540080622 used less
i have a male lvl 31 shiny litwick up for grabs, bashful nature with flashfire ability,
pm offers,
Black 2 FC:
0863 1120 9727
^(Main one unless specified)^
White 2 FC:
2581 1182 0945
Can give any Pokemon Pokerus if asked for it.
I Will Only Accept UT Events
Spoiler:- Shinies:
Spoiler:- Event/ Trophy:
Spoiler:- Dex Completion:
Im looking for a shiny, male litwick or a shiny, male ferroseed. I can offer:
Shiny Zangoose
Shiny Charizard
Shiny Mewtwo
Shiny Arceus
Shiny Mudkip
Shiny Seviper
Shiny Milotic
I am willing to trade any two of these for either of the pokemon i have requested. PM me if you are interested.
looking for DWF Litwick, I'd prefer Modest natrue, but I can consider any of them
I'm looking for a legit shiny and male Litwick (level between 1 and nearly 50) with his original english name. Don't care about nature or IVs..
Please PM if you have it and say what are you interested for it. I have some legendaries, items and maybe some other pokemon you want! Been using the masuda method for some time now, not very lucky with shinies :/
Last edited by Code iX!; 5th January 2013 at 3:27 AM.
Seeking lampet and a dusk stone pm for offers I have shinys + Pkrs+ legendary
Black FC 1464 4404 4075
Seeking Leftovers x 3
Wings x infinite
vitamins x infinite
Dusk stone x3
Looking for a Flash Fire Litwik/Lampent/Chandelure, with Timid! Preferably one that I can rename c:. Offering Gen 5 Pokerus in return!
Offering Modest Litwicks, Flash Fire or Flame Body available.
If you have the nature that's great, but I don't NEED it
Last edited by Amph; 13th January 2013 at 6:13 AM.
Black 2 FC
2753 0174 0767
Trainer Name: Evan
Looking for a shiny Chandelure, preferably high leveled. I'll give you a shiny lvl. 100 Metagross.
PM me to trade.
Just another Pokemon playing teenage girl.
White 2 FC: Julia [1850 9523 6776]
Looking for a Shiny Litwick/Lampent/Chandlure! Please pm me!
I have a shiny timid litwick...looking for nicknameable or Japanese shinies.
Mouse lady's new tradethread
My Safari is normal with Audino, Dunsparce and Chansey. My ingame pokemon Y name is Child
Shiny pokemon I've successfully chained to date: 92 First Masuda method success
May the shinies be with you!
I have a shiny Mild EV trained Chandelure PM Me
Black FC 1464 4404 4075
Seeking Leftovers x 3
Wings x infinite
vitamins x infinite
Dusk stone x3
I have a UT shiny litwick for trade. Looking for Legendary poke. PM me please.
NOTE: Trade Completed.
Last edited by Lightning Pidgeot; 11th February 2013 at 4:36 PM. Reason: Completed
Black 2 Friend Code : 4127-3236-1371 (Call me Black)
Timezone: UTC/GMT +8
Lightning Pidgeot only wants legit friends
Looking for Event Legendaries
Can trade you
and any non-legendary.
PM please.
got a shiny timid chandelure lv 41 ev wiped
i just got a legit shiny litwick
Nature: Bold
Level: 26
Ability: Flash Fire
Gender: Male
IV's : 31/27/1/31/30/31
i am lookking for a shinyzubat with good iv's but willing to accept offers
I forget your name, but whoever wanted to trade me a shiny haxorus for shiny litwick, I got it cloned so pm me you can have one.
Mouse lady's new tradethread
My Safari is normal with Audino, Dunsparce and Chansey. My ingame pokemon Y name is Child
Shiny pokemon I've successfully chained to date: 92 First Masuda method success
May the shinies be with you!
Offering shiny flawless ut litwick. Pm offers.
It is timid and knows heat wave.
Visit my Trade Shop!
Shiny Legendaries: 40/?? Friend Code: 2680-9330-2666National Pokedex Complete Gen V-Currently preparing to be one of the first to complete X and Y National PokedexCredit for the banner goes to Eeveelover824 and Tails19950. Credit for the userbar goes to FairyWitch.
Looking for legit shiny Litwick, Don't really care about the nature. I will trade anyone who has one a Wishmaker Jirachi if they send me a PM
I'm Looking for any DWF I don't currently have listed below. If you have any i'm looking for pm me and we can sort out a deal
My White 2 FC: 2881 9394 7000
safari is Rock with Dwebble, Pupitar, and Barbaracle
DWF Owned:
Anyone have a shiny litwick for trade?
In need of shiny and ;501; PM if you have one for trade. I have some good offers.
I'm looking for a legit ut shiny litwick, I have genesect both japanese and american, Shiny latios and latias both japanese and ut, A shiny larvesta, Shiny magikarp, keldeo, deoxys, and many other rare event pokemon such as victini, Please p.m. me if interested.
Looking for a good nature good IV Shiny litwick. Offering a DW Palkia
Black FC 1464 4404 4075
Seeking Leftovers x 3
Wings x infinite
vitamins x infinite
Dusk stone x3
Looking for any Lampent/Chandelure for Dex purposes. Can offer Torchic with any Nature and Larvitar and Misdreavus with most Natures. Have other Pokemon to offer as well.
I am looking for a Litwick with 31 iv
In sp a
Dragons are your friends
Currently looking for
For trade (shiny flawless) almost any legendary or any normal Pokemon
Also ev train and I'v bread 1-3 stats and natures with egg moves
Looking for a shiny Litwick Preferably female. PM me if you have one and what you are looking for.
I have a Shiny Chandelure level 100 with 31 iv in speed and SAtk! Max Ev trained. PM Me if interested!


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You need to install Adobe Flash Player to play Urban Basketball. Download the Flash Player now.
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Inspired by college basketball, urban basketball takes to the streets. Playing 2 on 2 - in fast paced, short rounds. This isn't the NBA - this is real. Play in street basketball tournaments all across the country. You don't need fancy basketball shoes to play - but that doesn't mean you don't need skill - it takes practice to win. Show off your best moves on the court - have you got what it takes to win the Urban Basketball championship?
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Aliso Viejo CA Real Estate & Homes For Sale197 Properties Found
The median home value in Aliso Viejo, CA is $380,600.
This is
lower than
the county median home value of $466,900.
The national median home value is $152,300.
The average price of homes sold in Aliso Viejo, CA is $380,600.
Approximately 58.56% of Aliso Viejo homes are owned,
compared to 37.92% rented, while
3.51% are vacant.
Aliso Viejo real estate listings include condos, townhomes, and single family homes for sale.
Commercial properties are also available.
If you see a property you're interested in, contact a Aliso Viejo real estate agent to arrange a tour today!
1 - 10 of 197 Properties Displayed
$1,350,00067 ANACAPA Lane ALISO VIEJO, CA 92656
Listing Provided Courtesy Of: Evergreen Realty
JB Agahi
View additional infoWelcome to the most popular model of Veranda Single Family Homes with 4 bedrooms, 5 bathrooms, and attached 3 car garage located in a new golf course and country club community. First floor starts with a convenient downstairs guest suite with private bathroom, formal dinning room, Gourmet kitchen with 2 center islands and stone countertops, built-in refrigerator, upgraded appliances, very spacious family room indoor/outdoor, and a light and bright morning room. Second floor starts with a very private and spacious master suite, balcony , huge walk-in closet, royal master bath, 2 separate vanities, Stone countertops, and very unique shower room. Large laundry room with a deep sink and lots of cabinets. 2 additional large bedrooms with full bath, and a huge bonus room. Owners of this house also put so much emphasis on a beautifully designed landscape and hardscape in backyard and front yard. Backyard also includes a custom built fire pit, custom built Barbecue, Granite countertops, enormous sitting area, lots of fruit trees. This property has one of the largest lots in this track with enough square footage to add private pool. $1,349,99050 ANACAPA Lane ALISO VIEJO, CA 92656
Listing Provided Courtesy Of: Realty One Group Inc
Mina Chae
View additional infoGORGEOUS! SECOND TO NONE! PANORAMIC CITY LIGHTS & MOUNTAIN VIEW! LOADED WITH UPGRADES! LITE,BRITE & AIRY! $1,349,00025 Glittering Sky ALISO VIEJO, CA 92656Open House: Saturday, 12/14 1:00-4:00PM
Listing Provided Courtesy Of: HOM Real Estate Group
Dawn Wood
View additional infoLuxury living within the gated enclave of Canyon View Estates. This quality built Shea Estate is located in the prestigious Westridge master planned community. Located on a spectacular single loaded cul-de-sac home site, the property provides unobstructed canyon views. The highly-desired Plan 3 Alt. is approximately 4,095 square feet and is appointed with designer details throughout. The home offers 5 spacious bedrooms (3 up & 2 down) and features an optional Master Bedroom on the first floor which is currently being used as an office. You will be immediately captivated by an alluring element of space and design within the home. There are striking views from the master bedroom retreat with a fireplace and balcony, master bath and unparalleled panoramic vistas of the canyon. The soothing living environments continue to the exterior and feature a salt water pool & spa, gourmet barbecue/entertaining area and relaxing outdoor fire pit to enjoy the breathtakingly serene surrounding views. $1,324,90012 Alisal Court ALISO VIEJO, CA 92656Open House: Sunday, 12/15 12:00-4:00PM
Listing Provided Courtesy Of: First Team Real Estate
Christopher Zoch
View additional infoEXCLUSIVE COUNTRY CLUB COMMUNITY OF GLENWOOD! Gorgeous executive VIEW home in prestigious golf course community of Vista Vallarta. Rare view lot on cul-de-sac features a spacious open floor plan with five bedrooms, one on the main floor w/private bath. Gourmet kitchen includes platinum distressed cabinets, Thermador stainless steel appliances-6 burner cooktop with griddle, double convection oven, walk-in pantry, granite counters, over sized island w/seating. Kitchen overlooks great room and morning room w/cozy fireplace. Spacious pool size backyard with PANORAMIC VIEWS of Mountains/City Lights makes for an exceptional place to enjoy and entertain. Upstairs boasts 3 bedrooms, a large bonus room, private baths and convenient laundry w/sink. Panoramic Views extend from the Master Suite which features a spacious private retreat w/fireplace and an extra large walk-in closet. Master bath includes separate shower, oval soaking tub and two separate sinks. Community includes 2 parks, aquatics center, Jack Nicklaus designed golf course, country club w/fitness center and spa. Nearby 22+ miles of biking/hiking trails, shopping, dining and entertainment. Conveniently located to 73 & 5/405. 5 miles to world renowned beaches, 5 star resorts and Dana Point Harbor. $1,299,90037 Oak View Drive ALISO VIEJO, CA 92656
Listing Provided Courtesy Of: Keller Williams Realty
Cesi Pagano
View additional infoThis luxurious upgraded Kensington Estate sits on a huge homesite offering a large private Yard with Rare Canyon front location featuring Panoramic canyon & sunset views. Crown molding and custom lighting throughout the open floor plan boasting 5 bedrooms, 3 bathrooms, plus a loft. This completely upgraded Chef?s Kitchen features a large island with bar seating and Electrolux Professional Stainless Steel Appliances. The family Room offers beautiful upgrades and a stone fireplace for any occasion. Soaring ceilings in the formal living room enable natural sunlight and additional warmth throughout. Enhanced fixtures, butler?s pantry and custom lighting in the dining room allow an elegant dining experience for all. Highlighting luxury, the Master Suite offers coffered ceilings, custom lighting and a viewing balcony. The Master bathroom features a massive walk-in closet bearing custom and natural lighting, built-in vanity, dual sinks, oversized jetted tub and a walk-in shower. The loft delivers a Juliet balcony, wood shutters, and a viewing balcony. Secondary loft/sitting area can easily dual as a library or tech center, with the Juliet balcony overlooking the living room. Great Neighborhood offers convenient access to shopping, dining and OC beaches! $1,195,00092 Summerland Circle ALISO VIEJO, CA 92656
Listing Provided Courtesy Of: Evergreen Realty
Tanya Anderson
View additional infoStunning home offers spectacular spacious floor plan with 4 bedrooms, each with it's own bathroom, 5 baths total, and 3 car tandem garage. It features exquisite upgrades with plantation shutters throughout. First floor has guest room, upgraded porcelain tile flooring, formal dinning, living room with fireplace. Family room includes luxurious built in wood entertainment center and surround sound prewire. Chef's dream gourmet kitchen features stainless steel appliances, large center island and granite counter top, pro Bertazzoni 6 burner range, and dual ovens. Second floor has master suite, two walk in closets. Master bath has a large walk in travertine shower, dual sinks and separate tub. Large bonus room and laundry room. Spacious backyard is perfect for entertaining and includes lush, lighted landscaping with fruit trees, large travertine patio with solid roof, stone columns, ceiling fan, 2 built-in electric heaters and a built-in BBQ with travertine counters/bar and refrigerator. Located in prestigious Glenwood and adjacent to Jack Nicklaus designed golf course, aquatic center and country club. Close to restaurants, shopping, freeways and award winning schools. Short drive to Laguna Beach. $1,120,00041 Sprucewood ALISO VIEJO, CA 92656
Listing Provided Courtesy Of: Evergreen Realty
Farah Kafaipour
View additional infoThis Is What You've Been Waiting For! A Beautiful Home W/panoramic Views of hills on a single loaded street. 4 bedrooms and a bonus room which is currently being used as a bedroom, all closets with professional organizers. Beautiful Wood Floor and Wood Blinds, Romantic Master Suite W/retreat & Deck, kitchen W/granite Counters,an Island, Walk-in Pantry,matching Granite Work On Fire Place,upgraded Cabinetry,Well-appointed floor plan also offers a main floor bedroom & full bathroom and a full-size laundry room, conveniently located on the second level, A rare vine imported from South of France in the back yard! and many fruit trees like figs, lemon, grapefruit, "salad" tree, and a fire pit.....A must See! Perfect Location! $1,099,00011 Groveside Drive ALISO VIEJO, CA 92656
Listing Provided Courtesy Of: RE/MAX Select One
Lori McGuire
View additional infoPremium lot on quiet cul-de-sac! 5 Beds + Office, 3? Baths, upgraded! Rustic tile floor w/ stone accents, top-of-the-line carpet, intercom & security system, surround sound throughout. Central vacuum, water softening system. 11? ceilings in entry, formal living & dining room. Bonus room/office with cstm shutters & French doors. Spacious gourmet kitchen w/ granite counters, large center island, mocha maple cabinets, stainless steel KitchenAid appliances. Spacious family room w/ gas fireplace, wrought iron stair railing. Laundry room w/ sink & storage. 9? ceilings upstairs, bathrooms w/ new flooring & cabinets. Master suite w/ spacious retreat & Tigerwood floors, large walk-in closet w/ built-ins. Master bath w/ tumbled travertine floors & designer tile. Bonus room w/ Bamboo flooring, full bath w/ travertine. Access to 2 attics w/ storage space. Spacious yard w/ large patio, fireplace & lawn area. Kensington Estates is an exclusive gated community. Just 4 miles from Pacific Ocean, close to Wood Canyon Regional Park w/ hiking trails, cyclist trails & equestrians, convenient access to 5, 73 & 405 fwys. Close to AV Town Center Amphitheater & Grand Park, theaters, state-of-the-art public library & schools in the highly ranked Capo Unified School District. $1,049,90021 Prescott ALISO VIEJO, CA 92656
Listing Provided Courtesy Of: Keller Williams Realty
Cesi Pagano
View additional infoWelcome to Aliso Viejo?s best address? Canyon View Estates. A lofty setting in the hills of the exclusive community of Westridge. Enjoy cooking a gourmet meal or fixing a snack in the chef?s dream kitchen which features stainless steel appliances, an island & a breakfast bar. The formal dining room abounds with elegance including coffered ceilings, crown molding, wainscoting & striking chandelier. Relax & enjoy the exterior courtyard patio featuring a serene fountain. Ample family room features a handsome stone fireplace & built-in media center. Low-maintenance backyard offers a sweeping flagstone patio with raised planter border, tranquil fountain & a raised patio area. Grand master suite features wood flooring, ceiling fan, crown molding & wood shutters. The master bathroom offers marble flooring, dual sinks, an oversized tub with separate shower stall & a large walk-in closet. 3 secondary bedrooms, including 1 on the main floor. Tons of flexibility in this floorplan including a morning room and hobby room adjacent to the kitchen; great as home office, play room, or other great use of space. Beautiful crown molding, dramatic hall casings, designer paint, recessed lighting & wood shutters are just a few of the refined touches through this wonderful home. $1,049,00058 GROVESIDE Drive ALISO VIEJO, CA 92656
Listing Provided Courtesy Of: Pacific Shores Real Estate Inc
Mark Hicks
View additional infoBeautiful home located in the Kensington Estate with one of the best lots in Aliso Viejo!!! Exterior of home with great curb appeal leads you to a tranquil front porch. Hardwood floors and wood shutters throughout the downstairs. Cozy family room and formal dining rooms adjacent to you as you walk into the home. Nice quiet office with custom built-in desk. Living room with custom built-in entertainment center, stone fireplace and recessed lighting. A large dining area leads to a beautiful kitchen with granite countertops, custom stone backsplash, nice wood cabinets and a lovely view of the oversized backyard. Completely redone master bathroom with a large tiled shower, tiled tub base, tiled floor, granite counter tops and custom mirror. HUGE oversized back yard with built in BBQ, covered patio, water fountain and professional landscaping. Trees surround the perimeter the backyard to make it almost completely private!
1 - 10 of 197 Properties Displayed
Aliso Viejo CA Real Estate Listings Provided By:
Real Living Pacific Realty How can we help you?Have a question or need assistance? Please fill out the information below and we'll be glad to assist you.Aliso Viejo & Nearby CitiesAliso Viejo Real Estate Laguna Niguel Homes For Sale Laguna Woods Homes For Sale Laguna Hills Homes For Sale Laguna Beach Homes For Sale Mission Viejo Homes For Sale Lake Forest Homes For Sale Ladera Ranch Homes For Sale San Juan Capistrano Homes For Sale Dana Point Homes For Sale Newport Coast Homes For Sale |


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Southeast, United Kingdom Vacations - Travel guide to Southeast, United Kingdom accommodations and vacation packages. Visit Southeast, United Kingdom for getaways and adventure travel. Plan your Southeast, United Kingdom vacation today.
Page:1 of 14 |
Sort By: |
Hampshire, United Kingdom Sailing & Yacht Charters - Join Big Spirit for a once in a lifetime sailing adventure aboard our 72ft ocean racing yacht. We offer everything from simple days sails through to cruising holidays and racing across the Atlantic.
Devon, United Kingdom Bed & Breakfasts - Luxury farmhouse accommodation in 'Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty' yet close to the coast between Lyme Regis and Sidmouth. All rooms are ensuite with superb rural views. We have a ground floor suite suitable for wheelchair users.
Guildford, United Kingdom RV Rentals - Classic VW Campervan Hire. We provide classic campers for short weekend breaks, holidays and wedding hire. Fully inclusive rates with no hidden extras
Dawlish, United Kingdom Bed & Breakfasts - A family owned and run 3 star rated 67 bedroomed hotel with extensive leisure facilities including 2 swimming pools. Located in 19 acres of land overlooking the sea at Dawlish close to Exeter and Torquay on the South Devon Coast.
Winchester, United Kingdom Sight-Seeing Tours - Over 200 inspirational small group adventures worldwide. Adventure holidays in Asia, Africa, Europe, Middle East, Southeast Asia, North America, Latin America. Walking & trekking, cultural journeys, safaris, activity holidays, discovery.
Hythe, United Kingdom Car Rentals - Holiday Extras offers a wide range of Gatwick parking, both off-airport and on-airport with many different services and options to suit every need - from cheaper car parking at Gatwick to a luxurious valet service.Holiday Extras offers a wide range
Kent, United Kingdom Birdwatching - Enjoy some peace and quiet in this beautiful farmstead. Explore Darling Buds of May country, with bridleways, fields and hop gardens, then relax in our new contemporary bathrooms. A magical ancient setting, with all the comforts of home.
Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom Bed & Breakfasts - 16c Grade II Listed Historic Farmhouse, fourposter beds, all rooms en-suite. Large gardens, swimming pool. View at
Isle of Wight, United Kingdom Bed & Breakfasts - Family owned and run Victorian totally non-smoking Hotel, outdoor heated pool. no children or pets,11 rooms. Spectactular sea views over the English Channel. Large car park, Award winning gardens. B&B from �30.00 PPPN. Traditional home cooking
Page: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > |


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abby GUI & addons utilities for Clive/CClive
Posted by admin on 23rd June 2009
Clive is a command line utility for extracting videos from Youtube and other video sharing Web sites. Click here to see how to install and configure in openSUSE.
There is also a cutdown version of Clive, CClive which has a smaller footprint and fewer dependencies. The feature stripped off Clive to create CClive are paste, background, emit-xml, progress type and Cache.
Posted in Internet & Browser, multimedia | 1 Comment »


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Infinity Blade: Dungeons
Infinity Blade: Dungeons is a new adventure set in the award-winning Infinity Blade universe.
Infinity Blade: Dungeons is a new adventure set in the award-winning Infinity Blade universe.
Join Charlie to stop the puppet invasion in Monster of Puppets.
Super Meat Boy: The Game is a touch-controlled platformer coming to touch screen devices.
Delver's Drop is a 2D action RPG with scoundrels, a mad king, princesses, mysteries, and a giant hole.
Putty Squad follows the story of unlikely hero Putty in an old-school platform adventuring quest for his kidnapped friends.
Illo is an action puzzle adventure designed for mobile devices.
Gero Blaster is the follow-up game from the studio that brought you Cave Story.
Glass World is a game where the world is breaking and you are losing ground under your feet so you must run if you want to survive.
Incantor is a deep fantasy game you play with a smartphone, an incantor wand and friends.
The Note is an artistic 3d platformer with a strong focus on player emotions, in a form of an 'art'.


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Sarabeth's Central Park South
Online Reservations
This was recommended to us by a friend. The Central Park location is busy so do make a reservation. The Four Flower Juice is really refreshing and an excellent morning drink. I was in the mood for a salad since it was already 11am. Their Grilled Chicken Caesar Salad was good (kind of hard to mess that up). My mom's Egg Benedict was good as well. However, I wish I got what my dad ordered: Lemon and Ricotta Pancakes! Now, I'm not a fan of lemon or citrus usually, but the hint of lemon in the pancakes was just perfect. That is a must if you are going to Sara Beth's for the first time. The ambiance was alright. It was packed in the restaurant and most of the waiters hovered in one area, but were ready to help with any requests.
3-course prix fixe menu was a really good deal, and the soup/salad and dessert were outstanding. The entrees were average - not bad, but not outstanding either. Very pleasant and excellent location. I would recommend, even for dinner.
We ordered the Cheddar/Jalapeno Omelette and Pumpkin Waffle. Both Delicious!
My partner and I enjoyed dining at Sarabeth's for late brunch. The food selection was very excellent and we enjoyed a hearty and well prepared meal. We made reservations which I highly recommend and got seated immediately which was outstanding. We had a view out of the front windrow and enjoyed watching the hustle and bustle of people shopping and enjoying a beautiful fall day in NYC. We will dine there again.
Overall, it's a good place. We went there for brunch and the palette of food choices was great. However, the omelette I ordered was cold and tasteless. Moreover, it was very stuffy. There should either be an AC on or open windows, otherwise, it's impossibly hot.
I have visited Sarabeth's three days in a row while I was in New York. It was the best breakfast that I have ever had. I really want to eat egg benedict once more. And I'm sure if I visit New York again, I'll go Sarabeth's.
Sarabeth's was a wonderful venue with good food and great service. We loved that it was across the street from Central Park where you could then take a horse carriage ride. I also again love the ease of making reservation through open table.
Every time I go to NY I try to make at least one lunch at Sarabeth. The ambiance is very nice, even a little too noisy, the food fantastic (especially club sandwich and french toast) nd everybody is smiling and kind. It is a must do of my vacation in Ny!
Sarabeth's is obviously a VERY popular spot for breakfast and lunch directly across the street from Central Park. It was jam packed and had a LONG wait...but the food and service made up for that. This place really packs them in on the weekend, our tiny two person table was literally in a hall way (not unusual for a popular NY dining spot I have found!), and the place was an absolute mob scene, but once we were seated the service was impecable and the food was way above par. Fresh, hot, brought out in a timely fashion and DELICIOUS! We will definitely return for a breakfast or lunch next time we are in town. If you have a reservation you can avoid all that hassel of the large crown waiting to get inside.
I had brunch at this place for the first time. The food taste excellent. I love that they use fresh, organic ingredients.
Had brunch there Sunday with family and the food was delicious. Service was great. There was a long waiting line as we left the restaurant.
A great place to start the day. About $35 per head for a really good brunch with excellent fresh juices. Enjoy!
We have been there for breakfast, the buttermilk pancakes were absolutely delicious. I am italian and I have to admit that my capuccino was really not bad to be an "american one"! The place is well attended and quite, I think is good also for families with newborns or kids. Eggs benedict seems to be great! It is a little bit expensive but consider the location (in front of central park) and the food quality! Seems to be also not a turistic place. I would recommend it for brunch-breakfast or lunch! Enjoy Sarabeth's!
Classic overlooking the park. Go for tea time or any casual meal. Known for brunch but they don't do weekend reservations though brunch is until 4pm. Casual comfortable atmosphere reliably good food.
We have been to the restaurant several times and the food is always outstanding - basic items handled really well. Think the best chicken pot pie possible, crab cake sandwich on a homemade english muffin ( best english muffin EVER ) plus great fries. I had the roast chicken with seasonal winter vegs and a wonderful lardon and poached egg salad. There is a small sidewalk seating area but the sidewalk is busy and it is next to Central Park with the horses nearby ( enough said ). A better option is a window table overlooking the park. Smallish but very reasonably priced wine list - lots of opitions for $30 and $40 per bottle ( in NYC VERY rare !! ). Fair prices plus it is a fun date place.
Enjoyed breakfast outside facing Central Park on a crisp October Sunday morning. Lovely mimosa and Popeye scrambled eggs with English muffin & black forest ham.
This is always a favorite breakfast spot for us when visiting NYC. The services and food are always top notch.
great lunch menu- had lovely omelette plus all the trimmings. Everyone enjoyed their choices and the ice cream sandwiches were a huge hit
Lemon Ricotta Pancakes were the best. We made a reservation and it was crowded, even on a Monday morning. But we were seated right away and service was great. Food was amazing. Will definitely be back.
Great breakfast spot for meetings! Can get loud if there are a lot of tourists there, but the food is great and service is fast. Perfect for quick business meetings.
My friend and I meet here weekly for our Wednesday lunch. There are so many items on the menu, it never gets boring. We love that they have breakfast (healthy or not), lunch, comfort food, etc. It's a great place to take a group or a friend who is picky because there is something for everyone! Our favorites include: Popeye Eggs, Green Scallion Eggs, Chicken Pot Pie, Burger, Club Sandwich. But then again, those are the only items we've tried. Yum! Show up VERY early for brunch because I hear Saturdays and Sundays are 1-2 hour wait after 9am.
The only thing I did not like was the selection of Chardonnay by the glass. But everythinh else was great. I am glad that we made reservations as it was really really busy.
If I lived in NYC I would go to a Sara Beth restaurant regularly. They serve good quality food, that as a chef, I would cook for myself at home. It is nice to get while traveling. Not pretentious, not over the top. Delicious. Also, as a marathon runner, they have many great options for prerace meals.
Awesome experience! Great menu for my kids and totally prepared and in the know about my 5 year olds severe nut allergy! Fabulous wait and kitchen staff. Can't wait to return to NYC and done here again!!
One of the things I appreciate is that Sarabeth's will accept and honor reservations. I walked in on the Monday following the Marathon and the entry was teaming with people. I had a reservation and was seated in less than 10 minutes. Great feature. Also, the tables are placed with enough space between guests so that it's possible to have a relaxing conversation without feeling that either someone is eavesdropping on your conversation or that you have to raise your voice about the other diners. The food is always reliably good.
the best tomato soup I have EVER had. Would highly recommend!!
My friends were staying on the east side, me on the west....where to meet up for a nice breakfast? SaraBeth's was perfect. We were seated almost immediately. It was easy to find. My breakfast fritta was delicious. Although we didn't have them, the pancakes looked devine. The poached eggs were light and fluffy. The only problem was the few gluten free options-I was eager to try the specialty jam. Alas, without any gluten free bread options, I had to pass. Great place, tho.
We ate for a Sunday night meal so it was not crowded, the service was good and it was a quiet evening. Having said that, while we were walking by earlier, the lunch line is quite long. I enjoyed the avocado crab dip. The crispy duck entree is also quite good. overall an enjoyable evening.
This Sarabeth's is a lot bigger then it looks from the outside, but there are lots of rooms, nooks and crannies so while its a large restaurant, it still has an intimate feel. The attentive waitstaff also helps make it feel like a smaller place. Brunch was delicious - we both had pancakes - and the coffee kept coming.
We were travelers from abroad and went there for brunch. We choose the restaurant reading a guidebook, and it was reccommended. True to the reputation, it was very nice. Lemon pancakes was one of the best one I have ever ate. Everything was elaborated and great. Wish I could go again if I come back to NY. Thank you for giving a sweet memory to our trip.
I love the brunch at Sarabeth's. Anything you order are amazing. The Central park location is perfect for shopping, walking the park or heading over to the west side of Manhattan.
Since there are Sarabeths scattered around Manhattan, it is our go-to restaurant of choice when we visit and do not have time to travel up and down the island for events and dining. Sarabeths is consistently good and we never worry about being disappointed. Dessert is just as good as their course, coffee is delicious.
As always, the food at Sarabeth's was great. I ate there twice on the Central Park South location. Both times the servers were unattentive and no where to be found.
Sarabeth's is one of my favorite places in New York. The food is outstanding and the location is unbeatable.
I have had meals here with friends for breakfast, lunch and dinner. Every time the food has been great ... only matched by the service. The menu doesn't go on for pages ... but it doesn't have to: every item on the menu is excellent. I've even had their oatmeal for breakfast ... it's better than what I make for myself. I love to have a spot that I can count on and Sarabeth's is it when I'm in NYC.
The restaurant was recommended by a friend and it didn't disappoint. The location is great, being right at the south end of Central Park, and the ambience was nice. Our waiter was pretty slow to take the order and wasn't the friendliest but the bus boys were great and the food came fast. They seated us in a hallway right by the kitchen door so it wasn't the best location but it was still cute as it also looked upon a little indoor/outdoor faux patio. Food was pricey for brunch but the servings were big so that was nice.
Sarabeths will not disappoint, but you might have to wait to be seated despite reservations! The very nice staff is constantly dealing with the restaurant crush. The best breakfast/brunch spot in the neighborhood! Ample servings for every food preference, substitutions of egg whites no problem, fabulous waffles, oatmeal, omelettes, delicious breads, fruits etc. Patience rewarded! Can be a bit noisy, but remains a popular meeting place.
Everytime we visit NY, this is our first dinner. We love the location, the ambience of the restaurant and decorations for christmas!
Our first visit to Sarabeth's was great. Good food and service. Certainly will be back.
A fun place to have a great lunch and enjoy your friends
We had reservations for dinner at 5pm on Thanksgiving Day. Arriving a few minutes early we were promptly seated at 5pm. The waiter serving our table had a pleasant personality and delivered excellent service, especially considering the workload he had. Our food was presented perfectly and was well portioned and most of all outstanding. We had a little corner table for two which was cramped, but the atmosphere and service made this inconvenience disappear. Lastly, my dining companion's credit card fell somewhere under the seat. Neither of us could find it. The manager came and was able to retrieve it. We are from Virginia and will definitely recommend Sarabeths to our friends who may travel to NYC.
Before making our Thanksgiving reservations we read many reviews about Sarabeths. We are happy to report Sarabeths delivered and then some.
Came to Sarabeth's for breakfast on Thanksgiving day, and after wards I had the best view of the parade right outside the restaurant. The food was amazing and the service was impeccable!
Thanksgiving 2013 at Sara Beth's was expensive but worth it. Everything was excellent. The wait staff was attentive. The special menu was exceptional, as was the wine choice. A party of six, we had our own separate alcove, which made it seem like a familial setting and not a restaurant. This was our second dining experience here. We would recommend it to others.
Wonderful time here before we caught a show at NY City Center. Enjoyed the prixe-fixe dinner after a fabulous prosecco and strawberry liqueur drink. The tomato soup, steak and frites and pumpkin tart OH MY!
Sarabeth's is a perennial go-to for brunch, lunch or dinner. The food is wonderful. I've never had a bad meal here. The wine list is okay; I've never been blown away. Still the food more than makes up for that aspect.
I love their breakfasts! Just surprised that home fries/potatoes don't automatically come with eggs but the side order was good.
Service was great and food was good. Reservations are a must even on a Saturday morning because it got very crowded very quickly.
We came in to see the tree and the city, and Sarabeth's was a perfect spot for dinner with 2 teens and a 10 year old. Great dining options for all, and good service. Great location. Also, easy to get a cab after--it's located near some hotels.
Sarah Beth's came recommended to me by several friends, We were very pleased with our experience there. I came with two of my girlfriends for brunch at 10:45 on a Monday morning. The crowd gathered there was moderate, however the receptionist said the wait would be about 5-10 minutes. We had a reservation, but still had to wait a half an hour for a table. The staff was pleasant. We all ordered omelets, which were delicious and cooked well. The eggs were fluffy, but could've used a little more cheese. Our waitress was friendly, accommodating, and knowledgeable. She split the check for us with no hassle. The highlight of the meal were definitely the croissants and raspberry jam. Overall it was a great experience and delicious food.


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Step in to Fresh Dental Smile Clinic to experience the very best in high quality dental care. The state of the art practice was designed with patient care and comfort in mind, to ensure your dental experience is relaxed and comfortable.
Clinical director, Dr Jenny Kabir, is a cosmetic dentist with world class expertise in transforming smiles and providing gentle dental care for nervous patients. She has trained amongst some of the world's leading cosmetic dentists to ensure that her patients can benefit from a level of dentistry that is nothing short of perfection.
At Fresh Dental Smile Clinic their aim is to make you feel relaxed and at ease during your visit. The adopt a modern approach to creating beautiful smiles in a relaxing environment using the latest techniques and state of the art technology.
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At Fresh Dental Smile Clinic they believe that you should not need to pay for the privilege of meeting your dentist to discuss your needs and concerns. Consultations are completely FREE, during which you can ask any questions, have a detailed assessment of the treatment options available as well as be given an indication of costs and financial options.
Dr Kabir has developed a passion for outstanding work in both cosmetic and general dentistry. Apart from caring for the teeth of the general public, Dr Kabir has treated several high profile patients including celebrities, singers, models and sports professionals.
Jenny Kabir was also selected to be one of the dentists for the Manchester 2001 Commonwealth Games, taking care of the dental health of international athletes.
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