text:
Click and Click again for HQ
Source TwilightItalianMoms
FIRST ! So I get the job of the one that gets to touch his hair! LOL...
the girlie bits are ALL RILED UP!
Damn it sissidelyon, I wanted to fluff his hair!
Oh well...guess I will have to fluff something else...
Noticed Rob's gorgeous smile towards the lady for looking after his hair.
What a lovely young man !!!!!!!
Oh frickety, fruck, frack....
come to mama baby!
He's got me blubbering again!
(Do you think she takes care to never wash that hand when she leaves the set?! And please ADM, don't start talking about the fluffer's job and Rob, this early in the morning!)
GAH!! Damn him for being so gorgeous.Is it wrong I'm jealous of that lady? And she is one tall lady! I guess she feels the need to fluff between every line Rob says. Hell, I'd go for a fluff and grab. LOL
@siss - Can I be your assistant? It looks like its more than a one woman job. Someone has to step in once you pass out (after I knock you out of the way.LOL). I volunteer.
Well when you guys are through fluffing his hair or...whatever. Will ya send him on over to makeup?
'Cause that's the job I want. And I'm gonna cheat. I'm gonna apply it all over dat body in loooooong, even strokes.
C'mere baby. Dis won't tickle.
Oh yes it will **she purrs**
First, I LOVE these pics !!!
but i kind of feel like we are invading his work. i am grateful for all of the pics and i love looking at all of them but with seeing so many i kind of feel a little intrusive. i know i may get negative feedback but i dont know...
ok i will shut up now.
Nik - you have the make up but I have the sun screen! That goes on first!
@sissi heartthepretty and nik girls I want to the durt woman
No Ana...
Don't shut up about it. God knows I've wailed on about it. It's a conundrum. We want to see what's going on, but by doing so, the papps are intruding on his work. And I dunno. Maybe he's getting better at handling it. He doesn't look as stressed as he did in NY last summer. Although...that was a friggin' nightmare.
The other day I suggested this...
They know that the papps are not gonna give up 'cause he's the hottest ticket on the internet at the moment and they can't stop 'em because they're on public land. So what if at the end of the shooting week, the studio released a handful of top quality shots from throughout the week.
Would that then put the skids on the jackals because they might have difficulity peddling their inferior shots because they'd have to compete with sanctioned 'quality' shots? Or...would the fans download the papp ones anyway?
Or maybe the studio could say...we'll give you guys some good ones, but if the downloads for the papp shots continue, we'll stop giving them to you and you can just have inferior shots from the papps.
I think this could work and if so, then it wouldn't feel invasive looking at them. 'Cause they'd be sanctioned.
Just an idea. 'Cause these bastards are not gonna go away unless you beat them at their own game.
That's one tall lady!
And one very hot man!
He always smiles at the person who is tending to him. He never looks down at them. To me he looks as though he treats them equally to a cast member or a director. He looks happy to be involved in the project/film.
He impresses me with his smile, it looks genuine.
Nik, I'm with you. Official shots would put the kibosh on the pap shots for sure!
For the love of all that is holy this man will be the death of me..
OMG!! Playing catch up after too much time in NRW...
at a loss for words...
screw being a nurse. i'm going back to school to be a make up artist.
second, how in the hell are we supposed to handle hard working blue collar rob? so help me, if we get a picture of him with one of those barrels thrown over his shoulder in the wife beater, my 3 kids are gonna need a new mama.
Okay. I've changed my mind. Woman's perogitive, you know.
I want clean up at the end of the day (and no, I don't mean Rosie's clean up).
I wanna get him into a tub and scrub him within an inch of his life. I'll get the sunscreen, the makeup and the durt off of him. Then I'll towel him off and then get something else all over him...
I'll even forgo a salary. Hell. I'll pay the studio for the privledge. However, I will require my daily perdium. Well. Gotta eat.
Gonna need my strength. Oh what the hell. They can keep the perdium too. I'll just chow down at catering.
That is so true...he's so respectful and thoughtful...and always there with a smile..
Nik - LMAO!! For a chance to be on the set, I think I would even be willing to sun screen Rosie!
Ask any actor who the most important people on a set are? It ain't the directors, it ain't the producers and it ain't their co-stars.
It's hair, makeup and wardrobe. They are the one who make them look
like movie stars.
I'm not kidding. Ask any actor.
And a really smart actor will never
show disrespect to the lighting director or the cinematographer.
'Cause they're gonna take what hair, makeup and costumes have done and turn those actors into dreams.
Oh yes. There is a hierarchy on a film set. And the people who make the actors LOOK good, are at the top of the food chain...as far as the actors are concerned.
The smart ones anyway.
I want to remove the shirt and hug that gorgeous newly buff body!
@nik you are right than I just want to be the one who helps him to wear I would probably be like 'I didnt like this pls take it off' LOL
But please don't misconstrue. I wasn't suggesting that Rob was kissing up to a hair dresser just so that she'd make him look good.
From all accounts, he is lovely on a film set. Treating everyone with the manners he was raised with.
In fact, you know who knows most of an actor's secrets on a film set? Makeup and hair. Oh yeah. A very intimate relationship can build there. And no, I don't mean a sexual one (although that does go on too. more than a few actors have gotten romantically involved with a makeup artist).
You know how we get to know (and talk candidly with) the people who do our hair and nails and whatnot?
Same thing here.
Yup. My dad always said...if you wanna know who's sleeping with who on a movie set, go ask hair and makeup. They know. They know EVERYTHING!!! LOL!
♪♪♫ Heaven, I'm in heaven..♫♪♫
becky - my stepdaughter just got her cosmetology license and she is moving back to LA (that's where we are originally from)and she is hoping to got to a makeup artist school in hollywood. she has already researched it and that's the best one.
i told her that my dream is that one day she is going to call me and tell me that she is working on robert pattinson and then i would fly down and be her apprentice LOL. and of course she rolled her eyes at me...
Haircut = HOT!
Has anyone in the history of humankind had his hair touched as much as Rob? Between him touching it himself every second and all the attention it gets on sets and photoshoots, I'd imagine he'd easily win that world record!
And I want to be part of this historically significant phenomenon, damn it...
God the pictures from WFE just get better and better. I can't wait to see this movie, Rob is perfect as Jacob.
LMAO Becky!
Woms, are you alive sweetie?
I just want to run my fingers through his hair...
Great pics, and I love the ones where he is in a red vest. I didn't expect to see so many pics today! Yay for the lovely Robert pics. I can't wait for WFE!
LMAO at woms...
No words. Just a flatline.
I mean, I've seen it before around here, but it just cracked me up.
Ain't it the truth?
Devil. Angel. Some kind of alien/human hybrid. Whatever it is...
It's gonna kill us all.
Did you get my last e-mail? I know.
I'm so long winded and horribly rude that I'm guessing when you look in your in box and see that I've replied, you probably think...
'Oh shit. not another one. Doesn't that psycho know that I've got a life?'
Well. It's just that I posed a question to you and I was wondering...yes or no. That's all you gotta say.
Yes. or No. Do you wanna? 'Cause I will.
LMAO! If it's the question I think you asked....I would love to...if you think it's worth it!
For you darlin'...Anything!
I'll do it.
I am *DED* from all the Robowski pics...he is just getting hawter and hawter! OH-MY!
hehehee, I'll get my ninja outfit ready!
Correction about my vest statement in my above post *blushes*, it's not a red vest, but a brown vest. A reddish brown vest, and Robert looks eddible in it.
I was thinking...nuns! Who would accost a couple of nuns?
If were not careful, this could turn into an episode of Lucy and Ethel?
Remember when they stole John Wayne's footprints from Graumann's?
Maybe we could get the elephant. Hold her for hostage or somethin.g I dunnol.
I can
can't even fucking typey.
It may be lethal to stare at him so much but I'll take that chance!
Dirty dusty Rob....I don't care...he's got a cute smile for the smiley tall lady touching his hair...if I were her that would make my day right there...sharing a smile. I'm really liking his hair this way, I think it enhances those beautiful features he has. I can't wait for this movie. I know it's probably intrusive on the papz part, but I'm guilty, I love seeing these pics, as long as they're not obnoxiously in his face, like for RM.
did you that pic with a female crew was fixing his hair??? He looks like a little boy, so still and being good while his hair is being fixed! He is soooo cute in these pictures.
ROTFLMFAO Nik!!!! OMG, Yes I remember than episode....
Ohh, maybe we could get his feet in cement, then he couldn't run!!
no wait, i got it. we want the picture of him pouring that bucket of water over his head. uh huh. i'll join woms on the flatline.
Ana76...i'd have to think about disowning my daughter a little bit if i got the eye roll about rob. i mean, he's hot, yeah. but the whole personality is completely win and just makes him that much better. his mama did a good job.
Good gawd, we're gonna get arrested, I just know it!!!
why does this woman look like his mother and he looks like a little boy in that pic. Is it Clair?
Well. I've come up with something else but were gonna have to rent a moving van.
Animal Control.
We'll just march up there and start barking orders...
"You there cutie. Whadda you do around here?"
"Uh. Well. I'm the star of the picture."
"Good for you. You got anything to do with this elephant? Does it listen to you?"
"Uh. Well. Yeah. Were quite close actually."
"Great. Get you ass in the truck. C'mon RPG...he's in the truck. Let's get the friggin' hell outta here."
Although...I think that cement idea could work too.
I love the way you're little criminal mind works Nik....be there soon!
Oh, and get the crops & floggers ready...heheeee...
Rob is generous and gracious. I love the way his whole entire face lights up when he smiles.
** eavesdropping (again) ** Nik & RPG you guys are going to need one hefty bail bond fund. Have you set it up yet? Not many days left until Robstock II.
IKR Laurie? We made need to add bank robbery to our MO for bail $$(just kidding FBI)
Well Laurie...
I'm always looking for a good Ethel to my Lucy and I think I may have found a partner in crime in RPG. Although come to think of it, with my 'all talk no walk' I'm probably more Ethel than I am Lucy. Hmmm...
Yanno. Whenever I think I'm getting too deep into this fangirly thing, I always think of Lucy trying to meet movie stars. Remember when she lit that fake nose on fire in front of William Holden? God, that was funny. So maybe if I approach it like that...like a caper, then I might not have a heart attack.
'Cause ooooh...I loves me a caper.
That's it. That's it. Were going up there dressed as Lucy and Ethel.
It's perfect!!!
Lucy and Ethel with Animal Control.
Well. I say if you're gonna land your ass in jail, you wanna do it up big enough that you end up plastered all over the evening news.
And Lucy and Ethel and Rob and Rosie (hey. that sounds like a movie...a very weird movie) with Animal Control...oughta do it.
RL a callin'
Dontcha just hate that?
Yeah. Me too.
Laters baby...
I can see it now--
Traffic was at a standstill today as a runaway elephant was spotted on the freeway carrying Rob Pattinson and two unidentified women clinging to him and the elephant. Pappz going wild taking pictures with telephoto lenses caught this amazing sight. The women were later arrested. Pattinson, who is filming Water for Elephants, said it was one of the best experiences of his life. The elephant was not injured in the escapade. Pattinson, who is always gracious, has refused to press charges.
Robert Thomas you are so HOT! Even more than that you hold inside pure and natural qualities, like kindness and humility.
No wonder you have us all at your feet!!!!!! I am spellbound!
i was too busy looking at rob but after i stopped ogling him, i noticed that lady is f%&k tall!!! she has flats and is the same height as him. holy molly! lucky tall amazon!!!
Loved the thread today. Lots of funny and interesting comments with everyone on the same wave length. Just loved it.
OMG Laurie...
I'm dying here LMFAO!!!
That's exactly how it would play out, huh? And he would think it was one of the best experiences of his life 'cause he's such a little wierdo and well...that just wouldn't be something you'd see everyday, would it?
Thank you for the laugh. I wanna stay and play, but I gotta get busy.
Another movie title that comes to mind is Sammy and Rosie Get Laid! Tho of course this time we'd tweek it to :
Rob and Rosie Get Waylaid....
(aka RPG and Nikkie Try to Get Laid!)
Loisada --
Choking on my milk & cookies here... all the chocolate is gone. I'm probably high as a kite. Loved your title(s).
@Laurie..holy shit, I laughed like Lucy when I read your caper news.
Also, when asked about his relationship with Rosie, RP grinned a crooked smile and said: "We're just friends."
"Just friends," I like that, really like that.
I'm SO screwed!!!
LOL @ your dialogue! Good times!!
@ nikola and rpg- even though you guys are talking among yourselves, we can figure what you two have planned to do. Lol.
All the possibilities with an elephant, Robert and you guys trying to get close to rob is funny.
He does look like a little boy getting his hair fluffed. He is so adorable.
look how cute he is just standing there with his arms down at his side, looking sweetly at the lady doing his hair, like a good boy that he is.
i want to mess up that hair, dammit, and then i want him to mess up my hair, and then....well, you know.
i'm over the edge...really, not kiddin' over the f'n edge and sliding down into the abyss.
Oh & I'll definitely chip in for some bail $$ if you guys get close enough to him to need it.
Just give us all the durt 'cause we'll be anxiously awaiting details!
what do you suppose she said to him while she was doing that?
"Hmmm, let's just give this a little fluff here, and a tug there."
Oh my God. Rob, please give us a break. This is unbearable.
Sorry Rob,
I look at these paparazzi photos. But I can not help it. They are so wonderful. I am hopelessly lost. Even if I do not want. I can not help it.
Every single photo is so beautiful.
Thank you.
I got so much to do today ('cause I'm runnin' away for the weekend), but I just had to check back in and see if RPG and I had landed in the pokey yet.
And Loisada...
Your movie titles had me on the floor. In fact, I'm typing from the floor (much like Angie this morning). Hey. Did check out that other thread (oh Nik. stop being so specific. well. i can't remember names of threads...as I'm running down the freeway on the back of an elephant). But anyway, we took a vote (okay. I took a vote) and you have been elected as the new weathergirl for northern Ventura County. More specifically, the WFE set. There's a heatwave a coming and we (okay. that would be me again), were curious as to just how hot dat boy can actually get.
As for me and RPG and Rob and Rosie...
Were just being idiots (uh...okay. once again, that would be me).
I'll bet we could pull it off though. heh heh
buuff i'm very lost with so many comments...he's gorgeous!!!
ok, i have a big doubt and i need you to answer me
i'm on another blog chatting with latin girls and one of them has told me rob had a facebook, but someone hacked it. I've told her i don't think he was really Rob, someone could impersonated him.
Please, IS THAT TRUE??? answer me i'm discussing rith now!!!
I am seriously laughing my ass off!!!!
Oh my god, will you handle our press when we get caught??
You forgot to add that both women were panting uncontrollably and chanting Robowski, Robowski!
I'm rolling on the floor now.....
There just aren't enough words to describe these****thud***
Nik and RPG
OMFG you guys are masterminds you girls totally created the perfect pland lol....even though i will be seeing you in the news soon...ahaha hope all goes well ahahaha ROFLMArseO =)
Gosh the things THIS MAN women DO :P
idk why it did it above with my name ahahah oh well (=
count me in for bail money!
damn, that man! How in blazes can he be cute as mama's boy and hot at the same time?!
work day is done...bbl
Nik, Laurie RPG, you guys are just to funny LOL, of course I come to this site for our beloved boy, but the "entertainment" is priceless. And I'd love to see a movie with your "Lucy and Ethel", Rosie, and Rob, always wanted to see Rob in a good comedy, that would be it right there!!!!
The plan that's been hatched is so freaking hilarious..I almost wish it WOULD happen. I keep picturing Laurie's scenario!! bwahahahah!
Nik: weather girl I can handle.... always wanted to poke that stick around on a big screen!
So... today is only around 70-80 ℉ but it feels hotter because it's muggy. The kind of skies that can fool you an really burn. I'm thinking that even slathered in sunscreen Rob's going to be getting pretty brown. (He does look like he'd burn, but I remember a premiere where he was very tanned.... anyone got a pic?)
Hope they're not filming this weekend because it's going to be a scorcher. Have to be outside all Saturday and will be wearing a big ole hat!
OK, RPG & Nik (when you come back),
I think to make this really work you may have to dress up as clowns. Didn't Lucy and Ethel wear some sort of crazy stuff when they did one of their capers? Then when you do get arrested you can plead--"but we're Robsessed, we're Robsessed." And Rob will be laughing his head off. He would definitely think the whole thing funny as long as he didn't recall the wheelbarrow and melted butter incident in New York during the red carpet event for Remember Me and connect the dots. But then he is a guy with a quirky sense of humor, he might just like it anyway. And if you are clever you might get your way with him while he is laughing.
Yeah, I handle the press and include the Robowski stuff. Maybe even make a vid to put on YouTube or pass it along to Biel. She makes the best.
But you know to do this, I'll need a WHOLE LOT more chocolate. Let's see, bail bond fund + chocolate allowance. It's going to add up fast.
I never thought that this short haircut can make me so crazy. But he's just screaming for it. "Touch me at the neck." Rob you want it, right? With your hair . You are the first man in the world who can kill us with your hair ! That is incredible.
I know. Have you ever rubbed a little boy's head just after he's had a buzz cut? Oooooooh, I think Rob's neck must feel like that with this new haircut.
ok just checking in real quick...
there are MORE pics of "jacob" doing manual labor on the twifans site. rob looks so freaking hot.
Great blog - if you like this check this oine out
Rob Pattison: More dating Bull - Snooki advice - and Rob's head!
He certainly is looking beautiful and beefed up. You can tell by his chest and his butt is back - he had totally lost it! Love Rob as Jacob J
OK, Laurie...just thinking about rubbing Rob's head is making me crazy! (crazier is more like it).
I'd be happy to have a part in the Rosie escapade w/Lucy and Ethel. I'd even be Fred if I could tag along.
It's going to take quite a few of us and maybe a ladder to get Rob and RPG & Nik up there on Rosie. I'm sure any and all help would be appreciated. It might even turn out to be as funny or funnier than watching them tear down the freeway.
OK, RL is crowding in. I've got company coming for dinner and am outta here. bbl, maybe.
wow just when we thought Bel Ami would kill us all he goes and gets all sexy in durty 30's clothes. OMG why does he do this to us???
Ana--can i be your assistant? to your neice--i'll be very quiet and just watch--can i please touch his jaw and his hair just once tho??
Laurie - as a member of the original NY Robstock team, I can say without a doubt that Rob thoroughly enjoyed his ride in the buttery wheelbarrow...
p.s. I think CullenLover would agree with me!
wens - but of course :) it's my stepdaughter not my niece.
she's the artist, i'm the apprentice and you could be the assistant...Perfect :))
...it's so nice to dream...
OT - did anyone notice the FF style has changed...i kind of like it better cut the words are bigger. i sound real old cuz i need the letters bigger LOL.
you must check out this video on YouTube. I wish I knew how to give you the link but it's called:
Robert Pattinson - Lost In You
posted by lostimortal2
the song and the pictures will send you all over the edge of the slippery precipice we all cling to...
Most AMAZING Rob video to date! Even Biel was blown away.
BellaMarie - Here's the link. I've seen it. It is BEAUTIFUL!!
awesome ana--i'll even be the brush holder if i can touch and smell him--i'll be sneaky about the smelling tho don't worry-don't want us to get fired on the first day LOL
angie, you rock! thanks so much.
go girls, we're not kidding. you won't get over it for hours!
Sweet Mother Of God.
Robowski will be the Death of me.
Can't wait for this movie.
Loved the thread, especially Nik's scenario about being Animal Control Officers...that would be ingenious to capture him. Like an episode from "Punk'd" If only you could pull that off!
@Laurie, YES, I would sneak up behind my little brother and rub the back of his little buzzed head cause it was just so nice and soft. He hated it!!
You guys...
There's another video by this Natalia that YOU HAVE GOT TO SEE!
And maybe some of you have. It's called "Have Mercy" and it was on this blog I don't know how long ago, but it only got 10 responses and I figured for whatever reason it just got buried quickly.
I don't know how to post a link or even download a video. Don't laugh.
It's not nice to laugh at technotards. But I loved this video so much, that I just saved the page it was on in my favorites. I said...stop laughing.
Go look at this video. It captures his screwball personality better than any video I've ever seen AND it's hot as hell as well.
And this new one "Lost In You"...
Absolutely gorgeous. Thank you Natalia. Very talented.
We gotta be really covert on our mission....fan was almost arrested trying to sneak on the set!!!!
Go read my blog....last nights post...and I responded to both your emails!!!!
OMFG on both..one is happy OMFG, one is is a pissed the mofo off OMFG!!!
I just went and posted on your blog about this unhappy situation with Kristen. And as soon as I post this, I'll go check the e-mail. And I went and checked that link and all I gotta say is...
They're gonna have to catch us first. Ha Ha
Sorry. I can't muster any funny at the moment. I just found out that Coach Wooden died tonight. I have loved and admired him since I was a kid. What a truly great man he was. A personal hero. I was having the best time today playing on this thread and just like that...the day turned. Life is funny that way.
Night guys. Thanks for the fun today.
@ BellaMarie - thanks for the recommendation. Loved it!
@Nik - here is the link to the video you talked about:
Talk about hand and jaw porn, oh my!
Loved them both, Natalia!
I am looking forward to the further adventures of Nik, RPG, Rob and Rosie! Just don't end up on the local news. LOL! I think the nun ploy also stands a good chance. Good luck! Where can we send contributions for the bail fund. LOL
hello ladies what i'm about to say is absolutely random and if you could just entertain me for a sec i have something that my apparently guttered mind heard while hearing this song...
okay ff to 1:26 and guess at what i may have heard while listening? hahaha idk what's wrong with me but if someone can supply me with the actual lyric so i may take my mind out of the gutter.
because all i hear is "you can f*%k me"
The utube Rob videos are going to be the ruin of me. Shots of Rob With really good music, the perfect combination. My favs are 'sexy' and 'wondrous place' both by petitbiel. I play them everyday they are like an enormous fix. I love the way she zooms in. Oh help got to watch them againn now........
@ AngieK & BellaMarie
Thank you for the link. I've watched it nearly 10 times.......
An undeniably handsome specimen of a man with youth, exuberance,graciousness and refined manners. !!!!!!!!! accompanied by a beautiful, soulful background music.
Never tire watching this >>>.
@ Noe ~ Certainly sounds like what you said you thought you heard.


text:
A Changing Europe
The Renaissance began in Italy in the latter half of the fourteenth century, when a group of scholars called humanists set out to revive the Greek-based culture of ancient Rome (an era known as the classical period). They took the name "humanist" because they focused on the importance of the individual human spirit and concentrated on secular (nonreligious) subjects. They set out to initiate a new age, which they called a renaissance, a term that comes from the French word for "rebirth." The Renaissance took place during the latter part of the Middle Ages (also called the medieval period), the thousand-year era that followed the downfall of the West Roman Empire in the fourth and fifth centuries. Based in Rome, the West Roman Empire consisted of countries that are now in Western Europe. The Roman Empire had been permanently split into the West and East Empires in A.D. 395. The East Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire, was based in Byzantium and consisted of present-day Eastern European countries and Turkey. Historians usually divide the Middle Ages into three phases: Early Middle Ages (c. A. D 400–1100; often called the Dark Ages), High Middle Ages (1100–1300), and Late Middle Ages (1300–c. 1500). The Renaissance covered most of the Late Middle Ages and represented a break with the earlier medieval periods. Historians have not determined an exact date for the end of the Renaissance, though most agree...
(The entire section is 18220 words.)
Want to Read More?
Subscribe now to read the rest of Renaissance and Reformation Summary. Plus get complete access to 30,000+ study guides!
A Divided Italy: Home of the Renaissance
The Renaissance is known today as a single cultural and intellectual movement. It actually began in Italy as the Italian Renaissance, however, and then spread to the rest of Europe, where it was called the northern Renaissance. The Italian Renaissance was started in the mid-1300s by a group of scholars called humanists. Led by the Italian poet Petrarch (pronounced PEE-trark; 1304–1374), they set out to revive the Greek-based culture of ancient Rome (an era known as the classical period). They called themselves "humanists" because they wanted to focus on human achievement, which was exemplified by the arts, science, philosophy, and literature of the classical period (see "Humanism sparks Renaissance" in Chapter 8). The humanists felt that Greek and Roman contributions to European culture had been lost during the "dark ages," the period after the fall of the West Roman Empire in the fourth and fifth centuries. Not content simply to look back to past accomplishments, the humanists used classical works as models to write philosophy and literature that reflected their own times. Moreover, they expressed a newfound hope in the future. They stressed the value of daily life and contended that the individual is capable of doing great things. The humanists' ideas were controversial, though, because they concentrated on secular (nonreligious) subjects, which previously had not been approved by the powerful Roman Catholic Church (a...
(The entire section is 18939 words.)
The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain
One of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. (See "Feudalism" in Chapter 1.) Eventually feudalism (a term derived from the medieval Latin word feudum, meaning "fee") spread throughout Europe and served as a unifying institution for all aspects of life. Under feudalism, which was based on an agricultural economy, distinct social classes were dependent on one another through a complex system of pledging loyalty in exchange for goods and services. At the top were kings, who owned the land. Beneath them were lords (noblemen) and clergymen (church officials), who were granted tracts of land called fiefs (pronounced feefs) by the king. Below the lords were vassals (knights), who held smaller amounts of land awarded to them by lords. At the bottom were serfs (peasants), who farmed the fiefs but were not given land of their own. Land occupied by churches, monasteries (houses for men called monks, who dedicated themselves to the religious life), and other religious establishments of the Roman Catholic Church were also considered fiefs.
Feudalism began to decline in the eleventh century with the rise of capitalism, an economy based on...
(The entire section is 21831 words.)
Central and Northern Europe
During the fifteenth through seventeenth centuries, strong monarchs in France, England, and Spain consolidated their territories into nations. A similar situation slowly developed in the rest of Europe—about two-thirds of the continent—which was divided into hundreds of independent states. The borders of these states shifted constantly because of power struggles among emperors, kings, princes, and religious leaders. In general, this part of Europe consisted of the following main geographic regions: In central Europe were Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Northern Europe was composed of the Low Countries (the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg) and Scandinavia (Denmark, Sweden, and Norway).
In the 1400s commerce and trade flourished around the coast of the Baltic Sea (called the Baltic region) and in the Rhineland region (areas along the Rhine River and the Danube River in Germany). Throughout northern, central, and eastern Europe, culture was influenced by Italian humanists, members of the intellectual and literary movement that had sparked the Renaissance in Italy (see "Humanists promote change" in Chapter 1, and "Humanism sparks Renaissance" in Chapter 8). The Italians had journeyed north to work as diplomats (official representatives of governments), secretaries, and university lecturers. Inspired by the innovations of the Italian Renaissance, thinkers and artists traveled from other...
(The entire section is 20589 words.)
Martin Luther: Founder of Lutheranism
Martin Luther (1483–1546) is one of the most important figures in the history of Christianity (a religion founded by Jesus of Nazareth, also called Jesus Christ). Luther is credited with starting the Protestant Reformation, a movement to reform the Roman Catholic Church (a Christian faith based in Rome, Italy) that resulted in a worldwide revolution. Before turning to how Luther sparked the Reformation, however, it is necessary to consider the state of the Catholic Church in the early 1500s, when Luther called for reforms. By this time the church had dominated Europe for more than eight hundred years. The pope, the supreme head of the church, was one of the most powerful figures in the world. He was considered Earth's vicar, or representative, of Jesus Christ, as well as the lawgiver and judge for followers of the Catholic faith. The pope and other church officials were involved in virtually every aspect of religious, social, political, and economic life in Europe. Nevertheless, the church itself was highly unstable and corrupt. In fact, it had nearly been torn apart by two bitter conflicts, the Babylonian captivity (1306–76) and the Great Schism (1348–1417), which had taken place in the two centuries prior to Luther's life.
(The entire section is 15521 words.)
The Protestant Reformation
As Martin Luther's reform movement gained momentum in Germany throughout the sixteenth century, other charges against the Roman Catholic Church sprang up elsewhere in Europe. Huldrych Zwingli, a Swiss priest, challenged the church's rule that priests could not marry. He also called for a separation of church and state. The famous French-born reformer John Calvin, who adopted Switzerland as the base of his "New Jerusalem," made the city of Geneva a stronghold of Protestant activity and Calvinism. His basic concept, later known as "predestination," was the belief that a small minority of people were "elected" before birth to become the chosen who would enter heaven (the concept of the place where the righteous go after death). His followers carried his teachings to eager reformers throughout Europe, especially in France, where Calvinists were called Huguenots, and in England, where they inspired Puritanism.
Radical Protestantism became a rallying point for peasants as well as nobles who desired to escape the oppression of the Catholic Church and the monarchs who supported it. In 1555 the Peace of Augsburg stated that each of the more than three hundred principalities in Germany would adopt the religion of its local ruler, leaving over half of Germany to the Lutherans. By the end of the sixteenth century, the Scandinavian countries had become predominantly Lutheran. In France nearly a quarter of the...
(The entire section is 17883 words.)
The Catholic Reformation
The Catholic Reformation was a reform movement that took place within the Roman Catholic Church during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The movement is also known as the Counter Reformation, but many historians prefer not to use this term because it suggests that changes within the church were simply a reaction to Protestantism. In fact, many Catholics were already aware that reform was needed as early as the fifteenth century, one hundred years before the Protestant Reformation. By that time popes, cardinals (church officials ranking directly below the pope), bishops (heads of church districts), and priests had become corrupt and greedy. Neglecting their responsibilities as religious leaders, they pursued their own personal advancement. The church had accumulated more property and wealth than kings and princes. Many Catholics, both inside and outside the church, were troubled by this situation.
During the fourteenth century the church faced a serious crisis that hastened the need for reform. In 1307, following a power struggle among cardinals, the papacy (office of the pope) was moved to Avignon, France, where it remained for seventy years. This period was known as the Babylonian captivity (see "Crisis in the papacy" in Chapter 1). The papacy was briefly returned to Rome in 1378. Then the cardinals had another confrontation that caused a deep split in the church, and soon there were two...
(The entire section is 15663 words.)
Renaissance and Reformation: Almanac presents an overview of the most significant revolution in Western history. Beginning with the Italian Renaissance in the mid-1300s and lasting until the end of the Protestant and Catholic Reformations in the early 1600s, this revolution essentially turned the European world upside down. By the close of the seventeenth century, unprecedented changes had taken place in politics, religion, science, economics, education, the arts, and society throughout Europe. Scholars and teachers are still intrigued by this historical period, but the twenty-first century student might wonder, "Why should I want to read about the Renaissance and Reformation? How could anything that happened hundreds of years ago possibly be relevant to my life?" The answer to the first question is that it was a fascinating time, filled with dramatic events, interesting people, and great achievements. The answer to the second question is that we can understand more about the world today by studying this era, which historians consider the beginning of the modern age.
The Renaissance produced many innovations that are now ordinary facts of modern life. Among them was the printing press, which facilitated mass communication and became the first step in advanced information technology. Of even greater importance was the scientific revolution led by astronomers who used the newly perfected...
(The entire section is 521 words.)
Italian Renaissance Culture
"Humanism" is the modern term for the intellectual movement that initiated the Italian Renaissance, which later spread to northern Europe. The humanist movement originated in Florence in the mid-1300s and began to affect other countries shortly before 1500. Humanist scholars believed that a body of learning called studia humanitatis (humanistic studies), which was based on the literary masterpieces of ancient Greece and Rome, could bring about a cultural rebirth, or renaissance. Humanistic studies consisted of five academic subjects: grammar (rules for the use of a language), rhetoric (the art of effective speaking and writing), moral philosophy (study of human conduct and values), poetry, and history. The texts included not only classical literature but also the Bible and the works of early Christian thinkers. Many texts had been known throughout the Middle Ages, or medieval period, while others had been recently rediscovered. Humanists believed the study of ancient works would help end the "barbarism," or lack of refinement and culture, of the Middle Ages.
Although humanism began with an emphasis on classical Latin literature, the movement reached its height when scholars mastered Greek language and literature. This part of the ancient heritage had been little known to medieval scholars. Humanists were always eager to discover and share ancient texts, and in the 1450s the new art of...
(The entire section is 27630 words.)
Northern Renaissance Culture
During the 1400s commerce and trade flourished in northern Europe, around the coast of the Baltic Sea and in the Rhine River region of Germany. These areas were linked with trade routes to Italy and the region around the Mediterranean Sea in the south. Often accompanying traders, Italian humanist scholars journeyed north to work as diplomats (official representatives of governments), secretaries, and university lecturers. They took with them the ideas of the Italian Renaissance, which was flourishing in city-states such as Florence, Milan, and Venice. The scholars were soon followed by artists and artisans, who received commissions from northern European monarchs and noblemen. Inspired by the innovations of the Italian Renaissance, thinkers and artists from the north then traveled to Italy to study with prominent figures. Soon northern European scholars and artists began making their own cultural contributions, which became known as the northern Renaissance. (For purposes here, northern Europe is defined as Germany, the Low Countries—present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg—France, England, and Spain.
(The entire section is 22217 words.)
A scientific revolution occurred during the Renaissance and Reformation when humanist scholars took a renewed interest in the work of ancient philosophers. Greek texts in particular were given updated translations and interpretations. Scientists then developed new theories that eventually replaced the Greek concepts that had dominated science for almost two thousand years. Science became a separate field from philosophy (a search to define values and reality through reason and thought rather than scientific observation) and technology (the application of practical knowledge, such as engineering), which had been the major areas of thought in ancient times. An even more important development was that science now had a practical function. For instance, scientists were asking how things happened in nature, whereas the ancients were mainly concerned with why things happened. This shift in thinking had a profound impact on all aspects of life, and by the end of the 1600s science had replaced Christianity as the center of European civilization.
Aristotle influences science
The works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 B.C.) were especially popular among fifteenth-and sixteenth-century scientists. Aristotle was a student of the Greek philosopher Plato (c. 428–c. 348 B.C.), whose academy he attended for...
(The entire section is 19788 words.)
Social Status and Community
Social status was the basis of life in Europe during the Renaissance and Reformation. Since the early Middle Ages, people had been divided into three groups, called estates. Each of the Three Estates were further subdivided into many other levels. A person's rank on the social scale was determined by birth, gender, sources of wealth, occupation, political position, residency in town or country, and numerous other factors. The system was somewhat flexible, however, and people frequently moved up within their own social class, or even occasionally elevated themselves to a higher estate.
First Estate
The First Estate was comprised of the Roman Catholic clergy (church officials; also called clergymen). They were placed at the top of the social ladder because their involvement in spiritual matters was considered vital to the welfare of society. The clergy were divided into secular (unordained) and regular (ordained) branches. An ordained clergyman is one whom the church officially authorizes to perform priestly duties. These duties include holding worship services, hearing confession (church members' admissions of sin), and administering the sacraments (holy rituals) of the Catholic religion.
The secular clergy were high officials called prelates....
(The entire section is 16018 words.)
Education and Training
In the early fourteenth century, Italian humanist scholars began introducing new ideas about human knowledge and experience. They based their concepts on works written by ancient Greek and Roman philosophers, who placed value on the individual. The humanists' innovations led to the Renaissance, a cultural and social revolution that had an impact on every aspect of life throughout Europe. A major goal of the humanist movement was to change traditional methods of education developed in the latter half of the Middle Ages (c. 800–1200). At that time elementary schools, called Latin grammar schools, and universities were run by the Roman Catholic Church (a Christian religion based in Rome, Italy, and headed by a pope). Christian doctrine (religious beliefs) was the basis of all knowledge and learning. The purpose of education was to train the sons of noblemen—girls were not allowed to attend school—to become church officials. Similarly, the sons of kings and princes were educated to become Christian rulers. Classes in both grammar schools and universities were conducted in Latin, the official language of the Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire (the central government for most of Europe). Rules were quite rigid and did not permit students to learn about their world or to express their own ideas.
A new approach to education began emerging in 1350, when the Italian humanist Petrarch...
(The entire section is 10188 words.)
Women in the Renaissance and Reformation
Several questions arise when describing the condition of European women in the Renaissance: Did their social or economic condition improve? Did they gain greater access to power? Were they able to express themselves in different ways than in the Middle Ages? Finally, was there a Renaissance for women? These questions can be addressed by looking at women's lives in three settings: the family, religion, and elite culture (the lives of female rulers, artists, and thinkers).
Women in the family
Women played several roles in their families, depending on their age and marital status. First a woman was a daughter and then a wife, mother, or widow. In contrast, male roles were generally defined by social position or occupation—merchant, knight, priest, peasant, barrel maker, weaver, and so on. Female roles were more sharply defined in upper-class society than in peasant society. The main reason was economic. Upper-class daughters, wives, and widows had a share in the family estate, so they were regarded mainly as a way to hold onto or expand. Therefore their lives were strictly regulated and controlled. In contrast, peasant women generally had more freedom. Wives, daughters, and even widows were actively involved in helping to support the family by maintaining the household and...
(The entire section is 11452 words.)
Daily Life
How does one define daily life in any period of the past? Doing so involves looking at a wide variety of factors. How did people dress, and what did they eat? What did they do for fun? Did the rich and the poor do the same things? To understand daily life, we must look at these issues along with politics, warfare, art, economics, religion, and the effects of illness and disease on families and social groups. In this chapter we will look at the different areas of Renaissance Europe, examine the customs of various peoples during the early and late Renaissance, and examine the social and economic factors that affected people's everyday lives.
A diverse society
Renaissance Europe was not a single, unified society with the same traditions throughout the land. Each region had distinct languages, ethnic makeups, and geographic factors that shaped everyday life. Broadly, Mediterranean societies experienced hot, dry summers and cool, rainy winters, while the North experienced mild, temperate summers and long, cold winters. The Mediterranean region had arid (dry) or semiarid mountain ranges, while the North was characterized by broad expanses of fertile plains and forest. The Mediterranean Sea connected the South with more ancient cultures and peoples of northern Africa and...
(The entire section is 22905 words.)
Source: Renaissance and Reformation: Almanac, ©2002 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Mitt Romney will campaign in Cleveland, Ohio and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on Election Day, campaign officials said Monday.
While Ohio is considered perhaps the most crucial battleground this cycle, Pennsylvania tends to lean Democratic. Recent polls, however, have indicated the race is tightening in the state, sparking renewed efforts by the Romney campaign to make a play for the state.
The stops, however, won't be rallies, an adviser said. They will be treated as "OTR's" - campaign speak for pool reporter coverage of small meet-and-greet type events.
The idea is that they're "just going to keep working up until the polls close," the adviser said. The campaign wants to "keep the energy going," and Romney will mostly be helping and thanking "get-out-the-vote" volunteers, the adviser added.
The visits will mark Romney's second time to both states this week, as the Republican presidential nominee held an event in Morrisville, Pennsylvania on Sunday and will hold a rally in Columbus, Ohio on Monday night.
Presidential candidates typically set aside campaigning on Election Day, though some White House hopefuls have made last-minute stops.
The campaign announced earlier Monday that Romney and his wife, Ann, are also scheduled to vote Tuesday in Belmont, Massachusetts at around 8:30 a.m. ET.


text:
Take a canal cruise along the historic Regents Canal: The Regent's Canal runs from the Limehouse Basin in East London's Docklands to Little Venice in north-west London's Maida Vale. You can do canal cruises on the prettiest and most interesting section of the canal - between Camden Lock and Little Venice. Canal Cruise Operators Jenny Wren Jenny Wren provides canal cruises on their traditional narrowboat at Camden. They have two trips a day - at 12.30 pm and 2.30 pm - leaving from … [Read more...]
You are here: Home / Archives for canal barge
Canal Cruises and Canal Holidays – Regents Canal
October 30, 2009 by Helen Page
Filed Under: Featured, Sightseeing Tagged With: boat canal, camden lock, camden market, canal barge, canal boat hire, canal boat holidays, canal boats, canal cruises, canal history, canal holidays, canal map, jason's trip, jenny wren, little venice, london waterbus company, long boat, narrow boat, regent's park, regents canal, waterways
Regent's Canal – Canal Holidays
October 30, 2009 by Helen Page
The Regent's Canal is One of London's Best-Kept Secrets: To say that the Regent's Canal is one of the best-kept secrets in London is no exaggeration. I've been travelling to London since the 1990's and yet this year is the first time that I'm visiting this Canal with nearly 200 years of history. The nine-mile Canal stretches from the River Thames at Limehouse to Paddington and is largely hidden behind buildings. Starting from Little Venice, the Canal wends its way through a rich … [Read more...]
Filed Under: Destinations, Featured Tagged With: barge holidays, boat canal, camden market, canal barge, canal boat hire, canal boat holidays, canal boats, canal cruises, canal holidays, canal map, grand canal, long boat, narrow boat, regent's park, regents canal, walking holidays


text:
Advertising seems to be blocked by your browser.
The ads help us provide this software and web site to you for free.
Please support our project by allowing our site to show ads.
USB human interface device class - Dell Compatible Computer Devices
Dell USB HID Collection | Dell USB HID Sleep Key | Dell USB Keyboard HID Support |
DellTouch Programmable Hot Keys | Premium Tilt Wheel (HID) |
Description extracted from Wikipedia: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Dell Inc. (formerly Dell Computer Corporation ) is an American multinational computer technology company based in Round Rock, Texas, United States, that develops, sells, repairs and supports computers and related products and services. Bearing the name of its founder, Michael Dell, the company is one of the largest technological corporations in the world, employing more than 103,300 people worldwide. Dell is listed at number 51 in the Fortune 500 list. In 2012 it was the third largest PC vendor in the world after HP and Lenovo. Dell sells personal computers, servers, data storage devices, network switches, software, computer peripherals, HDTVs, cameras, printers, MP3 players and also electronics built by other manufacturers. The company is well known for its innovations in supply chain management and electronic commerce, particularly its direct-sales model and its "build-to-order" or "configure to order" approach to manufacturing-delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications. Until a few years ago Dell was mainly a pure hardware vendor, but with the acquisition of Perot Systems Dell entered the market for IT services and additional acquisitions in storage and networking systems allow the company to offer complete solutions for enterprise customers compare to their original portfolio of computers only Dell is the sixth largest company in Texas by total revenue, according to Fortune magazine. It is the second largest non-oil company in Texas - behind AT&T - and the largest company in the Greater Austin area. On February 5, 2013, Dell announced that founder Michael Dell wanted to take the company private in a leveraged buyout, with financing from Silver Lake Partners and Microsoft. On September 12, 2013, the buyout was approved by a majority of the shareholders. |
Advertising seems to be blocked by your browser.
The ads help us provide this software and web site to you for free.
Please support our project by allowing our site to show ads.


text:
There are no user reviews for this movie. Be the first to review this movie!
Be the first to rate this movie!
_gayby_ @randyfordummies @katbocti oh. I don't watch that. #hateonit
1 days ago.
hayley_eliz Thanks to @drewstreep for an amazing Skype-Christmas get-together. We watched Gayby & LOVED it! Excellent acting, a fun & funny story. ⭐⭐⭐⭐!
2 days ago.
PatrikIanPolk @jonnynyc @NoelClarke I want to see "Gayby"! And for sure, let's meet up, Jonny.
_gayby_ i feel like i was just played
3 days ago.
mistakeforafool @theblahman I miss you guys, too! But I will see you & @_gayby next week! :)


text:
Brian Koenig
The Bipartisan War on American Freedom
While Congress abides in gridlock, as Republicans and Democrats debate tax policy, and the SuperCommittee admits failure over deciding how to tame the mounting federal deficit, the fight against American liberty remains a bipartisan war. Conservative and liberal elites seem to share a common theme: The American people are too free for their own good.
Deportations Plummet Under Obama's New Immigration Policy
President Obama's efforts to tighten the leash on U.S. immigration enforcement have caused a sharp drop in the number of deportations, according to a report by the Syracuse University Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse. In the last three months of 2011, following the administration's directive to curb deportations of illegal immigrants without criminal records or who came to the United States as a child or student (among other discretionary factors), deportations have plummeted.
DHS Survey: Obama Administration Favors Immigration Over Security
Over half of U.S. immigration officials believe the White House focuses more heavily on promoting immigration than improving national security, according to a 2011 survey directed by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The DHS Inspector General (IG) audit, which was administered between January and May 2011, submitted an online survey to a random selection of Immigration Services Officers (ISOs) in all 26 U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) districts across the United States.
Obama Names Immigration Activist as Chief Domestic Policy Adviser
The White House announced Tuesday that Cecilia Muñoz, President Obama's point person on immigration, will be director of the Domestic Policy Council, a high-ranking aide position that oversees policies on issues including education, healthcare, and immigration. Muñoz is currently director of intergovernmental affairs, acting as a liaison between the White House and Mayors, Governors, tribal leaders, and other officials in state and local governments.
Democrats Urge U.S. to Press Mexico on Central American Migrants' Safety
In an effort to discourage the Mexican government's violations of the human rights of Central American migrants, last Friday more than 30 House Democrats urged Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to put pressure on the Mexican government by making any American aid to Mexico contingent on Mexico's proper treatment of Central American migrants.
Napolitano Proposes New "Immigration Index"
Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano announced a new "immigration index" that would measure Southwest border security beyond the conventional way of observing state and local statistics, which focus mainly on data such as arrests and drug seizures. The new index, Napolitano claims, will look beyond bare crime statistics and focus more on environmental damage, economic impacts, and concerns of personal safety of Americans residing near the Mexican border.
Kathleen Sebelius: Reducing Pregnancies Will Cut Healthcare Costs
While fielding questions from the House Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Health regarding President Obama's 2013 budget proposal, Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Kathleen Sebelius alleged that a reduction in U.S. pregnancies will offset the costs for employers and insurers to comply with a new mandate requiring all healthcare plans to cover sterilizations, contraception, and abortifacient drugs. "The reduction in the number of pregnancies compensates for the cost of contraception," Sebelius stated, and the estimated cost will go "down not up."
Texas Doctor Charged With $375-Million Healthcare Fraud
A Texas doctor was arrested Tuesday for allegedly "selling his signature" to process nearly $375 million in fraudulent Medicare and Medicaid claims in a scheme that was carried on for half a decade; $350 million was improperly billed for Medicare and $24 million for Medicaid. In what is being characterized as one of the largest healthcare scams organized by a single doctor, critics are suggesting that the development only solidifies the fact that the government's Medicare and Medicaid fraud detection system is gravely flawed.
Sens. Burr and Coburn Unveil Medicare Reform Bill
In a move that is fated to incite political mutiny, Sens. Tom Coburn (R-Okla., left) and Richard Burr (R-N.C.) unveiled a bold Medicare reform proposal on Thursday that would expedite a transition to private health insurance, increase the eligibility age for oncoming seniors, and enact higher premiums for middle- to upper-class retirees.
CBO Report: Medicare Cost-saving Programs Fall Short
President Obama, along with the Democratic-led Senate and formerly Democratic-led House, touted the 2010 healthcare overhaul as a landmark law that would curb the rise in U.S. healthcare costs. However, according to a new report released last week by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), reform programs akin to those endorsed by ObamaCare have neither abated healthcare costs nor salvaged any significant amount of government revenue.


text:
bio | website | stackoverflow.com/users/… |
location | Durham, NC | |
age | 17 | |
visits | member for | 1 year, 6 months |
seen | Jun 20 '12 at 20:24 | |
stats | profile views | 0 |
I'm an amateur iOS and OS X app creator. I'm afraid that I won't update this before I graduate from high school, but between now and the summer of 2014, that's where I'll be (high school) and I have intentions of double majoring in Physics and Computer Science at NC State University.
I've created many apps, none of which I've released onto the app store because I'm waiting for a really grand idea that might actually sell (even if for free, just for exposure. Nobody wants his or her first app to suck).


text:
If I don't have network port in the baby room, can the ibaby connect via wifi at home?
- Asked by 敏华 李 from 佛山
- Mar 3, 2013
- Flag as inappropriate
No Answers have been submitted
Be the first to answer this question. Answer now
Related Questions
When using the express as a WiFi extension from the Extreme base station. Can Ethernet port be used?
- Asked by Aaron B from Surprise
- Oct 9, 2012
- Flag as inappropriate
- Asked about: AirPort Express
Existing wifi network - connection to speakers and sky boy
- Asked by William J
- Jun 23, 2012
- Flag as inappropriate
- Asked about: AirPort Express
Will this connect to your wireless network via wi-fi or do you have to use the ethernet port to connect to your network?
- Asked by Alexander F from Brooklyn
- Mar 3, 2011
- Flag as inappropriate
- Asked about: Bowers & Wilkins Zeppelin Air Speak…


text:
Valerius Maximus, -
Valerius Maximus -fl. c. 20
Roman historian and moralist.
A Roman historical writer of the early imperial era, Valerius Maximus produced a single, nine-volume compilation of Latin anecdotal history entitled the Factorum et dictorum memorabilium novem libri (c. 31); Memorable Doings and Sayings). Focusing on selected individuals from the history of Rome culled from its mythic origins to the reign of Tiberius in the early first century Valerius's collection is usually considered part of the exempla tradition. As such, it offers accounts of characters, behaviors, and attitudes that appear to have been exclusively designed to convey a moral lesson. Marred by historical errors and inconsistencies, which the author knowingly manipulated for narrative effect, the Memorable Doings and Sayings is additionally characterized by Valerius's artificial style and pretentious moralizing. Generally regarded as a text of historical interest rather than one of literary merit, the work nevertheless enjoyed a period of acclaim in medieval and early Renaissance Europe and boasts an impressive manuscript tradition.
Biographical Information
Almost nothing is known of the life of Valerius. In his writings, he explains that he was born into a poor family and later enjoyed the patronage of Sextus Pompeius, who would serve as Roman consul in 14 and later as proconsul to Asia from 27. Valerius accompanied his patron to Asia Minor (via the Aegean island of Ceos) and it is during his time in the east that he probably wrote his Memorable Doings and Sayings. (The matter of precisely dating the work, however, has not been satisfactorily settled by scholars.) Aside from very scattered internal references to Valerius's life contained within the Memorable Doings and Sayings, any other information regarding Valerius or the actual composition of this prose collection is speculative.
Textual History
A handful of manuscripts of the Memorable Doings and Sayings survive from the late Roman period, including a crucial fourth-century codex by Julius Paris and an epitome fragment by Januarius Nepotianus from about 500. Remarkably popular in the Middle Ages, Valerius's historical collection circulated in numerous manuscripts. Many selections of the work copied by medieval hands have survived, including one ninth-century text by Heirich of Auxerre. By 1369, it had been translated into German, and in the ensuing centuries it appeared in other major European languages. The first English translation was undertaken by Samuel Speed in 1678. A Latin manuscript edition edited by Pighius was typeset in 1567 and reprinted almost twenty times before the middle of the seventeenth century. Interest in Valerius's work subsequently declined, although further editions continued to appear into the middle of the nineteenth century. The publication of Carl Kempf's authoritative Editio maior (1854) replaced all editions that had preceded it. Kempf's revised version, the 472-page Teubner text (1888), served as the standard critical reconstruction of the Factorum et dictorum memorabilium in the twentieth century. This volume, principally based on the ninth-century Berne manuscript, also includes additional evidence from several later texts from the thirteenth and fourteenth-centuries. A long-awaited update to the Teubner series appeared with the publication of J. Briscoe's (1998) edition of the Factorum et dictorum memorabilium, a work supplemented by the contemporary translations of D. Wardle (1998) and D. R. Shackleton Bailey (2000).
Major Works
An collection of fact-based anecdotes that display a strong moralistic tone and a reverential attitude toward the history of Rome, Valerius's Memorable Doings and Sayings opens with an adulatory dedication to the Roman emperor Tiberius. Its multiple books feature a host of sketches and stories drawn from established sources, including the writings of Cicero, Livy, and Sallust. In his preface to the work, Valerius wrote, "The history of Rome and of foreign nations supplies us with many deeds and sayings worthy of remembrance, but they … cannot be apprehended quickly and concisely, so I have decided to make a compendium of selections from illustrious authorities." Aside from this vague acknowledgement, only very rarely does Valerius cite his sources. The collection itself chiefly relates moral tales associated with the exploits of famous historical figures—emperors, generals, queens, and the like—although it also concerns itself with persons of humbler stature. Some of its most frequently referenced figures belonged to the Roman elite, among them the republican consul Marius, Julius Caesar, Tiberius, and other members of the imperial family. Each story is designed to exemplify a moral or religious lesson, usually illustrative of some vice or virtue. In order to accomplish this task, Valerius almost invariably accompanied his tales with characteristically effusive and pretentious commentary: Caesar earns his praise, while women, slaves, and other social subordinates are routinely treated with condescension. Arranged by subject, the Memorable Doings and Sayings comprises nine books and is subdivided into approximately ninety chapters.
Book I features broadly religious and supernatural topics, including historical tales involving omens, dreams, miracles, and myths. Among the pieces in this section are a retelling of Calpurnia's dream vision presaging the death of her husband, Julius Caesar, anecdotes involving visionary portents of victory experienced by Hannibal and Alexander the Great, and the widely recounted story of Marius and the donkey. Book II deals with social institutions, offering sketches of Roman customs and behavior, including military practices, marriage traditions, and details of public rituals. Individual chapters within Book III concern the subjects of bravery, constancy, and patience, while Book IV concentrates on such themes as moderation, friendship, justice, poverty, modesty, and restraint. Topics in Book V include mercy, piety, gratitude, filial love, and parental severity. Books VI-VIII are less cogently structured than the preceding volumes. Stories of capricious fortune, marital fidelity, and national loyalty fill Book VI. Book VII remarks on military ploys and stratagems and relates certain legal anecdotes. Something of a catch-all selection, Book VIII describes stories of leisure as opposed to diligence, records oratory of exceptional eloquence, and documents instances of human longevity. Vice is the overarching subject of the final Book IX, a collection of sketches concerned with greed, lust, cruelty, and revenge that culminates in a conspiratorial tale of parricide (generally thought to be that perpetrated by Aelius Sejanus in 31, although Valerius reveals no identity.) Throughout the Memorable Doings and Sayings, Valerius typically presents a tale favorably depicting a Roman figure and contrasts it with another involving a foreign protagonist who was sometimes rendered in an unfavorable light. This scheme, however, is not followed with any great consistency. In cases involving a disparity between traditional and contemporary practices, Valerius unfailingly took pains to emphasize the superiority of tradition, a theme that commentators consider central to the work.
Critical Reception
Scholars have found the early critical status of Valerius and his collection of historical anecdotes somewhat difficult to determine; the fact that Pliny the Elder listed the Memorable Doings and Sayings among the sources to his Natural History and that Plutarch mentioned Valerius twice in his writings suggests only moderate interest. Presumably, Valerius's collection was intended for popular consumption and generally treated as such. However, the critical perception and evaluation of Valerius's work changed radically in the medieval period. From about the ninth century onwards, the Memorable Doings and Sayings became the Latin text favored by scholars, grammarians, and instructors of rhetoric. Petrarch undertook an imitation of the work in about 1343, but his Rerum memorandarum libri was left incomplete. Extensive commentary from the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries, primarily concentrated in Italy and Germany, followed as the text reached the acme of its popularity, becoming a ubiquitous component of the European university education. Such circumstances later prompted renowned nineteenth-century German historian Barthold Georg Niebuhr to somewhat hyperbolically declare the Memorable Doings and Sayings "the most important book next to the Bible" in the Middle Ages.
For nearly a century after the appearance of Kempf's second edition in 1888, scholarly interest in Valerius's work—outside the realm of manuscript analysis, editorial emendation, and Quellenforschung ("source-hunting") mainly conducted by generations of German scholars—dropped off steeply. The principal cause appears to have been Valerius's prose style, which in the twentieth century generally elicited strongly negative reactions from critics. Adjectives such as turgid, tedious, and bombastic have commonly been used to describe it. Modern critics additionally list rhetorical artifice, clumsy use of metaphor, and a pretentious tone among its aesthetic defects. Some hundred years after the publication of Kempf's second edition, however, a new resurgence of critical interest in the Memorable Doings and Sayings occurred.
Meanwhile, late twentieth-century scholars reopened a once closed debate involving the appropriate dating of the text. The standard and majority view relates a passage in Book IX to the fall of the military leader Sejanus, which suggests that the piece must have been published after 31 and that bulk of the text was probably written between the years 27 and 31. Others have proposed a somewhat earlier composition date near the beginning of Tiberius's reign in roughly 14 to 17. Still other dates have also been suggested within the range of 14 to 37. As contemporary critics have acknowledged both historical indeterminancies and Valerius's stylistic shortcomings, including his relentless use of forced antitheses, clichés, exaggeration, and sententious moralizing, many have opted to focus their attention elsewhere. Admitting that on a factual level the value of the Memorable Doings and Sayings is negligible—owing to its innumerable errors, contradictions, obscurities, and inconsistencies—commentators have concentrated on the moralizing intent and dubious historiography of the work. Most have viewed the collection as part of the exempla tradition. Thus, scholars have pointed out that Valerius frequently altered historical details and events to serve his didactic purposes. Some have argued that the collected tales were effectively "dehistoricized" for specific ideological purposes, including Valerius's glorification of the Roman past and sycophantic praise of the imperial regime. Overall, commentators have asserted that, whatever its shortcomings, the Memorable Doings and Sayings provides valuable insight into early imperial Rome and offers a unique perspective owing to Valerius's nonpatrician social status.
Principal Works
Factorum et dictorum memorabilium novem libri [Facta et dicta memorabilia] (short stories and sketches) c. 31
Valerius Maximus: Memorable Deeds and Sayings Book I (translated by D. Wardle) 1998
Memorable Doings and Sayings (translated by D. R. Shackleton Bailey) 2000
(The entire section is 37 words.)
SOURCE: Gries, Konrad. "Valerius-Maximus an Minimus?" Classical Journal 51, no. 7 (April 1955): 335-39.
[In the following essay, Gries decries the content of Valerius's Memorable Doings and Sayings as "nothing but a huge collection of anecdotes, drawn mainly from the history of Rome," notes Valerius's rhetorically excessive style, and summarizes the textual history of the collection.]
Modern literary historians do not think much of him. To Fowler, he is "artificial, pompous, and dull." According to Rose, he has a "most atrocious style, bombastic, would-be-clever, full of artificial and at the same time clumsy and obscure phraseology." Mackail, too, speaks of his "turgid and involved style." The Oxford Classical Dictionary calls him "shallow, sententious, and bombastic, full of the boldest metaphors and rhetorical artifices … especially forced antitheses and far-fetched epigrams"; in addition, he is "almost entirely noncritical." Hadas, finally, claims that he is "so little regarded that nine out of ten professional scholars would not recognize his name"; no wonder, for he "has nothing to say worth hearing."
Modern scholarship has passed him by. His work is not included in the Loeb Classical Library, the Bibliotheca Oxoniensis Scriptorum Classicorum, the Collection des Universités de France published by the Association Guillaume Budé....
(The entire section is 3066 words.)
SOURCE: Carter, C. J. "Valerius Maximus." In Empire and Aftermath, Silver Latin II, edited by T. A. Dorey, pp. 26-56. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975.
[In the following essay, Carter surveys the content, structure, style, sources, influence, textual history, and reception of Valerius's Memorable Doings and Sayings, commenting primarily on the work's stylistic limitations and the reasons for its centuries-long popularity.]
The great German nineteenth-century historian, Niebuhr, was perhaps exaggerating when he said that the Middle Ages considered Valerius Maximus 'the most important book next to the Bible'1 but he was certainly well-known and much read by all who counted themselves educated from the time of Charlemagne to the sixteenth century, and when, for example, the foundation statutes of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, were drawn up in 1517, Valerius was one of the four prose authors prescribed for daily lectures to first-year students.2 Yet a Classics student at University today can normally expect to graduate without ever having read a word of Valerius and unaware that medieval and Renaissance Europe learnt—or thought it learnt—more about the Romans from Valerius than from any other single Latin author. This dramatic change in popularity and importance is only one of the things that makes Valerius so fascinating. He turns up in odd places even...
(The entire section is 12032 words.)
SOURCE: Lane, Eugene N. "Sabazius and the Jews in Valerius Maximus: A Re-Examination." Journal of Roman Studies 69 (1979): 35-38.
[In the following essay, Lane remarks on a conflation of Sabazius-worshippers and antique adherents of Judaism that he attributes to errors in the manuscript tradition of Valerius's Memorable Doings and Sayings.]
There has long been accepted as a fact in the study of the cult of Sabazius an ostensible reference to Jews who, as early as 139 b.c., worshipped Sabazius, and were expelled from Rome by the praetor peregrinus Cornelius Hispalus.1 The source of this information is often given without qualification as Valerius Maximus, 1, 3, 2. Even Eisele's thorough and generally sceptical article, s.v. 'Sabazius', in Roscher's Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie (1909), accepts the statement and gives the usual indication of its source. The passage is generally cited as follows:
Cn. Cornelius Hispalus praetor peregrinus, M. Popilio Laenate, L. Calpurnio consulibus, edicto Chaldaeos citra decimum diem abire ex urbe atque Italia iussit, levibus et ineptis ingeniis fallaci siderum interpretatione quaestuosam mendaciis suis caliginem inicientes. Idem Iudaeos, qui Sabazi Iovis cultu Romanos inficere mores conati erant, repetere domos suas coegit.
Now this...
(The entire section is 2594 words.)
SOURCE: Maslakov, G. "Valerius Maximus and Roman Historiography: A Study of the Exempla Tradition." Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt (II) 32, no. 1 (1984): 437-96.
[In the following excerpt, Maslakov asserts that a complete understanding of Valerius's Memorable Doings and Sayings requires an analysis within the context of the exempla tradition, claiming that such a reading allows the reader to properly recognize Valerius's historical sensibility as well as his use and manipulation of historical material in the collection.]
Valerius Maximus put together his Facta et Dicta at a crucial stage in the development of the Roman state. He dedicated this morally charged collection to Tiberius (te igitur huic coepto, penes quem hominum deorumque consensus maris ac terrae regimen esse voluit, certissima salus patriae, Caesar, invoco, cuius caelesti providentia virtutes, de quibus dicturus sum, benignissime foventur, vitia severissime vindicantur), whose constitutional position and personal influence were of central importance in that transformation.1 These two factors alone suggest that the compilation could be regarded as an historical document of some interest, though they are not in themselves decisive in determining whether it is worth studying in any...
(The entire section is 10778 words.)
SOURCE: Hodgson, Jr., Robert. "Valerius Maximus and Gospel Criticism." Catholic Biblical Quarterly 51, no. 3 (July 1989): 502-10.
[In the following essay, Hodgson contends that contemporary scholarly criteria justifying the denigration of Valerius's Memorable Doings and Sayings may be obsolete and that the work offers insight into the development of the exempla tradition in its transition from secular Roman to Christian forms.]
In the early years of Tiberius' reign Valerius took to reading Latin and Greek history and collecting anecdotes for an anthology of Roman life. Dedicated to Tiberius and published in the wake of Sejanus' trial and execution, thus late in 31 c.e., Valerius' work has come down to us as the Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium Libri Nouem (Of Noteworthy Deeds and Sayings Nine Books) in Codex Laurentianus and Codex Bernensis, both of the ninth century. In addition there are 5th-cent. epitomes by Julius Paris and Januarius Nepotianus found in Codex Vaticanus Paridis, no. 4929 (10th cent.) and Codex Vaticanus Nepotiani, no. 1321 (14th cent.)
The anthology's nine books collect over one thousand anecdotes, two thirds of which (636) are Roman, the remainder foreign. Of ancient writers Pliny the Elder, Plutarch, Frontinus, Lactantius, and Priscian used the Factorum as a source....
(The entire section is 3740 words.)
SOURCE: Hodgson, Jr., Robert. "Valerius Maximus and the Social World of the New Testament." Catholic Biblical Quarterly 51, no. 4 (October 1989): 683-93.
[In the following essay, Hodgson focuses on Valerius's depiction of Tiberius and representation of Roman religion in the early Christian era in the Memorable Doings and Sayings.]
Valerius Maximus, a historian and anthologist who wrote under Tiberius, is a significant source of information for reconstructing the social world of early Christianity. This article presents a few passages from Valerius' Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium Libri Nouem (Of Noteworthy Deeds and Sayings Nine Books)1 and briefly indicates their value for studying two aspects of the social history of imperial Rome. The first is the issue of emperor worship under Tiberius. The second is Roman religion under the same emperor.2
Valerius dedicated his book of historical and moralizing anecdotes to Tiberius with the following panegyric:3
Thus, I invoke you, O Caesar, with this book; you in whose hands the common counsel of humans and gods has deigned to place over sea and land the governance; you who are the savior surest of the fatherland; you by whose divine foresight the virtues of which I shall shortly...
(The entire section is 5088 words.)
SOURCE: Bellemore, Jane. "When Did Valerius Maximus Write the Dicta et Facta Memorabilia?" Antichthon 23 (1989): 67-80.
[In the following essay, Bellemore presents internal and external evidence to suggest that Valerius's Memorable Doings and Sayings was written near the beginning of Tiberius's reign, circa 14 to 16 a.d., rather than at its end.]
There can be no doubt that Valerius Maximus completed the Dicta et Facta Memorabilia during the reign of Tiberius (a.d. 14-37), although he refers to this emperor only in general terms, as 'Caesar', for example, in the preface to the work or, more usually, as princeps. Despite the fact that Tiberius is not named as such, there are references that note his status as ruler of Rome. First, it is made clear by Valerius that Augustus is dead,1 and, in addition, there are two specific exempla that show that Tiberius is the current princeps.
In exemplum 2.9.6, there is an implicit reference to Tiberius. Valerius mockingly reproaches two leading generals of the Hannibalic wars, Claudius Nero and Livius Salinator, for their infamous and long-abiding inimicitia. He claims that these two men would have laid aside their mutual hostility if they had known that their common descendant would become the princeps.
Quibus viris si quis...
(The entire section is 7033 words.)
SOURCE: Bloomer, W. Martin. "Audience and Design." In Valerius Maximus and the Rhetoric of the New Nobility, pp. 11-58. Chapel Hill, N. C.: The University of North Carolina Press, 1992.
[In the following excerpt, Bloomer concentrates on the intended audience for and the structural design of Memorable Doings and Sayings, arguing that Valerius's reasons for composing the work were not antiquarian or historical, but rather were motivated by his desire to reinterpret and "de-historicize" existing material.]
From what Valerius tells his reader Memorable Deeds and Sayings is a time-saving, smooth, and seamless collection. In his proem and the prooemia to the various chapters Valerius is concerned to ease transition so as to maintain his reader's interest, to ensure that the reader keeps reading. Assiduous and self-conscious transitions mark, of course, the difficulty of joining two sections and, at the same time, draw attention to the person and skill of the joiner. Valerius' notices of his work's organization attempt to make whole and connected what is disparate. In part this is inevitable for one whose program is to assert the connection of the present with the past. The difference of the past must be downplayed for a number of reasons: to have events in the past serve as models of conduct; to have the emperors as supporters and continuators of the Republic. The design of this...
(The entire section is 10693 words.)
SOURCE: Skidmore, Clive. "Valerius's Moral Purpose." In Practical Ethics for Roman Gentlemen: The Work of Valerius Maximus, pp. 53-82. Exeter, England: University of Exeter Press, 1996.
[In the following essay, Skidmore emphasizes the moral-didactic orientation of Valerius's Memorable Doings and Sayings, viewing its central purpose as the depiction of "traditional standards of morality" from a bygone era.]
[T]he true purpose of Valerius's work has been obscured by the gratuitous assumption that it was merely a handbook for rhetoricians and declaimers. That can be seen very clearly in Bloomer's monograph. The author is well aware that Valerius's examples from the past 'serve as models of conduct', that they are 'types of morality or immorality', that his chapters 'are taken as the various departments of human life', and that he does 'advance a certain program of what is valuable and paradigmatic from the past'. In his conclusion, Bloomer refers to Valerius's 'pursuit of praise and blame from a traditional set of characters', and draws a persuasive parallel with the statues of the great men of the past in Augustus's forum (1992, pp. 11, 17, 55, 150, 257, 258). And yet he continues:
Valerius' seamless history is similarly manipulative, though his rhetoric calls attention to its rhetorician in ways so insistent as to be transparent. The...
(The entire section is 11811 words.)
SOURCE: Wardle, D. "'The Sainted Julius': Valerius Maximus and the Dictator." Classical Philology 92, no. 4 (October 1997): 323-45.
[In the following essay, Wardle explores Valerius's positive evocations of Julius Caesar in the Memorable Doings and Sayings, including his affirmation of the emperor's bravery and divinity and his generalized support for imperial rule.]
The career of the man who brought to an end Republican government for the Romans and who was at the same time the founder of the first imperial dynasty, Julius Caesar, posed particular problems for writers in the principates of Augustus and Tiberius.1 Geraldine Herbert-Brown in her study of Ovid's presentation of Julius Caesar in the Fasti returns in general to the position of Syme, that after the battle of Actium Augustus restricted the profile enjoyed by Caesar, but also makes the notable suggestion that the memory of Caesar flourished, or perhaps revived, during the first decade a.d. when Rome was beset by internal difficulties and external defeats, and that Augustus may have been contrasted adversely with his late father.2 For Herbert-Brown Ovid took a line far closer to Augustus' own, mentioning Caesar only to enhance by comparison the rule of Augustus. Whatever position we take, Ovid's treatment of Caesar in the Metamorphoses and above all the Fasti can offer illuminating comparisons...
(The entire section is 12223 words.)
SOURCE: Wardle, D. Introduction to Valerius Maximus: Memorable Deeds and Sayings, Book I, translated by D. Wardle, pp. 1-25. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
[In the following excerpted introduction to his translation of the Memorable Doings and Sayings, Wardle considers the composition date, content, structure, sources, and textual history of the collection.]
There is very meagre material for a biography of Valerius Maximus; all of it is internal: he tells us that he witnessed the suicide of an old woman in the town of Iulis on the island of Ceos while he was journeying to Asia in the company of Sex. Pompeius.1 Pompeius is usually identified with the consul of ad 14, who was proconsul of Asia in the mid-20s ad, but the casual way he is mentioned would make V. seem a very ungrateful client;2 Pompeius may thus become a humble unknown and any date for the episode be lost. A more allusive mention of 'our rather small wealth' (parvulos census nostros) has suggested a man of limited financial means, but it may well be no more than a human generalization.3 Certainly, though, he addresses the emperor Tiberius with abject humility.4 Possible connections with the patrician Valerii have been surveyed, since V. bears their grandiose cognomen Maximus, but no more than conjecture is possible.5 That he...
(The entire section is 7990 words.)
SOURCE: Wardle, D. "Valerius Maximus on the Domus Augusta, Augustus, and Tiberius." Classical Quarterly 50, no. 2 (2000): 479-93.
[In the following essay, Wardle stresses the conventional political orientation of Valerius's Memorable Doings and Sayings in its praise for the Roman imperial family.]
Valerius Maximus' Facta et dicta memorabilia provide an opportunity of seeing how an undistinguished talent responded to the demise of the republic and the establishment of an imperial system. Fergus Millar has argued that we should view Valerius as a contemporary of Ovid, that is as an author influenced by the last years of Augustus and writing in the early years of Tiberius' reign,1 but the internal evidence of Facta et dicta memorabilia better fits publication in the early 30s a.d. in the aftermath of Sejanus' unsuccessful conspiracy.2 Although this does distance Valerius further from the key years of transition, he is not remote—and because of the relative paucity of prose authors of the period his presentation of the domus Augusta and of Augustus and Tiberius repays attention.
Under some ninety chapter headings illustrating for the most part virtues and vices Valerius presents around 1,000 exempla. Excluding those cases where Caesar or Augustus provide a chronological reference only, members of the imperial family...
(The entire section is 9380 words.)
SOURCE: Bailey, D. R. Shackleton. Introduction to Valerius Maximus: Memorable Doings and Sayings, translated by D. R. Shackleton Bailey, pp. 1-7. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000.
[In the following introduction to his English translation of the Memorable Doings and Sayings, Bailey encapsulates scant facts from Valerius's life and comments on the composition of this collection, noting its moral purpose and modern textual history.]
Nothing is known of Valerius Maximus except what can be gathered from his work. His name survives in early manuscripts and epitomists, but without praenomen. The nomen and cognomen are both common and found combined in the great patrician gens Valeria down to the later third century b.c., when Maximus was replaced by Messalla, and again occasionally under the Empire, but this author has no better claim to aristocratic ancestry than Lucretius. A reference in 5.5. praef. to imagines (family masks) belongs to an imaginary figure, not the author himself.
Addressing the Emperor Tiberius (a.d. 14-37) in his dedicatory preface Valerius refers to himself as mea parvitas ("my petty self"), and in 4.4.11 he has parvulos census nostros ("our petty fortunes"), indicative of modest station and means. But his writing shows him to be steeped in the art of rhetoric and eager to show off his literary talent. Perhaps then a...
(The entire section is 1698 words.)
Further Reading
Badian, E. "Two Roman Non-Entities." Classical Quarterly 63 (1969): 198-204.
Comments on Valerius's misrepresentation of a speech by the expelled Roman senator Duronius in his Memorable Doings and Sayings.
Carney, T. F. "The Picture of Marius in Valerius Maximus." Rheinisches Museum 105 (1962): 289-337.
Probes Valerius's depiction of the Roman consul Marius in some ninety-three passages of the Memorable Doings and Sayings, arguing that this representation is marred by contradiction and inconsistency.
Fowler, D. P. "Notes on Pighius and Valerius Maximus." Classical Quarterly 38 n.s., no. 1 (1988): 262-64.
Examines textual issues related to proper translation of Valerius's invocation to Tiberius in the preface to his Memorable Doings and Sayings.
Kohl, Benjamin G. "Valerius Maximus in the Fourteenth Century: The Commentary of Giovanni Conversini da Ravenna." In Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Hafniensis: Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Neo-Latin Studies, edited by Rhoda Schnur, pp. 537-546. Binghamton, N.Y.: Medieval and Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1994.
Remarks on a nonextant mid- to late-fourteenth-century explication of the Memorable Doings and Sayings by the Italian scholar Giovanni Conversini...
(The entire section is 418 words.)
Source: Classical and Medieval Literature Criticism, ©2004 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.


text:
Please enter your travel dates.
Standard Room, 1 Single Bed
Standard Double or Twin Room
Standard Double or Twin Room
Triple Room
Hotel with a bar/lounge, in Villafranca di Verona (Dossobuono)
This hotel is located in Villafranca di Verona (Dossobuono), near the airport, Equestrian Sporting Club Paradiso, and Museo Nicolis. Area attractions also include Arena di Verona and Stadio Marcantonio Bentegodi.
Hotel Features
A complimentary buffet breakfast is available. Hotel Gattopardo also features a bar/lounge, complimentary wireless Internet access, and an Internet point.
Room Amenities
LCD televisions come with satellite channels. Guestrooms also feature complimentary wireless Internet access, air conditioning, and climate control.
Hotel Amenities
- General
A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. Guests can enjoy a complimentary breakfast each morning. An Internet point is located on site and high-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary.
This Villafranca di Verona hotel also offers multilingual staff, room service (during limited hours), and a safe deposit box at the front desk. For a surcharge, the property provides a roundtrip airport shuttle (available on request), an area shuttle, and a train station pick-up service. Onsite parking is complimentary. A total renovation of this property was completed in April 2011.
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Air-conditioned public areas
- Airport transportation (surcharge)
- Total number of rooms - 33
- Number of floors - 2
- Bar/lounge
- Free breakfast
- Free Wi-Fi
- Internet point
- Luggage storage
- Multilingual staff
- Free parking
- Room service (limited hours)
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Area shuttle (surcharge)
- Train station pickup (surcharge)
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Internet
Available in all rooms: Free Wi-Fi
Available in some public areas: Free Wi-Fi
- Parking
Free parking
- Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Direct-dial phone
- Phone
- Pay movies
- Hair dryer
- Desk
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Satellite TV service
- Free Wi-Fi
- Climate control
- In-room safe
- First-run movies
- Dining
A complimentary buffet breakfast is available each morning in the breakfast area between 7 AM and 10 AM.
Room service (during limited hours) is available.
Policies & Fees
- Check-in
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Check-in time ends at 11 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 999.99, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.
- Check-out
Check-out time is 11 AM
- Payment types
Accepted at this hotel: American Express, Diners Club, JCB International, MasterCard, Visa
- Pets
Pets allowed, Pet policy - dogs only
- General
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Caters to groups
- Additional Details
Children 3 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.


text:
Escape™ E850B
Seats: 6
Dimensions: 93" x 93" x 39 ½"
Water Capacity: 450 gallons
- Escape E850B
- Rating:
- Reviewed by:
8' Bench Spa with 50 Jets
Embrace the Home Resort lifestyle with the spacious E850B hot tub. This 8-foot hot tub features six comfortable bench seats for you and your guests, making this spa ideal for hot tub parties. Everyone will enjoy the 50 spa jets as they deliver a vigorous water massage to key stress areas, especially since each seat features unique jet configurations. The relaxing spa pillows gently cradles your head while the cascading waterfall transports you a relaxing tropical getaway. Best of all, your hot tub water stays crystal clear with the eco-friendly Pure Silk™ Ozonator, which purifies your water with natural ozone for silky water every time. Rekindle the enjoyment of coming home with the E850B hot tub today!
Interested in Pricing Information?