text:
3— Mudejar Officialdom and Economic Life
1. For example, ARV: C 137: 244v (9 January 1495)—"contra lo dit loch e o universitat aljama e singulars moros vehins"; or ARV: C 138: 24v (26 January 1496)—"contra universitatem et aljamam sarracenorum loci de Chiva." [BACK]
2. See the comments of Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 103-106; and concerning the limitations on aljama autonomy in fiscal and judicial affairs, see chap. 4 and chap. 5, respectively. [BACK]
3. ACA: C 3545: 17v-20v (18 July 1479) and C 3522: 65v-66r (11 October 1479) concern the appointment of the qadi * and scribe of Tortosa by the qadi general. See chap. 5 on the qadi general's judicial functions. [BACK]
4. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 47-48. [BACK]
5. See n. 3. [BACK]
6. Barceló Torres, "Morería de Valencia," pp. 58-59, 68-69; ARV: C 131: 61v-62r (18 April 1483): an appeal of the qadi general's decision is given to Ali Cunes, the lieutenant qadi , for consideration. [BACK]
7. ARV: B 1157: 696r (1484). [BACK]
8. ARV: C 423: 97v-98r and ARV: B 1157: 307r-v (both dated 22 December 1481). [BACK]
9. Regarding the qadi general's role in determining the Crown's share of Muslim inheritances, see chap. 4, and as arbiter between feuding families, chap. 6. [BACK]
10. The registers ARV: MR 93-110 record the bailiff general's payment of a
salary to the qadi * general. ARV: B 1157: 637v-639r (25 May 1484)—the qadi general is paid for having received the confession of a Muslim criminal; ARV: B 1222: II 54r (24 May 1497)—Azmet Chiqala owes 42s to the qadi general "de salari de la judicatura de la herencia de sa muller." [BACK]
11. ACA: C 3545: 17v-20v; and ACA: C 3635: 34v-35r (15 October 1479). [BACK]
12. ARV: B 1157: 696r-698v (1484); and B 1157: 724v-726r (30 August 1484) is a confirmation of Ali's appointment. [BACK]
13. ARV: B 1433: 160r (2 October 1501)—Ali Bellvis appears as qadi ; Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 61-62; and Boswell, Royal Treasure , p. 48, concerning the Bellvis family in the fourteenth century. [BACK]
14. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 77-79. The registers ARV: MR 3052-3062 record the payment of a salary to the qadi of Játiva; see chap. 5 for the various juridical activities of the qadi . [BACK]
15. See Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , pp. 231-233, for the thirteenth century; and for the fifteenth century, Augustín Nieto Fernández, "La morería de Orihuela en el siglo XV," in Primer Congreso de Historia del País Valenciano (Valencia, 1980), 2: 765; Gual Camarena, "Aportaciones," p. 176, for the new aljama of Monforte (1459); and ACA: C 3650: 255v-259r (19 February 1496), concerning the new aljama of Alcoy (created in 1468). See Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 79-87, for fourteenth-century abuses. [BACK]
16. ARV: C 310: 26v-28r (January 1496). [BACK]
17. The royal orders creating aljamas in Monforte and Alcoy (see. n. 15) give the bailiff general "beyond the Jijona River" and the local bailiff, respectively, the prerogative of appointing the local qadi . The aljama of Borja (Aragon) seems to have been the one exception in that it could elect its qadi —ACA: C 3656: 174v-175v (20 April 1505). [BACK]
18. This may be inferred from the fact that when Fernando created the aljama of Castellón he did not provide for the appointment of a qadi —ARV: C 304: 88v-90r (19 July 1480). [BACK]
19. Vicente Pons Alós, El Fondo Crespí de Valldaura en el Archivo Condal de Orgaz (1249-1548) (Valencia, 1982), pp. 219-221, 226, document nos. 281, 284, 288, and 305. [BACK]
20. ARV: C 423: 86r-87v (14 March 1481), C 424: 8r-10r (7 April 1485), and 84r-85r (30 July 1494) are all appointments of the sub- qadi s * of Játiva. [BACK]
21. Aureum opus , 81r. [BACK]
22. ARV: C 139: 95v-97r (9 July 1495)—Elda; ARV: B 1158: 159v-164r (23 January 1486)—Gandía; ARV: B 1431: 384r (14 June 1493)—Alcocer; ARV: C 129: 98v-99v (6 July 1481)—Apse; and ARV: B 1431: 384v (29 October 1492)—Paterna. [BACK]
23. On the faqih s * , see chaps. 5 and 6. [BACK]
24. ACA: C 3568: 40v-42r (15 April 1493). [BACK]
25. ARV: B 1158: 413v-414v (9 May 1493) notes that the salary of the faqih of Castellón de la Plana derives from the rents of the properties of the local mosque; see also chap. 6. [BACK]
26. Macho y Ortega, "Mudéjares aragoneses," does not ascribe any importance to the faqih s; however, from his appendix of documents—for example, document no. 68, p. 285—it is apparent that many Aragonese aljamas in fact
had faqih s * . On the scholarly connections between Valencian Mudejars and Almería and Tunis, see chap. 6 and table 19. [BACK]
27. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 88-89, corrects the views of Francisco A. Roca Traver, "Un siglo de vida mudéjar en la Valencia medieval (1238-1338)," Estudios de Edad Media de la Corona de Aragón V (1952): 13-14, and Macho y Ortega, "Mudéjares aragoneses," pp. 155-157, who were led to believe that the amin * was the real power in the aljama. [BACK]
28. For example, the appointment of Çahat Paziar as amin of Alcira, ARV: C 309: 171r-172v (11 September 1493). [BACK]
29. Some examples are ARV: C 134: 141r-v (11 April 1488)—the amin of Bétera leaves the seigneury and takes the account books with him; and ARV: C 158: 32r-33r (5 July 1502)—the amin s of Albaida are involved in rent collection. [BACK]
30. Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 221-376, for the Arabic documentation; ARV: B 1156: 804r (1 July 1480)—the bailiff general contacts the amin of the Foya de Buñol regarding a new royal vassal who wishes to settle accounts; ARV: C 154: 132r-v (13 June 1498)—the amin of Chova is involved in settling accounts with a former vassal; and ARV: C 140: 80r-v (28 September 1499)—action is to be taken against the amin s and elders of the aljamas of Segorbe and the Vall de Almonezir regarding pensions owed by them. [BACK]
31. ARV: C 304: 74r-75v (6 July 1480)—appointment of the amin of Alcira; ARV: C 309: 300r-301r (9 January 1496)—appointment of the amin of Játiva; ARV: C 304: 88v-90r (19 July 1480)—the aljama of Castellón de Játiva may elect its amin ; and ACA: C 3650: 255v-259r—the aljama of Alcoy may elect its amin . [BACK]
32. The amin s of Alcira were appointed for life, while those of Castellón de la Plana rarely served for more than a year at a time. The aljama of Valencia was unusual is not having an amin , for the post had been abolished in 1337 by royal decree; see Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 88-89. [BACK]
33. ARV: C 151: 41r-v (22 September 1496). [BACK]
34. ARV: C 129: 119r-v (2 August 1481); and ARV: C 148: 142v-143v (25 January 1493)—the amin and adelantats of Matet resist execution on aljama property. [BACK]
35. ARV: C 134: 141r-v (11 April 1488). [BACK]
36. ARV: C 130: 15r-16r (9 June 1481). [BACK]
37. At least this was the case in the aljama of Castellón de la Plana; see further discussion of the struggle for aljama office in Castellón in this chapter and in chap. 6. [BACK]
38. ARV: C 304: 88v-90r—"juratos sive rectores et administratores et alios officiales ad regimen dicte aljame necessarios." [BACK]
39. ARV: B 1158: 413v-414v—the aljama of Castellón de la Plana has two adelantats , as does that of Valencia (Barceló Torres, "Morería de Valencia," p. 58). ACA: C 3665: 18v-20r (23 November 1486)—Fernando confirms the privilege of the aljama of Játiva to elect its four adelantats . [BACK]
40. Barceló Torres, "Morería de Valencia," p. 58; and ARV: B 1158: 413v-414v. [BACK]
41. ACA: C 3567: 98r (20 April 1494)—election via insaculación in the aljama of Zaragoza; and ACA: C 3571: 204r (12 February 1496)—the same for
the aljama of Huesca. However, the aljama of Zaragoza was forced to complain when the archbishop insisted on placing in the sacks the names of candidates who were not residents of the morería —ACA: C 3571: 162v-163r (18 August 1494). [BACK]
42. See chap. 1 n. 131. The aljama of Tortosa also complained about the local alcayd (Christian official) hindering its elections—ACA: C 3521: 51r-v (13 September 1479). [BACK]
43. Some examples are ARV: C 141: 122v-123r (31 January 1500)—the adelantats of the aljama of Valencia lease the carnicería to a Christian butcher; ARV: C 148: 132v-134r (11 January 1493)—Muslim jurates represent Benaguacil in a litigation; and for the importance of community defense on seigneurial lands, see chap. 6. [BACK]
44. ARV: B 1158: 159v-164r (23 January 1486)—the qadi * , amin * , and adelantats of the aljama of Gandía swear fealty to their new lord; ARV: B 1160: 477r (8 June 1492)—the qadi * , sub- qadi * , and adelantats of the aljama of Játiva recognize the newly appointed bailiff; and ARV: C 130: 15r-16r (9 June 1481)—the amin and adelantats of Gaibiel are seen as responsible for the departure of Muslim vassals from the seigneury. [BACK]
45. See chap. 6 for a discussion of violent conflict in the aljama of Castellón de la Plana over the posts of adelantat . [BACK]
46. Boswell, Royal Treasure , p. 73. [BACK]
47. ACA: C 3571: 204r (12 February 1496)—Fernando commands that the aljama of Huesca should not force Junez Burro to hold office if elected. On the financial difficulties of Aragonese aljamas, see chap. 4. [BACK]
48. Barceló Torres, "Morería de Valencia," p. 58; and ARV: B 1158: 413v-414v concerning the councillors of the aljama of Castellón de la Plana. See Macho y Ortega, "Mudéjares aragoneses," pp. 159-160, regarding the function of aljama councillors in Aragon. [BACK]
49. ARV: C 140: 159v-160r (11 April 1500); and ARV: C 139: 174r-175r (9 January 1496). [BACK]
50. Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , pp. 235-236; Gual Camarena, "Aportaciones," p. 177; and Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 87-88. ARV: B 1160: 851v-853v (2 June 1494)—the appointment of the çalmedina of the aljama of Játiva, which unfortunately reveals little about his function. [BACK]
51. ARV: B 1157: 556r-557r (6 February 1484). [BACK]
52. ARV: C 306: 126v-128v (22 December 1484) and ARV: B 1157: 556r-557r for Játiva; and Barceló Torres, "Morería de Valencia," pp. 58-59. Macho y Ortega, "Mudéjares aragoneses," p. 160, for the clavari in Aragonese aljamas. [BACK]
53. Barceló Torres, Minorías , 55. [BACK]
54. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 43-49, 104; and Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 57. [BACK]
55. Hinojosa Montalvo, "Ralaciones," p. 114, on the Bellvis' commercial activities in the early fifteenth century; Guiral-Hadziiossif, Valence , p. 344; and on Bellvis commerce during Fernando's reign, see discussion of Mudejar commercial activity in this chapter. [BACK]
56. ARV: B 1433: 160r (2 October 1501)—Çahat Bellvis is one of the ade -
lantats , while Ali Bellvis is qadi * . [BACK]
57. ARV: B 1159: 248r (1 October 1489). [BACK]
58. ARV: C 707: 815r-817r (17 April 1480). [BACK]
59. See chap. 1 n. 74, where members of the faqih 's * family move from Almería and resettle in Valencia. [BACK]
60. ARV: MR 99: 174r (1489). [BACK]
61. ARV: B 1159: 248r [BACK]
62. ARV: C 131: 61v-62r (18 April 1483); ARV: C 310: 26v-28r (9 January 1496); and ARV: MR 3052-3062. [BACK]
63. ARV: C 424: 8r-10r (7 April 1485). [BACK]
64. ARV: C 424: 8r-10r and 84r-85r (30 July 1494). [BACK]
65. ARV: C 424: 8r-10r. [BACK]
66. ARV: MR 3052: 6r (1478); and MR 3053: 6v (1490). Axer also rented the debea (pasture ?) in 1490 for 200s—MR 3053: 6r. [BACK]
67. ARV: C 423: 86r-87r (14 March 1481). [BACK]
68. ARV: C 131: 61v-62r. Also, ARV: B 1157: 636r-637v (26 May 1484)—Yuçeff Alçamba and Çahat travel together to the southern part of the kingdom for "affairs." [BACK]
69. ARV: C 310: 26v-28r; and ARV: C 707: 848r-v (11 May 1480) for Çahat's commerce with Almería. [BACK]
70. ARV: B 1160: 477r (8 June 1492). [BACK]
71. ARV: B 1158: 60v-61r (29 July 1485). [BACK]
72. ARV: MR 3053-3062 (1490-1502); and see chap. 4, table 11 for lessees of the soap factory ( çabonería ). [BACK]
73. ARV: MR 3055: 5r (1495). [BACK]
74. ARV: MR 3056-3062 (1496-1502); and see chap. 4, table 11 for the lessees of the ovens and the butcher shop. Another Játiva family that combined civil service with investment in Crown utilities were the Tagaris. In 1490 Mahomat was the aljama's çalmedina , in which office his relative Abdalla followed him in 1494-1495 and in 1498-1502 (ARV: MR 3053-3062). Mahomat, who as çalmedina had supervised the morería 's market, went on to lease the market in 1495-1498 for rents as high as 2,000s (ARV: MR 3055-3058). Abdalla, although lacking the financial wherewithal of Mahomat, had enough money to rent the morería 's baths in 1500 and 1501 for 920s and 800s (ARV: MR 3060-3061). See also chap. 4, tables 8, 9, and 11. [BACK]
75. ARV: C 304: 74r-75r (6 July 1480); ARV: C 309: 171r-172v (11 September 1493). [BACK]
76. Halperin Donghi, Conflicto , pp. 86-87. [BACK]
77. ARV: MR 942-959 (1479-1502); and chap. 4, table 5. [BACK]
78. ARV: B 1156: 595v-596r (18 September 1479). [BACK]
79. For example, ARV: MR 945: 16r (1489)—Çahat farms the tithes of the districts of Alquerencia and St. Bernat for 2880s and 1820s, respectively. [BACK]
80. ARV: C 309: 171r-172v. [BACK]
81. ARV: B 1160: 244v-245r (17 June 1491). [BACK]
82. ARV: MR 958: 1v (1501); and MR 959: Iv (1502). [BACK]
83. The amin s * of Castellón's aljama were Ubequer Faraig (1483, 1493, 1495), Yuçeff Bocayo (1489), Yuçeff Polina (1492, 1496), Juçeff Calio (1482), and his
son (?) Jabar (1497), Eça Mascor (1499), Fando (1500), Çahat Bendariff (1501), and Ozmen Rubeyt (1502, 1503)—ARV: MR 2469-2490. [BACK]
84. Thomas F. Glick, Irrigation and Society in Medieval Valencia (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), pp. 61-64; and ARV: B 1159: 48r (19 May 1488) concerns Azmet Bocayo, traginer (carter). [BACK]
85. ARV: MR 2478: 6r (1490)—Sat Bocayo purchases four fanecates from Pere Moncet; MR 2479: 4r (1491)—6s are paid by Sat for rent on six fanecates of land, four of which ''solia esser vinya"; and MR 2483: 7r (1495)—10s lluisme is collected from Azmet Bocayo for the sale of land to another Muslim for 100s. [BACK]
86. See chap. 6 for a discussion of the Bocayos' political role in Castellón. [BACK]
87. Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 61-62; and Halperin Donghi, Conflicto , p. 89. [BACK]
88. Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 57. [BACK]
89. ARV: B 1431: 542v-550v (5 November 1493)—especially the testimonies of Abraym Alfat, the amin * of Alberique (544r-546r); Mahomat Lopo of La Foyeta (546v-548r); Mahomat ben Lup of Alberique (548v-549r); and Azmet Toraybi of Resalany (549r-550r). [BACK]
90. ARV: G (Gobernación) 2396: 269r-v, 284r-285r (24 April 1493). [BACK]
91. ARV: B 1431: 278v-280r (6 February 1493)—the testimonies of Alfaqui Alasdrach of Buñol and Ali Alcayet of Chiva. [BACK]
92. ARV: C 138: 72v-73v (1 December 1496)—Areñol; ARV: C 140: 82v-83v (13 September 1499)—Bechf; and ARV: B 325: 58r-v (26 January 1495). Other examples are ARV: C 154: 66r-67r (7 February 1498), regarding a Mudejar arrendador of the rents of the Vall de Alcalá and the Vall de Gallinera; and ARV: C 156: 85r-86r (17 November 1501), concerning Ali Çequien, "arrendador dels drets e rendes pertanyents al receptor del antich patrimoni [i.e., Benaguacil, Paterna, and La Pobla]." [BACK]
93. Thomas F. Glick, "The Ethnic Systems of Premodern Spain," Comparative Studies in Sociology 1 (1978): 157-171, views the system of ethnic stratification in late medieval Aragon as a paternalistic one, in which a horizontal bar between the higher ethnic group, the Christians, and the lower ethnic group, the Muslims, precludes the upward social mobility of the latter. Also, see Boswell's qualifications of Glick's conclusions in Royal Treasure , pp. 22-23. [BACK]
94. See chap. 6 for a detailed treatment of Mudejar social structures and feuding. [BACK]
95. Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , pp. 401-413, regarding the elite of wealth and the coordinating elite of religious erudites in Almohad and postconquest Valencia; and Ira M. Lapidus, Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages , (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 130-142, on the role of the c ulama * '. [BACK]
96. That the newly converted Muslims fled from the urban areas is indicated in Tomas V. Peris Albentosa, "La estructura de la propiedad agricola en la morería de Alzira (1508-1579), " Quëstions Valencianes 1 (1979): 54-55; and Garcia Càrcel and Císcar Pallarés, Moriscos , p. 37, regarding Játiva. See Halperin Donghi, Conflicto , pp. 15-45 and 79-95, for sixteenth-century economic conditions, and pp. 58-69, for relations between Moriscos and their lords; also Eugenio Císcar Pallarés, Tierra y señorio en el País Valenciano (1570-1620) (Valencia, 1977), pp. 88-134, regarding the response of the seigneurs to their
worsening financial situation; and James Casey, The Kingdom of Valencia in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, 1979), p. 33, for the importance of Morisco muleteers. Although Furió and Garcia, "Dificultats agràries," pp. 300-303, see great difficulties burdening Valencian farmers in the late fifteenth century, I would nonetheless argue that the economic position of the Mudejars in the fifteenth century was better than that of the Moriscos in the sixteenth century, and that some Mudejars formed part of the "capa de grans emfiteutes enriquits" and "llauradors benestants" they describe. [BACK]
97. ACA: C 3665: 20v-21r (December 1486). [BACK]
98. ACA: C 3610: 191v (7 May 1493). [BACK]
99. ARV: C 156: 111r-112r (15 December 1501). [BACK]
100. For example, ARV: B 1159: 99r-v (5 July 1488); and ARV: C 137: 144r-145v (2 August 1494). [BACK]
101. Registers ARV: B 1156-1162. ARV: B 1160: 249v-250v (24 June 1491)—Abrahim Alahuy, a shoemaker, complains when his maidservant Fotayma runs off with another Muslim. [BACK]
102. See chaps. 5 and 6 for more details on Muslim prostitutes. [BACK]
103. See ARV: MR 89-110, for the licenses issued to Mudejar mendicants; and ARV: B 1431: 344r-375r (29 October 1492)—the case of Abdalla Alfaqui, in which Muslim witnesses discuss begging "per amor de Deu." [BACK]
104. See chap. 5 for the judicial enslavement of Mudejars. [BACK]
105. ARV: B 1162: 331v, 333r (1 August 1502), and 349r (15 October 1502). [BACK]
106. Robert I. Burns, "Muslim-Christian Conflict and Contact: Mudejar Methodology," in Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Crusader Kingdom of Valencia: Societies in Symbiosis (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 39-49. [BACK]
107. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 41-42. [BACK]
108. Antoni Furió, Camperols del País Valencià: Sueca, una comunitat rural a la tardor de l'Edat Mitjana (Valencia, 1982), pp. 106-119; and Císcar Pallarés, Tierra y señorio , pp. 76-77. [BACK]
109. For example, ARV: MR 959: 6r (1502). The Crown collects 8s for lluisme from Pere Soriano, who sold a "troç de terra ... tengut sots directa senyoria del Senyor Rey" to Mahomat Nuçayre for 80s. [BACK]
110. ARV: B 1161: 101v-102r (4 August 1495). [BACK]
111. Peris Albentosa. "Propiedad agricola," pp. 89-91. [BACK]
112. ARV: B 1162: 365v (14 November 1502). [BACK]
113. For example, ARV: B 1161: 92r-v (1 July 1495). [BACK]
114. Peris Albentosa, "Propiedad agricola," pp. 76-85; and Concepción Domingo Pérez, "La agricultura de Castellón de la Plana, 1468," Saitabi 27 (1977): 223-233. [BACK]
115. ARV: B 325: 10r-12v (9 April 1494). [BACK]
116. ARV: C 151: 74r-v (7 January 1497). Hamet Perromalo also leased one of the town's ovens for 115s-ARV: MR 4028: 1r-v (1496). [BACK]
117. For example, ARV: C 131: 61v-62r, where Azmet Xarica is the vassal of Ausias Rotla, a canon of Játiva. [BACK]
118. Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 81. Furió and Garcia, "Dificultats agràries," p. 297, point out the existence of a significant amount of allodial land in the districts of royal towns and cities. [BACK]
119. Peris Albentosa, "Propiedad agricola," pp. 91-92. [BACK]
120. ARV: B 1160: 443r-v (18 May 1492). [BACK]
121. See chap. 1 n. 35. [BACK]
122. ARV: G 2356: Manus 25: 33r (1480). [BACK]
123. ARV: G 2359: Manus 15: 33r-v (1481). [BACK]
124. Burns, "Mudejar methodology," p. 49; Glick, Irrigation , pp. 231-232; and Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 80-81. [BACK]
125. See nn. 110, 112. [BACK]
126. Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 262-263, document nos. 76-77, concerning the payment of the sequiatge ; and ACA: C 3650: 220v-221r (26 October 1493) for the irrigation communities near Orihuela. Maria Teresa Ferrer i Mallol, Les aljames sarraïnes de la governació d'Oriola (Barcelona, 1988), pp. 95-99, discusses Mudejar irrigation agriculture in the southern region of the kingdom. [BACK]
127. ARV: B 1156: 882v-883r (18 November 1480)—Játiva; and ARV: C 148: 131v-132v (9 January 1493)—Gandía. [BACK]
128. ARV: B 1161: 336r-v (7 December 1496). ACA: C 3655: 88r-v (13 October 1501) mentions Muslims with lands in Alcira's "orta del cent" in the context of irrigation matters. [BACK]
129. ARV: C 148: 167v-169r (24 April 1493)—Torres; Torres; and ARV: B 1157: 734v-735r (13 October 1484)—Alcocer. [BACK]
130. ARV: C 148: 213v (4 September 1493). [BACK]
131. ARV: G 2356: Manus 26: 46r-v (13 September 1480). Other examples of seigneurial lands where irrigation agriculture was practiced are ARV: C 148: 190r-191r (9 July 1493)—Benaguacil, Pedralba, Ribarroja; ARV: C 135: 183v-184v (29 March 1490)—Alberique and Alcocer; ARV: C 310: 149r-150r (17 October 1497)—Callosa; and ARV: B 325: 495r-496r (16 May 1501)—Valldigna. [BACK]
132. Glick, Irrigation , pp. 26-27. [BACK]
133. Furió, Camperols , pp. 74-83; Peris Albentosa, "Propiedad agricola," pp. 76-85; Domingo Pérez, "Agricultura," pp. 226-231; and Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 83-84. See also my doctoral dissertation, "Between Convivencia and Crusade," pp. 266-268, for a table listing crops raised by Mudejars on royal and seigneurial lands. [BACK]
134. Peris Albentosa, "Propiedad agricola," pp. 58-75. [BACK]
135. ARV: C 139: 193v-194v (4 February 1496), and ARV: C 151: 75r-v (7 January 1497)—Corbera; ARV: B 1159: 3r (March 1488)—Alberique; and ARV: B 1158: 75v-76v (2 September 1485)—Turís. [BACK]
136. See table 2, this chapter. [BACK]
137. See chap. 1 for a discussion of the difficulties caused by the seigneurs in this regard. [BACK]
138. Some examples are ARV: C 317: 26v (13 November 1492), concerning Muslim vassals of Jérica with "heretats" in Fuentes; and ARV: B 1161: 578v-579r (18 February 1499)—a Muslim vassal of Castellón de la Plana with land in Mascarell "seria anat a la dita baronia per coltivar les terres que alli te com a terratinent ... pagant los drets que com a terratinents se deven pagar." [BACK]
139. ARV: C 317: 26v—"peyta"; and ARV: B 1156: 806r-807r (7 July
1480)—"delmes," i. e., tithes. [BACK]
140. ARV: C 306: 69r-70r (11 May 1484). [BACK]
141. ACA: C 3647: 98r-99r (21 July 1490). In what seems to have been a more unusual arrangement, Mudejar tenants in the district of the town of Segorbe paid murs e valls , as well as the peyta —ARV: G 2359: Manus 15: 25r-v (1481). [BACK]
142. Gual Camarena, "Aportaciones," pp. 181-199. [BACK]
143. ARV: G 2355: Manus 14: 15r-v (1480). [BACK]
144. ARV: B 1161: 336r-v (7 December 1496), and 435v-436r (8 August 1497). Other examples of purchases are ARV: B 1157: 344v-345v (27 November 1482); ARV: G 2351: Manus 11: 27r-v (21 May 1479); ARV G 2359: Manus 15: 33r-v (1481); ARV: G 2372: 446r-447v (1484). Antoni Furió, "El País Valencià de l'Edat Mitjana a la Modernitat (segles XIII-XVI)," in Història de l'Economia Valenciana (Valencia, 1983), p. 52, notes "l'aparició d'unes capes d'emfiteutes enriquits (a les terres de senyoriu) o de camperols lliures (a les terres i hortes reial), que basaren el creixement agricola dels camps explotats." [BACK]
145. For example, ARV: MR 943: 7v (1481). Ayet Naçayr and Mahomat Bençarco pay 12s and 6s, respectively, for the rent of "terra derrenclida." [BACK]
146. Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 84. [BACK]
147. See chap. 4 for a discussion of the finances of the seigneurs and their aljamas. [BACK]
148. See the discussion of Mudejar commercial activity in this chapter. Ferrer i Mallol, Les aljames , pp. 108-109, asserts that in the gubernatorial district of Oriheula during the fourteenth century Mudejar farmers were producing sufficient surplus to allow for the sale of produce in Alicante and in Castile. [BACK]
149. See n. 115. [BACK]
150. Císcar Pallarés, Tierra y señorio , p. 299; Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 83. [BACK]
151. ARV: C 310: 85r (8 July 1496)—"quosdam sarracenos arantes seu alias laborantes in quodam agro Abraham Juçefi." Furió and Garcia, "Dificultats agràries," pp. 301-302, note that many Christians worked as day laborers on the lands of wealthier farmers in order to supplement the produce from their own family parcels. [BACK]
152. García Cárcel, Germanías , p. 190. [BACK]
153. Ricardo García Cárcel, "La ganadería valenciana en el siglo XVI," Saitabi 27 (1977): 97-100; Glick, Irrigation , p. 26. [BACK]
154. García Cárcel, "Ganadería," pp. 80-97; but see Barceló Torres's correction of García's computations— Minorias , p. 78. [BACK]
155. ARV: G 2357: Manus 37 (2d): 32v-33r (27 May 1480). ACA: C 3649: 77v-78r (29 February 1492) mentions Muslims of Alcira taking their flocks up to the mountains. Also, see Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 80. [BACK]
156. ARV: C 151: 174v-175r (18 May 1497); and ARV: B 1156: 628v-629r (18 October 1479)—the complaint of a Christian of Alcira that local Muslims were grazing their livestock in his oak grove. [BACK]
157. ARV: G 2351: Manus 13: 4r-5r (4 June 1479); and ARV: B 1157: 30v (11 April 1481)—the lord of Chella complains when the peatger of Enguera collects the peatge from his Muslim vassals grazing their animals in the district of Enguera. [BACK]
158. ARV: C 131: 25v (23 December 1482); and C 134: 139r-140r (9 April 1488), regarding the same case. Other examples are ARV: C 151: 150v-151r (18 April 1497)—Muslims of Petrés owe 120 pounds to a Christian of Puzol for sheep purchased; and C 156: 146r-v (26 January 1502)—Muslims of Benifayó and Santa Coloma buy "bestiar" from a Christian of Salzadella. [BACK]
159. García Cárcel, "Ganadería," p. 96, concerning Mahomat Alazrach; ARV: B 1160: 361v-362r (5 December 1491) for Çahat Ageg; and B 1160: 780r-781r (4 December 1493) concerns a Muslim of Castellón de Játiva, formerly of Benimuslem, who owns at least 100 sheep. Çahat Tabernaxi of Mascarell—ARV: C 148: 169v-170r (18 May 1493)—and Mahomat Tuniçi of Mislata—ARV: B 1220: II 19v (23 October 1486)—purchased 300 and 100 head of sheep, respectively, each one probably augmenting his already sizable flock. ARV: B 1223: III 37r-40r (1502)—Muslims of Alcira buy 97 goats from a Christian of Teulada and subsequently sell some of the goats to other Muslims of Alcira. [BACK]
160. ARV: B 1431: 387v-388r (8 July 1493)—the testimony of Ali Barrazi. [BACK]
161. ARV: B 1431: 388r—Ali testifies that he sold some of Abrahim Xativi's goats. [BACK]
162. ARV: B 1432: 192v (27 October 1484)—Mahomat allegedly borrowed 33 pounds from the bailiff of Alcira in order to buy the sheep and goats from the Muslim of Cortes; 201r (15 April .1486)—Bernat Aymerich testifies that Mahomat bought sheep from Vizcaya when he was alcayt of Masalaves; and 203r-v (18 April)—the testimony of Bernat Cathala. ARV: C 151: 174v-175r (18 May 1497)—a Muslim of Albatera sells sheep to a Muslim of Callosa and a Christian of Orihuela. [BACK]
163. ARV: B 323: 410r (30 September 1480)—Alasquer, and 411r (same date)—Masalalí; other instances involve Muslims from Paterna (B 323: 365v [22 June 1480]), Ribarroja (B 323: 434r [2 May 1481]), and the Vall de Uxó (B 323: 480r [4 September 1481]). [BACK]
164. ARV: G 2372: 400r-405r (23 February 1484)—the testimonies of Joan Annayar (404r-v), Amet Chompar (404v), and Ali Pagonti, the amin * (405r), all residents of Chelva, concerning the Çelims' delivery of the wool and some cheese to Albert's agent. [BACK]
165. ARV: B 324: 50r-v (22 June 1489); and ARV: G 2358: Manus 43: 18r (1480)—a Muslim of the Foya de Buñol is robbed while bringing hides and other goods to Valencia. [BACK]
166. Some examples are ARV: B 1220: III 31v (7 March 1486)—Ali Alazdrach of Beniopa confesses to owing to Johan Ferrer, a farmer of Rafol de Valldigna, 52s for the rent of a mule; B 1220: III 40r (6 April 1486)—Çaat Abducamet of Játiva owes 60s to Johan Allepus, merchant of Valencia, for the price of an ass; B 1220: V 30r (6 November 1486)—Mahomat Miller of Picasent owes 125s to Johan Gombau of Valencia for the price of a mule; B 1220: VI 13r (14 February 1487)—Mahomat Martorell of Játiva owes 70s to Çahat Durdura of Játiva for the price of a horse. [BACK]
167. ARV: B 324: 366r-368v (14 June 1492)—Castellnou; and 370r-379v (16 June)—Liria. ARV: B 1223: III unnumbered folios between 22v and 23r (4 February 1502)—the complaint of a Muslim of Eslida who rented a donkey to a Christian squire who then sold it to someone else. [BACK]
168. Gual Camarena, "Aportaciones," pp. 186-199; Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 88. [BACK]
169. ARV: B 1158: 75v-76v (2 September 1485)—a Muslim of Alcira is to be allowed to go to Turís to get his beehives and other property; B 1157: 487r-v (4 September 1483)—Muslims of the Vall de Uxó rent beehives from the Crown in Burriana; ARV: B 1220: IV 39r (26 June 1486)—Ali Vizquey, a shoemaker, owes 6s 7d to the merchant Jacme Pironat for the rent of an apiary; B 1222: I 19r, 20v-24v (26 September 1496)—"Capal moro" brings honey into the capital; and for the activities of Çahat Flori, a confectioner of Játiva, see n. 215 below. [BACK]
170. García Cárcel, "Ganadería," pp. 98-100. [BACK]
171. ARV: C 596: 147r-v (7 June 1494) concerning the subversive activities of Mudejar fishermen (and see chap. 2); ARV: B 1156: 359v (January 1479), B 1158: 237r (5 June 1486), and B 1162: 192r-v (24 April 1501) all record the money owed by Muslims for the purchases of fishing line. [BACK]
172. ARV: G 2356: Manus 25: 33r-v (1480); and Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 77, mentions the sixteenth-century prohibitions. [BACK]
173. For example, ARV: C 305: 140v-141r (23 May 1482). A Muslim smith, a new vassal in Crevillente, is pardoned from prosecution for a crime at the request of his new lord (the implication being that the lord valued his skills as a smith). [BACK]
174. ARV: C 126: 53v (8 October 1479). [BACK]
175. ARV: C 308: 172r (15 March 1490). [BACK]
176. ARV: C 310: 116v-119v (30 January 1497)—the ordinances of the cordmakers' guild (see chap. 2 for the text of the prohibition); Broman, Contra moros i jueus , p. 111, and Piles, Apuntes , p. 95, for the carpenters' guild; and Bramon, Contra moros i jueus , p. 112, for the makers of swords, cuirasses, and so on. [BACK]
177. Cited in Bramon, Contra moros i jueus , pp. 110-111. [BACK]
178. ARV: G 2392: 87r (1491)—the shoemakers' guild of Valencia prohibits laboring on feast days and Sundays; and ACA: C 3655: 168v-172v (28 March 1503)—the shoemakers' guild of Calatayud makes a similar ruling. [BACK]
179. ACA: C 3635: 85r-89r (13 October 1479). The confraternity of tailors and shoemakers of Lérida (Catalonia) similarly ruled that every tailor and shoemaker, "Christian, Jew, or Moor," had to be examined by a master before practicing these crafts—ACA: C 3550: 97v-98v (14 February 1488). [BACK]
180. ARV: B 1431: 333v-335r (24 January 1493). Ali, the slave of Vicent Calamocha, a carpenter of Valencia, testifies regarding how he was approached by Azmet Çahat of Tunis (accused of facilitating the escape of runaway slaves) while he was working on the house of Domingo Vines. [BACK]
181. Bramon, Contra moros i jueus , p. 109; and regarding the shoemakers' guild, see below, nn. 183, 185-186. [BACK]
182. Bramon, Contra moros i jueus , p. 109. [BACK]
183. ARV: B 1222: III 14r-15r (5 December 1497). [BACK]
184. ARV: B 1431: 531v-536r (20 May 1495)—the testimonies of Johan Bramon, boilermaker, Anthoni Comos, boilermaker, Baltasar Collado, cutler, and Christofol de Monserrat, boilermaker (all regarding Muça Almedina, ac-
cused of having stolen various things from the fonduk); and B 1431: 192r-v (19 January 1492)—the confession of Caçim Abdalla, accused of theft. [BACK]
185. ARV: B 1222: III 14r. [BACK]
186. ARV: B 1222: III 14v-15v. It is apparent from the feuding between Mudejar artisans, including shoemakers, that they regarded their economic competitors with deadly seriousness; see chap. 6 for a detailed discussion of this problem. [BACK]
187. Seen. 178. [BACK]
188. ARV: B 1433: 422r-v (16 July 1503)—the testimony of Joan de Gandía; and 424v-425v (24 July)—the testimony of Miquel de Boro. [BACK]
189. The sources in question are the registers ARV: B 323 (1479-1484), 324 (1489-1492), and 325 (1494-1500), entitled Executions ; and ARV: B 1220 (1485-1487), 1222 (1496-1500), and 1223 (1501-1502), entitled Manaments y Empares . On the importance of credit for medieval industry, see, for example, Sylvia Thrupp, "Medieval Industry, 1000-1500," in The Fontana Economic History of Europe : The Middle Ages , Carlo M. Cipolla, ed. (Glasgow, 1981), pp. 244-249; and Maryanne Kowaleski, "Local Markets and Merchants in Late Fourteenth-Century Exeter," (Ph.D. diss., University of Toronto, 1982), pp. 176-178; or on the role of credit in the marketplace in general, Kathryn L. Reyerson, Business, Banking and Finance in Medieval Montpellier (Toronto, 1985), pp. 40-60. [BACK]
190. ARV: B 323: 327r (22 November 1489). [BACK]
191. ARV: B 323-325, and B 1220, 1222-1223. Kowaleski, "Markets and Merchants," pp. 176-178, points out the importance of regular commercial dealings and credit arrangements for supporting social and personal relationships between the parties involved. [BACK]
192. ARV: B 323-325, and B 1220, 1222-1223. [BACK]
193. ARV: MR 3052-3062; and see chap. 4, table 10, for the revenues received by the Crown from the leasing of the tannery ( adobería ). [BACK]
194. ARV: B 1156: 836v-837v (8 August 1480)—Yuçeff Abducarim stands as surety; B 1157: 69v-70r (7 July 1481)—Abducarim and Pedro Navarro stand as surety; B 1157: 163r-v (25 January 1482)—Abducarim and Andreu Mestre stand as surety; and B 1158: 525r-v (18 January 1488)—Abducarim and Mestre again. [BACK]
195. ARV: B 1158: 333r-v (22 December 1486). [BACK]
196. ARV: B 323-325, and B 1220, 1222-1223. [BACK]
197. ARV: B 325: 471r (22 October 1499), 515r-v (16 January 1500)—Pérez and the Garbis buy hemp; and B 325: 570r-v (13 October 1500)—the loan. Sometimes the espardenyers bypassed the cordmakers and purchased hemp directly from the producers. ARV: B 1223: III 13r-v (8 January 1502), and 16r (18 January)—Çahat and Suhey Cotera purchase large quantities of hemp from Christian farmers. [BACK]
198. ARV: B 1431: 529r-v (20 May 1495)—the testimony of Suleymen Alguarbi. [BACK]
199. ARV: B 323: 446r (6 June 1481)—Abrahim Xeyt, dyer of Valencia; B 324: 217r (25 February 1491)—Çahat and Ali Baelel, dyers of Valldigna; B 325: 37r (10 August 1494)—Abducalem Margarit, dyer of Alcira; and ARV:
B 1162: 185v-186v (15 March 1501)—Acent, dyer of Valldigna. [BACK]
200. ARV: MR 3052-3062, and chap. 4, table 9, for the dyeworks of Játiva ( tintorería ); and MR 4016-4034, and chap. 4, table 7, for the dyeworks of Murviedro. [BACK]
201. ACA: C 3636: 54r-v (2 January 1481)—Muslims of Gandía owe money to a merchant of Valencia for dyes purchased; ARV: B 323: 446r (6 June 1481)—Abrahim Xeyt, dyer, buys cloth from a Christian wool-dresser; ARV: B 1222: II 46v-47r (5 May 1497)—a Muslim dyer of Valldigna buys cloth from a merchant; and B 1222: VII 23r (1 June 1500)—Galip Cindi of the Vall de Almonezir owes 7 pounds to the merchant Johan Abello for alum purchased. [BACK]
202. ARV: B 324: 39r (20 May 1489)—Maymo Embravi, tailor of Cuart in the Vall de Sego; B 324: 61r-v (27 July 1489)—Maymo Bençebit, tailor of Manises; ARV: B 1159: 375r-v (14 September 1490)—Azmet Artanet, tailor of Valldigna; and ARV: G 2412: 161r-v (1501), concerning Azmet Lopo. [BACK]
203. Some examples of other linen drapers and weavers in Valencia are ARV: B 323: 609r (19 April 1482)—Yuçeff Turis, lençer , and B 324: 14r-v (17 February 1489)—Mahomat Coret, texidor de lli ; and ARV: B 1222: IV 43r (16 May 1498) for Abdalla's purchase of flax. [BACK]
204. ARV: B 325: 172r (14 December 1495)—Abdalla owes 63s to a notary for linen purchased; ARV: B 1222: I 38r (27 October 1496)—Abdalla owes 18s to a carpenter for "hun drap de lenç"; B 1222: II 70v (11 July 1497)—Abdalla owes 24s to a monk of Valldigna for "cert lenç"; II 103v-104r (9 October 1497)—Abdalla owes 22 pounds 5s 6d to Pere Luca, a tailor, "de preu de cert lenç"; and B 1222: VII 41r (30 July 1500)—Abdalla owes 25s 3d to Vicent Borrel, a feltmaker, for linen purchased. [BACK]
205. ARV: B 325: 14r-v (27 February 1494)—Abdalla owes 77 pounds to Pere Aymar, a wool-dresser ( perayre ), for cloth purchased; ARV: B 1222: V 34v (20 March 1499)—Abdalla owes 6 pounds 10s to the Venetian merchant Luis Mascelli for "una peca de olanda," twenty-eight alnes (one alne = approximately one meter) in length; B 1222: VI 37r (14 October 1499)—Abdalla owes 7 pounds to the Florentine merchant Eran Girart "de certa teleria." [BACK]
206. ARV: B 323: 375r (28 August 1480) for Abdalla's debt to Allepus. Other debts of Abdalla also attest to the large volume of his retail trade: B 324: 197r-v (11 November 1491)—164 pounds owed to the merchants Dionis Miguel and Francesch Miro, and B 324: 205r-v (24 January 1491)—200 pounds owed to the heirs of J. Allepus. [BACK]
207. ARV: B 1158: 357v-358r (6 February 1487)—Abdalla acts as guarantor for Azmet Ubeyt; and ARV: C 707: 909r-v (26 April 1484)—Abdalla acts as guarantor for Yuçeff Albanne of Valencia, who is traveling to Oran with "seda e altres mercaderia valents L lliures." [BACK]
208. ARV: B 325: 332r-v (9 June 1498)—Abdalla owes 6 pounds 10s in pensions from the quantity of money he borrowed from J. Duart (by selling a censal to him). [BACK]
209. ACA: C 3567: 4v (2 May 1488) and C 3571: 34v-35r (5 October 1492) concern the payment of Muslim craftsmen working on the royal aljafería in Zaragoza; C 3571: 219r (8 August 1496) concerns Muslim "maestros" working
on a church in Zaragoza; and C 3571: 11v-12r (13 March 1492)—Muslims of Zaragoza are sent to Granada to work on the Alhambra just after the conquest. [BACK]
210. ARV: B 1431: 544r-v (28 November 1494)—Cuayet Ginnuenhi, mason of Alasquer; ARV: B 1160: 915v-916r (3 October 1494)—a Muslim mason of Manises; ARV: B 323: 351r (23 August 1480)—Azmet de la Almunia, mason of Valencia; B 323: 358r (5 June 1480)—Yuçeff Tutilli, carpenter of Valencia; and see chap. 4, regarding the work of Mudejar artisans on royal utilities. [BACK]
211. ARV: B 323: 464r-v (119 July 1481)—Azmet Caeli, boilermaker ( calderer ) of Valencia; B 323: 723r (24 July 1483)—Mahomat and Ali Longo, smiths ( ferrers ) of Valencia, owe 6 pounds to the smith Bernat de Medina for bellows purchased; ARV: B 1222: IV 10r (24 January 1498)—a Muslim shield-maker ( broquerer ) buys iron needed for making shields ("fulla dels broquers"); and B 1223: I 7v (15 April 1501)—Caet Tatany, a smith of Benaguacil, owes 42s 8d to the merchant Bernat Fillol for "certa ferra" purchased. [BACK]
212. ARV: B 324: 365r (8 June 1492); and see the comments of Thrupp, "Industry," pp. 245-246, concerning the role of merchants in the organization of production. [BACK]
213. Some examples of Mudejar saddlers are ARV: B 1431: 528r (25 May 1495)—Ali Mudarra, a saddler from the Vall de Uxó residing in Valencia; B 1433: 107r-v (13 October 1501)—Çahat and Amet Pachando of Segorbe working as saddlers in Liria; ARV: B 325: 309r (24 January 1498)—Çahat Catala and son Açen, saddlers of Valencia; see chap. 4, tables 3 and 9 regarding the leasing of Crown saddleworks in Alcira and Játiva; and chap. 4, table 9, for the leasing of the Crown soap factory. [BACK]
214. ARV: G 2360: Manus 29: 17r (1481). [BACK]
215. ARV: B 1158: 170v-172r (23 December 1485). The Floris were also involved in commerce: B 1157: 262r-v (20 June 1482)—Mahomat Flori and his servant travel to the Orihuela-Alicante area "ab mercaderies," and Çahat and Yuçeff Flori act as his guarantors. [BACK]
216. ARV: B 1223: III 50v (28 April 1502)—Ali Alfona, "violer" of Valencia; ARV: B 1160: 502r-v (August 1492)—a Mudejar trumpeter ( trompeta ) of Valencia; B 1162: 320r-v (22 June 1502)—Catdon Algodar, "moro jutglar" of Llauri; ARV: MR 3062: 152r (1502)—a Muslim juglar of Játiva; ARV: B 324: 158r-v (7 August 1490)—a Mudejar barber of Picasent; B 1220: I 13v (2 July 1485)—Mahomat Burgi, barber of Petrés; and B 1220: IV 7r (26 April 1486)—"lo alfaqui Xeyt metge de Xativa." [BACK]
217. ACA: C 3640: 77v-78v (26 January 1484). A Mudejar surgeon of Valencia is licensed by the Crown to practice after he cures a Christian nobleman. [BACK]
218. ARV: B 1222: II 75v (28 July 1497)—Mahomat Perpir owes 10s 6d to "mestre Jacme Quexaler per certa cura que ha fet a una moratella de la moreria de Valencia"; B 1222: V 6r (12 January 1499)—Çahat Catala owes 30s to Anthoni Not, surgeon, for "lo curar que ha fet una naffra feta en la ma de Abdolaziz Catala ... cosingerma del dit Çahat Catala"; and B 1223: 4v (31 March 1501)—physicians of the royal hospital of Valencia attend to a Muslim. [BACK]
219. ARV: B 1220: 7r (9 June 1485)—Yuniç Tarongeta, a shoemaker, fixes
"huna caldera chica" for a Christian woman; and B 1222: VII 39r (27 July 1500)—Mahomat Perpir buys from a Christian farmer "certa fulla ... per obs de fer seda." [BACK]
220. ACA: C 3655: 34r-v (5 March 1500); and see chap. 2. [BACK]
221. ARV: G 2352: Manus 23: 4r-v (20 November 1479). [BACK]
222. ARV: B 1156: 668r-v (14 December 1479)—Muslims of Llombay selling wheat in Alcira; and ACA: C 3647: 87v-88r (7 July 1489), concerning the Muslim of Alcocer with "mercibus." [BACK]
223. ARV: C 154: 102v-103v (3 April 1498)—officials of Murviedro seize Muslims of Gilet who are there to "comerciar e negociar"; and ACA: C 3648: 252r-v (24 December 1491), concerning the Muslim bringing "mercaderias" from Elche to Orihuela. [BACK]
224. ARV: B 1157: 354v-355r (10 December 1482)—Çahat Boamir of Benisanó travels to Orihuela with his servant to sell rice, a crop usually cultivated on undesirable land at the edge of marshes. [BACK]
225. ARV: G 2358: Manus 43: 18r (1480); and ARV: C 245: 87v-88v (19 February 1489) refers to "crestian e moro vassalls ... portant victualles a la dita ciutat." [BACK]
226. ARV: B 1222: IV 35r (9 April 1498). [BACK]
227. ARV: B 1220: VI 18r b (19 March 1487)—Abrahim Valenti of Gandía brings oil to Valencia; B 1220: VI 25v-26v (3 December 1487)—Yuçeff Macana of Castellnou brings honey to Valencia; B 1222: I 19r, 20v-24v (26 September 1496)—the records of the collectors of the peatge record Muslims bringing into the city sugar, honey, wheat, oil, raisins, and figs; and B 1222: VII 70r-v (November 1500)—Muslims from Bétera sell wood in Valencia. [BACK]
228. ARV: B 1222: IV 33r (27 March 1498). [BACK]
229. ARV: B 325: 192r-v (21 April 1496). [BACK]
230. ARV: B 1161: 441r (29 August 1497). [BACK]
231. For example, ARV: C 154: 64v-65r (31 January 1498) presents a list of Muslims from Oliva, Gandía, Novelda, Aspe, Petrés, and other places who owe money to the Valencian merchant Dionis Roig. The large majority of the evidence for credit transactions between Valencia's merchants and Mudejars is in the registers ARV: B 323-325. [BACK]
232. For example, ARV: B 1220: III 22r (13 February 1486)—a Muslim of Alberique owes 34s 6d to the merchant Pere Orçaffa for "certs formatges" bought. [BACK]
233. ARV: B 325: 113r (3 August 1495)—Macastre, and 479r (6 November 1499)—Bétera. [BACK]
234. ARV: B 325: 516r-517v (23 January 1500). [BACK]
235. For example, ARV: B 1222: II 45r (26 April 1497)—Azmet Perpir owes 6 pounds 11s to Jacme Eximeno, "botiguer e o draper ... de preu de drap." Cloth might also be procured from more unlikely sources, such as the innkeeper Anthoni Angelo—ARV: B 1220: IV 25v (6 June 1486). [BACK]
236. For example, ARV: B 1222: II 46v (5 May 1497)—Çaat Requin of Játiva owes 14 pounds to the German merchant Noffre Ompis for copper purchased. [BACK]
237. ARV: B 323: 609r (19 April 1482)—Sardinian cheese; ARV: B 1220:
III 10v (11 January 1486)—Yuçeff Alaboti of Segorbe owes six pounds to Pere Pomar, ''botiguer de drogueria," for spices purchased. [BACK]
238. ARV: B 323: 740r (9 September 1483)—various Muslims of Valencia owe 36 pounds to Perot Plener, merchant, for "teles de Brabant" purchased; and ARV: B 1222: VII 5v (10 December 1499)—Ali Gragiti of Benaguacil owes 63s to the merchant Johan Celma "de preu de ceda." [BACK]
239. ARV: B 323: 255r-v (30 June 1479), and 309r-v (20 October 1479)—Abdalla Xeyt; and ARV: B 1220: VI 40v (September 1487)—Abdalla Medalla. [BACK]
240. For example, ARV: B 1161: 491v (21 March 1498)—a Muslim of Segorbe purchases 2,000 eels from a fisherman of Sueca, and 78v (20 May 1495)—a Muslim of Benaguacil purchases 25 "millere" of fish from a fisherman of Sueca. [BACK]
241. ARV: B 1220: VI 31v (9 May 1487), and VII 8r (9 June 1487)—Mascor Borrachet; and B 1220: I 7v (13 June 1495)—Amet Alami. [BACK]
242. ARV: B 323: 746r (25 September 1483); and ARV: B 1222: VI 38r (19 October 1499)—a Muslim farmer of Valldigna purchases thirty-one meters of fine linen from a citizen of Valencia. [BACK]
243. On Zignell lands in Valldigna, see ARV: B 325: 10r-12v. Licenses to various members of the Zignell family to travel south: ARV: B 1156: 512v-513r (20 July 1479), 649v-650v (29 October 1479); B 1157: 136v-137v (5 November 1481); B 1158: 396r-398v (28 March 1487); B 1159: 11r-12r (10 April 1488), and 127r-v (13 September 1488). [BACK]
244. Cases of the Zignells backing other merchants: ARV: B 1157: 89v-90v (21 August 1481), 91r-92r (21 August 1481)—Abrahim Çafont, 92r-93r (22 August 1481), 292v-293v (9 August 1482)—Abrahim Çaffont, 293v-294v (9 August), 473r-v (20 August 1483), 474r-v (20 August); B 1159: 153r-v (10 January 1489), and 168v-169r (13 February 1489). [BACK]
245. Cases of Zignell debts to merchants and farmers in the captial before 1490: ARV: B 323: 357r (29 May 1480), 765r (20 November 1483); B 324: 19r (11 March 1489), 78r (14 September 1489), and 122r (1 December 1489); and ARV: B 1158: 411r-412r (17 April 1487), and 425r-v (22 May 1487)—Zignells are granted safe-conducts against prosecution for debts. [BACK]
246. ARV: B 1431: 395r (14 February 1494). [BACK]
247. ARV: B 1431: 410v-411v. [BACK]
248. Some examples of Zignell wholesale purchases: ARV: B 324: 295r (2 February 1491)—the Zignells owe 221 pounds 14s 9d to a company of German merchants; B 324: 389r (25 June 1492)—the Zignells owe 73 pounds 6s 6d to the merchants Dionis Miguel and Francesch Miro; ARV: B 1222: VI 47r (2 December 1499)—A. Zignell owes 10 pounds 10s to J. Uguet for "teleries" bought; ARV: B 1160: 734r-v (10 September 1493)—the Zignell brothers owe 40 pounds to the citizen Gaspar de Gallach for flax purchased; and ARV: C 139: 194v-195r (8 February 1496)—the Zignell brothers owe 50 pounds to Berthomeu Pinos, merchant, for Neapolitan linen purchased. [BACK]
249. ARV: B 1431: 415r-v (25 February 1494)—the testimony of Amet Mathera, botiguer of Valencia; and ARV: B 1222: I 42r (12 November 1496)—Ali Zignell is licensed to sell sugar of whatever nature throughout the city. [BACK]
250. ARV: B 1162: 312r-v (9 June 1502). [BACK]
251. ARV: B 1431: 406v-407v (20 February 1494)—Dionis Miguel, merchant, testifies that Eximenez stood as surety for the Zignells when the latter purchased goods from him; 408r-v—Guillem Gualderi, a German merchant, testifies that Eximenez once paid him 5,000s in behalf of the Zignells. B 1431: 394v-421r, is the case of Eximenez against the Zignells, who owed him 14,000s. ARV: B 325: 41r-v (30 September 1494), concerns the 100 pounds to be paid by Umaymat and Yaye to Eximenez. [BACK]
252. ARV: B 1161: 280v (3 June 1496). [BACK]
253. ARV: B 323: 394r (16 September 1480)—Azmet and Xempsi purchase 111 pounds' worth of cloth from the merchant Joan Allepus. For Xempsi's selling of second-hand clothing, see B 323: 809r (26 May 1484); ARV: B 1220: VI 33r (10 May 1487), 35v (22 May); B 1222: V 34r (18 March 1499), 40r-41v (April 1499), VI 14r (10 July 1499), and VII 9v (17 December 1499). [BACK]
254. ARV: B 1223: I 15v (5 May 1501). [BACK]
255. ARV: B 1431: 412r-v—Mahomat Fandaig, and 415r-v—Amet Mathera (both dated 25 February 1494). [BACK]
256. ARV: B 1222: V 19v (6 February 1499). [BACK]
257. ARV: C 135: 175r-v (12 March 1490)—Murcian Jew; and ARV: B 1220: III 34r b (March 1486)—Maymo Açen. [BACK]
258. ARV: B 1222: I 31v (14 May 1497). [BACK]
259. ARV: B 1220: V 3r (16 August 1486)—Ali Ferriol; and VIII 23r (9 August 1487)—Azmet Ferriol. [BACK]
260. ARV: C 148: 206v-207r (13 August 1493). [BACK]
261. ARV: B 1158: 332v (22 December 1486). [BACK]
262. See nn. 84-85. [BACK]
263. ARV: B 1159: 2r-v (10 March 1488). [BACK]
264. The cases in which March Casterellenes acted as guarantor are: ARV: B 1156: 854r-855r, 855r-856r (both dated 5 September 1480); B 1157: 120r-121v, 121-122r (both dated 28 September 1481); and B 1158: 306r-v (10 November 1486). B 1157: 743r-v (26 October 1484)—Alexandre Alvespi. [BACK]
265. ARV: B 1157: 130v-131v (17 October 1481), 252v-253r, and 253v-254r (21 May 1482)—Francesch Sparça; and B 1159: 319r-v (27 October 1491)—Pasqual Vicent. [BACK]
266. ARV: B 1157: 339r-v (14 November 1482); and B 1162: 27v (March 1500) is a reiteration of this authorization. [BACK]
267. Another example of a Mudejar guarantor-partner is Çahat Hamis, a merchant of Játiva. ARV: B 1157: 38r-39r (4 May 1481)—Çahat acts as guarantor for another merchant of Játiva, Ali Haro; and 47v-48r (5 June 1481)—Çahat backs Abdalla Fuçey of Játiva. [BACK]
268. ARV: B 1156: 534v-536r (11 August 1479)—the amin * , jurats, and castellan of Ribarroja act as guarantors for Azmet Homar and Yuçeff Ageix of Ribarroja; and B 1156: 662v-663v (7 December 1479)—Gaspar de Castellvi, lord of Carlet, acts as guarantor for his vassal, Ali Bocoro. [BACK]
269. Hinojosa Montalvo, "Relaciones," pp. 113-116; Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 76; and Guiral-Hadziiossif, Valence , pp. 340-344. [BACK]
270. This information may be found in the register ARV: C 707. Some ex-
ceptions are 813v-814r (17 April 14.80)—Abrahim Annache, Abrahim's servant, and Helel Fumeyt of Cárcer travel to Almería with merchandise valuing 100 pounds; or 824r-v (24 April 1480)—Mahomat Boayadar of Carlet brings 200 pounds' worth of merchandise to Almería. [BACK]
272. Hinojosa Montalvo, "Relaciones," pp. 113-116; ARV: C 707. [BACK]
273. See chap. 2. [BACK]
274. For the travels of the Bellvis or their agents to North Africa and Almería, see ARV: C 707: 845r-v (2 May 1480), 846r-v (same date), 881v-882r (24 May 1481), 885v-886r (29 May 1481), and 890v-891r (3 July 1481). ACA: C 3568: 132v-134r (15 February 1496) concerns the mercantile activities of Yahye Bellvis; and ARV: C 596: 236r (15 March 1498) concerns the voyage of Yahye Bellvis, brother of the qadi * general, to Naples on the Venetian galleys "por recuperacion de ciertos dineros que en Napoles son devidos." [BACK]
275. ARV: C 126: 102r-v (28 January 1480); and C 127: 85v-86r (2 March 1480). The case was to be adjudicated by the Consuls of the Sea. [BACK]
276. ARV: B 1161: 474v-475r (19 February 1498)—Yahye is granted a license to stay in Valencia for one year. [BACK]


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Carbonnade: Belgian Beef, Beer & Onion Stew
This time of year I find myself craving comfort food for dinner every single night. Soups and stews, pasta dishes, anything roasted - it's all good in my book. We don't eat a lot of red meat, a grilled steak occasionally in the summer, but that's pretty much the extent of it. Lately, though, I've found myself drawn to the beef section every time I'm in the store. I picked up a chuck roast a few weeks ago and made a terrific pot roast recipe (which may eventually make it on here...) and then last weekend I couldn't resist a package of stew meat that was on sale. Nothing says winter to me like a cut of meat cooked low and slow in the oven over the course of an afternoon until it is so tender it simply melts in your mouth.
After scanning a ton of recipes to utilize my stew meat, I settled on this carbonnade from Cook's Illustrated. It's a Belgian beef, beer and onion stew and could not be more simple to make. The only veggies you'll need to chop are onions so there's not a lot of prep, and the only real hands-on cooking time is the effort spent browning the meat, which is well worth it for all of those delicious browned bits on the bottom of the pot. Cook's Illustrated recommends a copper-colored Beglian ale for the stew, which I confess I did not use this time as I didn't have it on hand. Even with a lesser beer, we still loved the stew. It's hearty and flavorful - part sweet, part sour - and let's not forget the amazingly tender beef. I served ours atop mashed potatoes and I highly recommend going that route, but egg noodles would also work.
Carbonnade: Belgian Beef, Beer and Onion Stew
adapted from Cook's Illustrated
3 1/2 pounds chuck roast, cut into 1-inch pieces
vegetable oil
2 pounds yellow onions (about 3 medium), halved and sliced about 1/4-inch-thick (about 8 cups)
1 tablespoon tomato paste
2 medium cloves garlic, minced (about 2 teaspoons)
3 tablespoons all-purpose flour
1 1/2 cups low-sodium beef broth
1 1/2 cups beer (12-ounce bottle or can)
4 sprigs fresh thyme leaves, tied with kitchen twine
2 bay leaves
1 tablespoon cider vinegar
Preheat oven to 300 F with a rack in the lower-middle position.
Pat the beef dry with paper towels, then season on all sides with salt and pepper. Heat 2 teaspoons of vegetable oil in large Dutch oven over medium-high heat until very hot. Add about 1/3 of the beef to the pot - don't crowd the meat, you want it to have space to brown properly. Brown for about 3 minutes on the first side, then flip the meat over and cook until the second side is well browned, about another 3 minutes. Transfer the beef to a bowl. Continue browning the rest of the meat in batches, adding 2 teaspoons of oil for each new batch of meat.
Once all the meat has been browned, reduce the heat to medium and add 1 tablespoon of vegetable oil to the pot. Add the onions, 1/2 teaspoon salt and the tomato paste. Cook, stirring occasionally and scraping the bottom of the pot with a wooden spoon to loosen the browned bits, until the onions are lightly browned, about 15 minutes. Add the garlic and cook just until fragrant, about 30 seconds. Add the flour and stir to coat the onions. Cook until the flour is lightly browned, about 2 minutes. Stir in the beef broth, scraping the bottom of the pan again to loosen any remaining browned bits. Add the beer, thyme, bay leaves, vinegar and beef (along with its accumulated juices) to the pot. Season to taste with salt and pepper. Raise the heat and bring to a simmer, stirring occasionally. When the stew reaches a simmer, cover the pot partially, then transfer to the oven. Cook until the beef is fork tender, about 2-3 hours.
Remove the thyme bundle and the bay leaves. Adjust seasonings to taste before serving.
The stew can be made ahead and refrigerated in an airtight container for 4 days.
20 comments:
This was a great dinner, I'm looking forward to having it again real soon!
- January 19, 2011 at 10:33 AM
- Jessica said...
Yum - I love carbonnade, but I've never tried to make it. I'm sure my husband would have the appropriate beer in his beer vault, too! This looks perfect for a winter day.
- January 19, 2011 at 10:41 AM
- Andrea the Kitchen Witch said...
Never had carbonnade but I intend to change that!! Whats not to love, beer, onions & beef!! This is winter day cooking perfection :)
- January 19, 2011 at 11:35 AM
- Lizzy said...
I love the addition of beer to your stew...we, too, love comforting slow cooked beef recipes in the midst of this cold season!
- January 19, 2011 at 11:40 AM
- spike. said...
yum, perfect for the weather we've been having
- January 19, 2011 at 12:22 PM
- Brindusa said...
This is sooo good! I like it too. The beer gives a very nice taste.
Brindusa@ Cooking with my soul - January 19, 2011 at 12:48 PM
- Natalie said...
I'm with you--bring on the comfort foods!! This looks like the epitome of it :)
- January 19, 2011 at 4:34 PM
- Jennifurla said...
I just have to make this, love the color. really stands out
- January 19, 2011 at 4:53 PM
- Christina said...
Perfect comfort food!
- January 19, 2011 at 6:13 PM
- Jeannie said...
Looks good!
- January 20, 2011 at 10:40 AM
- MrsJenB said...
WOW how gorgeous is that? I love a good beef stew - boeuf bourguignon is my favorite - but this looks divine as well and I'm sure my husband would adore it. Thanks for giving me a way to put a spin on things!
- January 20, 2011 at 10:49 AM
- Jen @ My Kitchen Addiction said...
Yum! What a great dinner... Now I'm wishing I had some stew meat on hand so I could make this for dinner tonight.
- January 22, 2011 at 8:54 AM
If you didn't want to use beer, what could you sub for that?
- January 23, 2011 at 3:17 PM
- Tracey said...
I haven't tried any of these substitutes, but I think nonalcoholic beer, cider or additional beef (or chicken) stock would work.
- January 23, 2011 at 3:52 PM
- Lu @ Regular Rumination said...
I've made this twice now! Once last weekend and so good I had to make it again tonight. Mixing sweet potatoes in my regular mashed potatoes tonight to see how that tastes.
- January 28, 2011 at 5:17 PM
- Cape Cod Kitty said...
Just had to say that I made this recipe for a special family dinner yesterday and the guests are still exclaiming about its deliciousness. I did use red wine instead of beer.
Thank you so much! - January 31, 2011 at 9:54 AM
- Kevin said...
With beef braised in beer until it is fall apart tender, you just can't go wrong!
- February 16, 2011 at 5:50 AM
- leiastar said...
It tastes the best if you use a dark beer, something like a trappist... and I also add a slice of bread smeared with mustard in the end, let it melt into the stew to give it a great texture.... most people over here in Belgium do it that way... it's deli :)
- February 27, 2011 at 2:07 AM
- Will Dekorte said...
My one was a little different, having used a slow cooker, but this recipe was gorgeous!
http://www.thecooksbelly.com/2012/02/belgian-beef-carbonnade-vlaamse.html - February 20, 2012 at 6:37 AM
- abdul wahab said...
These look fantastic! What an awesome idea I can't wait to try this!
Thank for sharing the best recipes - January 13, 2013 at 10:52 AM


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Three challengers took their best shot but missed the target as the Pikes Peak Firearms Coalition endorsed a trio of incumbents for county commissioner. The PPFC announced its support for Dennis Hisey, Sallie Clark and Amy Lathen on its Facebook page this morning.
Bernie Herpin, treasurer for PPFC, and also a Colorado Springs city councilman, posted the info on Facebook. Here's a sampling of the post: "The endorsement was based on their previous support for our right to keep and bear arms, their performance at the PPFC candidate forum, results from a candidate survey on firearms issues, and a straw poll of the PPFC members.
"The candidates' survey answers are available on the PPFC website: www.ppfc.org. The PPFC PAC will be making further endorsements prior to the November general election.
"A candidate survey has been sent to all local candidates for the Colorado legislature. The candidates responses will be posted on the PPFC later this month."
Clark is opposed in District 3 by Karen Magistrelli. Hisey is opposed in District 4 by Auddie Cox. And Lathen is opposed in District 2 by Phil McDonald.
It's notable that the county commissioners approved a new firing range in a joint agreement with Fort Carson.
The Republican Assembly is March 24.


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recently, a good friend of mine moved back home, and is now a celiac. i feel ashamed to attempt a pizza that won't build body and crumb, is there any ways to do this?
Hey Dood,Here's a few pics from some of the pies I made using your recipe and a BlackStone oven. Next ones will have better (some) corniche, for I was definitely at the beginning of the GF dough-forming learning curve. Taste was much better than I ever expected. Three days in the refrigerator with the Ischia SD starter did the trick. My gluten-free pizza eating friend brought all the leftovers home with him. Take care!Jim


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SOURCE Delphax Technologies Inc.
World's fastest toner-based digital press to be showcased in Oct. 18 demonstrations
MINNEAPOLIS, Oct. 17, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Delphax Technologies Inc. (OTC:DLPX), a global provider of high-speed digital printing equipment, and Weihai Printing Machinery Co., Ltd., China's leading manufacturer of offset presses, today announced a strategic partnership for the introduction of industry-leading digital print production speed to the Chinese printing industry.
The two companies will highlight the WeiFeng2200 high-speed digital web press in demonstrations tomorrow, Oct. 18, at Weihai Printing Machinery Company headquarters in Weihai City, Shandong, China. The WeiFeng2200-an adapted version of the Delphax CR2200-is the fastest monochrome toner-based digital printer in the world, with throughput of 150 meters or approximately 2,200 pages per minute at 600 x 600 dpi print quality.
In its Weihai City introduction, the WeiFeng2200 will be the centerpiece of a fully integrated digital printing production line.
"Digital technology is shaping the future of printing, both as a supplement to and as an extension of existing production capabilities," said Gu Yonghui, general manager of Weihai Printing Machinery Company. "The rapid advances in digital speed and quality coincide with a growing demand within the Chinese printing industry for solutions that can be integrated with traditional high-quality offset and provide value-added capabilities such as short-run flexibility, print on demand and variable data printing.
"With our commitment to leadership and innovation in applied printing technology, we are excited to partner with one of the prime developers of digital printing technology. Our arrangement with Delphax Technologies represents our entry into the field of high-speed digital printing-an important addition to our comprehensive offering of offset printing equipment. It combines the unique strengths of a digital printing pioneer with Weihai Printing Machinery Company's many years of manufacturing experience, our comprehensive offering of offset printing equipment and our professional sales force to more effectively satisfy customer needs within a variety of business models."
The partnership also represents Delphax Technologies entree to the Chinese market.
"We're delighted to be able to announce our first major business partnership in China through our association with Weihai Printing Machinery Company," said Dieter Schilling, Delphax Technologies president and chief executive officer. "Weihai Printing Machinery Company is one of the top printing equipment suppliers in China and very well recognized and respected in the printing industry. It has a leading engineering and manufacturing team, an effective customer service team and an extensive customer base.
"We have high confidence in Weihai Printing Machinery Company's ability to develop new markets and provide excellent customer service. This partnership will be instrumental in opening the Chinese market to Delphax Technologies high-speed digital technology. We look forward to working closely with Weihai Printing Machinery Company in introducing the advantages of high speed and high efficiency of digital technology to the Chinese market."
The WeiFeng2200 uses Delphax Technologies unique and patented electron-beam imaging (EBI) technology, which ensures consistent print quality at unmatched toner-based production speeds on a wide range of untreated substrate materials, from extremely lightweight paper to heavy card stock. The technology provides streamlined handling of large amounts of data and graphics with great speed, accuracy and economy. As a result, the WeiFeng2200 makes it possible for customers to handle a wide range of books and booklets, legal/financial documents, packing inserts, direct mail materials and other commercial printing applications. Every document can be personalized without compromising the speed, quality or productivity of high-volume print runs. The WeiFeng2200 is, in short, a high-speed, high throughput, robust, easily maintainable industrial digital printing device.
About Weihai Printing Machinery Co., LtdWeihai Printing Machinery Co., LTD, founded in 1954, was the first major enterprise and the first major high technology company established under the Torch Plan of China within the Printing Machinery Sector. Under the Torch Plan, Weihai Printing Machinery Company was granted the right of open importation and exportation. This enabled Weihai Printing Machinery Company to globally source specific components that go into the manufacturing of the WIN Series of Machines, i.e., the Omron Programmable Logic Controller from Japan. Since 1993, Weihai Printing Machinery Company has enjoyed the position of being the number one press manufacturer in China. Achieving levels of internationally accepted advanced technology, the Weihai Printing Machinery Company WIN Series of offset presses was honored with the title of "ShanDong Famous Product." The China Council for the Promotion of International Trade and Association Technology and Quality specifically lists Weihai Printing Machinery Company's WIN Series as one of The Recommended Products of China upon Entering into the WTO. Weihai Printing Machinery Company is headquartered in Weihai, Shandong, China. Additional information is available on its website at http://en.guyonghui.cn.
About Delphax Technologies Inc.Delphax Technologies Inc. is a global leader in the design, manufacture and delivery of advanced digital print production systems. For more than 30 years, Delphax Technologies has pioneered high-speed digital imaging innovations that improve throughput and enhance efficiencies for publishers, direct marketers and other commercial print customers where cost and quality are important. The Delphax Technologies portfolio includes specialized full color inkjet or monochrome inkjet and toner technologies that are ideal for a wide range of applications over a broad spectrum of substrates from ultra-lightweight paper to heavy stock in both roll-fed and cut-sheet print environments. Delphax Technologies is headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA with subsidiaries in Canada, the United Kingdom and France. The company's common stock is currently quoted over the counter under the symbol DLPX. Additional information is available on the company's website at www.delphax.com.
©2012 PR Newswire. All Rights Reserved.


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From Summit, this Frost Free Refrigerator Freezer (FF1620WSSHV, FF1620WSSHVIM) provides a full 15.8 cu. ft. of storage space inside a fully featured interior. Both the refrigerator and freezer sections include adjustable glass shelving, clear door racks, and suspended storage drawers for maximum space and multiple options. The entire unit also boasts true frost-free operation which prevents icy buildup and eliminates the hassle of defrosting.
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Nation reacts to Zimmerman verdict
NAACP pushes Justice Department to continue investigation
UPDATED 7:12 AM MDT Jul 15, 2013George Zimmerman has been acquitted of second-degree murder and manslaughter in the shooting death of Florida teenager Trayvon Martin. The nation is reacting, and Zimmerman is adjusting to life as a free man.
Video Transcript

--SUPERS--

:00 - :01

WTSP

:05 - :08

KGO

:20 - :27

Marcy Gordon

Demonstrator

:36 - :38

Michael Kandel (prefonted)

:39 - :48

Roberta Felton

Trayvon Martin's Cousin

:49 - :56

Courtesy Jerome Horton (prefonted)

:56 - 1:03

Ben Jealous

President and CEO, NAACP

1:09 - 1:14

Robert Zimmerman, Jr.

George's Brother

1:24 - 1:27

Robert Zimmerman, Jr.

George's Brother

--LEAD IN--

George Zimmerman has been acquitted of second-degree murder and manslaughter in the shooting death of a Florida teenager.

The nation is reacting, as Zimmerman adjusts to life as a free man.

Shannon Travis has more from Sanford, Florida.

--REPORTER PKG-AS FOLLOWS--

FROM FLORIDA TO CALIFORNIA--

DEMONSTRATORS NATIONWIDE RALLIED.

MANY CARRIED SIGNS READING "WE ARE ALL TRAYVON MARTIN"--

MANY WORE HOODIES REMINISCENT OF THE ONE MARTIN WORE THE NIGHT HE WAS SHOT AND KILLED.

AT A PROTEST IN NEW YORK, MARCY GORDON ECHOED THE OPINION OF MANY, THAT THE JUSTICE SYSTEM FAILED.

"Zimmerman started the fight. He bares culpability, and he had no right to pull out a gun and shoot the kid to death."

PRESIDENT OBAMA OFFERED A STATEMENT, CALLING THE DEATH A TRAGEDY BUT ASKING THE COUNTRY TO RESPECT MARTIN'S PARENTS' CALL FOR CALM REFLECTION.

MARTIN'S FAMILY ASKED FOR PRAYERS.

"We're very concerned very hurt and very disappointed at this point but we know in the end god will prevail and justice will be served."

NAACP LEADERS ARE PUSHING THE JUSTICE DEPARTMENT TO CONTINUE INVESTIGATING THE KILLING AS A POSSIBLE HATE CRIME.

"There is reason to be concerned that race was a factor in why he targeted young Trayvon."

ZIMMERMAN'S BROTHER SAYS F-B-I INVESTIGATIONS HAVE NOT FOUND AN "INKLING" OF RACISM.

"I would encourage them to cool their jets, give everyone some time to kind of process what's going on."

HE SAYS ZIMMERMAN NOW NEEDS TO HEAL AND RE-CENTER HIMSELF, EVEN AS HE CONTINUES TO FEAR FOR HIS LIFE.

"I can't foresee any plans or any meaningful engagement that he'd have with society for a while because of the threats that are still going around and continue to."

IN SANFORD, FLORIDA, I'M SHANNON TRAVIS.

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Community News Network
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NIH National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research


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Treasuries fell for a second day as a report showed the U.S. unemployment rate unexpectedly declined last month, boosting speculation that stimulus from the Federal Reserve will accelerate the labor recovery and damping refuge demand.
The yield on the 10-year note rose to the highest level in a week as a report showed the U.S. added 114,000 jobs in September, compared with a revised 142,000 gain the previous month. The benchmark security broke a four-day rally yesterday after minutes of the Fed's last meeting showed policy makers saw manageable risks in a third round of U.S. bond buying.
"The reaction is about the unemployment rate declining -- household employment moved up an awful lot, and you had revisions in the prior month's payrolls," Christopher Sullivan, who oversees $2 billion as chief investment officer at United Nations Federal Credit Union in New York. "It's a piece of more optimistic data."
The yield on 10-year notes rose five basis points, or 0.05 percentage point, to 1.73 percent at 9:06 a.m. New York time, according to Bloomberg Bond Trader data, the highest since Sept. 25. The 1.625 percent security due August 2022 slipped 13/32, or $4.06 per $1,000 face amount, to 99 3/32. Thirty-year bond yields rose six basis points to 2.95 percent.
The unemployment rate fell to 7.8 percent in September, the lowest since January 2009, as employers took on more part-time workers. The rate, which dropped from 8.1 percent, was forecast to rise to 8.2 percent, according to the median estimate of 88 economists surveyed by Bloomberg. The median estimate for job gains was 115,000, according to another survey.
Lost 'Luster'
"People are looking at the rate more than anything else," said Charles Comiskey, head of Treasury trading in New York at Bank of Nova Scotia, one of the 21 primary dealers that trade with the Fed. "They are saying it's not as bad as they originally thought. It's taken some luster out of the marketplace."
The payrolls data comes a month before the U.S. presidential election. Employment and the economy are central themes in the campaign, with President Barack Obama and Republican challenger Mitt Romney each trying to convince voters they can best energize the expansion and create jobs. The jobless rate has stayed above 8 percent since February 2009.
While reducing borrowing costs, the Fed hasn't made steady progress toward meeting its mandate to achieve full employment.
Fed Chairman Ben S. Bernanke this week defended the central bank's bond-buying program, saying officials will sustain record stimulus even after the domestic expansion gains strength. The Fed said on Sept. 13 it will keep the main interest rate near zero until at least mid-2015 and buy $40 billion of mortgage debt every month in a third round of so-called quantitative easing.
The central bank bought $2.3 trillion of Treasury and mortgage-related debt from 2008 to 2011 in two rounds of purchases, known as quantitative easing. It also began its Operation Twist program to replace shorter-term debt in its portfolio with longer-term securities and put downward pressure on long-term borrowing costs.
A private report Oct. 3 showed companies added more jobs than forecast. Employers added 162,000 jobs last month, ADP Employer Services data showed, compared with a forecast of 140,000 jobs in a Bloomberg News survey of economists.
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Treasuries have gained 2.1 percent this year, according to Merrill Lynch indexes. Bonds returned 9.8 percent last year after gaining 5.9 percent in 2010, according to the index.
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"The market will turn its attention to next week's supply," said Ray Remy, head of fixed income in New York at the primary dealer Daiwa Capital Markets America Inc. "At these levels, the market has to go to higher yields."


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NEA-Funded Research Report Offers Independent Guidance regarding the Use of Two Popular Eczema Drugs
A report released in October 2005 by the National Eczema Association (NEA) offers guidance to both patients and physicians regarding the use of two common skin care medications that have been the subject of public health advisories by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In the NEA report, physicians from Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) in Boston, Massachusetts, provide an independent review of the clinical benefits and potential cancer risks associated with the drugs Elidel (pimecrolimus) and Protopic (tacrolimus).
Protopic was initially approved by the FDA in December 2000 and Elidel was approved in December 2001. But last February, the FDA's Pediatic Advisory Committee voted to recommend that the labels for these two prescription eczema drugs include a black box warning that they may increase the risk of cancer, especially in children. The following month the FDA issued a formal public health advisory and said that possible labeling changes, including black box warnings, would be reviewed and studied by the FDA staff. On January 20th, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a black warning and a medication guide.
In the wake of the FDA's actions, NEA determined to fund an independent study of current evidence regarding the safety of Elidel and Protopic, and it issued a call for proposals last spring. A peer review committee selected a proposal submitted by two physicians at Brigham and Women's Hospital—dermatologist Abrar A. Qureshi, MD, MPH, and pharmacoepidemiologist Michael Fischer, MD, MS. Their application was excellent, their caliber unsurpassed, and they had no funding from and no association with the companies that make these drugs.
In their finished report, Drs. Qureshi and Fischer highlight several larger trends and challenges facing the pharmaceutical industry and its governing body:
- The limitations of drug safety information from pre-marketing trials.
- The inability of black box labels to adequately instruct physicians toward better prescribing.
- Aggressive prescription drug marketing that may encourage off-label use.
- Lack of post-marketing safety data; when trials are not initiated promptly, valuable information about potential side effects is lost.
"When news of the proposed safety warnings for Elidel and Protopic were released, calls from concerned patients flooded dermatology offices like ours because there was confusion and questions about whether or not patients should discontinue use," said Qureshi. "NEA recognized there was a void in valuable information that both patients and providers needed to interpret the FDA's safety concerns. Our report aims to fill that gap by providing a balanced review of the clinical benefits and potential risks associated with these two medications. It also shines the light on a larger issue facing industry and the FDA: black labels are not enough. We need more instructional information when trying to interpret safety warnings, and more importantly, better long-term follow-up of a drug's safety profile."
The report offers the following information and guidance to patients and doctors regarding the use of Elidel and Protopic:
- Topical pimecrolimus (Elidel) and tacrolimus (Protopic) are two new topical calcineurin inhibitors that can be used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.
- The advantage of these calcineurin inhibitors over topical steroids is that they do not cause skin thinning or ocular side effects, making them especially useful for sites such as the face where skin thinning may develop quickly.
- Short-term data on systemic side effects for tacrolimus and pimecrolimus are reassuring; systemic absorption is low in majority of patients, and cancer takes years to develop. Long-term safety data are incomplete.
- Both agents have been used "off-label" extensively—that is, they have been used on patients under 2 years old—and both agents have been portrayed as being safe for long-term use during marketing.
- Recent concerns triggered by sporadic spontaneous case reports of skin cancers in adults and lymphomas in children have caused the FDA to consider requiring a "black box" warning to the label for each of these agents.
- Sporadic case reports are an unreliable source to infer causation; at best they can serve as a signal for a possible association. Long-term data from Phase IV studies is not available and 4 to 5 years of potential data have been lost because these studies were not initiated promptly.
- Animal studies suggest that when used at very high systemic (not topical) doses, both agents may be associated with the development of skin cancers and lymphomas.
- Phase IV post-marketing surveillance studies are probably the best way to gather the data to answer the question of whether topical tacrolimus and pimecrolimus may cause cancer.
- Two such comprehensive studies have just recently been set up by pharmaceutical companies who manufacture topical tacrolimus and pimecrolimus.
- It will take another 5 to 10 years before enough data is available from such studies to help understand a possible association, if any, between the use of topical tacrolimus and pimecrolimus and the occurrence of cancer.
- The possible association between topical tacrolimus and pimecrolimus and cancer therefore remains unclear and physicians have been urged by the FDA to only use these agents within strict parameters in order to maximize benefits for those who need it and to limit unnecessary use.
- Physicians and patients need to work closely together to ensure clinical follow-up and compliance with therapy.
Organizations such as NEA and the FDA, scientists and clinicians across the country, and the companies that make tacrolimus and pimecrolimus are all trying to provide information on the safety and efficacy of these drugs. The overall message may be confusing to individuals suffering with atopic dermatitis and to their physicians or other providers. This report is a step forward in better understanding the issue of tacrolimus and pimecrolimus safety in the context of cancer occurrence.
The primary message of this report is as follows:
There is concern that tacrolimus and pimecrolimus may be associated with cancer occurrence. These drugs have not been proven to be completely safe at this point in time, but formal research studies to determine their safety have now been initiated. It will take at least 5 to 10 years before we have more information. Until then, the drugs may be used in certain cases as an alternative to or in combination with topical steroids, but their use should be carefully monitored and patients should be followed closely. The efficacy of these calcineurin inhibitors compared to topical steroids should help guide physicians to pick the drug most appropriate for their patients. The use of pimecrolimus and tacrolimus should be restricted to patients who are at least 2 years old. For physicians, there is no better guidance than judicious clinical judgment. For those suffering with atopic dermatitis, there is no better substitute than good compliance with the therapeutic plan and follow-up with their physician.
A copy of the full 21-page report can be obtained free of charge by patients or physicians by contacting the NEASE office.