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Nájera, Manuel Gutiérrez
Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera 1859-1895
(Also wrote under the pseudonyms El Duque Job, Recamier, Rafael, M. Can-Can, Junius, El Cura de Jalatlaco, Juan Lanas, Perico el de los Palotes, Frú‐Frú, Ignotus, Pomponnet, Croix-Dieu, Omega, Fritz, Gil Blas, Nemo, Etincelle, and Puck.) Mexican journalist, critic, poet, and short story writer.
Gutiérrez Nájera was an important figure of nineteenth-century Latin American Modernism, best known for his innovative writing style and his development of the Modernist short story. His other work includes poetry and crónicas, short prose pieces devoted to a wide variety of contemporary topics: literature and the arts, including theatrical reviews, political and social questions, and general cultural criticism.
Biographical Information
Nájera was born in Mexico City on December 22, 1859, to Manuel Gutiérrez and Dolores Nájera. Most of his early instruction came from his parents, who were well educated, and there is some evidence that he attended a French school during his early childhood. His parents also arranged for the Archbishop of Mexico to tutor him privately in Latin. Nájera's mother was a very devout Catholic, as was Nájera in his youth. He remained a deeply spiritual man throughout his life, despite early disillusionment with the Catholic church. Nájera began writing in his mid-teens and by the age of sixteen, various newspapers were competing for the right to publish his work. He became a prolific journalist and co-founded, along with Carlos Díaz Dufóo, the magazine Revista Azul. Throughout his career, Nájera employed a variety of pseudonyms including Rafael, Mr. Can-Can, El Duque Job, Junius, and Puck, enabling him to reuse, adapt, and occasionally combine pieces to suit a variety of purposes and to publish them under different names. In 1888, Nájera married Cecilia Maillefert; the couple had two daughters, Cecilia and Margarita. His life from that point on was devoted to his family and to his writing. In fragile health even as a child, Nájera exacerbated his condition by constantly smoking cigars and by overindulging in alcohol. He died on February 3, 1895, at his home in Mexico City, surrounded by friends and family. Despite his lifelong ambition to travel, he had never left Mexico and had rarely ventured outside the capital.
Major Works
The majority of Nájera's work was written for newspapers and periodicals, and most of the pieces appeared almost immediately after he produced them. He wrote primarily poetry, short stories, and crónicas, a genre defined by critic Harley D. Oberhelman as "a commentary upon daily events or about any material of general interest, consciously cultivated as a special form of artistic prose." Nájera produced more than 1,500 of these crónicas, many of them under one or another of his various pseudonyms. In adopting a pseudonym, Nájera also adopted the point of view of its accompanying fictional persona, such as a priest or a simple country lad. He thus assured that his readers would not tire of the hundreds of essays he produced on a wide range of topics since they were written from various narrative points of view. Some of the crónicas were written to commemorate special occasions, such as "Gloria," which was composed to mark the death of Justo Sierra's daughter, and many of them discussed philosophical questions, religious or social problems, drug and alcohol use, or death. Nájera also wrote criticism on new literature, drama, music and poetry. According to E. K. Mapes, Nájera's "understanding of critical procedure, his acquaintance with literature, and his skill in marshaling his facts and arguments, are astounding to the last degree."
Nájera's short stories, were generally somber and occasionally even morbid. Some of these were published in a collection called Cuentos frágiles (1883), which was the only book of Nájera's works published in his lifetime. One of his most famous stories from this collection is "Mañana de San Juan," which tells the story of two small boys who wander away from their garden on the morning of Saint John's Day. One child falls into the water while reaching for a paper boat and his brother tries valiantly to save him, without success. The tale is typical of Nájera's work—a simple story filled with sadness and inevitability told in such poetic language that the reader is deeply moved. Many of Nájera's stories, such as "Los suicidios," "En la calle," and "La balada de Año Nuevo" involve tragedy and death. Another of his well-known tales is "Rip Rip," an adaptation of Washington Irving's "Rip Van Winkle." Of his many poems, "La Serenata de Schubert" (1888) has been cited as a brief but major lyrical poem, noted for its original imagery, fresh expression and melodic tone. M. A. Loera de la Llave describes it as a "well-wrought composition on Romantic topoi."
Critical Reception
Nájera's articles were in high demand during his life and interest in his work has remained relatively steady since that time. Due to the fact that Nájera contributed most of his work to a variety of periodicals, under a number of pseudonyms, it has been somewhat of a challenge over the years to compile and republish his work in book form. Critics such as E. K. Mapes have contributed much to the sorting out of these issues. As for his importance in literary history, many critics credit Nájera for his pioneering work as an early Modernist. John A. Crow calls Cuentos frágiles "the first expression of Modernist prose in Spanish America." According to Crow, "all of the critics have praised Nájera's poetry, but only a few have pointed out that his prose was a far more important influence on the writers who followed." Harley D. Oberhelman agrees, insisting that "the importance of his poetry to Modernism was great, but it was in his prose writings, especially the crónicas, that his contribution to the movement was most decisive." Oberhelman claims that "Nájera introduced Modernism to Mexico in the pages of his Revista Azul; his work represents a liaison between earlier romanticism and the refined work of the Modernists, and his Revista made possible the smooth transition from one movement to the other." In addition to his contribution to Latin American Modernism, critics praise Nájera's use of language and imagery in his poetry and short stories. According to Nell Walker, Nájera told even simple stories "in phrases so full of tenderness and pathos and adorn[ed] the whole with such beautiful descriptions of native customs or picturesque landscapes that the reader is fascinated with the picture and with the story." Crow, too, praises Nájera's ability to create poetic images, claiming that Nájera "scatters images like jewels throughout his prose."
Principal Works
Cuentos frágiles (short stories) 1883
Revista azul [co-founder and co-editor] (poetry, and prose) 1894‐95
*Obras de Manuel: Prose. 2 vols. (short stories, prose, criticism) 1898
Poesías de Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera (poetry) 1909
Hojas sueltas: Artículos diversos por Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera (prose) 1912
Poesías completas. 2 vols. (poetry) 1953
Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera: Estudio y escritos inéditos (prose) 1956
Cuentos completos y otras narraciones (short stories) 1958
*The first volume was published in 1898, with an introduction by Luis G. Urbina. The second volume was published in 1903, with an introduction by Amado Nervo.
(The entire section is 91 words.)
SOURCE: Walker, Nell. "Prose." The University of Missouri Studies: The Life and Works of Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera 2, no. 2 (1 April 1927): 28-46.
[In the following excerpt, Walker offers an overview of Nájera's prose works, including his news items, short stories, sermons, travel essays, and criticism.]
The first volume of Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera's Prose Works contains an introduction by Luis G. Urbina, to which reference has several times been made, and the various articles in this volume are grouped under the following headings:
Cuentos Frágiles. Cuentos Color de Humo. Crónicas y Fantasías. Notas de Viaje. Humoradas Dominicales. Primera Cuaresma del Duque Job. Segunda Cuaresma del Duque Job.
The first group, "Fragile Tales," consists of a miscellaneous collection of short stories, some humorous, such as "Los amores del cometa," "Tragedias de actualidad—El alquiler de una casa" and "La novela del tranvía," but the greater number of them are in a sad strain, rather characteristic of this author. The most tragic among them are: "La balada de año nuevo," which tells of the death—on New Year's Day—of a four-year-old baby, the idol of its fond parents; "La mañana de San Juan," which depicts that day in June so widely celebrated in the Spanish-American countries, and usually a very happy...
(The entire section is 10943 words.)
SOURCE: Mapes, E. K. "The First Published Writings of Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera." Hispanic Review 5, no. 3 (1937): 225-40.
[In the following essay, Mapes asserts that scholarship on Nájera has been long-neglected and examines the conflicting evidence regarding Nájera's earliest publications.]
One of the chief handicaps under which technical investigation on the Spanish American Modernist poets has always labored is the lack of genuinely accurate data on biography and chronology. It is for this reason that Raúl Silva Castro's recent book on Rubén Darío1 occupies so important a place in Modernist criticism: it painstakingly verifies every available item of information regarding Darío's formative period in Chile. It is hoped that the present article will serve a similar purpose with regard to the earliest period in the literary career of Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera. It is to be noted that both Sr. Silva Castro and the present writer have employed, chiefly, data drawn from the files of periodicals of the period under investigation. This is an obvious necessity, as they constitute our only original sources of information.
As a matter of fact, existing statements regarding the early life and literary activity of Nájera are much more in need of rectification than were those on Darío in Chile before the publication of Obras desconocidas. Very little has been written...
(The entire section is 6566 words.)
SOURCE: Fraser, Howard M. "Change is the Unchanging: Washington Irving and Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera." Journal of Spanish Studies: Twentieth Century 1, no. 3 (winter 1973): 151-9.
[In the following essay, Fraser examines "Rip-Rip," Nájera's adaptation of Washington Irving's famous story "Rip Van Winkle."]
Slightly more than half a century ago, the American critic John De Lancey Ferguson observed:
The writers and scholars of the republics to the south have shown an interest in our literature which is certainly far greater than the reciprocal interest which we have shown in theirs, since the latter interest may fairly be represented by zero. The full extent of the circulation and influence of our literature in Mexico and South America is a question that has never been investigated, but the indications are that both circulation and influence have been large,—in all probability larger than in Spain itself.1
One case in point of a South American author's interest in American letters is the Mexican Modernist Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera. I would like to examine his adaptation of Washington Irving's "Rip Van Winkle" from the standpoint of theme and technique. I hope the similarities and differences in their respective treatment of the theme of change will elucidate their literary preferences and demonstrate a basic...
(The entire section is 3350 words.)
SOURCE: Taylor, Terry O. "Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera: Originality and the Question of Literary Borrowings." Symposium 27, no. 3 (fall 1973): 269-78.
[In the following essay, Taylor answers those critics of Nájera's who claim that the writer's work is derivative and lacks originality.]
The topic of literary relationships in the work of Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera is not new. In fact the question has been pursued to the point where Gutiérrez Nájera is all but denied literary individuality. Justo Sierra, unintentionally I believe, laid the groundwork for exaggeration when he wrote in 1895 that el Duque wrote poetry that consisted of "pensamientos franceses en versos españoles."1 Carlos Díaz Dufóo, whose good intentions are also beyond question, followed Sierra's example and noted the influence of Daudet, the Goncourt brothers, Flaubert, Banville, Musset, Coppée, and Gautier.2 The implication is that Gutiérrez Nájera was lacking in originality, that his genius was to synthesize and incorporate diverse material or simply to be a stylist without solid foundation in an individually developed theory of art. It was a logical step for someone like Blanco Fombona, further removed from the author's person than Sierra or Díaz Dufóo, to conclude, "En puridad, Gutiérrez Nájera no fue hombre de escuelas ni de convicciones estéticas, sino que obedeció siempre a su instinto y...
(The entire section is 4693 words.)
SOURCE: Richards, Henry J. "On the Plot Structure of 'Rip Van Winkle' and 'Rip Rip.'" Romance Notes 21, no. 2 (1980): 138-44.
[In the following essay, Richards applies Propp's principles of fairy tale analysis in comparing Irving's original story to Nájera's adaptation.]
The subject matter of Washington Irving's "Rip Van Winkle" and that of Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera's "Rip Rip" are remarkably similar. No less striking, however, is the following disclaimer uttered by the narrator at the beginning of the Gutiérrez Nájera story: "¿De quién es la leyenda de Rip Rip? Entiendo que la recogió Washington Irving, para darle forma literaria en alguno de sus libros. … Pero no he leído el cuento del novelador e historiador norteamericano."1 Both the similarities that exist between them and the narrator's disclaimer in the story by the Mexican modernist writer invite comparative study of the two works, an effort which, I believe, can be carried out most fruitfully by following the Proppian model for the analysis of the fairy tale.
In explicating his method for such analysis Propp identifies as the basic element of the fairy tale the function, "an act of a character, defined from the point of view of its significance for the course of the action,"2 and formulates the following principles which constitute a veritable syntax of functions:...
(The entire section is 2232 words.)
SOURCE: Pearsall, Priscilla. "Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera: Modernity and the Destruction of the Romantic 'Angel Consoladora.'" In An Art Alienated from Itself: Studies in Spanish American Modernism, pp. 40-65. University, Miss.: Romance Monographs, 1984.
[In the following excerpt, Pearsall considers Nájera's defense of romanticism and the changing perspectives on life and literature reflected in his poetry.]
In the late summer of 1876, Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera published, in a series of sections, a long article, "El arte y el materialismo," which is often considered to be the first Modernist manifesto.1 Many of the conflicts about literature which would continue to be present in Modernist writings were already found in this early discussion of the new art. Nájera insists that his study is a defense of poetry's spiritual nature against Positivism and its manifestations in literature, Realism and Naturalism—the "materialism" of the title—which he perceived to be encroaching upon contemporary art. The work is basically, however, a defense of a derivative Romantic esthetic which had dominated much of European writing from the time of Hegel at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Nájera's definition of artistic freedom, which is exalted throughout "El arte y el materialismo," is clearly Romantic, for it often reads like a Spanish translation of Poe's Poetic...
(The entire section is 9593 words.)
SOURCE: Fulk, Randal C. "Form and Style in the Short Stories of Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera." Hispanic Journal 10, no. 1 (fall 1988): 127-32.
[In the following essay, Fulk discusses Nájera's short stories as an expression of the refined style and universal themes associated with early Spanish American modernism.]
The refined style the Mexican writer Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera (1859-1895) displays in his collections of short stories Cuentos frágiles (1883) and Cuentos color de humo (1890-1894) gives Nájera the distinction, shared with the Cuban José Martí, of being an initiator of modernism in Spanish American literature. As Ivan A. Schulman notes: "El Duque Job [one of Nájera's several pseudonyms] prefería un estilo afrancesado, de giros y vocablos franceses, de ambientes parisienses, y de temas frívolos aprendidos de Mendès, Coppée, Musset, Paul de Saint Victor y Gautier."1
As a newspaperman, Gutiérrez Nájera published many stories and articles, and was instrumental in the foundation of the Revista azul, mouthpiece of the young modernists of whom Seymour Menton says, "La base del estilo modernista era la sinestesia o la correspondencia de los sentidos. La prosa dejó de ser sólo un instrumento para narrar un suceso. Tenía que ser bella: su paleta de suaves matices tenía que agradar al ojo; su aliteración, su asonancia, sus afectos...
(The entire section is 2711 words.)
Loera de la Llave, M. A. "A Modernista's Mode of Amamnesis: Kunstlied, Painting, Opera, and Literature in Manuel Gutiérrez-Nájera." Iberoromania 53 (2001): 25-44.
[In the following essay, Loera de la Llave discusses Nájera's allusions to contemporary and historical works—including Shakespeare's Hamlet and Schubert's Lied—and how they reflect on Nájera and the modernista movement.]
The varied writings of the modernista Manuel Gutiérrez-Nájera (Mexico, 1859-1895) constitute a highly literary literature that, unassuming and apparently simple, his poetry often dissembles. This comparative study focuses on his creative anamnesis of a cultural and artistic manifold from various national traditions and languages. Gutiérrez-Nájera refers almost invariably to the classics of the Renaissance and to the canonical literary and artistic production of nineteenth-century Europe, before Baudelaire. La serenata de Schubert (1888), one of his major lyrical poems, exemplifies his allusive craft. Written at the height of his powers, this well-wrought composition on Romantic topoi now integrates, now sets in resonance, passages from German, French, English, Italian, Spanish, and American literature. It recalls, furthermore, Opera and the plastic arts. In La serenata, Gutiérrez-Nájera subordinates all his evocations under two main sources...
(The entire section is 8881 words.)
Further Reading
Mapes, E. K. "The Pseudonyms of Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera." PMLA 64, no. 4 (September 1949): 648-77.
Explores Nájera's use of pseudonyms in an attempt to account for as much of the writer's work as possible and to correct common errors of attribution.
Cravens, Sydney Paul. "Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera, Benigno Pallol and the Former's Review of the Latter's Esoteric Interpretación del Quijote." Hispanofila 119 (January 1997): 23-9.
Discusses Pallol's misfortune in having his only book subjected to Nájera's satirical criticism.
Crow, John A. "Some Aspects of Literary Style." Hispania 38, no. 4 (December 1955): 393-403.
Analyzes the various elements of Nájera's literary style and its influence on Spanish American writers who followed him.
Englekirk, John Eugene. "Poe's Influence in Spanish America." In Edgar Allan Poe in Hispanic Literature, pp. 240-6. New York: Instituto de las Españas en Los Estados Unidos, 1934.
Contains a brief section on Poe's influence on Nájera.
Fraser, Howard M. In the Presence of Mystery: Modernist Fiction and the Occult. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Department of Romance Languages, 1992.
(The entire section is 342 words.)
Source: Nineteenth-Century Literary Criticism, ©2004 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.


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Justice Bradley recuses herself, details early concerns with Prosser
State Supreme Court Justice Bradley has officially withdrawn herself from the still-unresolved discipline case against fellow justice David Prosser.By: By Gilman Halsted, Wisconsin Public Radio, Superior Telegram
State Supreme Court Justice Bradley has officially withdrawn herself from the still-unresolved discipline case against fellow justice David Prosser. But she still maintains that Justice Prosser did grab her around the neck during an argument in June of 2011.
The discipline charges against Prosser over this incident have been in a legal limbo since August, when a majority of the Justices recused themselves from sending the case to a three-judge appeals court panel for a hearing. In her statement released today, Justice Bradley says the incident was part of a pattern of abusive behavior by Justice Prosser that caused her and chief Justice Shirley Abrahamson to lock their office doors, even before the alleged choking incident occurred. Justice Bradley also calls on the court to reform the current self-policing process the court uses to discipline its own members.
UW Law school professor Walter Dickey proposed such a process at the court's request 22 years ago, and they rejected it.
"They certainly have the authority to take action: to by rule, create a process for the discipline of members of the Wisconsin Supreme Court," Dickey said. "And they certainly have the power to include in the panel anybody that they wanted to designate to sit."
Justice Patience Roggensack, in a recent campaign debate, denied the court has any serious problems with workplace behavior that might hamper its operations. She also says the current self-discipline process can't be changed without a constitutional amendment. Dickey disputes that.
"They've created a huge apparatus for the discipline of judges, so the idea that the constitution giving them this authority limits them to themselves just seems sort of palpably incorrect," he said.
Justice Bradley also calls on the the court to hire a professional conflict resolution consultant to help the justices learn to get along with each other.

subset: commoncrawl


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Maybe you can ride shotgun with Sherwood
Maybe you can ride shotgun with Sherwood
surewood is full so must be sherwood
74 260z - MOBY
93 Rz JZA80 - SOUP
MK5 GTI - Sensible Kraut Wagon
73 240z - Red Car
My Flickr
MRC Imagery on Facebook
Q won't be there.
Originally Posted by RotaUte: Some say he carries around a 5D and a beat up teddy bear, all we know is... he's called THE Q
I'd like to be, but that's perilously close to when my better half is due.
Plus my cars are shit.
It's a great cruise though, I did it a year or so ago with another forum I'm on. Of course, we did it in winter, fuck it was cold.
-x- 2002 EC5W Mitsubishi Legnum VR-4 Type-S (Larry) -x- 2012 GF Suzuki Alto (Black Betty) -x-
I wish I could be there (you may know me from roadworks signs such as Pinkenba and some other random sign in the Valley). I'd be working though. From 4.30am till 2pm. Unlucky. Not to mention I'd only know a grand total of 2 other people.
There is no law on how fast you accelerate!
Yea, real men cook their steaks right on the engine block after a hard run of skids to warm it up. None of that faggot chicken or (god help me) vegetables. Just dripping red meat cooked for approximately 20 seconds per side. Anything different to this cements your status as a world class queer.
Damn straight cancer boy.
I'm liking you more and more.
I will try and make an appearance if i still have the WRX if not i will not be coming in a shit running charade.
Just moved up here so keen to meet a few people.
i hope to be there in the 510
my mate with an evo 8 is keen. i will tag along with him otherwise my vs would be outclassed by dave's vn.
looks like this is going to be a pretty big morning!
Forgot I booked dinner with my missus on 21/3 as an anniversary thing...I will likely be full of beer/wine/champagne so a 2am start for me might be a bit of a stretch
Will try and move it or meet up with you gaylords later in the day
Anniversary? You're not even married yet are you?


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Log in to make the most of Hymnary.org collections.
Humble praises, holy JesusAuthor: AnonymousTune: VESPER HYMN (Bortnianski or Stevenson) Published in 70 hymnals Printable scores: PDF, SibeliusAudio files: MIDI |
First Line: | Humble praises, holy Jesus |
Title: | Humble Praises, Holy Jesus |
Author: | Anonymous |
Meter: | 126.96.36.199 with refrain |
Language: | English |
Refrain First Line: | Hallelujah, sweetly singing |
Sometimes labeled as a "composite," this anonymous text was published in the Augustana Lutheran Hymnal (1925) and in Henry J. Kuiper's New Christian Hymnal (1929). It was introduced to many Christian school children in Let Youth Praise Him (1949) and was included in the 1959 Psalter Hymnal. In 1985, Psalter Hymnal editor Emily R. Brink (PHH 158) revised the text for the 1987 edition.
All stanzas use the biblical imagery of the shepherd (Jesus) and his lambs (children) in a petition for guidance and protection. The refrain adds its "alleluia to our King" as evidence of the "humble praises." The entire text is an effective prayer of petition and praise.
Liturgical Use:
Many occasions of worship; though it works well with younger children, suitable for all God's children, regardless of age.
--Psalter Hymnal Handbook
Text Title | First Line | Instances (1) | Refrain First Line | Authors | Composers | Meter | Scripture | Tune Title | Tune Key | Incipit | Languages | Publication Date | |||||
Humble Praises, Holy Jesus | Humble praises, holy Jesus | Psalter Hymnal (Gray) #484 | Alleluia, alleluia | Emily R. Brink; Anonymous | John A. Stevenson | 18.104.22.168 with refrain | VESPER HYMN | D Major | English | 1987 |


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The Department of Human Services and Counseling offers a graduate level program leading to initial state certificate valid for teaching students with disabilities at the childhood level (grades 1-6). This 33 credit program is designed to foster the development of skills, attitudes, and abilities needed to identify and remediate major learning and behavior disorders and to instruct individuals at the childhood level who manifest learning and behavioral problems ranging from mild to profound, regardless of etiology. Attention is paid to diagnosis, intervention, program planning, program evaluation, and research. Completion of this 33 credit program qualities students for New York State initial certification as a teacher of students with disabilities at the childhood level (grades 1-6) provided students have successfully completed all State mandated external exams, training modules and teaching experiences. For further information, students are advised to contact their academic advisor or the Chair, and review our Graduate FAQs.
Admissions Requirement Applicants must submit the following evidence of their ability to pursue graduate study:
Graduate Admission InformationKelly K. Ronayne, D.A. Associate Dean Office of Graduate Admissions The School of Education St. John's University 8000 Utopia Parkway Queens, NY 11439 (718) email@example.com
Program ContactDeirdre Mithaug, Ph.D. Online Learning Coordinator for Teaching Children with Disabilities Department of Human Services and Counseling 8000 Utopia Parkway Queens, NY 11439 (718) email@example.com