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Form and Content (Masterplots II: Women's Literature Series)
Departing from the nineteenth century formalities of literary realism, Virginia Woolf pioneered, along with James Joyce and William Faulkner, the stream-of-consciousness technique employed in To the Lighthouse. Composed of three discrete but intimately related sections, the novel provides a poetic examination of English Victorian domesticity and social roles.
Woolf stealthily weaves through her characters' psyches to reveal realities that are not necessarily apparent in either their actions or their speech. Section 1, aptly entitled "The Window," invites the reader's observation of the Ramsays' summer household. Mrs. Ramsay sits by the window with James. She has promised him that they will sail to the lighthouse tomorrow to take provisions to the lighthouse keeper and his son. When Mr. Ramsay, backed by Charles Tansley, insists that the weather will prevent their journey, an angry Mrs. Ramsay offers a more optimistic forecast. It is Mr. Ramsay's pursuit of Truth without any regard for people's feelings that so upsets her. Although Mr. Ramsay repeatedly offends Mrs. Ramsay, she remains the dutiful Victorian wife, accepting his word over hers, accompanying him on silent strolls, and making him feel needed although she is the one who truly rules the house.
Standing at her easel a distance from the window, Lily Briscoe works to capture Mrs. Ramsay and James on canvas. William Bankes lounges nearby. Mrs. Ramsay invites...
(The entire section is 563 words.)
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Places Discussed (Cyclopedia of Literary Places)
Summerhouse. Ramshackle Victorian house on an island in the Hebrides that accommodates both the large Ramsay family and their friends. It is here that Mrs. Ramsay is in her element, ministering endlessly to the needs of her husband, children, and guests. Whether in her parlor knitting, presiding over the dinner table, or tucking her children into bed, Mrs. Ramsay is the life and soul of the house. However, while the nearby lighthouse seems to endure without change, the summerhouse gradually deteriorates over time. Neglected after a series of family deaths, the house succumbs to the forces of nature and falls into disrepair. While the lighthouse—always a symbol of timeless serenity—can withstand the sea and the weather, the Ramsay house is at the mercy of these elements. Similarly, the members of the Ramsay family themselves are at the mercy of a series of upheavals that devastate their lives, particularly the untimely deaths of Mrs. Ramsay of heart-failure and of one of her sons on the battlefields of World War I. The passage of time wreaks havoc on both the family and their home, marking the end of the Edwardian world in which Virginia Woolf herself had spent her childhood. Eventually, however, after the war, the house is restored to good order, and Mr. Ramsay and his two youngest children, along with Lily Briscoe and an old poet-friend of the family, return to it to try to put their lives back together.
(The entire section is 553 words.)
Context (Masterplots II: Women's Literature Series)
The small revolutions fought by Lily for choosing against marriage, by Minta for wearing a torn stocking, and by Cam for refusing to give Mr. Bankes a flower are representative of the literary and social revolutions inspired by the publication of To the Lighthouse. By the time that the novel was published, Woolf had already achieved critical acclaim and was an outspoken member of the Bloomsbury group. She was constantly engaging the dominant voices of her society, and her ideas about gender and domestic life were seriously addressed as a consequence.
To the Lighthouse does not provide solutions to the problems of sexual polarization. In fact, Lily's androgynous convergence is far from ideal. By raising the issues of gender so honestly and openly in her novel, however, Woolf laid the foundations for a feminist discourse that has not lost its momentum.
(The entire section is 142 words.)
Historical Context
World War I
World War I began in 1914, the result of an unresolved and perilous series of Balkan Crises. When Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, the intense territorial dispute between Austro-Hungary and Serbia intensified, quickly spreading through the rest of Europe. Great Britain, Russia, and France joined together as the Allied Powers against the Central Power Alliance of Austro-Hungary and Germany. After Russia dropped out of the Allied forces, and the Luisitania was sunk, America eventually entered the fray. The war, known in Europe as the Great War, took place on a scale never before seen in history. It lasted four years, cost $350 billion, and took the lives of 22 million people. In To the Lighthouse Andrew Ramsay becomes one of the victims of the war.
World War I revealed a new and horrifying form of warfare that took place in the trenches and the air, both innovations. It was also the most technologically advanced war, relying on a number of new inventions, such as machine guns, mortar bombs, and barbed wire. Most scarring was innovations in biological weaponry. Death by mustard gas in the bunkers and trenches created a profound sense of shock in the surviving troops and horrible deaths for the fallen. Movingly documented by English War Poets like Siegfried Sassoon and Wilfred Owen, the Great War sent thousands of emotionally and physically shell-shocked men back to their homes.
(The entire section is 700 words.)
The Window, Chapters 1 and 2 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. Where does the novel take place?
2. Why is six-year-old James disappointed?
3. How do Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay differ in their treatment of James?
4. Why do the children mock Charles Tansley?
5. Why does Mrs. Ramsay suggest that Tansley accompany her to town?
6. What explanation does Mrs. Ramsay give for Mr. Carmichael's lack of success?
7. What makes Mrs. Ramsay so attractive and magnetic to Tansley?
8. What entertainment does Mrs. Ramsay suggest to Mr. Tansley?
9. How does Woolf contrast Mrs. Ramsay's outlook with that of her husband?
10. How is Woolf's writing style different from more conventional writers?
1. The novel takes place at a beach house in the Hebrides (off the coast of Scotland).
2. James is disappointed because he wanted to sail to the
Lighthouse the next day, but his father ruins his expectations, saying the weather won't permit it.
3. Mrs. Ramsay treats James with encouragement, recognizing his sensitivity. Mr. Ramsay ignores James' feelings, believing that facts are inviolate.
4. The children mock Tansley because he is serious and sarcastic. He can't play cricket and looks and walks funny.
5. Mrs. Ramsay invites Tansley to accompany her because she is aware of his discomfort and wants to include...
(The entire section is 354 words.)
Chapters 3 and 4 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. Why does Mrs. Ramsay feel an "impulse of terror"?
2. Why does Mrs. Ramsay feel Lily will probably never marry?
3. What does Lily think of Mr. Ramsay?
4. Why doesn't Lily want to paint like the popular Mr. Paunceforte?
5. How do Lily Briscoe and William Bankes relate to one another?
6. Describe the view that Lily and Bankes look upon?
7. What is Mr. Bankes' relationship with Mr. Ramsay?
8. How does Bankes' view Mr. Ramsay's family responsibilities?
9. How does Lily compare Mr. Bankes and Mr. Ramsay?
10. Explain how Lily understands Mr. Ramsay's work.
1. Mrs. Ramsay suddenly notices the absence of household sounds. The sounds of her husband and Mr. Tansley and the children's playing have stopped and the sound of the waves startle her. She is reminded of the ephemeral nature of life. The day is slipping by, as is life.
2. Lily's "little Chinese eyes and her puckered-up face" seemed, at this moment, unattractive. She doesn't take Lily or her painting very seriously.
3. Lily recognizes that Mr. Ramsay is ridiculous in all his strange posturing and shouting, but she also admires his intellectual honesty.
4. Lily is very aware of the vibrant colors of the world, the purples and greens and whites. She feels that Mr....
(The entire section is 496 words.)
Chapters 5-8 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. Who is Mrs. Ramsay knitting for?
2. How does Mrs. Ramsay feel about the sea-side house?
3. Why does she speak sharply to her son?
4. How does Mr. Bankes feel about Mrs. Ramsay?
5. How does James feel about his parents?
6. Why does Mr. Ramsay say "Damn you" to Mrs. Ramsay?
7. What are Mr. Ramsay's thoughts as he paces through the garden?
8. How does Mr. Carmichael feel about Mrs. Ramsay?
9. Why is Mrs. Ramsay hurt by Mr. Carmichael's reaction to her?
10. What are Mr. Ramsay's thoughts at the end of this section?
1. Mrs. Ramsay is knitting a stocking for the Lighthouse keeper's son who has a tuberculous hip.
2. Mrs. Ramsay feels the house is shabby. She is frustrated by trying to keep the sea-dampness out of the house, by trying to get the family to cooperate to maintain the house.
3. She speaks sharply to James because she has been thinking about the death of Marie's father. She feels hopeless in the face of death.
4. Mr. Bankes is awed by Mrs. Ramsay's beauty. He compares her to a Greek goddess.
5. James feels rage towards his father and adoration of his mother.
6. Mr. Ramsay is frustrated by Mrs. Ramsay's unwillingness to accept the fact the weather will not permit a trip to the Lighthouse. He feels...
(The entire section is 315 words.)
Chapters 9-11 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. What is Lily Briscoe's criticism of Mrs. Ramsay?
2. What is William Bankes' criticism of Mr. Ramsay?
3. How does Mr. Bankes view Lily's work?
4. Why does Mrs. Ramsay feel misunderstood?
5. How does Mrs. Ramsay view life?
6. What does Mrs. Ramsay believe about James' disappointment with the postponed trip?
7. Why does Mrs. Ramsay like to be alone?
8. What does the Lighthouse represent to Mrs. Ramsay?
9. How does Mr. Ramsay feel about his wife's preoccupations?
10. Why does Mrs. Ramsay join her husband for a walk?
1. Lily feels Mrs. Ramsay is willful, capable of ridicule, and too preoccupied with arranging other people's lives (i.e., marrying them off).
2. William Bankes feels Mr. Ramsay is a hypocrite.
3. Bankes is interested in learning about Lily's painting. He listens to her ideas thoughtfully.
4. Mrs. Ramsay feels misunderstood by those people who accuse her of being domineering. She feels that she's only tyrannical about her social causes, for example, her hospital work.
5. Mrs. Ramsay feels life is terrible and hostile. She feels that there is no reason, or order, or justice—only suffering, death, and poverty.
6. Mrs. Ramsay believes that James will remember this day for the rest of his life....
(The entire section is 315 words.)
Chapters 12 and 13 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. What do Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay talk about during their evening stroll?
2. What worry preoccupies Mrs. Ramsay?
3. How do Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay feel about Prue? about Andrew? about Jasper?
4. What does Mr. Ramsay regret?
5. How does Mr. Ramsay feel about his family?
6. What are Mrs. Ramsay's feelings about her husband at this point?
7. What does Mrs. Ramsay hope about Lily and Bankes?
8. What scene captures Lily's attention?
9. What is this scene symbolical of for her?
10. What does Lily realize about Mrs. Ramsay's thoughts about her and William Bankes?
1. Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay talk about the garden, the children, and their houseguests.
2. Mrs. Ramsay is preoccupied with the 50 pound bill for the greenhouse. She is also concerned about all aspects of the upkeep of the garden.
3. Mrs. Ramsay worries about Jasper shooting birds. Mr. Ramsay believes it is just a stage. Mrs. Ramsay believes Prue is a great beauty; Mr. Ramsay hasn't noticed it. Mr. Ramsay worries about Andrew's efforts to obtain a scholarship; Mrs. Ramsay doesn't value this one way or the other.
4. Mr. Ramsay laments the loss of his solitude, his ability to think his own thoughts without interruption.
5. Mr. Ramsay feels a deep devotion to his family and chastises...
(The entire section is 316 words.)
Chapters 14-16 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. Why didn't Nancy want to go on the walk?
2. What is Andrew interested in on the walk?
3. What is Paul's purpose in this excursion?
4. What personality characteristics does Minta exhibit?
5. What does Minta lose on the beach?
6. What does Paul promise to do?
7. Rose and Jasper help Mrs. Ramsay to choose what?
8. Why does Mrs. Ramsay allow Rose to select her jewels?
9. What creatures does Mrs. Ramsay talk to?
10. In what way does Mrs. Ramsay walk down the stairs?
1. Nancy finds Minta too demanding. Nancy prefers to be alone.
2. He is interested in collecting marine specimens.
3. Paul wants to ask Minta to marry him.
4. Minta is emotional, somewhat rash, and a bit pushy.
5. Minta loses her grandmother's brooch.
6. Paul promises to return at daybreak to find the brooch.
7. They help her choose a necklace.
8. Mrs. Ramsay knows this ritual is important to her. She is in a stage of "mother worship."
9. Mrs. Ramsay talks to the rooks who settle on the trees outside the window.
10. Mrs. Ramsay walks down the stairs like a queen who silently accepts her subjects' adoration.
(The entire section is 186 words.)
Chapter 17 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. What does Mrs. Ramsay feel at the beginning of the dinner?
2. What does Lily observe about Mrs. Ramsay?
3. What are the thoughts of Tansley? of Bankes?
4. What are Lily's thoughts about the relationships of men and women?
5. What is discussed at dinner?
6. What are Mrs. Ramsay's thoughts about her husband's silence?
7. What happens when the candles are lit?
8. What has happened to Paul and Minta during the afternoon?
9. What are Lily's thoughts?
10. What is Mrs. Ramsay's feeling about the evening?
1. Mrs. Ramsay feels exhausted and discouraged. She wonders what she's done with her life and doesn't feel any emotion for her husband.
2. Lily observes that Mrs. Ramsay looks tired. She senses that she pities Mr. Bankes.
3. Tansley can't stand the superficiality of the conversation; he thinks that women make civilization impossible. Bankes is bored and uncomfortable with all the talking.
4. Lily feels that relationships between men and women are basically insincere.
5. Talk at the dinner table is of politics and the declining fishing industry.
6. Mrs. Ramsay wishes her husband would talk, because she feels his words are sincere and pointed.
7. When the candles are lit, the faces around the table...
(The entire section is 288 words.)
Chapters 18 and 19 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. What is on Mrs. Ramsay's mind as she ascends the stairs?
2. Why are the children still awake at 11 p.m.?
3. How does Mrs. Ramsay comfort Cam? James?
4. How does Mrs. Ramsay feel about her guests going to the beach at night?
5. What is Mr. Ramsay doing in the drawing room?
6. What occupies Mrs. Ramsay's mind, as she sits near her husband?
7. What is Mr. Ramsay's conclusion about Sir Walter Scott's novel?
8. What does Mrs. Ramsay read?
9. What impact does Mrs. Ramsay's reading have on her?
10. What enables Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay to feel re-united at the end of this section?
1. Mrs. Ramsay is trying to identify something meaningful out of the events of the day.
2. James and Cam are still awake because they are fighting about the boar's head skull on the wall. Cam is afraid of the shadows it makes on the wall; James refuses to have it removed.
3. Mrs. Ramsay places her shawl on the skull so that James' need is met: it is not removed. She makes up a fanciful story, filled with birds and trees and fairies, so that Cam sees the shape, not as menacing, but as beautiful.
4. Mrs. Ramsay is almost girlish in her enthusiasm. She becomes very animated as she encourages them to embark on this marvelous adventure.
5. Mr. Ramsay is...
(The entire section is 332 words.)
Time Passes, Chapters 1-7 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. What two aspects of Nature invade the house in Chapter II of Time Passes?
2. How are these aspects of Nature personified? What do they do?
3. In Chapter III, "divine goodness" is personified. What does it do?
4. What do the "stray airs" in Chapter IV find in the house?
5. Describe Mrs. McNab, the care-taker.
6. What do we learn about Prue Ramsay in Chapter VI? about Andrew Ramsay?
7. What change does summer bring in Chapter VI?
8. In a passage near the end of Chapter VI, we are told "the mirror has broken." What is the mirror? Why has it broken?
9. What explanation is given for the publication of Mr. Carmichael's poems.
10. In Chapter VII we learn that night and day, month and year run shapelessly together? What is the reason for that?
1. The aspects of Nature which invade the house are the dark and the wind.
2. The darkness creeps in the keyholes and crevices, steals round window blinds, swallows up jugs and basins and flowers, and furniture. The wind creeps around corners, ventures indoors, questions and wonders ("Would the wallpaper hang much longer?"), smoothly brushes the walls, asks the wallpaper and books and letters, "How long will they endure?"
3. Divine goodness parts a curtain, displays a wave falling, a boat...
(The entire section is 423 words.)
Chapters 8-10 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. What are Mrs. McNab's thoughts on returning to the house?
2. What are Mrs. McNab's memories of Mrs. Ramsay?
3. Explain the metaphor of the the feather. What does it signify?
4. Why do Mrs. McNab and Mrs. Bast and her son come to clean the house?
5. How does Mrs. McNab remember Mr. Ramsay?
6. How does Mrs. McNab remember the house when the Ramsays were there?
7. What personal handicaps do the two women have in their housecleaning efforts?
8. What is suggested by the words, "messages of peace breathe from the sea to the shore"?
9. How does nature change as a result of these messages?
10. Describe the sleep enjoyed by Lily when she returns to the house.
1. Mrs. McNab has heard the house will be sold and the family won't be back.
2. Mrs. McNab remembers Mrs. Ramsay as pleasant with all the staff. She envisions a specific day when Mrs. Ramsay, bent over her flowers, greets her warmly and tells her she will have the cook get her a plate of soup.
3. The house is near ruin. Something as weightless as a feather could tip the balance, making absolute disintegration inevitable.
4. The caretakers come to clean the house because they have received word from one of the Ramsay daughters that they will come to spend the summer and they want the...
(The entire section is 345 words.)
The Lighthouse, Chapters 1 and 2 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. Why does Lily feel "blank" on the morning after she returns to the Ramsay house?
2. What is the mood in the household?
3. Why does Lily pretend to drink out of an empty coffee cup?
4. What words does Mr. Ramsay mutter to himself?
5. What does Lily remember about her unfinished painting?
6. What had Mr. Ramsay said to embarrass Lily and the other guests the evening before?
7. What are the children's feelings about going to the Lighthouse?
8. How does Lily feel about her behavior toward Mr. Ramsay?
9. How does Mr. Ramsay react to Lily's comment about his boots?
10. How do Lily's feelings about Mr. Ramsay change?
1. She wonders why she came back, now that Mrs. Ramsay is dead. She senses the conflict and disharmony in the house.
2. The mood is aimless, unreal, and chaotic. Doors slam and voices call all over the house.
3. Lily pretends to drink out of an empty cup, because she wants to avoid Mr. Ramsay's calls for sympathy.
4. Mr. Ramsay mutters "perished" and "alone" to himself.
5. Lily remembers that she had had a revelation ten years earlier at this very table. She had moved something on the tablecloth and had seen how she would fix up the composition of her painting.
6. Mr. Ramsay had said, "You...
(The entire section is 330 words.)
Chapter 3 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. How does Lily feel as she returns to her painting?
2. As she paints, how do Lily's feelings change?
3. What is the image Lily has about painting?
4. What phrase recurs in Lily's mind?
5. What scene does Lily recall?
6. What was Mrs. Ramsay's part in that scene?
7. What revelation does Lily have about the meaning of life?
8. Why does Lily say she owes it all to Mrs. Ramsay?
9. What does Lily cry out?
10. What does Lily see when she looks out in the distance?
1. Lily feels rebuked by the canvas. She feels that her thoughts and feelings have drained her.
2. Lily becomes excited by the task and lets go of her emotional turmoil.
3. Lily thinks of painting like a kind of combat as she attacks her work.
4. Lily remembers that Tansley used to say that women "can't paint and can't write."
5. Lily remembers a windy morning at the beach when she and Tansley had played ducks and drakes.
6. Mrs. Ramsay's presence (asking about an object floating in the water, looking for her spectacles, etc.) had "oiled" the interaction between Lily and Charles. She had drained the tension from the two of them and had turned negative emotions into a harmonious encounter.
7. Lily sees that Mrs. Ramsay seemed to say,...
(The entire section is 276 words.)
Chapter 4 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. What makes James and Cam nervous as they sit in the boat?
2. Why are James and Cam angry?
3. What is the topic of conversation between Mr. Ramsay and Macalister?
4. Why don't James and Cam take part in the conversation?
5. What is the pact that James and Cam share?
6. Why does James think Cam will "surrender"?
7. What does Mr. Ramsay think about as he looks back at the shore and their house?
8. What does Mr. Ramsay ask Cam about? What is his reaction to her confusion?
9. What are Cam's feelings toward her father?
10. What does Cam think about as she looks out to sea?
1. Cam and James know that their father does not like to wait; they dread his agitation and impatience.
2. James and Cam are angry because they feel they have been coerced to come on the trip.
3. Mr. Ramsay and Macalister talk about last winter's storm and a shipwreck.
4. James and Cam have made a vow to remain silent, to passively resist their father's tyranny.
5. James and Cam will resist tyranny to the death.
6. James remembers how his mother would surrender to his father, and he believes that all females will do that.
7. Mr. Ramsay sees himself as he was at the house, walking back and forth, between the urns. He sees himself as...
(The entire section is 310 words.)
Chapters 5-7 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. Why does Lily feel depressed watching the Ramsay's boat sail off?
2. What does Lily feel like asking Mr. Carmichael?
3. What memory is etched in Lily's mind?
4. What is Lily's goal for her painting?
5. How has the Rayley marriage turned out?
6. Describe Lily's relationship with William Bankes.
7. Why does Lily call out to Mrs. Ramsay?
8. Why does Lily cry?
9. How does Lily envision Mrs. Ramsay as she paints?
10. What does Lily ask as she looks out to sea?
1. Lily feels depressed that she hasn't given Mr. Ramsay the sympathy that he had wanted.
2. Lily feels like asking Carmichael if he remembers the Ramsays and Minta Doyle as she does.
3. Lily recalls vividly one particular day at the beach. Mrs. Ramsay had been writing letters, sitting on a rock. She had looked up and seeing something in the waves had searched for her spectacles. She had asked, "Is it a boat? Is it a cork?" Mrs. Ramsay somehow managed to lighten Charles Tansley's mood, and Lily and Charles had been more companionable than heretofore.
4. Lily wants her painting to be beautiful and evanescent on the surface, but solid as iron underneath.
5. The Rayley marriage has not turned out well. Paul spends a lot of time in coffeehouses. Lily has observed the...
(The entire section is 366 words.)
Chapters 8-10 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. What happens to the boat out at sea?
2. What are Cam's thoughts about the distant island?
3. What are James' thoughts and feelings about his father?
4. What memories come to James' mind?
5. What does James want to do to his father?
6. What are Cam's thoughts about her father and brother?
7. How does the sudden progress of the boat affect James, Cam, and Mr. Ramsay?
8. How did Cam feel as a child when she had sat with her father and Carmichael and Bankes in the study?
9. What is Cam's image of her father reading?
10. What does Cam murmer dreamily to herself as she looks at the distant island?
1. The boat is becalmed. There is no breeze.
2. Cam feels that they don't feel anything there.
3. James feels that every gesture Mr. Ramsay makes is a hostile gesture directed at him. He anticipates with dread an unreasonable outburst from his father. He summons up the old image of stabbing his father in the heart.
4. James has a string of memories: he imagines his father as a black-winged harpy, striking his leg with its beak; he remembers the gardens, a dress rustling, and women gossiping. He remembers his father saying, "It will rain. You won't be able to go to the Lighthouse." He remembers a wagon wheel had gone over a person's...
(The entire section is 347 words.)
Chapters 11-13 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. What is Lily's thought as the boat recedes in the distance?
2. How does Lily feel about routine? Social convention?
3. What does Lily want to capture in her painting?
4. What is Lily's intuition about Mr. Carmichael's poetry?
5. Why might people have disliked Mrs. Ramsay?
6. What positive memory does Lily have of Charles Tansley?
7. Was the Ramsay marriage blissful, according to Lily?
8. What is the conversation between Macalister and Mr. Ramsay?
9. What does Cam mean when she thinks, "There! You've got it at last?"
10. Why is Lily exhausted?
1. Lily thinks that so much depends upon distance.
2. Lily feels that when routine is broken, one can see life more clearly.
3. Lily wants to capture "the jar on the nerves" of human experience, not a description of it.
4. Lily thinks that his poetry must be impersonal.
5. Some people may have been intimidated by her beauty or her interventions.
6. Lily remembers a day at the beach when somehow Mrs. Ramsay's presence allowed Tansley to lighten up and be playful.
7. The Ramsays' marriage was not a "monotony of bliss" according to Lily. She remembers certain scenes, slammed doors, plates thrown out of windows, and rigid silences.
(The entire section is 267 words.)
Literary Style
Stream of Consciousness
The narrative technique that Woolf uses for most of To the Lighthouse is normally called stream of consciousness. This technique was a product of Modernism a literary movement characterized by introspection, self-awareness and an openness to the unconscious. Associated primarily with Woolf and James Joyce this technique was a way of representing the whole mind of an individual, not just conscious thought. It is based on the psychological theory that human minds are made up of many layers of awareness, from highly articulated rational thought, to emotional responsiveness, all the way to the animal pre-speech level of need and instinct. The basis of the technique is the notion that all of these layers are present in the mind of a human at any given moment—a "stream of consciousness" composed of the flow of sensations, thoughts, memories, associations, and reflections. If the exact pattern of the mind ("consciousness") is to be described, then these varied, disjointed, and illogical elements must find expression in a flow of words, images and ideas similar to the unorganized flow of the mind. In To the Lighthouse Woolf describes the technique while talking about Lily Briscoe:
To follow her thought was like following a voice which speaks too quickly to be...
(The entire section is 670 words.)
Compare and Contrast
1910s: Unrest grows in Tsarist Russia as the oppressive state cracks down on reformers and activists.
1920s: The Bolshevik revolution has taken place, and Lenin is in power. His New Economic Policy is being instituted, which allows greater economic freedom and a measure of controlled capitalism.
Today: Communist Soviet Union has collapsed, and Russia is in ruins following a disastrous attempt to switch to a U.S.-style free market economy.
1910s: After World War I the 1919 Treaty of Versailles establishes an international body that will arbitrate disputes. It also demands that Germany pay reparations for the war.
1920s: The League of Nations has been formed, but its powers are very limited. America refuses to be involved, and has not ratified the Treaty of Versailles. The League is powerless, and fails to prevent the events that lead to World War II.
Today: The United Nations has been in place since 1945, and has learned from the fate of the League of Nations. The UN provides a working arena for international diplomacy, peacekeeping, and aid.
1910s: The British Labour Party is a new creation, struggling to find a support base. Many members of the British intellectual scene are in sympathy with its socialist ideology. After the...
(The entire section is 351 words.)
Topics for Further Study
Virginia Woolf summed up James Joyce's writing style as "the work of a queasy adolescent fingering his pimples." Look at the different versions of stream of consciousness to be found in Woolf's To the Lighthouse and Joyce's Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in light of this assessment. What are the differences between the two narrative techniques? What do you think led Woolf to see Joyce's style as immature and self-absorbed?
Feminist critiques of To the Lighthouse have drawn very different conclusions about its gender politics. Elaine Showalter suggests that the novel is a retreat from feminism into mysticism, while Toril Moi argues that it is a radical feminist attack on the logic of patriarchal male society. Which assessment seems to you better supported by Woolf s book? What textual evidence can you find for either of these viewpoints?
"Had there been an axe handy, or a poker, any weapon that would have gashed a hole in his father's breast and killed him, there and then, James would have seized it." Many critics have suggested that James Ramsay has an Oedipal complex. What is Freud's concept of the Oedipal complex? Do you think James is suffering from it? Research the history of the idea and make a case for or against.
To the Lighthouse ends when Lily Briscoe puts the final stroke on her picture. Many critics have suggested that Woolf's novel is an attempt to create...
(The entire section is 337 words.)
Techniques / Literary Precedents
Woolf's technique of narrating through a stream-of-consciousness and imagery reached their full potential in To the Lighthouse. The narrative layers subjective perceptions and rapid transitions between multiple consciousnesses, and the novel is constructed in three sections which reflect this fluidity, ending with a narrative many years after the events described in the first section take place. These devices allow Woolf to further dramatize the devastations that follow in the wake of World War I. The novel explores questions of temporality and "objective" reality while placing its central concern on the obscurity of human relationships; here, Woolf's text dialogues extensively with Freudian psychoanalysis and, in particular, with Freud's Oedipal scenario.
In all of Woolf's novels, her conceptions of form and self owe a great deal to ideas that she had absorbed in her wide reading of both English Romantic poets and the fin-de-siecle French writers. Her readings show a fusion of novel and lyric that did not lead, as expected to the dilution of the novel; rather, it intensified the novelist's task. The interior monologue is created by mental associations which proceed independently of time or cause and facilitate the interweaving of motifs, figurative language, metaphor, simile, and intense symbolism. The significance of the stream-of-consciousness is not only that it is logical and planned, but that it creates the subjectivities of the...
(The entire section is 279 words.)
Media Adaptations
The British Broadcasting Company (BBC) produced a dramatization of To the Lighthouse for British television in 1983. Kenneth Branagh, Rosemary Harris, Michael Gough, and Suzanne Bertish star. It is available from Magnum Entertainment Inc.
An audio book edition of To the Lighthouse is available from Naxos AudioBooks Ltd. The 1996 recording is read by the British actress, Juliet Stevenson.
Penguin Audiobooks also released a recorded edition of the novel in 1997. Their edition is read by Eileen Atkins.
(The entire section is 75 words.)
What Do I Read Next?
Mrs. Dalloway, Woolf's 1925 novel about a day in the life of the titular character, is not only a personality study, it is also a commentary on the ills and benefits society gleans from class. We spend a day with Clarissa as she interacts with servants, her children, her husband, and even an ex-lover, as she plans and executes one of her celebrated parties. Mrs. Dalloway shows the full emergence of Woolf's distinctive writing style that she would refine to greater heights in To the Lighthouse.
A Room of One's Own is Woolf's 1929 essay about the difficulties facing women authors. Woolf uses the constrained economic choices that women face to explain why "Shakespeare's sister" failed to write any plays, and to argue that creativity is dependent on independence.
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, James Joyce's 1916 novel about the development of Stephen Dedalus, is told in a ground-breaking stream-of-consciousness style. Reading this book along with To the Lighthouse provides a clearer picture of Woolf's important literary innovations.
E. M. Forster's 1924 A Passage to India is a major novel that addresses issues of nationality and empire. An intellectual peer and friend of Woolf, Forster writes in a...
(The entire section is 493 words.)
Bibliography and Further Reading
Eric Auerbach, "The Brown Stocking," in his Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature, Princeton University Press, 1946, pp. 16-34.
Abel, Elizabeth, Virginia Woolf and the Fictions of Psychoanalysis (Chicago University Press, 1989).
Beja, Morris, Virginia Woolf's To the Lighthouse: A Casebook (Macmillan, 1970).
Bell, Quentin, Virginia Woolf: A Biography, 2 vols. (Hogarth Press, 1972).
Joseph L. Blotner, "Mythic Patterns in To the Lighthouse," in PMLA, Vol. 71, 1956, pp. 547-62.
Rachel Bowlby, Virginia Woolf: Feminist Destinations, Blackwell, 1988, p. 79.
Irene Dash, Deena Kushner, and Deborah Moore, "How Light a Lighthouse for Today's Women?" in The Lost Traditions: Mothers and Daughters in Literature, edited by Cathy Davidson and E. M. Broner, Ungar, 1980, pp. 176-88.
DiBattista, Maria, Virginia Woolf's Major Novels: The Fables of Anon (Yale University Press, 1980).
Gordon, Lyndall, Virginia Woolf: A Literary Life (Macmillan, 1991).
James Halfley, The Glass Roof: Virginia Woolf as Novelist, The University of California Press, 1954, p. 80.
Louis Kronenberger, The New York Times, May 8, 1927.
(The entire section is 901 words.)
Bibliography (Cyclopedia of Literary Characters, Revised Third Edition)
Bassoff, Bruce. "Tables in Trees: Realism in To the Lighthouse." Studies in the Novel 16, no. 4 (Winter, 1984): 424-434. Contends that Woolf redefines realism in her novel. Focusing on Lily Briscoe, Bassoff demonstrates how her perception is mediated by her interaction with other characters.
Beja, Morris. Critical Essays on Virginia Woolf. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1985. This text attempts to reconcile disparate schools of Woolf criticism. Includes a review of To the Lighthouse, written by Conrad Aiken, that appeared in 1927 upon the novel's publication.
Daugherty, Beth Rigel. " 'There she sat': The Power of the Feminist Imagination in To the Lighthouse." Twentieth Century Literature 37, no. 3 (Fall, 1991): 289-308. A well-argued interpretation that centers on the moment of Mrs. Ramsay's reappearance near the end of the novel. Contends that Lily's acceptance of Mrs. Ramsay as a woman, free of patriarchal influences, allows the latter to reappear in her own right.
Kelley, Alice van Buren. "To the Lighthouse": The Marriage of Life and Art. Boston: Twayne, 1987. A superb starting place. Provides a reading of the book, a wealth of background information, a chronology, and a discussion of critical responses.
Kelley, Alice van Buren. The Novels of...
(The entire section is 455 words.)
Source: Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction, ©2001 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Novels for Students, ©2013 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: MAXnotes to To the Lighthouse, ©2000 Research and Education Association, Inc.. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Cyclopedia of Literary Places, ©2003 Salem Press, Inc.. All Rights Reserved.
Source: Masterplots II: Women's Literature Series, ©1995 Salem Press, Inc.. All Rights Reserved.
Source: Cyclopedia of Literary Characters, Revised Third Edition, ©1998 Salem Press, Inc.. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Assalamalaykum, I am a young non-Muslim American lady who met a middle-aged Muslim man from a different country. I found him very kind and generous, with good morals (not to mention a charming smile that melted my heart). We chit-chatted for hours almost every day and got along so well that soon we were talking about getting married. He and I were soooo excited about this idea and counted the days until we could finally be together. However, he then revealed to me that he wanted me to be his second wife--because he currently had a wife. The problem with this is that he originally said he was divorced, and basically now was revealing that this was not true. I was very upset, but forgave him for this lie. I am not a jealous person, so I can understand the basis for any polygamous marriage as long as everyone involved is aware and ok. So I then asked if his first wife was ok with him taking a second wife. However, he then revealed that he doesn't know what she thinks, because he never told her directly that he was talking to me all this time. He said though that she probably has a feeling something is happening. He said he loves me so much and he was only staying with her because they have a small son together. He said she can't make him happy the way I do. He urged me to stay with him. I was very much shocked by this. I felt so sad for myself (I really, really liked him!!!), but it was nothing compared to how awful I felt for his wife. Any moral person (regardless of religion) knows in their heart that it is just plain wrong to treat a person (especially his own wife!) like this. I told him that I felt so bad that I had became an unwitting participant in deceiving his wife, that it was immoral for him to treat her this way, and that I could not talk to him anymore. I immediately cut off all ties with him. Please tell me that Islam does not condone this kind of behavior ---where a man can just start searching for a second wife, and chatting up another lady, without even informing his own wife he is doing so. While I am not Muslim myself (I am undecided), I believe Muslims are generally very good and moral people and I love them. It would really disappoint and sadden me, however, if I knew that most Muslims find this to be acceptable behavior. Peace to you all. I am looking forward to your reply. |
Feb 25 at 02:23
wow you made my heart feel so mus=ch better, for my ex did this to me i did not except the other woman he left me and my kids in dept,the other woman is a life coach and knows nothing about my life with him, now they teach my daughter to lie to me of things they do.
(Feb 25 at 12:45)
again you are an amazing person God be with you.
(Feb 25 at 12:46)
If a man is able to marry a second wife, physically and financially, and he can treat both wives in a just manner, and he wants to take a second wife, then he is allowed to do so according to Islam. Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning): "… then marry (other) women of your choice, two or three, or four…" [al-Nisaa' 4:3] And this was the practice of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), and of his Companions (may Allaah be pleased with them). women should not let jealousy make them object to that which Allaah has prescribed, and they should not try to prevent it; a wife should allow her husband to marry another woman for this is a kind of cooperating in righteousness and piety. The first wife's consent is not a prerequisite for a man to take another wife. The Standing Committee for Issuing Fatwas was asked about this and replied as follows "It is not obligatory for the husband, if he wants to take a second wife, to have the consent of his first wife, but it is good manners and kindness to deal with her in such a manner that will reduce the hurt which women naturally feel in such situations. This is done by being kind to her and speaking to her in a gentle and pleasant manner, and by spending whatever money may be necessary in order to gain her acceptance of the situation." Concerning her request for divorce if her husband wants to marry another wife, this is a mistake. But they should examine the situation, and if she really cannot cope with living with another wife, then she can ask him for khula' [ a kind of divorce instigated by the wife, whereby she forgoes the mahr]. If she can cope with living with the second wife, but it hurts her to do so, then she should be patient and seek the pleasure of Allaah. Thawbaan (may Allaah be pleased with him) narrated that the Messenger (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said "No woman asks her husband for a divorce for no reason, but the fragrance of Paradise is forbidden for her." (Narrated by Abu Dawood and others, and classed as saheeh by al-Albaani, may Allaah have mercy on him). If she bears it with patience, then Allaah will make it easier for her and will expand her chest (i.e., grant her peace and calm), and will compensate her with something good. The husband must also help her by treating her kindly, being patient with her for any jealousy etc. on her part, and overlooking her mistakes. And Allaah is the source of help |
Under those specific circumstances, the Qur'an recognized that if a person feels that he shall be in a better position to meet or fulfill his social obligations , by marrying a second wife provided he can deal with his wives in a just and equitable manner then he may marry the women. The Qur'an does not hold the consent of the first wife of the person as a mandatory requirement for a second marriage. |
I am not a scholar in regards to Islam. That being said, I do know that it is haram/wrong for a man to take another wife without first gaining permission from the one/s he currently has. I do not agree that a man can evenly distribute himself among more than one wife, a job and kids, financially, emotionally or physically. Islam clearly states women are "sensitive" so why put her in this situation? Why allow the hurt and abandonment feelings that would follow a husband saying he wants another wife? I am a woman and I know for a fact I can speak for many when I say that there is no way that sharing my husband would be ok. Should he ever seek another is would be after divorcing me. And those that feel my words are blasphemous need to really think. |
May 04 at 20:54
May 05 at 04:00
sadie ♦
Im baffled by your words I edited your last sentence because its not appropriate. Now I want to say first off I am understanding on your feelings toward this issue. As I am also a woman, and have had to ponder and think hard about this. But sister what I want you to acknowledge is your saying to Allah subhana WA ta'ala that you yourself know better than him. Now depending on your trust in him you maybe able to work through this difficulty slowly.
(May 05 at 03:59)
sadie ♦
I only want to share with you a couple things that helped me come to terms with this. 1.) one day I had a thought that I was saying it wasn't ok when Allah swt said it is. And secondly , I asked myself if my husband was a good man ,father and Muslim could I really keep him from marrying some other woman? My first answer was yes I could he's mine. Then I thought about the woman, what if I kept the marriage from happening and she ended up with a terrible life? Could I live with that? My answer was No. No I can't live with that.
(May 05 at 04:04)
sadie ♦
I would want for my sister in Islam to have what I have, a good life. So really think about it. And not when your emotions are running on high. I wish you all the best asaalaam alaykum .
(May 05 at 04:06)
sadie ♦
I know myself, and I could not bear the thought of the man I love being with another woman. I would be greatly betrayed should that happen. I would not want bad things for anyone, myself included. To me, in my heart, knowing my husband was with another woman, making love to her, hugging her joking laughing.... I would rather be dead then face the humiliation of that.
(May 10 at 19:58)
My husband told me that he wants 4 wife. I accepted that. Now I been married for 3 years, and he is looking a second wife, his reason is to have a 8 kids from each wife,he said my body will mess up I have a 8 kids. He talks with females in front of me, and wants me to be nice to his second wife.she is from overseas and she wants to introduce him to her family,but he wants me to go with him which is too much for me. He really loves me I think he is spoiled. So this is the reason why some men wants second wive. |
So long as you have not signed the mutual documents of agreement in the marriage, you are not inclined to do anything you don't want to. As for his first wife not knowing, it seems he feels ashamed and very secretive to others, (if he is that secretive to his wife it seems easily suspicious to others). There are many things involved culturally and religiously that can be taken into account. If you feel he is right for you then I can't change your mind, I will caution you, and I will leave with a note about my parents. My mother was a non-muslim American when she met my middle-eastern father, although there was no polygamy involved things worked out, and 30 years later we are a happy family, and she became a Muslim by her own choice over 20 years ago. I hope this helps with your question. Salamuwalykum. |
Thank you for your post and your time. I am aware that in Islam a man can take up to 4 wives. However, my question is if Muslim men can start looking for a second wife without informing the first one that he is doing this. |
Feb 25 at 03:03
He has to tell his wife, and have to take her permission as it is a moral responsibility. Second thing is that, you don't know whether he told you the truth or he has lied to you about his wife that she doesn't make him happy as you do. Maybe he is playing with you so that he could convince you for marriage, who knows someday he will also leave you like this? But if you ask me religiously, then he can do a second marriage on the condition that he should maintain equality between both the wives.
(Feb 25 at 12:36)
believer ♦
If he is not happy with his original wife than i think think he's allowed 2 have a second 1. forgive me if I'm mistaken. Allah knows best |

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what did you think of that opening ceremony?
what did you think of that opening ceremony?
No offense, but I thought the opening ceremony was bad.
I thought it was brilliant.
...didn't understand it all ...thought it was magical and original ...looked great on our new HD tv ...always like the bit when the nations mingle and party ...Macca looked like he was way passed his sell-by-date ...and his bedtime ...as did the Queen ...fun segment with James Bond tho' ...loved the way they produced the couldron ...very emotional...!
i thought it was brilliant except for a few bits,danny boy took it to the limit,god knows how the overseas veiwers kept up with it.the nhs/gosh segment i didnt like,it was clever ,but not for me.the queen and 007 was a belter,larfed like a drain!and those chimneys and lowry inspired sets were very well done too.
paul mc cartney's voice wasnt great,but it was late and he's 70 ish,but got the place rockin' with hey jude.the arctic monkeys?no thanks
the copper petal idea and the caldron lighting was excellent
over4 hours of it and i was glued to the tv till the end
we were never going to replicate anything like the chinese in bejing.did it make me proud?oh yeah!
And there's a chance nobody will. I've been on the giving and receiving end of "This will never be surpassed". And so it goes....... Since there's not much else clubhousing, I'll detail it later.
In the mean, between.....I missed the first 45 minutes.....but thx to Yahoo, it was already spoiled for me by them showing pictures of the helicopter on the their home page with notes saying, "We don't want to spoil the opening ceremony of the Olympics"......Which should have been followed by: "But if you've got half a brain you might guess that it has something to do with the _____ and J____ B____ and a helicopter."
The girls and I very much enjoyed most everything else that followed. They didn't think much of the whole boy/girl Internet plot,nor the live rapper......but at least 5 times during the musical segments they yelled out...."Oooo that's my jam/song" and the dancers and effects during that segment were cool. They are more Mary Poppins fans than Harry Potter.....and we all thought that sleeping baby was more creepy than cute.
I personally liked most of the stuff during the endgame: the activists carrying the flag, the stadium workers, the young athletes, Paul.....and even the Artic Monkeys. And most of all, as usual, The Parade of Nations.....especially the tiny ones..... the bon mots tossed out by the announcers......and the shots of the costumes and pictures like the guy that painted his beard yellow and blue to match his outfit.
I think the object was to be as different as possible from Beijing as possible, concentrating on the human element. I was glued to the television. and thought the whole thing was brilliant. I need to see it again; I think there were a lot of in-jokes.
One of the problems with the Beijing opening ceremony was that the Chinese have pretty much ruined the event for everyone else who has to follow. They spent £65 million on their ceremony, so if you're going to compete, you're going to have to spend equally ridiculous amounts of money as well.
Britain doesn't have that kind of cash to throw around, so trying to come up with an opening event that would be memorable meant approaching it from a completely different angle. What we got was, in my opinion, one of the best opening ceremonies of all time, as I will try and explain below.
Firstly, I cannot recall any other opening event where the host nation openly took the piss out of itself, thus showing its sense of humour. Previous ceremonies have always wanted to show the hosts in the best possible light, with no warts or blemishes. Here was an opening ceremony that throw that aside, so we had references to the weather (a favourite British pastime, moaning about the 'bloody weather') and several other typically British idiosyncrasies.
Secondly, Queen Elizabeth's involvement in the James Bond sketch is without precedent. Since America does not have a royal family, there is no real comparison I can draw. I'm sure that if the Olympics were being held in the US, then the President would probably do something similar, but there again, politicians will do almost anything that raises their profile. But for the Queen to take part in such a manner, especially in a year when she has been celebrating her Diamond Jubilee and projecting a staid and officious (which is not meant to be in any way detrimental) persona, was wonderful to see.
Thirdly, the sketch with Rowan Atkinson as Mr Bean playing with the London Symphony Orchestra injected the right amount of humour into what is always such a straight-laced event. British humour is somewhat unique, but Mr Bean has touched a nerve around the world and so getting the rest of the world laughing along brought some much needed light relief.
I did think the whole NHS segment was overlong and not necessarily the kind of area that needed emphasis – Britain has contributed much to the world over the last fifty or sixty years that could have been focused upon, not least of which was Roger Bannister breaking the four minute mile barrier back in 1954.
In the weeks leading up to the opening ceremony there was considerable speculation as to who would light the Olympic flame in the stadium. Most of the money went on either Daley Thompson or Steven Redgrave, and it seemed a few days beforehand that there had developed something of spat between the two, with friends and allies of both stating publicly why their man deserved the honour more than the other. A day before a rush of bets of Roger Bannister made him the new favourite, so the stunt the organisers pulled at the actual event came as a big surprise. There again, during London's bid for the Games the organisers had stated that they hoped to leave a legacy for the next generation, so having members of that next generation lighting the flame was inspired.
Elsewhere I thought there was much to savour – the squad of Mary Poppinses defeating those nasty villains, the iconic mini car (with the 2012 registration), a salute to great British music of the last fifty years or so (although I could have done without The Sex Pistols – why not The Average White Band, who scored bigger in the US than the Pistols?) and we had an opening event that had something for everyone.
Interestingly enough, the day after the opening I went online to see what the rest of the world had made of it – was it too British, did they get all the in jokes, what did it say about Britain in the 21st century? Every review I read, including those from Australia, the US, India, China and Russia, thought it an excellent opening ceremony. Indeed, my eyes began to water just reading what other nations thought of the ceremony. You can't please all of the people all of the time, but the opening ceremony pleased most of them.
I'm enjoying the games so far. But getting back to the opening ceremonies. I thought the Queen/Helicopter bit was tacky. If the citizens over there think it was great that they poked fun of themselves, then who am I to judge? I also didn't like for the most part, the music and dancers. "Firestarter"??? Really? I also didn't like the movie bits. This is not the Academy Awards or the MTV Music Awards. Alot of the stuff I saw seemed better suited for the closing ceremony. Every last co-worker or friend of mine, that has discussed the Olympics and the opening ceremony said they were boring and just not good. Maybe its just the people I know in my little part of the world. My criticism is not a reflection of the country, it is more of a reflection of the Olympic committee and the producer of the opening ceremonies.
It's not a reflection on the Olympic Commitee or Producer, it's a reflection of your lack of diversity and possibly taste and Heaven knows what else.....notwithstanding your aforementioned comments.
I can't run into 5 people who watched without getting a yea AND a nay on the Opening.
Are your people victims of some strange Citywide Tribal inBreeding Ritual Gone Wrong.....OR Right?
Run Skooldem1.....RUN.
As if to prove that not everyone gets the British sense of humour, here's the almighty row that broke out over a flippant comment made by the Team GB head of the cycling team in response to a French query as to why we had performed so well during the Olympics:
The French were today accused of trying to sour Team GB's amazing cycling success.
It comes after suggestions in France that the British had "magic wheels" which the team hid after every race.
Today, Sir Chris Hoy's father claimed the French team had started the row over "magic tyres" in a bid to justify their bad performances at London 2012.
He said: "You've got to upset someone. It might as well be the French.
"They've got to look for some reason for why they're under-performing."
It appears the French may have fallen for a joke by British cycle supremo Dave Brailsford who told a French newspaper that GB had "specially round wheels".
The tongue-in-cheek remark sparked a cheating row as France's director of cycling Isabelle Gautheron said: "We are looking a lot at the kit they use. We are asking a lot of questions: how have they gained so many tenths of seconds?
"I am not talking about any illicit product, because anti-doping tests are so strong. Honestly, we are looking a lot at the kit they use. They hide their wheels a lot. The ones for the bikes they race on are put in wheel covers at the finish [of a race].
Referring to a French make of wheel, she asked: "Do they really have Mavic wheels?" This prompted French paper L'Equipe's headline "Magic or Mavic."
But Mr Brailsford said: "I told them we had some special wheels because we had made them specially round. The French seemed to have taken it seriously, but I was joking. They are the same wheels as everyone else. There is nothing special about them.
"The real secret to our success is peaking at the right time, talented athletes, commitment and ... brilliant coaching." The controversy came after Jason Kenny, 24, stormed to victory over Frenchman Gregory Bauge in the men's sprint final in front of 6,000 fans at the velodrome last night.
It was Britain's fifth track cycling gold out of seven events and there were further hopes of three more medals today from Chris Hoy, Victoria Pendleton and Laura Trott [we won two, collecting a silver in the third].
Mr Brailsford, British cycling performance director, said: "It's interesting that people are starting to ask questions. It's no different from when we raced the last three and a half weeks at the Tour de France. It's the same method, the same philosophy and essentially fantastic coaching which is the only secret weapon we possess.
"As far as the Olympic Games go, only two weeks are important: one week in Beijing, one week here. And we've peaked for both." French journalists said they had not been taken in by British humour, and realised it was a "round wheel" joke but still suspect the GB squad have developed some ground-breaking technology.
Their suspicions may also be fuelled by the fact that the British have a team termed the "secret squirrels" led by Chris Boardman who have the job of perfecting the technology.
It might be British technology, but the joker really is on the French - they manufactured the bloody things! Now if they had been members of the Soulful Detroit Forum, they'd have spotted the ad for bicycle wheels on the ads that appear on the right hand side of the page....
I've been out of town and was not able to comment.
Everyone has their own opinion and they are entitled to it. However, I'm with Bankhouse on this one. I thought it was "quite right."
those tyres are made of woven silk they take a pressure of about 200psi!your car tyres are about 32 ish.so the rolling resistance due to tyre deflection on track contact and lateral movement is almost nil,less friction and wasted energy as the normal tyres that move.
also on the road bikes the chain set sprokets are not completely round (oval)so on the down stroke the chain will move fractionally faster before and after the "hump",we're only talking small amounts but over several 1000 rotations it makes a difference at the end.
the cranks are made of carbon fibre wrapped 'round l
,molyibdimena metal that melts at 100 degs c.stick it in boiling water,the molten material pours out and you get a hollow monocoque shaft,strong and light.all 10ths of a second gained but makes the difference with all the other "small" improvements = world records and gold medals!.Mr bordman couldnt pronounce the metal or kept it secret but we used it for bending aircraft pipes so they dont collapse at the bend line,add boiling water and you have an empty pipe perfectly formed!
Last edited by tamla617; 08-15-2012 at 05:41 PM.


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Select a tag to browse associated projects and drill deeper into the tag cloud.
Synfig is a powerful, industrial-strength vector-based 2D animation software package, designed from the ground-up for producing feature-film quality animation with fewer people and resources. While there are many other programs currently on the market to aid with the efficient production of 2D
Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.


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Barriers & Challenges to Advancement
The stigma for women to pursue STEM careers starts at an early age. Stereotypes about the difficulty of certain subjects and subtle cultural and societal cues about "masculine" and "feminine" subject matter discourage girls from pursuing these studies. Also, technology toys and video games tend to be designed and marketed for boys rather than girls. According to the National Center for Women and Information Technology, high school girls associate computer science with "male geeks," and tend to avoid science and technology clubs and activities.
In higher education and STEM careers, women often report feeling isolated, marginalized and hampered by a lack of female mentors and role models. More effort is needed to encourage women to pursue advanced studies and careers in STEM through networking, hiring more women into positions of seniority and instituting parent-friendly advanced degree programs and research projects.
Search NCRW
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Now Playing: Riddick in IMAX
By IMAX 에 9월 13, 2013
An epic continues…
RIDDICK is now in IMAX ® theatres. In the latest installment in the series that began with the sensational Pitch Black and The Chronicles of Riddick, Vin Diesel creates another chapter in his fabled world. 더 알아보기


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How Hard Is Your Drive?
I don't consider myself particularly naive.
Now, this is not to say that I consider myself to be especially worldly wise either. I mean, I've been around the block a couple of times. Looks pretty much the same on the other side as it does here, except that their yards are a little more sloped. Unfortunately, that slope is pointed toward my yard and when it rains…
Well… We should probably address that in a different blog.
This one is actually a different story, from a different time. A time way back before I started getting paid (regularly) for splattering words across paper. In a sense it is even pre-E K. Not entirely, as E K and I were actually living together. It is just pre-E K in the sense that she was leasing me and had not yet exercised the buyout option in order to have full ownership.
Back then we both worked at a small computer and electronics repair company called MicroFix. We shared an office with our sister company, Computer Connections Technologies. I don't know that either of them even exist anymore. I know MicroFix doesn't because when I went to work for T&W they bought them out.
But again, I sort of digress.
You see, back in my Techie days one of the duties was phone support. It's not that we were a phone support company, but it just kind of comes with the territory. People call with questions and you try to help them. It's how you get paying customers who come back again and again.
Or, in some cases you can just delete the word "back" from that last sentence.
I should probably explain what I mean by that. I should also probably note that what you are about to read is true. I can make up some pretty crazy sh*t, but not this. Srsly.
I was sitting at my desk one spring day while working up a quote for a customer when the phone rang. So, being the service manager and since the phone was on my desk, I picked it up. (For the sake of the historical accounting, remember, this was pre-Windows. We're talking about the days of MS-DOS 2.0.)
"Good afternoon, Microfix, this is Murv, how can I help you?" I said into the handset.
"Good afternoon," a somewhat breathy woman replied. "I was wondering if I could ask you some questions about my computer. I'm having some trouble with it."
"Sure. What sort of trouble?" I asked.
"It won't come on."
"I know this sounds silly," I said. "But are you sure it's plugged in?"
She chuckled. "Oh yes, it's plugged in. It just blinks at me. I don't get a prompt."
"Do you have a hard disk or just a floppy?"
She sighed in a very odd manner, then breathed, "Hard."
"Well, it's possible you have a non-system disk in the floppy drive. Is it giving you any sort of error?"
"Yes," she almost whispered between panting breaths. "That's exactly what it says. Non-system disk."
"Check the floppy drive and see if there is a disk in there."
"No. There isn't."
"Okay," I replied apologetically since it was looking like the problem could be a little more serious. "You might have a damaged boot record on the hard drive, but it's hard to say without seeing it. If you have a system disk handy you could…"
"How would you fix that?" she said, interrupting me with a strange gasp filling in behind her voice.
"Well…" I replied, a shrug in my voice that even I could hear. "It really depends on how bad it is. We might be able to just Sys the volume and add the boot files back on. Or we might…"
She interrupted me again, her voice low and breathy. "More technical…"
"I'm sorry?"
"Tell me the technical stuff. How would you fix it?"
"Well… Umm… It depends. If it's really bad we might have to do a low-level format."
"How?" she breathed.
"It's a process we invoke through a program built into the hard drive controller card."
Her breathing was getting faster and shallower now and I couldn't help but hear it.
"No… Tell me… Exactly… How…" she panted and now I could hear a faint buzz in the background.
I was beginning to think she was having a heart attack or something. Not only that, our connection seemed to be having issues, what with the buzzing noise and all.
"Well… We have to use a program called Debug which allows us to enter hardware level commands. We would tell the controller to access a particular portion of its onboard ROM and run a segment of code."
"Yes…" she moaned. "How… more…"
"Umm… Depending on the type of controller and whether or not you have an MFM or RLL encoded hard drive we would type in g=c800:5 or g-c800:ccc, and that…"
At right about that moment she screamed and I heard a loud clattering noise that sounded like she had dropped the phone.
"Ma'am? … Ma'am?…" I said, somewhat alarmed.
I was just getting ready to yell through the door into the front office to have someone call the police, for fear that the woman actually had experienced some sort of catastrophic system failure of the human kind – be it a heart attack, seizure, or whatever. I figured I should stay on the line so they could trace the call or whatever in order to find her and dispatch paramedics.
Just as I leaned back and began rolling my chair toward the door, handset still to my ear, her breathless voice came back on the line.
With a moan and a satisfied sigh she said, "Thanks… Technical talk really gets me off… I'll definitely be calling you again."
When I hung up I just stared at the phone for a while. I felt so cheap and used, especially since I didn't get her credit card number, so I couldn't charge her for the service.
Hand to whatever deity works for you, true story.
I am not kidding.
To this day I wonder if it ever showed up in Penthouse Letters, or whatever Playgirl Magazine equivalent there happened to be at the time…
More to come…


text:
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My son had used these gloves for less than two weeks when the outer covering started peeling away from the lining material. If they don't last through two weeks with a 12 year old, just what ARE they good for? Single-game use?
- Was this a gift?:
- No
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We had 3 really nice days at the hotel. When we checked in, they first gave us a fine room, but it was a bit small. I called the reception and politely asked if they had a bigger room. Two minutes later we had a new keye brought to us, and got a wonderfull room (room 322)! Good service. I... More
- Also Known As:
- Enterprise Hotel Milan
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Enterprise hotel is a boutique hotel with panoramic SPA situated in the most livable and fashionable area of the city and it takes an active part in Milan's night life thanks to its happy hour. Its location is definitively central and a short walk from FieraMilanoCity(500m) and MIC(550), and on the way to S.Siro stadium(3km); in addition it is well linked with the historical centre thanks to public transport. The hotel is easy to reach also by car. The exit of the motorway Milano Viale Certosa is very close. There is a free shuttle service for the main trade fair held at the new Pero-Rho trade fair centre. Free Wi-Fi in the rooms. American buffet breakfast is provided from the hotel; even a corner with gluten free and biological products is available. For people who wake up early, "early morning breakfast" is at disposal of the guests. All rooms are furnished in a chic, modern style with unique materials and finishing touches throughout such as parquet flooring. The bathrooms are a visual oasis with iridescent mosaic tiles. Every room features air-conditioning, safe, minibar, sound proofing, digital and pay TV, coffee & tea maker, phone, Wi-Fi and high-speed Internet in all rooms and public areas. The bright rooms of ENTERPRISE HOTEL are decorated in an elegant modern style; the comfort and the care for the slightest details create a magic atmosphere. The elegant and modern Sophia' s Restaurant offers creatively reinterpreted traditional dishes with typical Mediterranean ingredients and during the summer is possible to have lunch or dinner in the wonderful oriental garden. Every Thursday night all the guests are welcome to attend the "happy hour" that takes place in the garden lounge. The theme of the happy hour changes every week and you may enjoy different kind of music and have a look at the temporary exposition. Enterprise Hotel has opened its new SPA "Le terme di Kyoto" located on the seventh floor with panoramic views. A unique setting with a sophisticated design, where you can discover the pleasure of dedicating time to themselves and be lulled by sweet melodies. Amenities include: hot tub, warm bench, Turkish bath, emotional shower and relax area. ... more less
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Geren Ford Spring 2009
Link Love
- The most searched fashion designer of 2013 is . . . — InStyle
- Will Esprit be the new Zara? — Fashionista
- Not your average holiday Advent calendar — Love Magazine
- Who's more fashionable than Kate Moss or Kate Middleton? — Grazia
- The founder of Chloé gets awarded the Legion of Honour — Telegraph
- Cara Delevingne is not the Model of the Year — HuffPost Style
- Which brand is Kanye West ranting about this time? — Page Six
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There is no point in this kind of comments coming out from anyone, especially from you. You are just throwing more gas in to the flames.
Every clan ain't so mannered and I not sure your clan was the most polite so you shouldn't bash anyone else. Reputation is important in esport casting company. It doesn't give you any justice for action like this only because there are no other real casting companies than honcast.
Not sure where all this hate for us came from HenryD, some members of [BARS] spammed breaky in a pre cast 6 months ago and since then you've banned us from IRC for no reason and made up lies about us. Looks like you have some growing up to do. We're a pretty respectful clan to people who actually deserve respect, if you deserved respect maybe you'd get some. Hopefully we'll be able to go to Dreamhack Winter and we can have a friendly chat
Last edited by Keengamer; 10-10-2010 at 09:44 PM.
Keengamer you were an annoying **** when you and your gay ass clan literally spammed the camera man for honcast EVERY ****ING GAME. I don't feel a piece of sympathy for you.
One game? One game my ass, you guys did it every game.
Seeing as we've moved on from Phil I'm going to have to come out and call KeenGamer a giant douchebag if he is a LiveStream spammer. I hate those ****s as I'm one of the few people in the world that enjoy all/spec chat in casts.
Then your clan members are giant turdbags. Please don't call me mate either, I live in Swansea, I get enough drunken inbred's trying to claim they're my 'mate' as is. Not in need of another.
Even though it might seem like a "success" in that you got rid of a caster you don't like, very few new people will want to contribute to a community that acts like this. So good luck in finding the "holy grail" of casters that never make mistakes and still want to help out such a disrespectful and unappreciative community.
ello ello govna, im gonna get sum flak fur dis but i tink push staff is good on madman govna!
I think this just shows that the HoN community's maturity level is somewhere below that of highschool drama queens.
The Hero-Tracking Changelog! My Strategy Article.
Matches I'm proud of: Match 24216943 Match 22979926 Match 28587142 Match 7776189
The community doesn't act like anything. I think it's perfectly reasonable to have public outcry against a caster that adds almost nothing and talks **** about players much better than him.
I mean, breaky gets by (for the most part) even with his flaws, but this is probably because he doesn't get as butthurt as the others do when he gets called out on things. Phil and Henry's reactions to critique are always hilarious "you guys are trolls, don't watch it if you don't like it" etc responses.
Yea! What this guy said! Phil is totally butthurt! And a noob and talks **** about players much better than him! Being bad at pressing the buttons means you can't understand people who are good at pressing buttons! Thus you can't make obvious observational comments about people doing a poor job at pressing buttons! GOOD RIDDANCE PHIL!
This guy is so right, Phil was the worst caster we ever had. Also clan BARS has definitely never trolled/spammed Honcast repeatedly, no sirree. Also HenryD is really bad and never says anything worth hearing. Yup yup. They should just get rid of everyone but Breaky.
After HenryD gets kicked off word is I'm next because I sound like chipper
Well to be fair if your a professional you should be there for matchstart and if 1 player cant then its your job to replace him, not for the other team to change start time.... So blaming TSoG is sad...


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First, no the needles don't hurt...as in they are not like getting a shot.
Second, it can be a relaxing experience but if you are going to heal a pain..well umm it's kinda PAINFUL. They find the sore muscle and poke it...then if you are super lucky like me they hook you up to a machine and it pulses so you can actually see your muscles jumping...WEIRD. And of course well painful because my IT band was so tight and I have bursitis in my knee.
I was also suprised to see a day later that the location of the needles was very apparent on my sore hip. Yes, I am indeed going on a limb here and giving you a shot very near my sweet lady rump...not lumps.Unfortunately this wasn't the instant panacea I hoped for, but I thought it was very interesting and the medicine man as we shall call my 6'0' chinese doctor had some great points:
1. Streets are slopped. If you run the same direction all the time you are forcing one leg to always be longer, change direction.
2. Use heat, not ice. Ice may create an initial good feeling, but if you have a tight IT band you need to be using heat. THis is not to say ice doesn't have it's place, but not for sore muscles.
3. Release the muscle. The electro-acupuncture is designed to release the muscle meaning it's tight and binded so you need to force it to let go...usually 1-3 sessions is supposed to help but I'm not sure yet if I can go back...it hurt.
CHIRO: Prior to seeing the medicine man I had been to a chiro/deep tissue guy and found that to be the most helpful so far. He released a strain in my back which made my hip feel better...but the bursitis in my knee is persistant and I'm only able to run 2 miles right now. I know many folks love their chiro and I have to say I am now convinced that when combined with the deep tissue work it is a very usful tool
PT: I am also still doing PT work, but I think my muscles are pretty strong now. I believe the exercises which I posted previously are very usful to all runners though as I know it improved form, balance and running.
Active Releast Therapy: I have used ART wayyy in the past, but not tried it again...maybe that's another thought. For those who don't know ART is: "ART is a patented, state of the art soft tissue system/movement based massage technique that treats problems with muscles, tendons, ligaments, fascia and nerves. Headaches, back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, shin splints, shoulder pain, sciatica, plantar fasciitis, knee problems, and tennis elbow are just a few of the many conditions that can be resolved quickly and permanently with ART. These conditions all have one important thing in common: they are often a result of overused muscles." Runner Leana has used this a lot and found success.
What therapies have you tried? Do you believe in alternative medicines?
Any other rehab questions? Any other therapies you need me to be a guinea pig and try out?
Gratitude Journal
June 25
I am grateful for huge king sized beds
I am grateful for jacuzzi tubs
I am grateful for steak houses with veggie options
I am grateful for super friendly hotel staff
I am grateful for friends who just say hi


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Electrical Resistance
Student Extras
Visit The Physics Classroom's Flickr Galleries and enjoy a photo overview of the topic of electric circuits.
The Calculator PadImprove your problem-solving skills with problems, answers and solutions from The Calculator Pad.
Ohm's LawExplore the effect of varying resistance and voltage upon the current in a circuit with this interactive Java applet.
Ohm ZoneUse this virtual playground of switches, cells, wires, resistors and more to explore circuit principles. Best of all, you won't get shocked.
Teacher's Guide
Looking for a lab that coordinates with this page? Try the Voltage-Current-Resistance Lab from The Laboratory.
Curriculum CornerLearning requires action. Give your students this sense-making activity from The Curriculum Corner.
Curriculum CornerPractice makes perfect with this computational activity from The Curriculum Corner.
Ohm's LawThis interactive Java applet by Walter Fendt simulates Ohm's law. Students can alter the resistance or the voltage and observe its affect upon the current.
Cirque du Circuit: A Unit on Electric Circuits for High School PhysicsThis is a 10-day multimedia unit that explores the fundamentals of electric circuits in a web-based, interactive format; it demonstrates the use of Compadre filing cabinets.
Molecular Expressions: Java Tutorial - Ohm's LawThis Java applet provides an opportunity to modify the voltage and resistance of a simple circuit and to observe the effect on current.
Treasures from TPFPresent physics concepts with a historical context. Let The Physics Front's treasure box of catalogued resources help.
Treasures from TPFNeed ideas? Need help? Explore The Physics Front's treasure box of catalogued resources on Electricity and Electrical Energy.
Ohm's Law
There are certain formulas in Physics that are so powerful and so pervasive that they reach the state of popular knowledge. A student of Physics has written such formulas down so many times that they have memorized it without trying to. Certainly to the professionals in the field, such formulas are so central that they become engraved in their minds. In the field of Modern Physics, there is E = m c2. In the field of Newtonian Mechanics, there is Fnet = m a. In the field of Wave Mechanics, there is v = f . And in the field of current electricity, there is V = I R.
The predominant equation which pervades the study of electric circuits is the equation
In words, the electric potential difference between two points on a circuit (V) is equivalent to the product of the current between those two points (I) and the total resistance of all electrical devices present between those two points (R). Through the rest of this unit of The Physics Classroom, this equation will become the most common equation which we see. Often referred to as the Ohm's law equation, this equation is a powerful predictor of the relationship between potential difference, current and resistance.
Ohm's Law as a Predictor of Current
The Ohm's law equation can be rearranged and expressed as
As an equation, this serves as an algebraic recipe for calculating the current if the electric potential difference and the resistance are known. Yet while this equation serves as a powerful recipe for problem solving, it is much more than that. This equation indicates the two variables that would affect the amount of current in a circuit. The current in a circuit is directly proportional to the electric potential difference impressed across its ends and inversely proportional to the total resistance offered by the external circuit. The greater the battery voltage (i.e., electric potential difference), the greater the current. And the greater the resistance, the less the current. Charge flows at the greatest rates when the battery voltage is increased and the resistance is decreased. In fact, a twofold increase in the battery voltage would lead to a twofold increase in the current (if all other factors are kept equal). And an increase in the resistance of the load by a factor of two would cause the current to decrease by a factor of two to one-half its original value.
The table below illustrates this relationship both qualitatively and quantitatively for several circuits with varying battery voltages and resistances.
Rows 1, 2 and 3 illustrate that the doubling and the tripling of the battery voltage leads to a doubling and a tripling of the current in the circuit. Comparing rows 1 and 4 or rows 2 and 5 illustrates that the doubling of the total resistance serves to halve the current in the circuit.
Because the current in a circuit is affected by the resistance, resistors are often used in the circuits of electrical appliances to affect the amount of current that is present in its various components. By increasing or decreasing the amount of resistance in a particular branch of the circuit, a manufacturer can increase or decrease the amount of current in that branch. Kitchen appliances such as electric mixers and light dimmer switches operate by altering the current at the load by increasing or decreasing the resistance of the circuit. Pushing the various buttons on an electric mixer can change the mode from mixing to beating by reducing the resistance and allowing more current to be present in the mixer. Similarly, turning a dial on a dimmer switch can increase the resistance of its built-in resistor and thus reduce the current.
The diagram below depicts a couple of circuits containing a voltage source (battery pack), a resistor (light bulb) and an ammeter (for measuring current). In which circuit does the light bulb have the greatest resistance? Click the Check Answers button to see if you are correct.
The Ohm's law equation is often explored in physics labs using a resistor, a battery pack, an ammeter, and a voltmeter. An ammeter is a device used to measure the current at a given location. A voltmeter is a device equipped with probes that can be touched to two locations on a circuit to determine the electric potential difference across those locations. By altering the number of cells in the battery pack, the electric potential difference across the external circuit can be varied. The voltmeter can be used to determine this potential difference and the ammeter can be used to determine the current associated with this V. A battery can be added to the battery pack and the process can be repeated several times to yield a set of I-V data. A plot of I versus V will yield a line with a slope that is equivalent to the reciprocal of the resistance of the resistor. This can be compared to the manufacturers stated value to determine the accuracy of the lab data and the validity of the Ohm's law equation.
Quantities, Symbols, Equations and Units!
The tendency to give attention to units is an essential trait of any good physics student. Many of the difficulties associated with solving problems may be traced back to the failure to give attention to units. As more and more electrical quantities and their respective metric units are introduced in this unit of The Physics Classroom tutorial, it will become increasingly important to organize the information in your head. The table below lists several of the quantities that have been introduced thus far. The symbol, the equation and the associated metric units are also listed for each quantity. It would be wise to refer to this list often or even to make your own copy and add to it as the unit progresses. Some students find it useful to make a fifth column in which the definition of each quantity is stated.
(a.k.a. voltage) |
or V / |
PE = P t |
W s |
(Note the unit symbol C represents the unit Coulombs.)
The next section of Lesson 3 will involve taking another look at the quantity power. A new equation for power will be introduced by combining two (or more) of the equations in the above table.
Your Understanding
1. Which of the following will cause the current through an electrical circuit to decrease? Choose all that apply.
a. decrease the voltageb. decrease the resistance
c. increase the voltage
d. increase the resistance
2. A certain electrical circuit contains a battery with three cells, wires and a light bulb. Which of the following would cause the bulb to shine less brightly? Choose all that apply.
a. increase the voltage of the battery (add another cell)b. decrease the voltage of the battery (remove a cell)
c. decrease the resistance of the circuit
d. increase the resistance of the circuit
3. You have likely been warned to avoid contact with electrical appliances or even electrical outlets when your hands are wet. Such contact is more dangerous when your hands are wet (vs. dry) because wet hands cause ____.
a. the voltage of the circuit to be higherb. the voltage of the circuit to be lower
c. your resistance to be higher
d. your resistance to be lower
e. the current through you to be lower
4. If the resistance of a circuit were tripled, then the current through the circuit would be ____.
a. one-third as muchb. three times as much
c. unchanged
d. ... nonsense! There would be no way to make such a prediction.
5. If the voltage across a circuit is quadrupled, then the current through the circuit would be ____.
a. one-fourth as muchb. four times as much
c. unchanged
d. ... nonsense! There would be no way to make such a prediction.
6. A circuit is wired with a power supply, a resistor and an ammeter (for measuring current). The ammeter reads a current of 24 mA (milliAmps). Determine the new current if the voltage of the power supply was ...
a. ... increased by a factor of 2 and the resistance was held constant.b. ... increased by a factor of 3 and the resistance was held constant.
c. ... decreased by a factor of 2 and the resistance was held constant.
d. ... held constant and the resistance was increased by a factor of 2.
e. ... held constant and the resistance was increased by a factor of 4.
f. ... held constant and the resistance was decreased by a factor of 2.
g. ... increased by a factor of 2 and the resistance was increased by a factor of 2.
h. ... increased by a factor of 3 and the resistance was decreased by a factor of 2.
i. ... decreased by a factor of 2 and the resistance was increased by a factor of 2.
7. Use the Ohm's law equation to provide numerical answers to the following questions:
a. An electrical device with a resistance of 3.0 will allow a current of 4.0 amps to flow through it if a voltage drop of ________ Volts is impressed across the device.b. When a voltage of 120 V is impressed across an electric heater, a current of 10.0 amps will flow through the heater if the resistance is ________ .
c. A flashlight that is powered by 3 Volts and uses a bulb with a resistance of 60 will have a current of ________ Amps.
8. Use the Ohm's law equation to determine the missing values in the following circuits.
9. Refer to question 8 above. In the circuits of diagrams A and B, what method was used to control the current in the circuits? And in the circuits of diagrams C and D, what method was used to control the current in the circuits?


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But remember, don't face the wind.
You could also get a telescopic steel stick. So you beat the crap out of everyone.
Get one of these
Paint it black
Carry it in your axe wound.
Got some moolah earlier, and decided to finally retire my ol' Gears of War themed deck I've been skating for the past couple (5) months.
Damn thing is SUCH a good deck, hell I could probably come back and skate it at some point and it'd still pop like new.
Alas, I don't wanna fuck up the grip, so I'm getting a new deck or two today. Shall post pics when I got em.
I bought a guitar. Can't find a camera, but this is the exact same thing:
Seagull Entourage Rustic
aw mate, i was thinkin of getting a guitar, too. How's the sound on that one?
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