text:
Loading of Gut |
(Vol. XXIX n° 2, May 1994, 'Lute Society of America Quarterly', pp.5-14)
translated from the Italian original by Ivo Magherini
Among the hypotheses conceived by scholars about the possible manufacturing processes employed by 16th and 17th centuries string makers to produce all-gut bass strings, that of loading the gut by means of appropriate treatments deserves serious consideration, on the ground of direct and indirect confirmations at our disposal. This confirmations homogeneously coming from different fields, each on its own account, allow us to sketch an altogether sufficiently clear picture of how, in the 2nd half of the 16th century and for over a hundred years, the problem of acoustical performance of all-gut bass strings could have been solved by ancients.
As it is well known, when, in an attempt to perform renaissance and baroque repertoires observing philological criteria, modern gut strings are employed for the lower registers of plucked and bowed instruments, they unequivocally give a very poor acoustical performance. As a consequence, when performing musical material from these historic periods, we are always faced with an all but negligible paradox, stemming from the fact of having unavoidably to employ overspun strings for music conceived before their historic appearance. With some families of instruments, such as viola da gamba the problem of acoustical performance for modern gut strings begins normally to appear already beyond the 4th string, rapidly to became more serious for the lower ones. With lutes, the consequences are even more striking, and begin to appear, roughly, after the 5th course and particular in the lower ones, especially if all lying over one neck of limited length, such as, for instance 11 course baroque lutes. A very good example of which appears in the famous portrait of lutenist Charles Mouton (1).
The hope of unravelling the mystery behind the manufacturing techniques once used to produce all-gut bass strings (which after the introduction of overspun strings, were to fall in progressive and irreversible neglect) spurred an intensive research on the part of scholars who, once ascertained that modern thicker strings are rather stiff, thought that the heart of the problem was to be sought in the twisting process commonly employed today, which does not allow a sufficient degree of elasticity; an important parameter to make a string sonorous (2).
The amount of twist thus began to be considerably increased, seen that it allowed some increase in the elasticity of the structure (3). Unfortunately, in the region of the lowest frequencies such procedure proved insufficient. So other more complex twisting methods were adopted (4)(5), some of which reproduce exactly the structure of a rope. By proceeding in this direction a noticeable decrease in the string's stiffness was finally arrived at the cost of loosing its smoothness, which is at odds with many written and iconographical sources of the 16th and 17th centuries. This caused some dispute about the historical reliability of such a manufacturing process (6).
This, in short, can be considered the state of experimentation which is certainly made more difficult by the fact that no old string from the 16th or 17th centuries seems to survive today. Likewise, very little of technological significance comes to us from treaties of the past and from recently discovered string makers statutes (7)(8). The string makers' secrets were carefully guarded, an easily understandable attitude in times when there were no certain commercial guarantees, while fraud lied constantly in ambush. In the string makers corporation statute in Rome (1642) and Naples (1653 and 1685) for example, the only technologically relevant information seems to be the prohibition to shear (longitudinally?) gut and what the size the frames should be. In fact, most chapters deal with prevention and repression of frauds.
1. Bridge holes
The hypothesis that the loading of gut could have been the common and relevant characteristic of bass strings employed between 16th and 18th centuries found its way in the light of some data recording, which afterwards became systematic, of bridge holes sizes from historic lutes built before, or very close to 1664, year to which the earliest surviving historic report of overspun strings date back to (9). It should be underlined, however, how scant and scattered the spreading of the new type of strings must have been, probably on the ground of the habit musical taste, and the fact that traditional bass strings in the face of the novelty, kept being competitive. T. Mace (10) over ten years after J. Playford's announcement, make no mention of them. J. Talbot (11) by then prefers to use conventional bass strings, and so does L. Mozart who well into the 18th century, implicitly excludes, in his 1756 violin tutor, the use of overspun strings.
For the lute the bond to old habit remains very strong. Gut bass strings of "... a deep dark red colour ..." (12) can be seen in a portrait by the berliner painter A. Pesne (1678-1758) painted around 1740-2 and now in the Schloss Charlottenburg, Berlin, portraying the graceful Eleonore von Kayserling playing a 13 courses German theorbed lute, probably tuned in D minor. Thus, on the ground of such observations, some of the original instruments examined are from a few decades after the watershed implicitly established by Playford's announcement.
In practical terms the lowest courses' hole diameters in original instruments bridges were found to be so small as to allow no all-gut string passing through them a sufficient working tension and therefore a sufficient sonority, a sonority moreover only granted to strings possessing a high degree of elasticity such as rope structured ones for instance, since plain gut strings, even at working tension considered correct, proves to be totally unusable. In table 1 some significant examples of very accurately measured instruments are recorded. These lutes were presumably tuned in renaissance tuning, possible doubts or further remarks are recorded aside. The low strings holes were measured by means of rods of increasing known diameters, thus the maximum passing diameter was found. When examining these data it must be borne in mind that we are dealing with bridge holes diameters and not strings diameters, which were bored by the lute maker with some amount of empirical oversize. In spite of this handicap, the results are absolutely surprising.
Before examining the data in the tabs, it will be useful to briefly remind some considerations, quite often treated anyway, on the physics of strings (2)(3). Breaking point define the tension at which a string of 1mm in section breaks for modern gut. This is estimated at about (13). At equal vibrating length, gut strings of different diameters will break, theoretically, at the same frequency (breaking frequency) (14). Through the general equation for strings, it can be inferred that the product of this critical frequency by the string vibrating length (in meters) is a constant K (breaking index). Such relation when expressed in other terms ( ) allow to quickly calculate the theoretical upper limit at which the cantino of each historical instruments examined will break.
The common procedure for tuning a lute (or a viola) for solo playing in 16th century was, as well known, to tune up the treble, empirically, to the highest possible pitch, stopping short of breaking (i.e. before reaching its breaking point). In other words one aimed for the highest working frequency a given string vibrating length will allow. Keeping slightly below breaking frequency, ancient musicians obviously aimed for an acceptable compromise between the top string's playing life and the safeguard of the best acoustic performance of the all-gut lower registers. For instruments with a defined nominal pitch-tuning it is to be expected that the procedure could have taken a perfectly specular route, exploiting, in practice, the maximum string vibrating length which the breaking point, or rather the breaking frequency allowed. Thus at playing pitch the treble worked in any case close to the breaking. Such a hypothesis finds confirmation in the estimates made on the lute depicted in M. Pretorious "Syntagma Musicum", Wolfenbüttel 1615-20, where the product of frequency by vibrating length is (15).
Basing themselves on these concepts several scholars today suggest that working at 2-3 semitones below breaking frequency may be considered a reasonable choice (2)(16). For our table it was decided to work at two semitones below the breaking frequency of each historic instrument. Bearing in mind that the internal between courses are constant, it was the possible to assign each course a definite frequency. It is worthwhile to remind that under these working condition a chantarelle, no matter what its breaking is, exploits some 80% of its total strength "reserve".
In absolutely empirical terms, it may be assumed that at more then 4kg tension, at the strings lengths examined, a string becomes too stiff to sound, played with finger pads, with "grace" and "full pearls" (17). At tensions lower than 2.5 Kg the "focus" of the note produced (basic frequency with its baggage of higher harmonics) becomes decidedly imprecise, especially with fairly thick gut strings, where the inner damping coefficient is rather pronounced. The treatises of the past confirm for their part that the strings should feel neither too stiff nor to slack to the touch (15)(18); for sheer convenience, the value of 3 Kg was chosen, a working tension at which there is a tendency to play today.
As far as specific weight is concerned, two different ones where considered: that of usual plain gut (about ) which although lacking any practical application for the manufacturing of bass strings possesses the highest density value for a natural product, beyond which it is only possible to go by means of appropriate treatments. The other is the mean apparent specific weight of a rope-construction string, which represent, in fact, the only model devised today as a possible technological solution employed in the past, and whose density is around .. By processing these parameters (density, string length, frequency) (19), it was possible to tabulate the following:
Column A: the diameter (in mm) which a traditional plain gut string (a) or a rope-construction one (b), at 3.0 Kg tension should possess in order to produce the corresponding working frequency, assuming a treble, working at two semitones below breaking point.
Column B: the specific weight which strings passing through each bridge hole, at 3.0 Kg tension, should possess for a working frequency assigned to bass, according to the above mentioned criteria. As can be easily noticed, the densities so obtained are rather higher than those of the two types of strings considered.
Column C: the tension in Kg each type of strings (a or b) would have at diameters equal to those recorded from original bridges. This last column looks rather interesting, since the only significant variable is represented by the breaking point of gut, which in turn determines the working frequency to assign to each bass course.
For sheer curiosity we have considered also the mean value of the breaking point of specimens of current commercial strings (sheep and beef) which is 34 (they range between 31 and 38 ) but the resulting working tensions were for the most part below any acceptable value. Finally, the hypothesis was considered that treble strings of the 16th and 17th centuries may have been remarkably stronger than those available today, in order to allow, at equal vibrating length, a higher pitch and therefore move the working tensions up to a range of values which could be judged acceptable. Through the string equation, it was estimated that it would be necessary to reach a breaking point of at least 40 to 48 , which seems frankly excessive.
Being the product between the vibrating length and the breaking frequency (or the working frequency) for the cantino a constant, we can assume that the same product for each course is a constant as well, so the knowledge of the vibrating length becomes inessential to determine some important parameters as the specific weight and the working tension. Thus is sufficient to know the bridge hole diameter to obtain what is necessary, and is no more a possible source of doubts the possibility that in the past some bridges of the historic instruments observed could have been moved in a new position, different from the original one.
For baroque lutes with a d-minor tuning, the influence of the breaking point of gut on the data processing looses completely significance. The top string of these instruments is always nominally defined as f', whose actual frequency depends solely from the pitch standard in use, for example kammerton for German lutes in the 1st half of the 18th century (20). In table 2 examples are recorded of this type of lutes; the method used is substantially different from the preceding table, owing to the fact of being able to define more accurately the nominal pitch of each course.
In order to be able to assign them an accurate working frequency, the whole range of frequencies was taken into account, which scholars have considered as valid pitch standards in use in Europe in the 17th an 18th centuries, with particular attention to France and Germany; a range of frequencies, which is in any case included, between a minimum of zero semitones (0s) and a maximum of two semitones (2s) below our present standard of 440 Hz (21)(22).
A simple check using the method of table 1, suggests anyway to exclude some values in the higher side (0s, and 1s for vibrating length greater than 0.71 m). With the vibrating length of baroque lutes we would have a breaking frequency for the top string too close to these values. Thus parameters computed for a frequency standard referred as 0s (and 1s for vibrating length greater than 0.71 m) assume a purely speculative meaning.
The great importance of this table must not be overlooked, owing to its being in no way dependent on the breaking point of gut, a fact which drastically reduces the degree of uncertainty of the processed data.
Column C for instance, is only conditioned by the standard pitch assumed as basis. The specific weight used for these calculations is that of a rope-construction string. The information given by Baron (top string equal kammerton f') suggests some considerations on the breaking point of treble strings in the 18th century. A large number of surviving instruments from that period have a vibrating length of between 0.70 to 0.72 m Assuming a top string working at two semitones below breaking point (by which it should last 3-4 weeks before breaking, in accordance with both modern and Baron's indications) at the frequency range hypothesised by scholars for German kammerton (a' = 440 ÷ 390 Hz) it is simple to calculate a breaking point "window" of 32÷36 (23), that is remarkably close to those measured in modern commercial gut strings.
By following the same procedure it is possible to try and work an estimate of the breaking point of the treble strings of the 16th and 17th centuries. Several lutes built in Venice in the last 16th and the first half of the 17th centuries, surviving today, have a string vibrating length of between 0.57 to 0.59 m (24). With two semitones margin below the breaking frequency limit suggested as venetian pitch standards of that period (450 ÷ 466 Hz), which seems to have kept rather stable in that time span (21), a range of breaking points is obtained of between 33 to 36 , the assumed pitch being ' for the chantarelle. Assuming an a' pitch instead, the breaking point values rise to 38÷40 .. These deductions represent yet another positive support to the table 1 data.
2. Iconographic evidence
A general characteristic consequent to the loading of gut is that of requiring no particular twisting techniques since the high specific weight increase, by noticeably reducing the working diameter produces a remarkable decrease in the string's stiffness. The strings keep a smooth surface, in accordance with iconographic sources dating from the turn of the 17th century a good emblematic example of which is represented by the painter Evaristo Baschenish (1617-1677). He always depicted very curl strings on musical plucked and bowed instruments, and the length of string in excess and not in use, bundled up as though were of pliable cord (a detail not to be overlooked in our investigations; our modern strings, on the contrary, besides being impossible to bundle up in such a way without damage, they stick out of peg boxes as straight as pins) and also always depicted them having a smooth surface. Possible doubts about the accuracy in reproducing from life can be cleared by a painting in Palace Pisani-Moretta in Venice: besides the usual musical instruments whose smooth strings are clearly visible, at one side, lying on a tambour, is a tailor's spool where on the thread is a typical rope structure.
A second important indication coming from the 17th century iconography, is the colour of the lower registers strings. It must be said incidentally, that colour can not be taken on itself as a decisive confirmation of gut loading. In fact it is quite possible to increase the weight of the material even considerably, without changing the colour of strings to such an extent as to be noticeable on a painting. Besides, some dyeing processes in use in the 16th and 17th , especially for thin strings (see T. Mace and J. Dowland) aimed for purely aesthetic results. In any case, in the realm of the chromatically distinctions, iconography provides generous and important contributions, especially when taken in relation to other information available today. Thus low strings often appear to be blackish, brown or red coloured, in short, colours which are totally different from the natural colour of gut, and they begin to appear exactly where the acoustic shortcomings of plain gut would make themselves manifest.
The already mentioned C. Mouton's portrait, and that of the anonymous 17th century lutenist in the Kunsthalle, Hamburg are very good examples (25). Red bass strings, starting from the 6th course down, of apparently reduced diameters, suggest a use of colour which is not aesthetic, but simply a consequence of loading process, obtained perhaps with cinnabar, a heavy red mercury sulphide, which was an abundant raw material in some areas of central Italy, the same, in fact, where such a commercial type of bass strings were manufactured: the "pistoys" (9).
As far as bowed instruments are concerned, the best among many example available are two paintings from the second half of the 17th century by a Dutch painter in the German National Museum in Nuremberg. In these works a number of plucked and bowed instruments are depicted, probably life size, among which a (bass?) viola da gamba and a smaller one (soprano?) deserve special attention. Both instruments' 6th, 5th, 4th and 3rd strings, are fairly dark colour. The thickest string being almost black, while the two top ones, much lighter, are exactly the same colour of the frets.
Further details can be noticed, such as that they are perfectly smooth (on the bass viol's 6th string it is possible to see light been reflected), while the apparent increase in diameter does not follow the progression one would expect at all in a situation of equal working tension if gut strings of equal density were used. The violin also shows some very interesting aspects: while the first two strings are a light colour, the 3rd and 4th are a dark colour similar to those of the above described viola da gamba, bringing to mind J. Talbot's writing in the early 18th century: "...best strings are Roman 1st & 2nd of Venice catlins: 3rd & 4th best be finest & smoothest Lyons, all 4 differ in size...". Lyons, as known, were a renowned type of low register strings then available on the market. A confirmation of that anonymous painter's colour fidelity comes from the cittern, whose strings, again in accordance with J. Talbot, are a dirty yellow (brass) while the two top courses are grey (steel). Another example like this can be found in the wonderful painting Concerto in casa Lazzari (second half of the seventeenth century?) by Girolamo Martinelli located in Carpi (Italy). In this painting, Martinelli depicts the violone's third thorough sixth strings in a deep brown colour and the higher two strings in white. On the bass-violin depiced in the same painting, the bottom two basses are again brown, as in the violone, with the top two strings very light in colour and the second string nearly so.
The last example about violin came out from a paint of Rutilio Manetti, Siena 1624 year, (Dublin, National Gallery).
3. Literary evidence
In the area of written sources, a passage in the Mary Burwell lute tutor (c. 1670) could not go unnoticed. In chapter 16 dealing with two headed lute introduced by English Gaultier, the author complains about the problems caused by "...the confusion that the length of sound produce it alsoe..." and "...every basse sound make a confond with every string". The above mentioned two headed lute is the one depicted in the well known portrait of English Gaultier and in many other 17th century Flemish sources. Such an instrument may perhaps be identified with the lute made by Raphael Mëst in 162..., now in the Linhöping library in Sweden, whose extended string length is less than 90 cm (26), roughly in line with the measurements given by J. Talbot for this type of instrument. At such vibrating length such an overpowerful persistent sound, so to make the anonymous author complain and lutenist revert to use lute without extension, is in no way justifiable, for unloaded natural gut strings, no in after what twisting method is adopted, which anybody can easily verify.
Another source deserving attention is a report by Claude Perrault: (document 9) "...c'est par cette même raison que la maniere que l'on a inventée depuis peu de charger les cordes a boyau, rend leur son beaucop plus fort: car le fil de metail trait..." (27). The author refers to the new overspun bass strings giving however the impression he is talking about a new technological strategy for loading gut (i.e. the use of metal wire) in place of a more traditional one.
As far as 17th century lute treatises are concerned, such as Robert Dowland's (18) and Thomas Mace (10) for instance, the most interesting information (besides confirming more or less explicitly the strings smoothness) is the subdivision of strings in classes according to their specific use on the instrument. In Mace's treatise, for instance, three classes are defined: strings suited only for treble registers and the higher basses octaves (Minikins, Romans), strings for mid-range registers and the other basses octaves (Venice catlins) and finally strings exclusively used for basses (Lyons, red Pystois) (28). This "acoustic specialization" of strings induces to get over the idea of just one manufacturing system, in favour of a complex technological diversity, indispensable to grant a finished product possessing the acoustical and physical features necessary, from case to case to obtain maximum tensile strength for trebles, high elasticity for middle registers and high specific weight for basses.
Such a diversity could be achieved by the string makers of the time both by introducing new twisting techniques and by merely "chemical" means suited to increment, as much as possible, the acoustic disposition of natural material. Among this methods the use of aluminium salts (29) deserves mention, and above all, the sulphuration process, a millenary silk bleaching technique, also used by the anonymous Paduan string maker from the first half of the 17th century mentioned by Skippon (30), which seem to go well beyond the function of merely bleach the material, which is achieved in a matter of a few hours, any way. Instead the ancients kept this operation going for days, even; one could suppose a function similar to vulcanization of rubber, causing a loss of plastic properties in favour of elastic ones (31). A partial answer to this question will perhaps come from the results of chemical tests under way, which aim at verifying weather sulphur can actually fix itself into the collagen, the basic stuff of gut, thus building up disulphide links between the proteid filaments.
4. Experimental tests
The actual making of experimental loaded gut strings (32) went through a complex phase of quality standardization, which also included a careful study of treatises about dyeing and tanning of leather in use in the 16th and 17th centuries (33) and a long experimentation, through a some hundreds of tests, with such ancient dyeing and tanning baths (but obviously avoiding any toxic product). These experiments allowed us to discover the peculiar characteristics of the new strings, which could be then related to the historic information in our possession.
The specific weight reached was about 2.90 , i.e. 2.3 times the density of plain gut which corresponds to a diameter 34% smaller than plain gut strings and 40% smaller than rope-construction strings, thus perfectly compatible with what was measured on the bridges of the examined historic instruments.
The tone of the so obtained strings, as was to be expected, was rather dark, fundamental-heavy, bringing back to mind the only record in our possession by the English poet Edward Benlowes (1603-76), of how bass strings of the past might sound (34). A tone, in short, lacking a good part of the higher harmonics, which was to be made up for, at least as far as the lute is concerned, by the use of octave strings. It was however perfectly coherent with the "personality" of the higher untreated gut strings, achieving a natural extension towards the bass, unlike what unfortunately happens with overspun strings, which from the very outset suffered from serious tonal dishomogeneity (35).
The smaller diameters (especially those smaller than 1.0 mm) showed, on the other hand, such a harmonics rich tonal response as to dispense with the need, for the lutes 4th 5th and 6th courses, for octave strings, in favour of a unison arrangement. It is curiously significant to notice how the use of stringing these courses with unisons began to spread roughly at the same time the custom of tuning the 7th course a fourth below the 6th came into use, and more in general, with the extension towards the bass in the late 16th century, first hints probably of a the availability of a new type of string. An iconographic hint to this may perhaps be found on the 7 courses lute in Caravaggio's "I musici", c. 1594-6 in the Metropolitan Museum of New York, where only the 7th course is a vaguely reddish colour.
Where extended neck come into play, owing to the reduced diameters, a rather bright and persistent sonority was achieved, enough, that is, to cause the problems the Mary Burwell lute tutor's author complains about. The tone on the other hand, became rather nasal. Used as bass strings on neck of limited extension, such as an eleven course baroque lutes for instance, the sound acquired a certain dark gravity almost percussive, which coupled in a perfectly homogeneous manner to the sound of the octave, also made of gut.
Tests carried out on bowed instruments (violins, viola da gamba, violone and double bass) confirm essentially what already experimented with the lute, and suggested also to reduce, even substantially, the amount of loading for mid range strings (violin 3rd and gamba's 4th) which sounded too bright. It was not necessary on the other hand to change the working tension normally in use. The breaking point instead, because of the loading process, underwent a decrease of 20÷25% compared to that of untreated gut, a minor problem for low register strings, which work at only a fraction of their total tensile strength. Anyway, the acoustic features shown by these strings inevitably led us to reconsider, for bowed instruments, the criteria for post positioning, hairs breadth and tension and the type of bow to be used. For today lutenist, they dispense to constantly stopping overspun strings in order to avoid unwanted dissonances.
5. Conclusions
The contributions given by each of the disciplines examined and the iconography, from which only a few examples among many have been mentioned (36), historic documentation, original bridges measurements, and practical experimentation, allow us to draw a rather clear picture and, we believe, a convincing one. To confute the hypothesis of gut loading, the only alternative is to maintain that the basses of the lute -whose bridge-hole diameters were recorded- worked at a tension between 1 and 2 kg. I leave it to the reader to judge the credibility of such a theory, maybe after trying to play a lute with basses set at such tension.
However, we should not forget that the heart of the matter lies in what plausible answer alternative to gut loading can satisfy the evidence? Or should we really believe it possible, in the face of hard facts, that a thick unloaded plain gut string, at a working tensions of less than 2 kg, could actually produce a satisfactory sonority in lower registers without sounding like a rubber band? As far as lute bridge-holes are concerned, we believe that they can be taken as proof. Such research has been extended to the talpieces of bowed instruments, although originals are hard to find.
The bridge and tailpiece-hole diameters found on original instruments factually represent a universal yardstick employed undoubtedly by the luthiers of the past to fit any sort of gut bass strings then available on the market. Thus the technological matrix common to Lyons, Pistoys, and Dowland's Catlins can only be identified with the loading of gut.
Table 1/a
Table 1/b
Table 2/a
Table 2/b
Thanks and acknowledgements:
Mr. Lanfarini, Accademia Filarmonica, Bologna, Italy
Dr. Fiorenza Scalia, Sovraintendenza alle Belle Arti, Firenze, Italy
Mrs. Awouters, Musée Instrumental, Bruxelles, Belgium
Mr. Stradner, Mr. Hopfner, Kunsthintorisches Museum, Sammlung Alter Musikinstrumente, Wien, Austria
Mr. Mirko Caffagni, Modena, Italy
Mr. Virginio Cattaneo, Museo della Chitarra, Brescia, Italy
Mr. James Yorke, Victoria & Albert Museum, London, England
Mr. Klaus Martius, Germanisches National Museum, Nürnberg, Germany
Mr. Felix Wolf, Musikmuseet, Stokholm, Sweden
Mr. Arnè, Mr Dugot, Musèe de la Musique, Paris. France
Mr. Schiegnitz, Staatlische Institut für Musikforschung Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, Germany
Mr. Myers, University of Music, Edimburgh, England
Mr. Ivo Magherini for the English translation from the Italian original (plus a couple of suggestions) and for his kind collaboration Dr. Francesco Tribioli.
Bibliography and Notes
1) François de Troy (1679-1752): Portrait of the luthenist Charles Mouton, c.a. 1690, The Louvre Museum, Paris, ref. 2469.
2) D. Abbot, E. Segerman: "Strings in the 16th and 17th centuries", The Galpin Society Journal nº 20, July 1974.
3) D. Abbot, E.Segerman: "Gut Strings", F.O.M.R.H.I. Bull nº 1, comm 3, November 1975.
4) D. Abbot, E.Segerman: "Catline strings", F.O.M.R.H.I. Bull nº 12, comm 138, November 1978.
5) C. Besnainou: "Les cordes et leurs mysteres", "Tablature" Revué de la societé Française du luth, Juillet 1987.
6) F. Eyler: "The modern Venice Catlines reconsidered", Lute Society of America Bull., August 1986.
7) Roman Strings Makers' Guild: Statute; year 1642, Biblioteca Angelica, Roma.
8) Statutes of Neapolitan String Makers; years 1653 and 1685, Archivio Nazionale di Napoli.
9) J. Playford: "Introduction to the skill of Music", London, 1664.
10) T. Mace: "Musik's Monument", London, 1676
11) M. Prynne: "James Talbot's Manuscript: IV, Plucked strings. The Lute family", The Galpin Society Journal nº 14, 1961, pp. 59-60.
12) T. Mace (ref n.9) wrote: "... There is another sort of strings, which they call Pistoy basses, which I conceive are other than thick Venice Catlins, which are commonly dyed with a deep dark red colour...".
13) E. Segerman: "String tension on Mersenne's lute", F.O.M.R.H.I. Bull. nº 11, comm. 129, April 1978.
14) E. Segerman: "A closer look at pitch ranges of gut strings", F.O.M.R.H.I. Bull nº 40, comm. 632, July 1985.
15) E. Segerman: "On baroque lute stringing and tunings", F.O.M.R.H.I. Bull nº 16, comm. 215, July 1979.
16) W.R. Thomas and J.J. Rohodens: "The strings scales of Italian keyboard instruments", The Galpin Society Journal nº 20, 1967 p.48.
17) "The Mary Burwell lute tutor", ca. 1670, R. Ranstall's facsimile, introduction by R. Spencer, chap. 4: "Of the stringes of the lute".
18) R. Dowland: "Varieties of lute lessons", London 1610.
19) R.F. van Pelt: "A string formula", F.O.M.R.H.I. Bull. nº 9, comm. 81, October 1977.
In simplified terms:
where: t = tension in Kg; F = frequency in Hz; ? = density (for gut 1.3 ); L = vibrating length in m.; d = diameter in mm.
20) E.G. Baron: "Historische Theoretisch Und Practische Untersuchung Des Instruments Der Lauten", Nürnberg, 1727.
21) E. Segerman: "On German, Italian and French pitch standards in the 17th and 18th centuries", F.O.M.R.H.I. Bull. nº29, comm. 442, October 1982.
22) A. Mendel: "Pitch in western music since 1500: a re-examination", Acta Musicologica nº50, I/II pp. 1-93.
23) For every standard of frequency taken by considerations, attain the corresponding f' frequencies of top string. Two semitones above of these, there are respective breaking frequencies. The product with the vibrating length give us breaking index K that for breaking point of 32 is equal to 246 .. By a no complicate proportion, we can obtain every breaking point. If the interval between working frequency and breaking frequency is equal to a single semitone, breaking points will change between 28 and 35 ; 34÷39 if this margin is three semitones.
24) For example:
7 courses lute, v.l. 0.59 m, Musée Royal Instrumental, Bruxelles, nº 1561
14 courses theorbe lute, v.l. 0.58 m, Musée de la Musique, Paris, nº 1028
7 courses lute, v.l. 0.58 m, Accademia Filarmonica, Bologna
25) "Early music", October 1982: see cover.
26) O. Vang: "Two headed lute news", F.O.M.R.H.I. Bull. nº 13, comm. 156, October 1978.
27) C. Perrault: "Œuvres de Physique", Amsterdam 1727, British Library, London.
28) A painting by Louis de Sylvestre (portrait of a lutenist at Saxony court, ca. 1724) represents an interesting iconographic support of Mace indications. The strings of courses from I to IV and the octaves of courses from VI to VIII have a blue colour, the V course and the remaining octaves (it was an 11 courses lute) have a white colour, besides the bass strings of courses from VI to XI all have an orange colour. The Talbot violin as well follows strictly this track: high range Romans, mid range Venice Catlins, bass range Lyons.
29) According to Labarraque (Antoine Germain Labarraque: "L'art du Boyaudier", Paris 1822, Biblioteque National Paris) the function of aluminium salts is to facilitate the sedimentation of the ashes used in alcaline baths employed to degrease the fresh gut.
30) P. Skippon: "A journey thro' part of the Low-Countries, German, Italy and France", A. & J. Churchill, A collection of voyages and travels, London, 1732, pp. 532-533; cited by Jan Woodfield in the Lute Society Bull.
31) D. Diderot's Encyclopedie, 2nd half of the 18th century, is rather explicit: "... Mais la manouvre que nous venons de déscrire ne suffit par pour donner à la corde l'élasticité convenable, & lui faire rendre du son..." and "...pour y sécher lentement à la vapeur du soufre, & y prendre de l'élasticité..."
32) M. Peruffo: "New hypothesis on the construction of bass strings for lutes and other gut strung instruments", F.O.M.R.H.I. Bull. nº 62, comm. 1021, January 1991.
and by the same author "Il mistero delle corde gravi del liuto: nuove ipotesi di lavoro", Bollettino della Società Italiana del Liuto nº 2-3, October 1991 - January 1992.
33) In one of these there is a curious recipe to make harmonic strings: "Take the tendons of a horse's back which you will have pounded in a cloth with a wooden mallet until they become soft, then have them twisted well together with animal glue. Then dried them and they will be very strong and good strings and they will been almost of silk..." Don Thimoteo Rossello: "Summa de Secreti Universali", Venezia 1574, Libro Sexto, cap 123, p. 151, Biblioteca Universitaria, Padova.
34) "...still torturing the deep mounth'd Catlines till hoarse thundering diapason should the whole room fill..." cited by Frank Eyler in: "Sur l'employ des cordes en boyau", Musique Ancienne nº 15, Janvier 1983, pp. 29-31.
35) Forqueray's letter to Prince Friederich Wilhelm in 1768, on bass viole stringing: "... the fourth which is C should be half covered with a very fine covering, and the others completely covered with the same covering and never double covered". Trans. by Lucy Robinson in: "Le basse de viole", 1975, Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Cited by E. Segerman in F.O.M.R.H.I. Bull nº 15. comm. 15, April 1976.
36) Other examples are:


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I have been feeling some pain over the last week with a disc out of joint in my neck, so it is a good time to look back to an older post I am nostalgic about. As soon as I can, I will hop over to the stove and whip up a batch of these tender, nutty, aromatic stove-top cakes to eat slathered with caramelized bananas.
Waffle-making is a task I take on without much prompting on the weekends, filling the kitchen with warm, vanilla aromas as my family lounges about drinking coffee. When I found a recipe for Hazelnut Waffles, I knew these would knock everybody over, adding a toasted nut nuance to the panoply of flavours I was about to launch.
Obviously, you need a waffle-maker for this project and I am happy to say I inherited an old-fashioned cast iron clunker from my mom after she gave up participating in this sort of kitchen slavery. For those of you not so inclined, may I suggest you take the beautiful batter and make pancakes instead? Surely you have a frying pan! I like to think we are all in this together.
Waffles speak to me of breakfast and brunch but I have been known to present them later in the day as well, even calling them a summer supper, topped with frozen yogurt and fresh fruit. Sometimes a multi-course meal just makes no sense and a tender, furrowed stove-top biscuit is exactly suited to our desires.
The other impetus for waffle-making in my house is having extra bananas, as I have been told that waffles without caramelized bananas are hardly worth waking up for. If there was ever a good reason for getting up in the morning, this is it.
Chocolate Hazelnut Waffles
2/3 cup hazelnuts, toasted, skinned and ground medium fine (see Note ); 2/3 cup bittersweet chocolate, chopped medium fine in a food processor (optional, but really yummy); 2 cups all-purpose flour; 1/2 cup whole wheat flour; 2 tbsp. granulated sugar; 3 tsp. baking powder; 1 tsp. kosher salt; 4 large eggs; 2 cups milk; 1/2 cup unsalted butter, melted; 1 tsp. pure vanilla extract.
Combine ground hazelnuts, chopped chocolate, flour, sugar, baking powder and salt together in a medium bowl. Gently whisk eggs, milk, melted butter and vanilla in another bowl. Pour the liquid ingredients over the dry ingredients and whisk until smooth, about 30 seconds. Use this batter according to the directions of your waffle-maker, or use it to make pancakes. Excellent served with carmelized bananas or fresh fruit and maple syrup. Makes 4 4-sided large waffles.
Note : To skin hazelnuts, toast in a 350 F oven until starting to turn golden and fragrant, about 8 minutes. Wrap the warm, toasted nuts in a clean dish towel and let cool. Rub vigorously to remove most of the skins. Don't worry if you don't get all the skin off.
Caramelized Bananas
Slice 3 - 4 bananas about 1/2-inch wide along the diagonal. In a large frying pan over medium heat melt 2 tbsp. sweet butter, 2 tbsp. brown sugar, a pinch of salt, 1/4 tsp. ground cinnamon and a few gratings of fresh nutmeg. Add a splash of rum and stir to blend. Add the bananas and let them caramelize on each side. Serve hot over waffles.
Wake up to something special this weekend:

subset: commoncrawl


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He has been head of Carnegie Mellon's renowned Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering since 2005.
A new Johns Hopkins technology accelerator gives startups a boost.
Heart-stopping thrills abound, when freshmen biomedical engineers head to Six Flags for the annual "Roller Coaster Experiment."
The heart is much more than the sum of its parts. By capturing that complexity, Natalia Trayanova and her lab aim to deliver clinical innovations that could transform cardiac care.
This spring, students in the Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering's Senior Design Class were tasked with developing solutions to the environmental stalemate.
A team of sophomore computer science and biomedical engineering majors took home the grand prize of $1,024 at HopHacks, Johns Hopkins University's first-ever student-led hackathon.
Imagine an operating room where a computer records every movement a surgeon makes and even gives warnings or suggests possible next steps. This is the future.
Join us in celebrating 100 years of Johns Hopkins Engineering and have your name included on the Centennial Wall. By…


text:
December 18, 2013
Your search for Jamaica (West Indies) in Cuba returned 0 articles
News about Cuban Missile Crisis, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.
Official Name: Republic of Cuba
Capital: Havana (Current local time)
Government Type: Communist state
Chief of State: Raúl Castro, president
Population: 11.39 million
Area: 44,200 square miles; about the size of Pennsylvania
Languages: Spanish
Literacy: Total Population: [100%] Male: [100%]; Female: [100%]
GDP Per Capita: $4,100
Year of Independence: 1902
Web site: Cubagob.cu
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Genres: Drama, Fantasy, Shoujo
Hasumi Ian possesses the ability to perceive mysterious beings; he can also see another self of himself, a boy called Tokage. One day, Ian is witness to the "Fairy Murders" that have been shaking the world. He obtains a strange cube from the enigmatic man Kaito. But what was trapped inside the stone?
Can't find your chapter here? Try out mangawall.com!


text:
The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald: A New Collection
F. Scott Fitzgerald; Matthew Joseph Bruccoli
Publisher: Scribner
Publication Date: 1989
Binding: Hardcover
Your Satisfaction is Guaranteed:
This new collection of forty-three sparkling masterpieces is the first to reflect the phenomenal Fitzgerald revival and reappraisal over the past four decades.
"More than enough to re-establish Fitzgerald as a master of the American short story."
Mark Caldwell, Philadelphia Inquirer
Review:"One pleasure of rereading Fitzgerald's stories now is to rediscover just how good some of them in fact are, and how brilliant a handful.
Jay McInerney, New York Review of Books
BookHints: Book Lovers Recommend...
This Side of Paradise
Fitzgerald, F. Scott
Tender Is the Night : A Romance
Fitzgerald, F. Scott
Beautiful and Damned
Fitzgerald, F. Scott;Margolies, Alan
The Last Tycoon
Fitzgerald, F. Scott
The Crack-Up
Fitzgerald, F. Scott |
The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald: A New Collection: Search Results
1. |
Fitzgerald, F. Scott;Bruccoli, Matthew Joseph Quantity Available: 1
Book Description: Book Condition: Brand New. Book Condition: Brand New * All orders are processed and shipped from Las Vegas, NV USA *. Bookseller Inventory # 97806841916071.0 Bookseller & Payment Information | More Books from this Seller | Ask Bookseller a Question |
Portions of this page may be (c) 2006 Muze Inc. Some database content may also be provided by Baker & Taylor Inc. Copyright 1995-2006 Muze Inc. For personal non-commercial use only. All rights reserved. Content for books is owned by Baker & Taylor, Inc. or its licensors and is subject to copyright and all other protections provided by applicable law.
Portions of this page may be Copyright VNU Entertainment Media (UK) Ltd., 2006, Georg Lingenbrink GmbH & Co., Tite Live, S.A or Informazioni Editoriali S.p.A. All rights reserved.


text:
Data Dictionary: | Census 1940 (All Geographies -- Compatible Variables Only) |
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choose a survey
data set
table details
Data Source: | Digitally transcribed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. Edited, verified by Michael Haines. Compiled, edited and verified by Social Explorer. |
Data set: Social Explorer Tables (SE)
Table: | T57. Tenure (White Population) [3] |
Universe: White Occupied Housing Units
Table Details
T57. | Tenure (White Population) | ||||||||
Universe: White Occupied Housing Units | |||||||||


text:
James, on Nov 19 2008, 05:37 PM, said:
Thanks for your report and the offer of help. The error you reported has been fixed today.
Although you are the fourth person to offer help, you are actually the first to provide some input. Would you be interested in providing information for other new updates as well?
I would love to help with the 2003 series if you'd like. I can make sure updates are done extremely quickly when new patches are released. I'll see if you allow PMs and send you a quick note. Thanks!


text:
Earth's rotation and tilt
- Seasons aren't dictated by closeness to sun
- Season simulator
- How earth's tilt causes seasons
- Are southern hemisphere seasons more severe?
- Milankovitch cycles precession and obliquity
- Precession causing perihelion to happen later
- What causes precession and other orbital changes
- Apsidal precession (perihelion precession) and Milankovitch cycles
Seasons aren't dictated by closeness to sun Why our closeness to the sun does not dictate the seasons
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December 22nd, 2012
December 22 – Happy Birthday Matty Alou
Having three brothers talented enough to become professional anythings is not easy. Take my family as an example. My older brother Matt has a great singing voice. People tell me I could have been the next Sinatra. But any chance the three Cinquanti brothers might have had to become professional entertainers was squashed by our oldest brother Jerry, who couldn't carry a tune to save his life.
The three Alou brothers, on the other hand, had no weak link when it came to baseball talent. The oldest, Felipe, was the best all-around player of the three. The youngest, Jesus, put together a .280 lifetime batting average over fifteen big league seasons. But only middle sibling, Matty, won a batting championship and finished his big league career with a batting average above .300 (.307).
Matty was not always the best hitting Alou brother. When he came up with the Giants, he used a light bat and an upper cut swing because that's the way his older brother did it. It was not until he got traded to Pittsburgh, in 1966, and came under the hitting tutelage of Harry "The Hat" Walker that Matty started hitting for average. Walker gave his new outfielder a heavier bat and using Roberto Clemente as an interpreter, convinced Matty to start swinging down on the ball. The results were immediate. Matty won the 1966 NL batting title with a .342 average and did not hit below .331 during his first four seasons with the Pirates. When he finally did (.297 in 1970), Pittsburgh traded him to St Louis.
He ended up with Oakland and a championship ring in 1972 and the Yankees got him in a trade before the 1973 season. For a while, he was reunited with Felipe until New York traded the elder Alou to Montreal late in that same season. Matty hit .296 during his one year in pinstripes and then got sold back to the Cardinals.
How good were the Alou brothers? Between the three of them, Joe, Dom and Vince DiMaggio had 4,853 career hits during their big league careers. Felipe, Matty and Jesus had 5,094.
Matty was born December 22, 1938 and was three years younger than Felipe and four years older than Jesus. He passed away in November of 2011 from complications caused by diabetes. He was 72-years-old.
Alou shared his December 22nd birthday with this former Yankee pitcher and this one-time Yankee catcher.


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A vision of Ireland between 1821 and 2001.
Including maps, statistical trends and historical descriptions.
We know of no alternate names.
We know of no associations with other units.
This unit was part of the following units:
Name | Type | Start | End | Authority |
TIPPERARY | Irish County | UK Government, Census of Ireland. 1871. Alphabetical index to the Townlands and Towns of Ireland (Dublin: HM Stationery Office, 1877), p. 753. |
We know of no boundary changes affecting this unit.
We know of no units which were contained within this unit.
GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth, Iffa and Offa East IrlBarony through time | Census tables with data for the Barony, A Vision of Ireland through Time.
URL: http://www.visionofireland.org/unit/12843744
Date accessed: 11th December 2013


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Solid Ground
Managing Editor
Bethel M.B. Church is built on solid ground.
From the physical structure of the church to the bond from its congregation within its walls, Bethel has stood firm and proud for the past 153 years.
Bethel will celebrate its 153rd birthday Sunday with a ceremony at 3 p.m.
Remaining on the same site from its birth, the church has become a center of love and fellowship within the Carter community. Surviving three disasters, the congregation has picked itself up each time and grew stronger with each reconstruction.
"I can't help but think of the blessing of Job," said Rev. C. M. Miller. "The second state was better than the first state."
That same optimism and hope can be found with other church members, both young and old. There is a rich history with Bethel, and its members are striving to build on that legacy for future generations.
-------for the rest of the story see The Yazoo Herald printed edition or subscribe to the Digital Edition.----------


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Hobson looking for break-out year for Bruins
Former Princeton High School standout wrestler, as well as a member of the PHS 25-win club, Sean Hobson, is in his first year as the head coach for the St. Bede wrestling team. For Hobson, the year has already started on a great note by defeating his former team.
He also thinks this could be a very successful year for the Bruins.
"I think this could be a break-out year for us. We have a lot of talented kids who are very determined and are willing to work hard," Hobson said.
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Exactly as recommended by customer service. I am very happy with the replacement insoles and would order them again.
No other insole is able to provide this balance of anti-odor properties, breathability, moisture wicking, and long-lasting cushioning. OrthoLite® breathable open-cell polyurethane allows air to pass through so water can evaporate. Washable.
Available in:
Single-density (2.5/4.5mm)
Dual-density (4.5/6.5mm)
Triple-density (6.5/8.5mm)
Exactly as recommended by customer service. I am very happy with the replacement insoles and would order them again.
Awesome! We are glad we were able to recommend these for you and they are working out great!
Sized as Expected
I am using these in my Encore clogs.
i cant put these in any shoes and wear them more than 2 hours!!!
That is great you put these in all your shoes!
Sized as Expected
shoes when fishing
I purchased the triple-density. Put them in my very old Merrell Mocs which I use for yard work. Feel like new!
That is wonderful! The triple-density will be a slightly thicker than the standard double-density that comes with most styles.
Sized as Expected
Awesome! We are glad we have them here for you!
Sized as Expected
Perfect replacement for my Mary Jane ortholite inserts that were no longer as pleasant as when the shoe were purchased.
We are so happy these have brought back new comfort to your Mary Jane's that have plenty of life left in them!
Sized as Expected


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Each vase is one of a kind and a unique gift from Mother Nature. These vases were hung in the ocean for six months to let barnacles, pearl oysters and other marine creatures attach themselves to the surface. After removing these vases from the sea, they are carefully cleaned, dried and treated to create this organic look. This unique vase can not be controlled with temperature in a kiln but rather with water temperature, current, depth and each season of the year. These vases are a beautiful natural treasure.
Vase - $ 140.00
Each Ocean Vase comes with it's own bamboo basket.


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The KHB has taken on a gratifyingly international character in recent years. In addition to academic projects directed by KHB faculty members abroad, the college's numerous international students, who make up about 24 % of its total enrollment, lend an international flavor.
All students are advised to spend a semester abroad during the second phase of their studies, to gain further professional and intercultural experience and to acquire additional skills. To this end, the college maintains partnerships and exchange programs with around 60 art academies and colleges in Europe, Asia, Australia and America, with active student participation.
In its rankings of 250 German colleges, the DAAD (German Foreign Exchange Service) has rated the KHB one of the ERASMUS European exchange program's top participants by percentage for a number of years.
Through its international studies office, the Office of Student Affairs oversees the enrollment and advisement of international students, and also coordinates international exchange programs.
weißensee kunsthochschule berlin
International Office
Bühringstraße 20
13086 Berlin
The coordination of exchange programs, including the acquisition of funds for the financial support of internationally mobile students and faculty, is the responsibility of the director of the Office of Student Affairs, in close cooperation with the faculties of all departments. The Office of Student Affairs advises all students involved in academic exchanges (both incoming and outgoing) regarding their choice of:
- an appropriate college abroad
- an appropriate time to study abroad
- a faculty mentor
- how to finance their exchange
- the application process
A list of partner institutions can be found here
Faculty members who wish to arrange a short-term residency at one of the KHB's partner institutions can find information here as well and are eligible for financial support through the Staff Training mobility or the Teachers Mobility program.
KHB students who will be in at least the third semester in their program during winter term 2013/14 can use the Study Abroad Application (download here) to apply to study abroad at one of our partner institutions. The application must be submitted to the International Office (room A1.13) no later than Feb. 14, 2014. Please contact Leoni Adams with any questions regarding the application.
The DAAD also provides financial support in 23 European nations for pre-exchange language courses. Students applying to one of the KHB's partner colleges in any of the following countries can apply for the DAAD's EILC scholarship: Belgium (Flemish Region), Bulgaria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden and Turkey. The application must be submitted to the KHB's International Studies Office via e-mail. Students planning to study abroad during the academic year 2013/14 must send their applications to firstname.lastname@example.com by May for winter semester and October for the and summer semester. Information and application forms can be found on the European Commission website
International applicants who want to start a regular study program or applicants enrolled already in comparable programs of study at other academic colleges, art academies or technical colleges and who want to transfer to the Kunsthochschule Berlin-Weißensee (college change/Hochschulwechsel) have to go through the same procedure as national applicants. Further information can be found here: application information
Foreign students wishing to spend a semester abroad at the Kunsthochschule Berlin-Weißensee can apply twice a year. Applicants for the summer semester must submit an International Student Application by November 15. Applicants for the winter semester must submit an application by April 15. You can download the application form application If your application is approved, you can attend the KHB as an exchange student for the specified period.
Students who do not wish to study abroad may be interested in an internship subsidized by ERASMUS program funds. You will have to arrange the position yourself and apply for the grant at least six weeks before your internship begins via Career Service at the Technische Universität Berlin Funding is available to/for: - students in any program of study (BA/MA/Diplom/doctorate) - 3- to 12-month internships - internships at European companies
Current announcements can be found on this website, just see the projects on the right
head of international affairs Leiterin Referat Studienangelegenheiten / Akademisches Auslandsamt |
Room | A1.13 |
Phone | 030 / 477 05 232 |
Fax | 030 / 47705 123 |
Immatrikulations- und Prüfungsamt academic affairs / registrar's office |
Room | A1.04 |
Phone | 030 / 47705 212 |
Website |


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ModCloth crowdsources vintage fashion
Most online retailers keep a safe distance from their customers (unless they're asking for credit card information). ModCloth, an e-retailer of vintage women's fashion founded in 2002, is deviating from this model by creating a community of fashionistas included in almost every part of the company.
Without the customer-company separation, ModCloth is more like a best friend who gives you fashion advice, shares her favorite recipes, and joins your book club. Wait, we're still talking about a clothing store, right?
Right. In October 2009, Modcloth launched its "Be the Buyer" program, an initiative that lets visitors vote on clothing samples. If an item gets enough votes, ModCloth will sell it. Sound familiar? Threadless was founded on a similarly democratic principle, but Modcloth is the first to add crowdsourcing as a supplement to a traditional storefront.
ModCloth takes its customers' fashion advice to improve its buying decisions, but it's also about building community. Customers leave comments on clothing samples and vote, but can also share their views with friends via Facebook or Twitter. It results in a group of people who may not know each other, but share in common an interest in fashion and a desire to talk about it.
These fashionistas are a part of a community more complex than garments, though. ModCloth's blog, ModLife, covers everything from fashion to recipes, and provides "cool links" on the Web. There's even a link to a Flickr account where customers upload photos of their favorite ModCloth outfits.
On March 8, ModCloth announced its reading contest, in which users who share the title of the book they're reading on the social-networking site GoodReads enter for a chance to a win a copy of ModCloth's book of the month. It's unclear whether ModCloth has officially partnered with GoodRead, but the partnership represents a significant shift in online retailing.
Online shops generally have a narrow frame of thought, assuming their customers came to them for only their products. But Web 2.0 is about community, and ModCloth was right in assuming that its shoppers have more in common than clothing.
I caught up with ModCloth founders Eric and Susan Koger via e-mail to find out more about the community they've built. … Read more


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Baseball moves to ban home-plate collisions; injury and investment risk cited
Twitter unveils enhanced mobile ad capability; stock rallies
Kindred Biosciences shares up as high as 80% on first trading day
Judd Gregg stokes Senate speculation as he quits Wall Street lobby group
Stock market live blog: S&P 500 and Dow trim losses in choppy trade
Tech Tales
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text:
Wolfgang C. Winkelmayer, MD, ScD
Academic Appointments
Key Documents
Contact Information
Clinical Offices
Nephrology Division 300 Pasteur Dr S201 MC 5114 Stanford, CA 94305 Tel Work (650) 723-6961 Fax (650) 725-8418Practices at Stanford Hospital and Clinics and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital
- Academic Offices
Alternate Contact Linda Enomoto Tel Work (650) 723-5096Not for medical emergencies or patient use
Professional Overview
Clinical Focus
- Nephrology
Academic Appointments
- Associate Professor, Medicine - Nephrology
- Associate Professor (By courtesy), Health Research & Policy
- Member, Child Health Research Institute
Administrative Appointments
- Director of Clinical Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Nephrology (2009 - present)
- Director of Renal Drug Evaluation and Outcomes Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (2004 - 2009)
Honors and Awards
- Fellowship Teaching Award, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (2009)
- Norman S. Coplon Extramural Research Program Award, Satellite Healthcare, Mountain View, CA (2005)
- T. Franklin Williams Scholar, Association of Subspecialty Professors (2004)
Professional Education
Fellowship: | Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School MA (2009) |
Residency: | Joachim Huber MD Private Practice, Austria (1992) |
Sc.D.: | Harvard School of Public Health, Health Policy and Management (2001) |
M.P.H.: | Harvard School of Public Health, Health Care Management (1999) |
Residency: | Kaiser Franz Josef-Spital, Austria (1999) |
Internship: | Neues Evangelisches Krankenhaus Wien-Waehring, Austria (1992) |
Industry Relationships
Stanford is committed to ethical and transparent interactions with our industrial and other commercial partners. It is our policy to disclose payments (exclusive of travel support) from, and/or equity in, companies or other commercial entities to Stanford faculty of $5,000 or more in total value, as well as any equity in a privately held company, when the faculty member also has institutional responsibilities related to his or her interactions with the company. View Full Information
- Directed Reading in Medicine
MED 299 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum) - Early Clinical Experience in Medicine
MED 280 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum) - Graduate Research
MED 399 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum) - Medical Scholars Research
MED 370 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum) - Undergraduate Research
MED 199 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum)
Independent Studies (5)
Scientific Focus
Current Research and Scholarly Interests
Working as a clinical nephrologist in my native Vienna, Austria, I was struck by the abysmal outcomes and quality of life experienced by the patients for whom I cared. I was equally struck by the absence of quality evidence that would guide us in our treatment of these vulnerable patients. Seeking to make a difference, I sought and underwent doctoral training in health policy and epidemiology at Harvard, with the career goal to conduct high quality research that would fill important evidence gaps in our field. At Brigham and Womens Hospital, I joined the Division of Pharmacoepidemiology where I learned from some of the leaders in the field how to conduct quality comparative effectiveness research long before it became a buzz-word. My immediate colleagues and the wider environment at Harvard Medical School enabled me to master and apply the most novel analytical approaches that are necessary to tackle difficult problems in the presence of confounding by indication, a dreaded threat to validity in comparative effectiveness research. I was able to build a group of colleagues that shared a passion for drug utilization and comparative effectiveness research in kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, and we were able to publish our findings in leading journals.
Having recently moved to Stanford, I am in the process of building a young research group that will again focus on comparative effectiveness research. Here, I am once again in the privileged position to build on a fabulous research environment and an exquisite wealth of knowledge and experience represented by the scientists and clinicians on and off campus. With the enthusiastic support and collaborations of my colleagues here at Stanford as well as at other institutions in the U.S. and Europe, I am confident that we will provide important contributions that will guide us towards more evidence based and effective care of our patients with kidney disease. Doing so will hopefully contribute to improving the lives of these vulnerable patients, which is my explicit career goal.
- Treated and Untreated Kidney Failure in Older Adults What's the Right Balance? JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2012; 307 (23): 2545-2546
- Predialysis Nephrology Care of Older Patients Approaching End-stage Renal Disease ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2011; 171 (15): 1371-1378
- Tackling the Achilles' Heel of Hemodialysis NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2011; 364 (4): 372-374
- Comparative Mortality Risk of Anemia Management Practices in Incident Hemodialysis Patients JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2010; 303 (9): 857-864
- Altitude and All-Cause Mortality in Incident Dialysis Patients JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2009; 301 (5): 508-512
- Multivessel coronary revascularization and outcomes in kidney transplant recipients. Transplant international 2013; 26 (11): 1080-1087


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- Appartement
1347185723_CastanyerApartmentinBarcelona19.jpgCastanyerWijk: Sant GervasiCapacity: 2 personen
1 slaapkamer
1 dubbel bed
1 badkamer
0 opiniones0Voorzieningen
- DVD speler
- Air-conditioning
- Verwarming
- Wasmachine
- Vaatwasser
- Koelkast met diepvriesvak
- Keramieke kookplaat
- Microgolf/Magnetron
- Spaanse koffiezetter
- Lift
- Balkon
Castanyer is a compact apartment set in the practical area of Sant Gervasi, very close to the "Parc del Turó del Putxet". The living room with balcony, the modern kitchen and the amenities guarantee you a pleasant stay.
Castanyer is a practical 60m2 apartment located on the second floor, with capacity for two people. The modern and totally equipped kitchen opens to the dining area. The bedroom with a double bed offers a bay window from which a lot of sun light enters. The modern bathroom completes the offer with a bathtub.
Prijzen en andere voorwaarden van het appartement Castanyer
Minimum verblijf: 300 nachtenPrijzen (BTW inbegrepen) vanaf:Meer dan 6 maanden:750 €/maandAndere kosten
Waarborg: 3.000 €
Andere voorwaardenDe prijs omvat geen honorarium (10% van het bedrag van het contract + 21% BTW, minimum één maand huur), noch water, telefoon/internet noch BTW indien van toepassing. De eigenaar mag een bijkomende garantie vragen bovenop de waarborg -
- Wijk
Surrounding of apartment Castanyer in Sant Gervasi neighborhood
Castanyer is located in the upper area of Barcelona, in the district of Sant Gervasi, near the Parc del Turó. The typical neighbourhood of Gracia is very close to this apartment, with its theatres, galleries, terraces and design shops. The Parc Güell is twenty minutes away. It is well connected to the university area, as well as the business centres and the major hospitals of the city.
The means of transport around the apartment are the railway stations of "Tibidabo" y "Putxet" and many bus lines.
Type serviceName & AddressBeschrijvingRatingRestaurant
Fresh Catalan cuisine in a pleasant atmosphere at reasonable prices (30-40€)Health services
Health services
Professional odontologic service, always using the latest technical improvements, specialised in implantology. Relaxed atmosphere.Nightclub
One of the hottest spots in Barcelona´s nightlife. Razzmatazz offers three concert rooms and two discos.fitness
A health, sports and beauty centre especially designed for women.fitness
This gym has the latest in fitness technology and the spa the hottest in relaxation, surrounded by gardens and swimming pools.Spa
Hot, cold and cool water baths, massages, aromatherapy and many other ancient techniques, from the traditional Arab baths.Music Store
Good venue to go out at night, well located and all ages target.
- Testimonials(0)
Valoraciones sobre 0 opiniones0Situation0Atmosphere0Confort0Schoonmaak0
* Adults & children > 2 years old


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| Join us inside BELASCO for the biggest NYE celebration in Downtown LA!!! 5 Dance Rooms 4 Levels 3 Outdoor Patios 7 Fully Stocked Bars LA's Top DJ's!!! 2 Ciroc Vodka Bottles $ 499. + tax/tip ...[more] | |
| Thursday
Belasco ThursdaysBrings you Latino 96.3 SuperstarDJ Eddie OneCome party with SoCals sexiest college crowd inside the premier entertainment venue Los Angeles has to offer.$20 Million Dollar Theater with 1000+ capacity and equipped with state the art sound and light in 3 distinct rooms.18+ / 21+ to drinkDress to Impress / Hats not allowedEveryone is ...[more] |
Address: 1050 S. Hill St, Los Angeles CA US (Downtown)


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The Web is constantly evolving, making managing legacy content management systems (CMSs) and websites a daunting task. In order to combat this challenge, organizations are migrating to newer, innovative CMSs.
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- Fantastic on local landscapes and architecture, this glossy and colourful cultural guide aims to support your sightseeing in contextual rather than practical ways. That said, the back pages do feature hotels and restaurants as selcted by Gault Millau.
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- Less useful than it is charming and insightful, this exploration of regional history and lifestyle can be enjoyed regardless of a forthcoming trip. Author and local ex-pat resident Joy Law adds a personal touch in providing excellent information on the major sights, as well as interesting entries on food and drink.
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Languedoc-Roussillon by Cadogan Guides
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The Cathar Way: A Walker's Guide to the Sentier Cathare by Alan Mattingly
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- A first-rate guide to this popular route which 'can be walked in about 2 weeks by anyone well-equipped and moderately fit'. Pithy descriptions, suggested accommodation, brief Cathar history, and plenty of colour maps and photographs.
Provence Green Guide by Michelin
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Provence Spiral by AA
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- An upbeat little volume aimed squarely at a flying visit, with only the most essential sights covered. Short and thorough itineraries suggest how to spend one's days, right down to where to stop for lunch. See the 'Cote d'Azur Spiral' for more extensive coverage of the Riviera.
Provence by Insight Guides
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Cote d'Azur Spiral by AA
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- Perhaps rather clumsily presented, this is nonetheless a good companion for a short sightseeing dash. Itineraries are suggested according to the length of your trip and the highlights are covered well enough.
French Riviera Green Guide by Michelin
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- Introductory chapters provide an insightful overview and suggest driving tours. Thereafter places are covered in alphabetical order, with sightseeing tips and recommended hotels and restaurants alongside plenty of colourful maps and photographs.
Provence & the Cote d'Azur by Rough Guide
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- A comprehensive practical guide for independent travel that also keeps one well-informed on local history and culture. Plenty of decent maps plus glossy sections on the region's sporting and gastronomic life.
Provence & the Cote d'Azur by Blue Guides
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- Cursory practical information plays a minor role in what is an intelligent and impeccably-researched cultural companion, with well-written entries on the many artistic and architectural highlights of Provence.
Provence & the Cote d'Azur by Lonely Planet
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- An exhaustive, upbeat practical guide for the budget-minded independent traveller keen to enjoy the best of the region without breaking the bank. Plenty of decent maps and the odd burst of colour photography.


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Top 5 Skyrim Mods of the Week - Terminators in Skyrim!
Ever wondered what was under that rugged exterior of Kevin VanNord? Turns out it's metal, and the determination to destroy all biological life.
Ever wondered what was under that rugged exterior of Kevin VanNord? Turns out it's metal, and the determination to destroy all biological life.
Adventuring around Skyrim is hard work. Fortunately The Akaviri Samurai Estate comes complete with a hot tub. Where better for Kevin VanNord to kick back after a hard day of ...
It's finally happened, Cam and Seb are now playable in Skyrim. As if that wasn't enough, Kevin gets his own bespoke armour and celebrates by drinking, with a cow!
Kevin VanNord is not known for his kind or gentle heart. He's known for axing lesser beings. So, why not heal the world... with an axe? Kevin says yes.
Cam has returned with all new sounds, enhanced animations, and a sexy hi-res map to guide Kevin VanNord to see Skyrim's own Argonath.
Kevin VanNord sharpens up his image with a brand new hat and a giant weapon. Meanwhile, the whole of Skyrim is flooded. What could possibly go wrong?
There's nothing Kevin VanNord fears, not even fear itself. He laughs at it. Hahaha. Surely swarms of bats, spooky pumpkins, and haunted houses should be no problem, right?
Join Cam and Seb as they team up with The Avengers to find the mighty Staff of Chickenball, do battle with Loki, and travel along the Moonpath to Elsweyr.
Where better for Kevin VanNord to kick off killing than Sjel Blad Castle, complete with mechanical dwarven equipment, better weapons, and auto spell casting!
Kevin lives on as the god of thunder, now with the power to start forest fires and create new heavy weapons. He may use both to slay terrifying centaurs.
The Elder Scrolls has reigned supreme over Grand Theft Auto in the final, and has been officially crowned GameSpot's Greatest Game Series of the Decade.
This week cam takes on the resolution revolution and investigates if we really need those extra pixels offered by 4K displays.
Kevin VanNord finds the ultimate companion in the mighty Dovahbear. Together they explore treehouses, realistic suns, and 4k bonemold armors.
The Cam and Seb dream team returns to bring you rideable farm animals, your very own Kevin VanSword, and a dark trip down a Diablo dungeon.
This week's Top 5 Skyrim Mods sees Cam, Johnny and the ever brave Kevin VanNord face off against the terrifying Xenomorph Alien Horde!
It's all come down to this... get the rundown on our two finalists in the Greatest Game Series of the Decade Tournament: The Elder Scrolls and Grand Theft Auto.
It's all becoming so clear now... get the rundown on the final four contenders in our Greatest Game Series of the Decade tournament!
Cam is joined by Danny this week for a show filled with giant rabbits, elemental shields, and a shout that turns any living thing into chickens.
Now it's getting serious! There are 8 game series left in our bracket tournament, get the rundown and vote wisely.
In this edition of GameSpot News, Sony's building a VR Headset, Ryse built for pleasure, Xbox One is built right on schedule, and Bethesda tears down some of their good ...
Voting in our Greatest Game Series of the Decade brackets? Don't place your votes without getting the rundown on the top 16 games first!
Cam is back, and he's found nine ring-bearing companions to take into the Mines of Moria, battle the Balrog, try on some Storm Lord armour and meet Inigo the Brave.
Seb's joined by Shaun for this week's Top 5 Skyrim Mods, featuring assassins, Thor's mighty hammer, and Metal Gear.
Chris, Tom and Kevin discuss the seeding for the Greatest Game Series of the Decade! Voting begins on Wednesday, 8/21 @ 12pm noon PDT!
Cam and Seb ruin our childhoods on this week's Top 5 Skyrim Mods as they take Sonic and Tails on a murderous rampage.
This week Cam and Seb add the rat-spawning spells of Dishonored, drop in some real clouds, and turn Kevin VanNord into a terrifying playable chicken.
Skyrim is the best game of the gen, PS4+Vita may happen for $500, Xbox One charges for DVR while PS4 doesn't, Nintendo has had enough of the pirates!
PS4 UK preorders won't be guaranteed for launch, Xbox One DVR feature only for Gold subscription members, DA: Inquisition detailed!
Skyrim is voted in as the best game of our generation, Assassin's Creed has a planned ending (believe it or not) and the PAL version of The Last of Us ...
This week on Top 5 Skyrim Mod, Cam, Seb, and Kevin VanNord take up taming animals, make a new follower friend, and visit the grandest of player homes, Dragon Cliff ...
Join Cam and Seb as they make Breezehome enormous, build their own forest, and shoot forks from crossbows. That's right, forks.
Cam and Seb attempt to make their own Pacific Rim movie through the power of Skyrim mods. It's probably even better than the original.
Microsoft plans to support independent developers, A Skyrim Modder hopes to find work and the PS4 will support Bluetooth Headsets.
This week Cam and Seb train some Pokémon, cause mayhem as Spider-Man, and indulge in a little bit of rabbit cannibalism.
We run down the hottest deals to be found in Day 1 of Steam's Summer Sale.
We're back for a third season! Seb and Cam kick things off with the Iron Man suit, throwing weapons, and the terrifying Villager.
You thought The Villager was scary before? Wait till you see him go on a rampage around Skyrim.
The Xbox One and PS4 are beaten by the Oculus Rift, Double Fine needs more money, free augmented reality on the PS4 and who's the new Don Mattrick?
Did the Red Wedding episode of Game Of Thrones leave you empty inside? Teary-eyed? Or just plain furious? Well then, enjoy this Skyrim Mods homage to [SPOILERS}, with how the ...
Cam and Seb bring you a fantastic collection of Mods including one which lets you play as any living thing in the game.


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Armie Hammer
• Disney ends deal with Jerry Bruckheimer
• Johnny Depp blames bad reviews for Lone Ranger flop
• 5 Fun Facts: 'The Lone Ranger' Star Armie Hammer
• 8 Things To Know About 'The Lone Ranger'
• 'The Lone Ranger' Review: Johnny Depp Is More Jack Sparrow Than Native American Warrior Tonto
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Armand Douglas Hammer was born to a prominent family on August 28, 1986 in Los Angeles. His great-grandfather was oil tycoon, art collector and philanthropist Armand Hammer. His businessman father, Michael Armand Hammer, owned a television and production company in Los Angeles. As a young man, the future star often traveled between Southern Califor... Continue Bio >>
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Vinicius Cantuaria - guitar, vocals, Helio Alves - piano Paul Socolow - bass, Adriano Santos - drums Brazilian singer, songwriter, guitarist, drummer and percussionist Vinicius Cantuaria is mainly associated with Bossa nova and Brazilian jazz. Originally from the Amazonian city of... find out more Tap to see more
04/12: LATE LATE SHOW WILL START AT MIDNIGHT EXCEPTIONALLY!! Powerful Australian tenor saxophonist with fiery quartet dubbed "The Most Exciting Tenor Saxophonist In Britain" Click The Video Below For A Taster Of The Late Late Show (actual band on the night varies!)... find out more Tap to see more
Doors open 6pm, closed 3am , Music starts at 9:30 PM (£5 after 8pm, £8 after 11pm) M.U. Free entry Until recently, this weekly session was known only to the coolest of jazz heads, but has fast become the most talked about late-night hang in town. Hosted by cheeky young... find out more Tap to see more


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NEW YORK (MainStreet) I know I'm usually right, but it's nice to see statistical proof every once in a while. Blowfish, a company that claims to offer hangover cures, has a new map out announcing that Blue Moon is the country's favorite beer. Bud Light comes in second, while Sam Adams and Yuengling make strong showings in third and fourth place respectivelly. In fact, local boy Sam Adams pretty much sweeps New England.
Way to stay loyal, Northeast.
Two noteworthy tidbits about these results. The first is that they show absolutely great taste on the part of Americans. Blue Moon is a fantastic beer. It's the pint I order when I don't want to pay full freight for a microbrew but actually want to taste what's in the glass. (Sorry Bud Light, but I'm pretty sure between you and a glass of spritely tap water, you'd fail the Pepsi challenge.)
In fact, I had a friend in Thailand who loved Blue Moon so much he'd make his own by mixing a couple brands of local lagers and some orange juice until he got the taste just right. That's commitment. It was also very strange to be handed a pint of shockingly good "imitated imitation Belgian beer" at a small bar in the middle of Thailand.
The second thing about these results is that the site doesn't really bother to explain its methodology. Perhaps this is asking a bit too much from the Intoxication Nation, but looking at the map in all its glory, I have no real idea what "most popular beer in America" means. Is it the beer the most people drink? The one drunk in the largest quantities? The answer to a random Internet quiz?
My money would be on the last option.
Still I'm not going to quibble with the results, or let little things like facts and research stand in my way. Blue Moon is the best beer in America? You're darn right it is!
Oh, and on an unrelated shout out: Way to go Michigan for leading the country at calling in hungover. I'd like to think my old home of Ann Arbor made a solid contribution.
--Written for MainStreet by Eric Reed, a freelance journalist who writes frequently on the subjects of career and travel. You can read more of his work at his website www.wanderinglawyer.com.


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January 13, 2012
Adam Gorney Rivals.com Football Recruiting
Zack Greenlee had a big junior season and some quality programs have started to talk with the Stockton (Calif.) Lincoln quarterback although it's still in the early stages. ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now for a FREE Trial
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Rule the world, huh, yeah if that happens i'll blow myself.
Rule the world, huh, yeah if that happens i'll blow myself.
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Loved everything about that episode except the ending. It feels like they didn't know how to end it, so they went half clever half stupid. What they are doing with Dennis is nothing short of fantastic though. I love when he tried doing the English accent and couldn't pull it off.
Dennis imagining himself blowing himself..... LMAO
I can tell this episodes gonna be great
That was hilarious
Jackie Bradley Junior.... that is all
hahaha the stare-down between Mac and Charlie had me rolling. This season has been amazing.
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that was a great episode. I loved the happy ending.
Pretty awesome season, sad that next week's the season finale.
Enjoyed the happy ending as well, don't see that too often with this group.
That waiter has been on a few episodes in different roles in the past hasn't he?
I believe so, he looked awfully familiar.
On season 3 right now on Netflix, the show is hilarious, though I can't stand Mac.
Overall, very good season. 100x better than last season.
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You must earn 10,000 points to post other members' whiteboard
Today is our buddy AlleycatMO's birthday, (regardless of what her profile says ;-) ...Please stop by and wish her a happy birthday. thanks!
Nice avatar bike. Happy belated birthday. we have several buddies in common. Lets be buddies also. Thanks...Shep
Congratulations on having the dedication to post for 300 consecutive days. Keep up the Great Work and Good Luck in the future! Your buddy, Warren :-)
Hi, congratulations on having the perseverance to post for 200 consecutive days. WOW!! Keep up the great work and Good Luck in the future! Merry Christmas to you and yours! Your buddy, Warren :-)
Vote if you like the news
Why the negative vibes? Are you a union thug or something? I thought it was OK to excercise my economic freedom and buy what I want, from whomever I want.
Hi, congratulations on having the perseverance to post for 90 consecutive days and on earning your "racing stripes" AGAIN. Want to become buddies???
Thank you for posting. You may "Pump Up" articles that you feel are worthwhile. If you don't remember how to pump up the vote; please ask.
Please become my NEWEST Gas Buddy.
I agree accidents should not stop us from moving forward. We need to learn and keep evolving.


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Lunar Dew Pendant
Style: 24927139
Swarovski crystal droplets sparkle and gleam amid the cool glow of hand enameled brass petals. Each necklace is handmade by Debra Moreland exclusively for BHLDN. 0.5" pendant. 18"L. Lobster clasp. Enameled brass, Swarovski crystals. USA.
Contact a BHLDN Stylist for style advice, reassurance, second opinions


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Online Store
The Official Online RBS 6 Nations Store is open. The store has everything you need to get behind your team during the RBS 6 Nations, plus the store is now fully stocked with a much wider range of rugby merchandise.
Johnson's appointment follows in the wake of Andy Robinson's resignation has head coach last month and sees him step up from his role as senior assistant coach.
He will be in charge for not only the RBS 6 Nations, which sees Scotland begin their campaign away to Twickenham on February 2, but also the summer tour to South Africa.
Scotland are still seeking a permanent replacement for Robinson and will also appoint an interim forwards coach soon with Johnson determined to do all he can for the nation during his tenure.
"It's an honour to take charge of the national team for our imminent campaign," said Johnson. "I will be doing everything I can to bring the best out of our players as we all seek to achieve winning performances."


text: Pictures of Showtime and CW TCA July 29, 2010 Share This link 5 / 28 by POPSUGAR Celebrity 0 Save 0 Favorite 0 Previous 5 / 28 Next by POPSUGAR Celebrity 0 ‹ Back to Homepage Save 0 Favorite 0 Follow POPSUGAR Celebrity Pinterest Twitter Google + Instagram Featured Partners Vin Diesel Shares Emotional Visit with Paul Walker's Mom This Week's Best Dressed Star Takes the Title Two Weeks In a Row Penélope Cruz Reveals the One Show She Can't Get Enough Of Do Blondes Have More Fun? Kate Mara's About to Find Out More News at PEOPLE.com Carrie Underwood Slams Sound of Music Live! Critics: Mean People Need Jesus Beyonce Steps Out in Fur Collar While Going Vegan: See the Picture Kate Middleton Bonds With Sick Children, Sings Nursery Rhymes During Hospice Visit: Pictures Courteney Cox, Matthew Perry, Former Friends Costars, Reunite On Cougar Town Set: Picture More News at Us Weekly John Travolta's Wife Busted Kirstie Alley's Flirting Paul Walker Cause Of Death Revealed Real Life 'Van Wilder'? Spencer Pratt Graduates From College After 10 Years Celebrities Take To Twitter To Honor Mandela More News at Huffington Post popsugar live! NOW Watch POPSUGAR LIVE! Now NOW Watch POPSUGAR LIVE! Now Sponsored Links Subscribe to POPSUGAR Subscribe now to get instantly addictive email delivered to your inbox! Daily Sales & Arrivals Celebrity & Entertainment Featured Shops Fitness Fashion & Beauty Living Must Have ShopStyle Search Top BrandsCharles by Charles DavidDolce VitaIROAudrey BrookeMissoniAldoElizabeth and JamesGivenchy Top Searchessteve maddenj.crew salecolored jeanswomens topsconverse shoescover upelle macphersonsavings bonds