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Legal Industry: Licensing and Certification
Examination Requirements
Legal Industry: Training & Continuing Education
From Law School to Practice - Required Licensing: Graduating from an accredited university with the conferral of the Juris Doctor, Juris Doctorate or Doctor of Jurisprudence degree serves as one component to becoming a courtroom lawyer, corporate lawyer or a small town solo practitioner.
But to truly practice law, the aspiring legal professional must receive licensure from the state. Enter the state bar exam
Examination Requirements [top]
All lawyers in the United States must be admitted to a state bar in order to be licensed as an attorney. Admission standards vary by state, but all states require applicants to take a bar examination. Most jurisdictions in the United States require bar candidates to take the Multistate Bar Examination, with some combination of local essay exams. Some states also require a multistate performance test and/or a responsibility (ethics) exam. Currently, only a handful of states subscribe to a "national" exam, the Uniform Bar Exam, which is comprised of the above components. There is a movement to adopt a national bar exam in more states so that law graduates can have more certainty in a difficult job market, and be prepared for admission in more than one state. The Conference on Chief Judges and the American Bar Association have both adopted resolutions in favor of a national exam.
To be eligible to take the state bar exams, each jurisdiction requires law students or graduates to submit an application. Parts of the application can be due eight months before the test date, compounding the difficulty for a law graduate who has not yet secured employment, and doesn't know which state to choose. Exams are scheduled in July and February. As part of the application process, most state bars also ask for letters of recommendation, references and other personal information.
The two days of tests can include the following:
- Multistate Bar Examination: Most states, including those with a Uniform Bar Examination, require the six-hour Multistate Bar Examination (MBE) as part of their overall bar examination. The American Bar Association's, Comprehensive Guide to Bar Admission Requirements, published annually, details the exam process. The MBE and other requirements are identified in the guide. Other standardized tests developed by the National Conference of Bar Examiners (NCBE) may also be required by individual states. Specific requirements are listed on individual State of Jurisdiction Web sites.
- Multistate Performance Testing (MPT): Tests the practical skills of a beginning lawyer, consisting of two 90-minute skills questions.
- Multistate Essay Exam (MEE): Three-hour exam to test competency to practice.
- Multistate Professional Responsibility Exam (MPRE): Required by almost all jurisdictions to test knowledge of the ABA codes on professional responsibility and judicial conduct.
The National Conference of Bar Examiners provides links to all state bar admission offices for specific information on each state's admission requirements.
Certified Specializations
Even though there are many options in the legal career field, it takes more than experience or claim of an area of specialization to be considered an expert in a specialty. Most states require that attorneys obtain a certification from the state bar or state board of legal specialization.
Certain states, for example, offer certifications recognizing specialties in the following fields of law: administrative law, business bankruptcy law, civil appellate law, civil trial law, consumer bankruptcy law, consumer law, commercial law, criminal law, estate planning and probate law, family law, health law, immigration and nationality law, juvenile law, labor and employment law, oil, gas and mineral law, personal injury law, trial law, real estate law, tax law and workers' compensation law.
Attorneys who meet the bar requirements for one of these areas can be called a specialist.
Patent Law
As unique as some of the inventions that come across their desks, patent attorneys fall into their own category of specialization. These lawyers are recognized under federal, not state jurisdiction. Because of this, patent attorneys can advise clients on all patent-related matters anywhere in the United States, no matter state court or bar association rules.
Patent attorneys must register with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Attorneys interested in this field of law must meet a stringent list of requirements to become registered as a patent attorney. Registering involves taking and passing an exam that measures the applicant's knowledge of USPTO procedures, ethics rules, federal statutes and regulations. The 100-question, six-hour, multiple-choice test usually includes a majority of questions on the correct way to draft and handle a U.S. patent or international application. To pass the exam, the applicant must correctly answer 70 percent of the questions.
In addition to the exam, the USPTO requires that all patent
attorney candidates obtain sufficient scientific and technical
training. This usually includes a bachelor's degree in an area
of natural science or technology.
Paralegal Certification and Licensure
Although lawyers assume ultimate responsibility for legal work, they often delegate many of their tasks to paralegals. About seven out of 10 paralegals work for law firms. Others work for corporate legal departments and government agencies. Statistics in The Occupational Outlook Handbook project that employment will grow much faster than average, as employers try to reduce costs by hiring paralegals to perform tasks once done by lawyers.
Most entry-level paralegals have an associate degree in paralegal studies, or a bachelor's degree coupled with a certificate in paralegal studies. Some employers train paralegals on the job. Hundreds of paralegal training programs are approved by the American Bar Association (ABA). Although many employers do not require such approval, graduation from an ABA-approved program can enhance employment opportunities.
At present, there are no mandatory requirements for paralegal certification or licensing. However, certification is recommended because in some highly competitive markets employers prefer or require it.
The National Association of Legal Assistants (NALA)established standards for certification requiring various combinations of education and experience. Paralegals meeting these standards are eligible to take a two-day examination administered three times each year at regional testing centers. Candidates who successfully complete the exam may use the designation Certified Legal Assistant (CLA) or Certified Paralegal (CP). Other professional recognition available to paralegals:
- Paralegal Advanced Competency Exam (PACE) administered by the National Federation of Paralegal Associations (NFPA). Those who pass this examination may use the designation Registered Paralegal (RP).
- American Alliance Certification Program (AACP) administered by the American Alliance of Paralegals (AAPI). Any paralegal with five years of work experience and various combinations of education and experience is eligible to apply for certification. No examination is necessary.
Professional Advancement Opportunities
Once they've received the appropriate licensing and certification, lawyers have many options from which to choose a new career path. Climbing the ladder in a law practice to partnership, branching out solo into a separate individual practice or specializing in a niche market are some options to becoming a salaried attorney. Non-traditional positions also provide an alternative to private practice that utilizes legal training and experience. By passing the bar, the biggest hurdle on the road to becoming a career attorney is behind you. The field of practice for a lawyer is enormous since every facet of a person's life, from cradle to grave, is in some way affected by legal considerations.
Most new lawyers begin their careers in salaried positions. They usually start as associates and work with more experienced lawyers or judges. Advancement to a partnership in a firm or branching out into a solo practice is an individual choice that requires honest assessment of personal skills and preferences, research, market analysis and risk assessment. There is also a wealth of potential in government positions, and up- and-coming areas of practice likewise exist in health care, elder, energy and environmental markets.
Many career choices may require additional training. Advanced law degrees, such as an L.L.M. in Taxation, may be desirable for those planning to specialize, research, or teach. A joint degree in business management or public administration is another avenue to advancement that generally requires only an additional semester or year of study.
Salaries of experienced lawyers vary widely according to the type, size and location of employers. Solo practitioners generally earn less than partners in larger firm. Keep in mind that those in private practice must provide their own health/life benefits and retirement contributions, whereas the salaried lawyer generally receives benefits in addition to salary.
Pundits predict that heavy competition for firm openings should continue for some time, due to the economy and the large number of students graduating from law schools every year. Thus, an attorney's plan for success should include non-traditional areas of law, as well as the possibility of relocation.
Job categories offering non-traditional legal positions include:
- Banking/Insurance
- Bar Associations
- Business
- Courts (administration)
- Education
- Governmental
- Human Resources
- Law Librarian
- Legal Publishing
- Policy/Legislative
- Public Interest
- International
Governmental job sources offer a broad source of legal positions on local, state and federal levels. State Web sites have job information, and federal jobs and employment information, including Department of Justice postings, can be accessed through the Office of Personnel and Management's website at USAJobs.gov.
On a positive note, advanced law degrees and experience in a specialty do provide an edge over the competition when it comes to opportunities in alternative disciplines. These jobs may not require a law degree, certainly, but skills learned in law school can enhance and enrich any position.
What is the bottom line? Whether launching a practice or choosing an entirely different dream job, staying current with educational requirements and professional certifications will make that legal education pay off.Legal Industry: Training & Continuing Education [top]
Continuing education is the key to advancing your career in law. Simply by entering the legal profession, you have already committed to a life-long continuing education experience. New legislation, ever-changing laws, and mandatory CLE requirements for state licensure renewal keep professionals in the field constantly eyeing the books.
Whether employed as a law clerk, researcher, or a firm partner, career improvement starts through knowing where and how to pursue enlightenment.
Continuing Education for Lawyers
State Bar Associations
Each state houses a bar association, which offers a variety of
continuing legal education (CLE) programs. Most states require
professionals in the field of law to complete a certain number
of course hours every few years in order to maintain their
licenses. The American Bar Association Website has
links to all state bars with their individual contact
Practising Law Institute (PLI)
This education provider has been in existence for more than 75 years. PLI programs aim to provide up-to-date legal techniques designed to provide a competitive professional edge. The organization offers live seminars throughout the year, each targeting specific sectors of the legal industry. PLI also provides online CLE, treatises, learning tools such as DVDs and MP3s, live Webcasts, handbooks and more.
Since most states require law professionals to fulfill mandatory continuing legal education credentials, PLI plans courses accordingly. Moreover, the organization provides lower priced programs geared toward helping newly admitted attorneys..
The largest voluntary professional organization in the world, the ABA strives to provide ongoing educational opportunities to its members, as well as assist its members in satisfying CLE requirements.
To that end, the American Bar Association Center for Continuing Legal Education (ABA-CLE) is the group's primary resource. Offering topnotch products and programs with nationwide applications, the Center, which is governed by the ABA Standing Committee on Continuing Legal Education, works closely with ABA experts, as well as with professionals on national and international levels. The following information is a sampling of what the ABA-CLE provides:
- ABA-CLE National Institutes. Packaged as live, in-person one- or two-day conferences, these institutes consist of meticulously produced continuing legal education seminars. Presented nationwide, the conferences combine lectures and workshops to provide critical information and one-of-a-kind networking opportunities for attorneys from every corner of the profession.
- ABA-CLE Teleconferences. These live teleconferences deliver continuing legal education over the phone. Running about 90 minutes, along with Q and A time, the sessions provide current CLE content dealing with key issues such as the latest court decisions. Participants may call a toll-free number from home, office or on the road to enroll. .
- Audio and Video Webinars Audio and video webcasting via the Internet allows practitioners to access both live and archived CLE programs. Faculty presenters use e-mail to interact with participants during the program.
- ABA-CLE P Self Study Online Programs. By combining text, video and audio via the Net, the Online Partner program offers an interactive environment that provides attorneys the opportunity to participate in educational programming at their convenience. ABA-CLE Books. These publications accompany every National and Regional Institute, Webcast and Teleconference. After the programs, they are available for purchase.
ABA-CLE Audio and Video Programs - on DVD, CD, video, and
audio CD. All National Institutes, Satellite Seminars, Video
Conferences and other ABA-CLE programs are available in these
electronic formats. Course materials and study guides typically
are included, and many are available as separate purchases.
Continuing Education for Paralegals
Paralegals are an essential component of the legal system. They need to keep their skills and legal knowledge current, just as attorneys do. Certified paralegals may need to meet state continuing legal education (CLE) requirements for maintaining certification, which may vary from state to state. The National Association of Legal Assistants (NALA) offers CLE courses both online and at its live education convention, through webinars and through self-study. Discounts are offered to NALA members. Similarly, TheNational Federation of Paralegal Associations (NFPA) offers CLE opportunities through online courses, seminars from various education providers, webinars and teleconferences.
Not all states require routine CLE for paralegals, but keeping certifications current may require periodic approved credits. A certified paralegal should check with the state of certification for specific renewal requirements.


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What model and poundage does everyone shoot?
What model and poundage does everyone shoot?
2006 Rytera Bullet X 60#---2008 Moab 70#
2008/12 Firecat 60#--- 2010 Warthog 70#
2009 Warthog 70#
2010 Strother SR-71 65# & 2012 Strother Rush 65#
2012 Strother SX Rush 60# & 2011 Strother Infinity 70#
I hunt, therefore I eat. lol
answer is in my sig
HTML Code:Same here... I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Chasman, 2010 Martin Bengal 60#,Parker Phoenix 60#, Parker Hornet 70#. Hutch-n-Son strings.'Makes a lot of sense if you don't think about it!
2011 FC400 @60lbs(hunting)
2010 Bear @56lbs(hunting)
2006 Saber @52lbs(nightly shooter)
2011 Firecat 400
2013 PSE Drive
2012 PSE Brute X
In the sig, but the Onza is my new hunting rig and the Saber is my backup bow...
In God and guns we trust;
- One nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.
- A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
2011 Onza 3: 70#, 28.25 draw (AMO), 384 gr arrow, 288 fps
2005 Saber: 70#, same arrow, 250 fps
2010 Rytera Alien Z, 47#, 27 1/8" draw length
2011 Rytera Nemisis, 47#, 27" draw
2005 ShadowCat Magnum/Nitrous X, 47#, 26 7/8" draw
If You're Not Living on the Edge You're Taking Up Too Much Space
Martin/Rytera Staff Shooter
Alien Mafia
PSAA Life member, UBP Life member
PADI AOW Diver
2007 Martin Jaguar @ 63lbs
2011 Martin Firecat 400/NAP Apache Dropaway/Truglo Xtreme Sight/Custom 8" Stabilizer/Victory V6 Arrows
2007 Martin Jaguar /Trophy Taker Dropaway/Extreme Sight/Custom 21" Stabilizer/Victory V6 Arrows
Bow String Depot, Custom String Builders email us @ firstname.lastname@example.com
2010 Firecat TR2 70lb
2010 Cheetah 60lb
2010 FirecatTR2
Tru-Glo Range Rover
Whisker Biscuit.
Beman ICS
G5 Meta Peep
both bows in my sig are 28.5"/60#
'07 HCA Iron Mace
'08 Martin Bengal
'11 Martin Exile
Bow String Depot custom threads
Shadowcat 60#
Mauler 67#
Going lower and shooting better.

subset: commoncrawl


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Red Bull to host $50,000 StarCraft II tournament at NYC concert venue
Eight of the world's best StarCraft II players to compete for $50,000 at historic Hammerstein Ballroom in November.
StarCraft II player Innovation to sign with Team Acer
Korean player Lee "INnoVation" Shin Hyung expected to join Team Acer on September 1.
StarCraft II WCS Season 2 Finals at Gamescom
Sixteen of the world's best players compete for $150,000 in prizes at German event.
MLG Columbus to feature Dota 2
Major League Gaming announces Valve's strategy game will be featured at upcoming Ohio event.
StarCraft II: HOTS patch adds color blind mode and new eSports features
Update to also add in new user interface tweaks.
GameSpot's complete coverage of MLG Anaheim
Check out 37 interviews from last weekend's record-setting gaming event.
Champions crowned at MLG Anaheim
Winners revealed for StarCraft II, Black Ops II, and League of Legends at record-breaking competitive gaming event.
MLG Anaheim expected to be biggest MLG event ever
Major League Gaming says pass sales are "insane" for this weekend's event in California.
StarCraft legend Flash comes to Twitch and Razer
Two-time player of the year Lee "Flash" Young Ho announces his StarCraft II team KT Rolster will be sponsored by Razer and will stream events on Twitch.
Recent Forum Activity
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I bought this for my living room and once I opened it decided it was too "cheap" looking as the wood looks fake...I thought this was make from actual wood, and it might be but the glaze they put on over the top makes it look cheap. It was not as wide as I had hoped but was impressed with the metal construction. Though I did not put this piece together (am returning).. it seemed to be of adequate construction, minus the look of the wood.This could probably be corrected if sanded down...
I wasn't sure what kind of coffee table I wanted so decided to get something low cost while I continued looking. This fits bill perfectly. The color is a dark brown, so I sanded it to uncover the weathered gray finish beneath. I didn't finish it with anything, just left it natural wood. It's in a room with Lee chairs and couches, large Pottery Barn clock, and Restoration Hardware media center. You would not know I only spent $120 at Overstock on the coffee table. It fits in perfectly.
This is a great piece. I am an Interior Designer and I bought this for my own house! I was very hesitant about ordering furniture online but the piece is solid wood and took 10 minutes to put together. It' s a great looking piece that gives a little rustic/modern look to your seating/living area and was exactly what I was looking for. The price can't be beat!
This table is simple and sleek, yet unique. I love that it has a modern, cottage-like feel, without being too country. Plus, it was a great price and very easy to put together.
I loved the design of this table. It is a sturdy table with good weight to it. The crossbar is in the middle of the table, which is much better than expected (I was afraid it would be at the back). Really lovely frame BUT the wood is NOT what I expected. It's a weird dark brown color. Very coarse and has a weird tint to it. NOT anything near a shade of grey. Just dark, ugly brown. I'm going to keep it for the great price and try to resurface it myself.
Colors of mine were close to picture, same comments about how they made the marks on the wood. The size and style are what I wanted though. The top is not real wood as stated, some type of particle board. We had a chair bump a corner and it just disintegrated.
Ordered unit. Arrived without damage. Very easy to assemble and quite sturdy. The top is supposed to be distressed but is poorly done. The unit top is not solid wood but appears to be a plastic-type wood laminate and is one of the ugliest colors I have ever seen. Other reviewers have noted same. I sanded the top down to remove the finish and restained it in Golden Oak with a wipe-on polyurethane finish. It looks quite nice now. If you want to invest some time and effort you can arrive at some thing nice but most people won't.
I went into this purchase knowing the reviews said this table is NOT grey. I guess I had hopes that maybe some coffee tables were grey and others weren't. Lo and behold, my coffee table is not grey. It's cardboard color brown. It's kind of a shame that Overstock keeps that incorrect description up, knowing it's incorrect. Regardless of the color, it's a nice coffee table. I'll try and figure out a way to make it match my decor through sanding and re-finishing. But if you're like me and trying your luck for grey because you really want grey, DO NOT BUY THIS COFFEE TABLE. It's not a gamble you're going to win. But if you want a cheap-ER coffee table that you can put some work in to to make it what you want, then go for it.
The table does not look like the table in the photo. The legs are painted metal, the top is cased in linoleum. Paneling looks extremely fake, not like real wood planks. This does not look like solid wood, it does not look like distressed wood, it does not look "rustic". It looks like a cheap Made In China (it is) product. Given the price, you get what you pay for and if you are looking for a cheap table for a dorm room, this would be great. Two stars only because the plastic on the top and leg construction seems like it would be fairly durable overall.
I like the table. It seems sturdy and the top is real wood. HOWEVER, there is nothing grey about this table. The top is not "weathered grey." It is about the same color as a cardboard box. It's pretty, but it doesn't coordinate with my decor, so I'm afraid I'm going to have to send it back.
Usually leaves our warehouse in 1-2 business days. *
Items must be returned in new or unused condition and contain all original materials included with the shipment. More details
FINAL SALE EXCLUSION: Items marked as FINAL SALE are not returnable unless the problem you experience is the result of our error.
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text: I just received my dolphin porcelain cake topper and I absolutely love it, I can't wait to put it on my wedding cake in April, My fiance and I are getting married in the Dominican Republic, it fits the theme perfectly. Thank you for the fast shipping :-) really pleased with your customer service! Again thank you Bestsellers


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The Pippin Link Group Control is the best way to reproducibly provide the highest quality size-selected DNA in high-throughput. It provides hardware and software for running up to eight Pippin Instruments from a laptop PC. Three linked-Pippins can produce up to 96 size selections in one day.
Application notes and news
Request info
Write a review
Sharing your experience will help scientists like you. Achieve Reviewer Status and Win an iPad 3 (All reviews published will be entered into the next drawing on January 30th 2014).


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Welcome to Monster Fish Keepers
The members of this forum have come together to share our knowledge and experiences of fish keeping. We want to answer your questions, offer advice and fill the galleries with pictures of the fish we have all grown to love. We are a unique community of Fish Keepers who seriously take our hobby to extremes and the NEXT level. The majority of our fish collections include RARE & EXOTIC Species of all sizes, BIG FISH with BIG APPETITES and BIG TANKS. It's not easy for most people or other "regular" fish keepers to understand why we maintain this type of collection and spare no expense on this fascinating hobby. Hopefully, through this site and discussion forums we can encourage the next generation of Monster Fish Keepers to have the same passion and love we have for the hobby and our Monster Fish. As one of the founding members, I personally invite you to register and join us today. Currently you are viewing this site as our guest which only gives you limited access to view most discussions, articles and photo galleries. Registration is FREE and very easy! When you register, you'll have instant access to....
We're constantly striving to improve our community to help make your Monster Fish Keeping hobby fulfilling and interesting. Comments are welcome. WE ARE MONSTER FISH KEEPERS! -MFK STAFF
Attachment 933818Attachment 933818Attachment 933818
been looking to buy a 1-5' kelberi or azul for a while now, i live in oregon and willing to pay for shipping costs, but not looking to pay out the butt for a fish, thank you for your help
Looking for baby azul to join my tem and mono, been searching for a while but cant find any under 250$ and under4-6 in, please help!!!! feel free to text me if you have any for sale
Today I was pleasantly surprised to find that my pair had an actual successful spawn. I was just feeding my bsn some algae wafers and then I saw what looked like debri moving away from my little cave in the tank. But there was a few of them and they all looked the same. Upon closer observation, I realized I had a successful spawn. I've had one pair of german blues before but their eggs always spoiled. I'm going to get water conditions soon. I'm excited! I'll ...
i am settin up a flowerhorn tank with a few flowerhorns. here they are Shortbody FH Red texas FH Rose Queen FH Red devil is there any other kind of FH thats not to expensive i could add


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Cellar/Tasting Notes This is a very good amontillado for under $18. It has a clear, deep gold appearance with a clean, pronounced nose of almonds, lemon zest, cedar, and cured maple. The cured maple carries on through the palate along with oily/resinous quality of juniper, lemon zest, bread, nuts, and a wonderful long..
Cellar/Tasting Notes A fine elegant sherry of the highest quality- a stellar sensation from one of the oldest and most prestigious producers in Spain's sherry district.
Cellar/Tasting Notes "... The palate is racy due to no shortage of acidity, and the flavor profile is led by a salty, briney almond and leather character. Sheer and serious, with not a sugar cube in sight."


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Benjamin Green-Field Gallery
Open Saturday, October 19, 2013 to December 8, 2013
In September 2011, the U.S. Congress bestowed the Congressional Gold Medal on the Japanese American World War II veterans who served in the 100th Infantry Battalion, the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, and the Military Intelligence Service. These men volunteered to serve their country in battle, despite the government's forcible detention of thousands of Americans of Japanese ancestry.
Current Exhibitions
Wrigley Gallery
Open through Sunday, January 5, 2014
Don't miss this opportunity to view a rare commemorative copy of the Emancipation Proclamation signed by Abraham Lincoln. Issued by the president in 1863, this document changed the course of American history.
Presented in partnership with the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library & Museum in Springfield, Illinois.
This exhibition is sponsored by Exelon.
The Bessie Green-Field Warshawsky Gallery, The Mazza Foundation Gallery, and the Skyline Gallery of The Pritzker Foundation Special Exhibitions Wing
Inspiring Beauty: 50 Years of Ebony Fashion Fair
Open through January 5, 2014
Relive the experience of the Ebony Fashion Fair in this one-of-a-kind exhibition. Explore its fifty-year history and discover how Eunice Johnson overcame adversity to bring couture fashion to African American communities, while raising millions of dollars for charity. More than sixty garments, including works by Oscar de la Renta, Christian Dior, Stephen Burrows, Yves Saint Laurent, and Patrick Kelly help tell the story of this world-renowned fashion show and its redefinition of American beauty.
Costume and Textile Gallery
Siam: The Queen and the White City
Open through March 2, 2014
This year marks the 120th anniversary of Chicago's World's Columbian Exposition, an event that drew exhibits and visitors from around the world. Siam: The Queen and the White City honors Queen Savang Vadanafor her contributions in organizing her country's displays for the fair's Woman's Building. Chicagoan Bertha Honore Palmer, as chair of the Board of Lady Managers, received an exquisite album from the Queen, now part of this charming exhibition that also features Siamese textiles, photographs, and other items.
Siam: the Queen and the White City was developed in partnership with the Queen Savang Vadhana Foundation and the Royal Thai government.
KPMG and Paul and Katherine Snyder Community Gallery
Vivian Maier's Chicago
Open through January 5, 2014
Come witness the life work of a nanny turned photographer that wowed the world with breathtaking images of everyday life in Urban America. Discover Chicago faces and neighborhoods of the 1960s and 1970s from an entirely new vantage point.
Sanger P. Robinson Gallery
Lincoln's Chicago
Lincoln was a frequent visitor to Chicago; The city became his second home and political headquarters during his rise to prominence. This gallery features portraits of Lincoln's contemporaries with lithograph views of Chicago created in the 1860s. The pairings provide a glimpse of the city that Lincoln knew—a dynamic young metropolis on the verge of greatness.
The McCormick Foundation is the lead exhibition sponsor of Lincoln's Chicago. Education funding for Lincoln's Chicago is provided by JP Morgan Chase and the Terra Foundation for American Art.
Abraham Lincoln
As president, Abraham Lincoln faced our nation's greatest crisis—the Civil War. His resolve to save the Union and radical decision to end slavery transformed America. This intimate exhibition highlights Lincoln's election in 1860, his leadership during the Civil War, and his tragic assassination. Together these stories honor a great leader whose legacy endures.
The Abraham Lincoln installation is supported by a gift from The Gupta Family with additional support from The Joyce Foundation in honor of Lawrence N. Hansen.
Kovler Family Lobby
Unexpected Chicago
What's the most surprising thing about a collection made up of millions artifacts? A single artifact! This world-class collection holds the second largest costume collection in the world including clothing and accessories as well as thousands of linear feet of archives and manuscripts that make up the equivalent of forty-nine football fields or twelve Willis Towers. Unexpected Chicago is a way to reveal unexpected treasures of Chicago history a single artifact at a time.
> Learn more about Unexpected Chicago
Unexpected Chicago is supported by a gift from The Jacob and Rosaline Cohn Foundation.
Permanent Exhibitions
The Naphtali ben Yakov Pritzker American History Wing
Facing Freedom
What does freedom mean? To whom should freedom be extended? How are denied rights gained? These are some of the questions the new American history exhibition explores. Based on the central idea that the history of the United States has been shaped by conflicts over what it means to be free, this new exhibition uses images, artifacts, and interactivity to explore familiar and not-so-familiar stories from the nation's past. From women's suffrage and the formation of unions, to Japanese internment, to a local school boycott, the exhibition highlights some of the ways Americans have struggled over the true meaning of freedom.
Facing Freedom
Chicago: Crossroads of America
Discover the city's vast history in Chicago: Crossroads of America. Whether you are interested in Chicago's changing economy, challenging crises, diverse neighborhoods, groundbreaking innovations, or lively cultural scene, this exhibition is a must see!
> Learn more about Crossroads and preview highlights
Konen Family Children's Gallery
Sensing Chicago
Use your five senses to explore Chicago, uncover the past, and discover that history is all around you. The Konen Family Children's Gallery invites families to ride a high-wheel bicycle, hear the Great Chicago Fire, catch a fly ball at Comiskey Park, smell the city's past, and be a Chicago-style hot dog.
Children's Gallery
Tawani Foundation Diorama Hall
The Dioramas
Our much-loved dioramas have been restored and are better than ever! Visit the Tawani Foundation Diorama Hall to learn the story of Chicago's rise from a desolate frontier outpost in 1804 to the bustling city that hosted the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. Engaging details invite you to look closely and put history into a larger context.


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By Joni Blecher Follow me on Twitter | Tuesday, August 21, 2012 (permalink)
View more posts for Android
In addition to adding another Android smartphone to its line-up with the LG Motion, MetroPCS also unveiled a new plan. First, more details on the phone. The LG Motion is a high-end Android 4.0 phone sporting a 1.2GHz dual-core processor, 5-megapixel camera with the ability to record 1080p HD video, and the ability to take photos while recording video. It also works on the 4G LTE network and offers the users the ability to talk and surf the web over the network.
The new plan announced has a lot to offer and helps take the guess work out of monthly bills. Thats right, its an unlimited plan. For $55 a month users with this plan get unlimited talk, text, and 4G LTE data. Those with family plans can get the plan as well, but it will cost $50 a month on the accounts second, third, and fourth lines. The plan will only be offered for a limited time.


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DDTH_LEI, Dec. Deck The Halls Wknd, Start at Leidenfrost
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(PECL rrd >= 0.9.0)
RRDGraph::__construct — Creates new RRDGraph instance
Creates new RRDGraph instance. This instance is responsible for rendering the result of RRD database query into image.
Full path for the newly created image.
No value is returned.


text:
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Copyright 1997-2012 the PHP Documentation Group.
The MySQL Native Driver Plugin API is a feature of MySQL Native
Driver, or mysqlnd
. Mysqlnd
plugins operate in the layer between PHP applications and the
MySQL server. This is comparable to MySQL Proxy. MySQL Proxy
operates on a layer between any MySQL client application, for
example, a PHP application and, the MySQL server.
plugins can undertake typical MySQL
Proxy tasks such as load balancing, monitoring and performance
optimizations. Due to the different architecture and location,
plugins do not have some of MySQL
Proxy's disadvantages. For example, with plugins, there is no
single point of failure, no dedicated proxy server to deploy, and
no new programming language to learn (Lua).
A mysqlnd
plugin can be thought of as an
extension to mysqlnd
. Plugins can intercept the
majority of mysqlnd
functions. The
functions are called by the PHP MySQL
extensions such as ext/mysql
, and PDO_MYSQL
As a result, it is possible for a mysqlnd
plugin to intercept all calls made to these extensions from the
client application.
Internal mysqlnd
function calls can also be
intercepted, or replaced. There are no restrictions on
manipulating mysqlnd
internal function tables.
It is possible to set things up so that when certain
functions are called by the extensions
that use mysqlnd
, the call is directed to the
appropriate function in the mysqlnd
plugin. The
ability to manipulate mysqlnd
internal function
tables in this way allows maximum flexibility for plugins.
plugins are in fact PHP Extensions,
written in C, that use the mysqlnd
plugin API
(which is built into MySQL Native Driver,
). Plugins can be made 100% transparent
to PHP applications. No application changes are needed because
plugins operate on a different layer. The
plugin can be thought of as operating
in a layer below mysqlnd
The following list represents some possible applications of
Load Balancing
Read/Write Splitting. An example of this is the PECL/mysqlnd_ms (Master Slave) extension. This extension splits read/write queries for a replication setup.
Round-Robin, least loaded
Query Logging
Query Analysis
Query Auditing. An example of this is the PECL/mysqlnd_sip (SQL Injection Protection) extension. This extension inspects queries and executes only those that are allowed according to a ruleset.
Caching. An example of this is the PECL/mysqlnd_qc (Query Cache) extension.
Sharding. An example of this is the PECL/mysqlnd_mc (Multi Connect) extension. This extension will attempt to split a SELECT statement into n-parts, using SELECT ... LIMIT part_1, SELECT LIMIT part_n. It sends the queries to distinct MySQL servers and merges the result at the client.
MySQL Native Driver Plugins Available
There are a number of mysqlnd plugins already available. These include:
PECL/mysqlnd_mc - Multi Connect plugin.
PECL/mysqlnd_ms - Master Slave plugin.
PECL/mysqlnd_qc - Query Cache plugin.
PECL/mysqlnd_pscache - Prepared Statement Handle Cache plugin.
PECL/mysqlnd_sip - SQL Injection Protection plugin.
PECL/mysqlnd_uh - User Handler plugin.
Copyright 1997-2012 the PHP Documentation Group.
plugins and MySQL Proxy are different
technologies using different approaches. Both are valid tools
for solving a variety of common tasks such as load balancing,
monitoring, and performance enhancements. An important
difference is that MySQL Proxy works with all MySQL clients,
whereas mysqlnd
plugins are specific to PHP
As a PHP Extension, a mysqlnd
plugin gets
installed on the PHP application server, along with the rest of
PHP. MySQL Proxy can either be run on the PHP application server
or can be installed on a dedicated machine to handle multiple
PHP application servers.
Deploying MySQL Proxy on the application server has two advantages:
No single point of failure
Easy to scale out (horizontal scale out, scale by client)
MySQL Proxy (and mysqlnd
plugins) can solve
problems easily which otherwise would have required changes to
existing applications.
However, MySQL Proxy does have some disadvantages:
MySQL Proxy is a new component and technology to master and deploy.
MySQL Proxy requires knowledge of the Lua scripting language.
MySQL Proxy can be customized with C and Lua programming. Lua is
the preferred scripting language of MySQL Proxy. For most PHP
experts Lua is a new language to learn. A
plugin can be written in C. It is
also possible to write plugins in PHP using
MySQL Proxy runs as a daemon - a background process. MySQL Proxy
can recall earlier decisions, as all state can be retained.
However, a mysqlnd
plugin is bound to the
request-based lifecycle of PHP. MySQL Proxy can also share
one-time computed results among multiple application servers. A
plugin would need to store data in a
persistent medium to be able to do this. Another daemon would
need to be used for this purpose, such as Memcache. This gives
MySQL Proxy an advantage in this case.
MySQL Proxy works on top of the wire protocol. With MySQL Proxy you have to parse and reverse engineer the MySQL Client Server Protocol. Actions are limited to those that can be achieved by manipulating the communication protocol. If the wire protocol changes (which happens very rarely) MySQL Proxy scripts would need to be changed as well.
plugins work on top of the C API,
which mirrors the libmysqlclient
client and
Connector/C APIs. This C API is basically a wrapper around the
MySQL Client Server protocol, or wire protocol, as it is
sometimes called. You can intercept all C API calls. PHP makes
use of the C API, therefore you can hook all PHP calls, without
the need to program at the level of the wire protocol.
implements the wire protocol. Plugins
can therefore parse, reverse engineer, manipulate and even
replace the communication protocol. However, this is usually not
As plugins allow you to create implementations that use two
levels (C API and wire protocol), they have greater flexibility
than MySQL Proxy. If a mysqlnd
plugin is
implemented using the C API, any subsequent changes to the wire
protocol do not require changes to the plugin itself.
Copyright 1997-2012 the PHP Documentation Group.
The mysqlnd
plugin API is simply part of the
MySQL Native Driver PHP extension,
. Development started on the
plugin API in December 2009. It is
developed as part of the PHP source repository, and as such is
available to the public either via Git, or through source
snapshot downloads.
The following table shows PHP versions and the corresponding
version contained within.
Table 21.70 The bundled mysqlnd version per PHP release
PHP Version | MySQL Native Driver version |
5.3.0 | 5.0.5 |
5.3.1 | 5.0.5 |
5.3.2 | 5.0.7 |
5.3.3 | 5.0.7 |
5.3.4 | 5.0.7 |
Plugin developers can determine the mysqlnd
version through accessing MYSQLND_VERSION
which is a string of the format "mysqlnd 5.0.7-dev -
091210 - $Revision: 300535", or through
, which is an integer such
as 50007. Developers can calculate the version number as
Table 21.71 MYSQLND_VERSION_ID calculation table
Version (part) | Example |
Major*10000 | 5*10000 = 50000 |
Minor*100 | 0*100 = 0 |
Patch | 7 = 7 |
During development, developers should refer to the
version number for compatibility and
version tests, as several iterations of
could occur during the lifetime of a
PHP development branch with a single PHP version number.
Copyright 1997-2012 the PHP Documentation Group.
This section provides an overview of the
plugin architecture.
MySQL Native Driver Overview
Before developing mysqlnd
plugins, it is
useful to know a little of how mysqlnd
is organized. Mysqlnd
consists of the
following modules:
Table 21.72 The mysqlnd organization chart, per module
Modules Statistics | mysqlnd_statistics.c |
Connection | mysqlnd.c |
Resultset | mysqlnd_result.c |
Resultset Metadata | mysqlnd_result_meta.c |
Statement | mysqlnd_ps.c |
Network | mysqlnd_net.c |
Wire protocol | mysqlnd_wireprotocol.c |
C Object Oriented Paradigm
At the code level, mysqlnd
uses a C pattern
for implementing object orientation.
In C you use a struct
to represent an object.
Members of the struct represent object properties. Struct
members pointing to functions represent methods.
Unlike with other languages such as C++ or Java, there are no fixed rules on inheritance in the C object oriented paradigm. However, there are some conventions that need to be followed that will be discussed later.
The PHP Life Cycle
When considering the PHP life cycle there are two basic cycles:
PHP engine startup and shutdown cycle
Request cycle
When the PHP engine starts up it will call the module initialization (MINIT) function of each registered extension. This allows each module to setup variables and allocate resources that will exist for the lifetime of the PHP engine process. When the PHP engine shuts down it will call the module shutdown (MSHUTDOWN) function of each extension.
During the lifetime of the PHP engine it will receive a number of requests. Each request constitutes another life cycle. On each request the PHP engine will call the request initialization function of each extension. The extension can perform any variable setup and resource allocation required for request processing. As the request cycle ends the engine calls the request shutdown (RSHUTDOWN) function of each extension so the extension can perform any cleanup required.
How a plugin works
A mysqlnd
plugin works by intercepting calls
made to mysqlnd
by extensions that use
. This is achieved by obtaining the
function table, backing it up, and
replacing it by a custom function table, which calls the
functions of the plugin as required.
The following code shows how the mysqlnd
function table is replaced:
/* a place to store original function table */ struct st_mysqlnd_conn_methods org_methods; void minit_register_hooks(TSRMLS_D) { /* active function table */ struct st_mysqlnd_conn_methods * current_methods = mysqlnd_conn_get_methods(); /* backup original function table */ memcpy(&org_methods, current_methods, sizeof(struct st_mysqlnd_conn_methods); /* install new methods */ current_methods->query = MYSQLND_METHOD(my_conn_class, query); }
Connection function table manipulations must be done during Module Initialization (MINIT). The function table is a global shared resource. In an multi-threaded environment, with a TSRM build, the manipulation of a global shared resource during the request processing will almost certainly result in conflicts.
Do not use any fixed-size logic when manipulating the
function table: new methods may be
added at the end of the function table. The function table may
change at any time in the future.
Calling parent methods
If the original function table entries are backed up, it is still possible to call the original function table entries - the parent methods.
In some cases, such as for
, it is vital to call
the parent method prior to any other activity in the derived
MYSQLND_METHOD(my_conn_class, query)(MYSQLND *conn, const char *query, unsigned int query_len TSRMLS_DC) { php_printf("my_conn_class::query(query = %s)\n", query); query = "SELECT 'query rewritten' FROM DUAL"; query_len = strlen(query); return org_methods.query(conn, query, query_len); /* return with call to parent */ }
Extending properties
A mysqlnd
object is represented by a C
struct. It is not possible to add a member to a C struct at run
time. Users of mysqlnd
objects cannot simply
add properties to the objects.
Arbitrary data (properties) can be added to a
objects using an appropriate function
of the
family. When allocating an object mysqlnd
reserves space at the end of the object to hold a void
pointer to arbitrary data.
reserves space for one void
pointer per plugin.
The following table shows how to calculate the position of the pointer for a specific plugin:
Table 21.73 Pointer calculations for mysqlnd
Memory address | Contents |
0 | Beginning of the mysqlnd object C struct |
n | End of the mysqlnd object C struct |
n + (m x sizeof(void*)) | void* to object data of the m-th plugin |
If you plan to subclass any of the mysqlnd
object constructors, which is allowed, you must keep this in
The following code shows extending properties:
/* any data we want to associate */ typedef struct my_conn_properties { unsigned long query_counter; } MY_CONN_PROPERTIES; /* plugin id */ unsigned int my_plugin_id; void minit_register_hooks(TSRMLS_D) { /* obtain unique plugin ID */ my_plugin_id = mysqlnd_plugin_register(); /* snip - see Extending Connection: methods */ } static MY_CONN_PROPERTIES** get_conn_properties(const MYSQLND *conn TSRMLS_DC) { MY_CONN_PROPERTIES** props; props = (MY_CONN_PROPERTIES**)mysqlnd_plugin_get_plugin_connection_data( conn, my_plugin_id); if (!props || !(*props)) { *props = mnd_pecalloc(1, sizeof(MY_CONN_PROPERTIES), conn->persistent); (*props)->query_counter = 0; } return props; }
The plugin developer is responsible for the management of plugin data memory.
Use of the mysqlnd
memory allocator is
recommended for plugin data. These functions are named using the
convention: mnd_*loc()
. The
allocator has some useful features,
such as the ability to use a debug allocator in a non-debug
Table 21.74 When and how to subclass
When to subclass? | Each instance has its own private function table? | How to subclass? | |
Connection (MYSQLND) | MINIT | No | mysqlnd_conn_get_methods() |
Resultset (MYSQLND_RES) | MINIT or later | Yes | mysqlnd_result_get_methods() or object method function table manipulation |
Resultset Meta (MYSQLND_RES_METADATA) | MINIT | No | mysqlnd_result_metadata_get_methods() |
Statement (MYSQLND_STMT) | MINIT | No | mysqlnd_stmt_get_methods() |
Network (MYSQLND_NET) | MINIT or later | Yes | mysqlnd_net_get_methods() or object method function table manipulation |
Wire protocol (MYSQLND_PROTOCOL) | MINIT or later | Yes | mysqlnd_protocol_get_methods() or object method function table manipulation |
You must not manipulate function tables at any time later than MINIT if it is not allowed according to the above table.
Some classes contain a pointer to the method function table. All instances of such a class will share the same function table. To avoid chaos, in particular in threaded environments, such function tables must only be manipulated during MINIT.
Other classes use copies of a globally shared function table. The class function table copy is created together with the object. Each object uses its own function table. This gives you two options: you can manipulate the default function table of an object at MINIT, and you can additionally refine methods of an object without impacting other instances of the same class.
The advantage of the shared function table approach is performance. There is no need to copy a function table for each and every object.
Table 21.75 Constructor status
Allocation, construction, reset | Can be modified? | Caller | |
Connection (MYSQLND) | mysqlnd_init() | No | mysqlnd_connect() |
Resultset(MYSQLND_RES) | Allocation:
Reset and re-initialized during:
| Yes, but call parent! |
Resultset Meta (MYSQLND_RES_METADATA) | Connection::result_meta_init() | Yes, but call parent! | Result::read_result_metadata() |
Statement (MYSQLND_STMT) | Connection::stmt_init() | Yes, but call parent! | Connection::stmt_init() |
Network (MYSQLND_NET) | mysqlnd_net_init() | No | Connection::init() |
Wire protocol (MYSQLND_PROTOCOL) | mysqlnd_protocol_init() | No | Connection::init() |
It is strongly recommended that you do not entirely replace a
constructor. The constructors perform memory allocations. The
memory allocations are vital for the mysqlnd
plugin API and the object logic of mysqlnd
If you do not care about warnings and insist on hooking the
constructors, you should at least call the parent constructor
before doing anything in your constructor.
Regardless of all warnings, it can be useful to subclass constructors. Constructors are the perfect place for modifying the function tables of objects with non-shared object tables, such as Resultset, Network, Wire Protocol.
Table 21.76 Destruction status
Derived method must call parent? | Destructor | |
Connection | yes, after method execution | free_contents(), end_psession() |
Resultset | yes, after method execution | free_result() |
Resultset Meta | yes, after method execution | free() |
Statement | yes, after method execution | dtor(), free_stmt_content() |
Network | yes, after method execution | free() |
Wire protocol | yes, after method execution | free() |
The destructors are the appropriate place to free properties,
The listed destructors may not be equivalent to the actual
method freeing the object itself.
However, they are the best possible place for you to hook in and
free your plugin data. As with constructors you may replace the
methods entirely but this is not recommended. If multiple
methods are listed in the above table you will need to hook all
of the listed methods and free your plugin data in whichever
method is called first by mysqlnd
The recommended method for plugins is to simply hook the methods, free your memory and call the parent implementation immediately following this.
Due to a bug in PHP versions 5.3.0 to 5.3.3, plugins do not
associate plugin data with a persistent connection. This is
because ext/mysql
do not trigger all the necessary
method calls and the plugin may therefore leak memory. This
has been fixed in PHP 5.3.4.
Copyright 1997-2012 the PHP Documentation Group.
The following is a list of functions provided in the
plugin API:
There is no formal definition of what a plugin is and how a plugin mechanism works.
Components often found in plugins mechanisms are:
A plugin manager
A plugin API
Application services (or modules)
Application service APIs (or module APIs)
The mysqlnd
plugin concept employs these
features, and additionally enjoys an open architecture.
No Restrictions
A plugin has full access to the inner workings of
. There are no security limits or
restrictions. Everything can be overwritten to implement
friendly or hostile algorithms. It is recommended you only
deploy plugins from a trusted source.
As discussed previously, plugins can use pointers freely. These pointers are not restricted in any way, and can point into another plugin's data. Simple offset arithmetic can be used to read another plugin's data.
It is recommended that you write cooperative plugins, and that
you always call the parent method. The plugins should always
cooperate with mysqlnd
Table 21.77 Issues: an example of chaining and cooperation
Extension | mysqlnd.query() pointer | call stack if calling parent |
ext/mysqlnd | mysqlnd.query() | mysqlnd.query |
ext/mysqlnd_cache | mysqlnd_cache.query() |
ext/mysqlnd_monitor | mysqlnd_monitor.query() |
In this scenario, a cache (ext/mysqlnd_cache
and a monitor (ext/mysqlnd_monitor
) plugin
are loaded. Both subclass
. Plugin registration
happens at MINIT
using the logic shown
previously. PHP calls extensions in alphabetical order by
default. Plugins are not aware of each other and do not set
extension dependencies.
By default the plugins call the parent implementation of the query method in their derived version of the method.
PHP Extension Recap
This is a recap of what happens when using an example plugin,
, which exposes the
C plugin API to PHP:
Any PHP MySQL application tries to establish a connection to 192.168.2.29
The PHP application will either use
, ext/mysqli
or PDO_MYSQL
. All three PHP MySQL
extensions use mysqlnd
to establish the
connection to 192.168.2.29.
calls its connect method, which
has been subclassed by
calls the userspace
hook proxy::connect()
registered by the
The userspace hook changes the connection host IP from
192.168.2.29 to 127.0.0.1 and returns the connection
established by parent::connect()
performs the
equivalent of parent::connect(127.0.0.1)
by calling the original mysqlnd
for establishing a connection.
establishes a connection and
returns to ext/mysqlnd_plugin
returns as well.
Whatever PHP MySQL extension had been used by the application, it receives a connection to 127.0.0.1. The PHP MySQL extension itself returns to the PHP application. The circle is closed.
Copyright 1997-2012 the PHP Documentation Group.
It is important to remember that a mysqlnd
plugin is itself a PHP extension.
The following code shows the basic structure of the MINIT
function that will be used in the typical
/* my_php_mysqlnd_plugin.c */ static PHP_MINIT_FUNCTION(mysqlnd_plugin) { /* globals, ini entries, resources, classes */ /* register mysqlnd plugin */ mysqlnd_plugin_id = mysqlnd_plugin_register(); conn_m = mysqlnd_get_conn_methods(); memcpy(org_conn_m, conn_m, sizeof(struct st_mysqlnd_conn_methods)); conn_m->query = MYSQLND_METHOD(mysqlnd_plugin_conn, query); conn_m->connect = MYSQLND_METHOD(mysqlnd_plugin_conn, connect); }
/* my_mysqlnd_plugin.c */ enum_func_status MYSQLND_METHOD(mysqlnd_plugin_conn, query)(/* ... */) { /* ... */ } enum_func_status MYSQLND_METHOD(mysqlnd_plugin_conn, connect)(/* ... */) { /* ... */ }
Task analysis: from C to userspace
class proxy extends mysqlnd_plugin_connection { public function connect($host, ...) { .. } } mysqlnd_plugin_set_conn_proxy(new proxy());
PHP: user registers plugin callback
PHP: user calls any PHP MySQL API to connect to MySQL
C: ext/*mysql* calls mysqlnd method
C: mysqlnd ends up in ext/mysqlnd_plugin
C: ext/mysqlnd_plugin
Calls userspace callback
Or original mysqlnd
method, if
userspace callback not set
You need to carry out the following:
Write a class "mysqlnd_plugin_connection" in C
Accept and register proxy object through "mysqlnd_plugin_set_conn_proxy()"
Call userspace proxy methods from C (optimization - zend_interfaces.h)
Userspace object methods can either be called using
or you can operate at a
level closer to the Zend Engine and use
Optimization: calling methods from C using zend_call_method
The following code snippet shows the prototype for the
function, taken from
ZEND_API zval* zend_call_method( zval **object_pp, zend_class_entry *obj_ce, zend_function **fn_proxy, char *function_name, int function_name_len, zval **retval_ptr_ptr, int param_count, zval* arg1, zval* arg2 TSRMLS_DC );
Zend API supports only two arguments. You may need more, for example:
enum_func_status (*func_mysqlnd_conn__connect)( MYSQLND *conn, const char *host, const char * user, const char * passwd, unsigned int passwd_len, const char * db, unsigned int db_len, unsigned int port, const char * socket, unsigned int mysql_flags TSRMLS_DC );
To get around this problem you will need to make a copy of
and add a facility for
additional parameters. You can do this by creating a set of
Calling PHP userspace
This code snippet shows the optimized method for calling a userspace function from C:
/* my_mysqlnd_plugin.c */ MYSQLND_METHOD(my_conn_class,connect)( MYSQLND *conn, const char *host /* ... */ TSRMLS_DC) { enum_func_status ret = FAIL; zval * global_user_conn_proxy = fetch_userspace_proxy(); if (global_user_conn_proxy) { /* call userspace proxy */ ret = MY_ZEND_CALL_METHOD_WRAPPER(global_user_conn_proxy, host, /*...*/); } else { /* or original mysqlnd method = do nothing, be transparent */ ret = org_methods.connect(conn, host, user, passwd, passwd_len, db, db_len, port, socket, mysql_flags TSRMLS_CC); } return ret; }
Calling userspace: simple arguments
/* my_mysqlnd_plugin.c */ MYSQLND_METHOD(my_conn_class,connect)( /* ... */, const char *host, /* ...*/) { /* ... */ if (global_user_conn_proxy) { /* ... */ zval* zv_host; MAKE_STD_ZVAL(zv_host); ZVAL_STRING(zv_host, host, 1); MY_ZEND_CALL_METHOD_WRAPPER(global_user_conn_proxy, zv_retval, zv_host /*, ...*/); zval_ptr_dtor(&zv_host); /* ... */ } /* ... */ }
Calling userspace: structs as arguments
/* my_mysqlnd_plugin.c */ MYSQLND_METHOD(my_conn_class, connect)( MYSQLND *conn, /* ...*/) { /* ... */ if (global_user_conn_proxy) { /* ... */ zval* zv_conn; ZEND_REGISTER_RESOURCE(zv_conn, (void *)conn, le_mysqlnd_plugin_conn); MY_ZEND_CALL_METHOD_WRAPPER(global_user_conn_proxy, zv_retval, zv_conn, zv_host /*, ...*/); zval_ptr_dtor(&zv_conn); /* ... */ } /* ... */ }
The first argument of many mysqlnd
methods is
a C "object". For example, the first argument of the
connect() method is a pointer to MYSQLND
. The
struct MYSQLND represents a mysqlnd
connection object.
The mysqlnd
connection object pointer can be
compared to a standard I/O file handle. Like a standard I/O file
handle a mysqlnd
connection object shall be
linked to the userspace using the PHP resource variable type.
From C to userspace and back
class proxy extends mysqlnd_plugin_connection { public function connect($conn, $host, ...) { /* "pre" hook */ printf("Connecting to host = '%s'\n", $host); debug_print_backtrace(); return parent::connect($conn); } public function query($conn, $query) { /* "post" hook */ $ret = parent::query($conn, $query); printf("Query = '%s'\n", $query); return $ret; } } mysqlnd_plugin_set_conn_proxy(new proxy());
PHP users must be able to call the parent implementation of an overwritten method.
As a result of subclassing it is possible to refine only selected methods and you can choose to have "pre" or "post" hooks.
Buildin class: mysqlnd_plugin_connection::connect()
/* my_mysqlnd_plugin_classes.c */ PHP_METHOD("mysqlnd_plugin_connection", connect) { /* ... simplified! ... */ zval* mysqlnd_rsrc; MYSQLND* conn; char* host; int host_len; if (zend_parse_parameters(ZEND_NUM_ARGS() TSRMLS_CC, "rs", &mysqlnd_rsrc, &host, &host_len) == FAILURE) { RETURN_NULL(); } ZEND_FETCH_RESOURCE(conn, MYSQLND* conn, &mysqlnd_rsrc, -1, "Mysqlnd Connection", le_mysqlnd_plugin_conn); if (PASS == org_methods.connect(conn, host, /* simplified! */ TSRMLS_CC)) RETVAL_TRUE; else RETVAL_FALSE; }


text:
- Hotel Details
- Member Reviews
- Photos
BEST WESTERN PLUS Palatin Kongress Hotel
4 StarsRingstrasse 17-19 Wiesloch DE-69168
Located on Ringstrasse, the BEST WESTERN PLUS Palatin Kongress Hotel is close to the Stadtapotheke Wiesloch Monument. The local attractions include Heidelberg Old Town, Schwetzingen Castle, Hockenheim Ring, Technik Museum Sinsheim and Romanesque cathedral.
Elegantly designed, all the 83 spacious guestrooms are gracefully appointed and come with all contemporary amenities, enabling you to relax and have a blissful sleep after a busy day.
The on-site restaurant serves delicious dishes in a cosy ambience for you to feast on.
This property offers well-equipped meeting rooms that can accommodate up to 1,270 guests for organising various important events. Recreational facilities such as the gymnasium, solarium or the steam room can be utilised to enhance your physical and mental well-being.
Additional Information
- 3 km to the Train Station
- 30 km to the International Airport (Mannheim)
- 90 km to the International Airport (Frankfurt)
- 90 km to the International Airport (Stuttgart Echterdingen)
Hotel Facilities
- Business Centre
- Currency Exchange Services
- Gym / Fitness Facilities
- Parking Facilities (At Cost)
- Safe Deposit Box
- Spa / Wellness Centre
- Concierge
- Disabled Facilities
- Internet Access - High Speed
- Photocopying Facilities
- Secretarial Services
- Steam Room
- Conference Facilities
- Faxing Facilities
- Laundry Facilities
- Reception
- Solarium
Room Facilities
- Cable / Satellite TV
- Mini Bar
- Tea and Coffee Making Facilities
- Ensuite / Private Bathroom
- Modem / Data Port Connection
- Telephone
- Hairdryer
- Safe
BEST WESTERN PLUS Palatin Kongress Hotel Guest Reviews (1)
This was an exceptional 4 star hotel. The rooms were large and clean, the restaurant food was very good and reasonably priced. Breakfast was bountiful. The local area had an excellent German restaurant called Langen's Turmstube that was about 1 block away as well as a great shopping area. It is out of the tourist area of Heildelberg. We will definitely go back and take friends!
Kevin Becker wrote on October 13, 2005
Other Recommended Hotels
Holiday Inn Heidelberg Walldorf | 4 Stars |
Leonardo Hotel Heidelberg City Center | 4 Stars |
Romantik Hotel Zum Ritter Heidelberg | 4 Stars |
Crowne Plaza Hotel Heidelberg City Centre | 4 Stars |
Holiday Inn Heidelberg | 4 Stars |
Find similar hotels as BEST WESTERN PLUS Palatin Kongress Hotel in Heidelberg
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Luxury Accommodation in Heidelberg |


text:
Virginia's Governor Bob McDonnell Thinks You're an Idiot
On Friday, March 15, 2013, at 8:00 a.m. Bob McDonnell will go to CPAC and address the Faith & Freedom Coalition Prayer Breakfast. For those of you who attend this event, you will be sitting staring at a liar. If you are a conservative, remember Bob McDonnell thinks you're an idiot. That's the only explanation I can think of for what just happened in Virginia | Read More »
Tags: Barry D. Knight, Beverly J. Sherwood, bob mcdonnell, Charles D. Poindexter, Charles W. Carrico Sr., Christopher P. Stolle, Christopher T. Head, Daniel W. Marshall II, David B. Albo, David E. Yancey, Donald W. Merricks, Edward T. Scott, Frank M. Ruff Jr., Frank W. Wagner, G. Manoli Loupassi, Gordon C. Helsel Jr., Harry B. Blevins, Harry R. Purkey, J. Randall Minchew, James E. Edmunds II, James M. LeMunyon, Jeffrey L. McWaters, Joe T. May, John A. Cosgrove, John C. Watkins, John M. O'Bannon III, Joseph R. Yost, L. Mark Dudenhefer, M. Keith Hodges, M. Kirkland Cox, Michael D. Watson, Richard L. Morris, Riley E. Ingram, Robert D. Orrock Sr., Robert Tata, Ronald A. Villanueva, S. Chris Jones, Salvatore R. Iaquinto, Speaker William J. Howell, Terry G. Kilgore, Thomas A. Greason, Thomas Davis Rust, Thomas K. Norment Jr., Virginia, Walter A. Stosch


text:
Northeast Mississippi Community College head softball coach Jody Long has announced that the LadyTiger softball team will hold a pair of tryouts for their 2011-12 team.
Northeast's softball team will hold its first tryout on Wednesday, May 11 at 2 p.m. at Booneville City Park and its second tryout will be two weeks later on Wednesday, May 25 at 2 p.m.
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Before digital content (e.g. images, PDFs, videos, etc.) may be used in a page, it must be added to the DAM (Digital Asset Manager). Content approvers and Content authors may both load content into the DAM, but only Content approvers may activate the uploaded assets. The content must be activated before it may be used.
To upload content to the DAM, do the following:


text:
Find out about today's Nissan specials at 888-994-0339
Many people look for the largest Nissan dealer in New Haven, the best Nissan dealer in North Haven or the #1 Nissan dealer in Connecticut, and believe it's the place to go for the best deal. We're here to provide you with tools that we hope will make buying a car easier. You can browse our inventory - new or used - get a quote, fill out a credit application, value your trade or make a service appointment. So start your search here where we believe you'll find the selection and price you're looking for. We're Executive Nissan, and we're here to help you.
Browse through our selection of new Nissans for sale in New Haven Considering a Pre-Owned Nissan? New Haven Used Nissan Cars and Used Trucks Car Trouble? Book Your Schedule Service Appointment: Nissan Service New Haven Questions about Credit Financing or Leasing: New Haven Nissan Financing Looking for an incentive, rebate, discount or special on a new Nissan in New Haven? Nissan Specials New Haven
Shop new and used Nissans at Executive Nissan.
Just click on a link below for driving directions to Executive Nissan, North Haven CT
Connecticut Nissan Dealers Nissan Dealers Milford Nissan Hartford Nissan Branford Nissan East Haven Hamden Nissan Dealers
Executive Nissan 900 Universal Drive N. Suite A North Haven, Connecticut 06473 Phone: 888-994-0339 Website: www.executivenissan.com
41.3453501; -72.8693862


text:
Margaret Rutherford Ledbetter, 88, of New Albany, died Friday, Aug. 17, 2012 at her home. She was born February 19, 1924 in Tippah County to William Scott and Angie Perkins Rutherford. She was a homemaker and enjoyed restoring furniture and antiques. She loved her animals, especially horses. She was a member of Ebenezer Presbyterian Church.
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Father's Day Gifts - Business And Executive Gifts - Alcohol & Tobacco
Gift Buzz
2013 is the year to treat dad to a gift he won't soon forget. We all know dads are a tricky bunch when it comes to tracking down a gift he'll love. But Gifts.com is here to help. Behold the Top 10 Father's Day Gifts...2013 Edition. Read More »
Of course you love each other. Sweetest Day is another chance to show it! Here are the Gift Guru's top picks for your sweetheart on this special day. Read More »
It's no secret that dads tend to get the short end of the gifting stick when it comes to Father's Day gifts. A significant contributor to dad's gift woes is the dreaded cliche gift. The mugs, the bad drugstore-bought cologne, "The World's... Read More »
Really, is there any other kind of mother out there?! All the moms we know are trying to meet deadlines, get kids to a ballet practice/soccer game/play rehearsal, tend to the empty pantry/almost-expired car registration/dustbunny convention/overfl... Read More »
Hand-pickedFather's Day Gifts
The Gift Gurus at Gifts.com hand-pick all gift ideas for father's day in the business and executive gifts category. View great ideas for father's day from the best stores online and further refine your business and executive gifts results by price, Gift Guru top picks and more to find the perfect gift. Need help finding great gift ideas? Gifts.com is your ultimate source of expert gift advice, ideas and inspiration. Starting your holiday shopping? Find great Christmas gifts for everyone on your list.


text:
It's Friday! No one can take that away from you, even if they are a Brick House.
I never knew what this song really meant. I still don't really know.
Light news today, and I'm tired. I've been tired all week. Cannot seem to sleep a full 8 hours without waking up at 4 am. And my dreams have been really weird. I mean, swear to god, last night I dreamt I was having lunch with Julia Stiles, discussing abstract art. I kept telling her I had no idea what she was talking about, but she kept going on and on and on, till I woke up kind of annoyed. You'd think with Julia Stiles in my dreams, at some point they would involve a decided lack of clothes, but nooooooo, I have to argue about art I don't know anything about.
I need a nap.
Hardware Zone starts off our Yay Friday with the ECS NFORCE 570 SLIT-A (NVIDIA nForce 570 SLI Intel Edition
3DGameman streams out a look at the Raidmax Volcano 630W Power Supply
Digital Trends posts up their DigitalLife 2006 Wrap-up
Techgage shows off the Thermaltake Armor LCS
Legion Hardware tries to make the Thermalright HR-03 seem interesting.
Madpenguin asks the burning queston, How Can Ubuntu Improve?
Trusted Reviews totes around the Lexar JumpDrive FireFly
Techspot takes on some Crucial DDR2 PC2-5300 10th Anniversary
Bjorn3D cools with the Jetart JACSG1 North Bridge Cooler
Tweaknews jumpstarts with the Thermaltake Toughpower W0116RU Cable Management 750W Power Supply
XSReviews juices up with the Spire Rocketeer III 500w PSU
Finally, I4U brings us on home with the Intel Core 2 Extreme X6800
Not a lot, yet more than enough for me. Im outtie.
You go have a day, a weekend, and leave me alone, I need some sleep.


text:
Digital Marketing in Asia-Pacific: Training, Skills and Knowledge
Econsultancy's Digital Marketing in Asia-Pacific: Training, Skills and Knowledge report is a qualitative trends briefing. It identifies and benchmarks the current state of digital businesses in the region, within the context of understanding wider personnel skills and training, the investment and importance being placed on digital resources and general online needs.
Quarterly Digital Intelligence Briefing: Personalisation, Trust and Return on Investment
Econsultancy's Q2 2012 Quarterly Digital Intelligence Briefing, produced in partnership with Adobe, looks at the extent to which organisations personalise the web experience, how they measure the impact of personalisation and how the use of data will evolve in the light of consumer privacy concerns. The research is based on a survey of around 400 marketers in Europe and the United States.
Tag Management Buyer's Guide
An invaluable resource for those investigating the market for tag management systems (TMS), with profiles of 12 leading vendors, the latest market trends and tips and pitfalls for buyers. The 136-page report provides details on the issues and trends affecting this sector, as well as information about best practice and tips for successful TMS implementations.
Mobile User Experience Trends Briefing
Download this 20-page briefing to keep up to date with the latest trends and developments in mobile user experience. This document contains an overview of trends, tips for best practice, new statistics and useful resources.
The Multi-Screen Marketer
The Multi-Screen Marketer addresses rapidly shifting media consumption behavior. Consumers are viewing content simultaneously on multiple devices, and brands are learning to chase them across the gaps. This report, conducted in association with the IAB, combines a survey with extensive trend analysis by Stefan Tornquist, Econsultancy's VP of Research.
Connected TV Smart Pack
The Connected TV Smart Pack includes market trends, key statistics and case study examples of companies using connected TV for marketing and provides an overview of the main players in this increasingly important sector. This 80-page report is the fifth in a series of smart packs developed by Econsultancy that are designed to explore emerging trends and new areas relating to digital marketing.
Brazil: Digital Market Landscape Report
This Econsultancy report about the digital landscape in Brazil is the first in a series of briefings focused on emerging markets, aimed primarily at those outside these countries who are looking for an overview.
Marketing Attribution: Valuing the Customer Journey
Econsultancy's Marketing Attribution: Understanding Value Across the Customer Journey, sponsored by Google Analytics, is a survey and collection of interviews with marketers about the benefits of attribution across multiple channels, various approaches and technologies used, and the keys to success.
B2B Digital Marketing Trends Briefing: Key takeaways from Digital Cream London 2012
Econsultancy's B2B Digital Marketing Trends Briefing focuses on the key trends, challenges and solutions for B2B digital marketers. Based on roundtables from Digital Cream London 2012, the guide has been co-authored by nine independent B2B marketing experts who also acted as moderators for the roundtables at Digital Cream.
SEO Agencies Buyer's Guide 2012
Econsultancy's SEO Agencies Buyer's Guide focuses on the UK search engine optimisation (SEO) marketplace and contains detailed information about the trends and issues affecting this particular sector of digital marketing. The report contains extensive insight about how to find the right natural search agency to meet your needs, and profiles 36 leading UK agencies.


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Palpitoad, I just like his design (s)hes cute
Palpitoad, I just like his design (s)hes cute
Might as well link my Deviantart gallery, I mainly do Pokemon related stuff, maybe something'll catch your interest.:] http://rohanite.deviantart.com/gallery/
This is Turtwig, he was the most under appreciated starter in Diamond & Pearl. If you picked Turtwig as your starter, put this in your sig. Started by Dax-360
I will not say I'm the best. But by Ash's standards, I'm pretty good. 3DS Friend Code: 2836-1079-8422
Some of you need to look at this before you comment on what a Pokemon should learn. Some of you are okay but some of you need to look at this: http://www.serebii.net/attackdex-bw/ This is the attackdex, it is your friend.
Come on, I need nine people to vote for Oshawott. I know he can get ahead of Fail-vy.
Snivy, for sure. Ash really needed a snarky 'only sane woman' type to balance out the dynamic. Her absence would seem strangest.
I quite like Oshawott, who's generally hilarious, but the occasional creepiness is a huge detractor. Silly 'wott.
Scraggy is also excellent.
i like fire types so my favourite is pignite
Aww, the rat and the krok are tied again ....
Why's Leavanny so underrated I chose snivy.
Given recent events in the anime, I'm sure Snivy's popularity will drop like a rock. I just think she's incredibly overhyped. I'm starting to see past the ruse and I can tell that she's not as powerful as the writers make her out to be; she's just sort of average. I'd even say that Scraggy is more competent in battle, and I don't particularly like him.
Last edited by Lorde; 20th December 2012 at 4:29 AM.
Hmm.. I have to partially disagree. It would appear she's got pretty good attack power, fairly decent stamina and a lot of determination.. but unfortunately it's her size that goes against her and she ultimately falls due to other Pokémon just wiping out her tiny little body. We've seen a few times now that Vine Whip often does her more harm than good and Attract is fairly useless a lot of the time. She's in need of an evolution and/or move change, just to give her that boost and get away from the size issue.
Kingler, my friend. No matter what, you will always remain my favourite Water type. You shouldn't have missed out on the Sinnoh League and I look forward to seeing you again, hopefully in the near future.
There you are, I see you in the back there!
I'm actually quite surprised Snivy has the most votes. I would have guessed Oshawott or Krookdile would be in the lead. No offense to Snivy. It just feels like we haven't seen much of her over the past few months.
For me
OShawott All the way ( i like oshawott not because he cute But his personality is really funny )
close second is palpitoad ( Bosstoad always in my heart even they neglected him everyepisode )
Damn it they are tied again .
Cool, I hope someone votes Pikachu.
Definitely Krookodile. Matches Ash well.
I had to think about it before voting in this poll as the BW seasons dont really have my favourite pokemon in it . I left Pikachu out of the consideration for fairness and only counted the Unova pokemon. My choice was scraggy because theres just something adorable about the way he acts and how he hides behind in 'pants'. I still remember a scene when scraggy was about to get his by hyperbeam (if i recall correctly , it was awhile ago) , and he held his skin right up to his chin with a scared look on his face. Felt so bad for him.
Following that would probably be Krookadile and Pignite before he evolved.
EDIT : Im still waiting for a fight that makes me laugh like Gibble bitting onto shuckle then spitting it out with draco meteor .
Come on guys!! Vote for teh croc!!
Damn it, who keeps voting for the otter -_-.