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January 6, 2013
Today's top stories
- New Cervélo S2 launched +video
- Wiggle rides into Twitter storm over 'make helmets compulsory' blog
- Lightless cyclist locked up by Lancashire Police
- Study finds paracetamol helps cyclists' endurance - but health and ethical questions arise
- Christmas gifts for cyclists who like to ride fast
- Jon Snow: cyclists 'behave extremely badly' and I don't know a single one who hasn't jumped a red light
- Stages Power meter
- Beginner's guide to cyclo-cross essentials
- Overall cyclist casualties up 12 percent in latest DfT figures
- Cycling sales boom at Halfords as retailer posts interim results
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"At Speed by Mark Cavendish is published by Ebury Press on 7 November 2007."
Has Cav finally ...
They should crack down on all unlit vehicles, not only bikes!
You are... although that would be more relevant if the Rival and 105 Stages systems did cost ...
What is wrong with you helmet-wearing types that makes you keep falling off your bikes? What ...
Question: a week ago I started my commute home and my front light battery died. So I cycled most of ...
Hi Fluffy,
The main thing to know is that reading these stories on this website (in particular) ...
There is a very simple point here. If you do exactly the same things on a pavement and either ...
If it is around 24mm, then it's probably the same as the one on my Peugeot. And a 23.4mm ...
Get one pannier. Sorted.
Unless you wear Rapha, in which case, you simply buy their tweed cap and...
in Commute Bag
I've been using Peter Storm woollen gloves with thinsulate insulation that i use over the later ...
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jimmythecuckoo, October 25, 2013
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jimmythecuckoo, October 17, 2013
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On the Forum
- Please Help: 20mm Seat post
- Commute Bag
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- Insurance
- Water Off a Duck's Back
- Front Light for Really Dark Nights _ Any Recommendations??
- Cyclocross Frame Suggestions
- Fantasy Cycling 2013 - the winners thread
- Prologo Saddle & Shimano Ultegra Cassette
- F/S Campag Centaur levers - like new, in original box
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Events coming up
- Floodlit junior cycle races PeterboroughNovember 8, 2013 - 18:30
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Turn Back the Clock: Third Base
November 30th, 2009 | by Ray Flowers |
Today I'm going to discuss the third base position as I continue to review my predictions for the top-10 at the position to see how they panned out (the following list is taken from the 2009 Fanball Annual Guide that was on newsstands prior to the start of the 2009 season).
To read previous positional reviews click on the following link:
1. Alex Rodriguez
2. David Wright
3. Aramis Ramirez
4. Evan Longoria
5. Chippers Jones
6. Garrett Atkins
7. Chone Figgins
8. Aubrey Huff
9. Kevin Youkilis
10. Alex Gordon
A-Rod rebounded from hip surgery and missing a month of action to record yet another 30-HR, 100-RBI season. That's 12-straight years of that type of effort to tie the all-time record previously held by Jimmie Foxx. Yeah, he really slowed down didn't he?
Wright hit .307, two points below his career mark, got on base at a .390 clip (career .389) and stole 27 bases. Yet his season was a failure. Why? A five year low in runs (88) and RBI (72) was distressing, but his simply atrocious total of 10 homers, after 26 or more the previous four seasons, rendered his '09 after an abysmal outing for a player who wasn't hurt.
Ramirez injured his shoulder which limited him to a mere 82 games played. Still, in half a season of games he hit .319 with a .905 OPS as he hit 15 long balls and 65 RBI putting his production slightly ahead of the levels we have come to expect.
Longoria had only 58 RBI over his last 105 games, but with 55 in his first 51 his overall mark of 113 was the best at the position. Evan also went deep 33 times, was one of only three third sackers to score 100 runs (100 exactly), and hit a solid .281 with a .889 OPS. Not a bad second season in the league wouldn't you say?
Jones hit at least .324 from 2006-08, but at 37 years of age expecting a repeat was asking too much (he hit just .264). Why was he ranked fifth on my list then if I already had lower expectations for his '09 outlook? Bottom line was that the third base position just wasn't that deep heading into last season (and still isn't in 2010).
Atkins was abysmal. Period. You can read all about the performance in my recent Five Questions piece.
Figgins had a terrific season and it will make him a lot of money this offseason. Chone led the position with 114 runs and 42 steals, while hitting .298 with a .395 OBP. By thaw way, he was second in the AL in runs scored (Dustin Pedroia crossed the plate 115 times).
Huff failed, miserably, to repeat his tremendous 2008 effort (.304-32-108) turning out a .241-15-85 line in a season split with the Orioles and Tigers. He didn't play a single game at third instead seeing time exclusively at first base (93 games) and DH.
Youkilis was much more productive than I thought he would be. He failed to match his '08 numbers (.312-29-115-91), but was pretty darn close across the board (.306-27-94-99).
Gordon was injured, had hip surgery, spent time at Triple-A and all-around was a huge disappointment. He hit only .232 with a .703 OPS in 49 games, and in the offseason the Royals brought in Josh Fields to possibly challenge Gordon for starts at third in the coming campaign.
By Ray Flowers
Tags: Alex Gordon, Alex Rodriguez, Aramis Ramirez, Aubrey Huff, Chipper Jones, Chone Figgins, David Wright, Evan Longoria, Garrett Atkins, Josh Fields, Kevin Youkilis

subset: commoncrawl


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The UK immigration debate isn't a great place to look for rational or factual arguments at the best of times, and new rules concerning Romania and Bulgaria have spurred a new round of evidence-free speculation. As of January 1, people from both … Read More
Overeducation – Overcoming The Educational Mismatch
To fight youth unemployment, the Nobel Prize Winner Christopher Pissarides proposes an interesting remedy. He says that in times of recession it's good for young people to acquire more education. According to the human capital theory, more educated … Read More
A Prisoner's Reflections On Nelson Mandela
Yulia Tymoshenko - Incarceration is said to leave you with a feeling of helplessness and vulnerability. But the truth of life for a political prisoner, even for one on a hunger strike, is the opposite. As a prisoner, I have been forced to focus on … Read More
Governance In The Information Age
As the year comes to an end, it is only natural to ask what might lie ahead. But, instead of asking what may lay ahead in 2014, let us jump to mid-century. What will governance look like in 2050? That is what the World Economic Forum (WEF) asked at … Read More
An Agenda To Save The Euro
Agenda to save the Euro - It has been three years since the outbreak of the euro crisis, and only an inveterate optimist would say that the worst is definitely over. Some, noting that the eurozone's double-dip recession has ended, conclude that the … Read More
Thailand's Stark Choice
Thailand protest - As Thailand pauses to celebrate King Bhumibol's birthday, it faces a stark choice: persevere with electoral democracy or plunge the nation into a dangerous phase of civil conflict. The opposition movement, led by former Deputy … Read More
A Struggle For NGO Funding: EU Charity Policy Is Ideologically-Driven
The world is always evolving. Technology has shortened the psychological distance between different nations: Twitter broadcasts distant voices straight to our laptops, and images of foreign catastrophes are transmitted directly to our mobile phones. … Read More
Flexicurity: The Model That Never Was
Flexicurity - Remember the flexicurity model that was launched by the European Commission in the mid 2000's? Claiming that there existed such a thing as a 'golden triangle of flexicurity' (see illustration below), the Commission urged member states … Read More
Nelson Mandela's Political Legacy
This evening has brought very sad news. The former South African President - and one of the most respected and inspirational political leaders of recent times - Nelson Mandela has passed away aged 95 after battling ill health for some time. There … Read More
Austerity Here We Go Again
1) Government embarks on austerity, to try and maintain the confidence of the bond markets. We must preserve the AAA rating for our government's debt, says the finance minister. 2) Austerity reduces demand, helping create flat or negative … Read More
The Faux European Recovery And Youth Unemployment
By John Weeks
Suddenly the media is a buzz with the prospect of a recovery in the euro zone. After four grim years of contracting GDP, unemployment and falling real wages, we read that country after country has turned the corner. Austerity worked and now we can … Read More
European Migration: David Cameron's Attack On The European Union
European migration - In his article in today's Financial Times, UK Prime Minister David Cameron has again shown that he is unable to think about European matters in the linked-up way that these issues require. Obviously scared of and driven by UKIP … Read More
News & Events
George Clooney Supports Ukraine Protests
By NewsWatch
American actor and political activist George Clooney has sent a video message of support for the Ukraine protests. In the video, he explains how the US has achieved its democratic system by a process of trial and error and encourages the protesters … Read More
Chinese Reforms Make Rich Even Richer
By NewsWatch
The Real News Network has another interesting discussion about the recent Chinese Communist Plenum meeting. According to Minqi Li the meeting resulted in a promise for market reforms, including privatization and deregulation of public utility, energy … Read More
Inequality, Labour Market Institutions And Macroeconomics
By Dean Baker
Watch Dean Baker of the Center of Economic and Policy Research in Washington discuss inequality, labour markets and macroeconomics. The presentation was recorded at the 17th FFM conference entitled 'The Jobs Crisis: Causes, Cures, Constraints' in … Read More
How To Address The Eurozone Problems?
By Yves Leterme
Watch the Deputy Secretary-General of the OECD, Yves Leterme, discuss the current woes of the Eurozone and how to address them. This speech was recorded at the conference 'Can the Eurozone be saved?' at the LBJ School of Public Affairs at the … Read More


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Root Catalog
Shop by Brand
Kenmore Micro Lined C Bags 50558 10 Pk
For Kenmore cannister 5055 10 bags per pack. These are generic replacement Micro-Lined Vacuum Cleaner bags made by DVC For Kenmore Type C or 5055, 50555, 50557 and 50558 Style Bags. These bags are 40% more efficient at capturing fine dust and airborne allergens then standard single ply bags are. DVC (Homecare Industries) makes this bag right here in America, by Americans, unlike many generic aftermarket vacuum bag companies who have decided to manufacturer their products in China (AKA P.R.O.C.). Because of this, DVC Micro-Lined can enforce much better quality control, and guarantees there bags never to tear, or burst open when vacuuming, promising a full replacement at no charge if it were to rip during vacuuming. Know when you purchase DVC Micro-Lined Made in the USA bags, you are directly stimulating our economy and keeping someones job in a small town in Virginia. Each package includes 10 Micro-Lined bags per pack, and replaces part 20-50557, 20-50558, or 5055 type C. Learn More -
Special Price: $5.99
Original: $9.99
Kenmore Micro Lined 5055 Vacuum Cleaner Bags [3 bags]
Kenmore 5055 Vacuum Cleaner Bags [3 bags per Pack] Learn More -
48 Electrolux Type C Tank Model Vacuum Cleaner Bags 4 Ply
48 Electrolux Type C Tank Model Vacuum Cleaner Bags 4 P Learn More -
Kenmore 8192535 Roller Brush Assembly -Genuine OEM
Genuine Kenmore Canister Power Mate Roller Brush Assembly Complete With End Caps. Kenmore Part 8192535. Learn More -
Microlined Kenmore Mircrofiltration Canister Vacuum Bags - 50558, 5055, 50557 10Pk
Microlined Kenmore Mircrofiltration Canister Vacuum Bags - 50558, 5055, 50557 10Pk Learn More -
Special Price: $26.50
Original: $34.95
Kenmore 4370623 17" Lower Wand Also Fits Panasonic #AC99PCRXZV06
This kenmore lower wand is 17" NOT 20" (please measure your wand also note dark or light grey color) Kenmore Part # 4370623 Also Panasonic # AC99pcrxzv06 Learn More -
Electrolux Style U Discovery Vacuum Bags (60 bags total)
These are Electrolux Style U Discovery Vacuum Bags that feature a mult-ply and microlined design with an inner liner of electrostatically charged filtering material that captures potential airborne particles. 60 bags total. Learn More -
Electrolux Style C 4Ply vacuum bags- Generic - 12 pack
Electrolux Style C 4Ply vacuum bags- Generic - 12 pack Learn More -
15 Generic For Kenmore Style Q or Style C Anti-Allergen Bags fits 5055 50557 - Generic - 15 Pack
This is a bulk package of generic aftermarket Style Q or 5055 Canister Vacuum Cleaner Bags, 5 Packages of 3 for a total of 15 Bags. Each order contains 15 cloth Anti-Allergen HEPA Type Cloth Premium Allergen Vacuum Bags, designed to fit most canister vacuum cleaners manufactured since 1995, including the Whispertone, Progressive, and Inuition Models. Made to fit Part numbers 5055, 20-5055, 20-50557, 20-50558, 5055, 50557, 50558 and Style Q or Type Q Bags. Made by Micro-Lined. 15 Bags per package. Learn More -
Electrolux ZVac Style C Canister Vacuum Bags (15 pack)
Electrolux ZVac Style C Canister Vacuum Bags (15 pack) are hypoallergenic replacement bags for the Electrolux tank style canister vacuum cleaners. Manufactured to provide high quality and for easy installation. Learn More


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I have often read that single founder companies are given lower priority by incubators and angels. I was thinking about bringing in an additional founder.
They will be "new." First, I will have to tell him everything that I know before we can move forward. Well, some correction. I think i can manage most of the work myself. He will be there for the investors who would otherwise be reluctant to invest in a single person company. he can then gradually learn and i wont have to dedicate time and effort for that.
From 'everything' I mean not just software or entrepreneurship; I will probably have to tell him/her the very basics of my current business and software. He/she probably won't even know what a 'startup' really is.
So is it worth that effort?


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For Love & Lemons
Lulu Dress
Derived from those sun-soaked Lemonade Stand Days, designers and owners, Gillian Mahin and Laura Hall are the masterminds behind the line For Love & Lemons. Born in Wyoming, finding their style niche in Australia and now based in Los Angeles, the collection is anything but conventional-rebelling against the standards of modern society. The line taunts with intrigue as a clash of colors and patterns are evoked by chic separates and devious dresses. Where the modern gypsy is punk, For Love & Lemons is a brand to relate to, for that girl that doesnt follow trends, she makes them.
- Shell: 50% rayon 45% acrylic 5% spandex
Contrast: 90% nylon 10% metallic - Shoulder seam to hem measures approx 48" at longest hem and 38" in length at shortest hem
- Unlined
- Dry clean only
- Metallic mesh yoke and back
- Back zip closure
- Styled with Jeffrey Campbell Damsel-Crs in Black Silver.
- Styled with Jacquie Aiche "Me" Ring in Gold.
- Styled with House of Harlow Bone Stack Ring Set in Gold.
- Styled with House of Harlow Faceted Metal Cross Ring in Gold.
- Modeled in size S. See fit guide for model's dimensions.
- Revolve Style No. FORL-WD79
- Manufacturer Style No. D653RM


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Job Opportunities
Call for open research positions
The GOODWATER Initial Training Network addresses the increasing global importance of biological groundwater remediation and management of sites contaminated by organic chemicals.
In this ITN 15 internationally recruited Early Stage Researchers (PHD student positions) and 1 experienced researcher (post-doctoral position) will be trained in cutting-edge scientific skills at seven leading research institutes in the field of groundwater remediation and natural attenuation.
Each researcher will benefit from a wide ranging training program that will take advantage of both local and network wide activities, as well as of schools, conferences, and workshops.
To be eligible you must not have resided or carried out your main activity in the host country for more than 12 month in the past 3 years.
The network aims at a participation of at least 40% women in the vacant positions.
Open positions:
No open positions available at the moment


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ThunderTomate / Overdrive / Booster / 2013 / Effect Pedal
ThunderTomate, Spain
All the stompboxes you'll find here are completly handmade in Spain by me, from the design to the final testing. I've been doing this for more than 12 years so they are about 6,000 ThunderTomate stompboxes out there.
I work on very small runs and custom models, building by hand no more than two or three pedals by day.
I've been reviewed by "Guitar Buyer Magazine" with 5/5 starts on sounds and build quality, and certainly I'm really concerned about quality and good tone.
Shipping costs
Shipping rates for all orders:
• EC countries.
Correos priority international delivery-Air.
• Rest of the world.
Correos priority international delivery-Air.
All ThunderTomate products are covered by a two-year warranty period. Defects than occur within this warranty period will be repaired on our premises with no charge for parts and labour.
Only the first buyer is covered by the warranty period. The warranty period doesn't include any fault derived from an incorrect use of the products or an incorrect use of the equpment associated to this products.
Returns Policy.
If for any reason you are not satisfied with your purchase, you can return it to us in its original condition within 15 days of the date you received the item and we will issue a full refund (discounting only the PayPal transaction charges).
Any items returned must be sent back prepaid.


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Labor Day: 'It is love which honors the dignity of work'
Tuesday, 06 September 2011 15:30
Workers, working families and their friends joined Archbishop José Gomez, Cardinal Roger Mahony and Auxiliary Bishop Alexander Salazar at the annual Labor Day Mass, celebrated Sept. 5, at the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels.
USCCB: HHS mandate 'unprecedented,' must be rescinded
Tuesday, 06 September 2011 15:21
The federal government's mandate that all health insurance plans cover contraceptives and sterilization free of charge "represents an unprecedented attack on religious liberty" and creates "serious moral problems" that require its rescission, attorneys for the U.S. bishops said in comments submitted to the Department of Health and Human Services.
Arizona court affirms state abortion limits; seven clinics plan to stop them
Tuesday, 30 August 2011 14:53
Just two years ago, those attending the annual luncheon of parish respect life coordinators in the Phoenix Diocese were rather discouraged as they faced a new, pro-abortion administration in Washington and the specter of the Freedom of Choice Act that threatened to guarantee abortion rights and negate federal, state and municipal restrictions on abortion.
Ella's effects go beyond contraception to abortion, experts say
Tuesday, 30 August 2011 14:40
In marketing materials for ella, the emergency contraception pill that will be available without co-pay or deductible to American women of child-bearing age under the new health reform plan, a cartoon character egg peeks out from behind a glass door while a cartoon character sperm stands on the steps, apparently cajoling her to come outside.
Archbishop Gomez discuss challenges facing U.S. Hispanics
Tuesday, 23 August 2011 14:36
Los Angeles Archbishop José Gomez told Latino leaders it is one thing to acknowledge the fact the country and the U.S. Catholic Church "are becoming more and more Latino and Hispanic," but "what we do with that reality ... is up to us."
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Prayer of the Month
Papal intentions for November: That priests who experience difficulties may find comfort in their suffering, support in their doubts, and confirmation in their fidelity. That as fruit of the continental mission, Latin American Churches may send missionaries to other Churches.Papal intentions for December: That children who are victims of abandonment or violence may find the love and protection they need. That Christians, enlightened by the Word incarnate, may prepare humanity for the Savior's coming.


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Students invited
to submit essays
Elementary and middle school students are invited to join in an essay-writing contest base on a piece of Vermont historical fiction.
The Spare Room by Jenny Land describes life on a 19th-century Vermont farm in the years leading up to the Civil War. The books publisher, Brigantine Media, is inviting children across the state to submit a piece of fiction in the form of a letter or a diary entry.
The contest is open to students who live, attend school or are home-schooled in Vermont. There will be two divisions, grades 4-6 and 7-8, with four winners chosen in each. The first-prize winner in each division will receive $100.
The submission deadline is Nov. 14 and winners will be announced Dec. 12.
For contest rules or more information, visit www. thespareroombook.com.MORE IN This Just InMIDDLEBURY. - Middlebury College is in search of a new president. Full StoryRutland website Full StoryStudents holiday Full Story -
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I tested this on UE v14.xx and v15.xx
I login to my Linux based Oracle server via telnet and startup SQLPLUS. While trying to execute anything then trying to cancel the execution the telnet window locks up and UE takes possession of the clipboard. The only way to get my TELNET back is to disconnect then reconnect. To get my clipboard back, I have to shut down UE totally, which sometimes requires me to kill the process via task manager.
Steps to reproduce
- select count(*) from all_tables (or some big table that takes a little time)
- hit CTRL+C to cancel the command (this is a SQLPLUS command, not Linux)
- TELNET Console locks
- I can CTRL+C and CTRL+V in the UE Editor with no problem
If I try to paste (via edit menus or CTRL+V) in any other Windows program I get error message 'Unable to open clipboard'
Checking Oracle enterprise manager, the command did stop like it was supposed to but the TELNET window never refreshes
In other TELNET programs when I do this, SQLPLUS comes back with 'User Canceled' message, and gives the SQL prompt back.
I already have a ticket into support for this, but figured I'd ask anyone else if they have run into this.
I'll keep this post updated with any fixes they find.


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by John Galt
June 3, 2012 17:10 ET
Ambrose Evans-Pritchard is back with the reality check in the U.K. Telegraph that has been sorely missed by most of the mainstream Bubblemedia and especially the political elites of Europe:
The week that Europe stopped pretending
These key portions of this outstanding summary of the past week should terrify the sane and petrify the insanely ignorant:
Joschka Fischer, Germany's former vice-Chancellor, said EU leaders have two weeks left to save the project.
"Europe continues to try to quench the fire with gasoline – German-enforced austerity. In a mere three years, the eurozone's financial crisis has become an existential crisis for Europe."
"Let's not delude ourselves: If the euro falls apart, so will the European Union, triggering a global economic crisis on a scale that most people alive today have never experienced," he said.
Mr Fischer has the matter backwards. The euro itself is the chief cause of the existential crisis he discerns. Yet he is right that three precious year have been squandered, and that Europe's policy mix has been atrociously misguided. The pace of fiscal tightening has been too extreme, made much worse by the ECB's monetary tightening last year. This inflicted a double-barrelled shock on Southern Europe. The whole region was forced back into slump before it had reached "escape velocity".
The disaster is accelerating with real risks of starvation in famine in Greece, war in and over the newly found petroleum resources around Cyprus, Spanish nationalist fervor returning with many of the elderly pining for the stability of the days of Franco, and Ireland now set on a course of domestic discontent unseen since the bloodiest days of the old IRA. Yet the powers that be seem to be quite content in dismissing the events, the news, and the tragedies from the masses by exercising their inexorable control over their media puppets. Propaganda only works when the stomachs are full yet the lessons of the failed Communist states and Fascist past have escaped the financial elites and their political lackeys. As this crisis accelerates in the weeks ahead,


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As promised, here's the single-file compilation of the Productive Talk podcast interviews I did with David Allen, the author of Getting Things Done. The final version's eight episodes clock in at a
billk2 / collective / tags / inbox zero
Tagged with "inbox zero" (3)
Productive Talk Compilation: 8-episode podcast with GTD's David Allen | 43 Folders (2006)
5by5 | The Pipeline #7: Merlin Mann
5by5 - The Pipeline #7: Merlin Mann
43F Podcast: The Perfect Apostrophe | 43 Folders
The Perfect Apostrophe - In which I undertake writing a book on productivity. (10:50)


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RSC.org: IR Spectroscopy
This video on YouTube covers the basic principles of infrared spectroscopy. Very useful for a newcomer to IR. This video of 6.5 minute would be useful in a classroom setting or students interested in the technique.
RSC.org: Proton NMR
This video, distributed on YouTube by the Royal Society of Chemistry is on the basic principles of NMR. This video is a good primer and would be very useful to supplement introductory lectures on NMR. The video covers the basic theory behind a 1H spectrum and goes through actually acquiring a spectrum. The top-off look of the instrument is useful and how the superconducting magnet is mounted. Good for a basic introduction.
This video, distributed on YouTube by the Royal Society of Chemistry is on the basic principles of HPLC. This video is a short primer (~5 min) which introduces the basic technique and instrumentation. The theory of HPLC is described at a very basic level. Separation theory is presented in a qualitiative fashion, and both the mechanics and applications of HPLC were generally described. The ultimate strength of this video is the general nature of the content that makes it appealing to a wide aud
Animations and Simulations in the Teaching of Analytical Sciences
This article by Cynthia Larive, published in the \"ABCs of Teaching Analytical Science\" series of the journal Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, will be of interest to faculty members teaching courses in the analytical sciences. The article provides a good introduction to the animations, simulations, and other on-line resources available on the internet. More important, it encourages instructors to develop a teaching philosophy that emphasizes the use of these materials.
X-ray Diffraction
This site is a good freshman or sophomore level introduction to diffraction and its application to studying crystal structure. Because it\'s very visual and interactive, it engages the student. It\'s not mathematical enough for an upper level course. The basics of diffraction are covered with excellent interactive demos. Demos are great as a supplement but not as a stand alone module on diffraction.
Rice virtual lab in statistics
This site is devoted to statistical tests and demonstrations of their use and was created with the support of the National Science Foundation. One section is a complete reference guide - the online statistics textbook, with detailed descriptions of all things statistical. The second, and most fun section, is simulations/demonstrations section where nearly twenty statistical tests are demonstrated with interactive Applets. Each Applet has clear instructions for use with details on the test demons
Biosensors and Other Medical and Environmental Probes
This site links an article from the Oak Ridge Nat\'l Laboratory that reviews publications dealing with biosensors and their applications. Although limited to work from ORNL\'s scientists, it contains several examples of cutting-edge sensor devices with sufficient background information linking their use to real-world applications. The narrative is written more in a story-telling fashion than as a journal report that contributes to its readability. The descriptions and graphic illustrations co
Helpful Hints for Field Sketching
This online article, from Biodiversity Counts, offers insight into the task of field sketching. After discussing the difference between seeing and observing, the article offers tips designed to help make students better at observational rendering. The six hints discussed are proportions, perspective, volume, simplifying, practicing a lot, and having fun.
Strategy Conference Media Discussion
Lawrence Kaplan, The New Republic, and Michael Gordon, NY Times, discuss the military and society from the media perspective as part of the UASWC XXII Annual Strategy Conference held April 5-7, 2011.
Geology: Igneous Rocks
This 1:49 video explains what igneous rocks are and how to identify them. A good explanation and the more complicated terms are written out.
Contabilidad (Licenciado en Derecho)
Introducción a la contabilidad financiera y el análisis de estados contables mostrando su relación con el ordenamiento jurídico. La publicación recoge contenidos de especial interés para juristas que quieran adquirir conocimientos de contabilidad con un especial enfoque interdisciplinario hacia la fiscalidad y el derecho societario, laboral y peanal. Se pretende que cualquier persona que emplee los materiales para el autoaprendizaje pueda adquirir unos conocimientos básicos de mecánica c
HR may be contacting you to verify your I9
Human Resources is currently verifying all Vanderbilt employees' employment eligibility in response to federal regulations put in place in September 2009. All employees hired since January 2010 have already gone through the E-Verify process. HR is also reviewing the I-9 forms submitted by all employees hired prior to January 2010 and is emailing employees fromkeep reading »
4.4.1 Engaging with the content
Reading is an essential skill for all of us and developing our skills in reading is a good investment. This unit is packed with practical activities which are aimed at making reading more enjoyable and rewarding. This unit also includes sections on how to read actively and critically.
9.7.3 Identify ways of further developing your skills in working with others Use your assessment and reflective comments to suggest ways of improving your own performance in working with others. How do you intend to make these changes? Working in a group is a skill that you may need to go on developing throughout your course of study and in the workplace. All groups vary, and to enhance the performance of any group, as well as to help individual group members develop their skills, it is helpful to look at how the group has operated. 9.3.3 Identify relevant sources of information Exploring and identifying sources of information is about finding out what you don't know as well as using and adapting what you do know. Group projects and assignments frequently require you to carry out research and this will involve identifying specific resources you may need. For example, think about the materials and equipment that might be needed and whether the group needs to get specific expert advice and support and, if so, where you can obtain this. It is also important to spe 8.5 Monitoring progress This stage is about keeping track of your progress. Are you tackling your problem-solving activities effectively? How do you know? Could you have done things differently, made use of different tools (such as software packages) or facilities, taken more advantage of tutorials, training sessions or local expertise, or recognised that such support would have helped you? Monitoring your own performance and progress needs practice; try to stand back and look at what you are doing as if you w 6.3 Developing a strategy In developing a strategy for improving your IL skills you are aiming to: identify the opportunities you can use to develop and practise your IL skills; establish the outcomes you hope to achieve and the targets for meeting them; identify the resources you might use for developing your skills, including people who might be able to help you as well as books, study guides, tutorials, specialist training, databases, libra The Milky Way Galaxy Ancient Egypt_The Gift of the Nile Focus Earth: Nuclear Power, Safer? Cleaner?
This fun Web site is part of OLogy, where kids can collect virtual trading cards and create projects with them. Here, they learn about the Milky Way galaxy, including the following :The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy, and our Sun is located in one of its spinning arms. At the speed of light, it would take you 25,000 years to reach the middle of the Milky Way. The force of gravity keeps everything in our galaxy from flying off into space. There are two other types of galaxies, elliptical and irregu
This is a 28 minute video that deals with the history of Egypt and its dependence on the Nile River to survive and grow. It shows how many of the iconic forms were built and the development of paper and even farming practices. A good introduction video to the study of this country.
France uses nuclear energy to power 80 percent of its country, and Bob Woodruff talks with the president of the leading French company, Areva, which thinks it can help power plants in the U.S. become cleaner, safer,and more efficient. This 4:30 video is interesting for students to watch in light of what has happened in Japan. The video points out that America's system may not be as advanced as France's. A good video to start a debate on this technology and the alternatives.


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Car Tech Live 242: Is the Volt on fire...or just catching fire? (podcast)
The Chevy Volt gets the feds look at the safety of all electric cars, Nissan makes a fast charge cheaper (sort of), Toyota puts Intel Inside, and Mercedes reworks the lowly windshield wiper.
Subscribe with iTunes (audio) Subscribe with iTunes (video) Subscribe with RSS (audio) Subscribe with RSS (video) EPISODE 242SHOW NOTES


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Do you need to know where this relationship is going?
"I don't know what I'm going to do next but I am expecting something spectacular to fall into my lap." – a friend of PeepJay's
I've once again been thinking about what I want in a relationship. I started to wonder if I had a model of relationship that I was wishing for? At this point in my life, I've experimented with a variety of relationship styles, and I still don't have a vision of what a relationship is supposed to look like for me. But then… do I have to know? Should I know? Is having that kind of vision (expectation?) useful? Am I feeling cultural pressure to be in a certain place (married, having kids, owning a house, etc)?
To find out if what I wanted looked like any particular model, I came up with a list of things that I wanted in a relationship.
I want someone who…
- is my "partner". Meaning, someone with whom I have a symbiotic relationship.
- is honest and inspires me to be honest.
- is excited about being in a relationship with me.
- is a good communicator.
- lusts after me.
- is confident and inspires me to be confident.
- is romantic… someone who will feed me wine and read me poetry.
- has a passion.
- practices good self care.
- I feel could take care of me.
- needs me at times… or who is ok with being able to rely on me.
- makes me feel safe.
- likes to explore new places.
- is musically inclined.
- accepts me.
Of course, these are all things that I "want"… which is distinctly different from having expectations. I am asking for what I want without the expectation of anyone fulfilling those wants. But surely, the more of these qualities that someone has, the more attracted I will be to them.
Does that include marriage? I don't know. I honestly don't think about it that much, but I feel like I'm supposed to. Does it include polyamory? I think that what I really want is honesty. I don't want to be in a relationship in which each person is actively looking for other people to be romantic with. But in the course of living, I know we're going to meet people to whom we're attracted… and I envision those situations being handled together. Does it include children? I don't know (should I know?). I'm not inclined to have kids.
Are my list of wants a relationship model? Is uncertainty a relationship model?
"Being comfortable with uncertainty puts us in he position of not approaching relationships with desperation or an agenda." says Lexi. "…which I think give the other person an opportunity to come to us as they are and be seen as they are . . . and when there is real mutual attraction maybe it helps us have better relationships."
One thing I do know, is that not knowing where I or my relationship are going does not mean slacking on moving forward: working on my projects, setting goals, practicing good self care, and developing my sense of self and my relationships with others… yes, this is where I'm going.
"What makes people despair is that they try to find a universal meaning to the whole of life, and then end up by saying it is absurd, illogical, empty of meaning. There is not one big, cosmic meaning for all, there is only the meaning we each give to our life, an individual meaning, an individual plot, like an individual novel, a book for each person." – Anais Nin


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Plant a shrub or tree; true roots +, origin endogeneous, root cap +, apex multicellular; endodermis +; shoot apical meristem multicellular; lateral meristems +, cork cambium producing cork abaxially, vascular cambium producing phloem abaxially and xylem adaxially; lamina with mean venation density 1.8 mm/mm2 (to 5 mm/mm2).
Plant woody, evergreen; nicotinic acid metabolised to trigonelline, (cyanogenesis via tyrosine pathway); primary cell walls rich in xyloglucans and/or glucomannans, 25-30% pectin [Type I walls]; lignins derived from (some) sinapyl and particularly coniferyl alcohols, thus containing p-hydroxyphenyl and guaiacyl lignin units [so no Maüle reaction]; root xylem exarch, cork cambium deep seated; arbuscular mycorrhizae +; shoot apical meristem interface specific plasmodesmatal network; stem with vascular tissue around central pith [eustele], vascular bundles with interfascicular tissue, ectophloic, endodermis 0, xylem endarch; wood homoxylous, tracheids and rays alone, tracheid/tracheid pits circular, bordered; mature sieve tube/cell lacking functioning nucleus, sieve tube plastids with starch grains; phloem fibres +; stem cork cambium superficial; branches exogenous; leaves with single trace from vascular sympodium ["nodes 1:1"]; vascular bundles collateral [stem: phloem external; leaf: phloem abaxial]; stomata morphology?, pore opening in response to leaf hydration active, control by abscisic acid, metabolic regulation of water use efficiency, etc.; leaves with petiole and lamina, spiral, development basipetal, blade simple; axillary buds +, not associated with all leaves; prophylls two, lateral; plant heterosporous, sporangia borne on sporophylls; microsporophylls aggregated in indeterminate cones/strobili; true pollen +, grains mono[ana]sulcate, exine and intine homogeneous; ovules unitegmic, parietal tissue 2+ cells across, megaspore tetrad tetrahedral, only one megaspore develops, megasporangium indehiscent; male gametophyte development first endo- then exosporic, tube developing from distal end of grain, to ca 2 mm from receptive surface to egg, gametes two, developing after pollination, with cell walls, flagellae numerous; ovules increasing considerably in size between pollination and fertilization, female gametophyte endosporic, initially syncytial, walls then surrounding individual nuclei; seeds "large" [ca 8 mm3], but not much bigger than ovule, with morphological dormancy; embryo cellular ab initio, endoscopic, plane of first cleavage of zygote transverse, suspensor +, short-minute, embryo straight, shoot and root at opposite ends [allorrhizic], white, cotyledons 2; plastid transmission maternal; ycf2 gene in inverted repeat, two copies of LEAFY gene, PHY gene duplications [three - [BP [A/N + C/O]] - copies], nrDNA with 5.8S and 5S rDNA in separate clusters; mitochondrial nad1 intron 2 and coxIIi3 intron and trans-spliced introns present.
Lignans, O-methyl flavonols, dihydroflavonols, triterpenoid oleanane, non-hydrolysable tannins, quercetin and/or kaempferol +, apigenin and/or luteolin scattered, [cyanogenesis in ANITA grade?], S [syringyl] lignin units common [positive Maüle reaction - syringyl:guaiacyl ratio more than 2-2.5:1], and hemicelluloses as xyloglucans; root apical meristem intermediate-open; root vascular tissue oligarch [di- to pentarch], lateral roots arise opposite or immediately to the side of [when diarch] xylem poles; origin of epidermis with no clear pattern [probably from inner layer of root cap], trichoblasts [differentiated root hair-forming cells] 0, exodermis +; shoot apex with tunica-corpus construction, tunica 2-layered; reaction wood ?, associated gelatinous fibres [g-fibres] with innermost layer of secondary cell wall rich in cellulose and poor in lignin; starch grains simple; primary cell wall mostly with pectic polysaccharides, poor in mannans; tracheid:tracheid [end wall] plates with scalariform pitting, wood parenchyma +; sieve tubes enucleate, sieve plate with pores (0.1-)0.5-10< µm across, cytoplasm with P-proteins, cytoplasm not occluding pores of sieve plate, companion cell and sieve tube from same mother cell; sugar transport in phloem passive; nodes unilacunar [1:?]; stomata brachyparacytic [ends of subsidiary cells level with ends of pore], outer stomatal ledges producing vestibule, reduction in stomatal conductance to increasing CO2 concentration; lamina formed from the primordial leaf apex, margins toothed, development of venation acropetal, secondary veins pinnate, overall growth ± diffuse, venation hierarchical, fine venation reticulate, veins (1.7-)4.1(-5.7) mm/mm2, endings free; most/all leaves with axillary buds; flowers perfect, pedicellate, ± haplomorphic, parts spiral [esp. the A], free, numbers unstable, development in general centripetal; P not sharply differentiated, with a single trace, outer members not enclosing the rest of the bud, often smaller than inner members; A many, filament not sharply distinguished from anther, stout, broad, with a single trace, anther introrse, tetrasporangiate, sporangia in two groups of two [dithecal], ± embedded in the filament, with at least outer secondary parietal cells dividing, each theca dehiscing longitudinally, endothecium +, endothecial cells elongated at right angles to long axis of anther; tapetum glandular, cells binucleate; microspore mother cells in a block, microsporogenesis successive, walls developing by centripetal furrowing; pollen subspherical, tectum continuous or microperforate, ektexine columellate, endexine thin, compact, lamellate only in the apertural regions; nectary 0; G superior, free, several, ascidiate, with postgenital occlusion by secretion, stylulus short, hollow, cavity not lined by distinct epidermal layer, stigma ± decurrent, carinal, dry [not secretory]; ovules few [?1]/carpel, marginal, anatropous, bitegmic, micropyle endostomal, outer integument 2-3 cells across, often largely subdermal in origin, inner integument 2-3 cells across, often dermal in origin, parietal tissue 1-3 cells across [crassinucellate], nucellar cap?; megasporocyte single, hypodermal, megaspore tetrad linear, functional megaspore chalazal, lacking sporopollenin and cuticle; female gametophyte four-celled [one module, nucleus of egg cell sister to one of the polar nuclei]; ovule not increasing in size between pollination and fertilization; pollen binucleate at dispersal, male gametophyte trinucleate, germinating in less than 3 hours, pollination siphonogamous, tube elongated, growing between cells, growth rate 20-20,000 µm/hour, outer wall pectic, inner wall callose, with callose plugs, penetration of ovules via micropyle [porogamous], whole process takes ca 18 hours, distance to first ovule 1.1-2.1 mm; male gametes lacking cell walls, flagellae 0, double fertilization +, ovules aborting unless fertilized; P deciduous in fruit; seed exotestal, becoming much larger than ovule at time of fertilization; endosperm diploid, cellular [micropylar and chalazal domains develop differently, first division oblique, micropylar end initially with a single large cell, divisions uniseriate, chalazal cell smaller, divisions in several planes], copious, oily and/or proteinaceous; embryogenesis cellular; germination hypogeal, seedlings/young plants sympodial; dark reversal Pfr -> Pr; Arabidopsis-type telomeres [(TTTAGGG)n]; 2C genome size 1-8.2 pg [1 pg = 109 base pairs], whole genome duplication, ndhB gene 21 codons enlarged at the 5' end, single copy of LEAFY and RPB2 gene, knox genes extensively duplicated [A1-A4], AP1/FUL gene, paleo AP3 and PI genes [paralogous B-class genes] +, with "DEAER" motif, SEP3/LOFSEP and three copies of the PHY gene, [PHYB [PHYA + PHYC]].
Evolution. Possible apomorphies for flowering plants are in bold. The actual level at which many of these features, particularly the more cryptic ones, should be assigned is unclear. This is because some taxa basal to the [magnoliid + monocot + eudicot] group have been surprisingly little studied, there is considerable homoplasy as well as variation within and between families of the ANITA grade in particular for several of these characters, and also because details of relationships among gymnosperms will affect the level at which some of these characters are pegged. For example, if reticulate-perforate pollen is optimized to the next node on the tree (see Friis et al. 2009b for a discussion), it effectively makes the pollen morphology of the common ancestor of all angiosperms ambiguous... Ther are other features such as a nucellus only one (Nymphaeales) to three cells thick above the embryo sac and a stylar canal lacking an epidermal layer that appear to be plesiomorphous for basal grade angiosperms (Williams 2009), however, where on the tree a thicker nucellus and a stylar epidermal layer are acquired has not been indicated.
[NYMPHAEALES [AUSTROBAILEYALES [[CHLORANTHALES + MAGNOLIIDS] [MONOCOTS [CERATOPHYLLALES + EUDICOTS]]]]]: wood fibres +; axial parenchyma diffuse or diffuse-in-aggregates; pollen monosulcate [anasulcate], tectum reticulate-perforate [here?]; ?genome duplication; "DEAER" motif in AP3 and PI genes lost, gaps in these genes. Back to Main Tree
Age. Wikström et al. (2001) estimated that this node was (179-)171, 153(-145) m.y. old, Soltis et al. (2008: a variety of estimates) give an age of 180-132 m.y.. Magallón and Castillo (2009) offer an age of ca 229 m.y. for relaxed and 127 m.y. for constrained penalized likelihood datings, while Moore et al. (2010: 95% HPD) suggest an age of (162-)155(-145) m.y., Clarke et al. (2011: 95% credibility intervals) ages of (231-)197(-169) m.y., towards the upper end of the various suggestions, N. Zhang et al. (2012) ages of (211-)179(-158) m.y., and Magallón et al. (2013) an age of around 183.4 m.y..
A fossil-based estimate for the age of this node is ca 113 m.y. (Crepet et al. 2004).
Evolution. Divergence & Distribution. For discussion as to where characters of pollen morphology and development are to be placed on the tree, see Taylor and Osborn (2006) and also Friis et al. (2009b); it partly depends on how the characters are defined and partly on the recent discovery of fossil Nymphaeales that do not have the pollen characteristics of extant members of the clade. For vessel evolution in angiosperms, including that in Nymphaeales, see the Amorellales page.
Chemistry, Morphology, etc. Cabombaceae and Nymphaeaceae do have vessels of a sort (Carlquist & Schneider 2009; Schneider & Carlquist 2009).
For cell lineages in the embryo sac see Huang and Russel (1992) and Friedman (2006); identification of the pattern described above apparently goes back to Porsch (1907), although it has been observed for relatively few plants. For embryo sac evolution, see Friedman and Ryerson (2009). For the possibility of a genome duplication at about this position, see Cui et al. (2006) and dePamphilis et al. (2009).
NYMPHAEALES Dumortier Main Tree.
Aquatic herbs, plant rhizomatous; 4-celled uniseriate secretory trichomes with a large terminal cell [hydropoten]; starch grains compound; primary root soon aborts; root apex with secondary dermatogen, etc., epidermis derived from outer layer of cortex [unknown from Hydatellaceae]; trichoblasts in vertical files, proximal cell smaller; diaphragms in root aerenchyma; mycorrhizae 0; primary stem with ± scattered vascular bundles; protoxylem lacunae +; vascular cambium 0; nodes?; aerenchyma common; stomata anomocytic; ?lamina margins, leaf base broad; bracts 0; pollen boat-shaped, tectum continuous; ovule with semi-annular [hood-shaped] outer integument; first division of endosperm transverse, chalazal cell undivided, ± enlarged and elongated, haustorial; P persistent; fruit maturation underwater; seeds exotestal, exotesta ± palisade, operculum +, operculum endotegmic [?all], hilum outside operculum; endosperm scanty, perisperm +, starchy, precocious, cells ± multinucleate, embryo broad, cotyledons connate; suspensor 0; germination hypogeal; intergenic inversion in chloroplast inverted repeat. - 3 families, 6 genera, 74 species.
Age. The curious fossil Archaefructus, probably an aquatic plant and about 124 m.y. old, has been linked with Hydatellaceae in morphological analyses (Doyle & Endress 2007, 2010; Doyle 2008b). Although they have very little in common in terms of overall appearance, Archaefructus may be another early aquatic angiosperm with very unconventional floral morphology. Numerous fossils have been identified as members of Nymphaeales; these are discussed below under the individual families.
Evolution. Divergence & Distribution. Cretaceous fossils assignable to Nymphaeaceae are quite common, and it has been suggested that Nymphaeales were "the first globally diverse clade" (Borsch " Soltis 2008: p. 1051; see also Sender et al. 2010). They are a highly derived aquatic clade, so it is unclear to what extent Cabomba or any other member of the order can serve as a model for understanding early angiosperm evolution (c.f. Vialette-Guiraud et al. 2011).
Saarela et al. (2007) suggest a few additional possible synapomorphies for Nymphaeales, and Borsch et al. (2007) discuss the evolution of a number of floral characters.
Chemistry, Morphology, etc. Hydrolysable tannins in this group (e.g. in Nuphar) are different to those found elsewhere (Gottlieb et al. 1993; Ishimatsu et al. 1989) - although of course Hydatellaceae are here, as in many other features, very poorly known. Although there are minute perforations in the end walls of the cells that make up the water conducting tissues in some Nymphaeaceae, they hardly have the morphology of what are called vessel elements elsewhere, however, there are vessels of a variety of types in the roots in the stems of Brasenia. Hydatellaceae also have vessel elements with scalariform perforation plates, although these are absent from the leaves. The distinctive uniseriate trichomes found in all groups may secrete nectar or mucilage, or they may be involved in ion exchange (Vogel 1998a); Wilkinson (2006) calls the trichomes on the leaves, hydropotes. It is possible that there are epidermal oil cells in Nymphaeaceae (Wilkinson 2006); do they contain ethereal oils? For discussion as to whether or not Nuphar has bracts, see Schneider et al. (2003).
The inner bracts found in some Hydatellaceae and the inner petals of Cabomba are notably slow in developing (Rudall et al. 2007). If the corolla represents sterilised stamens, as some think, possession of external staminodes will probably be another synapomorphy at least for [Nymphaeaceae + Cabombaceae]. For discussion about the presence of a granular infratectum in Nymphaeales, see M. I. Taylor et al. (2013); the infractectum is generally columellate. Some genera in all families have exotestal cells that are neither very tall nor much thickened (Hamann et al. 1979; Collinson 1980). For the distinctive single-celled chalazal haustorium, see Rudall et al. (2009b).
Phylogeny. Hydatellaceae are sister to Xyridaceae in Stevenson et al. (2000; see also Stevenson & Loconte 1995); both have latrorse anthers and an operculum "stopper" that is tegmic in origin. Trithuria and Xyris appear as sister taxa (weak support) and in turn sister to Mayaca (still weaker support), although other Xyridaceae are not immediately related (Michelangeli et al. 2003). However, although Bremer (2002) noted that Mayacaceae and Hydatellaceae might be weakly associated with Xyridaceae or Eriocaulaceae, depending on what taxa were included in the analysis, there were a number of long branches in this area and he excluded the first two families from his final analysis, while Janssen and Bremer (2004) suggested that the association of Hydatellaceae with Mayacaceae was probably an artefact (see also Chase et al. 2006).
More recent studies (Saarela et al. 2006, esp. 2007, several genes from two compartments, morphology: Friis & Crane 2007 [commentary]) place Hydatellaceae firmly with Nymphaeales, and sister to [Cabombaceae + Nymphaeaceae]; the sequence that placed Hydatellaceae in Poales was a chimaeric pcr recombinant involving a grass and a moss. Many of the morphological features of Hydatellaceae that made it so different from other monocots are consistent with this new position. Hamann (1998) had even noted that the antipodal cells were absent or degenerated early, and absence of these cells would almost be expected if Hydatellaceae were placed here, indeed, Friedman (2008a) and Rudall et al. (2008) found that Hydatellaceae had the distinctive 4-celled embryo sac of other Nymphaeales and Austrobaileyales.
Includes Cabombaceae, Hydatellaceae, Nymphaeaceae.
Synonymy: Barclayales Doweld, Cabombales Richard, Euryalales H. L. Li, Hydatellales Reveal & Doweld, Hydropeltidales Spenner - Hydatellanae Reveal, Nymphaeanae Reveal - Nymphaeidae Takhtajan - Hydropeltopsida Bartling, Nymphaeopsida Horaninow
HYDATELLACEAE U. Hamann, nom. cons. Back to Nymphaeales
(Plant annual), growth sympodial, rhizome short, erect; chemistry?; mycorrhizae 0; root stele monarch; cuticular waxes 0; leaves linear, with a single vein, margins entire; plant monoecious; inflorescence axillary, scapose (sessile), capitate, with involucral bracts; flowers very small, monosymmetric by reduction [necessarily so]; P 0; staminate flowers: A 1, filaments long, slender; endothecium 0; tapetal cells?; pollen with spinules; carpellate flowers: pedicel articulated; G 1, three vascular bundles equidistant (2, 1), stigma penicillate, of rows of plump cells; ovule 1/carpel, pendulous, anatropous, apotropous, micropyle bistomal, parietal tissue ca 2 cells across (?0), nucellar cap +/0; (two embryo sacs developing); fruit splitting into three valves, or achenial; apart from exotesta, other layers ± collapsed, tanniniferous; embryo barely differentiated; n = ?; seedling - see below.
1[list]/10. India, New Zealand and Australia (map: from Cooke 1987; FloraBase 2004).
Age. The pollen fossils, Monosulcites riparius, from Eastern Siberia of ca 75-70 m.y. age have been identified as Trithuria, but the family may be represented much earlier in the pollen record from the Isle of Wight in rocks of some 130 m.y. of age (Hoffmann & Zetter 2010).
Evolution. Pollination Biology & Seed Dispersal. For reproductive ecology - wind pollination, self pollination - see Taylor et al. (2010); the pollen tubes grow down the multicellular hairs under the cuticle (Prychid et al. 2011).
Chemistry, Morphology, etc. The sieve tube plastids were reported as having triangular proteinaceous inclusions, but these inclusions appear to be of the starchy type as are more to be expected in this part of the tree (Tratt et al. 2009).
The inflorescence is described as being cymose and capitate, although bractless and with highly reduced flowers, i.e., it is a sort of pseudanthium, although alternative interpretations are possible (Rudall et al. 2007a, 2009a). Early work suggested that the carpels might be initiated outside the stamens, and this has been confirmed (Rudall et al. 2007a); staminate flowers are the first to be initiated in the cymose inflorescence (see also Begoniaceae). Hairs with possible apical secretory cells are known only from the inflorescences. The pedicels seem at least sometimes to be articulated. Microsporogenesis may be simultaneous (Remizowa et al. 2008b). The fruit opens along three lines as the three vascular bundles separate from the rest of the pericarp (see also Sokoloff et al. 2013a). Both integuments have two cell layers; the operculum is formed from enlarged cells of the inner integument. Starch deposition in tissues that will become perisperm begins before fertilization (Friedman 2008a).
There is some disagreement over the interpretation of the morphology of the embryo. Tillich et al. (2007) compared it with that of a monocot, describing collar rhizoids, a coleoptile, two cotyledonary sheath lobes, and a haustorium. Sokoloff et al. (2008a) suggested that the sheathing structure with its bilobed apex that is found in some species could be interpreted as two, more or less completely connate cotyledons. The rest of the seed is attached to the sheathing structure, and a layer of endosperm is the intermediary between the embryo and perisperm (Friedman et al. 2012). In some taxa there is apparently no sheathing structure at all, only a haustorial lateral outgrowth (cotyledonary) that goes into the seed, the rest of the cotyledon being photosynthetic, so the seedlings are simultaneously both phanero- and cryptocotylar - c.f. some monocots (Sokoloff et al. 2013b)! Sokoloff et al. (2008a) suggested that Hydatellaceae showed how monocot-like embryos/seedlings might have originated. Both Tillich et al. (2007) and Sokoloff et al. (2008a) examined largely surface morphology, neither looked in any detail at anatomy (c.f. Friedman et al. 2012: superb micrographs). Tuckett et al. (2010: discussion of "ancestral" embryo type for angiosperms must include Amborellaceae, at least) found that the differentiation of the embryo and appearance of the shoot and root occurred only after germination.
Additional information is taken from Cutler (1969: vegetative anatomy), Hamann (1975, 1998 - embryology and general respectively), Cook (1983: germination), Hamann et al. (1979: seed anatomy), Rudall et al. (2007a: flower/inflorescence development), Rudall et al. (2008a: embryology), and Sokoloff et al. (2009a: growth patterns of the perennial species).
Classification. Sokoloff et al. (2008b) monographed the family.
Previous Relationships. Hydatellaceae have long been considered to be monocots, largely because of their superficial similarity to Centrolepidaceae. Both groups are very reduced morphologically, and indeed Hydatellaceae have been misidentified as Centrolepidaceae. It was unclear if the gynoecium of Hydatellaceae was 1- or 3-carpellate, and since the fruits of Trithuria (= Hydatella) opened by three valves, they looked rather monocot-like. The combination of characters in Hydatellaceae eas recognised as being unique in that group, indeed, it made them very distinctive within monocots as a whole (e.g. Hamann et al. 1979; Dahlgren et al. 1985).
[Cabombaceae + Nymphaeaceae]: plant monopodial, rhizome/stolon elongated; hydroyzable [ellagi]tannins +; vessel elements in roots, with extensive fibrillar network in the end plates; pit membranes of tracheids with two thick layers of large fibrils; minute rhombic crystals on stellate cells [astrosclereids, stellate parenchyma cells]; leaves peltate, (divided), lamina vernation involute, secondary veins palmate, actinodromous, festoon brochidodromous, margin toothed, crenate or entire, (hydathodes +); flowers single; receptacle with cortical vascular system; P whorled, (outer [inner] whorls in 3's), outer members enclosing the rest of the bud; A whorled; tapetal cells multinucleate; pollen tube growth moderately fast; carpel margins with postgenital fusion, placentation ± laminar; parietal tissue ca 1 cell across; embryo sac very small relative to nucellus; mesocarp ± aerenchymatous; exotesta with sinuous anticlinal cell walls; embryo suspensor 0 [?level].
Age. There has been much discussion over the timing of diversification within the Cabombaceae-Nymphaeaceae clade (e.g. Nixon 2008), and dates from molecular and molecular analyses in part conflict strongly. Wikström et al. (2001: c.f. relationships) suggested that divergence of the two families occurred (152-)144, 111(-103) m.y.a., while the age in Magallón and Castillo (2009) is ca 112 m.y., and that in Magallón et al. (2013) around 122.7 m.y.. However, Löhne et al. (2008) thought that divergence was only Palaeocene in age, (75-)56.4(-38) m.y.a., while Bell et al. (2010: Amborellaceae sister to Nymphaeales) offered a still younger date of (56-)42, 38(-25) m.y.; Yoo et al. (2005) pegged the crown group age to 44.6 ± 7.9 m.y..
Early fossil-based estimates for the age of this group were only ca 90 m.y. (Crepet et al. 2004), but substantially earlier dates are likely (Friis et al. 2009b). Indeed, fossils assigned to Nymphaeaceae, Cabombaceae and/or stem-group Nymphaeales (i.e. Nymphaeaceae + Cabombaceae) are known from the Lower Cretaceous and from several parts of the world (e.g. D. W. Taylor et al. 2001, 2008). Although other fossils possibly of this group (to a certain extent characters of the two families are combined) are known from the Barremian-Aptian deposits 125-113 m.y.o. in Portugal (Friis et al. 2001), they may also be from a member of Austrobaileyales (Gandolfo et al. 2004); see also von Balthazar et al. (2008) for another fossil perhaps assignable to this general [Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales] area. D. W. Taylor et al. (2008, see also Taylor 2008) noted how inclusion of different fossils affected relationships.
Recently, fossils assignable to crown group Nymphaeaceae (as Jaguariba) have been found in the Aptian Crato flora, some 115 m.y.o. in northeast Brazil (Coiffard et al. 2013a) while Pluricarpellatia, probably Cabombaceae, is known from the same rocks (Mohr et al. 2008). Morphological analyses placed the Early Cretaceous Monetanthus in an embedded position within Nymphaeaceae (Friis et al. 2009b). The distinctive reticulate-perforate pollen of Monetanthus would then be independently derived within Nymphaeales, but other analyses also placed the genus at the node above Nymphaeales along the spine of the angiosperm tree (Friis et al. 2009b). Yoo et al. (2005) thought that the fossil Microvictoria was perhaps stem group Nymphaeales (c.f. Gandolfo et al. 2004).
Evolution. Divergence & Distribution. D. W. Taylor et al. (2008, see also Taylor 2008) discuss the vegetative evolution of the group (see some of the characters above); the inclusion of different fossils affected relationships, and hence evolutionary interpretations, in analyses of morphological variation.
Ecology & Physiology. Nymphaeales, along with other angiosperms, may have dominated aquatic habitats in Europe by the Albian ca 105 m.y.a. (Sender et al. 2010).
Chemistry, Morphology, etc. For micromorphological details of vessels and tracheids, see Carlquist and Schneider (2009) and Schneider et al. (2009); details of the wall structure of tracheids, at least, are very distinctive. Note that Carpenter (2005) described stomata as being largely variants of the actino/stephanocytic types; only one member of Cabombaceae was studied. Taylor (2008) outlined the vegetative morphology of this clade; Nymphaea s. str. appeared as monophyletic in a phylogenetic analysis of these characters, but without much support. Warner et al. (2008) discuss perianth evolution; they provide a useful summary on the literature on perianth morphology.
For information on anatomy, see Gwynne-Vaughan (1897), for root epidermis, see Voronkina (1974: ordinal characterisation above), for perianth venation, see Hiepko (1965b), for pollen morphology, see Osborn et al. (1991), for the development of the embryo sac, Orban and Bouharmont (1998), for the chloroplast inverted repeat, Graham and Olmstead (2000), for endosperm evolution, Floyd and Friedman (2001), for ovule development, see Yamada et al. (2001b), for root anatomy, see Seago (2002), for seed anatomy, see Collinson (1980) and Chen et al. (2004), for more on vessels and tracheids, see Schneider and Carlquist (2009a, b), for tapetum development, see Taylor et al. (2012), for pericarp anatomy, Yatzenko et al. (2012), and for general information, Les et al. (1999) and Schneider et al (2003).
CABOMBACEAE A. Richard Back to Nymphaeales
Plant floating, rhizome/stem horizontal; alkaloids 0; root stele monarch; stem vascular tissue with two pairs of bundles; internodes long; (leaves opposite), (lamina with semidichotomous venation); flowers rather small, parts whorled, (2)3(4)-merous, polysymmetric; P two-whorled, tepaloid, hexamerous, members with single trace, (inner whorl somewhat delayed in development, with nectaries - Cabomba); A (3, 6), extrorse to latrorse, filaments moderately slender; tapetum more or less amoeboid; pollen (trichotomocolpate, tectum continuous, striate - Cabomba), endexine lamellate when young, not when mature; G (1-)3-18(-22), when 3 or more, inner whorl of three ± opposite petals, three vascular bundles equidistant, stylar neck +, stigma terminal, capitate, (elongate - Brasenia); ovules 1-3(-5)/carpel, attached variously, outer integument semi-annular [hood-shaped], nucellar epidermal cells ± radially elongated, hypostase +; fruits follicles or achenes; hilum and micropyle sharing same opening in center of operculum; endosperm helobial [micropylar cell alone with free-nuclear division]; n = 40, 48, 52; germination?.
2[list]/6. World-wide, Brasenia schreberi subfossil remains show it to be far more widespread in Europe than at present (map: from Raymond & Dansereau 1949; Fassett 1953; Ørgaard et al. 1992; Hultén 1961; Fl. N. Am. III 1997; Trop. Afr. Fl. Pl. Ecol. Distr. 1. 2003, 6. 2011; Löhne et al. 2008). [Photo - Brasenia Habit] [Photo - Flower.]
Age. Bell et al. (2010) suggested that the two genera diverged (31-)21, 20(-10) m.y.a.; other estimates are (109-)101(-93) and (75-)67, 60(-52) m.y. (Wikström et al. 2001).
Pluricarpellatia, probably Cabombaceae, is known from rocks 115 m.y.o. in northeast Brazil (Mohr et al. 2008).
Evolution. Pollination Biology & Seed Dispersal. Brasenia is wind pollinated, while Cabomba has paired nectaries on its inner tepals and is pollinated by flies; Taylor and Williams (2009) describe details of reproduction from pollination to fertlization in considerable detail.
Chemistry, Morphology, etc. The root endodermis has a Casparian strip and suberin lamellae. It is unclear how to interpret nodal anatomy. In Cambomba a trace leaves from each member of a vascular budle pair which shortly thereafter fuse commissurally, creating a nodal plexus; the foliar traces fuse and then divide, providing two petiolar bundles (Moseley et al. 1984). Brasenia has stems that are encased in a thick layer of mucilage; there are paired, glandular patches at the nodes. The peltate leaves are spirally arranged, although in some taxa they are uncommon; the more or less dichotomously-divided submerged leaves are opposite. There are five vascular bundles in the sepals and three vascular bundles in the petals of Cambomba, in both cases there is a single trace leaving the floral axis (Moseley et al. 1984). Stamens are sometimes physically close to each nectary and then they appear paired (Ørgaard et al. 1992). Pollen of Cabomba has striate exine. Although the endexine of mature pollen of Brasenia schreberi is not lamellate, it is laid down in plates (M. L. Taylor & Osborn 2006).
The granular infratectum of Podostemaceae has been compared with that of Cabombaceae; both are aquatics (Passarelli et al. 2002).
Some information is taken from Khanna (1965) and Batygina et al. (1982), both embryology, Richardson (1969: development of Brasenia flowers), Schneider and Jeter (1982: pollination of Cabomba), Williamson and Schneider (1993: general), Floyd and Friedman (2000: endosperm development), D. W. Taylor et al. (2001: fossils) and M. L. Taylor et al. (2008: esp. pollen).
Synonymy: Hydropeltidaceae Dumortier
NYMPHAEACEAE Salisbury Back to Nymphaeales
Perennials (annuals); myricetin, sesquiterpene [pseud]alkaloids; a root arises below each leaf; root stele polyarch; stem vascular tissue complex, (in concentric rings), axial bundles concentric; astrosclereids +; nodes 3:3; flowers neither terminal nor axillary [often replace leaf in spiral]; flowers large, haplomorphic; P members usu. with sepaloid and petal-like areas; A many, often whorled, laminar, the staminal bundle branched from near base in thecal region, staminodes +, next to G (also next to P), (filaments stout), connective produced or not; tapetum both glandular and amoeboid; microsporogenesis simultaneous, pollen trinucleate, (no exine), (endexine lamellate); G laterally connate only, whorled, margin fusion also postgenital, stigma dry; ovules (3-)many/carpel, not filling the locule, (straight), outer integument also cap-shaped [annular]; fruit baccate; (exotesta not palisade; anticlinal walls not sinuous); endosperm scanty, embryo green or white, plug-like, (large).
3[list]/58. World-wide (map: from Vester 1940; Wickens 1976; Hultén 1961; Trop. Afr. Fl. Pl. Ecol. Distr. 1. 2003; Heywood 2007; Löhne et al. 2008). [Photo - Leaf, Flower.]
Age. E. L. Schneider et al. (2004) suggested an age for the family of ca 121 m.y. and Magallón et al. (2013) suggested a crown-group age of around 100.1 m.y., however, estimates in Bell et al. (2010) are only (49-)32, 29(-15) m.y..
The Late Aptian/Early Albian Cretaceous Monetianthus, from Portugal, is embedded in Nymphaeaceae in morphological analyses (Friis et al. 2009b). Microvictoria, a somewhat later fossil from the Turonian ca 90 m.y. old and found in New Jersey, U.S.A., is very like Victoria (= Nymphaea). Victoria has "paracarpels" immediately surrounding the gynoecium, and these are also found in Microvictoria; indeed, flowers of this latter are like those of Victoria in almost all respects, although they are less than 1/10th their size (Gandolfo et al. 2004). Jaguariba is assignable to crown group Nymphaeaceae; it is from the Aptian Crato flora of northeast Brazil and is some 115 m.y.o. (Coiffard et al. 2013a).
1. Nupharoideae Ito
Rhizomes stout, horizontal, creeping; indolizidine alkaloids +; roots with 10-18 xylem poles, pith large; bracts +; P dimorphic, 1-veined, outer members 5-14, spiral, the outer greenish, the inner coloured, inner tepals many, small, petal-like, somewhat delayed in development; nectary on abaxial surface of inner tepals; pollen trinucleate, spiny, tectum continuous, aperture operculate; G 5-23(-36); outer integument 4-6 cells across, parietal tissue ca 2 cells across, nucellar cap ca 4 cells across, hypostase, postament +; fruit emergent; n = 17.
1/11. North Temperate.
Synonymy: Nupharaceae A. Kerner
2. Nymphaeoideae
(Rhizome short, erect); roots with 5-9 xylem poles, pith at most small; vegetative buds not axillary; stipules +, adaxial or lateral; inner satellite peduncle bundle +; bracts 0; hypanthium ± developed; P members 3-veined, K 4-5, spiral, (C 0 - some Ondinea); intermediates between A and C; staminodes showy; (staminal bundle unbranched, esp. in smaller inner A); pollen (in tetrads), (binucleate), with encircling sulcus (inaperturate), surface various, inc. tectum continuous; G 3-many, more or less inferior [A alone on top of G, K and "C" also often on top; A also adnate to "C"], with inter-carpel septal slits, floral axis projecting in the middle [not Barclaya], stigmatic surface continuous, extragynoecial compitum +; ovules (straight - Barclaya), (micropyle bistomal), (outer integument to 20 cells across - Euryale), (parietal tissue 3-4 cells across - Victoria); seeds arillate (not, but spiny - Barclaya), (exotesta cells cuboid - Euryale); n = 10, 12, 14-18.
2/48: Nymphaea (46). World-wide.
Synonymy: Barclayaceae H.-L. Li, Euryalaceae J. Agardh
Evolution. Divergence & Distribution. The family is thought to have been much more diverse in earlier epochs, with distinctive seeds with a micropylar and palisade exotesta with sinuous anticlinal walls that can be assigned here being common in the Cretaceous (Friis et al. 2009b for references).
Although the family is widespread and probably very old, individual clades within it are relatively localized, and crown group diversification may have occurred in the northern hemisphere as late as the early Tertiary (Löhne et al. 2008).
Plant-Animal Interactions. Nymphaeaceae are host plants of reed beetles, Chrysomelidae-Donaciinae (see also Poales: Kölsch & Pedersen 2008: much discussion on the age and evolution of the group). Interestingly, Enterobacteriaceae near Buchnera are believed to produce the material that makes up the cocoon that characterises Donaciinae, a group that is also noted for the ability of the larvae to grow under water (Kölsch & Pedersen 2010).
Pollination Biology & Seed Dispersal. Thermogenesis has been detected in the flowers of some Nymphaeaceae (Seymour 2001; Seymour & Matthews 2006). Beetles and a variety of other insects, including flies, are pollinators (e.g. Gandolfo et al. 2004; Padgett 2007; Thien et al. 2009). Scarab beetles (Cyclocephalini) may have pollinated night-flowering water lilies for some 100 m.y.; they pollinate species both in America, where the beetles are common, and in Africa, where the beetles are otherwise very uncommon (Ervik & Knudsen 2003). Beetle pollination may have occured even in the early small-flowered members of the fammily (M. I. Taylor et al. 2013 and references). The distinctive flowers of Ondinea, wind pollinated, are derived from Nymphaea-type flowers (Löhne et al. 2009). Schneider (1979) summarized information about the pollination biology of the family.
The progamic phase, the time between pollination and fertilization, is notably short, up to a mere 8 hours, as in at least some other aquatic angiosperms (including Nelumbo: see Williams et al. 2010).
Dehiscence of the fruit of Nymphaeaoideae is by swelling of the mucilage inside it, whereupon the wall splits irregularly.
Chemistry, Morphology, etc. The root endodermis has a Casparian strip. There are sometimes sclerenchymatous diaphragms in the pith. The vasculature of the stem is exceedingly complex, especially at the node, with peduncular complexes forming internally, however, basic stem structure is unlike that of monocotyledons; the primary xylem is mesarch (Weidlich 1980 and references). Schneider et al. (2008, 2009) and Schneider and Carlquist (2009) discuss stem tracheids and root vessels, emphasizing the rather arbitrary distinction between vessels and tracheids; Carlquist (2012c) suggested that there were no vessels. The astrosclereids of Nuphar and Nymphaea, at least, have calcium oxalate crystals in the walls (Fink 1991). Stipules may be adaxial and bicarinate or paired and lateral.
In both Nuphar and Nymphaea flowers and even branches may replace leaves in the genetic spiral (e.g. Cutter 1957a, b; Groß et al. 2006). Cutter (1957b) noted that the leaf apparently subtending the flower of Nuphar was in fact born on the flower stalk; if a prophyll, it should be noted that it is abaxial in position!
Flower parts are generally whorled (e.g. ). Yoo et al. (2010) discuss the evolutionary/developmental relationship between sepals and petals; see also Doyle and Endress (2011), who suggest that Nuphar has both tepals and petals. Schneider (1976) and Moseley and Uhl (1985) note that the vascular supply to perianth and androecial members consists of two radially associated bundles. In Euryale the filaments are quite slender and are basally adnate to the staminodes; it is unclear if it has free nuclear endosperm (Floyd & Friedman 2001 - see also Kanna 1964, 1967 for endosperm development in the family). Weberling (1989) suggested that in at least some Nymphaeaceae the individual carpels were free laterally, if adnate to the central axis inside and to "hypanthial" tissue outside (see also von Balthazar et al. 2008). Zhou and Fu (2008) found that at anthesis, but not before or after, the micropyle of Nuphar was bistomal, not endostomal. Weberling (1989) also described how in Nuphar axial tissue separates from the gynoecium when the fruits are ripe, so exposing the basically free carpels; if this is correct (but it seems rather unlikely), its gynoecium would be very similar to that of other Nymphaeaceae; Padgett (2007) described dehiscence as being along lines in the septal and ovarian walls where aerenchymatous tissue had developed. The seedling axis of some species of Nymphaea have a lateral projection.
Some information is taken from Schneider and Williamson (1993: general); Takhtajan (1988) provided much information on ovules and seeds, Khanna (1964, 1967) described embryology (8-nucleate embryo sacs...), Moseley (1958) stamen morphology, Yao et al. (2004), Taylor et al. (2013: Victoria) and Coiro et al. (2013) pollen morphology, Shamrov (1998) the ovule of Nuphar, Floyd and Friedman (2001) endosperm development, and Tillich (1990) seedling morphology.
Phylogeny. Liu et al. (2005) provide an ITS phylogeny of the family, but with some rather surprising relationships - Nuphar [Cabomba + Brasenia] [Nymphaea [Euryale + Victoria]]. Nelumbo, which was included in the analysis, did at least stay outside this clade... For a phylogeny of Nymphaea, see Borsch et al. (2007, 2012); the genus definitely includes the wind-pollinated and usually apetalous Ondinea, but some relationships lacked much support, e.g. the position of [Euryale + Victoria] as sister to Nymphaea s.l. However, in some studies the spiny Victoria and Euryale are embedded in Nymphaea s.l., as of course is Ondinea (Löhne et al. 2007, 2009; Borsch et al. 2008).
Taxonomy. For a revision of Nuphar, see Padgett (2007).


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Lobster, Champagne Succotash
- 1 lb. Dry Navy Beans
- 1 lb. Dry Red Kidney Beans
- 2 ea. Diced Potatoes
- 1 ea. Small Diced Onion
- 2 ears Corn (cleaned)
- 8 oz. Diced Lobster Meat
- 1-cup Champagne
- 1 cup Heavy Cream
- 4 oz. Unsalted Butter
- 4 ea. Diced peeled Tomatoes
- 1 ea. Lemon
- Salt
- Fresh Ground White Pepper
- Cayenne Pepper
Soak the beans separately in cold water for 12 hours.
Boil the beans separately in plenty of salted water until tender, drain off the water and mix together.
Shave the corn off the cob.
In a tablespoon of butter sweat the onions for a few seconds until they are translucent, add the corn and diced potatoes. Once the potatoes are translucent add the beans and the remainder of the butter.
Add half the champagne sauce to the succotash and simmer on low heat until every ingredient is tender.
Add the lobster dice and tomato, warm gently, season to taste with salt, pepper and cayenne. Serve the finished succotash in a soup bowl.
Blend the remainder of the sauce to form foam and ladle the foam over the succotash.
In a thick bottom pan reduce the champagne by half add the cream, bring to the boil simmer for a minute, season with salt, cayenne and lemon.
Cooking your own lobster recipe? Try these tips for how to cook and eat a lobster.
Recipe courtesy of White Barn Inn in Kennebunkport, Maine.


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Todd was born up north, but both moved to Florida at a young age so he's technically a "cracker." Speaking of crackers - does anyone remember "Sociables?" Those were some seriously good crackers. Can you still buy those?
Anyway, after studying very hard in high school and college, Todd decided to untertake the lucrative career of being a full time radio personality, and part-time underwear model. Todd's been at it ever since and has spent the last nineteen years of his career right here at KIX Country 92.9.
Todd has become as much a southwest Florida tradition as blue-tarped roofs and red-tide. Wait a minute, there's got to be a better way to put that. Well, let's just say a lot of people wake up with Todd each day and have come to depend on our easy-going yet fast paced, fun morning program.
What does the future hold for this veteran of the local airwaves? We can't reveal all the secrets quite yet, but rumor has it Todd is putting his doctorate in Organic Chemistry to good use and is working on inventing a cheap substitute for air, and will follow his interest in potato figure sculpting and pesticide-free lawn and garden maintenance. Okay, none of that is true. After all, this is Todd we're talking about!


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Can you give a non-financial gift where the value won't be obvious?
You can't project into the future and know whether this couple will send a thank you note. I wouldn't penalize them because someone else in the family didn't.
Did you explain, in the $20 gift, the reason why the gift could not be as generous as the usual well known amount?