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Abrabanel, Isaac
Lisbon, Portugal
Venice, Italy
Court official, scholar
"Let me make this matter perfectly clear to all present: I will not allow the voice of Israel to be stilled on this day."
Isaac Abrabanel quoted in Gates of Jewish Heritage. [Online] Available http://www.jewishgates.org/personalities/2abrav.stm, April 5, 2002.
Isaac Abrabanel (also spelled Abravanel) was a Portuguese-Jewish court official and scholar who contributed to the study of biblical texts during the Renaissance. The Renaissance was a cultural movement initiated by scholars called humanist, who promoted the revival of the human-centered literature and philosophy of ancient Greece and Rome as well as new translations of biblical texts (Hebrew holy books and the Christian Bible). His significance to both Jewish history and the Renaissance period can best be understood in the context of events in Spain and Portugal during the fifteenth century.
Abrabanel was born in Lisbon, Portugal, into a distinguished Jewish family. As a youth he received an extensive education in the Talmud (Jewish laws), rabbinic (Jewish theological) literatures, and ancient Greek works. Known for...
(The entire section is 2889 words.)
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Alexander VI
January 1, 1431
Játiva, Spain
August 18, 1503
Rome, Italy
"Once he became Pope Alexander VI, Vatican parties, already wild, grew wilder."
Voltaire in Philosophical Dictionary.
Alexander VI was pope (supreme head of the Roman Catholic Church) from 1492 to 1503 and stands as one of the most controversial of all Renaissance popes. He has been widely condemned for disregarding the priestly vows of celibacy (not engaging in sexual relations) and placing his political goals above spiritual leadership. He shocked his contemporaries by openly acknowledging his illegitimate (born out of wedlock) children. Alexander practiced simony, or selling church offices, and was notorious for his nepotism (favoritism based on kinship). He used his power as pope to enrich his children, he supported a mob of Spanish relatives in Rome, and he created positions for nineteen Spanish cardinals. Although many of the tales about Alexander's corrupt activities have been discounted by historians, he remains a...
(The entire section is 2365 words.)
Anguissola, Sofonisba
Cremona, Italy 1625
Palermo, Italy
"[Sofonisba Anguissola] has shown greater application and better grace than any other woman of our age in her endeavors at drawing … [and] by herself has created rare and very beautiful paintings."
Sixteenth-century art historian Giorgio Vasari quoted in A Guide to the Collection of European Art to 1900. [Online] Available , April 4, 2002.
Italian painter Sofonisba Anguissola (pronounced ahn-GWEE-so-lah) was the first woman artist to establish an international reputation and to produce a substantial body of work. Her portraits depicted stories, a technique that was ahead of her time. At the end of the sixteenth century the main interests of Italian art were nature scenes and genre scenes such as the Crucifixion (execution of Jesus Christ on a cross), the Resurrection (Jesus's rising from the dead), and still life. Anguissola inspired other Italian women to take up painting. Among them were Irene di Spilimbergo (1541–1559) and Lavinia...
(The entire section is 1308 words.)
Bacon, Francis
January 22, 1561
London, England
April 9, 1626
London, England
Philosopher, statesman, and author
"The sovereignty of man lieth hid in knowledge…"
Francis Bacon.
Francis Bacon made many contributions to the English Renaissance as a philosopher, statesman, and author. His advocacy of "active science" influenced the culture of the English-speaking world. He continued the family tradition of serving the royal court, and was made a nobleman during his career. His written works continue to be important in philosophy and history.
Pursues political career
Francis Bacon was born in London on January 22, 1561, at York House. He was the second son of Sir Nicholas Bacon (1509–1579) and his second wife, Lady Anne Bacon. Through the families of both parents Francis had important connections with the political and cultural life of Tudor England (the period in history when members of the house, or royal family, of Tudor ruled England; 1485–1603). His father was lord keeper of the great seal...
(The entire section is 1857 words.)
Bruegel, Pieter the Elder
c. 1525
Breda, Netherlands
Brussels, Belgium
Painter, designer
The Dutch painter and engraving designer Pieter Bruegel (also spelled Brueghel; pronounced BROO-gehl) the Elder is considered one of the foremost artists of the late northern Renaissance. The northern Renaissance was an extension of the Italian Renaissance, a movement based on the revival of ancient Greek and Roman culture (the classical period) that began in Florence, Italy, in the mid-1300s. The Italian Renaissance was initiated by scholars called humanists who promoted the human-centered values of the classical period. Humanist ideals were soon influencing the arts, literature, philosophy, science, religion, and politics in Italy. During the early fifteenth century, innovations of the Italian Renaissance began spreading from Italy into the rest of Europe, where the movement became known as the northern Renaissance. His works provide insight into humans and their relationship with nature. He lived and worked in Antwerp and Brussels (cities in present-day Belgium) at a time when northern European art was strongly influenced by the late Italian Renaissance style called mannerism. Adopted in sculpture as...
(The entire section is 1967 words.)
Calvin, John
July 10, 1509
Noyon, Picardy, France
May 27, 1564
Geneva, Switzerland
Theologian, religious leader
"No one who wishes to be thought religious dares simply deny predestination, by which God adopts some to hope of life, and sentences others to eternal death."
John Calvin quoted in The Protestant Reformation, edited by Hans J. Hillerbrand.
John Calvin was perhaps the most influential of all leaders of the Protestant Reformation, a movement to reform the Roman Catholic Church in Europe. He was involved in reform efforts at the same time as Martin Luther (1483–1546; see entry), the German priest who initiated the Reformation, but Calvin was twenty-six years younger than Luther. The two men developed some important theological differences. Significantly, Calvin's stern, "puritanical" interpretations of Christianity brought a renewed vigor to the Protestant Reformation, a religious reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Luther in the early sixteenth century....
(The entire section is 2057 words.)
Castiglione, Baldassare
December 6, 1478
Casatico, Mantua, Italy
February 7, 1529
Toledo, Spain
Diplomat, author, courtier
"It is better to pass in silence that which cannot be recalled without pain."
Baldassare Castiglione in Book of the Courtier.
The Italian author, courtier, and diplomat Baldassare Castiglione was one of the most influential writers of the Renaissance. The Renaissance was a cultural movement initiated by scholars called humanists, who promoted the revival of the human-centered literature and philosophy of ancient Greece and Rome as well as new translations of biblical texts (Hebrew holy books and the Christian Bible). He ranks with the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare (1564–1616; see entry) and the French essayist Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592; see entry) in importance to the literature of Europe. Castiglione is known primarily for Book of the Courtier, in which he portrayed the ideal courtier (gentlemen of the court). This work was a chief...
(The entire section is 1848 words.)
Médicis, Catherine de
Florence, Italy
Paris, France
Regent, queen
Catherine de Médicis was never able to rule France as its monarch because of the Salic Law, which restricted royal succession solely to men. Despite this law, she reigned as regent (one who rules in place of a young monarch) for nearly thirty years and did everything she could to strengthen the positions of her three weak sons. She presided over, and was partly responsible for, many of the horrors of the French Wars of Religion in the 1560s and 1570s. The worst of these was the massacre of Protestants gathered in Paris to witness the marriage of her daughter Margaret Valois to Duke Henry of Navarre in 1572. Catherine's calculating policies yielded short-term victories, but when she died in 1589 her hopes for her family's long-term future lay in ruins.
Marries at fourteen
Catherine was born in 1519, daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici (1449–1492; see entry), the...
(The entire section is 3539 words.)
Cavendish, Margaret
Colchester, England
Nottinghamshire, England
Writer and intellectual
"And although I have neither the power, time nor occasion to conquer the world as Alexander and Caesar did; yet rather than not to be mistress of one, since Fortune and the Fates would give me none, I have made a world of my own."
Margaret Cavendish as quoted in Blazing World edited by Kate Lilley.
The English author and intellectual Margaret Cavendish, first duchess of Newcastle, wrote in the greatest variety of genres of any women, or even men, of the late Renaissance period. Initiated by humanist scholars, the Renaissance was a movement that promoted the revival of the human-centered literature and philosophy of ancient Greece and Rome as well as new translations of biblical texts (Hebrew holy books and the Christian Bible). She sought fame through her works, but during her own lifetime she was a social outsider. Nicknamed "Mad Madge,"...
(The entire section is 1882 words.)
Cervantes, Miguel de
Alcalá de Henares, Spain
Madrid, Spain
"For years, this Cervantes has been a great friend of mine, and he certainly knows a lot more about misfortune than he does about poetry."
The priest, Chapter Six of Don Quixote translated by Burton Raffel.
The Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra is famous for Don Quixote, (pronounced kee-HO-teh) considered one of the great masterpieces of world literature. This work was largely responsible for creating what is known as the modern novel. (A novel is a long written work that tells a story featuring fictional, or imaginary, characters involved in complex plots.) Don Quixote has been translated into more than sixty languages and its central character, Don Quixote of la Mancha, has become a major figure in Western culture. Don Quixote's image has been popularized in films, musicals, and paintings. His creator, known simply as Cervantes, lived at the end of the glorious years of the Spanish empire and fought heroically at the decisive sea battle of Lepanto. However, throughout his life Cervantes...
(The entire section is 3270 words.)
Charles V (also known as Charles I)
February 24, 1500,
Ghent, the Netherlands
September 21, 1558
San Jeronimo de Yuste, Spain
Holy Roman Emperor and king of Spain
"Therefore I am determined to pledge for this cause all my realms, my friends, my body, my life and my soul … to defend the Catholic Faith."
Charles V.
During his reign as Holy Roman Emperor and king of Spain, Charles V became the ruler of one of the largest empires in world history. A member of the powerful Habsburg family based in Austria and Spain, he inherited far-reaching territories: the ancestral Habsburg family estates; the Spanish Empire; the kingdoms of Germany, Hungary, Bohemia, Naples, and Sicily; the duchy of Milan; the Netherlands; and possessions in North Africa and the Americas. His empire was so vast that he owned roughly twice the amount of land as the king of France. Charles V dominated the stage of European and world politics from 1516 until his death in 1558. A man of enormous...
(The entire section is 3570 words.)
Copernicus, Nicolaus
February 19, 1473
Toruń, Poland
May 24, 1543
Formbork, Poland
Theologian and astronomer
"In the center rests the sun. For who would place this lamp of a very beautiful temple in another or better place than this wherefrom it can illuminate everything at the same time."
Nicolaus Copernicus as quoted in Nicholas Copernicus on the Revolutions edited and translated by Edward Rosen.
The Polish theologian and astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) is credited with starting the scientific revolution in 1543 by publishing De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the revolutions of the heavenly orbs). In this work he proposed that the Sun, not the Earth, is the center of the universe. Although the book received little attention at the time, Copernicus's theory later caused considerable controversy. Not only did it contradict the accepted ideas of ancient astronomers, but it also challenged the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church. In the early 1600s the Italian...
(The entire section is 2214 words.)
Dürer, Albrecht
May 21, 1471
Nuremberg, Germany
April 6, 1528
Nuremberg, Germany
Engraver, painter
"My affairs will go as ordained in Heaven."
Albrecht Dürer.
The German painter and graphic artist Albrecht Dürer introduced the achievements of the Italian Renaissance into northern European art. The Renaissance was a cultural revolution that began in Italy during the mid-1300s. It was initiated by scholars called humanists who promoted the human-centered values of ancient Greece and Rome. Humanist ideals were soon influencing the arts, literature, philosophy, science, religion, and politics in Italy. During the early fifteenth century, innovations of the Italian Renaissance began spreading into the rest of Europe and reached a peak in the sixteenth century. Dürer's influence was most widely felt through his woodcuts and engravings.
During the fifteenth century, the Rhineland (a region along the Rhine River in Germany) and southern Germany were the foremost centers for the...
(The entire section is 2936 words.)
Elizabeth I
September 7, 1533
Greenwich, England
March 24, 1603
Queen of England
"Though God hath raised me high, yet this I count the glory of my crown, that I have reigned with your loves…"
Elizabeth I.
Elizabeth I was queen of England and Ireland for forty-five years. During her reign she preserved stability in a nation divided by political and religious dissension, and she maintained the authority of the monarchy (government headed by one ruler) against the growing pressures of Parliament (British law-making body). Educated as a humanist, she supported the Protestant religion in England. (Humanism was a movement devoted to reviving the culture of ancient Greece and Rome, which gave rise to the Renaissance. Protestantism is a Christian religion that resulted from efforts to reform the Roman Catholic Church.) Elizabeth was not an active patron of Renaissance artists, choosing to focus more on politics than on culture. She was careful with her money and did not spend it on promoting art, architecture, and literature. Nevertheless, Elizabeth's court and her personal tastes inspired many of the creative efforts that mark her culturally successful reign.
Early life...
(The entire section is 3276 words.)
Erasmus, Desiderius
October 27, 1466
Rotterdam, Netherlands
July 12, 1536
Basel, Switzerland
Humanist scholar
"In the country of the blind the one-eyed man is king."
Desiderius Erasmus.
The Dutch scholar Desiderius Erasmus was the foremost humanist in northern Europe (see accompanying box for a description of humanism). He promoted a method called philology (study of language used in literary texts) in the study of the Bible (the Christian holy book). Erasmus also popularized works by ancient and early Christian writers. Known as a "Christian humanist," he combined Christian teachings with classical ideals. In his own time, even critics did not dispute that he was the reigning "prince of humanists." His admirers credited him with the single-handed revival of literary study in Germany. For some years Erasmus enjoyed celebrity status. He was sought after by other scholars who conducted extensive letter exchanges...
(The entire section is 2272 words.)
Francis I
September 12, 1494
Cognac, France
March 31, 1547
Rambouillet, France
"I feed upon the good and put out the evil one."
Francis I.
King Francis I of France was a true Renaissance monarch. The Renaissance was a cultural revolution that began in Italy in the mid-1300s. It was initiated by scholars called humanists who promoted the human-centered values of ancient Greece and Rome. Humanist ideals were soon influencing the arts, literature, philosophy, science, religion, and politics in Italy. During the early fifteenth century, innovations of the Italian Renaissance began spreading into the rest of Europe and reached a peak in the sixteenth century. Francis was devoted to making France a center of the Renaissance. He actively patronized (gave financial support to) painters, sculptors, architects, scholars, poets, and writers. Francis also practiced shrewd diplomacy (relations with other countries) and strengthened centralized rule in France. He was a man of immense charm and humanity who had...
(The entire section is 2947 words.)
Galilei, Galileo
February 15, 1564
Pisa, Italy
January 8, 1642
Mathematician, physicist, astronomer
"All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to discover them."
The Italian mathematician, physicist, and astronomer Galileo Galilei (called Galileo) was the foremost scientist of the Renaissance. (The Renaissance was a cultural movement that began in Italy in the mid-1300s and was initiated by scholars called humanists who promoted the human-centered values of ancient Greece and Rome.) Now considered the "father of modern science," Galileo made revolutionary contributions to astronomy, physics, and scientific philosophy. In 1612 he shook the foundations of the scientific world by supporting the Sun-centered theory of the universe, which the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543; see entry) had formulated nearly seventy years earlier. This daring assertion brought Galileo into direct confrontation with the Roman Catholic Church.
...(The entire section is 2983 words.)
Gentileschi, Artemisia
July 8, 1593
Rome, Italy
Naples, Italy
"The works will speak for themselves."
Artemisia Gentileschi as quoted in Artemisia Gentileschi and The Age of Baroque. [Online] Available , April 5, 2002.
The Italian artist Artemisia Gentileschi (pronounced jahntee-LES-kee) is regarded as one of the important women painters of the Renaissance. (The Renaissance was a cultural movement that began in Italy in the mid-1300s and was initiated by scholars called humanists who promoted the human-centered values of ancient Greece and Rome.) She achieved international stature for her progressive style, ambitious range of themes, and strong feminist expression. Influenced by the innovative Italian painter Caravaggio (see box below), she adopted a dramatic, realistic style and a chiaroscuro technique (use of stark contrasts between light and dark). According to some accounts, Gentileschi was Caravaggio's student. Nevertheless, she departed from Caravaggio's, as well as other...
(The entire section is 2150 words.)
Gutenberg, Johannes
Mainz, Germany
February 3, 1468
Mainz, Germany
Inventor, printer
In the 1450s the German inventor Johannes Gutenberg perfected the printing press, which is recognized as one of the most important advances in Western (non-Asian) history. A mechanism by which small metal pieces engraved with single characters (letters) could be arranged to form words and sentences, the first press was used in Germany to print the Bible (the Christian holy book). Soon presses began to spring up all over Europe, and the impact was enormous. Literacy grew rapidly and knowledge spread as literature became readily—and affordably—available to many people for the first time. With the aid of printing, the ideas born in the Italian Renaissance (a revival of ancient Greek and Roman culture) during the late 1300s spread northward to France, England, Spain, the Netherlands, Scandinavia (Denmark, Sweden, and Norway), and eastern Europe during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
Printers use new technology
(The entire section is 1936 words.)
Henry VIII
Born: June 28, 1491
Greenwich, England
Died: January 28, 1547
London, England
" … if he were still free he would choose her in preference to all others."
Henry VIII, upon marrying Catherine of Aragon.
Henry VIII is best known today as the king who discarded—or beheaded—his wives because they did not give him a male heir. He is also famous for defying the pope (the supreme head of the Roman Catholic Church). As a consequence of the pope's refusal to grant Henry a divorce from his first wife, Henry withdrew from the Roman Catholic Church and created the Church of England. Henry was also a great supporter of the English Renaissance. Although his daughter, Elizabeth I (1533–1603; see entry), is usually associated with the height of English culture, Henry set the stage by encouraging new humanist ideas that were being brought from Italy in the sixteenth century. (Humanism was a literary and scholarly movement based on the revival of ancient Greek and Roman culture that was the basis of the Renaissance.)
(The entire section is 2753 words.)
Loyola, Ignatius of
c. 1491
Guipuzcoa, Spain
July 31, 1556
Rome, Italy
Religious leader, founder of Jesuits
"The safest and most suitable form of penance seems to be that which causes pain in the flesh but does not penetrate to the bones, that is, which causes suffering but not sickness."
Ignatius of Loyola in Spiritual Exercises, quoted in The Columbia World of Quotations. [Online] Available http://www.bartleby.com/66/17/47917.html, April 5, 2002.
Ignatius Loyola was the principal founder of the Society of Jesus (known as the Jesuits), a Roman Catholic order for men. Prior to having a spiritual awakening, Ignatius was a vain and worldly young soldier who loved a life of adventure. In 1521, at the Battle of Pamplona in Spain, he suffered serious injuries and, while recuperating, turned his mind to religion. During the next two decades he...
(The entire section is 2905 words.)
James I (also James VI)
June 19, 1566
Edinburgh, Scotland
March 27, 1625
Theobalds, England
King of Scotland and King of England
"A good king will not only delight to rule his subjects by the law, but even will conform himself in his own actions thereunto, always keeping that ground, that the health of the commonwealth be his chief law."
James VI quoted in King James VI and I, Political Writings, edited by J. P. Somerville.
King James I of England began his life as King James VI of Scotland, when he was merely an infant. As regents (interim rulers) ruled his kingdom, James was educated in the humanist tradition until he came of age. (Humanism was a movement to revive the culture of ancient Greece and Rome, which initiated the Renaissance.) His rather rough Scottish mannerisms and behavior were put to the test when he took over the throne of England after the death of Elizabeth I (1533–1603; see entry) in 1603. His political life was plagued by disagreements with his advisers and family, especially in regard to his relationship with Spain. James wrote a number of books, supported the arts, and...
(The entire section is 2795 words.)
Jonson, Ben
June 11, 1572
in or near London, England
August 6, 1637
London, England
English playwright
"For a good poet's made as well as born."
Ben Jonson, To the Memory of Shakespeare quoted in Bartlet's Familiar Quotations, [Online] Available http://www.bartleby.com/100/, April 3, 2002.
The English playwright and poet Ben Jonson is best known for his satiric comedies (plays based on criticism through the use of humor). An immensely learned man with an irritable and domineering personality, he was, next to William Shakespeare (1564–1616; see entry), the greatest dramatic genius of the English Renaissance. The Renaissance was a cultural revolution that began in Italy in the mid-1300s. It was initiated by scholars called humanists who promoted the human-centered values of ancient Greece and Rome. Humanist ideals were soon influencing the arts, literature, philosophy, science, religion, and politics in Italy. During the early fifteenth...
(The entire section is 1536 words.)
Kepler, Johannes
December 27, 1571
Weil, Swabia, Germany
November 15, 1630
Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
"For just as the eye is fitted for the perception of colors, the ear for sounds, so is man's mind created not for anything but for the grasping of quantities."
Johannes Kepler.
The German astronomer Johannes Kepler was one of the chief founders of modern astronomy (study of celestial bodies, such as planets, stars, the Sun, and the Moon). A pivotal figure in seventeenth-century science, he made discoveries in astronomy and mathematics that spurred further developments. Many of his findings are still valid today. He is best known for his discovery of three basic laws underlying the motion of planets.
Johannes Kepler was born to a Lutheran family in the Catholic city of Weil in Swabia, Germany. In 1576 his family moved to Leonberg in the Protestant duchy (province) of Würtemberg. Kepler's grandmother raised him,...
(The entire section is 2139 words.)
da Vinci, Leonardo
April 15, 1452
Vinci, Italy
May 2, 1519
Amboise, France
Painter, scientist
"As a well-spent day brings happy sleep, so life well used brings happy death."
Leonardo da Vinci in The Notebooks quoted on The Quotations Page. [Online] Available http://www.quotationspage.com/quotes.php3?author=Leonardo+d... , April 5, 2002.
One of the greatest figures of the Renaissance was the painter Leonardo da Vinci. Known as Leonardo, he was considered the ideal "Renaissance man," an individual whose talents spanned a variety of subjects. He was an innovator in the fields of both art and science, uniquely combining these two activities as he investigated the world around him. Although he completed relatively few paintings, he played a crucial role in creating and shaping the art of the High Renaissance (1495–1520), the period when Renaissance culture reached its height in Italy. He was also interested in...
(The entire section is 2627 words.)
Luther, Martin
November 10, 1483
Eisleben, Germany
February 18, 1546
Eiselben, Germany
Scholar, professor, writer, religious reformer
"I began to understand." he wrote later, "that the righteousness of God is that gift of God by which a righteous [morally upright] man lives, namely, faith, and that … the merciful God justifies us by faith…"
Martin Luther.
The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were a time of transition from the Middle Ages (c. 400 –1400; also called the medieval period) to the modern era. Throughout the Middle Ages the Roman Catholic Church (a Christian religion headed by a pope and based in Rome, Italy) controlled all aspects of social, political, and religious life. It was the largest institution (complex organization) in western Europe and consisted of an elaborate hierarchy (ranks of officials)—the pope, cardinals (officials ranking below the pope), bishops (heads of church districts), canons (legal administrators), priests (heads of local churches), and...
(The entire section is 2948 words.)
Machiavelli, Niccolò
May 3, 1469
Florence, Italy
May 22, 1527
Florence, Italy
Statesman, author
" … how one lives is so far removed from how one ought to live that he who abandons what one does for what one ought to do, learns rather his own ruin than his preservation."
Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince.
The Italian author and statesman Niccolò Machiavelli is best known as the author of The Prince (Il principe), in which he described how a ruler must do whatever is necessary to stay in power. Over the centuries Machiavelli became famous as a sinister and ruthless politician because of this philosophy. Many historians suggest that this reputation is largely undeserved. They point out that Machiavelli lived by his own ideals as a loyal and self-sacrificing servant of government. Furthermore, he never suggested that the political dealings of princes should be a model for day-to-day interactions among ordinary citizens.
Niccolò Machiavelli was...
(The entire section is 2768 words.)
April 11, 1492
Cognac, France
December 21, 1549
Odos-Bigorre, France
"… and I will tell you nothing but the whole truth."
Simontault in Heptaméron.
Margaret of Navarre, duchess of Angoulême, is best known today as the author of Heptaméron. A collection of novellas (a form of short fictitious stories originating in Italy), Heptaméron is ranked alongside the books of François Rabelais (c. 1494–1553; see entry) and Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592; see entry) as one of the greatest prose works of the French Renaissance. The Renaissance was a cultural revolution that began in Italy in the mid-1300s. It was initiated by scholars called humanists who promoted the human-centered values of ancient Greece and Rome. Humanist ideals were soon influencing the arts, literature, philosophy, science, religion, and politics in Italy. During the early fifteenth century, innovations of the Italian Renaissance began...
(The entire section is 1455 words.)
Medici, Lorenzo de'
January 1, 1449
Florence, Italy
April 9, 1492
Florence, Italy
The Italian merchant prince Lorenzo de' Medici, called "il Magnifico" ("the Magnificent"), ruled both the Florentine state and a vast commercial empire. As a poet and a patron, or financial supporter, of poets, he stimulated the revival and splendor of Italian literature.
Lorenzo de' Medici was born in Florence, Italy, on January 1, 1449. He was the son of Piero the Gouty (1414–1469) and the grandson of Cosimo the Elder (1389–1464). His mother, Lucrezia Tornabuoni, was also an accomplished poet. Cosimo was aware of his son Piero's physical weakness and fearful that Piero would not long survive him. He therefore groomed his grandson Lorenzo to become a merchant and take over the family business. Lorenzo enjoyed the best education available, learning Greek, Latin, and philosophy (search for a general understanding of values and reality through speculative thinking). He received both a formal education, in rigorous sessions with teachers, and an informal one, in the company of humanists (scholars who promoted the human-centered literary and intellectual movement based on the revival...
(The entire section is 1755 words.)
Buonarroti, Michelangelo
March 6, 1475
Caprese, Italy
February 18, 1564
Rome, Italy
"I'm not in a good place, and I'm no painter."
Michelangelo, on painting the Sistine ceiling as quoted in The Complete Poems of Michelangelo.
Michelangelo Buonarroti (known as Michelangelo) was the greatest sculptor of the Italian Renaissance. He was also one of the greatest painters and architects of the time. In fact, Michelangelo had an exceptionally long career and dominated the Renaissance. The Renaissance was a movement based on the revival of ancient Greek and Roman culture (the classical period). When he died in 1564, at age eighty-nine, he had lived nearly twice the expected life span of the average person in the sixteenth century. His impact on younger artists was immense, but it tended to be crushing. Major artists of the next century, such as Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640; see entry), were better able to study Michelangelo's ideas at a distance without danger to their own artistic independence.
Begins sculpting...
(The entire section is 2924 words.)
Montaigne, Michel de
February 23, 1533
Périgord, France
September 13, 1592
Bordeaux, France
"It is an absolute perfection and virtually divine to know how to enjoy our being lawfully."
Michel de Montaigne, "Of Experience."
The French author Michel de Montaigne created a new literary genre (form), the essay, in which he used self-portrayal as a mirror of humanity in general. The term "essay" was first used by Montaigne for short prose discussions. It comes from the French word essai, meaning "trial," "an attempt," or "testing." The informal essay as Montaigne understood and developed it is the method a writer uses to test his or her own views on life and the self.
Begins publishing career
Michel de Montaigne was born into a noble, or upper-class, family in Périgord near Bordeaux, France. His father, Pierre Eyquem, was a Bordeaux merchant and municipal official whose grandfather was the first nobleman of the line. His mother, Antoinette de Louppes (Lopez), was descended from Spanish...
(The entire section is 1530 words.)
Monteverdi, Claudio
May 15, 1567
Cremona, Italy
November 29, 1643
Venice, Italy
Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643) was the foremost Italian composer of the seventeenth century. During his long career he mastered many forms of music, but he is best known for his operas. Monteverdi was one of the most experimental composers working between 1590 and 1625. During these years he introduced more expressiveness and drama into music, notably through what he called the stile concitato (agitated style). As early as 1600, Giovanni Maria Artusi (c. 1545–1613), a well-known music theorist, criticized Monteverdi for engaging in harsh "modernisms." His music represents the transition from the Renaissance into the baroque period (an era in music and the other arts that was characterized by heightened exuberance and drama). Monteverdi now ranks as one of the major European composers of all time.
Experiments with new music form
Monteverdi was born in Cremona, Italy, on May 15, 1567. Historians suggest that...
(The entire section is 1813 words.)
More, Thomas
February 6, 1478
London, England
July 6, 1535
London, England
Humanist, author, statesman
"This means that if they suddenly had to part with all the gold and silver they possess—a fate which in any other country would be thought equivalent to having one's guts torn out—nobody in Utopia would care two hoots."
Thomas More in Utopia.
The life of the English humanist and statesman Thomas More exemplifies the political and spiritual upheaval of the Protestant Reformation, the movement to reform the Catholic Church. Now known for his revolutionary work Utopia, More was beheaded for opposing the religious policy of Henry VIII (1491–1547; see entry).
Influenced by humanists
Thomas More was born in London on February 6, 1478, to parents whose families were connected with the city's legal community. His education began at a prominent London school, Saint Anthony's. In 1490 he went to...
(The entire section is 2110 words.)
Nogarola, Isotta
Verona, Italy
Verona, Italy
Writer, scholar
"Therefore, it appears that Adam's sin was greater than Eve's."
Isotta Nogarola.
The Italian writer Isotta Nogarola is considered the first woman to become a major figure in the humanist movement. Humanism began in Florence, Italy, in the mid-1300s among scholars who promoted the study of the literary masterpieces of ancient Greece and Rome. They believed that this body of learning, called studia humanitatis (humanistic studies), could bring about a cultural rebirth, or renaissance. They also studied the Bible (the Christian holy book) and the works of early Christian thinkers. Humanists had faith in the human potential for great achievements, an idea that was entirely new for the time. They are credited with starting the Renaissance, which spread throughout Italy and northern Europe in the fifteenth century. Nogarola was an active participant in humanist circles. She produced a number of works and conducted extensive correspondence with the important thinkers of her day. She is most famous for "On the Equal and Unequal Sin of Eve and Adam," in which she asserted that Eve (the first woman on Earth, according to biblical tradition) should not bear the responsibility for...
(The entire section is 1691 words.)
December 1503
Saint-Remy-de-Provence, France
July 1566
Salon, France
Astrologer, physician, author
"He will pierce his eyes through a golden cage/Two wounds made one, then he dies a cruel death."
Aphysician and astrologer by profession, Nostradamus is said to have remained awake nights for several years, meditating over a brass bowl filled with water. He lapsed into trances during which he supposedly could see into the future. He then set his predictions down for posterity in a twelve-volume work titled Centuries. Since his death in 1566, scholars and the general public alike have remained fascinated by Nostradamus's forecasts.
Becomes famous for plague treatments
Nostradamus was born in Provence, a region in southern France, in 1503. Nostradamus is the Latinized version of his birth name, Michel de Notredame. His family was of Jewish heritage but they...
(The entire section is 2190 words.)
Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da
December 27, 1525
Palestrina, Italy
February 2, 1594
Rome, Italy
The Italian musician Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina was the foremost composer of the sixteenth century. His sacred works represent one of the great achievements of Renaissance music. The Renaissance was a cultural movement which began in Italy in the mid-1300s. It was initiated by scholars called humanists who promoted the human-centered values of ancient Greece and Rome. Humanist ideals were soon influencing the arts, literature, philosophy, science, religion, and politics in Italy.
Begins as choir master
Born Giovanni Pierluigi, the composer adopted the name of his native town, Palestrina, which is located near Rome. Little is known about his early life, though it is assumed that at the age of seven he was a choir singer at the church of Saint Agapit in Palestrina. Records show that he was a member of the choir at the basilica (church) of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome in 1537....
(The entire section is 1514 words.)
Palladio, Andrea
Padua, Italy
Venice, Italy
Andrea Palladio is one of the architects most closely associated with the Renaissance. The Renaissance was a cultural revolution that began in Italy in the mid-1300s. It was initiated by scholars called humanists who promoted the human-centered values of ancient Greece and Rome. Humanist ideals were soon influencing the arts, literature, philosophy, science, religion, and politics in Italy. His main contribution to architecture was the villa, or large country house, which became popular throughout Europe. Palladio was also involved in promoting the classical style developed by Italian architects in the fifteenth century. They refurbished old buildings and constructed new ones according to architectural details found in Roman ruins. Features of this style included simple but impressive building shapes, columns from the three basic classical orders (Corinthian, Doric, and Ionic), porticos (entrance porches), and loggias (roofed open galleries overlooking courtyards). Palladio adapted many of these features in his villas.
(The entire section is 1615 words.)
Paracelsus, Theophrastus
Einsiedeln, Switzerland
Salzburg, Austria
Physician and reformer
The Swiss-born physician Theophrastus Paracelsus is considered the first to use chemicals to treat disease. His ideas were not widely accepted until the seventeenth century, when physicians and chemists studied his works and incorporated his methods into mainstream European medicine.
Paracelus's actual name was Phillippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim. After his death he was commonly known as Theophrastus Paracelsus or simply Paracelsus. He was born in Einsiedeln, a village in Switzerland, where his German father practiced medicine. His mother, a native of the village, served at a nearby monastery. After his mother's death, Paracelsus and his father moved to Villach, in a mining region of Carinthia. Paracelsus claimed that he was tutored by his father and various priests, including Abbot Johannes Trithermius (also called Heidenberg; 1462–1516), who was well known as an occult philosopher (one who studies the action or influence of supernatural or supranormal...
(The entire section is 1801 words.)
Petrarch, Francesco
July 20, 1304
Arezzo, Italy
July 1374
Padua, Italy
"Rome was greater than I thought, and so are its remains. Now I wonder not that the world was ruled by this city but that the rule came so late."
The Italian poet Petrarch is considered the founder of humanism, a movement devoted to the revival of ancient Greek and Roman literature and philosophy. He has been called the first modern man because he wrote about the external world and analyzed his own thoughts and emotions. Conscious of the fleeting nature of human existence, Petrarch felt his mission was to save works by classical authors for future generations. He also popularized the sonnet form and is considered by many to be the first modern poet. Petrarch's personal letters mark a distinct break with medieval traditions and a return to the classical and early Christian practice of private letter writing. He provided the great stimulus to the cultural movement that culminated in the Renaissance in...
(The entire section is 2529 words.)
Philip II
May 21, 1527
Valladolid, Spain
September 13, 1598
El Escorial, Spain
Philip II was king of Spain from 1556 to 1598. During his reign the Spanish empire was severely challenged, and its economic, social, and political institutions strained almost to the breaking point.
Inherits vast empire
Philip was born in Valladolid, Spain, on May 21, 1527. He was the son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (1500–1558; see entry). In 1543, at age sixteen, Philip married his cousin, Maria of Portugal. She lived only two years, leaving a son, Don Carlos. Charles then arranged for Philip to marry Mary I (called Bloody Mary; 1516–1558; ruled 1553–58) of England, the Catholic queen of a basically Protestant country. Charles did this to consolidate his empire. Philip moved to England, but his stay was not a happy one. Mary died in 1558 and was succeeded by her half-sister, Elizabeth I (1533–1603; see entry), who was committed to keeping England a Protestant nation. Charles V also died in...
(The entire section is 2251 words.)
Rabelais, François
c. 1494
Chinon, France
Chinon, France?
French humanist, physician, and prose satirist
"It is quite a common and vulgar thing among humans to understand, foresee, know and predict the troubles of others. But oh what a rare thing it is to predict, know, foresee and understand one's own troubles."
François Rabelais as quoted in Bartlett's Quotations. [Online] Available http://www.bartleby.com/66/45/45745.html, April 5, 2002.
The French humanist, physician, and author François Rabelais is acclaimed as a comic genius. He published several works, but he is best known for Gargantua and Pantagruel.
Facts of early life unknown
Unfortunately, there are large gaps in information about Rabelais's life. Some records suggest he was born in 1483, but it is widely believed the true date was closer to 1494. Rabelais was the son of a well-established lawyer in the town of Chinon, in the province of Touraine, France. He may have had a scholastic education, which would explain his dislike for overly learned, self-important scholars, an opinion he expressed in his writings....
(The entire section is 2143 words.)
April 6, 1483
Urbino, Italy
April 6, 1520
Rome, Italy
Painter, architect
The Italian painter and architect Raffaello Sanzio, called Raphael, is considered the supreme representative of the High Renaissance (1495–1520). This was the period when artistic expression reached its height in Italy, home of the Renaissance. Since the Renaissance began in the early 1400s, art had been based on concepts from classical, or ancient, Greek and Roman culture. Paintings were characterized by balanced proportions (harmonious arrangement of shapes and details), idealized images, and rich colors. Renaissance artists gave particular attention to achieving a sense of depth, or three dimensions, by using a technique called linear perspective. Invented by the Italian architect Filippo Brunelleschi (1377–1446), linear perspective is a system derived from mathematics in which all elements of a composition are measured and arranged from a single point of view, or perspective.
Moves to Florence
...(The entire section is 2234 words.)
Rubens, Peter Paul
June 28, 1577
Siegen, Westphalia, Germany
May 30, 1640
Antwerp, Belgium
Painter, diplomat
"My talent is such that no enterprise, however vast in number and in diversity of subjects, has surpassed my courage."
Peter Paul Rubens.
The Flemish painter and diplomat (one who conducts negotiations between governments) Peter Paul Rubens was one of the best-known artists of the seventeenth century. He received commissions from Italy, Spain, France, England, and Germany as well as from his homeland, the southern Netherlands. His boundless imagination, capacity for work, and productivity were legendary during his lifetime. In 1621, when he was not yet forty-five years old, an English visitor to Antwerp (a city in present-day Belgium) described him as "the master workman of the world." Rubens said of himself, without boasting, that his talent was so great that no other artist could equal him in the variety of subjects he painted and the number of works he produced. Without...
(The entire section is 2232 words.)
Savonarola, Girolamo
Ferrara, Italy
May 23, 1498
Florence, Italy
Preacher, reformer
The Italian preacher and reformer Girolamo Savonarola was one of the most distinctive figures of the Renaissance. The Renaissance was a cultural movement which began in Italy in the mid-1300s. It was initiated by scholars called humanists who promoted the human-centered values of ancient Greece and Rome. Humanist ideals were soon influencing the arts, literature, philosophy, science, religion, and politics in Italy. Claiming the gift of prophecy, the mendicant monk (member of a religious order dedicated to a life of poverty) rose to power in Florence, Italy, through his harsh criticism of the Roman Catholic Church. He was angered by the corrupt behavior of popes, cardinals, and bishops. He demanded stricter adherence to the spiritual values of Christianity and greater social awareness of the poor. Earning the title, "Preacher of the Despairing," Savonarola gave immensely popular sermons (religious speeches on proper moral conduct) and became famous for his visions. His first vision was about the "Scourge [whip] of...
(The entire section is 1976 words.)
Shakespeare, William
April 23, 1564
Stratford-upon-Avon, England April 23, 1616
Stratford-upon-Avon, England
Playwright, poet
"What a piece of work is man!… The beauty of the world, the paragon of animals! And yet, to me, what is this quintessence of dust?"
Hamlet, Act 2, scene 2.
The English playwright, poet, and actor William Shakespeare is generally considered the greatest of English writers and one of the most extraordinary creators in human history. The crucial fact about his career is that he was a popular dramatist at a time when drama (a composition in verse or prose depicting conflicts through dialogue) was flourishing in England. Audiences drawn from a wide range of social classes were eager to reward his talents. Shakespeare's entire life was committed to the public theater, and he seems to have written nondramatic poetry only when enforced closings of the theater made writing plays impractical. Perhaps his greatest achievement was the portrayal of the emotional states that are essential to human...
(The entire section is 4025 words.)
Süleyman I
Szigetvár, Hungary
"Slave of God, master of the world, I am Suleyman and my name is read in all the prayers in all the cities of Islam. I am the Shah of Baghdad and Iraq, Caesar of all the lands of Rome, and the Sultan of Egypt."
Süleyman I quoted in Suleyman the Magnificent. [Online] Available , April 5, 2002.
Süleyman I, who ruled from 1520 until 1566, was the last great sultan, or king, of the Ottoman Empire. The empire was a vast kingdom in the part of Asia called the Near East and in North Africa. The Ottoman Empire was formed in the 1300s, when the Ottoman Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire, the eastern part of the former Roman Empire, which was based in Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). The Ottoman Turks were Muslims, or followers of Islam (a religion founded by the prophet Muhammad), from Turkey. Süleyman was named after King Solomon (tenth century B.C.), the king of ancient Israel, whom the Qur'an (Koran; the holy book of...
(The entire section is 1932 words.)
Ávila, Teresa de
Ávila, Spain
Alba, Spain
Nun, mystic
"The pain was so great that it made me moan over and over, and the sweet delight into which that pain threw me was so intense that one could not want it to stop…"
Teresa de Ávila as quoted in The Life of Saint Teresa.
Teresa de Ávila (also known as Teresa of Jesus) was the founder of the Reformed Discalced (Barefoot) Carmelite Convent of San Jose. She is most famous today for her experiences as a mystic, which she described in her autobiography, Life (now titled The Life of Saint Teresa; published in 1611), and numerous other books.
Teresa was born Teresa de Alhumada in 1515 on a farm near Ávila, Spain. Her father was Alonso (Pina) de Cepeda, son of a wealthy Jewish businessman who had converted to Christianity, and her mother was Beatriz de Ahumada, a farmer's daughter. Teresa's Jewish grandfather had become a Christian because unconverted Jews were not allowed to live in Spain. In 1474 the Spanish monarchs, or rulers, King Ferdinand II (1452–1516) of Aragon and Queen Isabella...
(The entire section is 2528 words.)
Vasa, Gustav I
May 12, c. 1496
Uppland, Sweden
Stockholm, Sweden
King, rebel
Gustav I Vasa is considered the founder of the modern Swedish nation. During the Protestant Reformation he adopted Lutheranism as the state religion. He was also the first European ruler to form a national citizens' army, and he developed the Swedish navy into a major maritime (sea) power. Abandoning the tradition of electing a king, he established a hereditary monarchy that resulted in a Vasa dynasty (line of rulers from the same family). During his thirty-seven-year reign, Gustav I consolidated Sweden's independence and laid the foundation for the country's greatness in the next century.
Fights bravely in battle
Gustav was born in Uppland, Sweden, around 1496. He was the eldest son of Erik Johansson Vasa, lord of Rydboholm, who was a knight (nobleman soldier) and councilor of state. Information is lacking about Gustav's childhood and youth. He took the throne at age twenty-seven, during a tumultuous period in Swedish...
(The entire section is 3388 words.)
Vesalius, Andreas
December 31, 1514
Brussels, Belgium
October 15, 1564
Zenta, Greece
Andreas Vesalius was the founder of modern anatomy (the study of the structure of the body). His scientific work and experimental findings revolutionized the study of the human body. Vesalius is remembered principally for his master work, De humani corporis fabrica, (On the fabric of the human body) which was published in 1543. However, his primary contribution was the use of more adequate data sampling than that used by his predecessors. Vesalius's work led to more systematic findings and expert demonstrations.
Shows early talent
Andreas Vesalius was born on December 31, 1514, in Brussels, the son of Andries van Wesele and his wife, Isabel Crabbe. Vesalius's paternal ancestors, moved from the German town of Wesel to Brussels in the early fifteenth century and became prominent as physicians and pharmacists. His father served as pharmacist to Margaret of Austria (1480–1530) and later to Holy Roman Emperor...
(The entire section is 2044 words.)
Zwingli, Huldrych
January 1, 1484
Wildhaus, Switzerland
October 11, 1531
Kappel, Switzerland
Religious reformer
"Everything that God permits or has not forbidden is proper."
Huldrych Zwingli.
The Swiss Protestant reformer Huldrych Zwingli paved the way for the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland. (The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement that resulted in the establishment of a Christian religion separate from the Roman Catholic faith). Zwingli's ideas had a profound and long-lasting influence on church-state relations in Swiss cantons (states in the Swiss Confederation) that adopted Protestantism. A contemporary of Martin Luther (1483–1546; see entry), the German priest who initiated the Reformation, Zwingli made significant contributions that permanently affected Western (non-Asian) civilization.
Receives humanist education
Huldrych Zwingli was born on January 1, 1484, in the village...
(The entire section is 2568 words.)
Source: Renaissance and Reformation: Biographies, ©2002 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.


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This week has been all about the Consumer Electronic Show & since technology marries so well with social media, my Picks of the Week are going to be all about CES. Taking a look at the latest and greatest gadgets gives us an idea of where the industry is heading, and gives us many more verticals to incorporate our love of social media into.
Social Circle:
See what's generating buzz at #CES with social circle. This cool site shows tweets, photos, articles, and more- all relating to CES. There's a dropdown tab on the site (upper left hand side) that has 4 different categories: Outlook, People, Images, and Timeline. It's a great way to keep track of what people are seeing & saying about the Consumer Electronic Show.
The Best of CES:
Gizmodo is continuing to update this article on "The Best of CES." The article highlights some of the best gadgets featured at the Pre-Pre-Pre Show (Monday), Day Zero (Tuesday), Day One (Wednesday), Day Two (Thursday), Day Three (Friday), and so on. With so many gadgets at CES, it's nice to have highlights of some of the coolest all in one place. Also check out a photo album of the 10 best gadgets chosen by CNET.
Social Media is Big at CES:
Facebook & Twitter may not have an official presence at CES, but according to CNBC, social media has a large presence on the floor at CES 2010. Many of the TV's, game consoles, and mobile phones that are being displayed are illustrating how social media works with their devices.
Trends at CES:
The show won't be over until Sunday, but there are already some trends emerging from CES 2010. ReadWriteWeb's article highlights trends in three categories: Televisions, Automobiles, and Augmented Reality. DigitalTrends.com has also highlighted their Five Top Tech and Gadget Trends at CES 2010: 3D, LED & Connected Television, Tablet PCs and Netbooks, Portable Projectors, eReaders/eBook Players, and Streaming Media Extenders.
Some of my favorite Gadgets:
- Slates- I'm looking forward to these tablets, ideal for travelers, because they can be used as a reading device, computer, or T.V.
-See through Screens- Transparent screens have garnered a lot of attention at this year's CES- with computers, phones, and media players all sporting the see through look.
-Internet In Cars- A new trend at CES is the ability to access the web from your car dashboard. "My Ford Touch" is incorporating Twitter (and internet radio) into their dashboard. You can have tweets read aloud, as well as send tweets all via voice control.
-What are your favorite CES gadgets? Leave a comment with your picks!


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Straw man
A straw man, also known in the UK as an Aunt Sally,[1][2] is a common type of argument and is an informal fallacy based on misrepresentation of an opponent's position.[3] To "attack a straw man" is to create the illusion of having refuted a proposition by replacing it with a superficially similar yet unequivalent proposition (the "straw man"), and to refute it, without ever having actually refuted the original position.[3][4] This technique has been used throughout history in polemical debate, particularly in arguments about highly charged, emotional issues. In those cases the false victory is often loudly or conspicuously celebrated.
As a fallacy, the identification and name of straw man arguments are of relatively recent date, although Aristotle makes remarks that suggest a similar concern;[citation needed] Douglas Walton identified "the first inclusion of it we can find in a textbook as an informal fallacy" in Stuart Chase's Guides to Straight Thinking from 1956 (p. 40).[5][6] Oddly enough, Hamblin's classic text Fallacies (1970) neither mentions it as a distinct type, nor even as a historical term.[5][6] The idea of "men of straw" who can be knocked down by "the lightest puff, the smallest breath of truth," erected by invaders upon a field to scare away others who might join the movement, can be found in Victoria C. Woodhull's "The Scare-Crows of Sexual Slavery," written in 1873.[7]
The origins of the term are unclear. The usage of the term in rhetoric suggests a human figure made of straw which is easily knocked down or destroyed, such as a military training dummy, scarecrow, or effigy.[8] The rhetorical technique is sometimes called an Aunt Sally in the UK, with reference to a traditional fairground game in which objects are thrown at a fixed target. One common folk etymology is that it refers to men who stood outside courthouses with a straw in their shoe in order to indicate their willingness to be a false witness.[9]
The straw man fallacy occurs in the following pattern of argument:
- Person 1 has position X.
- Person 2 disregards certain key points of X and instead presents the superficially similar position Y. The position Y is a distorted version of X and can be set up in several ways, including:
- Presenting a misrepresentation of the opponent's position.
- Quoting an opponent's words out of context—i.e., choosing quotations that misrepresent the opponent's actual intentions (see fallacy of quoting out of context).[4]
- Presenting someone who defends a position poorly as the defender, then refuting that person's arguments—thus giving the appearance that every upholder of that position (and thus the position itself) has been defeated.[3]
- Inventing a fictitious persona with actions or beliefs which are then criticized, implying that the person represents a group of whom the speaker is critical.
- Oversimplifying an opponent's argument, then attacking this oversimplified version.
- Person 2 attacks position Y, concluding that X is false/incorrect/flawed.
This reasoning is fallacious because attacking a distorted version of a position does not address the actual position. The ostensible argument that Person 2 makes has the form:
- "Don't support X, because X has an unacceptable (or absurd or contradictory or terrible) consequence."
However, the actual form of the argument is:
- "Don't support X, because Y has an unacceptable (or absurd or contradictory or terrible) consequence."
This argument doesn't make sense; it is a non sequitur. Person 2 relies on the audience not noticing this.
Straw man arguments often arise in public debates such as a (hypothetical) prohibition debate:
- A: We should liberalize the laws on beer.
- B: No, any society with unrestricted access to intoxicants loses its work ethic and goes only for immediate gratification.
The proposal was to relax laws on beer. Person B has exaggerated this to a position harder to defend, i.e., "unrestricted access to intoxicants". It is a logical fallacy because Person A never made that claim.
- A: Sunny days are good.
- B: If all days were sunny, we'd never have rain, and without rain, we'd have famine and death.
In this case, B falsely frames A's claim to imply that A believes only sunny days are good, and B argues against that assertion. A actually asserts that sunny days are good and, in fact, says nothing about rainy days.
Christopher Tindale presents, as an example, the following passage from a draft of a bill (HCR 74) considered by the Louisiana State Legislature in 2001:[5]
Whereas, the writings of Charles Darwin, the father of evolution, promoted the justification of racism, and his books On the Origin of Species and The Descent of Man postulate a hierarchy of superior and inferior races. . . .
Therefore, be it resolved that the legislature of Louisiana does hereby deplore all instances and all ideologies of racism, does hereby reject the core concepts of Darwinist ideology that certain races and classes of humans are inherently superior to others, and does hereby condemn the extent to which these philosophies have been used to justify and approve racist practices.
Tindale comments that "the portrait painted of Darwinian ideology is a caricature, one not borne out by any objective survey of the works cited. That similar misrepresentations of Darwinian thinking have been used to justify and approve racist practices is beside the point: the position that the legislation is attacking and dismissing is a Straw Man. In subsequent debate this error was recognized, and the eventual bill omitted all mention of Darwin and Darwinist ideology."[5]
It is possible to unintentionally misrepresent an opponent's argument by failing to understand it in the first place and honestly communicating what one (wrongly) thinks is the actual argument. This can lead to opposition believing the creation of a straw man argument to be intended, when it may or may not be.
See also[edit]
- List of fallacies
- Ad hominem
- Cherry picking (fallacy)
- Fallacy of quoting out of context
- I'm a lighthouse. Your call
- Red herring
- Straw man (law)
- Straw man proposal
- ^ Dennis V. Lindley (2006). Understanding Uncertainty. John Wiley & Sons. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-470-04383-7.
- ^ A. W. Sparkes (1991). Talking Philosophy: A Wordbook. Routledge. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-415-04223-9.
- ^ a b c Pirie, Madsen (2007). How to Win Every Argument: The Use and Abuse of Logic. UK: Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 155–157. ISBN 978-0-8264-9894-6.
- ^ a b "The Straw Man Fallacy". Fallacy Files. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
- ^ a b c d Christopher W. Tindale (2007). Fallacies and Argument Appraisal. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–28. ISBN 978-0-521-84208-2.
- ^ a b Douglas Walton, "The straw man fallacy". In Logic and Argumentation, ed. Johan van Bentham, Frans H. van Eemeren, Rob Grootendorst and Frank Veltman. Amsterdam, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, North-Holland, 1996. pp. 115-128
- ^ Major Problems in the History of American Sexuality, ed. Kathy Peiss
- ^ Damer, T. Edward (1995). Attacking Faulty Reasoning: A Practical Guide to Fallacy-Free Arguments. Wadsworth. pp. 157–159.
- ^ Brewer, E. Cobham (1898). "Man of Straw (A).". Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Retrieved 13 May 2009.
External links[edit]
- The Straw Man Fallacy at the Fallacy Files
- Straw Man, more examples of straw man arguments


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Classically beautiful and elegant, this assortment of festive flowers is a real symphony for the senses. This charming medley will make for the perfect gift!
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Dedicated by the Jacobs and Chill Families in Memory of Harold and Pearl JacobsDora Bas Rivka Silver O'H
Rabbi Avrohom Gordimer - Parshat Bereshit
The Ramban is of the opinion that the world's air quality was altered after the Flood, and other explanations are advanced for the shortening of the human lifespan. I would like to address the underlying pattern and system for this and other changes of nature in antiquity.
It is well-known that Man originally existed on a highly-elevated plane. Not only was he to be sustained by Hashem without much human effort and could he procreate instantly (see Rashi from Medrash on 4:1), indicative of a superhuman existence. The truth is that Man was of a different caliber altogether, such that he conversed with God as did Moshe (as we see in the incidents of Adam HaRishon and Kayin) and was more of an angelic being. Targum Yonasan ben Uziel on 6:3 explains that God instilled His "Ruach Kodesh" (Holy Spirit) in Man in order for Man to do good. It must be noted that this Ruach Kodesh refers to the neshama, the holy, divine spark component of the soul, and not the nefesh, which is the mere force of life. Thus, Man operated with a highly-elevated spirit within him, and it appears that this spirit was not renewed in all people after the Mabul.
The Targum on verse 4 (ibid.) concurs with interpretations that the Nephilim were angels who were expelled from Shomayim to the earth, and they seemed to have functioned within society for some time, as the Targum implies in its continuation of the narrative. Again, we derive that the contrast between Man and celestial beings was not so pronounced.
Parshas Noach changes things. Man was permitted to eat meat, he lived for much shorter periods, and the seasons of nature were now fixed and predictable. This metamorphosis of Man's existence in his world reflects a secularization and downward thrust in the position of Man and his surroundings. A long lifespan is more similar to an eternal, celestial one; shortened life represents the temporal state of Man.
After the Dor Haflogoh (Generation of the Dispersion) who built the Tower of Bavel, life became even shorter. Average longevity decreased from 500 or so years to less than half that. (See chapter 11 of Bereshis.) So, too, the Holy Tongue was no longer standard, and secular languages were spoken in the majority. This further indicates a lowering and secularization of Man's state. (Rashi on 11:1 quotes Chazal who indicate that the Dor Haflogoh objected to Hashem's exclusive and total mastery over the Heavenly beings. This may be interpreted as emphasizing that the true aim of the people was to rebel in the pursuit of restoring Man's former lofty spiritual status. This notion may be supported further by the Targum Yonasan ben Uziel (ibid.), who explains that the masses spoke "the Holy Tongue, with which the world was created..." This accentuates the desire of Man to prevent complete disconnection from his old stature and and remain a quasi-Heavenly force on his own, as it were. Obviously, Man's intentions were counter to the Divine plan and his actions were offensive and belligerent, rather than supplicative and appeasing.)
The Hebrew root-phrase "chal" or "chol" (ches-lamed) is astonishingly utilized about a dozen times in Parshas Noach, with different meanings and contexts. The term means "secular" or "unholy", and its coded use underlies the transformations of nature and Man which form the theme of Parshas Noach.
However, there is still hope for Man to attain his former, elevated state. The piyyut "Amitz koach" recited on Yom Kippur compares Bnei Yisroel's existence to that of Original Man. (See Ramchal in Derech Hashem for a full treatment of this comparison.) God wished for Man to be able to attain his holy tasks in this world, and He renewed this ability with the birth of Am Yisroel. The Maharal explains that only Bnei Yisroel bear the neshama referred to above. In fact, one may compare our golus (exile) to the expulsion of Man from Gan Eden, such that communion with God and open miracles are precluded from our state of life at present, and toil, suffering and hester panim (God's Hiding of His Presence) are the norm, similar to the existence of Man after his initial punishment. However, we are told by the Torah that this state of affairs is temporary.
May we merit to be restored to our initial, pristine relationship with Hashem, and draw ever closer to Him.


text:
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Precious MetalsAvailable in Sterling Silver with 18K Yellow Gold Accents.
Gemstones Pictured in Blue Quartz over Hematite. Also available in Clear Quartz over Ruby Red Quartz, Clear Quartz over Green Onyx Approximate carats as pictured: 17.66ct
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text: A smoking step three from Blo – exactly the kind of album that's made these guys a legend over the years! The set's got a perfect blend of Afro Funk and some of the more out-there energy floating around the African scene of the time – that darker vibe that comes from Afro sounds making their way up to London and Paris, picking up new influences, and returning some great elements to the homeland! You can definitely hear this in the way that Blo use their guitar and keyboards – wickedly sharp, without some of the sunnier tones of their contemporaries – and the way they focus their rhythms strongly with a dose of American funk as well. Lyrics are all in English, and just about every tune on the set's a mo-fo – the kind you'll be humming long after your first listen to the album. Titles include "Don't Pull The Form Under Me", "Mind Walk", "Rhythm Of Love", "Hypocrisy", "Gotta Get Me A Better Head", and "Hot Chase". © 1996-2013, Dusty Groove, Inc.


text:
How to Access Aajonus's Information - All in One Place » Invalid User
Access Aajonus's Research Trail
$85.00 Annual Subscription
If you have arrived to this page after clicking an article, this means that you are not currently a subscriber or are looking to subscribe. Continue to read and find the details regarding becoming a subscriber.
To follow the trail of raw research about human health by a world class nutritionist, subscribe to the Primal Diet newsletters – all archived for you – along with articles dating from the publication of his first book. Read essays written during these decades. You will additionally receive MANY media interviews.
Primal Diet Of Aajonus Vonderplanitz
Aajonus speaks to us regarding things we need to know. Here is one summary from one interview of Aajonus where he answers questions from attendees at a Primal Diet potluck party:
Teeth and decay. (2:00)
Wild tribes in Phillipines (4:00)
Anemia (5:30)
Chemtrails & Food contamination (13:00)
Pollution in oceans and lakes & fish (14:45)
Toothpaste formula (15:40)
Digestive Enzymes in capsules (17:45)
Supplements (19:00)
Digestive Problems & Chrones disease (19:30)
Arthritis and Rheumatism (20:15)
Sore knees after eating (20:30)
Eggs (20:50)
Bacteria (21:00)
Enzymes and digestive juices (21:30)
Eggs and weight loss (23:00)
Diet for digestive problems (23:55)
Healing takes acidity (25:40)
Chrones (26:30)
Heart palpitations or pounding (27:15)
Raw eggs healing of cells (28:15)
High Meat for brain and nervous system & bowels (29:00)
Mouldy berries (30:30)
Century eggs (31:00)
Eat high meat before a meat meal (31:55)
Too much honey with meat (33:00)
Cheese (33:20)
Arthritis (34:15)
Any time you have any problem in the body you've got a collection of toxicity that is causing damage to the system.
It is never from anything else. It's not your bacteria turning on yourself.
There's no such thing as an autoimmune disease.The body never eats itself. Ever.
If you've got bacteria in there, the things are eating up dead tissue and toxicity and damaged cells.
The body never attacks itself. If it did, you'd be dead, litterly dead quickly. (35:10)
Remedy for arthritis on knee.(35:50)
Exzema (36:45)
Chemicals are always some kind of toxic combination of metalic minerals.
Any kind of chemical is made up of a combination of metalic minerals that are very toxic. (37:15)
Lime juice is your antiseptic. (38:00)
Remedy for exzema (38:10)
Castor oil is a poison. (39:40)
(40:39) Swelling and pain in gum is cleansing.
(43:15) Bone marrow for concentrated stem cells. Use on gums and skin.
(45:50) Bee pollen and pain formula.
(48:30) Black eggs. (& 52:45)
(49:30) Cheese and molds. Blue cheese.
(53:45) Eggs to feed brain and nervous system and memory.
(55:15) Weight loss.
(58:00) 90% of all toxins in your body leave through the skin. Use coconut cream or clay.
(59:30) Pus is white blood cells.
(1:01:40) Bath water ingredients.
(1:02:15) LA City water.
(1:02:50) Use of dry clay on skin.
(1:03:50) Acne.
(1:04:00) Use of vinegar and coconut cream.
(1:07:22) Bleeding of gums.
(1:10:00) Dry skin on hands.
(1:11:20) Gum bleeding.
(1:12:00) Bone marrow.
(1:13:10) Coconut cream. Use as soap.
(1:17:00) Problem after surgery.
(1:19:00) How to draw out anaesthetic.
(1:19:30) Clay packs.
(1:20:00) Clay baths.
(1:21:50) EMFs from juicer and blender; cars.
(1:25:00) Magnetic pillow.
(1:29:20) Air tube for cell phone. Phone.
(1:32:00) EMFs in cars and plane & Cell phones.
(1:43:00) EMF Meter.
The above summary is from ONE Question and Answer session. We are in the process of transcribing many of these. There will be over 100 such sessions when we have finished transcribing.
Within the membership pages, you will find the articles and information used by Primal Dieters with the following successes (just a few of hundreds of customer testimonials):
Health and Wellness – the precise research into how raw food affects your overall health and wellness, food preparation and exact eating schedules to improve your health and what foods you can eat to handle specific health conditions.
"I have had bones removed from my feet just to be able to walk and have had both hips replaced. [Now, on your Primal Diet], the difference in recovery is totally amazing! I have healed at a much faster rate with little or no medications. I was taking injections twice a week for my arthritis the month before surgery but haven't had any since." – Pearle, Helena, MT
How those on the raw food diet have reverted cancerous conditions as well as the raw diet plans and nutritional information they used to overcome these conditions.
"Thank you for your book and all your research.
"I read it just as I discovered the possibility of a recurrence of breast cancer. I postponed some of the usual tests, so I could eat [foods you recommended]. Now several weeks have gone by, and my site of the problem seems to be getting much better. The wound is crusting over and getting smaller." Nancy D
- How heart conditions – even such severe conditions as heart issues, palpations, etc… have been reported as healed using the raw foods diet plan by Aajonus. Within your new membership area you will find the articles, videos and information they used to bring about such results. Here is one such result:
"Months before going on the diet Aajonus recommended, I started recording my average heart rate after each regular strenuous exercise program. My average heart rate was increasing, quite alarmingly actually, but since I've been on the raw fooddiet even with a more strenuous exercise program of up to 13,000 jumps at a time using a boxers jump rope, my heart rate at the end of exercising has been steadily and significantly decreasing [from 177.7 to 120.6 in one year]".
- Pem W., 57 years old
Healthy Life Expectancy – Official Statistics
There are charts kept both by the United Nations and by the CIA including a ranking of healthy life expectancy in each country.
How is it that the USA was ranked 24th in the 1999 chart and 36th in the 2005-2010 chart?
Where are we heading? And why? If you live in another country, are the statistics on health getting better or worse – and why?
Raw Food Benefits
We – as mankind – have had the technology since 1969 by which to land men on the moon and get them back safely.
Don't tell me we couldn't have figured out how to conquer disease so each of us lives a long and fulfilling life! This is why I mention the smoking gun.
We not only could have found routes to better health, but WE CAN DO SO NOW. It is not too late. The raw food diet can play a crucial role in our recovery and in our ability to live healthy lives.
Our shortcoming has not been technology. We – as mankind – are lacking in organization and coordination – such as setting of priorities – and instead get completely mired down by political and economic factors which are not always geared to our own interests in bettering our health.
Our problems are ethical problems now. If we could harness the technologies we have now in an ethical, unified and coordinated manner our lives would be much better.
Aajonus is a world class nutritionist. In the process of researching to find what are actually the best sources of nutrition for humans, he has run across some parties whose interests are not what is best for the consumer but what is best for their particular faction – for example, the big pharmaceutical and agricultural industries.
In the newsletters and other interviews, you will discover details of how these interests oppose our good health and what you can do so they do not affect your good health and the health of your loved ones.
As a NEW subscriber for the low price of $85, you will get access to an archive of Primal Diet newsletters. In this password protected area, read decades of interviews and essays. In Primal Diet newsletters, Aajonus is writing for people who have some familiarity with his books and for people that he can trust with sometimes surprising or even disturbing findings. Aajonus always gives us answers for the problems and never leaves us stranded in worry and fear.
The password protected part of the site is growing tremendously over the next year to include transcriptions of 12 years of 'question and answer' sessions – around two hours each, full audio recordings of specific Primal Diet Workshops delivered on various parts of the world, and much much more. This data compilation project started years ago; the pace has been accelerated by public demand. Aajonus is no longer with us. We now are in the position where it is really important for each of us to understand how our bodies work and what to do in various circumstances, with certain challenges.
This is a $125.00 value and in one place, right here, right now! In these newsletters Aajonus can 'tell it like it is' without restraint because his subscribers are special people who seek the truth about health and nutrition. There is no need to wait longer to find out important information to assist you to achieve health goals you would like to set for yourself.
$85.00 Annual Subscription
If for some reason you would rather do your membership on a monthly basis, you can simply follow the link below.
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text:
호텔 정책에 따라 추가 인원에 대한 요금이 부과될 수 있습니다.
체크인 시 각종 서비스 이용 요금이 발생할 경우를 대비하여 정부에서 발급한 사진이 부착된 신분증과 신용카드 또는 현금으로 보증금이 필요합니다.
고객이 별도로 요청한 사항은 체크인 시 가능한 경우에 한하여 제공되며 추가 요금이 부과될 수 있습니다. 또한 반드시 보장되지는 않습니다.
**이 편의시설은 일부 객실에서만 이용이 가능할 수 있습니다. 일부 편의시설에는 추가 수수료가 부과될 수 있습니다.
아래의 레크리에이션 활동은 숙박 시설 내 또는 숙박 시설 부근에서 이용하실 수 있으며, 이용 시 별도의 요금이 부과될 수 있습니다.
서비스 이용 시 또는 체크인/체크아웃 시 숙박 시설 측에서 청구하는 요금 및 보증금은 다음과 같습니다.
위 목록에 명시되지 않은 다른 항목이 있을 수도 있습니다. 요금 및 보증금은 세전 금액일 수 있으며 변경될 수 있습니다.
호텔 정책에 따라 추가 인원에 대한 요금이 부과될 수 있습니다.
체크인 시 각종 서비스 이용 요금이 발생할 경우를 대비하여 정부에서 발급한 사진이 부착된 신분증과 신용카드 또는 현금으로 보증금이 필요합니다.
고객이 별도로 요청한 사항은 체크인 시 가능한 경우에 한하여 제공되며 추가 요금이 부과될 수 있습니다. 또한 반드시 보장되지는 않습니다.
"wonderful stay in old fashioned surroundings"
Loved it. The place has so much history. Love looking at the pictures and furniture. Food in bar and restaurant fantastic and accomodations great.검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"A nice change of pace from the roadside motel"
We chose Hotel Strasburg because we thought it might be something a little different from roadside motels, and the hotel met our expectations. Our room was a bit small but comfortable enough. We found the continental breakfast to be better than most you get while traveling, and the dining room was attractive. We had a light dinner in the pub/bar which […] was good as well. Took a walk after dinner, and while there was not much to see, it was nice to be able to get out and around. 더 보기검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"Enjoyable older in town hotel"
We picked this hotel because we thought it would be fun to stay in an old hotel rather than a more modern roadside motel, and we were more than satisfied with the choice. Our room was clean and comfortable though a bit small. The hotel staff was friendly. We got a nice light meal in the pub/bar, and the free breakfast was better than most others you […] find on the road. The location is right in town which gave us an opportunity to walk around in the evening. 더 보기검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"Slow down and Relax"
Excellent bed, friendly staff, quaint pub on property. We enjoyed our stay and extended by a night. Dog friendly property that goes out of their way with good service.검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"beautiful trip back in time with today's comforts"
Beautifully hotel with era decor in close proximity to Skyline Drive, it was a great escape into the past but with all of the contemporary comforts at hand.검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"Sounded better in ad than it was"
Not enough staff to handle the jobs. Breakfast one morning consisted of dry cereal with no bowls nor milk, no toast, no muffins. We were told breakfast was free. Yes, complimentary, but not free. We did pay for the room. The bathroom door squeaked so badly in our room that when one of us got up to use the facilities, it woke the other. The room and […] floor were so cold we couldn't get warm. This hotel has great potential for a victorian B & B, but needs some work and staff training as well as more supplies. We witnessed an argument between 2 employees in front of us and other customers. Looks like owners have tried to cut too many corners. Wonderful location for parks and historical landmarks 더 보기검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
Beautiful little hotel, All the furnishings in the rooms were different and unique. Staff was very friendly and helpful, Food in the dining room was delicious and moderately priced. Live music in the pub, Who could ask for more!검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"Quaint Victorian"
The hotel is very nice. Shows a lot of history about the town and the room comfort was very good. The decor was interesting as all rooms are different almost like a bed and breakfast.검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
If you want an alternative to the austere, sterile chain motels/hotels, the Strasburg Hotel is a wonderful old style alternative - Victorian, ornate, and comfortable. The staff was very helpful, the restaurant was very good, and the village of Strasburg is safe enough to be walking around in day or night. Low key and off the beaten track - that describes […] both Strasburg and the hotel. 더 보기검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"It was like staying with our grandmother overnight"
Perfect!검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
WE LOVE THE STRASBURG HOTEL AND SURROUNDINGS....검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"3rd fl.-No elevator-Tiny room-Unfriendly bartender"
My extremely small room was on the 3rd floor and the place has no elevator. The room was clean and the bed comfortable but the bathroom and especially the shower were very small. The hotel is more like a B&B than a hotel, although it could use some sprucing up. While there for the night I decided to have a couple of beers at the bar next to the lobby. […] The bartender had a really bad attitude. She was noticeably short with me and she was loudly banging the cash register drawer closed while counting out change. I noticed she had an open novel on the counter alongside a pack of cigarettes, so I'm assuming I interrupted her reading and smoking time since I was the only person in the bar at the time. It made for a rather uncomfortable situation for me. The complimentary continental breakfast in a B&B style dining room was nice. 더 보기검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
Our overall stay was fantastic! The bed and breakfast is well maintained, but don't expect a Hilton! The rooms are beautiful and the food is great! The staff is extremely polite and helpful. The grounds are well-maintained. If you want to eat at the restaurant, it's best to make a reservation early. We made ours late and they couldn't keep it, so we […] ate at the Pub, which was okay with us. We would be only too happy to stay again. 더 보기검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"A good change of pace for travelers."
The hotel was a little ways off of 81 but was a good change of pace from the multitude of cookie-cutter chain hotels a cross-country traveler usually encounters.검증된 Expedia 이용 후기
"Felt Like I Was In The Movie My Cousin Vinny"
Hotel need some major renovation. I'm sure it was wonderful 20 years ago but it's time to bring it up to date. Keep the cozy, friendly, old time atmosphere. Just clean it up. Q검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"Turn of the Century Charm"
If you are looking to turn back the clock, this is the place. The Strasburg hotel served as a hospital during the Civil War and still maintains that era of decor. No amenities to speak of, no fridge, microwave etc but the staff filled coolers with ice to keep medications at an acceptable temperature. Nice breakfast provided You have to lug all your […] baggage up the stairs as there is no elevator. The price is right if you want old world charm at a very reasonable rate. 더 보기검증된 Expedia 이용 후기
"Period Piece"
It's an historic building, well maintained with decor in keeping with its history. No elevator. Reasonably comfortable rooms are a little on the small side and lacking some amenities like in-room coffqee maker. The staff were all very frriendly and helpful. For one night it was quaint and nostalgic, and the rate was reasonable.검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"Charming B&B with outstanding restaurant"
My husband and I both found the Hotel Strasburg so friendly and charming when we stayed for one night on our way to Monticello that we made a reservation to stay again on the way home, even if it meant a slight detour. In both cases, our rooms were pretty small, but very clean, comfortable and quaintly decorated. Front desk staff couldn't have been […] nicer. One of the best features of the hotel, however, is the on-site restaurant. I order crab cakes a lot and the ones here were outstanding. My husband had the schnitzel with capers, and we both wished we had a neighborhood restaurant in NY where the food was this good and the prices so reasonable. And the peach pie was truly out of this world. 더 보기검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
very good검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"Could be a charming hotel"
The hotel was in grave need of updating. I was supposed to have a double room with 2 double beds. Instead I got a room with only one double bed and it was short and hard with rubber, uncomfortable pillows. The AC was situated so that it blew right into your face in the bed so we had to turn it off. The door did not come all the way to the floor and […] so a light came into the room all night long. The carpet was so filthy that you did not want to walk on it barefooted. It was a charming Victorian structure that could be wonderful but has been neglected for far too long. I would not recommend it nor would I ever stay there again. 더 보기검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"Ambiance, Hospitality, History and Charm"
We had a delightful overnight stay at this wonderful historic hotel right in downtown Strasburg. Amenities: If you are looking for luxury and convenience, this is not your place. But if you want to step back in time, slow down a bit, enjoy hospitality, warmth, charm, and history - this place is for you. I am just sorry we arrived too late in the evening […] to walk to the river or tour around town a bit on foot. I surely would like to go back. We were upgraded to a king room, though we just paid for a standard room. We wanted to try the restaurant out, but we were near closing time for the restaurant in the hotel, so we had peach pie, ice cream and coffee. Lovely! The restaurant is also full of charm and history. The old pictures on the wall, the knick knacks everywhere, the anique shelves and tables in every corner, the wallpaper, the heavy drapes, the lace curtains - all remind me of a gentler, less hurried time. All of this sprinkled with southern hospitality. We will do our best to visit this hotel again - and next time get there much earlier. 더 보기검증된 Expedia 이용 후기
Lovely OLD hotel in mid-town. In a safe residential area. Clean, great service, like dropping into the early 1900's. Thoroughly enjoyed the ambiance.검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"Our first visit to Strasburg Hotel"
Very amazing location, perfect old style maintenance. The best service you can hope and an excellent typical restaurant. Amazing price: our best choice!검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"Nice Old Hotel - great service and handy location"
The hotel service was great. The rooms are very old, everything was functional - rustic. The Continental breakfast was tasty and the coffee was great.검증된 Expedia 이용 후기
"Hotel Strasburg"
My only complaint was the bed was too short검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"more like a bed and breakfast"
service was excellent,and very personal. We were upgraded without requesting it. the staff was very freindly and helpful.검증된 Expedia 이용 후기
"Excellent Victorian hotel"
Nice historic hotel, rooms were clean and comfortable. Food was very good.검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"Hotel Strasburg"
The hotel Strasburg is charming, comfortable, and very reasonably priced. It is also pet-friendly and close to the Skyline Drive. The in-house restaurant is very good, and the staff is extremely accomodating. When I called to say that I would be arriving after the restaurant closed, they allowed me to order dinner and had it waiting for me when I got […] there. It's like a step back in time to when hotels provided real service and a friendly atmosphere. For the money it can't be beat! This is my second stay, and I will return any time I'm in the Shenandoah Valley. 더 보기검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"Love this quaint, genteel hotel."
We stayed (two girlfriends on an extended trip) for only one night and would have liked another day. The Strasburg area had more to do than we had time. We spent hours in the emporium. We would have liked more time to explore, do the river walk, the artists gallery and who knows what else. The hotel staff were all delightful. I needed a toothbrush and […] when they didn't have any, they went out and bought one for me. There was a friendly bar. The restaurant was delightfully Victorian with lace tablecloths everywhere. We had dinner there and in the morning had their complimentary breakfast there also. As for negatives, there is no elevator, so if you can't handle a flight of stairs, this isn't the place for you. It is "vintage" so if you are into only new and updated you won't like it. My friend was a little put off learning that it had initially been a hospital, and was wondering if it could be haunted. We heard that the rooms in the separate cottages are especially nice and when I go back I'll try to book one of them. 더 보기검증된 Expedia 이용 후기
"So quaint"
I decided to try something different and go with a bed and breakfast. What a gem this place is! The staff went above and beyond to help me. Everyone there was polite and smiling. For dinner I ordered this pasta dish with eggplant and zucchini. .. wow! I highly recommend that. I will definitely go back if I get the chance.검증된 Expedia 이용 후기
"Cozy, historic hotel"
We chose Strasburg as an overnight stop on a road trip from the Midwest to the East Coast, due to the history of the area and the appeal of this hotel. We were given a 2nd floor suite in the adjacent Chandler House, which had a historic feel with comfortable beds and a modern bathroom. As we had been traveling all day, we made reservations for dinner […] at the hotel restaurant, which was both convenient and delicious. I was traveling with my three teenage children, and this was one of their favorite hotels on our trip. 더 보기검증된 Expedia 이용 후기
"nice place to stay, I visit again"
Very nice place, a nice change from the norm.검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"Eccentric but with a certain charm!"
Great character and friendly staff - a very personal serivce overall. Excellent price via Expedia - the room could have been a little better prepared (look under the bed as well), but this is the sort of place we would have no problem coming back to, and I think there is a lot of repeat custom here.검증된 Expedia 이용 후기
"Wonderful gem"
Great character and a very good restaurant on site. Exceptional value for money.검증된 Expedia 이용 후기
Wonderful experience. Great food.검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"Wonderful gem"
The Hotel Strasburg is a wonderful revisit to the past with all the modern conveniences. Super shower! Beth greeted us warmly at check in. Barbara catered to our every need in the grand dinning room.We loved the Strasburg museum! Quiet small town old world charm at its best.검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"Very nice overnight"
Very good value for the price. Nice quiet room and for a turn-of-the-century stucture. Excellent dinner in the restaurant but should have made a reservation ahead of time. Continental breakfast pretty average and no elevator for us old folks are our only minor complaints. Certainlty would stay at the Hotel Strasburg again.검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"A different, and pleasant experience."
The Hotel is Victorian style, with lovely, romantic style decoration. My room was cozy, spotlessly clean, and the bed was comfortable. The bathroom was rather tiny, but well appointed and with fragrant, good quality, English bathroom products. Cooked breakfast delicious too, in a lovely, period decor dining room. THe Hotel staff was kind, friendly, […] and efficient - Virginian hospitality. The town is small, peaceful, and surrounded by green hills and fields. I recommend this hotel as a totally different and pleasant experience. 더 보기검증된 Expedia 이용 후기
"A bit of nostalgia in Strasburg"
I found the one night stay here different from your modern day hotel stays. Staff were both very polite and very helpful. Rooms were a REAL hotel room little more than a bed and a few chairs. A small difference was that each room had it's own bathroom opposed to one shared. Food was good, and pricing (through hotels.com) made this a very reasonable […] stay. I can definitely recommend this for a one-night stay to have an enjoyable evening and breakfast. 더 보기검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"July 2013 stay"
Arrived late, left early, traveled alone. I found this an interesting place and would like to return with my spouse검증된 Expedia 이용 후기
"Gem needs refinishing"
The staff was quite friendly and helpful, the room was clean and well decorated. The overall feeling of the hotel is that it faded, but that the energetic staff is doing a great job keeping it going. The shower was hot and forceful. The continental breakfast was quite good, including excellent coffee in a vintage dining room. The only thing it needs […] to bring it up to a 5 is simple painting. I would recommend this hotel. 더 보기검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"Great Visit"
Very nice hotel and town.검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"Lovely spot, Great people"
This was a nice surprise. Quaint and lovely. Great food, bar and people. Fun little town.검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"Bring your clothes pin."
I understand it's an old building, once a hospital, but it doesn't need to still smell like dead bodies. Our room was on the 3rd floor. Modern amenities included a small window A/C unit and a toilet that ran for 15 minutes after being flushed. Not helpful when the bathroom is two steps away from the bed. We had booked for two nights. Checked out after […] the first night. 더 보기검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
fun historic hotel, super friendly staff검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"A quaint historic hotel"
I was traveling with my husband and elderly mother to Washington DC and made the Hotel Strasburg our stop for the night. I was not sure what the hotel would be like, if they could accommodate my mother, or if there would be dining near by. This place was one of the best places I have stayed at in many years. They were able to accommodate my mother handicap, […] the room was outstanding, and best of all they offered a fabulous dinner right in the hotel. I would recommend the Hotel Strasburg and rate it a 6 out of a 5 star Hotel!! 더 보기검증된 Expedia 이용 후기
The hotel is a little run down and noisy, but nothing too bad. The internet did not work which was inconvenient. The service was quite good and the location was ideal.검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
"Friendly hotel with charm"
The room was clean, smelled nice, and had lots of nice older decorations. I wish the bed wasn't quite so squeaky and the pillows so flat, and the tv had more than 5 channels even though there was a list saying they had 60, but other than that, I enjoyed my stay. The breakfast was great; they had a homemade apple walnut cake which was delicious and something […] you'd never find at a big chain hotel, so that really topped off the hotel for me. The staff was extremely accommodating and friendly. 더 보기검증된 Expedia 이용 후기
"Pleasant surprise"
We found this hotel to be a great stop on our way home from New England. The entertainment in the pub was pleasant and entertaining. Room was small, but the bed was comfortable and the staff very helpful and cordial. The food in the restaurant was also a pleasant surprise - inexpensive and of good quality. Plan on another stay sometime in the future. […] Would be a great stop for those enjoying the fall foliage. 더 보기검증된 Expedia 이용 후기
"Greatest secret in the whole valley."
What a great place. More like a B&B, and had an amazing restaurant in the building. Must climb stairs, so pack lightly if possible, but well worth the climb.검증된 Hotels.com 숙박객 이용 후기
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July 8, 2011
Louie Vaccher WildcatReport.com
As usual, most major preseason magazines underestimate Northwestern. But WildcatReport takes a look at why 2011 could be the Year of the Cat in the Big Ten. ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now for a FREE Trial
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