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Islamic and Christian Legal Systems: Autonomy and Convergence
For the medieval Muslim the law, or Shariah, was of essential importance, the very foundation of religious identity. The Shariah derived from two sources: the Qur'an[*] , God's revelation; and the Sunnah , the statements and deeds of the Prophet Muhammad, preserved in the hadith[*] , orally transmitted statements by and about the Prophet eventually written down by legal scholars. Encompassing both the religious and the secular, and Shariah guided religious practice, set forth moral values, and created a framework for private and, theoretically at least, public life. The Christian authorities had long recognized the Muslim and Jewish minorities' legal identities, often referring to them as adherents of distinct "laws" instead of different religious beliefs. Royal enactments applicable to subjects of all three faiths were therefore often addressed to persons "of whatever law or status."[2]
As stipulated in the thirteenth-century treaties between Jaime I and the conquered Muslims of Valencia, the latter were granted legal autonomy and the ability to administer justice according to çuna and xara (Sunnah , here probably meaning the Muslims' local customary law, and Shariah).[3] Pedro IV confirmed this basic Mudejar right, commanding that all cases between Muslims, both civil (see tables 16 and 17) and criminal, were to be judged according to the Shariah (1337).[4] Of course, if Islamic law were to remain in force among the Mudejars, the Islamic courts had to be maintained and manned by Muslim judges, or qadi s[*] . Alfonso IV provided for the establishment of a sufficient number of qadi s in royal towns and on those seigneuries where the lords had criminal jurisdiction over their vassals (1329). Furthermore, Alfonso permitted the qadi s to delegate their powers to substitutes competent to administer justice in their absence.[5] The measures taken by the jurates of Alcoy, and approved by Juan II, for the creation of a new morería there (1468) attest to the continuing importance of Mudejar qadi s:
let there be made or created a qadi[*] in the said morería , who may judge and have the power and faculty to judge the litigations arising between the said Moors, who will live in the said morería , according to Sunnah and Shariah, just as is accustomed among Moors of other morerías of the said kingdom.[6]
At the pinnacle of Valencia's Islamic judiciary was the qadi general, or royal qadi . During the years covered by this study this post was held by various members of the Bellvis family—Mahomat until 1484, and Ali from 1484 until at least 1501—who resided in the capital. Along with a
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variety of other duties, the qadi[*] general exercised appellate jurisdiction over the kingdom's Islamic courts. Beyond his court, the Mudejar dissatisfied with the decision of a local qadi could have recourse only to the bailiff general or the king.[7]
Although in the thirteenth century accusations against Muslims by Christians were heard in Islamic courts,[8] by Fernando's reign it was established procedure to try all cases between Muslims and Christians (see table 18) in Christian courts according to the Furs .[9] Confining our present discussion to those cases involving only Muslims, it appears that even they were frequently adjudicated in Christian courts. This was far truer of criminal than of civil litigation. This state of affairs may be explained in part by the legislation of Jaime II, which provided that the bailiff general was to have ultimate jurisdiction over all criminal and civil cases between Muslims resident on royal and ecclesiastical lands (1298). The governor general was later granted a similar jurisdiction over the cases of seigneurial Muslims. The qadi s were still supposed to have primary jurisdiction in these cases.[10]
However, by the midfourteenth century the intervention of Christian magistrates in Mudejar litigation was far more frequent than the occasional ruling by bailiff or governor warranted by Jaime II's legislation. Boswell found that Christians were constantly meddling in the Muslims' judicial proceedings. Between 1355 and 1365 89 percent of all cases involving only Muslims were heard by Christian judges, and often were decided according to Christian and not Islamic law. Put in an advantageous bargaining position by the fortunes of Pedro IV's war with Castile, a number of the kingdom's aljamas were able to wrest from the king guarantees that henceforth they would be judged according to the Shariah.[11]
The picture derived from the documentation of Fernando's reign contrasts strikingly with the Mudejars' juridical woes in the midfourteenth century. There was only one complaint about Christian interference in Muslim cases, and this was voiced by the aljama of Valencia. The aljama began by recalling the allegedly long-established judicial procedures: "for the past great while by ancient custom and practice observed without contradiction in all the present kingdom of Valencia the cases and litigations which involve Moor against Moor, both civil and criminal, were decided according to Sunnah and Shariah." Now, however, the aljama complained, "sometimes obstacles and impediments are placed so that such litigations are not judged or decided in the aforesaid form," which was manifestly prejudicial to the Muslims of Valencia's morería . The king responded with the command that "all the litigations, both civil and criminal, involving Moor against Moor should be determined according to Sunnah and Shariah." Anyone violating this
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order was to pay the heavy fine of 1,000 gold florins.[12] As is evident from Boswell's study, the aljama exaggerated the supposedly ideal conditions of earlier days, for there certainly had been frequent and excessive "contradiction" of the "ancient custom."
At any rate, the articulation of only one complaint does not mean that elsewhere Christian officials remained aloof from all Mudejar litigation. On the contrary, they were often active in the conclusion of such cases. The point of contrast between the midfourteenth century and Fernando's reign is not that in the latter period Christian intervention was lacking; rather, it is that in the late fifteenth century the Mudejars for the most part did not perceive such Christian involvement as interference or as a violation of their privileges. The exception, the aggrieved aljama of Valencia, may be explained by the greatly reduced population of the morería (since 1455) and the burgeoning Christian population of the city, perhaps more apt to interfere in Muslim affairs than previously.
It is difficult to explain this contrast, or to trace a clear line of development from the midfourteenth to the late fifteenth century. Boswell's concluding remarks on the judicial process provide a useful point of departure. He argues that even though Christian officials frequently violated the judicial autonomy that had been promised to the Mudejars in the thirteenth century, "the system of interlocking justice prevailing under the Crown of Aragon in the fourteenth century may represent a successful departure from the general pattern of institutional separation between Christians and Muslims." This system ultimately satisfied the needs of the greater part of both communities.[13] Indeed, at the root of the Mudejars' acceptance of the judicial status quo was likely a progressive accommodation between the Islamic and Christian legal systems. Such accommodation paralleled and contributed to the Mudejars' increasing sufferance of Christian rule reflected in their relative political quiescence under Fernando. In other words, Valencia's Muslims became more accustomed to the participation of Christian magistrates in their judicial affairs and more willing to plead their suits before Christian courts.
One must also take into account the chronological focus of Boswell's study, which covers the years of the war between Castile and Aragon (1355–1366). The upheaval and disorder of these years likely afforded unscrupulous Christian officials an unusual freedom to abuse Mudejars and to usurp their judicial prerogatives. Perhaps the restoration of order and Valencia's greater stability in the fifteenth century were less propitious for the blatant violation of Mudejar privileges. In any case, the Mudejar grievances expressed to Fernando were scarcely concerned
with infringements on their judicial autonomy. Given the active role still played by Valencia's Islamic judiciary and the persisting importance of the Shariah among the Mudejars, it may be supposed that many of the fourteenth-century abuses had been corrected. Islamic justice continued to be administered in Valencia, and the posts of qadi[ *] and faqih[*] were not mere sinecures apportioned among the king's Muslim favorites. This being the case, it is necessary to establish in what areas the Islamic courts still had exclusive jurisdiction, in which types of cases the jurisdictions of Islamic and Christian courts overlapped, and in such cases of jurisdictional convergence, how Muslim and Christian magistrates divided their juridical labors.
Almost all criminal cases between Muslims were tried before Christian tribunals: royal and ecclesiastical vassals in the courts of the bailiff general or local bailiffs, seigneurial vassals of lords with only civil jurisdiction in the court of the governor, and seigneurial vassals of lords with criminal jurisdiction in the court of the lord and his justice.[14] However, this did not thereby exclude the qadi s[*] and Islamic law from the judicial process. Burns describes how in the thirteenth century the exercise of criminal justice by Mudejar courts was placed under the supervision of royal bailiffs. Gradually, as it came to be viewed as a function of the bailiff's court effected with the assistance of Muslim jurists, the nature of the court was transformed.[15] Thus, by 1329 Alfonso IV could command that on royal lands and seigneurial lands with criminal jurisdiction the Christian magistrates "ought to exercise [their] jurisdiction and inflict penalties with the counsel of Sarracen judges, commonly called qadi s[*] "[16] In those cases requiring a qadi 's[*] participation, which were, of course, judged according to Islamic law, the qadi 's role necessarily would have been central, not merely advisory. Documentary references to the "counsel of the qadi " are misleading and ought not to obscure the fact that Islamic justice was being administered, even if under the auspices of a Christian court. In such cases the presiding Christian official served to ensure that the qadi 's sentence was duly executed, for Muslims were not permitted to administer capital or corporal punishment themselves. He also saw to it that the proceeds from any monetary fines imposed were delivered to royal or seigneurial treasuries.
For our purposes there are two categories of criminal cases to be considered: those in which a qadi intervened and which were decided according to Islamic law, and those which were handled only by Christian judges according to the Furs . An understanding of the development of judicial institutions in Islamic lands will help to clarify how Mudejar criminal cases were apportioned among the Islamic and Christian courts.
In Islamic lands there was a practical distinction between those criminal offenses for which God had defined a punishment—known as hadd[*] offenses—which fell under the jurisdiction of the qadi 's[*] Shariah court, and those concerning which neither the Qur'an[*] nor the Sunnah made explicit provisions, and which, therefore, were handled either by the police (shurtah[*] ) in their judicial capacity or by the court of complaints (mazalim[ *] ) of the ruler. Outside of the hadd offenses, the Muslim ruler had discretionary powers to determine, for the public good, what constituted an offense and the punishment it merited.[17]
The hadd[*] offenses, for which there were divinely ordained penalties, were illicit sexual relations—premarital sex and adultery—slanderous accusations of unchastity, theft, wine drinking, and armed robbery.[18] Mudejar qadi s, as the dispensers of Shariah justice, probably would have been most insistent on retaining their competence in such cases. This is precisely what the documentation indicates. Almost all of the criminal cases that mention the activity of a qadi concern hadd offenses, particularly illicit sexual relations and theft. The Shariah prescribed harsh penalties for these crimes. The penalty for adultery was death by stoning, and that for the sexual misconduct of an unmarried woman was one hundred lashes. In such cases the intervention of a Mudejar judge is usually explicitly indicated in the documents, and if not, it may be presumed by the invoking of Shariah penalties. For instance, the lord of Gilet, "with the counsel of our [royal] qadi Bellvis," sentenced his adulterous vassals, Mahomat Vaquer and Marien Tagormia, "that according to Sunnah and Shariah they should be overwhelmed by stones [unto death]."[19] Mahomat Bayrini of Onda paid to the bailiff a fine of 100s in lieu of the twenty-five lashes his unwed daughter was to receive "because she was found in a room with a Christian of the said town and was judged by the qadi of Villarreal with the license of the qadi de Bellvis [qadi general]."[20] Corporal and capital punishments were normally commuted either to the payment of a fine, or, more often, to enslavement to the king or lord. Despite the show of mercy here, royal and seigneurial justice was nevertheless cruelly exploitative. These royal and seigneurial slaves were later sold to the highest bidder, the payments going to the coffers of the king or lord.[21]
Although some cases of Mudejar theft were judged by Christian officials alone according to the Furs ,[22] most involved a qadi 's counsel and Shariah penalties, either the amputation of the right hand or flogging. As with adultery, the sentences were often commuted to a monetary fine or enslavement. The accounts of the bailiff of Játiva record the receipt of 600s from Çuleymen Alahuy "because he was condemned to have his hand amputated for having stolen, along with others, a large pot from the hostal ... for which sentence was given by the qadi by Sun -
nah and Shariah."[23] Two Muslim thieves, from Málaga and Oran, were made royal slaves after the qadi[*] general passed sentence. Ironically, the Muslim from Oran had just recently been manumitted.[24]
Another case of theft from Játiva sheds further light on the place of Islamic law in such cases. Ali Yalle of Benillup appeared before the bailiff of Játiva and denounced Yuçeff and Çatdon Zam Zam, who lived in the area of Játiva, for having stolen goods from his home. Two days later the royal prosecutor intervened in the case, to which Yuçeff Zam Zam objected, maintaining that the case must be decided according to the Shariah, inasmuch as it was "Moor against Moor," and citing a provision of Pedro IV to that effect. The bailiff agreed with Yuçeff, recalling a recent precedent in which the bailiff general had ruled on another case of Muslim theft in concurrence with Pedro IV's provision. However, just as the bailiff began to try the case as Yuçeff requested-presumably with the counsel of the qadi —the bailiff general ruled that since the royal prosecutor had already initiated proceedings the case should be decided by the Furs . Most likely the bailiff general was attempting to obviate additional legal expenses. In the end, because Yuçeff Zam Zam refused to relent, the case was brought before the bailiff general's tribunal.[25]
The prosecution of those Mudejar criminals for whose offenses there were no prescribed Shariah penalties does not seem to have required the participation of a qadi . The great majority of such crimes that appear in the documentation are homicides and other acts of violence. The Muslim perpetrators of such acts were tried in the courts of the royal and seigneurial magistrates whose task it was to maintain the public order—bailiffs, governors, and seigneurial justices. Furthermore, since murderers seldom remained at the scene of the crime, it was necessary to bring into play the kingdom-wide network of royal officials to apprehend them. Mudejar judges did not have such manpower at their disposal. Thus, when a Muslim of Valldigna, sentenced by the local justice for the murder of another Muslim, fled from the valley, the viceroy ordered royal officials to hunt him down.[26] In another case, a royal constable was commanded to bring to justice fifteen Muslims who had broken into the home of a Muslim widow, abusing her and her daughter.[27] Mudejar judges seem to have been content to allow their Christian counterparts to proceed in such cases howsoever the Furs required.
While royal and seigneurial justice in Valencia certainly differed from that administered by Muslim rulers, it is nevertheless worth noting by way of comparison that it was also the non-Shariah courts of the latter that meted out punishment for homicide and other such disturbances of the public peace. Originally, homicide had been more a matter of private justice, as allowed for by the Qur'anic[*] maxim of just retaliation
(qisas ). However, it eventually became a public concern, at which point justice in such cases was administered by the courts of the police (shurtah[*] ).[28] As will be seen in chapter 6, local bailiffs not only punished Mudejar murderers but also supervised settlements between the victim's family and the murderer through the latter's payment of compensation, or blood money. In a sense, the local bailiffs were asserting their public authority to encourage feuding Muslims to reach a private settlement. The Crown, of course, received its share of the compensation payments.[29] It appears, then, that Mudejar judges participated in those criminal cases which in Islamic lands pertained to the jurisdiction of the Shariah courts, while they left in the hands of royal and seigneurial officials those cases over which the jurisdiction of the qadi 's[*] court had been superseded by that of the shurtah or mazalim[ *] courts of Muslim rulers.
The amount of civil litigation between Muslims that comes to light in the documentation, and therefore somehow involved the Christian courts, is relatively small in comparison with the far greater number of civil and criminal cases between Muslims and Christians, and the criminal cases involving only Muslims. The obvious explanation is that the majority of Mudejar civil suits were heard in the Islamic courts and, consequently, did not come to the attention of Christian officials. Royal provisions, while granting to Christian judges considerable leeway to preside over Muslim criminal cases, are much less ambiguous in their position that in civil litigation between Muslims the court of first instance should be that of the qadi . In 1337 Pedro IV ruled that the bailiff general was to have jurisdiction over the criminal cases of the Muslims of Valencia's morería , but that their civil cases were to be handled by the qadi of the morería .[30] It is doubtful that the small number of Mudejar civil cases referred to in the Christian documents is an accurate indication of either the amount or the variety of cases tried by the Islamic courts. The high degree of violent conflict in Mudejar society (see chap. 6) hints at a wide range of civil litigation involving only Muslims. It is probable that most Mudejars preferred to settle their differences peacefully in the forum of the qadi 's court or through the arbitration of the ubiquitous faqih s[*] .
A handful of Muslim civil suits never came before a qadi 's court and were treated by the Christian courts alone. Usually there was good reason for this. Legal controversies pitting one Muslim aljama against another were best resolved by the laws of the kingdom. The claim of some Muslims of Geldo against the aljama of Segorbe was judged by the lieutenant bailiff general in Segorbe, though with the counsel of a doctor of law, whose opinions were meant to counterbalance any bias the lieutenant bailiff, a resident of Segorbe, might have in the aljama's favor.[31]
In some instances lords identified their Muslim vassals' interests so strongly with their own that lawsuits that originally might have been solely between Muslims soon involved a lord as one of the claimants, and so found their way into the Christian courts. This seems to have occurred when the knight Gracian de Monsorin took up the cause of his Muslim vassal in her dispute with Çahat Piten of Petrés concerning the ownership of land. Of course, the loss of the land might have affected Monsorin, the probable real owner of the land, as much as it would have his vassal, who rented the land from him.[32]
Muslims most often pleaded before Christian courts against their fellows in order to set in motion the executive machinery of the royal bureaucracy against recalcitrant debtors and those who lived at a distance from them. Mudejars sought the king's justice for its relative efficiency and coercive power. Even the decisions of the qadi[*] general carried little weight without the backing of the bailiff general to enforce them. For example, when Abraym Xativi fled from Alcira with the 500 goats at issue between himself and Çahat Ageg, Çahat prompted the bailiff general to have his officials find Abraym and the flock.[33] When Mahomat Roget took his sister's robe (aljuba ; Arabic jubbah ) and gave it as security to a Jew of Murviedro, Mahomat's father and sister requested that the bailiff see to the robe's return, since it had not been Mahomat's to give away.[34] Fuçey Zignell of Valencia was informed by the bailiff that his property in Valldigna would be sold if he did not pay to his relatives in Tabernes the money he owed "for the causes and reasons contained in a Moorish letter and/or obligation."[35]
Two other civil cases indicate that Mudejars found the Furs to have applicability in questions concerning commercial transactions and property rights. One case concerned an alleged debt owed by the purchaser of some cloth.[36] In the other, the plaintiff, Yuçeff Rodona, demanded that the mulberry trees of Azmet Beniale be removed from his land. It is significant that Yuçeff based his claim on the "constitution of Játiva."[37] Through the conduct of commerce and the exchange of property with Christians as well as with Muslims, the Mudejars of necessity acquainted themselves with the details of the Furs and local customary law as they applied to their particular transactions. Still, it is unlikely that in such matters there would have been much substantial difference between the Furs and Islamic law as it was administered by Mudejar judges. The Mudejars'wide-ranging economic activities made it unfeasible for them to operate, even among themselves, by a different code of commercial law. Moreover, since so few of these commercial cases were judged in Christian courts, one must presume that the qadis had adapted their legal practices to meet the needs of a situation in which the regional economy was regulated by a framework of Christian law. Even in Isla-
mic lands it was in the area of commercial law that the Shariah had proven most malleable and Muslim jurists most innovative.[38]
In those civil cases decided by Islamic law but involving Christian magistrates there was a clear division of labor: the qadi[*] passed judgment and the Christian official saw to the execution of the qadi 's sentence. This can be seen in the judicial disputes over inheritance. In one case, the lieutenant of the qadi general ruled that two Muslim sisters should receive a carob orchard allegedly bequeathed to them by their father. The bailiff of Murviedro was then ordered to put them in secure possession of the land.[39] Also revealing is the litigation "over certain inheritances," which aligned a Muslim vassal of Cárcer and a resident of Játiva's morería against some other Muslims of the morería . The bailiff general's order to the lieutenant bailiff of Játiva is couched in terms that obscure the qadi 's essential judicial function: "do justice in the said matter with counsel of the qadi of the lord king in that morería ." The bailiff general's concluding remarks indicate, however, that it was the qadi who handed down the decision in the case: "And if the said qadi [of Játiva] is considered suspect [i.e., biased] by one of the said parties, you [the lieutenant bailiff] should determine whether the said suspicions are to be admitted, and in such case that they have to be admitted you should administer prompt and expeditious justice with the counsel of another qadi unsuspected by the said parties."[40] The royal official's function was primarily supervisory and executive.
As the above case indicates, the royal official's role was nonetheless of great importance. The presence of royal authority encouraged the equitable administration of justice by the qadi . Furthermore, the royal official could be turned to as a board of appeal, at which point the case was ushered through the appropriate channels of the royal bureaucracy to the tribunal of the qadi general and bailiff general. Thus, when Çaat Siquuti appealed the sentence of the qadi of Játiva (literally, of the lieutenant bailiff with counsel of the qadi ), the case was sent on to the qadi general for a final ruling. When Çaat argued that the qadi general, due to family connections with the qadi of Játiva, was predisposed to confirm the sentence, the king commanded the bailiff general to reexamine the case, this time with the counsel of the lieutenant of the qadi general, a neutral party.[41]
The guidance and supervision of the royal bailiffs were crucial for the conclusion of another extremely complex litigation. The case between Azmet Xerica, the vassal of a canon of Játiva, and the Muslim vassal of the lord Lançol de Lançol, was initially ruled on by the qadi of Játiva in favor of Azmet. Lançol then brought to the bailiff of Játiva the letter of another qadi that demanded the revocation of the first qadi 's sentence. Perplexed, the bailiff turned to the bailiff general. The latter, along with
the qadi[*] general, decided that if the second qadi 's revocatory letter was based on the testimonies of new or reinterrogated witnesses, then the first sentence should stand (this decision was based on a recent precedent in which the qadi general had counseled the bailiff general that witnesses could not be reinterrogated once sentence had been given); however, if there was a just cause for appeal without the introduction of new testimonies, then the bailiff of Játiva, counseled by the local qadi -and faqih[*] , was to consider the appeal.[42] More than two months later the case was still unresolved. The bailiff was now ordered to attempt to bring the parties to a settlement, but, failing that, he was to hear the opinions of the qadi and faqihs Lançol had introduced into the case and to render judgment, again with the counsel of Játiva's qadi and faqih . Finally, the bailiff general, seconded by the qadi general and his lieutenants, one being the faqih of Valencia, ordered that the sentence (of the qadi of Játiva?) be executed.[43]
The procedure through which Muslim magistrates judged cases between Muslims under the auspices of the bailiff's court is referred to in the documents as "the Moorish process." The Muslim officials involved were remunerated for their juridical labors. After having collected a 5,000s fine from Muslim thieves of Játiva, who had been judged according to the Shariah, the bailiff of Játiva was commanded, by way of general principle, that "if some Moorish process will be made by the çalmedina or the qadi of the said morería see to it that they are paid for the writing of the said Moorish process according to their labors."[44] Anxious to keep court costs at a manageable level, the Crown frowned on the unnecessary intervention of royal officials in the cases of Muslims. Thus, when the royal prosecutor meddled in a case under the consideration of the qadi general, the bailiff general expressed his disapproval in this manner: "I stand amazed that the process which was made against that [Muslim] is Moorish and that the prosecutors and the notary [nevertheless] are asking for a salary."[45] The prosecutor had no business interfering in a case not being judged according to the Furs .
One can only surmise the kinds of cases treated by Valencia's Islamic judiciary without any Christian intervention. It is probable that much of this litigation was in the area of family law, which, in the words of Noel Coulson, was "generally administered in accordance with strict Shariah doctrine.... because [it] ... was regarded as a particularly vital and integral part of the scheme of religious duties."[46] As indicated above, qadis were often called on to resolve any problems associated with the execution of Mudejar wills. Evidence from Aragon, where, owing to their greater degree of acculturation, Muslims were probably more willing to plead their lawsuits before the Christian authorities, suggests that problems stemming from marriage—divorce or breach of contract—
and guardianship of minors also came before the qadi 's[*] court.[47] In Valencia qadis were instrumental in the drawing up of marriage contracts.[48] In attending to such matters Mudejar judges were probably much less flexible in their interpretation and application of the law than they were in the area of commercial litigation.
Beside the formal judgeship of the qadi , one must also take into account the juridical activity of the faqih[*] , or jurist. In Valencia's Mudejar communities the jurists were accorded great status, largely on account of their knowledge of the law. In fact, in 1526 the newly converted Moriscos stated that the faqihs devoted their lives to the study of jurisprudence.[49] They utilized their knowledge in two ways, formally, in the qadi 's court, and, informally, in the community at large. Regarding their formal function, the detailed discussion (see above) of the case involving the participation of the qadi of Játiva, a second qadi , and finally the qadi general shows that each qadi was attended by at least one faqih . In other words, the jurists acted as advisors to the judges in the Islamic courts. According to Maliki[*] law, the school of law long dominant in both Spain and North Africa, the qadi was required to consult jurisprudents before passing judgment. The Mudejar faqih's formal role may be viewed as a survival of the institutionalization of the qadi 's council (shura[*] ) in al-Andalus.[50]
Equally, if not more important, was the faqih 's role as an informal arbitrator in the Mudejar community. There is evidence of jurists, outside of court, executing wills, offering legal advice to parties involved in litigation, and counseling couples with marital problems.[51] The faqih s played a role, analogous to that of the Maghriban mufti s[*] , who offered their legal opinions (fatwa[*] ) either verbally or in writing to both the populace and the qadi s when requested.[52] The importance ascribed by historians of Islamic law to the mufti s in bridging the gap between the strict orthodoxy of the Shariah and the changing necessities of daily life seems applicable to the position of the faqih s in Valencia. In their adjustment to life as a minority in a Christian society, Valencia's Muslims needed guidance from those possessed of a legal acumen sufficient to interpret and modify the substance of the Shariah as the exigencies of their situation required, while preserving the law's spirit. The dearth of documentary evidence about the faqih s is due probably as much to their informal and largely verbal adjudication as to the almost complete loss of Arabic documentation.
In sum, Muslims and Christians appear to have arrived at a system of sharing judicial responsibilities in cases involving only Muslims, which both minority and majority found satisfactory. The Islamic courts, manned by qadis and their faqih advisors, handled the hadd[*] criminal offenses and handed down decisions according to the Shariah in a large
portion of the civil cases coming before them, especially those in the realm of family law and to a lesser degree those concerning commerce and property. Royal and seigneurial magistrates helped to ensure the execution of the decisions of Mudejar judges, and administered the king's justice to those Muslims who, by their violent acts, were a threat to the common good. Meanwhile, the faqih s[*] , scattered throughout the Mudejar population, met the legal needs of many Muslims. Owing to their good offices it may be that many of the disputes between Mudejars never reached the courts as litigation.


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Women's Huarache Flip-flop
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I received these as an "early" CHRISTmas Gift from my "Mama #2" and I can't begin to tell you how COMFORTABLE these are. I choose the black and plan on returning to pick up the brown/tan next week! It only took about a day to get them to form to my feet. Thank you Croc's.... my feet LOVE you!
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Uncomfortable toe, unflexible straps
I thought this was pretty cute (and I still think so), but I didn't realize it was a between-the-toe flip flop (the one time I didn't click on all the pictures). Hence, I can never seem to wear the between-the-toe type of shoes. I had to move all the straps quite a bit to make it look nice on me. Unfortunately, I did choose to return them.
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My wife gets lots of compliments on these. The straps closest to the heel area are a little too big, but otherwise the shoes are very comfortable.
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I've worn nothing but crocs since I fractured my ankle 10 years ago and have never worn anything but a size 8. I purchased these and another pair last week in a size 8 and can barely get my feet into them. Huge disappointment.
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40 Percent Plus Current Specials 40 Percent Plus Snowshoes 40 Percent Plus Snowshoes Atlas Snowshoes Women Snowshoes
(based on 1 review)
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(2 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
Good all-around snowshoes
By SLC Punk
from Salt Lake City, UT
About Me Intermediate
Best Uses
Comments about Atlas Elektra 9 Series Snowshoes for Women (pair):
These are great light-weight all terrain snowshoes. They fasten very tightly to your shoe and are easy to take on/off. The only con is the heel strap--you have to be very diligent about placing it high up on your shoe before tightening it or else it'll come off. If they made the strap be able to move from its pivot point I would give it 5 stars, but unless that change is made, I'm sticking to four. Good buy though.
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TOWNSEND – Great Smoky M ountains Heritage Center's "Fall Concert Series" will present three concer ts in September\, premiering on Friday\, September 7 with a performance by Blue Mother Tupelo. All the concerts begin at 7 pm and are presented in t he Heritage Center's outdoor amphitheater which has a roof over the entire amphitheater so that concerts take place rain or shine.
\n< span style='font-family: 'Times New Roman'\;'> Based out of Hen derson\, near Nashville\, Blue Mother Tupelo (BMT) is led by the husband a nd wife team of Ricky Davis (acoustic &\; electric guitars\, dobro\, vo cals) and Micol Davis (piano\, tambourine\, vocals). With the sweet and so aring vocals of Micol\, the gritty vocals and greasy slide guitar of Ricky \, and their passionate harmonies\, the music of BMT is a genre-defying\, earthy blend of Delta blues and Appalachian mountain music. BMT has perfor med at festivals\, clubs and special events all over the Southeast and Mid west. They have also performed in New York City at the Museum of Modern Ar t and the famed nightclub The Bitter End.
\nThe Fall Concert Series is sponsored by Frie nds of the Heritage Center. Admission to each concert is $5 per person at the door\, with Heritage Center members admitted free. Food and beverage c oncessions are available for purchase on site. No coolers\, food\, drink\, or pets are allowed. For more information\, call the Center at 865-448-00 44 or visit www.gsmheritagecenter.org.
\n\n DTSTART:20120907T190000Z DTEND:20120907T220000Z SUMMARY:Blue Mother Tupelo at Heritage Center URL:http://www.citizentribune.com/?ai1ec_event=blue-mother-tupelo-at-herita ge-center&instance_id= END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR


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Lucea, Jamaica Vacations - Travel guide to Lucea, Jamaica accommodations and vacation packages. Visit Lucea, Jamaica for getaways and adventure travel. Plan your Lucea, Jamaica vacation today.
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Should top executives make a lot of money when their investors lose out? Absolutely not, more corporate boards have decided.
Fifteen big and midsize businesses, including AT&T, have capped incentive-plan payments for this reason since 2006. Reuters
Keen to avoid investor outcry over executive pay, a growing number of U.S. companies are limiting the upside for top leaders in down years for stock prices by restricting certain compensation when total shareholder return is negative. (Total shareholder return equals share-price changes plus reinvested dividends.)
The little-noticed move is unusual because the impetus comes from board members themselves, and not activists.
"It's distasteful to pay out very high reward levels when your shareholders are losing money," explains Laurie Siegel, who spearheaded such limits as head of the board compensation committee at CenturyLink Inc., a telecom company based in Monroe, La.
Fifteen big and midsize businesses, including Pfizer Inc. PFE -2.20% Pfizer Inc. U.S.: NYSE $30.65 -0.69 -2.20% Dec. 11, 2013 4:00 pm Volume (Delayed 15m) : 34.60M AFTER HOURS $30.68 +0.03 +0.10% Dec. 11, 2013 7:19 pm Volume (Delayed 15m): 434,530 P/E Ratio 10.27 Market Cap $203.12 Billion Dividend Yield 3.13% Rev. per Employee $592,175 11/19/13 Daiichi Sankyo's Blood Thinner... 11/17/13 Researchers Use Computer Simul... 11/03/13 Sebelius Gives Drug Makers a S... More quote details and news » and AT&T Inc., T -1.31% AT&T Inc. U.S.: NYSE $33.95 -0.45 -1.31% Dec. 11, 2013 4:00 pm Volume (Delayed 15m) : 27.13M AFTER HOURS $34.08 +0.13 +0.38% Dec. 11, 2013 7:50 pm Volume (Delayed 15m): 358,052 P/E Ratio 23.91 Market Cap $181.22 Billion Dividend Yield 5.30% Rev. per Employee $531,527 12/09/13 FCC Halts AT&T Plan to Stop Lo... 12/06/13 FCC delays reverse auction of ... 12/05/13 AT&T Rolls Out Cheaper Smartph... More quote details and news » have capped incentive-plan payments for this reason since 2006, with seven doing so since 2011, a Hay Group analysis for The Wall Street Journal found.
Pinched Pay
Some firms limit rewards for top bosses when investors lose money over three years
- Diebold: Top officers don't get additional shares tied to performance, adopted in 2012
- Dell: Top officers don't get extra restricted-stock units tied to performance, adopted in 2012
- CenturyLink: Senior executives don't get added restricted shares tied to performance, adopted in 2011
- AT&T: Top officers keep no more than 90% of shares tied to performance, adopted in 2008
The most common tactic is lowering payouts of "performance shares" during down periods—even if a company outperforms rivals. Performance shares involve grants of company stock tied to various measures; if goals are met, the executive can keep those shares. Directors often impose a 100% cap, giving executives a chance to keep their full grant. Without a ceiling, pay plans typically allow senior officers to receive up to twice as many shares, even when there is a negative shareholder return.
Northrop Grumman Corp. NOC -2.37% Northrop Grumman Corp. U.S.: NYSE $107.52 -2.61 -2.37% Dec. 11, 2013 4:00 pm Volume (Delayed 15m) : 1.99M AFTER HOURS $107.38 -0.14 -0.13% Dec. 11, 2013 4:42 pm Volume (Delayed 15m): 48,997 P/E Ratio 12.60 Market Cap $24.45 Billion Dividend Yield 2.27% Rev. per Employee $366,814 10/25/13 Boeing, Lockheed Martin to Bid... 10/23/13 Forget the Cuts, Pentagon Cont... 10/23/13 Northrop Grumman's Profit Rise... More quote details and news » and Diebold Inc. DBD -1.86% Diebold Inc. U.S.: NYSE $31.69 -0.60 -1.86% Dec. 11, 2013 4:03 pm Volume (Delayed 15m) : 778,431 AFTER HOURS $31.75 +0.06 +0.19% Dec. 11, 2013 4:37 pm Volume (Delayed 15m): 9,585 P/E Ratio N/A Market Cap $2.06 Billion Dividend Yield 3.63% Rev. per Employee $172,297 11/07/13 CFO Moves: Armstrong World Ind... 10/30/13 CFO Moves: Diebold, Ingredion,... 10/25/13 Corruption Currents: From Ghos... More quote details and news » were among companies adopting curbs last year. Rewards for a stock-price decline "should be balanced against the potential misalignment with shareholder value," Diebold said in its latest proxy statement.
The board action reflects a shift in best practices, a spokesman says. Thomas W. Swidarski, CEO of the struggling maker of automatic teller machines, stepped down Jan. 24.
About 10% of all public U.S. companies pinch executive pay due to a negative return, twice the proportion that did so in 2008, estimates Irving S. Becker, head of Hay's U.S. executive compensation practice.
He predicts nearly 40% may do so by 2015.
"It's bad optics to pay out at the maximum level when total shareholder return is negative," Mr. Becker says. He believes board members who aren't seen as punishing top bosses for poor results may spur shareholders to vote down executive-pay plans. Under the Dodd-Frank financial-overhaul law, investors began casting nonbinding votes on executive pay in 2011.
Though the votes can't nix top officers' packages, boards are loath to ignore investor wishes.
Institutional Shareholder Services, which advises large investors how to vote in corporate elections, recommends a "no" vote for an average of 13% of say-on-pay votes a year. Yet last year, the proxy-advisory firm recommended a "yes" vote at 20 companies with payout curbs for negative returns, says Carol Bowie, head of U.S. research for the proxy-advisory firm. That indicates a considerably higher endorsement rate than ISS usually gives to say-on-pay votes, according to Ms. Bowie.
"Boards deserve some credit for capping payouts without being prodded by investors," suggests Aeisha Mastagni, an investment officer for California State Teachers' Retirement System. The big public-pension fund frequently targets underperforming companies with overly generous management rewards.
CenturyLink, CTL -2.54% CenturyLink Inc. U.S.: NYSE $30.71 -0.80 -2.54% Dec. 11, 2013 4:02 pm Volume (Delayed 15m) : 7.06M AFTER HOURS $30.75 +0.04 +0.13% Dec. 11, 2013 6:11 pm Volume (Delayed 15m): 48,457 P/E Ratio N/A Market Cap $18.62 Billion Dividend Yield 7.03% Rev. per Employee N/A More quote details and news » for example, embraced a cap in 2011 largely because Ms. Siegel liked the idea. Senior executives of the telecom concern won't receive additional restricted shares tied to its relative stock performance if shareholder return is negative over a three-year period. The first such period ends in May 2014.
Ms. Siegel says she recommended the restriction because similar steps by conglomerate Tyco International Ltd. TYC -0.93% Tyco International Ltd. U.S.: NYSE $37.18 -0.35 -0.93% Dec. 11, 2013 4:03 pm Volume (Delayed 15m) : 2.46M AFTER HOURS $37.23 +0.05 +0.13% Dec. 11, 2013 4:42 pm Volume (Delayed 15m): 20,532 P/E Ratio 32.05 Market Cap $17.46 Billion Dividend Yield 1.72% Rev. per Employee $152,100 12/03/13 Former Tyco CEO Kozlowski Set ... 11/25/13 ADT to Repurchase 10.24 Millio... 11/12/13 Tyco in Talks to Sell Korean S... More quote details and news » in 2007 had pleased investors there. (She was Tyco's senior vice president of human resources until she retired last fall.)
Stacey Goff, general counsel for CenturyLink, recalls that he and affected fellow executives decided a pay circuit breaker "seemed logical and fair." He adds, "it really wasn't a big issue for us." (To be sure, few executives would risk publicly agitating for more money in the event their investors suffer.)
Mr. Goff collected a 2011 pay package worth about $1.9 million, including performance-based restricted stock, CenturyLink says.
Hypothetically speaking, Mr. Goff figures if the cap had been in place for 2011 and there had been three years of negative shareholder returns—which there weren't—he would have been able to keep performance-based restricted shares valued at a maximum of $590,000. Without a cap, the value of the maximum would be double that.
Pfizer hoped to hew more closely to shareholder interests when it introduced performance shares with payout curbs in 2007, a spokeswoman for the drug maker says. Senior leaders lost all or most of their initial grants in 2009 and 2010, partly due to a negative return during the prior three years. She declined to comment on those leaders' reaction.
Drug-industry rival Eli Lilly LLY -1.01% Eli Lilly & Co. U.S.: NYSE $49.98 -0.51 -1.01% Dec. 11, 2013 4:00 pm Volume (Delayed 15m) : 4.47M AFTER HOURS $49.98 0.00 0.00% Dec. 11, 2013 4:49 pm Volume (Delayed 15m): 143,234 P/E Ratio 11.36 Market Cap $56.88 Billion Dividend Yield 3.92% Rev. per Employee $606,563 12/05/13 Lilly Halts Add-On Depression ... 11/14/13 Corporate Watch 11/06/13 China's Slower Growth Puts a D... More quote details and news » & Co. takes an even tougher stance. Under a performance-share plan launched in 2007, executive officers get no shares if Lilly investors see zero or negative returns over a three-year period. That has already happened twice.
Developing a new medicine frequently takes at least a decade, so Lilly executives "recognize the need for their equity compensation to reflect this long-term view," according to a Lilly spokesman.
"Few businesses have imitated Lilly's approach because it's so radical," observes David Schmidt, a senior consultant for James F. Reda Associates, a unit of Gallagher Benefit Services Inc.
Some corporate boards considering such actions fear upsetting executives. Directors at two big industrial concerns recently debated a proposed restriction, says Ira Kay, a managing partner at Pay Governance LLC who advised them. They dropped the idea after concluding "it would not be fair to the executives."
Write to Joann S. Lublin at email@example.com


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199 Bowery, New York, NY, 10002
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12/10 Iron & Wine, Calexico, and Nick Lowe at The Beacon Theater
Weird triple threat, in a good way. More »
12/12 Fred Falke, Starsmith, Friendly Greg at (Le) Poisson Rouge
The French house producer caps off a dance lineup of Friendly Greg and Starsmith, in a relatively intimate venue. More »
12/20 Jackie Hoffman: Heeb for the Holidays at Joe's Pub
With her typically wry outlook and self-lacerating humor, veteran performer Hoffman returns to the stage with a new show about living in an ever-changing New York and her experiences as a straight Jewish woman aboard a gay cruise during the high holidays. More »
12/22 Justin Vivian Bond and Friends: Let It Show! at Joe's Pub
Mx Justin Vivian Bond, the incomparable cabaret performer, returns to the familiar environs of Joe's Pub with a host of friends in tow for two evenings of holiday-inspired songs and stories. More »


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October 14, 2011
Edward Lewis AztecSportsReport.com
SDSU head coach Rocky Long updated ASR on tight end Gavin Escobar's hand injury, individual standouts from the win and recruiting. ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now for a FREE Trial
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- That's awesome, and why Bob is loved and appreciated by many! Jobabs_69
- Thanks for meeting us! azzagillin
- Very Cool...I Love This!! You guys are Amazing!! IBelieve
- done marypowell
- I like fotboll, too ♥ "Any Given Sunday" Yo
- under center - done beckxy
- done hope it helps, i dont really fallow football but if its important to you its important to all your soldiers tanaray
- This Nebraska native just voted for former Husker Dominic Raiola! Jobabs_69
- Done marypowell
- Also done. I think it would be great to see the results of our donations, can you please send photos of the troops and/or results of all donations. hollygolightly
- I love this. And with honor, my thanks to Mr. Ritchie and crew for giving fans the opportunity to share in this generous endeavor. I will do my best to spread the word in hopes that yall exceed your goal. beckxy
- I believe you will be at the TV studio tomorrow, I will be in the audience!! I did say to you on the boat you needed to get your butt back down here, enjoy (you could've left the cold weather behind though ;) vickiandersonmarkland
- What happened to the overalls and no shirt look? You should have brought Daly with you - but he won't fly...OK, nevermind - Have fun with the 'mates! bart
- Mr. Ritchie, in all you've experienced this past year & the wonderful adventure you're on now, I thought of you I sang this (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XfSjKqwZsCM) [Sorry it's partial - I'm working on my smarter than my phone stuff ;D] montanaanna
- I think I just joined up here to Kid Rock only site under this Stage B; really confusing and I really hope I didn't screw myself here. I miss the old Kid Rock site...so this comment is just a test -forgive me all. hollygolightly
- Oh it appears it worked.:) ..but I'm still not sure I'm digging this new site. The old site seemed to be more Kid this seems to be more ...well not him. But I get when you get to a certain point you can't be as "intimate" with your fans; it hollygolightly
Last Chance to Get Your Best Night Ever Tour Merch
For anyone who came out to the Rebel Soul Tour or the Best Night Ever Tour and forgot to get something to remember it by, this is last call! It's on sale and dated items won't be available after today. Happy shopping!
- Thank you. I placed my order for the shirt that was stolen during the show. But its all good. I will take front and center next to the stage any day. They can have the shirt. Its replaceable. :o) JJinJersey
Welcome to the new KidRock.com!
We're excited to share our new website, which features even more content from fans like you on our homepage, photos, videos, and community. The site will have one login for both the official site and community, and improves upon our current community with new sorting features to make it easier to find the most popular and most recent threads of conversation.
If you currently have an account in the Rebel Soldiers Community, that account will continue to be your login for the entire new website. If you had a login to KidRock.com only, you will need to signup for the new site to begin posting, commenting and liking posts.
If you've forgotten your password, click "login" in the upper right hand corner, and then "forgot password" in the upper left of that box. If you enter your email and there is not an account found with that information, you will probably need to create a new account for this site.
To sign up for the new site, simply press "Join Fansite" in the upper right hand corner. If you have any issues at all with signing up please contact our customer support here.
We're glad you're here. Grab your guns, let's ride.- W0rd. stnic_kidrock
- Let's ride!!!! memydaughterandbobby
- home is where ya make it lol Nice work beckxy
- LOVE! LOVE! LOVE! the new site. You done did good. :o) What an improvement JJinJersey
- Damn it! I look away for a few minutes (months) and you guys change everything! I was so lost in work for so long I had no idea of these changes...trying to roll (or ride) with it...but I'll need time. Frickin already changed my name and ph hollygolightly
- love it! margaretsadro
- Why no pictures, or mention, of Kid Rock in Vegas for Tiger Woods Event May2013? hollygolightly
- this is awesome i crack up everytime see it tanaray
- I freaked my husband out the other night when I asked him if he wanted to see Kid Rock's cock. He was standing in front of my computer when I had this picture up so I thought perfect moment...before he ran out of the room, I was able to sho hollygolightly
- u rock my rebel soul ! 1fan


text: At 200lbs this is my first 6'2" board that isn't a fish. Is the pad too far back or is it just that I have to get used to the board? Here is a pick of where I fit it. Occassionally I stall the board, the nose goes really high, but not sure if it's that I have to get used to the new board or the pad placement. Please advise:


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3s (95th) | |
Event Type: Storytime Age Group(s): Children Date: 4/16/2013 Start Time: 9:30 AM End Time: 9:50 AM Description: A special storytime for the 3-year-old child, who may not be comfortable participating in storytime alone. Parent/caregiver attendance is optional. We hope that after several storytimes, your 3-year-old will be ready to attend without a parent or caregiver.
Library: 95th Street Library
Location: Children's Program Room Other Information: Room Limit:60
Contact: Louise BrueggemannContact Number: 630-961-4100 x4961 |


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Seattle's first farmers market, established in 1907.
We proudly continue the "Meet the Producer" tradition, 362 days a year.
What's Happening
December Chef Series
Dec. 2 - 20
Luminary Seattle chefs offer FREE cooking demonstrations, weekdays at 12 pm, in the new PIke Place Market Atrium Kitchen. More details on our calendar page.


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Displays include local paintings, prints and photos, mammoth tucks and fossils from local beaches, coastal wildlife and a Barnes Wallis Bouncing Bomb prototype from World War Two.
Among display themes are seaside holidays and attractions, the town's piers, clock tower and the development of the resort. Fun hands-on activities and a family trail.
The art gallery has a programme of regularly changing temporary exhibitions featuring touring shows, local history displays and work by local artists. Events include creative workshops and special activities for schools and groups.
Adult £2.00
Discount £1.00 (senior citizens, students, people with disabilities - proof of status may be required)
Children - free to a maximum of 2 per paying adult, £1.00 per child thereafter.
Free entry (except for some special events) for Canterbury district Residents Card holders. If you don't have a Residents Card, come in and sign up to receive free entry today!
Season Dates | Opening Hours |
Wed 2 Jan 2013 - Tue 31 Dec 2013 | Mon - Sun 10:00 to 16:00 |
Notes | Closed Christmas Day and Boxing Day. Circumstances may cause changes in opening times - please ring to check before making a special trip. |
8 William Street, Herne Bay, CT6 5EJ
Map reference: TR 178683 Lat: 51.37236 Long: 1.12826
Parking : with charge
Accessible by Public Transport : 1 mile (1.6 kms) from Herne Bay station
Herne Bay Museum and Gallery
Herne Bay Museum Gift Shop
date | event |
Sat 19 Oct 2013 - Sun 5 Jan 2014 | Herne Bay Sporting Lives |
Daily 10am to 4pm


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Changes related to "Newman, Albert Henry (1852-1933)"
This is a list of changes made recently to pages linked from a specified page (or to members of a specified category). Pages on your watchlist are bold.
17 December 2013
28 November 2013
27 November 2013
Hoffman, Melchior (ca. 1495-1544?) (diff; hist; +98) SamSteiner (Added image directly from MediaWiki Commons)


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Carzpage review Chevrolet Orlando 2.0 VCDi LTZ 2010
The new Chevrolet Orlando is Chevy's first foray into the compact MPV market in central Europe. CAR has just driven Orlando minivan into Spain to see how the new Ford C-Max, Renault Scenic, Opel Zafira and compares to none. Read to see our first test drive review of the new 2011 Orlando, whether it hits the spot.
The Orlando is a product of GM's Delta architecture. All new world where Chevys are designed for sale to give or take a budget car for South America. So the Orlando seven-seat MPV is spun from the same field of bits as the Cruze C-segment car, Vauxhall Astra for that matter. It is an attractive offer for the typical family buyer. The Orlando is a seven-seater MPV only – not a five-seater will be offered – yet is an attractive-sounding £ 16,395 for a 1.8 LS petrol price (diesel start at £ 17,645). Carzpage review Chevrolet Orlando 2.0 VCDi LTZ 2010
And wait until you hear the full Chevrolet aftercare package: the thing comes with a five-year warranty, service, mining and MoT insurance. As the standard. Just think for a moment, and you will see how Joe Bloggs will find that quite appealing. They are only to budget for fuel and insurance for 60 months. It's like all Daewoo again. Orlando in the metal
While there's no quarrel with the brilliant ownership package that Chevrolet Orlando still presents something of an eyesore at first glance. To each his own, and all that, but we did not know where his clumsy bluff lines and proportions as convincing as many rivals' designs. It is better inward spirit. The Orlando has five conventional doors instead favors the sliding doors of the new Ford C-Max. Access is good for all three rows of seats, especially since the middle row of 60:40, so you stagger into the rearmost pews pair step. Carzpage review Chevrolet Orlando 2.0 VCDi LTZ 2010.
As standard, all five rear seats in the Orlando tumble into the floor of a lever on the tractor. Depending on how far back the front seats are pushed, you may have to fiddle the headrests to fold a flush, but you do not need a degree in advanced work to leverage the Orlando stalls.
Trunk surprising than five-seater giant, shrinking weedy when configured as a seven-seater. But the good news is that adults may like your gangly 6ft 2in interlocutors sit comfortably in the third row.
Enough chat sense! What is the Orlando like to drive?
This is an MPV, remember. So the environment is important. The driving position is good and the atmosphere inside a reminder of how far Chevrolet has come. It is easily on par with a Zafira cab switchgear is logically (and identical to Vauxhall in many cases), in the degree of seat and steering wheel adjustment is generous and blind spot apart from a colossal D-pillar, the Orlando not at all intimidating to . go In addition, the materials and workmanship in order. Read more
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Hi there! We've updated our Jobs site and added some new features to improve your experience. Show me.
Google is and always will be an engineering company. We hire people with a broad set of technical skills who are ready to tackle some of technology's greatest challenges and make an impact on millions, if not billions, of users. At Google, software, hardware, network, test and site reliability engineers not only revolutionize search, they routinely work on massive scalability and storage solutions, large-scale applications and entirely new platforms for developers around the world. From AdWords to Chrome, Android to YouTube, Social to Local, Google engineers and designers are changing the world one technological advance after another.


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All Boards
Got a question? Something on your mind? Talk to your community, directly.
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Gertrude Fenneli
November 19, 2013 at 10:31 AM
I did a little research online and this is what is said; "Insecticides such as Insect Guard…Read Moreare effective as well as pesticide free clothes moth traps. Visit any local hardware store to find the best spray or call an exterminator for professional treatment". Good luck, I hope this helps.
peggy buckley
November 10, 2013 at 05:17 PM
pls everyone who lives in the Cedarhurst Manor section of Mt Lebanon look in ur window wells and…Read Moregar ages for Tex..we have gotten zero calls from anyone seeing him anywhere...especially those who live in the area of Greenhurst Dr and surrounding territory..thanks
peggy buckley
November 12, 2013 at 11:12 AM
will do Erika...pls pray we find him soon..it's cold out there:(
Drew Lehman
November 07, 2013 at 03:05 PM
Yeah, it was a great way to get (very) local news and find out about local events. Losing a local…Read Moreed itor was the final nail in the coffin. No Police Blotter for months and it was good/bad to find out about things happening on your street (break-ins, vandalism,etc.) so you could keep an eye out.
Carroll Banker
November 07, 2013 at 06:57 PM
I agree, Patch is awful, never look at it any more, no point!
MSgt. John DeLallo
November 08, 2013 at 08:38 AM
I have not posted for some time. Between letting Erin go, and never starting the often promised…Read MorePatc h in my home town (Bethel Park) they've pretty much left me in the dust, too.
Carrie Blando Samarin
November 02, 2013 at 08:57 AM
It's Super Bowl Saturday. Here we go Eagles, here we go!
Carrie Blando Samarin
November 04, 2013 at 12:56 PM
...and they won! Great season boys! Thank you to the amazing crowd of family, friends, teachers,…Read Morea nd neighbors who came out to show their support. The final score was 7-6.
Robert L. Beiler
November 08, 2013 at 03:06 PM
Wow Gregory!! You really would not have done well way back when streetcars ran down the middle of…Read Moret he Boulevard :) Sure there has been a lot of inconvenience during the construction and there will be more before it is finished however I would save your negativity until it is completed. Who knows, you might like it!
Please keep in mind Brookline Boulevard between Pioneer and "the Cannon" is a business district with lots of people and vehicles moving about in the parking areas. The new design will make it safer for the shoppers, delivery people and pedestrians trying to cross. In the present/past the Boulevard has been used (during rush hours) as a pass thru shortcut from Greentree Road to points on Route 51 and vise versa. This caused it to evolve into 4 lanes which it was never intended to be.
When this project is completed those "pass thru" motorists will be very frustrated, but who knows, while they are sitting in traffic they just might notice a nice store to shop in!!
If you live in Brookline it might take you an extra minute or two if you get "stuck behind a bus" to go the length of the Boulevard!! Doesn't seem like a biggie to me :) Hang in there, it will get better.


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How myths are made
Por: Rupert Oliver in Environment
A poorly drafted CNN news article drawing on weak research by the World Bank demonstrates how misinformation about illegal logging is being created.
The CNN news article begins with the statement "A new World Bank study on illegal logging reports that a football field of forest is clear-cut every two seconds around the globe and the problem is now a global epidemic. The study estimates that illegal logging accounts for as much as 90% of all timber felled each year, generating between $10 to $15 billion".
So one of the world's largest and most respected news agencies is quoting an official UN body to the effect that the vast majority of the world's timber is illegally sourced. Who could argue with that?
But scratch beneath the surface, and these claims are shown to be completely spurious. The 90% claim appears to draw on outdated numbers for levels of illegal logging in only 4 tropical countries - Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia and the Philippines - but the CNN article is so badly written that it gives the impression that it is a worldwide figure.
The "football field" claim is a direct quote by CNN from the World Bank study which is referenced, in turn, to a draft Chatham House report of 2009. Close inspection of this Chatham House report reveals no mention of football fields, only an oblique reference to FAO data for global levels of tropical deforestation between 2000 and 2005 amounting to around 13 million hectares a year (which if you do the maths, does indeed work out at roughly two football fields every second). However, the World Bank fails to mention that tropical deforestation is the result of a complex range of factors of which poor forest law enforcement is only one (other notable drivers being population growth and land scarcity and conversion for commercial cash crops).
Nor does the World Bank mention that the vast majority of the world's commercial wood supply derives from countries outside the tropical zone where illegal logging is rare and forests are expanding.
The problem, of course, is that few people take the time to ask these questions. The CNN report is copied verbatum around the web, reinforcing public prejudices about the prevalence of poor pratices in the international forestry sector. No doubt the next series of reports on global levels of illegal logging will repeat these misleading claims and be referenced to the World Bank. And so it goes on.


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April 12, 2011
Mike Graham RedRaiderSports.com
We take a look at how things stand in Columbia as the Missouri Tigers wrap up spring football. ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now for a FREE Trial
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A spectacular feat of engineering and creativity that you have to see to believe. And just guess what inspired its making. Just marvelous!
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Leave a Comment
3 Comments

But Trent, if we're working for "public" radio, we're
Permalink Submitted by Liz on Thu, 2008-09-04 19:34
But Trent, if we're working for "public" radio, we're appealing to our greater listening audience, aren't we? Otherwise, we'd just publish and sell our "works" on the open market.
I liked your final choice, and thought the piece was reminiscent of the Shaker-style music also brought from England to America about the same era.

Liz, I apologize but I'm not sure what you mean in the
Permalink Submitted by Trent Gilliss on Wed, 2008-09-10 03:30
Liz, I apologize but I'm not sure what you mean in the first paragraph. Was this addressing another post?

convert
youtube is one that can download YouTube
Permalink Submitted by convert youtube on Sat, 2012-03-03 05:48
youtube is one that can download YouTube videos and convert them to the
appropriate video format for you.


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Only minutes from Manhattan by car, bus or train, our 105-acre Queens campus offers a traditional university environment in the world's most dynamic city. The Queens campus features broad lawns, handsome stone buildings and ultramodern student residence halls. Facilities include high-tech laboratory and classroom buildings; the main collections of our 1.7 million-volume Library; and state-of-the-art athletic facilities for students and our BIG EAST, Division I athletic teams.
Combining urban excitement with suburban tranquility, the campus is located in a leafy, residential area of one of the five boroughs, or counties, that make up New York City. Though students at St. John's often travel into Manhattan on weekends, they also enjoy shopping and fine restaurants within blocks of the campus.
On campus, students can choose among 180 student clubs and organizations, recreational and dining facilities and a variety of 24/7 activities. To learn more, visit the links below:
Contact Us Visit our Queens campus to see the St. John's experience in action. Contact our Office of Admission to schedule a campus tour:
Queens Campus Office of Admission St. John's University 8000 Utopia Parkway Queens, NY 11439 1 (888) 9STJOHNS or 1 (888) 978-5646 (718) email@example.com
Women's Soccer Upsets UCF, Advancing to Second Round of NCAA Tournament November 18, 2013 More
Students, Employees Gain Low-Cost Driving Options through Zipcar Partnership November 13, 2013 More
Campus Upgrades this Fall Reflect a Busy Summer for Facilities October 25, 2013 More
At Family Weekend, Parents Join Students to Savor Campus Life October 17, 2013 More


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The final unsettled U.S. House race is expected to be decided on Saturday in an election that pits two current Republican members of Congress against each other.
The 2010 census cost Louisiana a seat, and redistricting led to Republican Reps. Charles Boustany and Jeff Landry running head-to-head for re-election.
Neither candidate pulled out a definitive win in the Nov. 6 election, sending Boustany and Landry as the top two candidates into Saturday's run-off vote.
Boustany picked up 45 percent of the vote in the November election to Landry's 30 percent, according to unofficial results from the Louisiana Secretary of State. The next closest candidate finished with 22 percent of the vote.
Federal Election Commission records showed Boustany spent $3.7 million and Landry spent $1.9 million on their campaigns through Nov. 18.
The seat is a guaranteed hold for Republicans.
Nationwide, Democrats picked up eight House seats this year, bringing the balance of power in the new Congress to 234 Republicans and 201 Democrats. That count includes the seat of Democratic Rep. Jesse Jackson Jr., who resigned last month. A special election is expected to take place in the spring.


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- Resident Estate Agents wanted
- Posted: 2013-10-26 One fully qualified Resident Estate agent required for our Tulbagh office. Read full post
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- Posted: 2013-07-04 This is the real Game farm and Game country, for a game lodge, a private game reserve, and wildlife getaways. This is where you will find the big 5 or wildleife. Read full post
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- Posted: 2013-06-15 We are now spreading our wings into Kwa-Zulu Natal. Expect to see many properties for sale on our website in that Province soon! Read full post
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- Posted: 2013-06-15 We have now a selection of properties for sale in the Eastern Cape in many of the towns and villages. Read full post
- Property for sale in the Northern Cape
- Posted: 2013-06-15 We are spreading out and soon you will be able to find property for sale either directly or with associate Estate Agencies in the following towns and villages in the Northern Cape Read full post
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- Posted: 2013-03-21 We would be happy to market property for sale either directly or with associate Estate Agencies in the following towns and villages in the Western Cape. Read full post


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Would you like to improve your balance and feel more comfortable participating in activities? Allen Hospital's Inpatient Rehab Unit and Hawkeye Valley Area Agency on Aging is offering "A Matter of Balance," a workshop designed to increase the activity levels of older adults who have concerns about falling.
In only eight sessions you will learn to: Promote exercise to increase strength and balance. Set realistic goals for increasing activity. Improve your environment to reduce fall risk factors. View falls and fear of falling as controllable.
© 2013 Allen Hospital | 1825 Logan Avenue | Waterloo, Iowa 50703319.235.3941 | Patient Information 319.235.3629 | TDD 319.235.3180 | 800.807.2955
Allen Hospital specializes in cardiac care, cardiac surgery, orthopedics, robotic-assisted surgery and has a Level II birthing center.


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Breastfeeding support and help
A group for anyone breastfeeding or interested in breastfeeding and needs support...
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Rio Grande Blood
It's sadly appropriate that it was on 1999's heroin themed titled Dark Side of the Spoon when Ministry hit their rock bottom. Clever title aside, Ministry ended the decade with an inconsistent and lackluster effort that came on the heels of Filth Pig, a solid album but unquestionably a letdown after the behemoth Psalm 69, and The Mind is a Terrible Thing to Taste before that. But it's a well documented irony that what Al Jourgensen despises as calamitous for our country is incredibly productive for his career. At the height of the band's popularity in the late 80s and early 90s, it was George Bush that was the target of Jourgensen's venom on "N.W.O". The Clinton era was less inspirational and productive for the band, but a few years ago something stoked the fires in Grandpa Jourgensen's creative belly. Maybe it was rage at the clusterfuck our President has led us into, maybe it was I'll-show-you consternation after the split with longtime collaborator Paul Barker, or maybe just a renewed focus and dedication to reclaim his vacated industrial throne, but a few years ago Al Jourgensen woke the fuck up. And Ministry has been on the rise ever since. It started with '03s Animositisomina, which kept with the band's recent slower, roaring style, but had a renewed sharpness and voracity. The following year Buck Satan refocused his sights on the first family on the shamelessly Bush-maligning Houses of the Molé (and yet another great title). Both albums were marked improvements, but neither of them touch Rio Grande Blood.
This is, quite easily, Ministry's best effort since Psalm 69, released fourteen years ago. This is the fastest, heaviest, angriest, and Ministry-est the band has sounded in years. More satisfying than Al's renewed hate for the President (I can hate Bush myself, for free) on Molé was the regression back to the uptempo industrial pummeling that defined the band's best work. Still, that album, like the one before, suffered from consistency issues. There were great songs, but several average ones too, and one or two even less than that. But the good stuff was enough to keep Ministry fans happy with what they got. Revisiting the album after soaking in Rio Grande Blood makes Houses of the Molé look like a warm up. Sure, his single minded assault on Bush is overdone and somewhat gimmicky, even if it is warranted, but Jourgnesen's fire bombing, consuming rage fuels the album with a seditious propulsion that was long thought dead.
Opening tracks have always been huge for Ministry ("Stigmata", "Thieves", "N.W.O.", "No W") and the title track of Rio Grande Blood follows suit. Joining Al this time around are Tommy Victor (Prong) on guitar, Paul Raven (Killing Joke and the hugely underrated industrial supergroup Murder Inc.) on bass, and Mark Baker on drums. After the requisite Bush sample filled intro the band tears into a round of white knuckle, hyper speed industrial metal, thick with prominent percussive backbone and machine gun riffing, and Hypo Luxa roaring over it all like a rabid field general. Al himself maintains his classic form, barking out unrelenting rebellion through a clever mixture vehement rage and sardonic smirk. What's different about this time around though, is that Ministry manages to maintain that high level of energy and quality most of the way through the album. The second track "Señor Peligro" alternates between mid tempo bull horn swagger and uptempo thrashing, but doesn't lose a step of intensity from the opener. "Fear (Is Big Business)" takes a similar approach, opening with slow, powerfully looming riffs through the verse, in a very Filth Pig-like fashion. But again, before long the band tears into a bruising, breakneck sprint that's maintained most of the track. Although the themes and style of the album remain fairly consistent, Jourgensen does more than enough to prevent you from feeling like you're getting a steady diet of rearrangements of a single Psalm 69 leftover. It IS a well worn modus operandi, but that's a very good thing in this case, and Rio Grande Blood bulges with enough riffs and creative programming to keep it a fresh, if familiar sound.
It doesn't all work though. There are a few tracks that are nowhere near as convincing. "Gangreen", which features lengthy Drill Sergeant-style abuse from Sgt. Major, recalls the cop ranting on "Hey Asshole" from Jourgenson's 1000 Homo DJ's days, but comes off as tedious. "Lieslieslies" is a midtempo number that feels simplistic and obvious, and the repetitive chorus doesn't help. But on balance, this album is much more consistent than recent efforts. To give you an idea, the "The Great Satan" from Rantology, last year's remix/greatest hits album, is very much a middle of the pack song on this set. It's a solid song, but many are better and a couple are less impressive. Also worth mentioning are guest appearances by frequent co-conspirator Jello Biafra on "Ass Clown" and vocalist Liz Constantine on album closer "Khyber Pass".
As a public service announcement to our younger or industrial-recalcitrant readers: If you're even the least bit interested in industrial metal and your collection doesn't include Ministry's genre topping trilogy of The Land of Rape and Honey, The Mind is a Terrible Thing to Taste, and Psalm 69, you should take your ass to your local record store double quick. Rio Grande Blood is very good, but it's still fourth in line. But after all these years, that's no small victory. Ministry fans will be on cloud nine after hearing this one, and drooling about the summer tour with Jourgensen's Revolting Cocks. Buy the album and see the tour. And trust me on this one--ear plugs are recommended.
MinistryFrom Beer To Eternity
9/10/2013 Ministry
3/27/2012 Ministry


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