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Genre of the Epic Poem
The Iliad is an epic poem and part of the ancient Greek oral tradition. Homer's audience was an illiterate culture, and Homer himself was most likely illiterate. Many critics believe that the composition of the Iliad predated any form of writing in the Greek culture. There are some critics, however, who believe that the Iliad must have existed in writing, given its length and complexity. It would have been nearly impossible to maintain such a coherent form by oral transmission alone. This does not mean, however, that it existed in the form that we now know it, or that it was accessible to the general public. If writing did exist, it is thought to have been practiced only by a few storytellers. These "Men of Words" would write down their best tales for their own use and to train their apprentices. They would not be seen by anyone else. Because of the enormous effort of writing, these books would become very valuable possessions, and would be passed down from the storyteller to his successor (Murray, 95-96).
The poets themselves were highly regarded by their contemporaries and treated as fellow workers who attempted to bring beauty to life. The purpose of the tales was both to eloquently preserve the history of a people and to entertain. The stories consisted of a mix of common history borrowed from past poets and embellishments added by the poet. Because these poems were...
(The entire section is 1155 words.)
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The Poem (Masterplots, Fourth Edition)
The Greeks are camped outside the walls of Troy, in the tenth year of their siege on that city. Agamemnon, king of the Achaians, wants the maid, Briseis, for his own, but she is possessed by Achilles, a mortal son of Zeus, king of the gods. When Achilles is forced to give up the maid, he withdraws angrily from the battle and returns to his ship. He wins from Zeus the promise that the wrong that he suffered will be avenged.
That evening Zeus sends a messenger to the Greek king to convey to him in a dream an order to rise and marshal his Achaian forces against the walls of Troy. When the king awakens, he calls all his warriors to him and orders them to prepare for battle. All night long the men arm themselves in battle array, making ready their horses and their ships. The gods appear on earth in the disguise of warriors, some siding with the Greeks, some hastening to warn the Trojans. With the army mustered, Agamemnon begins the march from the camp to the walls of the city, while all the country around is set on fire. Only Achilles and his men remain behind, determined not to fight on the side of Agamemnon.
The Trojan army comes from the gates of the city ready to combat the Greeks. Then Paris, son of King Priam and Helen's lover, stands out from the ranks and suggests that he and Menelaus settle the battle in a fight between them, the winner to take Helen and all her possessions and friendship to be declared between the warring nations....
(The entire section is 1583 words.)
Places Discussed (Cyclopedia of Literary Places)
*Troy (Ilios)
*Troy (Ilios). Ancient city on the plain of Troas, or Troad, on the eastern shore of the Aegean Sea in what is now Turkey. Homer knew the area so well it is assumed that he had visited it. However, the Troy about which he wrote was a city that existed perhaps four centuries before his own time.
Legend has it that Apollo and Poseidon constructed Troy, and the Greek divinities had much to do with destroying it, first providing the occasion for the war, then prolonging it by squabbling among themselves, and finally deciding the city's fate. However, historians believe that the cause of the war may have been the Greeks' wish to stop the Trojans from collecting tolls from land travelers and from ships moving in or out of the Dardanelles (Hellespont).
*Pergamos (PUR-gah-muhs). Troy's walled citadel, or acropolis. The temple of Athena at its summit is the Trojans' place of worship. King Priam's palace, which is described in book 6, is also there. It serves not only as the residence of the royal family but also as the city's center of government. Whenever Hector goes out to battle or returns home, as he does in book 6, he uses the Scaean Gate on the west side of the Pergamos. His wife Andromache often watches him from the wall above. The city cannot be destroyed as long as the Pergamos remains in the hands of the Trojans; when it falls, the city will be destroyed.
(The entire section is 555 words.)
Historical Context
The context in which the Homeric poems were created is clouded by the fact that their creation is a process that spans several centuries. In a very real sense, the poems' historical and cultural background is rather like one of the archaeological sites from which we gather our information about the period: it is deep, it has many levels or layers, and over time things can get pushed up or down from their proper context. Consider, for example, the boars' tusk helmet Odysseus wears in Book 10: we find it depicted in art from the late Bronze Age, but it had long since disappeared from use or living memory by Homer's day in the Iron Age. Moving in the other direction, the cremation burials described in the poem were common in Homer's day, but extremely rare in the Bronze Age when the events he describes would have taken place.
The Bronze Age
The Trojan War and its aftermath took place in the late Bronze Age, which began around 1550 BC. This is the date assigned to the wealthy burial sites found by Heinrich Schliemann in Grave Circle A at Mycenae in 1873. For this reason, the period is sometimes also called the Mycenaean era. This was a time of relative stability though not, of course, without its conflicts, wars, and raids....
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Literary Style
Since it is the first work in its genre to have survived, the Iliad does not so much display the mechanics of epic poetry as define them. Epic poetry in the West was written in virtually the same form as the Iliad for at least 500 years, and the modifications that were later made tended to be minor.
English meter involves patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables. Greek meter, on the other hand, involves patterns of long and short syllables in which, as a general rule, two short syllables equal one long syllable. Greek poetry does not rhyme, although it uses alliteration and assonance (repeated use of the same or similar consonant patterns and vowel patterns, respectively).
The Iliad is written in dactylic hexameters, which is the "standard" form for epic poetry: in fact, this particular meter is sometimes referred to as "epic meter" or "epic hexameter." Hexameter means that there are six elements, or "feet," in each line; dactylic refers to the particular metrical pattern of each foot: in this case, the basic pattern is one long syllable followed by two short ones, although variations on that basic pattern are allowed. The final foot in each line, for example, is almost always a spondee (two long syllables, instead of one long and two short ones).
(The entire section is 961 words.)
Book 1 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. Where are the Achaians at the opening of the epic?
2. Why did Apollo send "deadly arrows" against the Achaians?
3. Whose advice do the Achaians seek to stop the bloodshed?
4. What do the Achaians do to stop Apollo's assault?
5. What does Agamemnon do to Achilleus that causes his great anger?
6. What is Achilleus' plan for revenge?
7. Why does Thetis agree to help Achilleus?
8. Who takes Chryseis back to Thebe, and what happens when he gets there?
9. Why is Hera unhappy that Zeus agrees to help Achilles?
10. Who pleads with Hera to make peace with Zeus, and why?
1. The Achaians are in Troy.
2. The Achaians refused to return Chryseis to her father, who is a priest of Apollo.
3. The Achaians seek the advice of Kalchas, a seer.
4. The Achaians return Chryseis to Thebe.
5. Agamemnon takes Achilleus' war prize, Briseis.
6. Achilleus plans for the gods to assist Troy in their fight against the Achaians.
7. Thetis is Achilleus' mother. She also knows that Achilleus' fate is to die young.
8. Odysseus takes Chryseis back to Thebe, and everyone celebrates with a feast.
9. Hera thinks it unfair that many of the Achaians must die to revenge Achilleus. She also despises the Trojans...
(The entire section is 230 words.)
Book 2 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. How does Zeus convey his message to Agamemnon?
2. What is Zeus' message, and can it be trusted?
3. How does Agamemnon test the warriors?
4. Do the warriors pass the test?
5. Which goddesses help to turn the army back to the fight?
6. What is the sign that Odysseus takes as proof of impending victory?
7. Who is the one warrior who refuses to listen to Odysseus, and what is his argument?
8. How does Odysseus react to Thersites?
9. Why does the narrator include a list of the armies with their leaders and ships?
10. How do the Trojans find out about the Achaian attack?
1. Zeus sends Dream in the form of Nestor to convey his message to Agamemnon.
2. Zeus tells Agamemnon that the Achaians will be victorious against the Trojans. His advice cannot be trusted, because Zeus is helping Achilleus get revenge against Agamemnon.
3. Agamemnon tests the warriors by telling them to give up and go back home.
4. The warriors fail the test, jumping immediately at the opportunity to go home.
5. Hera sends Athene down among the troops to encourage them to fight.
6. The sign Odysseus uses to convince the armies is that of a snake devouring eight baby sparrows and their mother, and then...
(The entire section is 292 words.)
Book 3 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. How do the Trojans feel about Paris, and why?
2. What incident in this chapter shows us this feeling?
3. Who reprimands Paris for his behavior?
4. What does Paris eventually agree to do?
5. Where is the duel fought?
6. Who has the upper hand in the fighting?
7. How does the duel end?
8. Who is declared the winner?
9. Is Helen happy to see Paris returned to his room?
10. What does the duel between Paris and Menelaos
1. The Trojans despise Paris because he is directly responsible for the war with the Achaians. He is also a coward who refuses to do his share of the fighting.
2. Paris challenges the best of the Achaian men to a duel, but then backs away in fear when Menelaos accepts it. Also, after he disappears we are told that no one among the Trojans would hide him.
3. Paris' brother Hektor chides him for his behavior.
4. Paris agrees to fight a duel with Hektor to decide the fate of Helen, leaving the rest of the armies out of it.
5. The duel is fought in a large clearing between the two armies.
6. Menelaos is the better fighter.
7. The duel ends when Menelaos has clearly established the upper hand, but before he can finish Paris off, Aphrodite spirits the Trojan away.
(The entire section is 260 words.)
Books 4 and 5 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. Who decides to break the truce between the Trojans and Achaians?
2. How is the truce broken?
3. Who is the main character portrayed in Book Five?
4. What name has been given to this book?
5. Who appears to Diomedes when he is injured by Pandaros?
6. What two things does Athene give to Diomedes?
7. What instruction goes with these gifts?
8. What is the exception to this rule, and why?
9. How is Diomedes like Achilleus?
10. How is he different?
1. The gods decide to break the truce at the urging of Hera and Athene.
2. Athene convinces Pandaros to gain glory by shooting Menelaos, which he does.
3. Diomedes is the main character in Book five.
4. This book has been called the "Diomedia."
5. Athene appears to Diomedes when he is injured.
6. Athene gives Diomedes strength for the battle and the ability to distinguish gods from men.
7. Diomedes is instructed never to engage a god in battle.
8. Diomedes is allowed to confront Aphrodite, because she has no place on the battlefield.
9. Like Achilleus, Diomedes is favored by the gods, strong in battle and a leader.
10. Unlike Achilleus, Diomedes is in control of his emotions and defers to his leaders.
(The entire section is 194 words.)
Book 6 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. Does Menelaos wish to kill Adrestos?
2. What ends up happening to Adrestos?
3. What is Nestor's advice to the Achaians?
4. Why does Hektor return to the city?
5. What do Diomedes and Glaukos discovcr about each other as they introduce themselves?
6. What do they do after making this discovery?
7. What do they do to symbolize this?
8. Where does Hektor find Paris, and how does he react?
9. Why does Andromache plead with Hektor not to return to battle?
10. Does Hektor believe the Trojans will defeat the Achaians?
1. Menelaos has pity on Adrestos and does not wish to kill him.
2. Adrestos is killed coldly by Agamemnon.
3. Nestor advises the Achaians to attack the Trojans without stopping to take the spoils.
4. Hektor returns to the city to gather the women together to sacrifice to Athene.
5. They discover that there was a bond of friendship between their grandparents.
6. They make a pact not to harm one another in battle.
7. Armor is exchanged to symbolize the bond of friendship.
8. Hektor finds Paris at home with the women of his household. He gives Paris a lecture about his failure to face his responsibilities.
9. Andromache has lost her father and brothers already in the battle,...
(The entire section is 229 words.)
Book 7 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. Whose idea is it to call a truce and have Hektor challenge an Achaian to a duel, and why?
2. Who first accepts Hektor's challenge?
3. Does he fight Hektor? Why?
4. Who volunteers next and why?
5. How is the man to fight Hektor finally chosen, and who is it?
6. Who is the stronger fighter in the duel?
7. How does the duel end?
8. What do both sides request after counsel that evening?
9. Why is it important to the warriors to bury their dead?
10. What do the Achaians do during the truce?
1. Athene and Apollo decide to have Hektor offer a duel in order to give the other warriors a break from the fighting.
2. While no one at first volunteers to fight Hektor, Menelaos finally comes forward.
3. Menelaos does not fight Hektor because his companions know he is not strong enough to stand up to the Trojan.
4. Nine of the best Achaians step forward after an inspiring speech by Nestor.
5. Aias is chosen by casting lots.
6. Hektor and Aias are equally matched in the duel and neither has the advantage.
7. The duel ends when it grows dark and a herald from each side parts the fighters.
8. Both sides request a truce to bury their dead.
9. The warriors wish to bury the dead so that their souls will...
(The entire section is 262 words.)
Book 8 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. Why does Zeus warn the gods to stay out of the conflict?
2. Where does Zeus go to watch the battle?
3. What sign are we given that the Trojans will come out ahead in this day's fighting?
4. Who does Hera ask to help her intervene for the Achaians?
5. What is his answer?
6. What omen does Zeus send to Agamemnon to let him know all will be well?
7. Which two goddesses attempt to ride into the battle to help the Achaians?
8. Are they successful?
9. Where are the two armies at the close of this day's fighting?
10. Why does Hektor choose to camp where he does?
1. Zeus wishes to bring the war to a quick end and does not want the gods to interfere.
2. Zeus watches the battle from Mount Ida.
3. Zeus holds up the scales of fate and the Achaian's side sinks down.
4. Hera tries to enlist the help of Poseidon.
5. Poseidon refuses to get involved, knowing that his brother Zeus is more powerful.
6. An eagle drops a fawn next to the Achaian altar to Zeus.
7. Hera and Athene harness their horses to ride into the battle to help the Achaians.
8. Zeus discovers their plan, and they are forced to return to Olympus.
9. The Achaians have been forced back behind their wall, and the Trojans are camped...
(The entire section is 260 words.)
Book 9 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. What plan does Agamemnon suggest as the book opens?
2. Who dissuades him and why?
3. What is Nestor's advice to Agamemnon?
4. What does Agamemnon offer to give Achilleus?
5. Who is sent to bring the message to Achilleus?
6. How are the messengers received?
7. Does Achilleus accept Agamemnon's offer?
8. Why does Achilleus act as he does?
9. What is the Achaian reaction to Achilleus' answer?
10. What is Diomedes' response?
1. Agamemnon suggests that the Achaians escape in their ships and sail home.
2. Diomedes dissuades him, because he trusts that Troy will fall. He also thinks it is too dangerous for the Achaians to flee by sea.
3. Nestor advises Agamemnon to make peace with Achilleus.
4. Agamemnon agrees to return Briseis, along with an oath that he has not touched her, as well as many valuable gifts.
5. Odysseus, Aias, and Phoinix are sent to Achilleus.
6. Achilleus receives the messengers warmly.
7. Achilleus refuses Agamemnon's offer of reconciliation.
8. Achilleus lets his pride stand in the way of reason. He wants Agamemnon to be completely humbled in front of him before he will consent to fight again with the Achaians.
9. The Achaians are shocked that Achilleus would...
(The entire section is 217 words.)
Book 10 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. Who is the first to volunteer for the spy mission into the Trojan camp?
2. Who does he choose to go with him, and why?
3. What do the Achaians hope to gain by the mission?
4. Who is sent on a similar mission for the Trojans?
5. What are his motivations?
6. Who catches whom spying?
7. What do they learn?
8. Which unit of Trojan fighters are Diomedes and Odysseus most interested in?
9. What becomes of Dolon?
10. Who is later killed and what is taken?
1. Diomedes is the first to volunteer to spy on the Trojans.
2. Diomedes chooses Odysseus for his strength and fighting ability.
3. The Achaians hope to learn where various groups of Trojans will attack and where they are vulnerable.
4. Dolon is sent by the Trojans to spy on the Achaian camp.
5. Dolon volunteers only when he is promised Achilleus' horses as reward.
6. Diomedes and Odysseus catch Dolon and realize he is going to spy on the Achaians.
7. Dolon reveals everything he knows, including Hektor's whereabouts, the position of several other key Trojan units, and the security measures taken by the Trojans.
8. Diomedes and Odysseus are most interested in a fresh unit that has arrived from...
(The entire section is 234 words.)
Book 11 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. Which of the great Achaian fighters are wounded in this chapter?
2. Who is the only great fighter left fighting?
3. Where is Achilleus as he watches the action?
4. What is Achilleus' attitude toward the events taking place?
5. What prompts Achilleus to desire news of the battle?
6. How does Achilleus decide to obtain this information?
7. What does Nestor ask Patroklos to do?
8. What is Nestor's alternate plan?
9. Why does he think this alternate plan will work?
10. What stops Patroklos from returning directly to Achilleus?
1. Agamemnon, Diomedes, and Odysseus are all wounded in rapid succession.
2. Aias is the only great fighter left on the field.
3. Achilleus watches from the safety of the stern of his ship.
4. Achilleus believes that with so many great men injured, the Achaians are sure to come to him begging his forgiveness.
5. Achilleus sees Nestor leading a wounded man from the field.
6. Achilleus decides to send Patroklos to Nestor to learn news of the battle.
7. Nestor asks Patroklos to convince Achilleus to give up his grudge and fight.
8. If Achilleus will not fight, Nestor suggests that he send Patroklos to the field in...
(The entire section is 245 words.)
Books 12 and 13 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. What information do we learn in Book Twelve about the war's outcome?
2. What initial difficulty do the Trojans face in storming the Achaian wall?
3. What do they decide to do about it?
4. What omen do the Trojan's see as they prepare to assault the wall?
5. How does Poulydamas interpret the sign, and what is his advice to Hektor?
6. What does Hektor decide to do?
7. Are the Trojans successful in breaking through the wall?
8. Which god comes to the aid of the Achaians?
9. How does he avoid being noticed by Zeus?
10. Why doesn't he stand up to Zeus?
1. In the first paragraph of Book Twelve, we learn that the Trojans will be defeated in the tenth year of the war, and that all the leading Trojan men will be killed.
2. The Trojan horses are afraid of the ditch, and the ditch is too wide for them to jump.
3. The Trojans decide to leave their horses and attack the wall on foot.
4. An eagle holding a live snake flies over the Trojans, is bitten by the snake, and drops it at the feet of the terrified warriors.
5. Poulydamas reads the sign as a warning of what will become of the Trojans and advises Hektor to retreat.
6. Hektor decides to ignore the sign and storm the wall.
7. The Trojans break through the wall...
(The entire section is 271 words.)
Books 14 and 15 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. What is Agamemnon's plan of action at the beginning of Book Fourteen?
2. Who dissuades him from this action?
3. What does Diomedes suggest they do instead?
4. Why does Hera decide to seduce Zeus?
5. What aid does Aphrodite lend her?
6. Who else assists Hera?
7. How does Hera convince him to help her with her plan?
8. How successful is Hera's plan?
9. Who injures Hektor, and how badly is he injured?
10. What happens when Zeus awakens?
1. Agamemnon, sure of defeat, advises escaping in the ships.
2. Odysseus rather forcefully points out the problem with Agamemnon's plan.
3. Diomedes suggests that while they cannot fight, they can at least encourage the warriors.
4. Hera sees that Poseidon is helping the Achaians, and wants to keep Zeus from finding out.
5. Aphrodite lends Hera her magic Band of Love and Desire.
6. Hera also enlists the help of Sleep.
7. Hera promises Sleep that he can marry one of the Graces, whom he has always admired.
8. Hera easily seduces Zeus, who falls into a deep sleep, and Poseidon is able to help the Achaians push the Trojans back beyond the wall.
9. Aias injures Hektor severely with a large stone, and he seems close to death.
10. Zeus is...
(The entire section is 233 words.)
Books 16 and 17 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. Does Achilleus agree to end his grudge against Agamemnon at the request of Patroklos? Why?
2. What does Achilleus agree to do?
3. What are Achilleus' instructions to Patroklos?
4. Why does he tell Patroklos to limit his efforts?
5. What event makes Achilleus hurry Patroklos on his way?
6. What happens when the Trojans see Patroklos and the Myrmidon army approaching?
7. Who intervenes when Patroklos is on the verge of taking the city?
8. Who finally kills Patroklos?
9. Why is there such fierce fighting over the body of Patroklos?
10. How do Achilleus' horses react to the death of Patroklos?
1. No, Achilleus is not ready to put aside his pride and reconcile with Agamemnon.
2. Achilleus agrees to send Patroklos out with the Myrmidon forces in his armor.
3. Achilleus instructs Patroklos to push back the Trojans, but not to take the city.
4. Achilleus tells Patroklos not to take Troy because he wants the glory for himself.
5. The Trojans succeed in torching one of the Achaian ships.
6. The Trojans are afraid when they see the Myrmidons and what appears to be Achilleus, and they begin to retreat.
7. Apollo intervenes and pushes Patroklos back from the Trojan wall, knocking off his helmet.
(The entire section is 232 words.)
Book 18 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. How does Achilleus react to the news of the death of Patroklos?
2. Who hears Achilleus' tortured cry of grief?
3. What does Thetis tell Achilleus about his fate?
4. What is Achilleus' response to this revelation?
5. What stops Achilleus from going out immediately to fight Hektor?
6. What is Thetis' solution to this problem?
7. What does Hera instruct Achilleus to do for the Achaians in the meantime?
8. How can Achilleus do this without any armor?
9. What are the Achaians able to do as a result?
10. What does Poulydamas advise Hektor to do, and what is his response?
1. Achilleus is distraught, and covers himself with dust, tearing out his hair.
2. Thetis hears his cry and comes to comfort him.
3. Thetis tells Achilleus that if he kills Hektor, his own death will shortly follow.
4. Achilleus is bent on revenge regardless of the consequences.
5. Achilleus cannot go into battle without his armor, which Hektor has taken.
6. Thetis offers to go to Olympus and have Hephaistos make a new suit of armor.
7. Hera sends Iris to instruct Achilleus to go out to the ditch and show himself to the Trojans.
8. Athene surrounds Achilleus with a blazing light. As he stands at the ditch, he utters three fierce...
(The entire section is 252 words.)
Book 19 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. Why does Achilleus reconcile with Agamemnon?
2. What does Agamemnon offer Achilleus?
3. What does Agamemnon want to do after the reconciliation?
4. What does Achilleus want to do?
5. What does Achilleus say he will not do until Hektor is killed?
6. What do the Achaians decide to do next?
7. How does Achilleus obtain strength for the battle?
8. Whom does Achilleus chastise for their role in the death of Patroklos?
9. What is the response?
10. What is said that angers Achilleus?
1. Achilleus reconciles with Agamemnon because he is intent on avenging the death of Patroklos.
2. Agamemnon offers Achilleus all the gifts that he had previously offered.
3. Agamemnon wants to bring out all the gifts for Achilleus and hold a large feast.
4. Achilleus is eager to get to the battle immediately.
5. Achilleus swears he will not eat or drink until Patroklos' death is avenged.
6. The gifts are brought to Achilleus, and the Achaians hold a feast to strengthen themselves for the battle.
7. Athene gives him strength for the battle.
8. Achilleus reproaches his horses for not bringing Patroklos home alive.
9. One of the horses speaks to Achilleus, stating that it was not their fault that Patroklos...
(The entire section is 218 words.)
Books 20 and 21 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. Why does Zeus reverse his previous warning and invite the gods to intervene?
2. What is the outcome of the duel between Aineias and Achilleus?
3. Why does Poseidon act in this way?
4. What warning does Apollo give Hektor regarding Achilleus?
5. Does he act accordingly?
6. How does Hektor survive the duel?
7. Why does Achilleus take 12 young Trojan warriors as prisoners?
8. What is the river's reaction to all the Trojans killed in its waters?
9. How does Achilleus escape?
10. What is the outcome of the duel between Agenor and Achilleus?
1. Zeus is afraid that Achilleus will overstep the bounds of fate.
2. The duel ends when Aineias is spirited away by Poseidon.
3. Poseidon knows that Aineias is not fated to die at that time.
4. Apollo warns Hektor that he will die if he challenges Achilleus in the open.
5. Hektor refuses to heed the warning and challenges Achilleus anyway.
6. Apollo wraps Hektor in a thick mist to keep Achilleus from killing him.
7. Achilleus takes 12 young Trojans to fulfill his promise to Patroklos that they would be killed at his bier as part of the revenge for his death.
8. The river is furious with Achilleus and attacks him, attempting to drown him.
(The entire section is 244 words.)
Book 22 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. What are Hektor's options as Achilleus approaches the gates of Troy?
2. Which option does he choose?
3. Who tries to dissuade him?
4. What does Hektor do as he sees Achilleus approaching?
5. Who intervenes?
6. How does she cause Hektor to stand up to fight Achilleus?
7. What promise does Hektor make to Achilleus?
8. Does Achilleus promise the same?
9. What does Hektor ask as he dies?
10. What happens to Hektor's body?
1. Hektor can escape behind the walls of the city, face Achilleus unarmed while offering gifts, or stand up to fight him.
2. Hektor chooses to stay and fight.
3. Both his mother and his father attempt to convince him to come inside the walls.
4. Hektor loses his courage and flees, running around the city three times.
5. Athene intervenes.
6. Athene takes the form of Hektor's brother and leads him to believe that he will have help in fighting Achilleus.
7. Hektor promises that if he kills Achilleus, his body will be returned to the Achaians for proper burial.
8. Achilleus refuses to promise the return of Hektor's body. He is bent on revenge.
9. Hektor again requests that his body be returned to his parents for burial.
10. Hektor's body is first...
(The entire section is 218 words.)
Book 23 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. What do the Myrmidons do after returning to their camp?
2. Who appears to Achilleus in his dream?
3. What is his message?
4. What does Patroklos request that Achilleus do with his bones?
5. Why does Achilleus cut off his hair?
6. What is the significance of the act?
7. What is burned on the pyre with Patroklos?
8. Why are these items added to the pyre?
9. Why has Hektor's body not disintegrated under the harsh treatment of Achilleus?
10. Why does Achilleus hold the funeral games?
1. They ride around the funeral pyre three times, defiling the body of Hektor.
2. The ghost of Patroklos appears to Achilleus as he sleeps.
3. The ghost admonishes Achilleus for not giving his body proper burial.
4. Patroklos asks Achilleus to have both of their bones buried together.
5. Achilleus cuts his hair to honor the memory of Patroklos, and burns it along with the body.
6. Achilleus was growing the lock as a gift to the river Spercheios in exchange for his safe return from battle. He now realizes he will not return alive.
7. Jars of honey and oil, four horses, two dogs, and the 12 captured Trojans are burned.
8. The items are added to grant Patroklos sustenance, companionship, and service in the underworld....
(The entire section is 239 words.)
Book 24 Questions and Answers
Study Questions
1. What does Achilleus do each night to the body of Hektor?
2. Why does he anger the gods?
3. Who do the gods send as a messenger to Achilleus, and what is the message?
4. What does Priam bring to Achilleus?
5. How does Priam move safely through the Achaian camp to Achilleus?
6. What does Priam talk about that moves Achilleus to tears?
7. What is the climactic scene of the Iliad?
8. What do the two men agree to do about the fighting?
9. What kind of burial is given to Hektor?
10. Why does the Iliad end with the burial of Hektor?
1. Achilleus ties the body of Hektor to his chariot and drags it around Patroklos' grave.
2. The gods are angry that he shows no pity or decency and that he is defiling the earth.
3. The gods send Thetis to convince Achilleus to surrender Hektor's body to Priam.
4. Priam brings many valuable gifts as ransom for the body of Hektor.
5. Hermes goes with Priam as his protector and delivers him safely to Achilleus' hut.
6. Priam reminds Achilleus of his own father and moves him to tears.
7. The climax of the Iliad occurs when Achilleus agrees to return Hektor's body to Priam, showing his ultimate humanity and moral redemption.
8. A 12-day reprieve in...
(The entire section is 264 words.)
Legend of the Trojan War
The events leading up to the Trojan War supposedly began with a wedding feast in Troy. The wedding celebrated the marriage of Thetis, who was a goddess, and Peleus, who was a mortal. Eris, the goddess of discord, showed up and left a golden apple inscribed "For the Fairest" with the wedding guests. This soon sets off a competition among three of the women—Hera, Athene, and Aphrodite—each of whom felt they deserved the golden apple. In order to avoid judging such a touchy contest, Zeus (king of the gods, and host of the party) chose Paris, the shepherd, to be the judge. Each of the women then presented Paris with a bribe. Hera's bribe was power and a kingdom of his own; Athene's bribe was wisdom and success in battle; Aphrodite's bribe was love—the love of Helen of Sparta, known to be the most beautiful woman in the world. Paris chose love, forever alienating the other two goddesses.
Unfortunately, Helen was already married to King Menelaos. Undeterred, Paris revealed himself as a true prince who had been abandoned at birth by his mother, Hekuba. (Hekuba had been warned that he would eventually be the cause of the destruction of Troy.) Paris then headed for Sparta and wooed Helen, who ran off to Troy with him (or was carried off to Troy, depending on which version you read). Of course Menelaos was not pleased when he returned to find Helen missing. He gathered together a group of men and a thousand ships to attack Troy and bring Helen back...
(The entire section is 519 words.)
Compare and Contrast
Late Bronze Age (the time of the Trojan War): Burial is by inhumation. The bodies of the dead are laid to rest, often with grave goods and weapons, at least among the upper classes, in dug graves, stone-walled tombs (called "cist graves"), or tholos tombs built in the shape of a beehive, often under a hill.
Iron Age (Homer's own time): The bodies of the dead are cremated and the remains are collected in an urn (often richly decorated), which is then buried in a specially dug pit. In the case of very important burials, a hill (or "tumulus") of earth or stone is raised above the grave, and the spot may further be marked with a column or other grave marker.
Late twentieth century: The majority of burials are inhumation, though growing numbers of people choose cremation.
- Late Bronze Age: Writing is known, although mainly in cumbersome, syllabic forms such as Egyptian hieroglyphics, the Mycenaean Linear A and B scripts, or the Hittite/Akkadian cuneiform. Literacy is probably restricted to the highest levels of the aristocracy and a professional class of scribes, bureaucrats, diplomats, etc.
Iron Age: Literacy, at least in the Greek-speaking world, is only beginning to be rediscovered, using a different alphabet, where each letter represents a particular sound and...
(The entire section is 555 words.)
Topics for Further Study
- What role do the gods play in the Iliad? Compare and contrast this role with the role of the divine in a contemporary religious tradition (your own or another that interests you).
- In his book Homer: The Poet of the Iliad, Mark Edwards writes:"From the very first lines Homer will raise the origins of human suffering." What does Homer conclude about those origins? Contrast Homer's conclusions about "the origins of human suffering" with the precepts of modern psychology or anthropology.
- Consider the interaction between Glaucus and Diomedes that begins at line 119 of Book 6. Compare this story with the story of Baucis and Philemon in Ovid's Metamorphoses (Book 8, 619ff.), the story of Abraham at the oak of Mamre (Genesis 18:1-8), or the reception of Telemachus by Nestor (Odyssey, Book 3, 31ff.) or Menelaus (Odyssey, Book 4, 3Off.). What can you conclude about the proper relationship between hosts and guests from these stories? Does Diomedes treat his guest-friend fairly? How does Homer comment on their interaction?
- Pay careful attention to the treatment Homer gives the character of Helen. Do you think Helen really regrets leaving Menelaus, or is she making it up? How do you think Homer wanted his audience to look at...
(The entire section is 485 words.)
Media Adaptations
- There have been no films made that are directly based on the Iliad. There have been several films based wholly or in part on other aspects of the Troy legends, including Michael Cacoyannis' The Trojan Women in 1971 and Iphigeneia in 1977.
- In 1985, the British Broadcasting Corporation produced a television series, starring Michael Wood, entitled In Search of the Trojan War. The companion volume to this series was published by the BBC in 1986.
- Penguin Highbridge Audio put out an audiocassette version of Robert Fagles' translation of the Iliad in 1992 (six cassettes and a companion book). They also have a combined audio version of Fagles' translations of both the Iliad and the Odyssey. Harper Audio brought out a cassette version of Richmond Lattimore's translation, read by Anthony Quayle (1996). Norton offers a partial rendition of the Iliad in its Greek original, read by Stephen Daitz (1990).
- A number of films have distinctly Homeric qualities or make some reference to Homer and/or themes from his works. In the 1975 film Monty Python and the Holy Grail, for example, crusading knights plot to get inside a castle by concealing themselves within a gigantic wooden rabbit they construct and leave outside the castle walls (however, they forget to...
(The entire section is 501 words.)
What Do I Read Next?
- The Odyssey is the other epic poem credited to Homer and was probably written some time after the Iliad. It describes the 10 years of Odysseus's wandering, trying to get home after the Trojan War has ended, and events in his absence from his home in Ithaca.
- Edith Hamilton's Mythology (Mentor, 1942) is an excellent (and fun) basic introduction to Greek and Roman mythology, and includes a section on the Trojan War. Her treatment of the Norse myths is a little sketchy, but nevertheless interesting and engaging.
- The Aeneid of Vergil (70-19 BC) is an epic poem in Latin that describes the wanderings of Aeneas and his group of Trojan and allied refugees following the fall of Troy. After many stops along the way (including a visit to the underworld), Aeneas and his people land in Italy and settle not far from the city that will eventually become Rome.
- The Oresteia is a cycle of three tragic plays (Agamemnon, Choephori (The Libation-Bearers,) and Eumenides) by Aeschylus (525-456 BC), produced in Athens in 458 BC. It describes the events surrounding the homecoming of Agamemnon at the end of the Trojan War, and subsequent troubles those events cause his household.
- Both
(The entire section is 487 words.)
Bibliography and Further Reading
Some quotations from the Iliad are taken from the following translation:
Homer. The Iliad of Homer. Translated by Richmond Lattimore. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1951.
Bloom, Harold, ed. Homer's The Iliad: Modern Critical Interpretations. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.
Fables, Robert, and George Steiner, eds. Homer: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1962.
Michalopoulos, Andre. Homer. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1966.
Murray, Gilbert. The Rise of the Greek Epic. New York: Oxford University Press, 1960.
Sheppard, J. T. The Pattern of The Iliad. New York: Haskell House, 1966.
Vivante, Paolo. The Iliad: Action as Poetry. Boston: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1991.
Sources for Further Study
Biers, William R. The Archaeology of Greece: An Introduction. Cornell University Press, 1980. A good basic introduction to Greek archaeology. Many illustrations.
Camps, William A. An Introduction to Homer. Oxford University Press, 1980. A solid introduction to Homer and his poetry, with ample citations from the texts of both poems.
(The entire section is 798 words.)
Bibliography (Cyclopedia of Literary Characters, Revised Third Edition)
Brann, Eva. Homeric Moments: Clues to Delight in Reading the "Odyssey" and the "Iliad." Philadelphia: Paul Dry, 2002. A close and witty exploration of the experience of reading Homer.
Dalby, Andrew. Rediscovering Homer: Inside the Origins of the Epic. New York: W. W. NOrton, 2006. Dalby explores the historical development of written poetry and examines the debate regarding the authorship of Homer's epics.
Kim, Jinyo. The Pity of Achilles: Oral Style and the Unity of the "Iliad." Rowman and Littlefield, 2000. An argument for the unity of the Iliad that surveys recent scholarship. Bibliography.
Mueller, Martin. The Iliad. Winchester, Mass.: Allen & Unwin, 1984. A comprehensive introduction to critical study of the Iliad. The information is clearly presented and detailed. Contains particularly informative sections on principles of Homeric fighting, the Homeric simile, and the Greek gods.
Schein, Seth L. The Mortal Hero: An Introduction to Homer's "Iliad." Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. Addressed primarily to the general reader, this book provides background to the Iliad. Discusses the function of the gods in the poem, outlines the fall of Troy and the death of Hector, and examines the heroic...
(The entire section is 310 words.)
Source: Epics for Students, ©2013 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: MAXnotes to Iliad, ©2000 Research and Education Association, Inc.. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Cyclopedia of Literary Places, ©2003 Salem Press, Inc.. All Rights Reserved.
Source: Cyclopedia of Literary Characters, Revised Third Edition, ©1998 Salem Press, Inc.. All Rights Reserved.
Source: Masterplots, Fourth Edition, ©2010 Salem Press, Inc.. All Rights Reserved.


text:
P.C. "Sarajevo" International Airport LLC Sarajevo records increase of air traffic which has some impacts on the environment. In order to prevent damages the Airport implements environmetnal protection policies and builds up environmental management system. According to the international standards and regulations, environmental management policy implies sustained planning, testing and evaluating of efficacity of all the activities being taken to protect human environment.
Continuous monitoring of environmental conditions and prompt reporting on pollutions, waste and energy sources consumption, together with using the best available information and technologies, make the environmental management more efficacious.
Main goals of sustaining the environmental management system are as follows:
- Cutting down negative impacts on the environment;
- Cutting down the risk of ecological incidents;
- Cutting down the costs through preservation of raw materials and energy;
- Increased performance of prompt and efficacious interventions;
- Improving the reputation in local community and earning trust in the local community;
- Competitive advantage;
- Legal security due to compliance with the Law on environmental protection;
- Inquiring about possibilities to be given authorities and approvals from local and state institutions, as well as various funds;
- Improving thereputation of the Company;
- Better utilization of energy sources and protection of waters, carefull choosing of raw materials and controlled drive of waste for recycling;
- Reduction of financial burden caused by reactive management strategies like repair, cleaning, payment of fines for breach of law;
- Reduction of risks for fines and possible court trials;
- Improved conditions of working environment.
Lasting improvement of the environmental management system is achieved through preparation of relevant programs, provision of resources and timely reporting on the status of their implementation.
In preparation of the programs it is especially important to identify all activities to be taken in compliance with legal requirements and to monitor systematically the changes that could have some impacts on the environmental management system established at the Sarajevo International Airport.
The Company's obligations defined in the environmental licence for 2012 issued by the Federal Ministry for environment and tourism have been fulfilled successfully.
P.C. "Sarajevo" International Airport LLC Sarajevo will keep informing the public on conditions regarding environment protection. We stay open for dialogue and co-operation with the public and appreciate your suggestions and comments.
Your Sarajevo International Airport

subset: commoncrawl


text:
You're watching...
Joe Grano on Europe, Facebook
Centurion Holdings CEO Joe Grano on Europe's economy, U.S. government spending and the fallout from the Facebook IPO.
May 24, 2012
You're watching...
Centurion Holdings CEO Joe Grano on Europe's economy, U.S. government spending and the fallout from the Facebook IPO.
May 24, 2012
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Joining me now the chairman CEO of -- during holdings Joe Brown also the former chairman CEO of UBS PaineWebber -- good to have you here.
I'm I'm terrific what and these markets how do you judge them -- -- I think they're gonna remain lackluster and more on the downside in the up.
Too much event risk in the world and our GDP growth is colonel -- between one and a half to 2% I think this year possibly back.
By comparison for much of the world and in particular Europe.
A which is a controllers significantly larger economy than that of the United States were looking at growth there that is anemic two contracting.
Well I think they have.
The likelihood of another recession.
And whatever happens in Greece can accelerate all of that there in a depression.
And we're not going to be improving assuming 35 or so percent of -- -- so we will not.
The insulated from those issues little -- our economy down to a bit.
Could cook it costs this appointment GDP -- And and that that might be however offset by the deficits the trade deficits that we've been running went from -- the level.
And of drag on GDP.
As a result of those trade deficits but they've been persistent stubborn long running chronic.
We have the opportunity it seems to control our own destiny in this country should we make important decisions about.
The federal budget.
About monetary policy in the way we're going to do business.
And the way in which we're going to move forward to a vision that's been.
At this point not articulated by either the Republican for the democratic president I like you hold them both accountable.
Your earlier comments about the deficit when Obama took office that the national debt was -- -- there's not 61.
Point two trillion was the war.
I'd like an explanation on the other five trillion dollar -- -- -- -- and in terms of getting our own collective act together.
This congress -- you take the US constitution.
With 27 months.
The total words of of of what's driven our democracy for over 200 years.
Is 8000 students 7818.
Words the Dodd-Frank legislation is.
-- 100000 words fifty times bigger than the constitution and all.
Of its amendments on how do you inculcate change when you have that kind of nonsense in congress.
And outside congress there is also ample nonsense to try to constrain control and rationalize.
Including -- 600 to 700 trillion dollar derivatives market.
That -- -- -- real economy globally.
We have a a very limited regulatory.
Architecture in this country.
And we have unlimited genius working on what -- to devise.
Escape routes due to -- greater financial return.
The point being here.
Are what are we to do about these institutions we've just -- -- more go public.
All right and and cries now that IPOs be fair when in history they have never -- -- what is going on.
In terms of expectations in these firms that -- frankly many of them to be operating.
Always with Reid.
Is a as -- gold on purpose and and driver.
But there seems to be incompetence rising at these institutions.
-- I look.
Than the synthetic derivatives in the esoteric products have evolved in the last decade.
I think the industry stepped back at Citi.
You know.
-- JPMorgan very very well.
Managed firm that was two billion press overreact frankly against -- 127 billion.
But -- that particular case there is a lesson.
When you dominate a market you become the market when you become the market there is no market.
And without liquidity there is no hedge the underlying security and a derivative will divorce themselves immediately happen -- 87 happen in 98 and it's happening now.
The regulators instead of looking at this concept of too big to fail.
Should be focused more on any position.
That's so big concentrated in levered that it can create a systemic risk exactly come from one trader.
One person one small -- -- largest and to put in the kind of different program I was saying here we're talking about.
Literally 80% of commercial banking assets in this -- this country.
Control by six institutions.
That is overwhelming by any definition to be seventy.
-- and it's not likely to shrink.
And less the continued to make idiotic trades like JPMorgan Chase made here which by the way is their privilege of their purpose are not going to whenever wanna watch this -- by two billion.
But in commercial banking where -- cost of funds is effectively zero right now in this in this market place to go out and figure out a way to lose two billion dollars is.
Is Jamie Dimon the CEO said troops to -- I don't to -- -- at a major bet.
And one of the functions of very low interest rates is that.
Fixed income spread -- it is harder for an institution make money so what kind of encourages them take additional leverage in this congress which ultimately forced.
FaceBook very quickly all sorts of efforts -- everywhere are gonna have congressional hearings.
NASDAQ -- SEC or bodies in.
Folks who lost money going to retain money did the firms themselves lose money or make money given the way this.
Are offering went to market well.
Absent settlements they've made.
But in that particular case.
There was a lot of controversy as to whether or not they had a revenue engine company that was sustainable could grow given that.
As -- pre requisite.
When they were told their revenues are going to be softer and they reduced the revenue.
Expectations for the company at literally the last moment going that we're told version of told the retail client as well as what -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
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January 22, 2012
Josh McCuistion SoonerScoop.com
They may have grown up rivals but that didn't mean anything to Brennan Clay and Sooner running back target Damien Williams this weekend. ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now for a FREE Trial
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This Week in Photos, Jan. 18 - Jan. 24 2013
The world's largest oceanarium opens, the Obamas dance at the Inaugural Ball and models take the runway in this week in photos.
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Short background: I have a web startup idea which solves an existing problem. There are many online solutions available for the problem, but my solution is "unique". I have done a basic background check, and I am confident it would work, but obviously no one can be sure. It can only be tested once customers use it. Therefore getting to the market fast and testing the idea is really important.
I have 2 options:
1) I am a software developer. If I develop my web startup idea with basic features, it will take me at least 6 months or more. All the code will be known to me and it will be easy to make changes. But it will be time consuming and require a lot of time and effort. If I have to fail, I want to fail fast, but putting a lot of effort and then failing does not make sense.
2) Outsource the development and get it done in less than 30 days. In this case I have not coded the portal myself so it would be difficult (not impossible) to make changes. But I can get to market faster.
My question: Which of the above 2 approaches is better? And is there a 3rd option?
Thanks in advance.


text:
Climate Crisis Solution #33: Harvest The Sun
The price of solar systems is coming down, though a set of rooftop panels can still cost thousands of dollars. The next generation of PV (photo voltaics) will put electricity-generating solar cells in films, which can then be embedded in all sorts of flexible materials. Soon, solar will be embedded in virtually everything, from shingles and windows to the tops of cars, with every bit of solar power displacing electricty produced from fossil fuel.
Solar power's costs are predicted to match coal's by 2010 -- get your roof ready.
Visit www.thesitech.org/projects.htm for more information.
Select Solutions provided by
The Live Earth
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To learn about other solutions and to purchase this book click here.
Apologies if you already have
Apologies if you already have this at the Live Earth website. Here's a great idea. Give us a cost comparison calculator of sorts. A live hands on for solving actual daily energy scenarios. Case in point:
September 2007 - 30 gallons of oil left in old 1940's (possibly) 275 gal. oil tank. In Basement. Small leaks occurring on intake and perhaps in basement floor. Peerless boiler around 5 years old with hot water baseboard heating basement installed for 1st and 2nd floor living. Electric on "3rd" floor.
Homeowners weighing options:
a. Pump tank out. Get Tank out of house. Clean up area. Get new tank. Fill tank. OR
b. Pump tank out. Get tank out of there. Do clean up. Convert to propane.
c. Pump tank out. All of the above. Go to solar.
Need assistance comparing costs. Tank can be filled at the cost of $651 in today's dollars. How can we make better use of that $651?
I'm 75, but ready to learn
I'm 75, but ready to learn and do what ever I can to help, Thanks for being here.
I have a few questions in my
I have a few questions in my mind:
1.- Do you think there are possibilities for someone who is living in a limited income to get his hands on this technology?
2.- Do you think this web info may be accessible in Spanish to all people who might be interested? -I can help you with translations in my spare time in order to create a website for Latin American people to learn what they can do to help this planet, and themselves, to go on living here for a great deal of years more.-
3.- I have heard a lot of people talk about this subject (I have been a TESL for over 20 years), and I think I can tell them (my students and everybody else I have happened to meet, because of me activity, along my life) about all the advantages of not only knowing, but doing something about Mother Earth by visiting and learning more from a Spanish language website that can tell them of all the endless things they (all of us) can do to improve, understand and explain to many more human beings, about life on this planet, the only one we have.
I live at South Africa, most
I live at South Africa, most of us we know nothing about this solar Panels and harnessing energy. What can I do to let people know more about this?
Thank you.
My husband and I, my grown
My husband and I, my grown children, my close friends all live in apartments. We are limited in what we can personally do with Solar Panels and harnessing solar energy. Where can I learn more and get suggestions for people like myself?
I am the Scout. I learn and initiate, print and pass my information onto those without computers and access.
Thank you.
Another approach to making
Another approach to making people aware of this cause and join the fight against global warming would be to take the 'science' out of it. Those of us that are believers in God and are Christians should be taking care of the environment regardless, God told us to do this. Maybe if people tried reaching the religious demographic from another prospective things would be all good. 58% of our country are practicing Christians. That's a lot of people to have on our side, that'a also a lot of people not listening because there is so much science involved. Christians aren't perfect but with being nieve adding to the environmental downfalls isn't helping either. There are many states in the south that don't have recycling programs and maybe this is a way of teaming up with other people and making a dent in this crisis. A thought if anyone can impliment a plan to reach the non science people pass it along and I'll start motoring on this point!!


text:
If you are suffering a grey screen as the game client tries to load, or the message - GLW_CreateWindow:could not register window class:
This is commonly caused by one or more of the following:
- Incompatible video card
- QuakeLive requires an OpenGL capable graphics card, please see the System Requirements
- OpenGL ICD crash
- Please try rebooting your system
- No OpenGL system installed, or corrupted
- please (re) install graphics drivers from your card manufacturer (eg ATI/Nvidia/Intel) and not from Windows Update as they do not contain the OpenGL ICD.
- Incompatible resolution for current display monitor
- Please use the website -> game settings to select 640x480, and then try the game, then use the in game menu (press escape) to select the actual resolution you wish to play.
- If that fails please try website -> Settings -> reset to default
- If that fails please locate your config files, If you have manually created .cfg files or used /writeconfig autoexec you will have to go through them and remove r_mode and r_displayrefresh settings, or move / remove all .cfg files from that folder, then use the website -> Settings -> reset to default. This is important as a created cfg may be overriding the website setting.
- do you use an intel x3100 card?
If so it happens when aero dies, I don't know of any way to solve it, other than try older drivers, or vista drivers. (I have an x3100 laptop with this problem)
This can be proven by going into windowed mode, and running the win7 troubleshooter (type in troubleshoot in the start menu) and choosing 'display aero desktop effects' when run it will force aero to restart and you will be able to see the game until it drops out again.
Or in an admin level command prompt:
Or If you want to try intel vista drivers I would go back to win7 ones whenever they release a new version (it's been nearly a year, I'm sure they will at some point)net stop uxsms
net start uxsms
Edit: With the new client it's a bit different as the game options aren't accessible in the same way -


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Crime Magazine is about true crime: organized crime, celebrity crime, serial killers, corruption, sex crimes, capital punishment, prisons, assassinations, justice issues, crime books, crime films and crime studies.
About | Advertise | Awards | Blogs | Books of Note | Contact | Forums | Links | Print | Store | Subscribe | Writer's Corner
by Eponymous Rox
He has facial hair, strategically carved into a small goth-styled goatee, and a pair of soulless eyes scarier than those of Charlie Manson. But, to the astonishment of police and expert profilers, the methodical killer who kidnapped, assaulted, murdered, and dismembered schoolgirl Jessica Ridgeway in early October 2012 defies all educated guesses and statistics: He is only 17-years-old.
Turned in by his own mother, teenager Austin Sigg confessed to police On October 23, 2012 that he was in fact the person they'd been searching for, and was then promptly taken into custody. Thus ended a massive nationwide manhunt for an elusive, and sometimes taunting, predator who'd been mistakenly described by criminologists and law enforcement agencies as most likely an adult Caucasian male, between 18 to 30 years of age, sexually deviant with a criminal record.
[the Jessica Ridgeway abduction and murder]
Princess Diana's Death
The Suit Against Pope Benedict in the Pedophile Priest Scandal
The Shame of Lorain, Ohio
Nixon's Plots Against Daniel Ellsberg
China Wholesale at DHgate.com
The Firefighter's Case Part 1 and 2
J. Edgar Hoover and the Framing of the Omaha Two
One Murder, Two Victims: The Wrongful Conviction of Ryan Ferguson
Scapegoat: The Chino Hills Murders and the Framing of Kevin Cooper
Visit Crime Magazine's Choice of True Crime Books
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During the week of April 29 to May 6, the Weyburn Police Service attended to 101 calls for service.
The police and fire department responded to a report of a garage on fire in 500 block of Fifth St. N. on May 1. The fire department was able to extinguish the blaze, although there was an extensive amount of damage to the garage.
It is apparent that the fire started outside of garage in articles stored around it. The investigation into the incident is still ongoing. Police are asking if anyone has information regarding this incident, to call the police or Crime-Stoppers at their toll-free tips line at 1-800-222-8477.
The Weyburn Police Service attended to the Comprehensive School to assist with the removal of a student who was acting out on Apr. 30. Upon police arrival the student had left the building. Police located the student to discuss the issues. The incident did not result in any charges.
On May 3, police received a complaint of mischief to a fence in central Weyburn. The missing pieces to the residential fence were located by the police and returned. The incident of mischief is still under investigation. These senseless crimes to property are very difficult to solve without the assistance of the public.
On Apr. 30, city police responded to a residence to assist in locating an individual who had not returned home from the previous night's activities. Family members were concerned as the individual had previous medical issues and they felt this was out of character. After a brief time the man returned home safe and sound ending the search.
Police received calls on Apr. 30 from the public who were receiving calls to their home where an individual was trying to gain access to their computer.
This is yet another example of a number of methods used to scam people. Police encourage people not to get involved in any business over the phone that requires you to provide personal information. Anytime someone is requesting computer access, personal information, banking information or any other information it is almost always a SCAM of some description. Simply express you are not interested and hang up the phone.
The city police responded to the downtown area as a result of a report of vehicle being operated by an impaired driver late afternoon on Apr. 30. Police responded but were unable to locate the reported vehicle on this occasion.
This is an example of the successful R.I.D. (report impaired drivers) program, that the community has been involved in. The registered owner will now receive a letter outlining the events and warning them of the complaint.
Motorists are reminded that a ball hitch can only stick out the back of the vehicle a maximum of 225 millimeters past the bumper of the vehicle.
Police attended to a domestic dispute at an apartment building the evening of Apr. 30. The conflict between two women was resolved prior to arrival of the officers. The subject of the complaint was warned about the situation.
City police responded to a local hotel the evening of Apr. 30 as a result of concern expressed over a resident's well-being. After police intervention, and discussions with the individual, they refused any assistance offered by police to seek professional help.
Police attended to a South Hill residence in regard to a family dispute on May 1. As a result police took a youth into custody. A subsequent investigation resulted in the youth being charged for mischief for damage done to the residence.
City police attended to a residence in central Weyburn that had been broken into on May 1. The house break-and-enter had happened sometime in preceding 24 hours. The house which was unoccupied at the time was being checked regularly by a third party. The matter is still under investigation.
Police responded to a 911 call of an assault in progress around 9 p.m. on May 1. The call which originated at a residence in north central Weyburn, was a result of a 34-year-old woman who attended the residence and assaulted a 30-year-old woman. The 34-year-old woman was taken into custody and charged, and she will appear in court later this month.
Police attended to assist Sun Country Health with an unruly patient on May 2. With police presence the patient settled down so they could receive proper health care.
On May 2, police were made aware of some young girls out walking and being followed by a white van. There was no further description of the white van, and/or the occupants. Police advise people to call in their concerns immediately so the situation can be checked out. Also if possible get a license plate and/ or description of occupants, it is extremely helpful.
City police received a 911 call of domestic conflict on May 2. It took a short time to track the cell phone call before police could respond to the matter.
Alcohol was a major contributing factor to the dispute. The individuals were separated for the evening to sober up to avoid any further conflict.
Police did a traffic stop on May 3 that resulted in a charge of driving over .08. In addition to be charged for impaired driving the male was also in breach of existing release conditions. As a result he was charged for three counts of breaching those conditions.
Police spent a number of hours dealing with an elderly gentleman with dementia on May 3. The man who was trying to locate his wife was extremely confused. After police investigated and made contact with other family members, it was determined that the couple had lived apart for several months. The gentleman was put in contact with family to help comfort him.
Police dealt with a domestic dispute on May 3 in conjunction with Victim Services. The long-standing conflict required intervention by way of an emergency intervention order. This will allow separation of the individuals to create a safe environments for them to solve issues.
There were a number of hit-and-run accidents reported over the week. The offending vehicles driver is always responsible to report to the owner of the other property damaged. This allows them to get their vehicle fixed without having to pay a deductible, as it is covered under the offending vehicle's liability part of their insurance.
On Friday at 5:35 p.m., police responded to a report of youths causing damage to the Weyburn Junior High. Upon arrival police located several teens in the area. The subsequent investigation was unable to locate any damage to the school. As a result there were no charges laid, but the teens were warned about their actions on school property.
City police received information on Friday that an individual who was wanted on Canada-wide warrants from Manitoba for threatening and unlawful confinement was residing in Weyburn. Police attended a local residence and located and arrested the 25-year-old man without incident. The individual was remanded in custody and will be transported back to Manitoba to face the charges.
Late on Friday evening, police received a call of loud noise in the Laing Crescent area. Police located a group of youths who were listening to music in a back yard. They were warned about the noise level.
Also late Friday, police received a call to the Bison Crescent area for a group of kids who were loud and causing a disturbance. Police located a group of several teens who were warned about the noise level. The teens were cooperative and went home.
Police responded to a disturbance in a parking lot near the intersection of Highway 35 and Highway 39 around 3 a.m. on Friday. There were a number of individuals involved in a verbal altercation. Police separated the parties and conducted an investigation which determined there had been a consensual fight. No criminal charges were laid.
On Saturday at 8 a.m. while conducting a routine patrol of the downtown area, police located a vehicle in the area of Third Street and Railway Avenue, which had the passenger door open and it appeared the glove compartment had been rummaged through. The owner of the vehicle was contacted and it is unknown what was stolen.
On Saturday, police received an assault complaint. The victim, a 19-year-old male, advised police that around 2:30 a.m. he was awoken by someone knocking on his door. When he opened the door he was punched once in the face by an unknown person. The victim attended to the hospital for examination and was released shortly thereafter. Police investigation is ongoing.
On Saturday, police received a call of a dirt bike riding around the Weyburn trailer court area. Police attended and located a youth driving his motor bike within City limits. The individual was warned that his activities contravened Weyburn bylaws.
Police set up radar in the area of Highway 39 and Moore Street 0n Saturday between 7 and 8:20 p.m.Three individuals were charged with speeding during this focus on speed reduction.
Late on Saturday, police responded to a call of a noisy party in the 1100 block of Douglas Road. The property owner was warned about the noise and a 16-year-old male was charged with a minor possessing alcohol.
On Sunday morning, while police were on patrol they noticed numerous bags of buns dumped on a number of streets throughout the City. To expedite clean-up a Weyburn Police member took out the Razor and drove around picking up the litter. This mischief investigation is ongoing.


text:
En español | When it comes to raising levels of artery-clogging cholesterol, the most harmful components of food are saturated and trans fats. See if you know which foods have more of them.
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Source: Duke University Diet & Fitness Center
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Published September 7, 2012


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text:
Growers to Meet with Federal Officials on Proposed Food Safety Regulations
Adam Frenier Proposed food safety regulations will be the topic of discussion between farmers and federal officials in Hadley, Massachusetts Thursday. The Food and Drug Administration is calling for increased measures to help prevent food-borne illnesses. Richard Bonanno is president of the Massachusetts Farm Bureau Federation. He says some growers are concerned about the cost of implementing the regulations if they are finalized.
"They involve a lot of the day-to-day activities on the farm including the quality of irrigation water, the quality of packing water, how and when manure's used, training for workers in terms of washing their hands, not working when they're sick, sanitation and just keeping things clean on the farm.", Bonanno says.
Bonanno says farmers who take part in farmers markets or set up produce stands are also worried about new food preparation rules. Similar meetings have been held this week in New Hampshire and Maine.


text:
General Community > Scripting Help
myseql Database Field - How to add a field in?
The Wizard:
I'm working on a small item mod for the SMF shop and I need to add a field to the database. Below is the code I have so far but it's not working as I checked my database the the field does not exist. can anyone tell me where I went wrong with the code?
--- Quote ---if (file_exists(dirname(__FILE__) . '/SSI.php') && !defined('SMF'))
require_once(dirname(__FILE__) . '/SSI.php');
// Hmm... no SSI.php and no SMF?
elseif (!defined('SMF'))
die('<b>Error:</b> Cannot install - please verify you put this in the same place as SMF\'s index.php.');
//The Flag field in the member table
$smcFunc['db_query']('', 'ALTER TABLE `{$db_prefix}members` ADD `shop_Dog` TEXT NOT NULL', __FILE__, __LINE__);
//Add the item
$smcFunc['db_query']('', "INSERT INTO `{$db_prefix}shop_items` (`name` , `desc` , `price` , `module` , `stock`, `input_needed`, `can_use_item`) VALUES ('Dog Image', 'Show an image next to your posts', '100.00', 'Dog', '50', 1, 1')", __FILE__, __LINE__);
--- End quote ---
Arantor Beeblebrox the First:
Use the db_add_column function, not a manual ALTER TABLE. It's documented in the coding board.
The Wizard:
Could you please post a example? This myseql stuff is way over my head. Sorry still learning.
Arantor Beeblebrox the First:
That's why I pointed out the Coding Discussion board. There's a topic in there that documents - with examples - all the functions.
The Wizard:
I'm afraid there are no examples for package functions.
[0] Message Index
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text:
Hi Everyone,
After we transitioned to the new forum yesterday, D&DH received some suggestions about what we could change to make it a better place. This thread is to consolidate all those comments in one place.
What do you like or not like about the forum? If you could change it, how would you? Let us know.


text:
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text:
"She might need more of them," he laughed. "It's a very demanding job to keep her in line, because she is quite naughty."
Told of this, Seyfried said she understands and accepts her "punishment."
"I know he really enjoys that, so I'll let him," she said. "If that's what he needs. Whatever he needs."
'Life of Pi'
Run time: 2 hours, 6 minutes. Best time to go to the bathroom? Before the shipwreck.
Deep Blue Sea: Director Ang Lee and screenwriter Dave Magee consulted with a real-life shipwreck survivor named Steve Callahan (who is actually mentioned in Yann Martel's source novel) to help make the ocean a real character in the story. Callahan, a professional sailor, details in his book "Adrift" (required reading for all the film's various department heads) how he was lost at sea for 76 days in an inflated 5-foot life raft, and he became the film's survival expert, sharing mechanics, psychology, and imagery that the filmmakers adopted (such as the wondrous moment when the whale and calf come up from the deep and stream bioluminescence from their bodies).
Callahan helped created Pi's rainwater canopy, honed designs for the life raft and taught young actor Suraj Sharma how to spear fish. He explained how he wrote in a journal to determine his location, so Lee and Magee borrowed that idea to have Pi write in the margins of his survival guide (which Callahan helped create).
Callahan also took the filmmakers out on the ocean, first off the coast of Maine in an antique Friendship sloop during foul weather. The director actually asked to be left out there alone, so he could feel shipwrecked. But as accommodating as the survival expert was, this was one request Callahan refused.
'Zero Dark Thirty'
Run time: 2 hours, 37 minutes. Best time to go to the bathroom? "That's a tough one, man," laughed actor Jason Clarke. "I don't think you can. There should be a disclaimer beforehand. 'Please shut off your mobile phones; please go to the bathroom.'"
CIA Trackers: James Gandolfini portrays former CIA head Leon Panetta for a few memorable scenes, and just to be on the safe side, he sent a note to Panetta before the film came out: "I'm very sorry about everything. I apologize. You're like my father, so you'll find something to be angry about, but please let me know."
For months, silence. Then, as "Zero Dark Thirty" was in the throes of awards season in early January, screenwriter Mark Boal told Gandolfini, "Leon Panetta would like your phone number because he doesn't know how to get in touch with you."
The actor was surprised. "He's the head of the CIA! He can't find me? Come on, really?!"


text:
You're watching...
Do the NY Mets only have one super star player?
Keeping Score: David Wright shows danger of the World Baseball Classic
Mar 18, 2013
You're watching...
Keeping Score: David Wright shows danger of the World Baseball Classic
Mar 18, 2013
Also in this playlist...
Auto-advance: ON
Auto-advanceThis transcript is automatically generated
I wanna Brian -- this is keeping Stewart thanks so much for double clicking and let me remind you to watch FOX & Friends -- 69.
Listen to kill the difference from nine to noon.
On your local station I hope if not we have a Fox News radio app as well as kill -- -- -- dot com.
First up let's talk with the New York Mets he really of one superstar player that is primed to scorers David -- they sign up for a lot of money.
What did the right did -- showed me the danger of the WBZ the World Baseball Classic.
It might be good for the game the long run but in the short run to come out of the gates to come out of spring training to come out -- three months off the gold plate full -- baseball which is playoff baseball.
In leading -- team -- always going to risk injury and the Mets who can ill afford it seemed to have lost their captain for significant about it -- How often have you seen a baseball player get over rib injury quickly and -- they do come back there's so limited they're not the same player and if they do come back.
They can't possibly have the same range.
And often they'll make this the injury linger linger linger I don't think he's going to be back -- June is still -- reports are reading.
Are correct -- -- for the WBZ.
A meaningless world event meant to promote the sport but it doesn't help the Mets who have no reason to go to their games at least for two more years.
Now let's move on to talk about a Yankee problem mark to share a first base for that many people thought would be up from eight to ten weeks he's injury prone never really got -- last year.
The Yankees who have dealing with a shortstop coming back up from massive ankle break and a third baseman that is out almost for six months and possibly of the entire year and now -- -- A catcher behind the plate with -- almost no experience or experience as a starter.
And it outfielder in who's been hurt and possibly -- percent of -- unit at a time that -- three months.
When you talk about what's happening for the Yankees you think of an old team -- investment of my injury without ever playing a real -- And why is it because mark this year is now out with Derek Jeter's -- -- -- -- -- -- problem Russell -- in Pittsburgh.
Out outspent by the Pittsburgh Pirates is pathetic.
Now most people are reporting most reporters are saying most columnists are quoting saying.
The Yankees will let this stand they don't rebuild reload -- got to go out by a few players.
These yankees.
Nothing George Steinbrenner is dead yankees not this generation of celebrities yankees who have more apt to sell that they ought to spend.
I don't see them getting inexperience frustration I don't see them -- an outfielder I don't see them trying to get a stopper that can be group that -- take the place that there are there.
I think you're in trouble and I think that Yankee fans to get up by that for the first time -- Major League Baseball that George Steinbrenner era is so over.
It is no longer ability even look anything like it used to this could very soon be the 191970s.
New York Yankees.
And finally congratulations to the -- Natalie the winning these games but making the regular season matter.
They knew they could voted in with the division get the number one -- -- to the championship game.
But instead.
They put together a buying regular season culminating with which -- looks to be the second longest streak winning streak in the history of the -- It's making people who go watch the best -- that's -- -- it's worth my money.
They came to play every night -- you know because they're winning every night.
A great statement -- regular season it's way too long.
I'm right QB would you think about I think keeping score at boxes are -- which would had a conflict can only a few next -- we keep score together.
Filter by section


text:
I recently had a blood test done, and my total testosterone level shows its 322 and the normal range is should be 300 to 1000, so I guess it is still in normal range, but kinda low.
What do you guys think of this? Am I ok with this much only TT level, will it hinder my bodybuilding goals? How can I increase my test level?
I've been asking a few people about my blood test result and I figured I could get a lot more opinions if I post a thread, I don't know which sub-forum is the best to post a question like this, but I'm guessing this sub-forum would be suitable.
A bit of my background:
I'm 23 years old and I have never used any PH/PS or AAS before in my life.
What do you guys think the cause of my low level?


text:
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VOL 33 NO. 41 NOVEMBER 5-11, 1999 40 CENTS WE SALUTE OUR MEN & WOMEN VETERANS OF ALL THE ARMED FORCES ON IE^IEH&J&S^T NOVEMBER 11, 1999 ORIGINALLY KNOWN AFTER WWI AS ARMISTICE DAY - NOV. 11,1918 // is now the eleventh hour. This pause is to remind us that the hour of eleven has a tender significance to all of us. It zvas on the eleventh day of the eleventh month at the eleventh hour that the guns ceased firing and silence encompassed the earth It was as of eleven that the last man died in the battle Excerpt from Eleven O'clock Ritual, American Legion Post - HISTORY OF VETERANS DAY - In 1918, on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day in the eleventh month, the world rejoiced and celebrated. After four years of bitter war, an armistice was signed. The "war to end all wars" was over. November 11 was set aside as Armistice Day in the United States, to remember the sacrifices that men and women made during the war in order to ensure a lasting peace. On Armistice Day, soldiers who survived the war marched in a parade through their home towns. Politicians and veteran officers gave speeches and held ceremonies of thanks for the peace they had won. Congress voted Armistice Day a legal holiday in 1938, twenty years after the war ended. But Americans realized that the previous war would not be the last one. World War II began the following year, and nations great and small again participated in a bloody struggle. After the Second World War, Armistice Day continued to be observed on November 11. In 1953 townspeople in Emporia, Kansas called the holiday Veterans' Day in gratitude to the veterans in their town. Soon after, Congress passed a bill introduced by a Kansas congressman renaming the national holiday to Veterans' Day. Americans still give thanks for peace on Veterans' Day. There are ceremonies and speeches, and at 11:00 in the morning, most Americans observe a moment of silence, remembering those who fought for peace. A fls resfek "Armistice Day" was primarily a day set aside to honor veterans of World War I, but in 1954, after World War II had required the greatest mobilization of soldiers, sailors, marines and airmen in the Nation's history; after American forces had fought aggression in Korea, the 83rd Congress, at the urging of the veterans' service organizations, amended the Act of 1938 by striking the word "Armistice" and inserting in lieu thereof the word Veterans.' With the approval of this legislation (Public Law 380) on June 1,1954, November 11th became a day to honor American veterans of all wars. TO OUR VETERANS THANK YOU FOR BEING THERE Courtesy of American Legion Auxiliary, Archie McCord Unit #86, Joan Poppe
Object Description
Rating | |
Title | Bethpage-Tribune_1999-11-05 |
Subject | Newspaper |
Description | This is a Newspaper distributed locally within Bethpage, Old Bethpage, Island Trees, Plainedge and Seaford. |
Creator | Florence Cullem |
Publisher | Florence Cullem |
Contributors | Scanned and Prepared by Hudson Microimaging, Port Ewen, New York 12466. |
Date | 2010 |
Type | Periodical |
Format | PDF; TIFF |
Source | Bethpage Public Library |
Language | English |
Coverage | United States |
Rights | The Newspaper is in the public Domain and Digital Rights Held by Bethpage Public Library. |
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Hello everyone! Welcome to our channel. We're a chorus that sings Vocaloid songs and sometimes anime songs.
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Have any thoughts or concerns about anything regarding Naruto? Tell us!
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Home of the Naruto Faction.
naruto, faction, never, forget, live, life, shinobi, sasuke, neji, shikamaru, images, cool, people, konohamaru, jayjay1401, super, awesome, websiteNaruto Prelude: A Naruto RP
A Naruto RPG Forum set during the origins of the Naruto universe, where villages are only just beginning and Ninjutsu is relatively new.
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Magical Girl Cafe is a magical girl forum where fans of the genre can come together for discussions in a drama free environment. We also offer roleplaying!
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Anime and game role-playing forum
free, forum, role-play, role-playingNaruto Mirage
Naruto Mirage is a Naruto RPG Forum with several systems that makes it unique. We have an experienced staff that will help you out with any questions.
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Free forum : NTSD Virtual Village
free, naruto, setting, ntsd, virtual, village, sasuke, dawn, chidori, rasengan, kakashi, akatsuki, konoha, ninja, kunoichi, shinobi, anime, shippuden, deidara, itachiUltimate Shinobi: A Naruto RPG
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Naruto Revolution (NarutoR) is a newly revamped roleplaying game that emphasizes open world freedom along with a realistic system of RP. Always friendly and open!
naruto, ninja, roleplaying, shinobi, online, warrior, sword, samurai, jutsu, technique, hyuuga, itachi, uzimaki, characterFree forum : Naruto Battle Royal
Free forum : The New Naruto RPG
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Experienced Staff, Friendly Community, Unique System, Great Events & Rewards, Missions, Jutsu Shop & Weapon Shop, Customized Clans, Create & Buy Customized Weapons, Meet New People, Roleplay At Amazin
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Computer Game discussion, voice acting, modding, Fallout Series, Divinity 2, Dragon Age S]games, Minecraft, The Elder Scrolls series, and other games. General discussion and creative writing.
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text: It will be cloudy and cold for the next several days but forecasters predict the Hill Country could see light snow by Friday morning. "There's another chance for some rain or drizzle on friday, with a high near 50 degrees. It looks like we might squeak in a little more sun here by the weekend, and it may be back up near 60 degrees by Sunday," said accuweather meterologist brian thompson. Thompson said light snow is possible for the Hill country by Friday, but the chance for snow in the city remains very low. image copyright: its.caltech.edu